We present a plane and parabolic collector that absorbs radiant energy and transforms it in heat. Therefore we have a panel to heat water. We study how to increment this capture of solar beams onto the panel in order to increase its efficiency in heating water.

The Fratellini circus academy, settled in the north of Paris (France), has chosen technical energy solutions adapted to each building with respect to its vocation. These solutions combine helio-atmospheric solar collectors, heat pumps, convectors and radiant heating systems. (J.S.)

A solar collector using air as its heat transfer medium having a top member containing a plurality of transparent sealed air pockets allowing passage of radiant energy but preventing conductive and convective heat losses generated inside the collector; a central black-coated absorbent plastic member divides the center of the collector into a plurality of interconnected inflatable upper and lower chambers connected to air pumps at one end and to a constriction valve outlet at the other. The lower end of the lower chambers consists of a cover containing a multiplicity of insulative sealed air channels. The collector can be mounted on a turntable frame having adjustable reflective panels mounted above and below the collector. The heated air after it has given up its calories to a storage unit is recirculated to the inflatable chambers.

Solar energy integrated with the building is an important approach for the synchronous development of solar energy and architecture. The energy gain of the solar collector integrated with the pitched roof has been greatly influenced by the roof azimuth and tilted angle. Investment cost of the collectors is mainly decided by the size of the collector area. Accordingly, it is significant for solar building design to economically determinate the area compensation of the solar collector at different azimuth and tilted angles. Take Kunming and Beijing as examples, area compensation for the flat-plate tube-fin solar collector used in southern regions and the evacuated tube collector with cylindrical absorbers used in northern regions in China have been theoretically calculated. The results to some extent show that the daily horizontal solar radiation, ambient temperature, the azimuth and tilted angle of the collector integrated into the roof have an influence on the area compensation. The azimuth angle and tilted angle of the roof are the main factors that influence the A/A , which is defined as the collector area ratio of the non-south-facing collectors to the south-facing ones with the optimal tilted angle. Comparative studies found that the range of A/A for the evacuated tube collector used in the northern regions is close to that for the flat-plate tube-fin solar collector used in the southern regions. When the pitched roof tilted angle {beta} element of [25 deg., 45 deg.] and the azimuth angle vertical bar {gamma} vertical bar {<=} 30 deg., the collectors can intercept a lot of solar radiant-energy. Considering the economic situations of the ordinary consumers in China, the optimal area compensation A/A {<=} 1.30 is recommended in this paper.

Since July 2008, a Solar Desiccant Evaporative Cooling (DEC) system has been operating as a test plant at the solar laboratory of the Dipartimento di Energia (ex DREAM) of the University of Palermo. The system is composed of an air handling unit (AHU) designed for ventilation of the laboratory coupled with a radiant ceiling that provides most of the required sensible cooling/heating energy. Flat plate collectors deliver part of the regeneration heat of the desiccant wheel during the summertime and are used for space heating during the wintertime. The system was designed for high humidity loads because of the typical climate conditions at the site and the need to support a radiant ceiling for sensible cooling. A hybrid configuration was chosen that uses two auxiliary cooling coils fed by a ...

However, it is the best reproduction available from the original submission. ... solar cooling applications is done outdoors, and indoors in a solar simu- lator facility. ... tioned sib that the radiant flux is normal to or at different angles to the collector. .... 0.85 for the purpose of calculating collector performance with equa- tion (8).

A cylindrical radiant energy collector is provided which includes a reflector spaced apart from an energy absorber. The reflector is of a particular shape which ideally eliminates gap losses. The reflector includes a plurality of adjacent facets of V shaped segments sloped so as to reflect all energy entering between said absorber and said reflector onto said absorber. The outer arms of each facet are sloped to reflect one type of extremal ray in a line substantially tangent to the lowermost extremity of the energy absorber. The inner arms of the facets are sloped to reflect onto the absorber all rays either falling directly thereon or as a result of reflection from an outer arm.

Used for HEAO A, High Energy Astronomy Observatory A, and High Energy .... of radiant energy from one region to another by electromagnetic waves, with or ..... Fluid here refers ambiguously to liquids and gases. hydroelectricity: (NASA ...

Abstract in spanish Los efectos de geometría del reactor y concentración inicial de sustrato para una reacción de fotodegradación de ácido dicloroacético (ADCA) con TiO2 - P25 como catalizador al aplicar un campo radiante de baja energía fueron evaluados en tres reactores con diferente geometría y área de absorción. La concentración de catalizador fue constante y la concentración de oxígeno es cercana a saturación a temperatura ambiente. El desempeño del proceso y la significa (more) ncia de los efectos fueron evaluados a través del porcentaje de fotodegradación de ADCA y de un modelo de ajuste lineal. La fotodegradación se favoreció en reactores con colectores de radiación difusa, alta superficie de absorción y baja concentración inicial de ADCA. El factor geométrico fue el más influyente en el desempeño del proceso. El modelo obtuvo alta capacidad predictiva con un error global asociado menor al 3.5% y un coeficiente de correlación de 0.98. Abstract in english The geometry effects in the reactor and the initial concentration of substratum for a reaction of dichloroacetic acid (DCA) photodegradation with TiO2 - P25 as catalyst using a low-energy radiant field, were evaluated in three lab-scale reactors with different geometry and absorption area. The catalyst concentration was constant and oxygen concentration was near the saturation level at room temperature. The process performance and the effect significance were evaluated th (more) rough the DCA photodegradation percentage and a lineal model. The photodegradation was improved with diffuse-radiation collectors, wide absorption area, and initial low concentration of DCA. The geometric factor had the highest influence in the process performance. The model obtained a high predictive capacity with a global associated error less than 3.5% and a correlation coefficient of 0.98.

While solar collectors were not much of a hit in the Irish market, this is now changing as energy prices surge. There is new interest in solar collectors now, many of which are imported from Germany. (orig.)

Radiant heat transfer is the most important mode of energy transfer in many high- ... sented that uses a new mean absorption coefficient in the gray-gas transport equation. ... For a uranium plasma, this difficulty can be appreciated as more than ...

A test method for evaluating the effects of short-duration, thermal radiant-energy transients on pressure-transducer response is described. The method consists of monitoring pressure-transducer output (zero shift with the transducer at atmospheric pressur...

The technology of generating and harnessing light and other lorms of radiant energy whose quantum unit is the_photon. .... Mars. we asked the project manage- .... pheric and thermal flexure mount ' ... ecu ted smoothly. and we felt sure we ...

objective of the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) mission is .... a series of three tests comparing the pixel to a known background or clear- sky .... combining the imager coverage (Aim) and the fraction of the cloudy area ...

section, "Radiant Energy, Science Fiction and Scientific projects," is . being printed ...... by a rocket at the riding school of the Horse Guards in St. Petersburg. GESHVEND'S ...... Popularization of the problem of interplanetary travel by means of ...

A solar energy collector is described which comprises: (a) a two-sided collector panel, (b) a secondary reflector panel positioned adjacent to the collector panel, and (c) an array of flat primary reflector panels respectively positioned to direct incoming solar energy in the direction of the collector panel and the secondary reflector panel. A first series of adjacent primary reflector panels centrally of the array is arranged in a generally two-dimensional parabolic assembly to direct incoming rays to a first side of the collector panel. A second series of primary reflector panels bordering the first series is disposed to direct incoming rays past the collector panel to the secondary reflector panel positioned on the other side of the collector panel to direct reflected rays to the other side of the collector panel.

After introducing the concentration ratio and intercept factor of focusing collectors with parabolic cylinder mirrors, the energy balance equations were derived to determine the efficiencies under steady state conditions. The components of the collector were varied and optimized with respect to maximum efficiency. The dynamic behavior of the collector was calculated and the average efficiencies compared with the efficiencies in the steady state condition.

A mirror collector having a generally parabolic surface terminating near the vertex in a circular or cylindrical curve, an evacuated cylindrical heat entrapment tube compossed of a clear glass for energy admission and two pair of elongated heat collector tubes centrally located in the heat entrapment tube for passing an inner fluid to be heated. The two pair of heat collector tubes are constructed of copper with a selective absorption coating for receiving heat and positioned so that the mirror collector concentrates substantially all incoming energy upon the central heat collector tubes.

The industrial productibility of a selective absorbing thin film was investigated on the basis of reactive cathodic sputtering of Ni. On substrates of 1.8 sq m of Al, Cu, steel and stainless steel, solar absorption values up to 97% were achieved at emissivities of 5 to 10%. A prototype flat plate collector for high temperatures with two covers and hermetical sealing was developed. The technical data of the collector were measured, dependent on the selectivity of the absorber, gas fillings of dry air, argon or SF6 and the geometry and were compared with those of an evacuated flat plate collector. A hermetical sealed double flat plate collector for low temperatures was developed which has the advantage of lower no load temperatures and higher energy gain for heating swimming pool water compared with a conventional flat plate collector. The insolation values on collectors were measured and were used for a calculation of the energy gains of different collector types.

An overview of the line-focus concentrating solar collector technology and applications is presented. Included are a description of the collectors, some of the key features of the engineering approach, instantaneous and all-day performance and operating data, temperature capabilities and limitations for selected collectors, projected future capabilities for peak and annual performance. Projected system capital costs and annualized life cycle costs for thermal energy produced are discussed. Several existing application projects which employ line concentrating collectors are reviewed, and finally, plans for future DOE-funded line concentrating collector projects are described.

We discuss the IR/visible/VUV continuum emission of the impulsive phase of a solar flare, using TRACE UV and EUV images to characterize the spectral energy distribution. This continuum has been poorly observed but dominates the radiant energy energetically. Recent bolometric observations of solar flares furthermore point to the impulsive phase as the source of a major fraction of the radiant energy. This component appears to exhibit a Balmer jump and thus must originate in an optically thin region above the quiet photosphere, with an elevated temperature and strong ionization.

An image forming scanning mechanism without obturation in its optical path comprises first and second reflectors that are pivotally actuated about respective orthogonal axes. The scanning reflectors are positioned so that radiant energy in a first optical path from an object field impinges upon a vertical-scan reflector where it is directed to a horizontal-scan reflector and whereupon it is directed back onto the vertical-scan reflector from whence it is reflected along a second optical path in a different plane from the first optical path. The pivotal axes of the vertical-scan reflector and the horizontal-scan reflector are perpendicular to path of radiant energy reflected therefrom. A detector is positioned to receive radiant energy from elemental areas of an object field. The orthogonal disposition of the first and second pivotal axes provides a distortion free image signal from the detector that is comparable with the x-y scan pattern of conventional television display circuits.

The optimum solar collector outlet temperature for maximizing the work output for an Otto air-standard cycle with ideal regeneration is investigated. A mathematical model for the energy balance on the solar collector along with the useful work output and the thermal efficiency of the Otto air-standard cycle with ideal regeneration is developed. The optimum solar collector outlet temperature for maximum work output is determined. The effect of radiative and convective heat losses from the solar collector, on the optimum outlet temperature is presented. The results reveal that the highest solar collector outlet temperature and, therefore, greatest Otto cycle efficiency and work output can be attained with the lowest values of radiative and convective heat losses. Moreover, high cycle work output (as a fraction of absorbed solar energy) and high efficiency of an Otto heat engine with ideal regeneration, driven by a solar collector system, can be attained with low compression ratio.

The combination of solar heat and ground-source heat pumps in dwellings gives opportunities for optimising the use of renewable energy sources and minimize the share of bought energy. Solar collectors in the system may give advantages for the operational conditions both for the solar collectors and ...

The effect of pulsed-thermal-processing with high-density plasma arc heating is discussed for 20 nm thick nanocrystalline FePt thin films. The dependence of the A1 {yields} L1{sub 0} phase transformation on pulsed time and radiant energy of the pulse is quantified through x-ray diffraction and alternating gradient magnetometry. For 100 ms and 250 ms pulse widths, the phase transformation was observed. Higher radiant energy densities resulted in a larger measured coercivity associated with the L1{sub 0} phase.

... CERES Lead: Norman Loeb, NASA LaRC; Purpose: To measure the Earth's energy balance ... The sun's radiant energy is the fuel that drives Earth's climate engine and the ... CERES data can be used for evaluating the radiative effects and climatic impact ... The long-term CERES data set will provide a basis for scientific ...

collections of Department of Energy reports, usually in microfiche form, are listed in Energy Research ...... On the 90th hypokinesia day the content of cholesterol, free fatty acids and ...... time-to-ignition at bilateral radiant fluxes to 1.1 cal/sq cm/ sec, and the level of .... AGENT - THE FORMATION OF PHOSPHATE ESTERS ...

The thermal performance of co-axial heat pipe solar collector which consist of a collector 15 co-axial heat pipes surrounded by a transparent envelope and which heat a fluid flowing through the condenser tubes have been predicted using heat transfer analytical methods. The analysis considers conductive and convective losses and energy transferred to a fluid flowing through the collector condenser tubes. The thermal performances of co-axial heat pipe solar collector is developed and are used to determine the collector efficiency, which is defined as the ratio of heat taken from the water flowing in the condenser tube and the solar radiation striking the collector absorber. The theoretical water outlet temperature and efficiency are compared with experimental results and it shows good agreement between them. The main advantage of this collector is that inclination of collector does not have influence on performance of co-axial heat pipe solar collector therefore it can be positioned at any angle from horizontal to vertical. In high building where the roof area is not enough the co-axial heat pipe solar collectors can be installed on the roof as well as wall of the building. The other advantage is each heat pipe can be topologically disconnected from the manifold.

The invention is concerned with the design of a long, hollow cylindrical collector. The collector has a translucent front wall, a reflecting backwall and an absorber tube flown through by the heat transfer medium. The backwall is mirrored, preferably shaped in a parabolic form, the absorber tube is located in the caustic of the parabola. By this construction the solar energy can be reflected to the absorber tube, which has a black surface coating. In another proposal the possibility has been described to install many collectors in register or blind manner and to turn the single collectors around their longitudinale axes.

The main goal of this paper is to evaluate the possibility of application or replacement of radiators with low-temperature radiant panels. This paper shows the comparison results of operations of 4 space heating systems: the low-temperature radiant panel system without any additional thermal insulation of external walls (PH-WOI), the low-temperature radiant panel system with additional thermal insulation of external walls (PH-WI), the radiator system without any additional thermal insulation of external walls (the classical heating system) (RH-WOI), and the radiator system with additional thermal insulation of external walls (RH-WI). The operation of each system is simulated by software EnergyPlus. The investigation shows that the PH-WI gives the best results. The RH-WOI has the largest en...

The Yukon Housing Corporation is considering the installation of solar domestic hot water systems at 2 residences in Whitehorse and Dawson. This report documented the solar resource in Whitehorse and Dawson and described possible system designs in terms of the type of collector, size of collector, size of tank, and slope of collector. The best source for assessing the solar resource in Whitehorse is the Canadian Weather Energy and Engineering Data Sets (CWEEDS). Similar files are available for Dawson, but solar radiation measurements are not available. Instead, solar radiation is estimated by a model using earth-sun geometry and cloud cover information. The average solar radiation data for Whitehorse and Dawson was summarized from 3 sources, notably the CWEEDS files; the Canadian Forest Service's Photovoltaic Potential and Solar Resource Maps of Canada; and solar radiation estimates derived from satellite data from NASA's Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy Data Set. All sources agreed that solar radiation is about 2.8 kWh/m{sup 2} per day in Whitehorse and about 2.6 kWh/m{sup 2} per day in Dawson. The solar domestic hot water systems currently on the market include unglazed collectors, glazed collectors, and evacuated tube collectors. Unglazed collectors are not suitable for the Yukon because of the cold ambient temperatures and high thermal losses from the collector to the environment. A typical solar collector is usually connected to a preheat tank through a heat exchanger. The preheat tank works together with the solar collector and the heat exchanger to collect solar energy. It then delivers preheated water to the auxiliary tank/heater. On bright sunny days, the temperature of the preheated water may be high enough that the auxiliary heater does not need to turn on. On overcast days, the solar heater contributes only a small fraction of the temperature rise, with the bulk being provided by the auxiliary heater. This paper included a list of potential suppliers for evacuated tubes and flat-plate collector systems. The solar collector systems were sized using Natural Resource Canada's RETScreen program version 3.1. the type of collector, the number of collectors, the size of the tank, and the slope of the collectors were considered for the calculation. Other assumptions were that the heat exchanger had 80 per cent efficiency; 3 per cent piping and solar tank losses; and 5 per cent losses due to snow and dirt. Collectors were also assumed to face due South. 6 refs., 7 tabs., 6 figs.

A parabolic radial cross section was generally attained for ... trators are reflecting paraboloidal mirrors that concentrate solar energy on a heat receiver in ..... Heath , Atwood R., Jr.: Status of Solar Energy Collector Technology. Vol. 11 of Prog. in ...

D. Solar Collector Absorber Tube Housing Modifications. E. Solar Collector Panel .... is providing approxi mately 7% of all the current building thermal energy demand. .... Highlights Building has approximately doubled from the minimum consumption ...... The glass cover on the absorber tube housing are held in place with ...

AURORAE (Cont'd) urements have been the subject of some controversy. One view .... lems of air regeneration and food provision for flights of long duration. ..... radiation, possible genetic action, and the combined action of cosmic radiation .... recently been modified to concentrate a11 of the available radiant energy in a ...

and the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES). ... Terra satellite, launched in December 1999, and both Aqua and Terra have ... MODIS. The AMSR-E was the first AMSR in orbit; a second AMSR, AMSR2, is expected to be .... Observational validation of the mountain wave seeding hypothesis, Geophys.

Jun 22, 1990 ... near the edge of the rise are a feature of ..... I. Edge-on 1,it,, ,g'a comp,tcr. ;;;odd of the solar nebula ...... But, to date, no cogent models describing ...... at altitudes of about 45 miles, turning its kinetic energy into heat. The radiant ...

As temperatures rise, how will this affect weather patterns, food pro- ... In the future, our local meteorologist, farmer, fisherman, forest rangers, water ... us understand the Earth as a whole, integrated system. ... We know that due to their interactions with Earth's radiant energy, clouds and aerosols play important roles in ...

With the main challenges in the numerical solution of the neutron transport equation having largely been met (i.e., multidimensional geometries, full matrix scattering, time dependence, etc.), numerical transport specialists have sought new applications with new transport equations. One such application is radiative transfer associated with satellite remote sensing for environmental monitoring. To reliably apply remote sensing techniques to obtain information about plant coverings (called plant canopies), an understanding of how radiant energy interacts with the elements of the plant canopy is essential. For example, in the investigation of the photosynthesis process and leaf respiration, plant physiologists are primarily concerned with the complex biochemistry driven by radiant energy in the visible portion of the sun`s spectrum. The agronomist, on the other hand, is concerned with how the features of the canopy influence the biochemical processes to promote photosynthesis. For both applications, knowledge of the amount photosynthesis. For both applications, knowledge of the amount of radiant energy input and the amount and wavelength spectrum of the reflected radiant energy is required. Currently, there are several approaches leading to estimates of the canopy reflectance (the angular response at the canopy surface), and one common formulation is the solution to the appropriate radiative transfer equation. The solution to the radiative transfer equation is complicated by the complexity of photon scattering interaction. In this paper, the solution to the one-angle radiative transfer equation for a dense canopy, with leaves assumed to scatter as Lambertian surfaces, is solved using a technique originally applied to the conventional radiative transfer equation.

The management of neonatal jaundice can be made much easier using simple methods that increase the radiant energy in the range 420 to 480 nm. Two groups of infants being treated for physiological jaundice during a period of 6 months were compared. The first group received treatment from two unmodifi...

This invention relates to a solar energy collector which utilizes spaced-apart shaped reflector surface supports and a reflective surface with apertures selectively located so that the device collects a portion of the solar energy to transmit same through conductors, and also allows a smaller portion of the solar energy to be passed to the side opposite the reflector surface, this device thereby being a combination solar energy collector and light-emitting panel.

The Solar Energy Applications Laboratory of Colorado State University has completed the design, construction, and installation of a complete set of evacuated tubular collectors on a test bed behind Solar House I. The collectors, the Corning evacuated tube collector (December 16, 1976 to December 31, 1977) and the Philips evacuated tube collector (January 16, 1978 to January 31, 1979) are being used sequentially to operate the heating and cooling system of Solar House I. Data are being collected over an entire heating and cooling season and analyses are being performed on these data to provide an evaluation of the two new collectors and comparison with the present conventional collector as part of a residential heating and cooling system that is otherwise identical in every way. This project is significant for several reasons. First, the two high performance collectors operate in conjunction with an advanced ARKLA lithium bromide water chiller. This cooling unit is designed specifically for operation with solar energy systems. For comparative purposes the advanced ARKLA unit will be available for use with the existing conventional flat-plate collector. In addition, comparisons of operating data are being made with Solar Houses II and III, adjacent to Solar House I. Solar Houses II and III have the same thermal load characteristics as Solar House I, but have different solar heating and cooling systems. House II has an air heating collector and pebble-bed storage. House III has an evacuated tube solar collector, and is also coupled with an advanced absorption water chiller unit. The comparative analysis under the same load conditions, provides an exceptional opportunity in evaluating the relative merits of the new collector systems.

The methods of energy analysis have been applied to a liquid-based, short-term storage solar space and water heating system suitable for a single family dwelling in Toronto. This system, which in many respects represents a worst case for solar heating, takes 1.0-3.5 years of operation to conserve the energy resources required to build, operate and maintain the system. Alternatively, over the twenty year lifetime of the system, the energy resources used indirectly by the solar heating system amount to between 6 and 24% of the direct energy resources conserved by the system. These considerations do not significantly alter the energy-conservation characteristics of the solar heating system unless thermally-generated electricity is used as backup for a 50% solar heating system which replaces oil or gas heating; in this case, only 4-9% of the energy resources are conserved by the solar system. A factor of three variation in energy resource use in collector materials was found in a sample of 7 flat-plate collectors with steel-based collectors using the least. The total energy embodied in the collector was about double that found in the materials alone. The collectors and annual operating energy for the pumps were found to be the two most significant factors in the analysis. An appendix summarizes the energy resource requirements embodied in the materials used for collectors.

A simple solar system is designed and studied, its thermal performance and economics are evaluated. A mathematical model and a code are developed based on monthly average meteorological data. The collector field is built using indigenous and locally available materials. Two kinds of solar collector field are considered: (i) collector field for which the ground is used as absorber and with glazing; (ii) collector field for which roofing sheet is used as absorber without glazing (bare absorber plate collector). In a case study, the system is used to provide thermal energy for drying tobacco in an existing propane burning heating plant at Bokito, Cameroon. The results showed that in the first case, the thermal efficiency is about 38%, the useful annual solar energy collected is 2.592GJ/m{sup 2}/year and the cost of thermal energy is 2.03 $/GJ, and in the second case, the corresponding values are for collector with galvanized iron roofing sheet absorber, 22%, 1.443GJ/m{sup 2}/year, 1.46 $/GJ, and for collector with aluminum roofing sheet absorber, 24.5%, 1.650GJ/m{sup 2}/year, 1.28 $/GJ. The estimated solar energy cost compares favorably with the thermal energy cost of 36.5 $/GJ from the existing propane fired system. (author)

The invention refers to a solar energy collector with reduced losses, particularly on the front, and therefore with a higher efficiency. The purpose of the invention is the creation of a flat collector, possibly provided with surrounding mirror surfaces, which has a higher efficiency, above all by reducing the losses, which are due to radiation from the top hot glass window and the inside air layers containing asymmetrical molecules, which give off radiation with wave lengths for which the glass is transparent, where this reduction is done economically. According to the invention, a solar energy collector is used for this purpose, which contains a floor surface for collecting solar energy and a flat transparent covering window in parallel with it. This solar energy collector is characterised by the fact that it has a glass window with a smaller surface between the covering plate and the collector surface, and that there is a moving air circuit between this covering plate and the floor surface. Air or water can be used as the primary means for removing the heat. The air inside the collector is insulated relative to the environment and the floor surface consists of blackened metal sheet and pipes for circulating the heat transfer medium. The floor surface of the collector is completely covered with photo-electric cells and means for conducting away the electrical energy generated are provided. The covering window of the collector consists of a converging optical system. Other construction details of this solar energy collector are included in 16 patent claims illustrated by several sketches.

Recently, there has been a renewed interest in thermophotovoltaic (TPV) energy conversion. A TPV device converts radiant energy from a high temperature incandescent emitter directly into electricity by photovoltaic cells. The current Department of Energy sponsored research involves the design, construction and demonstration of a prototype TPV converter that uses a hydrocarbon fuel (such as natural gas) as the energy source. As the photovoltaic cells are designed to efficiently convert radiant energy at a prescribed wavelength, it is important that the temperature of the emitter be nearly constant over its entire surface. The US Naval Academy has been tasked with the development of a small emitter (with a high emissivity) that can be maintained at 1,756 K (2,700 F). This paper describes the computer spreadsheet model that was developed as a tool to be used for the design of the high temperature emitter.

This invention relates to a cylindrical, electron beam collector that efficiently couples the microwave energy out of a high power microwave source while stopping the attendant electron beam. The interior end walls of the collector are a pair of facing parabolic mirrors and the microwave energy from an input horn is radiated between the two mirrors and reassembled at the entrance to the output waveguide where the transmitted mode is reconstructed. The mode transmission through the collector of the present invention has an efficiency of at least 94%.

Program Background and Goals ..................... 3. Purpose ... PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND THEIR SOLUTIONS ........... 12. Receiver .... collector, a few background statements are pertinent. ... One such source is the energy in solar radiation ...

Jul 25, 1975 ... Silicon solar cell grid structures are proposed that increase efficiency with concentration up to 10 suns. ... REFLECTORS; PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS; SILICON; SOLAR COLLECTORS; SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION. Notes ...

Apr 26, 1977 ... mercial use and a variety of solar heat collectors. dissociate water molecules ... Reflector 40 is used to concentrate solar energy on ... A parabolic reflector bolic reflector 40 which is held in place by supports 41. concentrates ...

Solar collectors can increase the efficiency of heat pumps. Manufacturers are using various methods to achieve this. SUN and WIND ENERGY presents the newest combinations, as exhibited at the heating trade fair ISH in Frankfurt in mid-March. (orig.)

AIR/WATER MEAT EXCHANGER .' I ... collectors, 2) a pebble bed for thermal storage of collected solar energy, 3) an air ..... After the thermal insulation has been installed behind ..... be mounted (with good thermal conductivity) to the absorber ...

May 1, 1981 ... Title: A Fresnel collector process heat experiment at Capitol Concrete Products ... the feasibility of using a Power Kinetics' Fresnel concentrator to provide ... INDUSTRIAL ENERGY; PARABOLIC REFLECTORS; PROCESS ...

Real electricity prices in the French Overseas Departments and Territories are about twice those in Metropolitan France. The national utility of France is assessing various alternatives to present diesel generation of electricity. Computer software has been created for the French possessions of Martinique, Guadeloupe, New Caledonia, Tahiti, and French Guyana to assess the feasibility of solar thermal power for electrical power production. Four different types of concentrating collectors were studied: concentrating parabolic collector (CPC), north-south horizontally mounted trough collector, two-axis parabolic dish collector and central receiver system. Two different methods for calculating the energy cost and solar fraction were used and compare favorably. The results of this assessment using realistic values for solar equipment costs and interest rates show that the CPC is most efficient at collector fluid outlet temperatures of 150 C and yields an energy cost of $0.40/kWh. The other three collectors are more efficient at higher collector fluid outlet temperatures and are more cost effective than the CPC, yielding energy costs as low as $0.15/kWh. The spreadsheets developed and the data used in the spreadsheets are typical of tropical areas and can be used for other similar locations.

An important aspect of the thermal balance of the human body and its surroundings involves radiant heat exchange between an occupant and interior building surfaces and objects. Radiant nonuniformity in real environment due to cold windows or hot radiant sources affects human thermal comfort and results in radiant temperature asymmetry in the human body surface. This paper discussed the development of a three dimensional finite element model in order to accurately calculate the view factors of the human body in any given position and plane or cylindrical surfaces in an enclosure. This paper presented the results of a case study of a a typical Lebanese living room with a stoke heating unit and stack. The study investigated the person view factors with the surroundings. It also examined the influence of the person position, the stove position, the stove and stack temperature, as well as the outdoor conditions on the mean radiant temperature and the thermal comfort level in the room. The purpose of the study was to develop a handy design tool for optimizing building energy consumption while maintaining thermal comfort. The paper discussed problem formulation and presented the mathematical model. The thermal space and thermal comfort models were also discussed. The developed model was validated against analytical and published geometrical radiation data for the human body produced by experimentation. It was concluded that the level of thermal comfort depended on the position of the stove and the person in the room with respect to the window. The developed program was a powerful tool that can be used in making informed design conditions for providing thermal comfort while optimizing the building energy consumption. 16 refs., 12 figs.

This is a report on an investigation of photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) collectors. Solar energy conversion efficiency was increased by taking advantage of PV/T collectors and low solar concentration technologies, combined into a PV/T system operated at elevated temperature. The main novelty is the coupling of a linear Fresnel mirror reflecting concentrator with a channel PV/T collector. Concentrator PV/T collectors can function at temperatures over 100 degrees celsius, and thus thermal energy can be made to drive processes such as refrigeration, desalination and steam production. Solar system analytical thermal performance gives efficiency values over 60%. Combined electric and thermal (CET) efficiency is high. A combined electric and heat power for the linear fresnel reflector approach that employs high performance CPV technology to produce both electricity and thermal energy at low to medium temperatures is presented. A well-functioning PV/T system can be designed and constructed with low concentration and a total efficiency of nearly 80% can be attained.

The invention relates to a solar energy collector comprising solar energy absorbing material within chamber having a transparent wall, solar energy being transmitted through the transparent wall, and efficiently absorbed by the absorbing material, for transfer to a heat transfer fluid. The solar energy absorbing material, of generally foraminous nature, absorbs and transmits the solar energy with improved efficiency.

Investigated at DET (Division of Energy Technology) are a unit for controlling air convection in between a heat collector heat-collecting plate and the cover, testing methods, and under-floor heat accumulation using a horizontal rock bed. DMC (Division of Mineral Chemistry) is engaged in the study of black Ni selective absorption film formation on a metal plate and a reflection-preventing film for a heat collector. Monash University studies methods for testing heat collectors, transfer of heat, heat pipe, tracking mechanism, etc. Melbourne University is dedicated to computer model calculation involving solar energy utilization. Sydney University deals with collectors, selective absorption films, absorption type refrigerators, heat accumulation, and desalination of water. Under study at New South Wales University are passive solar systems, photothermal collectors, solar cells, etc. The Beaseley Corporation is a manufacturer of heater collectors and water heaters in South Australia, and a visit is paid to the corporation for the study of its manufacturing process. The Rheem Corporation manufactures water heaters in New South Wales, and its presence in the solar collector industry is known. (NEDO)

The report presents results of experiments carried out between December 2002 and March 2003 in KTH, Energy and Furnace Technology Division, Stockholm. 30 tests were performed in order to compare the thermal performance of two different burning systems: recuperative and regenerative and their influence on the Radiant-tube at different operating conditions. Measurement results reveal that the temperature profile along the tube was more uniform when the regenerative system was used. Although, the preheated air temperature used for combustion was much higher in the case of regenerative system, the NO{sub x} emission was noticed to be almost the same in both cases. However, the pressure drop across the system was 10 times higher using regenerative system. In order to predict the benefits of the use of the regenerative system, calculations were being carried out. The results of these calculations show that the efficiency of the regenerative system can be up to 30 % higher than that of the recuperative system. The predicted annual saving can be more than 85,000 SEK per year assuming 8,760 operating hours if the burner operates at high thermal capacity and process temperature. Moreover, this theoretical analysis shows also that the maximum temperature of the Radiant-tube can be lower in the case of regenerative system of up to 75 deg C for the same thermal loading. Replacement of electrical resistant elements by radiant tubes that is change from electrical heating to gas fired radiant tubes in the same furnace can save 40% of primary fuel what is equivalent to 40% reduction in CO{sub 2} emission. Work performed was disseminated to industry by means of technical presentations and publications listed in reference list. Some interest was also generated in car manufacturing industry where the HiTAC and radiant tubes burners can be also widely applied.

The use of air collectors to dry agricultural products is rising. Some projects throughout the world are mentioned. A description of a complete drying system is given. Two projects in the Netherlands are discussed. One project concerns an air collector on the roof of an agricultural industry which dries onions. The other project is an uncovered air collector on the roof of a corn-drying industry. Both systems operate satisfactory. It is concluded that for drying agricultural products a solar energy system can be an attractive alternative for a conventional air heater. 6 figs.

Solar energy was utilized as a clean renewable heat source for operation of a multi-stage flash (MSF) distillation system in Benghazi to produce distilled water. The optimum T{sub h} for operation of the MSF system with a typical flat-plate collector is 80{sup o}C; 1 m{sup 2} of a flat-plate collector produces annually 8.2 m{sup 3} of distilled water at T{sub h} 80{sup o}C. When 1 m{sup 2} of a compound parabolic collector (CPC) is used at T{sub h} = 122{sup o}C, 13.1 m{sup 3} of distilled water are produced. (Author)

The solar energy system heats approximately 8,000 ft/sup 2/ of recreational (gymnasium) floor space in this one story, metal building. The system utilizes a collector array of 128 modules of Solaron Corporation air heating, flat plate collectors providing 3496 sq. ft. of area. The planar collector array is supported by a steel frame structure, with the collectors being mounted on 3/4'' plywood. Energy storage is provided by 1,250 ft/sup 3/ of nominally one to three inch diameter rocks. Service water storage is provided by two 120 gallon glass-lined storage tanks. The construction costs of this solar heating project are presented. Category costs are listed by materials, direct labor and subcontract costs. The subcontract costs include materials, labor, overhead and profit for mechanical and electrical subcontractors only.

A solar hybrid cooling design is proposed for high cooling load demand in hot and humid climate. For the typical building cooling load, the system can handle the zone cooling load (mainly sensible) by radiant cooling with the chilled water from absorption refrigeration, while the ventilation load (largely latent) by desiccant dehumidification. This hybrid system utilizes solar energy for driving the absorption chiller and regenerating the desiccant wheel. Since a high chilled water temperature generated from the absorption chiller is not effective to handle the required latent load, desiccant dehumidification is therefore involved. It is an integration of radiant cooling, absorption refrigeration and desiccant dehumidification, which are powered up by solar energy. In this study, the appli...

Low-energy laser irradiation produces significant bioeffects. These effects are manifested in biochemical, physiological and proliferative phenomena in various enzymes, cells, tissues, organs and organisms. Examples are given of the effect of He-Ne laser irradiation in preventing the post-traumatic degeneration of peripheral nerves and the postponement of degeneration of the central nervous system. The damage produced by similar radiant exposures to the corneal epithelium and endothelium is also described. It is suggested that the mechanism of laser/tissue interaction at these low levels of radiant exposure is photochemical in nature, explaining most of the characteristics of these effects. These low-energy laser bioeffects are of importance on a basic scientific level, from a laser safety aspect and as a medical therapeutic modality. 25 references.

The slide show starts with a world primary energy demand forecast for 2030, which can only be covered by renewable energy sources, with solar energy as the prime candidate. Data are presented of the potential of solar energy, of the solar thermal power plants installed per annum, solar collectors newly installed and produced in 2008, and a forecast of market trends is presented. (orig.)

A sun shield for installation on the outside of building facades comprises a plurality of orientable adjacent pallets. The pallets are adapted to act as sun shields and also as collectors of solar energy. Each pallet has at least one transparent surface and an inner collector which is irradiated through the transparent surface and within which an intermediate fluid is circulated to be warmed by solar radiation incident on the pallet.

A solar energy collector is disclosed comprising a collector core located within a longitudinal parabolic reflector and formed of a series of spaced tubes exposed to the direct rays of the sun and to rays reflected by the reflector and arranged in a cylindrical array extending longitudinally to form a fluid path between two end annular manifolds connected at opposite ends of a storage tank located within the array.

This work studies the dynamic simulation of thermosyphon solar water heater collector considering the weather conditions of a city in north of Iran. The simulation was done for clear and partly cloudy days. The useful energy, the efficiency diagrams, the inlet and the outlet of collector, center of the absorber and center of the glass cover temperatures, were obtained. The simulation results were then compared with the experimental results in fall and showed a good agreement.

Solar air heater requires investigation for enhancement of solar energy conversion into heat. Different configurations with various artificial roughness geometries are proposed to date. In present study attention is paid on ways leading to more delivery of exergy by a v-corrugated solar air heater through parametric study. Effects of aspect ratio of the collector, inlet air temperature, mass flow rate per collector area etc. are studied. (orig.)

Studies on the biochemical effects of radiation on plant metabolism are described. Topics discussed include the effect of ionizing and nonionizing radiation on chlorophyll synthesis, interaction between x-ray-induced chromosome aberrations and far-red radiant energy, effects of cobalt on the yield of oxidative phosphorylation, protein synthesis associated with the formation of the complete photosynthetic system, and kinetics of the light-stimulated growth of etiolated leaf disk and seed germination. (M.C.G.)

A mechanism is proposed to explain the rapid fluctuations observed in the radio intensity level of pulsars. The mechanism rests on an effect discussed previously by the authors: electrons would become accelerated when they are trapped by an amplitude-modulated electromagnetic wave emitted by the pulsar, since the group velocity of the wave will rise as it travels toward regions of lower density. Rapid fluctuations will then develop because of absorption of the radiant energy by the accelerated electrons.

The formula for evaluation of narcissus equivalent temperature difference as a function of the scan angle in thermal imaging systems is made more meaningful by grouping the parameters in two factors: one depending on wavelength and temperature and the other, a function of the scan angle, depending on the geometry of the instrument. Exact ray tracing equations are used to evaluate the ratio of radiant energy reaching the detector from warm and cold areas of the instrument.

In this paper an investigation was conducted to study the suitability of inserting radiant panels for industrial heating. The study involved heat transfer enhancement in an oval and a classical semi-industrial furnace. The experiment suggests an optimal panel position at 10-15 degrees inclination. A maximum energy saving of 22.5 % for the oval furnace was noticed and the most suitable case is to use panels as thick as is possible.

An asymptotic solution of radiative gas-dynamic equations for stationary interaction of two hypersonic gas flows emanating from two identical spherical sources is obtained. Under the assumption that the gas in the shock layer is in local thermodynamic equilibrium and volume emission (energy loss for radiation) occurs there, analytical expressions for the distributions of gas-dynamic functions and temperature are derived. The shock wave shape and the radiant flux on the contact plane are examined as functions of problem parameters.

This study presents analytical and experimental investigations of a double-pass photovoltaic thermal solar air collector. Photovoltaic thermal collector is a combination of thermal and photovoltaic systems. It generates both thermal and electrical energies simultaneously. An experimental setup of a double-pass photovoltaic thermal solar air collector was designed and fabricated to study the performance over a range of design and operating conditions. A set of steady-state energy balance equations was formulated for the two air streams, the glass cover, the photovoltaic panel, and the back-plate. These equations were reduced to a set of two differential equations, and a closed-form solution was obtained. Reasonably close agreements between the analytical and experimental results were obtained. This model was used to simulate the performance of larger double-pass photovoltaic thermal system by varying the photovoltaic length, packing factor, air mass flow rate and channel depth. The minimum area of the photovoltaic cell necessary to generate sufficient electrical energy to run the fan at a given mass flow rate was also calculated as a function of time for different configurations of the collector. Several important relationships between the design and operating conditions were obtained. These relationships affected the performance of the double-pass photovoltaic thermal solar collector. Hence, design curves for the photovoltaic thermal solar collector were developed. The designer would be able to predict the performance of the system using the design curves by selecting the required conditions. This includes the effects of changing the channel depth and air mass flow rate on the global solar radiation, thermal, photovoltaic and combined thermal photovoltaic efficiencies, and temperature rise of the collector. An economic optimization model was developed to study the effect of combinations of mass flow rates, photovoltaic panel length and channel depth on the cost-benefit ratio of the collector. The user could select the optimum design features that correspond to minimum cost-benefit ratio.

The present study deals with heat storage performance investigation of integrated solar pond and collector system. In the experimental work, a cylindrical solar pond system (CSPS) with a radius of 0.80m and a depth of 2.0m and four flat plate collectors dimensions of 1.90mx0.90m was built in Cukurova University in Adana, Turkey. The CSPS was filled with salty water of various densities to form three salty water zones (Upper Convective Zone, Non-Convective Zone and Heat Storage Zone). Heat energy collected by collectors was transferred to the solar pond storage zone by using a heat exchanger system which is connected to the solar collectors. Several temperature sensors connected to a data acquisition system were placed vertically inside the CSPS and at the inlet and outlet of the heat excha...

A beta radiation detector which is capable of reliably detecting beta radiation emitted from a surface. An electrically conductive signal collector is adjustably mounted inside an electrically conductive enclosure which may define a single large opening for placing against a surface. The adjustable mounting of the electrically conductive signal collector can be based on the distance from the surface or on the expected beta energy range. A voltage source is connected to the signal collector through an electrometer or other display means for creating an electric field between the signal collector and the enclosure. Air ions created by the beta radiation are collected and the current produced is indicated on the electrometer or other display means.

An economic and energy analysis of ice rinks was made to examine the areas in which energy could be profitably conserved. The areas where new equipment could make a major reduction in energy use are: the use of waste heat for space heating, the installation of a low emissivity false ceiling to reduce radiant heat, the use of a load cycling controller to reduce refrigeration costs, and the installation of more efficient lighting systems. Changes in rink operating procedure that could cut energy use are: higher refrigerant temperatures, thinner ice, the use of colder resurfacing water, turning the compressors and pumps off at night, and reducing ventilation.

Radiant tubes of a continuous-annealing furnace at Mobarakeh Steel Company failed after a fraction of their rated service life. The tubes were manufactured from INCONEL alloy 601 superalloy. In this study, a failure analysis of the radiant tubes was performed by careful visual inspection of the failed tubes, scanning electron microscopy observation of crack region samples, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometer analysis of the tube metals and oxide scales. The temperature distribution for steady-state heat transfer and the structural stresses induced by the weight of the tube material were also studied in this paper. The finite element method (FEM) was employed to compute the effect of increasing temperature on tube service life and to define the critical regions.The...

We have made a comparison of the geometric efficiencies of basic collectors, by examining the constancy with which each of them collects the solar energy during a day or a year, independant of their dimensions, the amount of energy collected, the concentration, the use of the energy once collected. ...

This book presents the papers given at a conference on solar energy. Topics considered at the conference included insolation measuring methods, spectrally selective surfaces, flat plate collectors, heat storage, thermal energy storage equipment, phase change materials, compressed air energy storage plants, solar crop drying, solar cookers, and solar desalination.

Information on renewable energy sources is provided for students in this teachers' guide. With the chemistry and physics student in mind, solar energy topics such as absorber plate coatings for solar collectors and energy collection and storage methods are studied. (BCS)

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is a simple, fast, reliable and nondestructive analytical method. By using the method developed in Clark Atlanta University, consistent and reliable infrared spectral results can be obtained. An accurate radiant energy can be calculated from these infrared spectra by using a blackbody as the calibration standards. By means of the specially-designed-and-lab-made sampling inlet and the Horiba gas analyzers, the compositions of CO{sub 2}, CO, UCH, NOx and O{sub 2} etc. from the combustion exhaust gases have been on-line accurately analyzed. The commercial natural gas IR burner performed differently in the different conditions. For the methane-air combustion, at the equivalence ratio {Phi} = 1, the IR burner produced its maximum radiation efficiency, {approximately}31.4%, and the concentration of CO{sub 2} reached its maximum value, {approximately}10.7%. In the fuel-lean region, the O{sub 2} concentration in the emission gas decreased proportionally as {Phi} increased, but the concentrations of CO and UHC were kept in a couple of hundred ppm ranges. In the fuel-rich region, the O{sub 2} concentration was kept as a constant, {approximately}0.2%, but the CO and UHC concentrations were quickly jumped to thousands ppm or more as {Phi} further increased. The NOx formation was mainly dependent on the combustion temperature, and reached its maximum, {approximately}8 ppm, at {Phi}= {approximately}1. Because of the uniform temperature distribution, the IR burner produced lower NOx than traditional gas burners. Nitrogen is a non-combustible gas. It worked only as diluent for the combustion, reducing the radiant efficiency. Propane has a higher molar combustion enthalpy. It produced a higher combustion temperature and NOx, while maintaining similar radiant efficiency. Hydrogen has a lower combustion activation energy. It enhanced the radiant efficiency, and did not significantly affect the production of NOx, CO{sub 2} and CO.

Laboratory tests with stratification inlet pipes marketed by the German company SOLVISSolarsysteme GmbH were carried out in a small test heat storage. The tests showed that the stratification pipes ensure that water entering the heat storage through the pipes enters the heat storage in the 'right' level so that the temperature stratification in the heat storage is built up in the best possible way as long as the volume flow rate of the entering water is lower than 10 l/min. If the volume flow rate increases the water will enter the heat storage in different levels. For volume flow rates higher that 20 l/min. water enters the heat storage in all levels of the heat storage. It is estimated that the stratification inlet pipes secure a good thermal stratification in the heat storage as long as the volume flow rate is not higher than 15 l/min. Based on the laboratory tests a 10000 l hot water tank for Sundparkens solar heating system was designed. A 336 m{sup 2} solar domestic hot water system was built in Sundparken, Elsinore. The solar heating system is a low flow system with a 10000 l hot water tank. Half of the solar collectors are facing east, half of the solar collectors are facing west. The collector tilt is for all collectors 15 deg. from horizontal. Both the east-facing and west-facing collectors have their own solar collector loop, circulation pump, external heat exchanger and control system. The external heat exchangers are used to transfer the heat from the solar collector fluid to the domestic water. The domestic water is pumped from the bottom of the hot water tank to the heat exchanger and back to the hot water tank through the SOLVIS stratification inlet pipes. In this way the water will enter the tank in the 'right' level so that thermal stratification is built up in the best possible way. In the mornings the east-facing solar collectors produce a lot of heat and therefore high return temperatures of the domestic water. This water will enter the tank in the upper part of the tank while the relatively cold water returning from the heat exchanger of the west-facing collectors enters the tank at the lower part of the tank. In the afternoons/evenings when the west-facing solar collectors produce more heat than the eastfacing collectors, the water heated by the west-facing collectors enters the top part of the tank while the water heated by the east-facing collectors enters the bottom part of the tank. The tank design ensures an excellent thermal stratification in the tank during all hours. Therefore the thermal performance of the solar heating system will be high in spite of the fact that the collectors are not optimally facing south. Measurements showed that the yearly net utilized solar energy of the system was 123 MWh corresponding to 366 kWh/m{sup 2}. The solar fraction of the solar heating system was 8% and 16%, respectively, with and without regard for the heat loss of the circulation piping. 40% of the solar radiation on the solar collectors were utilized. Compared to other large Danish solar domestic hot water systems the system in Sundparken is performing well. This might be a surprise because the solar collectors are far from being orientated optimally. The utilization of the solar radiation on the collectors for Sundparkens solar heating system was higher than for any other system earlier investigated. The reason for the good thermal performance and for the excellent utilization of the solar radiation is the high hot-water consumption and the good system design. Based on the investigations it is recommended in the future to design large solar heating systems as low flow systems with hot water tanks with external heat exchangers and stratification inlet pipes. (au)

This paper presents an economic evaluation of the substitution of a compression liquid chiller, electrically driven, by a solar refrigeration system based on absorption chiller. The economic investment includes operation and maintenance costs and the reduction on the electric energy expenses during solar energy system life time. Different types or data were considered dor solar collectors, thermal load values and profiles, chillers nominal capacity, insolation, electrical energy costs and absorption chillers efficiency. The results show that the main factor preventing the economic feasibility for the use of this technology in the Brasilian northeast region are the solar collector cost and efficiency, chillers efficiency and electricity cost. (Author)

The Oakmead Industries solar energy system is a commercial office/manufacturing building in California equipped with 2622 square feet of liquid flat-plate collectors, 1675 square feet of Trombe wall glazing, a 6500-gallon steel storage tank, two gas-fired auxiliary space heating units and an auxiliary electric resistance water heater. The solar fraction, solar savings ratio, conventional fuel savings, system performance factor, and solar system coefficient of performance are calculated. The performance of the collector, storage, domestic hot water and space heating subsystems is examined, and the operating energy and energy savings are tabulated. Weather conditions are tabulated for the site. (LEW)

Composite panel with photovoltaic-thermo modules is radiant of cooling and heating panel which is driven by photovoltaic module as clean solar energy. This panel has characteristic that thermal energy is directly transferred between the panel and the objects (human bodies) by electromagnetic wave. Therefore, it has advantage of energy saving. This panel has been tested for cooling mode of operation in summer season. This paper is described on cooling characteristics of the composite panel. We have calculated cooling characteristics of the panel in summer a day. (author)

Various ways of harnessing solar energy are described, focusing especially on the conversion of solar radiant energy into heat, the most efficient and well known method. An overview of such solar thermal devices used to heat water are described for use on the Indian sub-continent. Uses of energy thus produced include cooking, industrial and agricultural drying processes, power generation, refrigeration systems and water purification. The paper also identifies present development of solar thermal systems, solar cookers and solar thermal power in India and targets aimed for up to 1997. Government policy to promote solar thermal devices is also discussed. (UK)

The solar energy system for a new single family detached residence in Kirkland, Washington, preheats domestic hot water (DHW) and heats 2607 square feet of occupied space. The 546 square foot collector array was manufactured by Solaron Corporation. The collector back is insulated with fiberglass insulation batt, providing an R-12 insulation value. The collector mosaic is installed at a 57/sup 0/C tilt to the horizontal. These collectors utilize air as heat transfer media and require no freeze protection provisions. The air Thermal Storage Unit consists of a container filled with 27,300 pounds of smooth surfaced stones of 1 to 1 1/2 inch average diameter. The total volume of storage container is 273 (6' x 6' x 7'7'') cubic feet. The container has concrete walls and bottom which are insulated with preformed styrofoam panels. The 11 cubic foot water storage tank has fiberglass insulation. Service hot water is preheated by a heat exchanger coil installed in the air duct from the collectors to the air storage. Space heating is provided by air circulation using collectors, storage bin and gas-fired furnace. An Air Handler Unit controls overall air flow in the system. (MHR)

Space heating and domestic hot water heating is provided by a solar energy system utilizing 954 square feet of liquid flat plate collectors for a 10,000 square foot, one-story office building, Blakedale Professional Center, in Greenwood, South Carolina. The system was installed concurrent with building construction and heats 4,440 square feet of the building. The collectors are roof-mounted in three banks on wooden, sawtooth type supports with aluminized mylar reflectors on the back of the supports. The collectors are double-glazed with tempered glass and have copper absorber plates and a non-selective black coating. A drain down system protects the collectors from freezing. A 5,000-gallon steel storage tank, covered with polyurethane insulation, is buried underground approximately 50 feet from the building. A heat pump is operated downstream of the solar heating coil in the warm air duct to provide auxiliary heat. An electric resistance coil in the duct is also furnished for additional heat when required. Service hot water is heated by a single-wall tube bundle heat exchanger immersed in the storage tank and is backed up by a 40-gallon electric water heater. No heat exchangers are utilized between the collector, the storage tank and the solar heating coil in the duct. The piping for the system is galvanized steel, and the collector fluid is treated with corrosion inhibitor.

This paper proposes a cone type electro-hydrodynamical (EHD) heat collector, describes its structure and principle, and mentions possibility of improving the heat collecting efficiency. The paper proposes a heat collector with a shape close to a cone. Trees are of cone form so that their every leaf, branch and truck can capture solar energy efficiently. Imitating this fact existing in the natural world, a cone-shaped heat collector was fabricated on a trial basis to discuss its heat collecting efficiency. Furthermore, black round stones are placed in the inner cone of the cone- shaped heat collector of double-glass structure. A low boiling point medium is placed between the inner and outer cones to cause corona discharge in vapor generated by absorbing the solar heat, and generate corona wind for an attempt to accelerate heat transfer into a heat exchanger. Thus, development was made on a cone-shaped high-efficiency heat collector utilizing electro-hydrodynamical (EHD) effect, and elucidation was given on dynamic phenomena of an electro-thermal fluid. Heat transfer in the EHD heat collector has a possibility of being accelerated by generation of ionic wind. In addition, it is thought that there would be an optimum value in applied voltage to increase electric charge supply as a result of corona discharge. 1 ref., 2 figs.

The MPC/sup 3/ was developed to control the orientation of individual solar energy collectors in a distributed field. The system was to be reliable, yet its total installed cost had to be kept to a minimum. Both goals were accomplished by transmitting a carrier signal over the power cables that lead to the field, usimg frequency shift keying (FSK) and Manchester data coding. Its operation is simple. A microprocessor at central control solves a sun-position equation. The microprocessor then transmits its results to the collector via carrier signal imposed on the power cable to the collector's drive mechanism. At the drive mechanism, an inclinometer mounted on each collector determines the orientation of its collector. There a system compares this data with the information gathered by the inclinometer, determines any discrepancies, and makes the necessary adjustments to the collector by actuating the drive mechanism until it detects a null position (that is, until the information coming from the inclinometer matches the results of the sun-position equation). Each row, or every other row, or each 2-axis tracking collector in a field can thus be controlled. Each collector control receives updated information from the central control every 0.75 or 1.5 seconds, depending on whether one or two separate commands are required. The MPC/sup 3/ system is rugged and, since it uses the power cables as transmission lines, it obviates the need for separate and expensive control wiring to the field. This approach also enables the manufacturer to control quality at the factory. The combination of mechanical inclinometer and microprocessor data frees the system from light-sensitive devices that could be confused by clouds or other environmental uncertainties. These qualities improve system reliability. In addition, the money saved in the eliminated control wiring and the necessarily slow and expensive checkout required in former systems can pay for an installed MPC/sup 3/ system.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the potential for radiant cooling using the atmospheric sky window and to evaluate the desired characteristics of a radiant cooling material (RCM) applied to the ceiling window of a three-dimensional enclosure. The thermal characteristics of the system are governed by the geometry, ambient temperature, sky radiative temperature, amount of solar energy and its direction, heat transfer modes, wall radiative properties, and radiative properties of the RCMs. A semi-gray band analysis is utilized for the solar and infrared bands. The radiosity/irradiation method is used in each band to evaluate the radiant exchanges in the enclosure. The radiative properties for the RCM are varied in a parametric study to identify the desired properties of RCMs. For performance simulation of real RCMs, the radiative properties are calculated from spectral data. The desired solar property is a high reflectance for both opaque and semi-transparent RCMs. For a semi-transparent RCM, a low value of the solar transmittance is preferred. The desired infrared property is a high emittance for an opaque RCM. For a semi-transparent RCM, a high infrared transmittance is desired, and the emittance should be greater than zero. (author)

The University of Chicago Solar Energy Group has had a continuing program and commitment to develop an advanced evacuated solar collector integrating nonimaging concentration into its design. During the period from 1985-1987, some of our efforts were directed toward designing and prototyping a manufacturable version of an Integrated Compound Parabolic Concentrator (ICPC) evacuated collector tube as part of an international cooperative effort involving six organizations in four different countries. This 'multilateral' project made considerable progress towards a commercially practical collector. One of two basic designs considered employed a heat pipe and an internal metal reflector CPC. We fabricated and tested two large diameter (125 mm) borosilicate glass collector tubes to explore this concept. The other design also used a large diameter (125 mm) glass tube but with a specially configured internal shaped mirror CPC coupled to a U-tube absorber. Performance projections in a variety of systems applications using the computer design tools developed by the International Energy Agency (IEA) task on evacuated collectors were used to optimize the optical and thermal design. The long-term goal of this work continues to be the development of a high efficiency, low cost solar collector to supply solar thermal energy at temperatures up to 250 C. Some experience and perspectives based on our work are presented and reviewed. Despite substantial progress, the stability of research support and the market for commercial solar thermal collectors were such that the project could not be continued. A cooperative path involving university, government, and industrial collaboration remains the most attractive near term option for developing a commercial ICPC.

A general model for the electric power and energy efficiency of a solar thermoelectric generator is discussed, considering the influences of the input energy, the thermal conductivity, the absorptivity and emissivity of the heat collector, and the cooling water. The influences of these factors on the performance of the thermoelectric device are discussed, considering the thermoelectric generator as a whole, including the heat collector, the thermoelectric device, and the cooling. Results show that high input energy, and high absorptivity and low emissivity of the heat collector, are helpful for obtaining a high-performance thermoelectric generator. A high thermal transfer coefficient of the cooling water can increase the temperature difference across the thermoelectric device but results i...

Activities in which Arizona Public Service Company is involved include: selective thin films, solar swimming-pool heaters, fixed cylindrical mirror solar collectors, solar energy for load management, and solar panels for powering VHF stations. Also, involvement with EPRI, ERDA, FEA, and the Western Energy Supply and Transmission Associates is discussed. (WHK)

This retrospective bibliography contains citations concerning methods and processes for energy management and conservation by the food industry. Waste heat recovery systems, waste product utilization, solar collectors, co-generation of heat and electrical power, and more efficient energy utilization methods are considered. The design, operation and economics of some selected industrial plants are considered. (Contains 73 citations fully indexed and including a title list.)

Some basic topics on the subject of solar energy are outlined in the form of a teaching manual. The manual is geared toward junior high or middle school science students. Topics include solar collectors, solar water heating, solar radiation, insulation, heat storage, and desalination. Instructions for the construction of apparatus to demonstrate the solar energy topics are provided. (BCS)

This book presents the papers given at a conference on the solar energy programs of various countries. Topics considered at the conference included solar energy in Denmark, solar energy in Ireland, solar energy in Finland, trombe walls, solar-assisted low energy houses, passive solar heating systems, passive solar cooling systems, modeling, solar collectors, performance testing, active systems, heat storage, heat pumps, and solar district heating.

In a country like the Socialist Republic of Vietnam without any area-covering electricity supply a decentralized energy supply is of major importance. Solar cold storage to reduce the perishability of foodstuffs has been found acceptable to partially compensate for the deficit in electric energy. Based on the climatic conditions prevailing in Vietnam, the investigation concentrates on the change in cooling load by a collector-equipped roof of a cold store. Reference is also made to the calculation model for the transmission load of a collector-equipped back-ventilated cold roof. (orig.).

The aim of this new series is to provide authoritative reviews in the expanding field of renewable energy resources. It is written at a level intermediate between general books and original research papers. Volume 1 consists of 5 articles reflecting work done at the Centre of Energy Studies of the Indian Institute of Technology (I.I.T.) and cooperating institutions. Contents: Plastic solar collectors. Solar collector-cum-storage systems. Thermal modelling of solar hot water systems. Solar absorption refrigeration and space conditioning: thermal modelling of aqua-ammonia cycle. Solar distillation.

Based on the fact that such events as an explosion of the Tunguska cosmic body, which caused the fall of trees in a wide area and the release of radiant energy during the Tunguska disaster, proved to be separated not only in space but also in time, it is concluded that these events are interrelated but different. The assumption is justified that the emission during the Tunguska disaster was caused by the atmospheric discharge at altitudes of 10?90 km above the Earth?s surface. The emission energy, released during this discharge, could reach ?1010 J.

The most important factor that cannot be influenced by men is the irregularity of soler energy supply in time and different atmospheric conditions. But there are some others that we can influence: Relatively low solar radiation intensity (below1,3 kW/m{sup 2}) can be overcome by the use of larger surface collectors; Relatively low efficiency in comparison to some conventional systems make us use low-temperature medium (lower temperature losses) and a diffusive radiation component - use flat collectors; The highest availability of solar energy in summer leads us to the solution that thermal collectors should be mostly applied in agriculture where, especially, that low temperature heat can be used to warm water multi-purpose farm buildings. That is why the south-east region of Poland, which has such productive agriculture, seems to be predestinated to it. (orig.)

Thermal stratification in the storage tank is extremely important in order to achieve high thermal performance of a solar heating system. High temperatures in the top of the storage tank and low temperatures in the bottom of the storage tank lead to the best operation conditions for any solar heating system. High temperatures in the top of the storage tank established by the energy from the solar collector reduce the use of auxiliary energy. Low temperatures in the bottom of the storage tank improve the operation conditions for the solar collector. Using thermal stratified heat storages results in longer operation periods and improved utilization of the solar collector. Thermal stratification can be achieved, for example by using inlet stratification devices at all inlets to the storage tank. This paper presents how thermal stratification is established and utilized by means of inlet stratifiers. A new multi layer fabric stratification pipe is presented together with marketed stratification pipes.

This article analyses the energy statistics of 15 European Union countries (EU-15), giving special emphasis to the installed solar photovoltaic and thermal collector capacity. The installed capacities per capita are analysed in relation to the solar radiation income of respective countries with the view to explore the relationship between the solar income and its utilisation as of the year 2006. In terms of the installed solar thermal collector capacity, Austria leads the statistics amongst the countries studied with 223W{sub th} collector capacity per capita, followed by Greece with 207W{sub th}. Except for Greece, it is observed that the countries with high solar radiation income are lacking to realise their solar potential. Regarding the installed photovoltaic power per capita, Luxembourg leads the pack by a wide margin with 47W{sub p} capacity, followed by Germany with 30W{sub p}. Fiscal instruments to invigorate the deployment of solar energy have also been identified in this work. (author)

The Stevens Home in California is a single family residence whose active solar energy system is designed to supply 70% of the hot water load. The system is equipped with 68 square feet of flat plate collectors, a 120-gallon solar preheat water tank, and a 40-gallon propane water heater. The solar fraction predicted by computer simulation and measured were the same, 44%. The system solar savings ratio, conventional fuel savings, and solar system coefficient of performance for the period covered are given. Monthly performance data are tabulated for the overall system and for the collector, storage, and domestic hot water subsystems. System operation is illustrated for a typical day by graphs of the temperatures at collector array, inlet and outlet, and at the preheat tank, and of water consumption. The typical operating sequence and solar energy use and heat losses are also graphed. (LEW)

The solar energy system was retrofitted into the existing 7250 square foot Visitors' Center to heat the entire building and to cool the 2000 square foot Observation Room. The 2016 square foot collector array of Lennox/Honeywell double glazed, selectively coated, flat plate collectors are mounted at a tilt angle of 45/sup 0/ to the horizontal on the sloped roof of the building. Freeze protection for the collector loop is provided by the antifreeze solution. Thermal energy is stored in a 3000 gallon steel storage tank located in the mechanical room. The 7-foot diameter tank, which is 10 1/2 feet long, is insulated with 2 inches of fiberglass. Solar space heating is provided by: (1) circulating the antifreeze solution directly from the collectors to the duct coils in the multi-zone air handling unit; or (2) removing heat from the storage tank to the antifreeze solution in a system-to-storage heat exchanger. Auxiliary space heating is provided by a 550,000 Btu/h, oil-fired boiler. Solar space cooling for the Observation Room is provided by circulating the antifreeze solution from the collectors directly to three 3-ton absorption chillers. (MHR)

An interesting way of actively using solar energy is to fit air collectors in buildings. Air collectors convert the solar energy collected on the absorption area into heat which is then transferred using the medium of air. Air heated in this way is used for space heating and also, in some cases, ventilation, depending on the system. The present thesis examines this kind of solar energy use in terms of how such air collectors may be integrated into multi-storey residential buildings in Santiago de Chile. Attention is focused on the facades of buildings where air collectors are fitted. These include not only solid and transparent exterior walls, but also terraces and integral plant boxes, which provide shade among other things, particularly in summer. The fitting of air collectors in three-dimensional facades calls for new design features both for the collectors themselves and for the components used to construct the facades; the implications of this for integration are demonstrated. The thesis begins by analyzing the factors of climate and construction which influence the use of air collectors. It then examines the features air collectors need to have for use in buildings, based on experience gained in Germany and Switzerland. Lastly, the thesis looks at possible ways of integrating air collectors into Chilean residential buildings in terms of the technical, functional and design aspects. One of the main conclusions is that the most suitable parts of the building for integrating air collectors are the unshaded, north-facing breasts of terraces and integral plant boxes. Other possibilities are not excluded, but should be used to supplement the first options, or where a smaller collector surface area is required. Furthermore it emerges that there are many ways in which air collectors could be integrated into the facades of multi-storey residential buildings in Santiago. Air collectors play a part not only in solar energy production but also in building design. Based on these results, the thesis offers some hints on the technical and design aspects which should be borne in mind when considering both old and new buildings. (orig.) [Deutsch] Eine interessante Form der aktiven Sonnenenergienutzung stellt der Einsatz von Luftkollektoren in Gebaeuden dar. Luftkollektoren wandeln die auf der Absorberflaeche eingestrahlte Sonnenenergie in Waerme um und geben diese an den Waermetraeger Luft ab. Die so erwaermte Luft wird zur Raumheizung und eventuell - je nach System - auch zur Gebaeudelueftung genutzt. Die Art der Sonnenenergienutzung wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit in Bezug auf die Integrationsmoeglichkeiten von Luftkollektoren in mehrgeschossigen Wohngebaeuden in Santiago de Chile untersucht. Besondere Beachtung finden die Gebaeudefassaden, in denen Luftkollektoren eingesetzt werden. Hier sind nicht nur opake und transparente Aussenwaende vorhanden, sondern auch Terrassen und Begruenungsbaender, die u.a. als Verschattungselemente, besonders im Sommer, dienen. Durch den Einsatz von Luftkollektoren in dreidimensionalen Fassaden ergeben sich neue Anforderungen an die Luftkollektoren und an die Fassadenbauteile, deren Einfluesse auf die Integrationsmoeglichkeiten dargestellt werden. Die Arbeit beginnt mit der Analyse von Einflussfaktoren von Klima und Gebaeude auf den Einsatz von Luftkollektoren. Danach werden die Anforderungen von Luftkollektoren zur Nutzung in Gebaeuden betrachtet, unter Beruecksichtigung der Erfahrungen in Deutschland und in der Schweiz. Der letzte Teil der Arbeit beinhaltet die Untersuchung der Integrationsmoeglichkeiten der Luftkollektoren in chilenischen Wohngebaeuden nach technischen, funktionalen und gestalterischen Aspekten. Als wesentliches Ergebnis dieser Arbeit stellt sich heraus, dass die geeigneteren Bauteile fuer die Integration der Luftkollektoren die langen unverschatteten nordorientierten Bruestungen von Terrassen und Begruenungsbaendern sind. Die anderen Moeglichkeiten sind nicht ausgeschlossen, aber sie sollten als Ergaenzung der ersten Varianten, oder bei kleinerem Flaechenbedarf von Luftkollektoren, genutzt werden. Darueber hinaus kann festgestellt werden, dass Luftkollektoren vielseitig in Fassaden mehrgeschossiger Wohngebaeude in Santiago integriert werden koennen. Dabei leisten Luftkollektoren nicht nur einen Beitrag zur Sonnenenergiegewinnung, sondern auch zur Gebaeudegestaltung. Basierend auf diesen Ergebnissen wurden Hinweise zu technischen und gestalterischen Gesichtspunkten entwickelt, die sowohl bei bestehenden als auch neu zu errichtenden Gebaeuden beruecksichtigt werden sollten. (orig.)

We have analyzed measurements concerning 5 outdoor swimming poools in Switzerland, heated by unglazed solar collectors. Simulation of the collector array performance and of the pool`s thermal behaviour have been compared to the measured data. The main results are as follows: (i) Hourly analysis of the active solar systems: the hourly efficiency is high in the 5 cases ({>=}60%), with an optical efficiency of around 90% and a heat transfer coefficient varying from 11 to 25 W/m{sup 2}K. The effect of the wind was very small despite the absence of glazing. Significant incidence angle effects appear when the sun is low on the collector plane. (ii) Daily analysis of the active solar systems: due to the local climate, the passive solar gains are practically sufficient to ensure pool temperatures of 22 to 23{sup o}C in midsummer and the collectors remain often unused decreasing their global efficiency over the whole season to about 30%. The G{sup 3} model was shown to give good predictions of the collector energy output on a daily basis. (iii) Heat gains and losses of an outdoor pool: heat losses from radiation, evaporation, convection and water renewal were well quantified by simple numerical models. Losses from evaporation and convection were characterized by a heat exchange factor. The pool is itself an excellent collector, with an overall efficiency of about 70%. The reduction of night losses by use of a pool cover seems an interesting option, 1 m{sup 2} of collectors having about the same effect as 1 m{sup 2} of pool cover, in the conditions of this study. (iv) The SWSIMU program: this computer program developed by Energietechnik simulates the pool temperature on an hourly basis, as computed from meteorological data. The results are in good agreement with the measured temperatures although there are differences when we compare the detail of gains and losses with our results. (author) figs., tabs., 16 refs.

...PDG (Product Design Group), Radiant Systems, Inc., Siemens, Inc., Synova, Inc., Technical Aid Corporation, d...PDG (Product Design Group), Radiant Systems, Inc., Siemens, Inc., Synova, Inc., Technical Aid Corporation...

Source: EP2426402A The invention relates to a fibre illumination module and system for the collection and delivery of daylight for illumination purposes. The fibre illumination module comprises a plurality of collector elements, each collector element comprising an input fibre having a first end and a second end, and a collection optics, the collection optics being configured to receive light incident on a distal end of the collection optics, to transfer at least partially the incident light to a proximal end of the collection optics, and to couple at least partially the transferred light from the proximal end of the collection optics into the first end of the input fibre, each collector element having a principal axis for the collection of light defining an optical axis of the collector element. The optical axes of the collector elements are arranged in a radially outward pointing multi-directional arrangement. The fibre illumination system comprises a fibre illumination module of the above-mentioned type. By the invention, daylight may be exploited for the illumination of remote interior spaces of buildings in order to save energy, and improve the well-being of users in both housing and working environments.

A four stage asymmetric type depressed collector has been designed for the Israeli mm-wave FEM that is driven by a 1.4 MeV, 1.5 A electron beam. After leaving the interaction section the spent beam has an energy spread of 120 keV and 75 pi mm mrad normalized beam emittance. Simulations of the beam transport system from the undulator exit through the decelerator tube into the collector have been carried out using EGUN and GPT codes. The latter has also been employed to study trajectories of the primary and scattered particles within the collector, optimizing the asymmetrical collector geometry and the electrode potentials at the presence of a deflecting magnetic field. The estimated overall system and collector efficiencies reach 50% and 70%, respectively, with a beam recovery of 99.6%. The design is aimed to attain millisecond long pulse operation and subsequently 1 kW average power. Simulation results are implemented in a mechanical design that leads to a simple, cost efficient assembly eliminating ceramic i...

The unit, operations on the principle ''oscillating water column'', is equipped with additional elastic diaphragm installed on side walls of housing and forming side chambers, equipped with reverse valves which are connected to the air collector, also connected to the main compression chamber. When the running wave hits the side of diaphragm it bends, pushing the air from chamber 11 coming from the atmosphere through the reverse valve into the air collector. The use of the diaphragm makes it possible to improve efficiency, economy and energy intensity of the unit by using vertical and horizontal components of the wave forces.

A nuclear energy plant housing a boiling-water reactor utilizes an isolation condenser in which a single chamber is partitioned into a distributor plenum and a collector plenum. Steam accumulates in the distributor plenum and is conveyed to the collector plenum through an annular manifold that includes tubes extending through a condenser pool. The tubes provide for a transfer of heat from the steam, forming a condensate. The chamber has a disk-shaped base, a cylindrical sidewall, and a semispherical top. This geometry results in a compact design that exhibits significant performance and cost advantages over prior designs.

This paper presents evaluation of a variety of thermionic converter configurations to obtain improved efficiency. A variable-spacing diode using an iridium emitter gave emission properties comparable to platinum, but the power output from a sintered LaB6 collector diode was not consistent with its work function. Reflectivities above 0.5 were measured at thermal energies on oxygenated-cesiated surfaces using a field emission retarding potential gun. Performance of converters with structured electrodes and the characteristics of a pulsed triode were studied as a function of emitter, collector, cesium reservoir, interelectrode spacing, xenon pressure, and pulsing parameters.

This presentation surveys the status and some probable future courses of development of parabolic dish solar collector technology and some of the near-term and long-range applications of the technology. Included are fundamentals of the technology, descriptions of current collectors with particular emphasis on the types developed within the Department of Energy's Solar Thermal Program, descriptions of current systems and applications, key technical issues and tradeoff considerations which will affect the competition between parabolic dish systems and other solar thermal technologies, and, finally, a discussion of future possibilities for the development of parabolic dish technology.

Subjects: Solar heat, an important contribution to future energy supply; Solar collectors, a growing market; A producer's view of technologies and markets; Solar collector technology: Status and development potential; Solar air conditioning; Solar district heating - projects, potential, perspectives; Trends in heat stores and market-compatible instruments for enhancing solar heat generation. [German] Zu dem Inhalt dieser Fachtagung gehoeren die folgenden Themen: Solare Waerme - ein wichtiger Beitrag fuer eine zukunftsfaehige Energieversorgung; Wachstumsmarkt Solarkollektoren; Technologien und Maerkte aus Herstellersicht; Stand der Kollektortechnik und Entwicklungspotenziale; solare Klimatisierung; solare Nahwaerme - Projekte, Potenziale, Perspektiven; Entwicklungen bei Langzeit-Waermespeichern sowie marktkompatible Instrumente zur Foerderung der solaren Waermeerzeugung. (orig.)

We construct the nondestructive SR beam position monitor of new conceptual design using the compton scattering. In order to measure the position of the SR beam, we use the low energy electron beam (<10 KeV, 100 mA). The electron beam emitted from the electron gun is injected into the SR beam, and collide with the SR beam, and then electron beam is recoiled by the compton scattering, therefore, the amount of the recoil electron in the direction of the electron beam collector become as decreasing. Using this phenomena, the position of the SR beam is measured by the variations of collector current. (author)

A solar collector has been developed in the project. The development of the collector is based on knowledge from previous projects and the idea of combining existing exterior insulation systems with a solar collector part for renovation purpose. This solar collector especially focuses on the market, which is dedicated to concrete buildings. South heading gable/facade walls in concrete buildings have a potential for utilization of solar energy. With regards to commercial utilization of the results the project has building parts manufacturers and solar collector manufacturers in mind. Besides the housing stock the industry sector is an area where gable solar collectors can be used. To get the right link between the manufactured part and the building, an existing building is referred to in the project. A prefabricated insulation system from Paroc and a liquid heating absorber from Batec have been chosen as the basis of the project. 50 mm wide aluminium profiles from H.S. Hansen have been used, accomplishing a sliding joint to the adjacent building systems. A range of flashing, is available on the market, fits to the 50 mm profile. Based on these choices the concept of utilizing solar energy can be transferred without difficulties to be valid for other exterior insulation systems, absorber types and consumer systems. Technical details concerning profiles and assembling of solar collectors have been analysed in the project and can be seen from the technical drawings. The mounting of the solar collector will be done by crane so that the work can be done fast and efficiently. This is particularly important in narrow streets, as here is no need to establish building sites for a long period. Crane assembling is suitable when the walls have big areas without needs for many cuttings and projections. If there are windows in the gable a vertical assembling of the elements can be the solution as the windows are often placed in a straight line above each other. In the project calculations have been made of stagnation temperatures of solar collector elements and of the performance of a vertically placed collector with coated glass (AR-glass) as cover. There has been made an economic analysis of the system connected in a block of flats where the consumer system is heating of domestic hot water. The project leads to a prototype of a gable solar collector, which can be seen on IBE's outdoor facility areas. The gable solar collector including ribbon panel has an area of 7 m x 3 m and consists of 2 elements where the upper element is mounted with AR-coated glass and the lower one is mounted with ordinary iron free glass. A test for rain tightness has been performed with this gable solar collector and the heat loss coefficient has been measured. (au)

Reflective light collectors with hexagonal entrance and exit apertures are frequently used in front of the focal-plane camera of a very-high-energy gamma-ray telescope to increase the collection efficiency of atmospheric Cherenkov photons and reduce the night-sky background entering at large incident angles. The shape of a hexagonal light collector is usually based on Winston's design, which is optimized for only two-dimensional optical systems. However, it is not known whether a hexagonal Winston cone is optimal for the real three-dimensional optical systems of gamma-ray telescopes. For the first time we optimize the shape of a hexagonal light collector using quadratic and cubic Bezier curves. We demonstrate that our optimized designs simultaneously achieve a higher collection efficiency ...

The integration of photovoltaic (PV) modules in buildings allows one to consider a multifunctional frame and then to reduce the cost by substitution of components. In order to limit the rise of the cell operating temperature, a photovoltaics/thermal (PV/T) collector combines a solar water heating collector and PV cells. The recovered heat energy can be used for heating systems and domestic hot water. A combination with a Direct Solar Floor is studied. Its low operating temperature level is appropriate for the operating conditions of the mono- or poly-crystalline photovoltaic modules which are selected in that study. However, for a system including a glass covered collector and localised in Macon area in France, we show that the annual photovoltaic cell efficiency is 6.8% which represents a...

Reflective light collectors with hexagonal entrance and exit apertures are frequently used in front of the focal-plane camera of a very-high-energy gamma-ray telescope to increase the collection efficiency of atmospheric Cherenkov photons and reduce the night-sky background entering at large incident angles. The shape of a hexagonal light collector is usually based on Winston's design, which is optimized for only two-dimensional optical systems. However, it is not known whether a hexagonal Winston cone is optimal for the real three-dimensional optical systems of gamma-ray telescopes. For the first time we optimize the shape of a hexagonal light collector using quadratic and cubic Bézier curves. We demonstrate that our optimized designs simultaneously achieve a higher collection efficiency and background reduction rate than traditional designs.

A solar energy collector and process for its preparation are disclosed in which the collector comprises spaced apart wall members in which one wall member is adapted to face solar radiation, and the other wall member is spaced on the remote side of the first wall member and adapted to contact a heat-absorbing medium. A foil, disposed between the wall members, has coatings on its opposite sides. The side of the foil facing the wall member receiving solar radiation has a solar selective coating, and the other side of the foil facing the other wall member has an emissive coating providing relatively high emissivity in the infrared spectrum. Preferably, the foil is metallic and precoated prior to assembling with other parts of the solar collector.

The solar heating and hot water system installed at the William Tao & Associates, Inc., office building in St. Louis, Missouri is described, including maintenance and construction problems, final drawings, system requirements, and manufacturer's component data. The solar system was designed to provide 50 percent of the hot water requirements and 45 percent of the space heating needs for a 900 sq ft office space and drafting room. The solar facility has 252 sq ft of glass tube concentrator collectors and a 1000 gallon steel storage tank buried below a concrete slab floor. Freeze protection is provided by a propylene glycol/water mixture in the collector loop. The collectors are roof mounted on a variable tilt array which is adjusted seasonally and is connected to the solar thermal storage tank by a tube-in-shell heat exchanger. Incoming city water is preheated through the solar energy thermal storage tank.

An energy storage device includes a first electrode comprising a first material and a second electrode comprising a second material, at least a portion of the first and second materials forming an interpenetrating network when dispersed in an electrolyte, the electrolyte, the first material and the second material are selected so that the first and second materials exert a repelling force on each other when combined. An electrochemical device, includes a first electrode in electrical communication with a first current collector; a second electrode in electrical communication with a second current collector; and an ionically conductive medium in ionic contact with said first and second electrodes, wherein at least a portion of the first and second electrodes form an interpenetrating network and wherein at least one of the first and second electrodes comprises an electrode structure providing two or more pathways to its current collector.

A solar energy collector of low cost and high thermal efficiency is disclosed having a heat trap produced by zigzagging a thin strip of polyethylene terephthalate between opposite sides of the trap while wrapping the strip about rows of dowels positioned at opposite sides of the frame of the solar collector. A window of soda lime glass filters uv radiation to inhibit discoloration of the plastic heat trap walls. An absorber plate having fluid pipes therein is positioned underneath the heat trap and a first layer of fiberglass, and a second layer of polyurethane foam are positioned below the absorber plate. The fiberglass layer prevents overheating of the polyurethane foam layer to in turn inhibit the formation of toxic fluids, which may condense upon the underside of the window to reduce the efficiency of the collector.

Inductive energy transfer between two magnets can be achieved with almost 100% efficiency with a transfer capacitor. However, the bulk and cost will be high, and reliability low if conventional capacitors are used. A homopolar machine, used as a capacitor, will be compact and economical. A homopolar machine was designed with counter-rotating copper disks completely immersed in a liquid metal (NaK-78) to work as a pulse capacitor. Absence of solid-brush collectors minimized wear and frictional losses. Wetting of the copper disks throughout the periphery by the liquid metal minimized the resistive losses at the collector interface. A liquid-metal collector would, however, introduce hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic losses. The selected liquid metal, e.g., NaK-78 will produce the lowest of such losses among the available liquid metals. An electromechanical capacitor of this design was tested at various dc magnetic fields. Its measured capacitance was about 100 farads at a dc magnetic field of 1.15 tesla.

Concentrating collectors are used primarily for power generation applications, though recent applications include industrial process heating and institutional cooking. In the present work an experimental study is carried out to investigate the performance of a solar parabolic trough collector (PTC) integrated with a storage unit. The system consists of a PTC, a thermal energy storage (TES) tank containing 230 L of Therminol 55 which is also used as the heat transfer fluid (HTF) and a positive displacement pump. An increase in the temperature of the Therminol 55 in the storage tank is observed during the experimental trial conducted for a day, and the performance parameters like the collectors useful heat gain, thermal efficiencies of the individual/overall components of the system are eval...

A mathematical model and a solution procedure for predicting the thermal performance of four types of single-pass flat-plate solar air collectors were presented in an earlier paper by Ong (1995). Instead of resorting to complicated algebraic manipulations to solve the energy equations a matrix-inversion technique was employed. In this paper, theoretical predictions of surface and air temperatures were obtained for the Types II, III and IV collector designs. In addition, the Type II collector was considered with and without bottom insulation. Experimental data from previous studies were obtained and compared with the present theoretical predictions. Satisfactory qualitative and quantitative agreement was obtained between theoretical predictions and experimental data. 9 refs., 14 figs., 2 tabs.

The influence of energy band alignment on carrier transport and signal integrity is investigated on fabricated Type-I InP/InGaAs/InP and Type-I/II AlInP/GaAsSb/InP DHBTs. The Type-I double heterojunction bipolar transistor (DHBT) requires the use of a transition region (setback and superlattice layer) in base-collector hetero-interface to minimize the conduction band discontinuity that can cause current blocking in the collector I-V characteristics. Despite the effort, Type-I DHBT exhibits gain compression and base charge accumulation at high current injection, giving a nonlinear microwave operation. In contrast, the Type-I/II DHBT has a favorable band alignment and permits hot electron injection without impedance in both emitter-base and base-collector junctions, resulting in considerable microwave linearity improvement.

Effects produced by electromagnetic fields from exoatmospheric nuclear detonations, known as electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) and devices, which simulate these EMPs are analyzed for their potential danger to human beings in contact with large energy collectors. Comparison is made with ANSI guidelines established for radio-frequency electromagnetic fields.

Waste heat from the collector of the thermionic cell is removed ...... The uae of a vented fuel at 1800 C requires that the vapor pressure of the fuel be very low ...... Holland, J. W. , "Performance and Energy Transfer Measurements on Cylindrical ...

The U.S. Department of Energy Solar Thermal Program involves phased research and development activities to assist U.S. industry in establishing the technical and cost readiness of mid and high temperature solar concentrating collector systems. Subsequent commercial implementation of these systems wi...

This report consists of details for the installation, operation and maintenance of a prototype heating and hot water system, designed for residential or light commercial applications. This system consists of the following subsystems: air type collectors, pebble bed thermal storage, air handling unit, air to water heat exchanger, hot water preheat tank, auxiliary energy, ducting system.

A solar tracking device having a plurality of reflector banks for reflecting the sun rays onto collector tubes and heating a fluid circulated therethrough. The reflector banks synchronized to follow the sun during the daily and yearly cycle of the earth as the earth orbits around the sun. The device by accurately following the sun provides a more efficient means of collecting solar energy.

Abstract This exam work is focus to streamlining solar collectors that are on the market today. The main purpose whit this is to get out more energy that is available. The objective of this is also to improve the coefficient of utilization in the solarcollektor that exist on KAU. The purpose is to f...

Distribution Category UC-63b .-Ca-17J9Uj) ... are batteries, diesel generators, the utility grid, and other renewable energy systems. A ... collector technology with or without battery storage. In addition, the .... with another conventional generation mode into a single power system. Sizing ..... c INTERMITTENT CLOUD COVER ...

If the components of a battery, including electrodes, separator, electrolyte and the current collectors can be designed as paints and applied sequentially to build a complete battery, on any arbitrary surface, it would have significant impact on the design, implementation and integration of energy s...

Abstracts from worldwide literature discuss design and performance of solar collectors for crop drying applications, crop drying in bins with solar heated air, energy requirements for crop drying, and solar dryers supplemented with auxiliary heating systems. (This updated bibliography contains 142 citations, 42 of which are new entries to the previous edition.)

Coal is a leading source of energy and remains an important factor in steel production. Coal handling therefore continues to form an essential part of many bulk handling operations in ports and terminals. The article highlights developments in design of continuous ship unloaders, grabs, cranes, storage and stacking equipment and dust collectors. 14 figs.

A dynamic analysis technique for evaluating the performance of solar energy systems is .... double-lined blocks. There are two .... electrical output of a solar thermal generating subsystem ... It was discovered early that the solar collector exhibited unusual ... 1Version 1 was a preliminary one, covering all components of the ...

The bibliography consists of 196 literary references with short reports on heat generation for heating systems, service water and swimming pools by means of solar collectors. The following items are discussed: investment, operating costs, energy costs, cost-benefit ratio and economy. (HP).

rind development program directed toward demonstrating the practical use of solar heating within ... solar panel coatings and designs and solar collector subsystems was necessary to quickly .... Spectral energy distribution of a typical 5 kW xenon lamp . ...... One coat P60G2 primer filled with S-28 black pigment on aluminum ...

A solar energy collector has improved absorptance and emissivity levels comprising: (1) a silver-copper oxide-rhodium oxide solar absorption film, (2) a cerium oxide interlayer and a substrate of quartz, silica glass or metal. The cerium oxide interlayer minimizes agglomeration of the metal particles, maintains a relatively low thermal emittance and improves overall stability.

The pre-treatment plant of a painting plant with a heat pump is introduced, where the consumption of fresh water and the amount of waste water are simultaneously reduced. In surface treatment plants, radiant driers for quick hardening of powder and paint and ultra filtration plant with compact plate modules are energy-saving. The characteristics of new powder cabins are use of waste air, low adhesion of powder, little dirt and shorter cleaning times. High rates of combustion are achieved at low combustion temperatures, by electrically initiated afterburning.

Abstract This review article focuses on the basic physics of LSPR modes, and how they can be observed. For dipolar modes, observation is rather straightforward. However, higher order modes often require the use of more advanced experimental conditions or dedicated spectroscopic techniques such as electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). Eventually, bespoke LSPR modes can be engineered when different cavities are brought together to interact, giving rise to super- or sub-radiant modes, as well as Fano resonances, which in the right conditions can evolve into plasmonic induced transparency.

In the 1950s the possibility of forming a ''super-radiant'' (SR) state in a gas of atoms confined to a volume of a size smaller than the wave length of radiation was suggested by Dicke. The atoms, with two levels, are coupled through their common radiation field. This indirect coupling leads to a redistribution of lifetimes among unstable intrinsic states. A strongly decaying SR state is created at the expense of the rest of the states of the system. Recently the connection of this mechanism to the notion of doorway states in low-energy nuclear reactions, was pointed out. The conditions for appearance of such doorways in nuclear physics processes are discussed.

KGS Buildings LLC (KGS) and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) have developed a simplified control algorithm and prototype low-lift chiller controller suitable for model-predictive control in a demonstration project of low-lift cooling. Low-lift cooling is a highly efficient cooling strategy conceived to enable low or net-zero energy buildings. A low-lift cooling system consists of a high efficiency low-lift chiller, radiant cooling, thermal storage, and model-predictive control to pre-cool thermal storage overnight on an optimal cooling rate trajectory. We call the properly integrated and controlled combination of these elements a low-lift cooling system (LLCS). This document is the final report for that project.

We study the Hawking radiation as charged particles' tunneling across the horizons of the Hot-NUT-Kerr-Newman-Kasuya spacetime by considering the spacetime background as dynamical and incorporating the self-gravitation effect of the emitted particles when the energy conservation, the angular momentum conservation, and the electric charge conservation are taken into account. Our result shows that the tunneling rate is related to the change of Bekenstein-Hawking entropy and the radiant spectrum is not pure thermal, but is consistent with an underlying unitary theory. The emission process is a reversible one, and the information is preserved as a natural result of the first law of black hole thermodynamics.

Most studies on the reflectance properties of the Earth's surface are addressed estimating the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of high spatial resolution and high spectral resolution satellite measurements. This article assesses the development of broadband (BB) BRDFs from radiances corresponding to large footprints classified according to the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) land-cover classification. Top-of-atmosphere (TOA) shortwave (SW) CERES (Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System) measurements are employed to invert the bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF) Rahman-Pinty-Verstraete (RPV) model for regions identified with the same IGBP type. The inversion of this non-linear parametric model is optimized to improve the computation efficien...

It is suggested that the deployment of a 'space parasol' at the L1 Langrangian point of the earth-sun system would serve to intercept some desired fraction of the solar radiant energy, thereby lessening the impact of the greenhouse effect. The parasol satellites are described and possible orbit configurations are discussed. Orbital possibilities include Low Earth Orbit, Geosynchronous orbit, and L1 which appears to be the best option. Structural strength, control, and use of extraterrestrial material in the construction of the parasol are discussed.

The Billings Shipping site is an enclosed freight distribution facility with 4900 square feet of heated office space. The solar energy system consists of an array of 1968 square feet of flat-plate, liquid (glycol, 50/50 Dowtherm) collectors made by Lennox Industries. The collectors face 10 degrees east of south and solar energy is delivered to a 2500-gallon steel tank, buried five feet underground. Auxiliary energy is supplied by a gas-fired hot water boiler. The Billings Shipping solar energy system supplied 24% of the space heating requirements for this office building during the season of October 1979 through April 1980. The energy supplied (24%) is significantly lower than the estimated design contribution (54%) for the solar energy system, but is closer to the prediction of the f-Chart model (38%). The design goal appears to be obtainable only during the most temperate winter months.

The design of any solar system will require the full understanding of the most influenced factors on its power generation and performance year round. Therefore, one has to consider the system components variables, namely collector types, tilts and collectors orientations to capture most of the incoming solar radiation. Direct measurements of global solar radiation do exist for a number of sites around the country for many years and can be used to derive a set of equations to predict the solar system design values and its output performance. But, the solar system power output, whether it's electric or thermal energy can be very difficult to predict in the absence of measured data and variable load's demand requirements. This paper examines the effects of solar radiation in each site on the systems power output of PV and thermal energy for different type of collectors. Using the existing data from meteorological stations to derive an accurate and simple equations with only one input variable, the monthly average clearness index to be used for the design of photovoltaic and solar thermal system power outputs for tilted flat plate, polar and two axis tracking collectors for a given site instead of existing lengthy methods of solar radiation components (direct, diffuse, and reflected radiation) for different types of collectors currently in use or computer simulations programs. The results of the new equations provide a valuable tool for solar collector designer and prediction method for the systems power outputs. Furthermore, the new equations indicate the possibility of universal applications with minimum adjustment for latitude. (orig.)

The invention deals with the design of an absorber with large surface for collecting solar energy or feed energy from the ambient air. The thermal energy will be transferred to the user by a heat transfer fluid. For this reason the pipeline and sheet tapes are cross mounted to form a netting system. By this installation principle a large surface of the collector with high mechanical stability could be realized. An effective heat transfer between sheet tapes and pipelines could be achieved.

A solar energy collector focuses solar energy onto a solar oven which is attached to a mixer which in turn is attached to the channel of a MHD generator. Gas enters the oven and a liquid metal enters the mixer. The gas/liquid metal mixture is heated by the collected solar energy and moves through the MHD generator thereby generating electrical power. The mixture is then separated and recycled.

A steady-state space radiant heat model and a stove combustion model are developed to simulate the heat exchanges between various surfaces in the room and the stove and stack surfaces, assuming stiochiometric combustion inside the stove and the exhaust gases flow out through the stack by natural convection. The space heat model calculates the fuel consumption, the stove, stack temperatures, and the mass flow rate of exhaust gases, and provides an opportunity to study energy efficiency of stove, while satisfying the constraints of thermal comfort. Fanger (1982) model and a radiation exchange model between various surfaces of the space, the thermal building energy balance, and stove combustion process is applied to determine the mean radiant temperature (MRT) and the extent of thermal comfort as determined by predicted mean vote (PMV). The overall model is validated by performing experiments in a room placed inside controlled outdoor environment. The room is heated using a common domestic stove for rural areas of Lebanon. The measured MRT, the average room temperature, the wall surfaces temperatures agreed within {+-}7% of values predicted by the numerical model. A parametric study using the developed models reveals that the values of MRT and PMV depend strongly on the position of the radiant stove heater and stack with respect to the cold window and the occupant location. It is shown that it is possible to save up to 15% in fuel consumption of the stove by changing the stove position in the room with respect to the window and to the person, while maintaining the same level of comfort. (author)

An electron energy recovery system for negative ion sources is provided. The system, employs crossed electric and magnetic fields to separate the electrons from ions as they are extracted from a negative ion source plasma generator and before the ions are accelerated to their full kinetic energy. With the electric and magnetic fields oriented 90.degree. to each other, the electrons are separated from the plasma and remain at approximately the electrical potential of the generator in which they were generated. The electrons migrate from the ion beam path in a precessing motion out of the ion accelerating field region into an electron recovery region provided by a specially designed electron collector electrode. The electron collector electrode is uniformly spaced from a surface of the ion generator which is transverse to the direction of migration of the electrons and the two surfaces are contoured in a matching relationship which departs from a planar configuration to provide an electric field component in the recovery region which is parallel to the magnetic field thereby forcing the electrons to be directed into and collected by the electron collector electrode. The collector electrode is maintained at a potential slightly positive with respect to the ion generator so that the electrons are collected at a small fraction of the full accelerating supply voltage energy.

Described herein are characteristics of photovoltaic (PV)/thermal hybrid collectors (PV/Ts), in which a PV module is combined with a plate-shape solar heat collector to simultaneously produce electric power and heat. Their efficiency is assessed by exergy. The test results indicate that the PV/T system gives a 1.07 times higher exergy than the PV system, 86.3 versus 80.7kWh. In terms of energy, the optimum values (OVs) are 5, 44 and 37% lower than the measuring values (MVs) for electrical energy, thermal energy and total exergy. In terms of exergy, on the other hand, OV is 5% lower than MV for electrical energy, but 893 times higher for thermal energy and 1.26 times higher for total exergy. As a result, the exergy level is 26% higher than that of a system which generates power as the main product and heat as the auxiliary product. 3 refs., 6 figs., 5 tabs.

This report discusses the GAM[underscore]HEAT code which was developed for heat transfer analyses associated with postulated Double Ended Guilliotine Break Loss Of Coolant Accidents (DEGB LOCA) resulting in a drained reactor vessel. In these analyses the gamma radiation resulting from fission product decay constitutes the primary source of energy as a function of time. This energy is deposited into the various reactor components and is re-radiated as thermal energy. The code accounts for all radiant heat exchanges within and leaving the reactor enclosure. The SRS reactors constitute complex radiant exchange enclosures since there are many assemblies of various types within the primary enclosure and most of the assemblies themselves constitute enclosures. GAM-HEAT accounts for this complexity by processing externally generated view factors and connectivity matrices as discussed below, and also accounts for convective, conductive, and advective heat exchanges. The code is structured such that it is applicable for many situations involving heat exchange between surfaces within a radiatively passive medium.

One method of reducing the energy consumption of one or more buildings is to isolate the buildings within a large envelope. The envelope moderates the effects of sun, wind and precipitation and provides a more benign climate for habitation, commerce and, in some climates, agricultural activities. In this paper, results of a preliminary study of the qualitative energy conservation benefits are given for a large climate-moderating envelope (LCME). The study included the effects of weather, fluid circulation and radiant transport within the envelope and energy storage in the earth mass beneath the LCME. Based on model studies for selected days, the annual energy savings for summer-dominated climates was estimated to be about 70%. The energy savings for a winter-dominated climate LCME were estimated to be somewhat smaller, about 40%.

Possible energy mixes for the U.S. in the 1979-2000 AD time frame are considered. The manufacturing and operational characteristics of photovoltaics are discussed, as are other solar options, such as flat plate collectors, biomass energy production, wind energy conversion systems, and OTEC plants. Attention was given to wave energy conversion and to the role of utilities in the diversification of energy sources. United States energy policy is explored, and various energy scenarios are compared. Breeder reactor technology is detailed, along with reactor safety and the quantitative assessment of risk for reactor safety. Finally, coal conversion is examined, including gasification and fluidized bed technologies.

Advantages of thermionic energy conversion (TEC) have been counted and are recounted with emphasis on high-temperature service in coal-combustion products. Efficient, economical, nonpolluting utilization of coal here and now is a critically important national goal. And TEC can augment this capability not only by the often proposed topping of steam power plants but also by higher-temperature topping and process heating. For these applications, applied-research-and-technology (ART) work reveals that optimal TEC with approx. 1000-to approx. 1100 K collectors is possible using well-established tungsten electrodes. Such TEC with 1800 K emitters could approach 26.6% efficiency at 27.4 W/cm/sup 2/ with approx. 1000 K collectors and 21.7% at 22.6 W/cm/sup 2/ with approx. 1100 K collectors. These performances require 1.5- and 1.7-eV collector work functions (not the 1-eV ultimate) with nearly negligible interelectrode losses. Such collectors correspond to tungsten electrode systems in approx. 0.9-to approx. 6-torr cesium pressures with 1600-to-1900 K emitters. Because higher heat-rejection temperatures for TEC allow greater collector work functions, interelectrode-loss reduction becomes an increasingly important target for applications aimed at elevated temperatures. Studies of intragap modifications and new electrodes that will allow better electron emission and collection with lower cesium pressures are among the TEC-ART approaches to reduced interelectrode losses. These solutions will provide very effective TEC to serve directly in coal-combustion products for high-temperature topping and process heating. In turn this will help to use coal-and to use it well.

It has been demonstrated that the suppression of secondary electron emission significantly improves the performance of electron beam collectors (ref. 1). However, a complete analysis of the effects of secondary electron emission with respect to collector performance has not been possible because of the lack of quantitative data on angular distributions of secondary electrons. Secondary electrons are emitted with energies ranging from near zero to the energy of the incident primary. For our purposes, we define elastically scattered electrons as secondary electrons within 20 percent of the incident energy. Elastically scattered electrons are of great concern because their energy allows them to follow trajectories that can carry them almost anywhere within the vacuum envelope. If these secondaries leave the collector and reenter the slow wave circuit, they can produce undesired signal distortion and oscillation.This apparatus, which was built by Krainsky (ref. 2), was used at the NASA Lewis Research Center to obtain detailed measurements of the angular distributions of elastically scattered secondaries. Data were obtained for three surfaces of significant interest to collector applications: highly polished copper, copper roughened by ion sputtering, and isotropic graphite. Lewis researchers discovered that elastically scattered electrons have a complex angular distribution that is strongly dependent on the atomic number and surface morphology of the target material, as well as the energy and angle of incidence of the primary beam. At low energies, secondary emission from polished copper in the chosen energy range is primarily directed back to the source of primary electrons (backscattering). Forward scattering increases with primary energy until, at high energies, forward scattering dominates the angular distribution. Although back-scattered secondaries dominate the distributions of the textured copper surface, the yield is substantially lower. From the standpoint of secondary emission, isotropic graphite is the most attractive material because it exhibits low yield and little back scattering.

Recovery of krypton from implosion of glass microballoons has been studied in the development of a radiochemical diagnostic for determination of /sub fuel/. Collection onto metal surfaces following implosions performed on the OMEGA laser with 1-3 TW (1-2 kJ) of 0.35 ..mu..m light is consistent with an ion implantation mechanism. The dependence of the intrinsic collection efficiency on the energy fluence to the collector surface and its variation in implosions carried out under the same nominal conditions indicate ion energies extending to at least 0.1 MeV and energy distribution functions that are sensitive to the details of the implosion dynamics. Intrinsic sticking efficiencies approaching 0.5 can be obtained in the limit of low total energy fluence to the collector surface (less than or equal to 0.1 J cm/sup -2/).

Apparatus for collecting solar energy comprises one or more solar energy collectors attached to a frame which floats on a pool of water, and means for orienting the frame relative to the azimuthal direction of the sun. The solar energy collectors are horizontal elongate parabolic reflectors which also float on the pool of water and which can be rotated about their longitudinal axes to orient them relative to the elevation of the sun. Solar rays reflected by such reflectors are absorbed by elongate absorption devices placed at the focal points of the parabolic reflectors. The absorption devices are preferably of a novel design which provides for removal of the energy of the absorbed rays by means of a working fluid which passes through the device. The parabolic reflectors preferably have body portions composed of a novel constructional material which comprises a plurality of hollow glass bodies which are connected together through randomly coalesced wall portions.

A realistic mathematical simulation of solar thermal energy collection for an air flat plate collector, six designs of fixed evacuated collectors and two designs of tracking evacuated collectors at port Hardy, British Columbia and Edmonton, Alberta, in Canada and Daggett, California in the United States has been calculated. Differences in solar energy collection by the different collector designs arise only from differences in collector geometry, since the same collector orientations, selective absorber and solar radiation data are used in the simulations for all collector designs. It is found that solar energy collection in Canada by an air flat plate collector is significantly lower than that of the fixed evacuated and the tracking evacuated collectors at the lowest operating temperatures. This occurs because of the high thermal losses for the air flat plate collector, and the low solar insolation and low winter ambient temperatures in Canada. Highly concentrating tracking collectors which collect no diffuse radiation do not collect as much solar energy at lower temperatures as all of the fixed evacuated collectors at Port Hardy in Canada where there are a limited number of clear days. The fixed, vacuum tubular (dewar type) collector collects the most solar energy at low temperatures. At higher temperatures it collects the least amount of energy of all of the evacuated collectors. This is because of its low concentration and thus larger radiation losses. The vacuum vertical fin and higher concentration shaped glass evacuated collectors at high temperatures. Solar energy collection at Daggett is much higher than that at the two Canadian stations because of the high solar insolation and moderate to warm ambient temperatures. By rotating of the more highly concentrating CPC evacuated collectors about their axes placed parallel to the polar axis so as to track the sun, significantly higher energy collection is obtained, particularly for sites with higher annual clearness index K{sub t}. [Spanish] Se ha elaborado una simulacion matematica realistica de la recoleccion de energia solar termica de un colector de aire de placa plana, seis disenos de colectores evacuados fijos y dos disenos de colectores evacuados Port Hardy de Columbia Britanica y Edmonton, Alberta y Daggett, California en los Estados Unidos. Las diferencias en la recoleccion de energia solar por los diferentes disenos de colector se originan solamente por diferencias en la geometria del colector puesto que se usan las mismas orientaciones del colector, absorbedor selectivo y los datos de radiacion solar en las simulaciones para todos los disenos de colector. Se ha encontrado que la recoleccion de energia solar en Canada por colectores de aire de placa plana es significativamente inferior que la de los tubos fijos evacuados y los que siguen la trayectoria del sol y las temperaturas de operacion mas bajas. Esto ocurre a causa de las altas perdidas termicas del colector de aire de placa plana y la baja insolacion solar y temperaturas bajas ambientales de invierno en Canada. Los colectores de alta concentracion que siguen la trayectoria que recolectan la radiacion no difusa no recolectan tanta energia solar a bajas temperaturas como todos los colectores fijos evacuados de Port Hardy en Canada en donde hay un numero limitado de dias claros. Los colectores fijos tubulares evacuados (tipos Dewar) recolectan la mayor parte de la energia solar a bajas temperaturas. A temperaturas mas altas recolectan la menor cantidad de energia que todos los colectores evacuados. Esto es debido a su baja concentracion y por tanto mayores perdidas de radiacion. Las aletas verticales al vacio y la mayor concentracion configuraron los colectores de vidrio evacuados a altas temperaturas. La recoleccion de energia solar en Daggett es mucho mayor que la de las dos estaciones Canadienses debido a la alta insolacion solar y temperaturas ambientes de moderadas a tibias. Mediante la rotacion de los colectores evacuados de mas alta concentracion alrededor de sus ejes los colocan paralelos al eje polar de manera que pueden seguir la trayectoria del sol, con lo cual se obtiene una recoleccion de energia significativamente mas alta, particularmente para sitios con mayor indice de claridad anual K{sub t}.

Systemes d'Energie Matrix Inc. developed a solar heating system of the ventilation air of buildings. This system is appropriate for industrial, commercial and residential buildings. It comprises a solar collector installed on the exterior wall most exposed to sunshine, in addition to an air distribution system with 30 blowers inside the building. The solar collector is a simple punctured sheet metal of dark colour. The project was implemented at the Bombardier plant in Valcourt, Quebec. The installed wall covered an area of 855 square metres, and resulted in savings of 3290 GigaJoules per year or 33,000 dollars and a payback period of three years. In excess of 20 projects incorporating this technology have been implemented in Quebec in industrial, commercial, institutional and agricultural sectors for new constructions, renovations and additions to existing buildings. The functioning of the system can be summarized as follows: the solar collector is heated by solar energy, the ventilation system located at the top of the wall creates a negative pressure between the wall and the building, the exterior air is brought between the building and the collector through the punctures where it is heated, the air is brought to the closest blower, and the warm air is distributed inside the building. An evaluation of the system installed at Bombardier revealed an efficiency in the order of 75 per cent. 2 figs.

This article presents a simulation of the performance and the results of an economic study of a hybrid thermal desalination equipment to produce drinkable water using solar energy and natural gas at its energy sources. The components of the desalination equipment are two solar flat plate collectors with reflectors, a natural gas burner, and a desalination tower. A piping circuit connects the tower to the collectors and the burner. In this circuit, a fluid transports heat from the thermal sources (collectors or burner) to the salty water in the first stage of the tower. When the salty water receives heat, it warms up and evaporates. The vapor produced flows up the bottom walls of the next stage, where it condenses, as it transfers the phase change heat to the water in this upper stage. The condensate flows in lateral channels to be collected outside the tower. Experimental measurements results obtained for a desalination unit with 4m{sup 2} of collector area and a seven stage tower, and the natural gas properties were used in the calculation. In the economic study, fabrication, installation, and maintenance costs were included. The results also show the water daily production for solar and hybrid. (author)

The MHD Heat and Seed Recovery (HSR) Technology Project at Argonne National Laboratory is obtaining information for the design and operation of the steam plant downstream from the MHD channel-diffuser. The project goal is to supply the engineering data required in the design of components for prototype and demonstration MHD facilities. The work is being done in close cooperation with the national Heat Recovery-Seed Recovery Program supported by the MHD Office of the US Department of Energy. The other major contractors are Mississippi State University, the University of Tennessee Space Institute, and Babcock and Wilcox Co. The primary effort of the HSR Technology Project at Argonne comprises experimental investigations of critical problem areas, such as (1) corrosion of metal alloys; (2) NO/sub x/ behavior in the radiant boiler and secondary combustor; (3) radiant boiler design to meet the multiple requirements of steam generation, NO/sub x/ decomposition, and seed-slag separation; (4) effects of solid or liquid seed deposits on heat transfer and gas flow in the steam and air heaters; (5) formation, growth, and deposition of seed-slag particles; and (6) character of the combustion gas effluents. The experiments are performed primarily in a 2-MW test facility, the Fossil Energy Users Laboratory (FEUL). 39 references.

A solar pool heater is defined by a submersible tubular ring attached to the perimeter of a transparent or translucent sheet. Floatation of the heater is obtained through an air bubble captured by the sheet and maintained by the ring. The ring is perforated to permit the entry of water within the ring to induce partial submersion and thereby establish a peripheral seal about the captured air bubble. The submersed ring also prevents overlapping of adjacent heaters and reduces the likelihood of the heaters being blown off the pool by wind. By developing the sheet from material transparent to at least a spectrum of the solar rays, the air space intermediate the sheet and the underlying water surface will provide a ''greenhouse'' effect to heat the water through direct impingement by the received radiant energy; additionally, radiation of heat from the water will be reduced by the sheet, whereby, the heater not only collects but retains the impinged radiant energy.

The solar energy is very common in the daily of citizens from different regions in world. Environmental questions and the consequent Development of renewable energy techniques were a decisive factor for expanding this market. Currently, the solar energy is present in many different devices: as direct conversion through photovoltaic panels as in solar domestic for hot water systems(SDHWS). Another common use is in the heating system for swimming pools, that could be utilized for therapeutic or comfort reasons. The main aspect that increments this use is the economy for operation of these systems. On the other hand, these systems need a high initial investment. Reducing this cost without reduction in collector efficiency using new materials and / or alternative projects is important target for new researches. Thus, this paper aims to analyze the efficiency of one of these alternative models for heating swimming pools. The conceptual device evaluated is a low cost model. It could be made from polyethylene tubes forming spiral heat exchangers. Analysis of the system is based on a dynamic model using differential equations system including solar collector and swimming pool. Experimental radiation and other environmental conditions in the region of Bauru-SP are used for analyse the dynamic behavior of the system. The simulations are based on analysis of three main parameters: number of collectors, the pump drive time and wall thickness of the collector of polyethylene. Based on these numerical tests one can conclude that this new model of solar collector for swimming pool has a better cost benefit ratio when superficial area is equal to 80% of pool area, pump operation is alternating with four minutes turned on and 28 turned off and the polyethylene wall thickness is 1.5 mm (author)