The structure of neutrons, protons, and other strongly interacting particles is now being calculated in full, unquenched lattice QCD with quark masses entering the chiral regime. This talk describes selected examples, including the nucleon axial charge, structure functions, electromagnetic form factors, the origin of the nucleon spin, the transverse structure of the nucleon, and the nucleon to Delta transition form factor.

The kinematical corrections to the structure function of the nucleon in the nucleus due to the boundness and motion of nucleons arise from the excitation of the doorway states for one-nucleon transfer reactions in the deep inelastic scattering on nuclei. (orig.)

Using the manifestly covariant spectator theory, and modeling the nucleon as a system of three constituent quarks with their own electromagnetic structure, we show that all four nucleon electromagnetic form factors can be very well described by a manifestly covariant nucleon wave function with zero orbital angular momentum.

The authors show that the virtual Compton scattering process allows for a precise study of the off-shell electron-nucleon vertex. In a separable model, they show the sensitivity to new unconstrained structure functions of the nucleon, beyond the usual Dirac and Pauli form factors. In addition, they show the sensitivity to bound nucleon form factors using the reaction 4He({rvec e},e{prime},{rvec p}){sup 3}H. A nucleon embedded in a nucleus represents a complex system. Firstly, the bound nucleon is necessarily off-shell and in principle a complete understanding of the dynamical structure of the nucleon is required in order to calculate its off-shell electromagnetic interaction. Secondly, one faces the possibility of genuine medium effects, such as for example quark-exchange contributions. Furthermore, the electromagnetic coupling to the bound nucleon is dependent on the nuclear dynamics through the self-energy of the nucleon in the nuclear medium.

The dispersion-integration method has been used to calculate the contribution of nucleonic degrees of freedom to the EMC effect. The structure of the amplitude of deep inelastic scattering is discussed for a nucleus with spin one half. The question of the functional form of the structure function of a nucleon off the mass shell is discussed.

We determine nuclear structure functions and quark distributions for {sup 7}Li, {sup 11}B, {sup 15}N and {sup 27}Al. For the nucleon bound state we solve the covariant quark-diquark equations in a confining Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model, which yields excellent results for the free nucleon structure functions. The nucleus is described using a relativistic shell model, including mean scalar and vector fields that couple to the quarks in the nucleon. The nuclear structure functions are then obtained as a convolution of the structure function of the bound nucleon with the light-cone nucleon distributions. We find that we are readily able to reproduce the EMC effect in finite nuclei and confirm earlier nuclear matter studies that found a large polarized EMC effect.

We estimate the contribution of inelastic nucleon excitations to the (e,e^\\prime) inclusive cross section in the CEBAF kinematic range. Calculations are based upon parameterizations of the nucleon structure functions measured at SLAC. Nuclear binding effects are included in a vector-scalar field theory, and are assumed have a minimal effect on the nucleon excitation spectrum. We find that for q\\lsim 1 GeV the elastic and inelastic nucleon contributions to the nuclear response functions are comparable, and can be separated, but with roughly a factor of two uncertainty in the latter from the extrapolation from data. In contrast, for q\\rsim 2 GeV this uncertainty is greatly reduced but the elastic nucleon contribution is heavily dominated by the inelastic nucleon background.

The spectral functions and light-cone momentum distributions of protons and neutrons in 3He and 3H are given in terms of the three-nucleon wave function for realistic nucleon-nucleon interactions. To reduce computational complexity, separable expansions are employed for the nucleon-nucleon potentials. The results for the light-cone momentum distributions suggest that they are not very sensitive to the details of the two-body interaction, as long as it has reasonable short-range repulsion. The unpolarised and polarised structure functions are examined for both 3He and 3H in order to test the usefulness of 3He as a neutron target. It is found that the measurement of the spin structure function of polarised 3H would provide a very clear test of the predicted change in the polarised parton distributions of a bound proton.

three possible pairs of nucleons -- proton-proton, neutron-neutron and proton- neu- tron -- found in the ... functions and coordinates and spins) are identical with one another. ... It is very important therefore to examine the spectral structure of the ...

Using recently derived relations between spin-dependent nuclear and nucleon $g_1$ and $g_2$ structure functions at finite $Q^2$, we study nuclear effects in the $^3$He nucleus in the nucleon resonance and deep inelastic regions. We compare the finite-$Q^2$ results with the standard convolution formulas obtained in high-$Q^2$ kinematics, and quantify the nuclear effects on the neutron structure functions extracted from $^3$He data.

The current experimental status of measurements of nucleon structure functions in deep inelastic lepton scattering is presented. Recent BCDMS and SLAC results provide a consistent data set for charged lepton scattering. New probes of parton distributions: direct photons, Drell Yan di-muon production, W, Z and heavy quark production are providing information on the gluon an antiquark distributions. The implications of these data on our understanding of the structure of the nucleon, and the structure of the nucleon in the nucleus are discussed. 26 refs., 9 figs.

The deep-inelastic electromagnetic structure functions of deuterium and aluminum nuclei have been measured. The kinematic dependence of the ratio of aluminum and deuterium structure functions is similar to the dependence of the ratio of steel and deuterium structure functions, and provides further evidence for the distortion of the quark momentum distributions of nucleons bound in a nucleus.

The spin structure of the nucleon is studied by the COMPASS collaboration using scattering of muons off polarised protons and deuterons. From the resulting asymmetries spin structure functions are extracted and the flavour decomposition of the quark contribution to the nucleon spin is studied. The gluon polarisation is investigated using the photon-gluon fusion process. Here, two main channels are investigated, open charm production and high $p_{T}$ hadron pair production. Also first measurements of unpolarised cross sections are reported.

Longitudinal and transverse quark momentum distributions in the nucleon are calculated from a phenomenological quark-nucleon vertex function obtained through an investigation of the nucleon electromagnetic form factors within a light-front framework.

The adequacy of a multiple scattering description of nucleon-deuteron scattering at intermediate energy is examined. Although the multiple-scattering series is expected to converge slowly, model calculations indicate that the higher-order multiple-scattering terms contribute only to the low-order partial waves. The first two terms, nucleon exchange and single scattering, are assumed to describe the high-order partial waves completely. It is assumed that the deuteron is coupled only to the nucleon channel and that the internal structure is adequately defined by a nonrelativistic wave function.

High-energy antipp and pp elastic data from the CERN Collider and the ISR are analyzed in the nucleon valence core model. Diffraction is described by a profile function that incorporates crossing symmetry and saturation of Froissart-Martin bound. The model is found to provide a very satisfactory description of the elastic scattering over the whole range of energy and momentum transfer. Implications of the analysis on QCD models of nucleon structure are pointed out.

Detailed relativistic formalisms for the nuclear structure function in terms of the conventional nucleon constituents, via covariant light-cone kinematics are derived and the structure function ratio is calculated. The relativistic impulse approximation is used by neglecting the final-state interaction. It is stressed that the active nucleon and spectator nucleus must be off and on its mass shell, respectively. It is revealed that the traditional normalization condition for the nuclear-density-distribution function may be incompatible with the momentum sum rule. It is also pointed out that the relativistic nuclear-density-distribution function has a rather different momentum dependence than the nonrelativistic nuclear model has. (orig.).

A systematic investigation of the inclusive cross sections for single-nucleon knockout reactions from p-shell nuclei has been performed. A total of seven reactions were studied for projectiles with masses between A=7 and 10, having a wide range of nucleon separation energies. Results were obtained for a range of incident beam energies and targets. These differences were found to have a minimal impact on the deduced cross sections. Experimental results were compared to theoretical predictions based on variational Monte Carlo (VMC) nuclear structure calculations, whose radial overlap functions and neutron and proton densities were included in the reaction description. These results are compared with the conventional model, developed for heavier nuclei, that uses shell-model and Hartree-Fock structure inputs. The VMC-based calculations agreed with the experimental data for several reactions where deeply bound nucleons are removed but does not describe some of the more weakly bound nucleon removal cases with comparable accuracy.

The third moment $d_2$ of the twist-3 part of the nucleon spin structure function $g_2$ is generalized to arbitrary momentum transfer $Q^2$ and is evaluated in heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory (HBChPT) up to order ${\\mathcal{O}}(p^4)$ and in a unitary isobar model (MAID). We show how to link $d_2$ as well as higher moments of the nucleon spin structure functions $g_1$ and $g_2$ to nucleon spin polarizabilities. We compare our results with the most recent experimental data, and find a good description of these available data within the unitary isobar model. We proceed to extract the twist-4 matrix element $f_2$ which appears in the $1/Q^2$ suppressed term in the twist expansion of the spin structure function $g_1$ for proton and neutron.

New possibilities arising from the availability at GSI of antiproton beams, possibly polarised, are discussed. The investigation of the nucleon structure can be boosted by accessing in Drell-Yan processes experimental asymmetries related to cross-sections in which the parton distribution functions (PDF) only appear, without any contribution from fragmentation functions; such processes are not affected by the chiral suppression of the transversity function $h_1(x)$. Spin asymmetries in hyperon production and Single Spin Asymmetries are discussed as well, together with further items like electric and magnetic nucleonic form factors and open charm production. Counting rates estimations are provided for each physical case. The sketch of a possible experimental apparatus is proposed.

We study the single spin asymmetry (SSA) induced by purely gluonic correlation inside a nucleon, in particular, by the three-gluon correlation functions in the transversely polarized nucleon, $p^\\uparrow$. This contribution is embodied as a twist-3 mechanism in the collinear factorization framework and controls the SSA to be observed in the $D$-meson production with large transverse-momentum in semi-inclusive DIS (SIDIS), $ep^\\uparrow \\rightarrow eDX$. We define the relevant three-gluon correlation functions in the nucleon, and determine their complete set at the twsit-3 level taking into account symmetry constraints in QCD. We derive the single-spin-dependent cross section for the $D$-meson production in SIDIS, taking into account all the relevant contributions at the twist-3 level. The result is obtained in a manifestly gauge-invariant form as the factorization formula in terms of the three-gluon correlation functions and reveals the five independent structures with respect to the dependence on the azimutha...

The nucleon distribution amplitudes and the nucleon-to-pion transition distribution amplitudes are investigated at leading twist within the frame of a light-cone quark model. The distribution amplitudes probe the three-quark component of the nucleon light-cone wave function, while higher order components in the Fock-space expansion of the nucleon state are essential to describe the nucleon-to-pion transition distribution amplitudes. Adopting a meson-cloud model of the nucleon the nucleon-to-pion transition distribution amplitudes are calculated for the first time.

The physical importance of nucleon-nucleon diffraction and the main differences with well understood nucleon-nucleus diffraction is discussed. In the theoretical description of nucleon-nucleon diffraction in terms of the eikonal model, the hypothesis of factorization is shown to be in contradiction with the energy dependence of the impact parameter profile in proton-proton scattering at CERN-ISR. This dependence is highly non-uniform in impact parameter, giving rise to a pronounced peripheral increase with energy of the inelastic overlap function.

The polarized structure function of the g{sub 1}{sup n} neutron was measured at SLAC within the frame of the E154 collaboration using a polarized electron incident beam and a polarized helium 3 target. The Bjorken sum rule was experimentally confirmed and the mean value for the quark spin contribution to the nucleon spin is estimated to be {Delta}{Sigma}=30{+-}4%.

The current experimental status of the spin dependent structure functions as measured in polarized deep inelastic scattering of charged leptons from nucleons is reviewed. The proposals for new experiments at CERN, SLAC and HERA are discussed with special emphasis on the experiment of the Spin Muon collaboration at CERN which has started data taking.

Some higher twist corrections to the Bjorken sum rule are estimated in the framework of a quark-diquark model of the nucleon. The parameters of the model have been previously fixed by fitting the measured higher twist corrections to the unpolarized structure function F_2(x, Q^2). The resulting corrections to the Bjorken sum rule turn out to be negligible.

Target mass correction (TMC) is employed to amend the polarized helium structure functions, 3He . The structure function can be obtained via the convolution of the light cone momentum distribution with the polarized structure of the proton and neutron. The calculation of the polarized structure function of the nucleon is based on the constituent quark model. The analytical result for 3He polarized structure function at low values of Q2 is not in good agreement with the available experimental data. The reliability of calculations is increased using TMC effect. New comparison confirms a better agreement with the experimental data.

The binding energy in nuclear matter is evaluated within the framework of self-consistent Green's function theory, using a realistic nucleon-nucleon interaction. The two-body dynamics is solved at the level of summing particle-particle and hole-hole ladders. We go beyond the on-shell approximation and use intermediary propagators with a discrete-pole structure. A three-pole approximation is used, which provides a good representation of the quasiparticle excitations, as well as reproducing the zeroth- and first-order energy-weighted moments in both the nucleon removal and addition domains of the spectral function. Results for the binding energy are practically independent of the details of the discretization scheme. The main effect of the increased self-consistency is to introduce an additional density dependence, which causes a shift towards lower densities and smaller binding energies, as compared to a (continuous choice) Brueckner calculation with the same interaction. Particle number conservation and the Hugenholz-Van Hove theorem are satisfied with reasonable accuracy.

%NA58 %title\\\\ \\\\COMPASS is a new fixed target experiment at the SPS to study hadron spectroscopy with hadron beams (up to 300~GeV/c) and hadron structure with polarized muon beams (100-200~GeV/c).\\\\ \\\\The main physics objective of the muon beam program is the measurement of $\\Delta$G, the gluon polarization in a longitudinally polarized nucleon. More generally, it is planned to measure the flavour separated spin structure functions of the nucleons in polarized muon - polarized nucleon deep inelastic scattering, both with longitudinal and transverse target polarization modes. For these measurements a new 1.3~m long polarized target and a superconducting solenoid with 200~mrad acceptance will be used.\\\\ \\\\The hadronic program comprises a search for glueballs in the high mass region (above 2~GeV/c$^{2}$) in exclusive diffractive pp scattering, a study of leptonic and semileptonic decays of charmed hadrons with high statistics and precision, and Primakoff scattering with various probes. A detailed investigation ...

Measurements of the nucleon form factor and structure function seem to indicate an inhomogeneous distribution of flavor, charge and spin within the nucleon. It is argued that the ordinary three-quark model with a spin-spin force of the type suggested by QCD can explain the inhomogeneity as seen at different resolutions. This agreement suggests a specific bound quark picture of the nucleon structure with a positive core of u and d quarks in a spin-O state of ms radius 0.17 {plus minus} 0.01 fm{sup 2} and an outer layer of a linear size {approximately} 1 fm where the polarized u (in the proton) or d (in the neutron) is orbiting. 21 refs., 3 figs.

Working within the framework of the Coulomb modified Glauber model and using the optical limit approximation to evaluate the elastic S-matrix, we use a parameterized effective nucleon-nucleon phase shift function instead of the frequently applied Gaussian parameterization of the nucleon-nucleon scattering amplitude to compute elastic differential cross sections for alpha particles. Our phenomenological ansatz contains three parameters which are adjusted in order to reproduce the alpha nucleus elastic scattering data for one nucleus at each of three beam energies. It is found that once the nucleon-nucleon phase shift function is so calibrated, our model very nicely reproduces elastic alpha scattering data on other nuclei at the same energy.

Generalized parton distributions (GPDs) have become a standard QCD tool for analyzing and parametrizing the non perturbative parton structure of hadron targets. GPDs might be viewed as non-diagonal overlaps of light-cone wave functions and offer the opportunity to study the partonic content of the nucleon from a new perspective, allowing one to study the interplay between longitudinal and transverse partonic degrees of freedom. In particular, we will review some of the new information encoded in the GPDs through the definition of impact-parameter dependent parton distributions and form factors of the energy-momentum tensor, by exploiting different dynamical models for the nucleon state.

A relativistic constituent quark model is applied to the gamma N -> N(1535) transition. The N(1535) wave function is determined by extending the covariant spectator quark model, previously developed for the nucleon, to the S11 resonance. The model allows us to calculate the valence quark contributions to the gamma N -> N(1535) transition form factors. Because of the nucleon and N(1535) structure the model is valid only for Q^2> 2.3 GeV^2. The results are compared with the experimental data for the electromagnetic form factors F1* and F2* and the helicity amplitudes A_1/2 and S_1/2, at high Q^2.

The contribution of the depth of the nuclear potential to the localisation of the single-particle wave-function, leading to clusterisation, is investigated using energy density functionnals. In this framework the formation of clusters indicates that nuclei behave like a Fermi liquid close to the liquid to solid transition. An analytical interpretation is provided using the harmonic oscillator approximation. The emergence of various structures in nucleonic matter, such as crystal, clusters, liquid drops and haloes is analysed. Haloes and clusters exhibit opposite features with respect to nucleonic localization.

Without any further adjusting of parameters, a relativistic constituent quark model, successful in the description of the data for the nucleon elastic form factors and the dominant contribution to the nucleon to Delta electromagnetic transition, is used here to predict the dominant electromagnetic form factors of the Delta baryon. The model considered is based on a simple Delta wave function corresponding to a quark-diquark system in an S-state. The results for E0 and M1 are consistent both with experimental results and lattice calculations. The remaining form factors M3 and E2 vanishes, given the symmetric structure considered for the Delta.

The nucleon-nucleon t-matrix is calculated directly as function of two vector momenta for different realistic NN potentials. The angular and momentum dependence of the full amplitude is studied and NN observables are calculated.

Using the covariant spectator theory (CST), we present the results of a valence quark-diquark model calculation of the nucleon structure function f(x) measured in unpolarized deep inelastic scattering (DIS), and the structure functions g1(x) and g2(x) measured in DIS using polarized beams and targets. Parameters of the wave functions are adjusted to fit all the data. The fit fixes both the shape of the wave functions and the relative strength of each component. Two solutions are found that fit f(x) and g1(x), but only one of these gives a good description of g2(x). This fit requires the nucleon CST wave functions contain a large D-wave component (about 35%) and a small P-wave component (about 0.6%). The significance of these results is discussed.

We derive the nucleon non-perturbative sea-quark distributions coming from a composite model involving quarks and hadronic degrees of freedom. The model predicts a definite structured quark-antiquark asymmetry in the nucleon sea.

The COMPASS experiment at CERN is studying since 2002 the spin structure of the nucleon, both for longitudinal and transverse nucleon spin. In the first case, the measurements of DIS and SIDIS asymmetries, including also high-$p_{T}$ hadron production and $D^{0}$ mesons, allow to access the nucleon longitudinal PDFs, their first moments and the gluon polarization. The LO analysis, performed by COMPASS have shown that $\\Delta g/g$ is small around $x_{g}\\simeq 0.1$, and its first moment should not be larger than 0.2 $?$ 0.3 in absolute value. Transverse spin effects have rised large interest in the last 10 years and the measurements performed have shown evidence for new phenomena, associated with transverse momentum dependent distribution and fragmentation functions. Collins and Sivers asymmetries obtained by COMPASS on a proton target, together with the latest results on unpolarized modulations on the deuterated $^{6}$Li target will be shown here.

The nucleon momentum distribution n_A(k) for A=2, 3, 4, 16, and 40 nuclei is systematically analyzed in terms of wave functions resulting from advanced solutions of the non-relativistic Schr\\"{o}dinger equation, obtained within different many-body approaches and different realistic nucleon-nucleon (NN) interactions. In order to analyze and understand the frequently addressed question concerning the relationships between the nucleus, n_A(k), and the deuteron, n_D(k), momentum distributions, the spin(S)-isospin (T) structure of few-nucleon systems and complex nuclei is analyzed in terms of realistic NN interactions and many-body approaches. To this end the number of NN pairs in agiven (ST) state, viz. (ST)=(10), (00), (01), and (11), and the contribution of these states to the nucleon momentum distributions, are calculated. It is shown that, apart from the (00) state which has very small effects, all other spin-isospin states contribute to the momentum distribution in a wide range of momenta. It is shown that t...

The possibility of a reliable extraction of the neutron deep inelastic structure function, $F_2^n(x)$, for $ x < 0.85$ from joint measurements of deep inelastic structure functions of deuteron, $^{3}He$ and $^{3}H$ is investigated. The model dependence in this extraction, linked to the possible different interactions between nucleons in nuclei, is shown to be weak, if the nuclear structure effects are properly taken into account. A combined analysis of the deep inelastic structure functions of these nuclei is proposed to study effects beyond the impulse approximation.

The following topics were dealt with: QCD parton dynamics, results form the H1 and ZEUS experiments at HERA, the spin structure of the nucleon, QCD Monte Carlo generators, results from the Jefferson Lab, lattice QCD, results from the Tevatron, heavy flavour production, the fluid nature of the quark-gluon plasma, QCD dynamics in hadrons and nuclei at high energies, QCD and string theory, structure functions, electroweak measurements, physics beyond the Standard Model, diffraction and vector mesons, spin physics. (HSI)

QCD sum rules of the nucleon channel are reanalyzed, using the maximum entropy method (MEM). This new approach, based on the Bayesian probability theory, does not restrict the spectral function to the usual "pole + continuum"-form, allowing a more flexible investigation of the nucleon spectral function. We find that the Gaussian sum rules are more suitable for the MEM analysis to extract the nucleon pole in the region of its experimental value, while the Borel sum rules do not contain enough information to clearly separate the nucleon pole from the continuum. Using the same method, we also discuss the dependence of the nucleon spectral function on the employed interpolating field operator.

In the "nucleon-phase" model of binary fission, the transfer of nucleons between an A =126 {\\guillemotleft} nucleon core {\\guillemotright} and the primordial "cluster" can explain both the formation of high- spin states and the saw-tooth behavior of the variation, as a function of fragment mass, of the average angular momentum.

The strong interaction of nucleons at short distances leads to a high-momentum component to the nuclear wave function, associated with short-range correlations between nucleons. These short-range, high-momentum structures in nuclei are one of the least well understood aspects of nuclear matter, relating to strength outside of the typical mean-field approaches to calculating the structure of nuclei. While it is difficult to study these short-range components, significant progress has been made over the last decade in determining how to cleanly isolate short-range correlations in nuclei. We have moved from asking if such structures exist, to mapping out their strength in nuclei and studying their microscopic structure. A combination of several different measurements, made possible by high-luminosity and high-energy accelerators, coupled with an improved understanding of the reaction mechanism issues involved in studying these structures, has led to significant progress, and provided significant new information ...

In this talk I present some of the more recent developments within the Covariant Spectator Theory. My focus will be on aspects of the derivation of gauge invariant electromagnetic three-nucleon currents which are consistent with the hadronic equations and with the basic assumptions of this framework. Important dynamical ingredients of the three-nucleon currents are also discussed, namely the three-nucleon bound state vertex function and the two-nucleon interaction model they are derived from.

The doorway states under consideration are eigenstates of the hamiltonian which is the sum of the kinetic energy and the infinite energy limit of the single-particle mass operator. Only Hartree diagrams with the free-space nucleon-nucleon forces contribute to this limit, and therefore the observed doorway state energies carry an important information about both the nuclear structure and the free-space nucleon-nucleon interaction.

The investigation of transverse spin and transverse momentum dependent effects in deep inelastic scattering of muons off nucleons is one of the key physics programs of the COMPASS collaboration at CERN. We have investigated the effects from the data obtained with a polarized proton target. In order to access the transversity distribution function, following channels have been analyzed: The azimuthal distribution of single hadrons, the azimuthal dependence of the plane containing hadron pairs, and the measurement of the transverse polarization of lambda hyperons in the final state. The Sivers distribution function which is one of the transverse momentum dependent functions has been investigated also from the azimuthal distribution of single hadrons. Azimuthal asymmetries in unpolarized deep inelastic scattering give important information on the inner structure of the nucleon to access the so-far unmeasured Boer-Mulders function. We have measured these asymmetries using spin-averaged $^{6}$L$_{i}$D.

The density matrix expansion (DME) of Negele and Vautherin is a convenient tool to map finite-range physics associated with vacuum two- and three-nucleon interactions into the form of a Skyme-like energy density functional (EDF) with density-dependent couplings. In this work, we apply the improved formulation of the DME proposed recently in arXiv:0910.4979 by Gebremariam {\\it et al.} to the non-local Fock energy obtained from chiral effective field theory (EFT) two-nucleon (NN) interactions at next-to-next-to-leading-order (N$^2$LO). The structure of the chiral interactions is such that each coupling in the DME Fock functional can be decomposed into a cutoff-dependent coupling {\\it constant} arising from zero-range contact interactions and a cutoff-independent coupling {\\it function} of the density arising from the universal long-range pion exchanges. This motivates a new microscopically-guided Skyrme phenomenology where the density-dependent couplings associated with the underlying pion-exchange interactions...

We present an overview of the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) theory of nucleonic superfluidity for finite nuclei. After introducing basic concepts related to pairing correlations, we show how the correlated pairs are incorporated into the HFB wave function. Thereafter, we present derivation and structure of the HFB equations within the superfluid nuclear density functional formalism and discuss several aspects of the theory, including the unitarity of the Bogoliubov transformation in truncated single-particle and quasiparticle spaces, form of the pairing functional, structure of the HFB continuum, regularization and renormalization of pairing fields, and treatment of pairing in systems with odd particle numbers.

The prospects for elastic scattering from few body systems with higher beam energies at CEBAF is presented. The deuteron and{sup 3}He elastic structure functions A(Q{sup 2}) can be measured at sufficiently high momentum transfers to study the transition between the conventional meson-nucleon and the constituent quark-gluon descriptions. Possible improvements in the proton magnetic form factor data are also presented.

Two-quark correlations due to gluon exchange give corrections to both the proton and neutron spin-dependent structure functions in the Bjorken sum rule. They are found to be as large as the pionic corrections in the cloudy bag model of the nucleon. While still not enough to explain the result published recently by the European Muon Collaboration, it is compatible with the reanalysis of the data by Close and Roberts.

We determine the polarized quark distributions and structure functions for nuclear media such as Li{sup 7} and Al{sup 27} by using a phenomenological model known as Thermodynamical Bag Model. The evaluation of nuclear medium modifications to single nucleon structure function discusses the predictions of the polarized EMC effect. The deviation of polarized EMC from unpolarized case shows quenching of polarized quark distributions and proves the significance of this study as adding the spin observables will explore more about medium modification of nuclear structure and the nature of the strong interaction. (author)

Production cross sections of K$^+$ and K$^-$ mesons have been measured in C+C collisions at beam energies per nucleon below and near the nucleon-nucleon threshold. At a given beam energy, the spectral slopes of the K$^-$ mesons are significantly steeper than the ones of the K$^+$ mesons. The excitation functions for K$^+$ and K$^-$ mesons nearly coincide when correcting for the threshold energy. In contrast, the K$^+$ yield exceeds the K$^-$ yield by a factor of about 100 in proton-proton collisions at beam energies near the respective nucleon-nucleon thresholds.

Accurate quantum Monte Carlo calculations of ground and low-lying excited states of light p-shell nuclei have been made for realistic nuclear forces. These include two-nucleon potentials that reproduce nucleon-nucleon scattering data and meson-exchange three-nucleon potentials constrained to reproduce the binding energies of s-shell nuclei. At present, results for more than 40 different (J?;T) states in A ? 10 nuclei, plus isobaric analogs, have been obtained, with an excellent reproduction of the experimental energy spectrum. These microscopic calculations show that nuclear structure, including both single-particle and clustering aspects, can be explained starting from elementary two- and three-nucleon interactions.   

In this thesis, results of neutrino-nucleon neutral current (NC) elastic scattering analysis are presented. Neutrinos interact with other particles only with weak force. Measurement of cross-section for neutrino-nucleon reactions at various neutrino energy are important for the study of nucleon structure. It also provides data to be used for beam flux monitor in neutrino oscillation experiments. The cross-section for neutrino-nucleon NC elastic scattering contains the axial vector form factor G{sub A}(Q{sup 2}) as well as electromagnetic form factors unlike electromagnetic interaction. G{sub A} is propotional to strange part of nucleon spin ({Delta}s) in Q{sup 2} {yields} 0 limit. Measurement of NC elastic cross-section with smaller Q{sup 2} enables us to access {Delta}s. NC elastic cross-sections of neutrino-nucleon and antineutrino-nucleon were measured earlier by E734 experiment at Brookheaven National Laboratory (BNL) in 1987. In this experiment, cross-sections were measured in Q{sup 2} > 0.4 GeV{sup 2} region. Result from this experiment was the only published data for NC elastic scattering cross-section published before our experiment. SciBooNE is an experiment for the measurement of neutrino-nucleon scattering cross-secitons using Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) at FNAL. BNB has energy peak at 0.7 GeV. In this energy region, NC elastic scattering, charged current elastic scattering, charged current pion production, and neutral current pion production are the major reaction branches. SciBar, electromagnetic calorimeter, and Muon Range Detector are the detectors for SciBooNE. The SciBar consists of finely segmented scintillators and 14336 channels of PMTs. It has a capability to reconstruct particle track longer than 8 cm and separate proton from muons and pions using energy deposit information. Signal of NC elastic scattering is a single proton track. In {nu}p {yields} {nu}p process, the recoil proton is detected. On the other hand, most of {nu}n {yields} {nu}n is invisible because there are only neutral particles in final state, but sometimes recoil neutron is scattered by proton and recoil proton is detected. Signal of this event is also single proton track. Event selection for the single proton track events using geometrical and dE/dx information of reconstructed track is performed. After the event selection, NC elastic scattering data sample is obtained. They includes {nu}p {yields} {nu}p and {nu}n {yields} {nu}n is obtained. Absolute cross-section as a function of Q{sup 2} is evaluated from this NC elastic scattering data sample.

Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS) experiments have provided important information on the structure of hadrons and ultimately the structure of matter and on the nature of interactions between leptons and hadrons, since the discovery of partons. Various high energy deep inelastic interactions lead to different evolution equations from which we obtain various structure functions giving information about the partons i.e. quarks and gluons involved in different scattering processes. Actually structure function is a mathematical picture of the hadron structure in the high energy region. Understanding the behaviour of the structure functions of the nucleon at low-x, where x is the Bjorken variable, is interesting both theoretically and phenomenologically. Structure functions are important inputs in many high energy processes and also important for examination of perturbative quantum chromodynamics (PQCD), the underlying dynamics of quarks and gluons. In PQCD, for high-Q2, where Q2 is the four momentum transfer in a DI...

Tau neutrino and antineutrino interactions with nucleons in large underground or under ice detectors will be important signals of astrophysical and atmospheric sources of neutrinos. We present here a theoretical update of the deep inelastic scattering contribution to the tau neutrino and antineutrino charged current cross sections with isoscalar nucleon targets and proton targets for incident neutrinos and antineutrinos in the energy range from 10 GeV to 10 TeV. Next-to-leading order quantum chromodynamic corrections, target mass corrections and heavy quark effects are included. Uncertainties in the cross section associated with the structure functions a low momentum transfers, the input parton distribution functions, scale dependence and flavor number scheme are discussed.

We analyze the determination of volume effects for correlation functions that depend on an external momentum. As a specific example, we consider finite volume nucleon current correlators, and focus on the nucleon magnetic moment. Because the multipole decomposition relies on SO(3) rotational invariance, the structure of such finite volume corrections is unrelated to infinite volume multipole form factors. One can deduce volume corrections to the magnetic moment only when a zero-mode photon coupling vanishes, as occurs at next-to-leading order in heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory. To deduce such finite volume corrections, however, one must assume continuous momentum transfer. In practice, volume corrections with momentum transfer dependence are required to address the extraction of the magnetic moment, or other observables that arise in momentum dependent correlation functions. Additionally we shed some light on a puzzle concerning differences in lattice form factor data at equal values of momentum trans...

COMPASS is a fixed target experiment at the CERN SPS with a broad physics programme. An important part of this programme consists in the study of the spin structure of the nucleons by measuring semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS) of a high energy muon beam off polarised deuteron and proton targets. These measurements allow for a first complete investigation of transverse spin and intrinsic transverse momentum effects. From the data collected in the years 2002, 2003 and 2004 using a transversely polarised $^{6}$LiD (polarised deuteron) target, the COMPASS Collaboration has measured the Collins and the Sivers asymmetries [1, 2], which allow to access the transversity and the Sivers distribution functions, both particulary interesting in the present theoretical description of the nucleon structure. Using the same data, the other six azimuthal single spin asymmetries expected in SIDIS off transversely polarised targets have been measured [2]. New preliminary results for azimuthal spin asymmetries fro...

The vector meson spectral functions are calculated to the first order in the nuclear matter density assuming the dominant contribution comes from the couplings of the vector mesons to nucleons and nucleon resonances. An attempt is made to reproduce the HADES dilepton production data with the in-medium spectral functions of the vector mesons using the Relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (RQMD) transport model developed earlier for modelling heavy-ion collisions. The results are sensitive to the in-medium broadening of nucleon resonances. A generally good agreement with the HADES data is achieved for selfconsistent treatment of the nucleon resonance broadening and the vector meson spectral functions. (orig.)

Expressions for the nucleon wave functions in the covariant spectator theory (CST) are derived. The nucleon is described as a system with a off-mass-shell constituent quark, free to interact with an external probe, and two spectator constituent quarks on their mass shell. Integrating over the internal momentum of the on-mass-shell quark pair allows us to derive an effective nucleon wave function that can be written only in terms of the quark and diquark (quark-pair) variables. The derived nucleon wave function includes contributions from S, P and D-waves.

The structure of nuclei far from ?-stability lines is expected to show various interesting and exotic phenomena, due to the unique features: (a) the presence of nucleons with very small binding energies and largely extended wave-functions; (b) large difference between the Fermi levels of protons and neutrons; (c) exotic ratios of the proton to neutron numbers for a given mass number. Among the topics, which are the direct consequence of those characteristic features and are being studied experimentally using the radioactive nuclear ion beam facilities in the world, I choose to talk about the one-particle shell-structure, response function, and related collective modes.   

The COMPASS (COmmon Muon and Proton apparatus for Structure and Spectroscopy) experiment started more than 10 years ago and has published many results concerning nucleon structure and hadron spectroscopy. We propose additional measurements for a new fascinating QCD-related studies of nucleon structure and hadron spectroscopy with small modifications of the present apparatus, that includes either an unpolarized or polarized target.

The study of relativistic Hartree theory for finite nuclei by the Nuclear Theory Group at the University of Tsukuba is reviewed. It is argued that negative energy nucleons should be taken into account in nuclear physics. When negative energy nucleons are taken into account in the relativistic mean-field approximation, the Dirac sea contributes to suppress the single-particle potential and to increase the nuclear radius. The fundamental mechanism of these effects of the Dirac sea is analyzed in the positive energy nucleon state sector picture of a nucleus by showing that NN vacuum polarizations correct the meson exchange interactions between positive energy nucleons, suppressing the coupling constant and increasing the range of the ?-meson exchange interaction. The renormalized NN vacuum polarization functions depend on the nuclear medium nucleon density. Therefore the vacuum polarizations create repulsive effective three-body interactions in the nucleus. The values of the three-body interaction energy obtained from the NN vacuum polarizations are on the order of the three-body interaction energy extracted from the experimental nuclear energy data. As an extension of the nuclear mean-field theory, we formulate a collective tunneling transition from one nuclear mean-field state to another. We determine a Hamiltonian to describe this nuclear transition, in view of the quantum fluctuations of the meson fields needed to steer the transition. The structure of the meson mean fields in two nuclear mean-field states uniquely determines the Hamiltonian in terms of the meson fields needed to steer the nuclear transition from one mean-field state to another. The Hamiltonian, which recovers the symmetries of the nuclear system, yields nuclear eigenstates in terms of a linear combination of the two nuclear mean-field states with definite angular momentum.   

We employ the polarized chiral constituent quarks to extract the polarized structure function of the nucleon. The polarized valon model is used to calculate the spin dependence of parton distribution functions of meson. The connection between the polarized structure of the proton and the Goldstone bosons, using the chiral quark model (?QM) is analyzed and the spin dependence of the parton distribution functions for pion and kaon, is obtained thoroughly. These functions are evolved to high Q2 values, using the singlet, nonsinglet and quark-gluon moments (?MS, ?MNS, ?Mgq) which are convoluted with the polarized valon distributions. The polarized valon distributions for meson are computed, based on a phenomenological method and a comparison between polarized and unpolarized parton distribution functions for pion and kaon are performed. As a consequence of the ?QM, the SU(3)f symmetry breaking for the spin dependent of the nucleon sea distributions is achieved. The required polarized parton distributions of the proton will be obtained from the parton distribution functions of the polarized meson via the related convolution integral which are existed in the ?QM. Following that the analytical result for the proton's spin structure function, xgp1(x), is obtained and compared with experimental data. Finally, the parton orbital angular momentum of meson are introduced and the total spin of the meson, based on this quantity and the first moment of distributions for gluon and singlet sectors, are obtained.

Nuclear Drell-Yan cross sections are presented as convolutions of the nucleon Drell-Yan cross sections with the nucleon density distribution function. The detailed kinematics relating the projectile-nucleus with the projectile nucleon cross sections are obtained using the fact that Drell-Yan cross sections are expressed in the centre-of-mass system. The independent variables in the projectile-nucleon system are shown to be dependent on the integral variable of the convolution formalism, thus leading to the convolution of the differential cross sections instead of the convolution of the target quark distribution function. A detailed examination of the results shows a substantial nuclear effect on the cross sections. (author).

This program was established for the purpose of studying projectile fragmentation; (1) as a function of energy, focusing first on the intermediate energy region, < 1 GeV/nucleon, where there have been few previous measurements and no systematic studies, and (2) as a function of projectile mass, starting with light beams and proceeding to species as heavy as nickel (and possibly beyond). The intermediate energy region is important as the transition between the lower energy data, where the interaction appears to be dominated by collective effects and the decay of excited nuclei, and the highest energy results, where nucleon-nucleon interactions are fundamental, limiting fragmentation'' applies, and the nucleus may well break-up before any de-excitation. The mass dependence of projectile fragmentation is largely unknown since most detailed work has involved light ion beams. Nuclear structure effects, for example, may well be quite prominent for heavier beams. Furthermore, the nuclear excitation functions for the production of different fragment isotopes have immediate application to the astrophysical interpretation of existing isotopic datasets obtained from balloon and satellite measurements of galactic cosmic rays.

We propose the construction of a Silicon Vertex Tracker (VTX) for the PHENIX experiment at RHIC. The VTX will substantially enhance the physics capabilities of the PHENIX central arm spectrometers. Our prime motivation is to provide precision measurements of heavy-quark production (charm and beauty) in A+A, p(d)+A, and polarized p+p collisions. These are key measurements for the future RHIC program, both for the heavy ion program as it moves from the discovery phase towards detailed investigation of the properties of the dense nuclear medium created in heavy ion collisions, and for the exploration of the nucleon spin-structure functions. In addition, the VTX will also considerably improve other measurements with PHENIX. The main physics topics addressed by the VTX are: (1) Hot and dense strongly interacting matter--(a) Potential enhancement of charm production, (b) Open beauty production, (c) Flavor dependence of jet quenching and QCD energy loss, (d) Accurate charm reference for quarkonium, (e) Thermal dilepton radiation, (f) High p{sub T} phenomena with light flavors above 10-15 GeV/c in p{sub T}, and (g) Upsilon spectroscopy in the e{sup +}e{sup -} decay channel. (2) Gluon spin structure of the nucleon--(a) {Delta}G/G with charm, (b) {Delta}G/G with beauty, and (c) x dependence of {Delta}G/G with {gamma}-jet correlations. (3) Nucleon structure in nuclei--Gluon shadowing over broad x-range.

Asymmetric nuclear matter is investigated by the Dirac Brueckner Hartree-Fock (DBHF) approach with a new decomposition of the Dirac structure of nucleon self-energy from the G matrix. It is found that the isospin dependence of the scalar and vector potentials is relatively weak, although both potentials for neutron (proton) become deep (shallow) in the neutron-rich nuclear matter. The results in asymmetric nuclear matter are rather different from those obtained by a simple method, where the nucleon self-energy is deduced from the single-particle energy. The nuclear binding energy as a function of the asymmetry parameter fulfils the empirical parabolic law up to very extreme isospin asymmetric nuclear matter in the DBHF approach. The behaviour of the density dependence of the asymmetry energy is different from that obtained by non-relativistic approaches, although both give similar asymmetry energy at the nuclear saturation density

Recent calculations of the effects of hadronization and final state interaction (FSI) in semi-exclusive deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) $A(e,e'(A-1))X$ processes are reviewed. The basic ingredient underlying these calculations, {\\it viz} the time-dependent effective debris-nucleon cross section is illustrated, and some relevant results on complex nuclei and the deuteron are presented. In the latter case, particular attention is paid to the choice of the kinematics, for such a choice would in principle allow one to investigate both the structure function of a bound nucleon as well as the hadronization mechanisms. It is stressed that a planned experiment at Jlab on the process $D(e,e'p)X$ could be very useful in that respect.

We study possible saturation effects in the total crosssections describing the interaction of ultra-high energy neutrinos with nucleons. This analysis is performed within two approaches, i.e., within the Golec-Biernat-Wuesthoff saturation model and within the scheme unifying the DGLAP and BFKL dynamics incorporating non-linear screening effects which follow from the Balitzki-Kovchegov equation. The structure functions in both approaches are constrained by HERA data. It is found that screening effects affect the extrapolation of the neutrino-nucleon total cross-sections to ultra-high neutrino energies E{sub {nu}} and reduce their magnitude by a factor equal to about 2 at E{sub {nu}}{proportional_to}10{sup 12} GeV. This reduction becomes amplified by nuclear shadowing in the case of the neutrino-nucleus cross-sections and an approximate estimate of this effect is performed. (orig.)

Second- and third-order results are presented for the structure functions of charged-current deep-inelastic scattering in the framework of massless perturbative QCD. We write down the two-loop differences between the corresponding crossing-even and -odd coefficient functions, including those for the longitudinal structure function not covered in the literature so far. At three loops we compute the lowest five moments of these differences for all three structure functions and provide approximate expressions in Bjorken-$x$ space. Also calculated is the related third-order coefficient-function correction to the Gottfried sum rule. We confirm the conjectured suppression of these quantities if the number of colours is large. Finally we derive the second- and third-order QCD contributions to the Paschos-Wolfenstein ratio used for the determination of the weak mixing angle from neutrino-nucleon deep-inelastic scattering. These contributions are found to be small.

By determining the quark momentum fractions of the octet baryons from N_f=2+1 lattice simulations, we are able to predict the degree of charge symmetry violation in the parton distribution functions of the nucleon. This is of importance, not only as a probe of our understanding of the non-perturbative structure of the proton but also because such a violation constrains the accuracy of global fits to parton distribution functions and hence the accuracy with which, for example, cross sections at the LHC can be predicted. A violation of charge symmetry may also be critical in cases where symmetries are used to guide the search for physics beyond the Standard Model.

We show how deeply virtual pseudoscalar meson production experiments single out the contribution of the four chiral odd quark-proton GPDs which are related to the so far elusive transversity distribution function, $h_1$. Furthermore, in the kinematical ranges of the proposed EIC, electroproduction of strange and charmed mesons will allow one to uniquely pin down the non-perturbative charmed component in the nucleon structure function, and at the same time provide new insights in the connection of the quark/gluon degrees of freedom with the meson-baryon description. The use of dispersion relations as well as the naive extension of the parton model to the ERBL region are critically analyzed.

We consider the baryons as three constituent valence quark systems. Their dynamics is described by the covariant Spectator formalism [1,2] for a quark-diquark system, where the diquark is always on its mass-shell. The electromagnetic interaction is considered in the relativistic impulse interaction (RIA) where the photon couples with the quark through the current j M = j\\y^ + 72 l°2mV (m *s ^ e n u c l e o n mass). The two form factors j'l and 72 account for all QCD mechanisms (qq pairs, pion cloud and gluon sea effects). Only the 71 form factor includes pion cloud effects in its isovector part. The nucleon wave function consists of spin-0 (isospin-0) and spin-1 (isospin-l) components written in terms of the diquark polarization vectors and the nucleon Dirac spinor [1]. Furthermore, it verifies the Dirac equation and generates the correct structure for its non-relativistic limit. Current conservation is also satisfied. The Jlab polarization data of the electromagnetic nucleon elastic form factors are described [3,4] when one assumes an S-state for the quark-diquark system [1], which means that the data does not signal any angular dependence in the wave function. The results show that spherical charge and matter distributions are compatible with the data, even when we consider Spin Direction Dependent density definitions [5]. The explicit consideration of the pion cloud effects definitively improves the description of the nucleon form factors [1]. We also calculated the N-Delta transition form factors. Preliminary results considering the Delta wave function as a mixture of a S and a D state explain the magnetic dipole G*M and the electric quadrupole G*E data [6]. Improvements are underway in order to describe also the Coulomb quadrupole form factor G£

The energy dependence of forward pion double charge exchange reactions on light nuclei is studied for both the Ground State transition and the Double-Isobaric-Analog-State transitions. A common characteristic of these double reactions is a resonance-like peak around 50 MeV pion lab energy. This peak arises naturally in a two-step process in the conventional pion-nucleon system with proper handling of nuclear structure and pion distortion. A comparison among the results of different nuclear structure models demonstrates the effects of configuration mixing. The angular distribution is used to fix the single particle wave function.

We study the twist-4 contribution to the unpolarized nucleon structure functions, F_L and F_2, in an approach where the vacuum structure of QCD is described by a dilute medium of instantons ($\\bar\\rho / \\bar R \\ll 1$). The dominant power corrections come from the twist-4 quark-gluon operators and are of the order $1/(\\bar\\rho^2 Q^2)$. The contributions from four-quark operators are suppressed. The approach predicts large 1/Q^2-corrections to F_L, in agreement with the results of QCD fits to the data.

The history of nucleon spin-structure measurements goes back to the early days of inelastic electron scattering at SLAC, when Vernon Hughes came with a proposal to accelerate polarized electrons to high energy and to study inelastic scattering from a polarized proton target. The quark model of the proton was new at the time, and the spin-dependent structure functions were an excellent testing ground for that model. The proposal developed into an experiment which became SLAC experiment E80. Subsequent experiments followed those early studies, leading to E130 at SLAC, then EMC at CERN, and a host of later experiments. In 1988 the EMC Collaboration published the first data to reach low x. The asymmetries EMC observed fell below quark model expectations, and the experimentally measured proton sum rule indicated that the spin of the quarks contributed little to the proton spin. The subject of nucleon spin-dependent structure functions was stimulated by this surprising result from EMC. The continuation of the spin-structure studies at SLAC, which have been very active in recent years, was stimulated by the successful development of high-intensity beams of polarized electrons. Table 1 lists the past, present, and planned programs and experiments that grew out of the early work. The rest of the report is divided into the following topics: polarized electrons; polarimetry; the SLAC spectrometers; radiative corrections; the proton measurements; neutron targets; the deuterium and {sup 3}He data; the g{sub 2} structure function; and the 50 GeV upgrade of the SLC.

The electromagnetic form factors of the three-nucleon bound states were calculated in Complete Impulse Approximation in the framework of the Covariant Spectator Theory for the new high-precision two-nucleon interaction models WJC-1 and WJC-2. The calculations use an approximation for the three-nucleon vertex functions with two nucleons off mass shell. The form factors with WJC-2 are close to the ones obtained with the older model W16 and to nonrelativistic potential calculations with lowest-order relativistic corrections, while the form factors with the most precise two-nucleon model WJC-1 exhibit larger differences. These results can be understood when the effect of the different types of pion-nucleon coupling used in the various models is examined.

We report on investigations of the applicability of non-relativistic constituent quark models to the low-energy nucleon-nucleon (NN) interaction. The major innovations of a resulting NN potential are the use of the $^3$P$_0$ decay model and quark model wave functions to derive nucleon-nucleon-meson form-factors, and the use of a colored spin-spin contact hyperfine interaction to model the repulsive core rather than the phenomenological treatment common in other NN potentials. We present the results of the model for experimental free NN scattering phase shifts, S-wave scattering lengths and effective ranges and deuteron properties. Plans for future study are discussed.

A calculation of the deuteron polarization observables $A^d_y$, $A_{yy}$, $A_{xx}$, $A_{xz}$ and the differential cross-section for elastic nucleon-deuteron scattering at incident deuteron energies 270 and 880 MeV in lab is presented. A comparison of the calculations with two different deuteron wave-functions derived from the Bonn-CD $NN$-potential model and the dressed bag quark model is carried out. A model-independent approach, based on an optical potential framework, is used in which a nucleon-nucleon $T$-matrix is assumed to be local and taken on the energy shell, but still depends on the internal nucleon momentum in a deuteron.

Fragment production has been studied as a function of the source mass and excitation energy in peripheral collisions of $^{35}$Cl+$^{197}$Au at 43 MeV/nucleon and $^{70}$Ge+$^{nat}$Ti at 35 MeV/nucleon. The results are compared to the Au+Au data at 600 MeV/nucleon obtained by the ALADIN collaboration. A mass scaling, by $A_{source} \\sim$ 35 to 190, strongly correlated to excitation energy per nucleon, is presented, suggesting a thermal fragment production mechanism. Comparisons to a standard sequential decay model and the lattice-gas model are made. Fragment emission from a hot, rotating source is unable to reproduce the experimental source size scaling.

I consider kinetic equilibrium of the $\\beta$-processes in the nucleonic plasma with relativistic pairs. The nucleons $(n,p)$ are supposed to be non-relativistic and non-degenerate, while the electrons and positrons are ultra-relativistic due to high temperature $(T>6\\cdot 10^9$K), or high density $(\\rho>\\mu 10^6$g/cm$^3$), or both, where $\\mu$ is a number of nucleons per one electron. The consideration is simplified because of the analytic connection of the density with the electron chemical potential in the ultra-relativistic plasma. Electron chemical potential and number of nucleons per one initial electron are calculated as functions of $\\rho$ and $T$.

We discuss the motivation, theory, and formulation of the ab initio No-Core Shell Model (NCSM). In this method the effective Hamiltonians are derived microscopically from realistic nucleon-nucleon (NN) and theoretical three-nucleon (NNN) potentials, as a function of the finite harmonic-oscillator (HO) basis space. We present converged results for the A = 3 and 4 nucleon systems, which are in agreement with results obtained by other exact methods, followed by results for p-shell nuclei. Binding energies, rms radii, excitation spectra, and electromagnetic properties are discussed.The favorable comparison with available data is a consequence of the underlying NN and NNN interactions rather than a phenomenological fit.

We calculate polarized structure functions for 3He and 3H, using the convolution of the light cone momentum distribution with the polarized structure of the proton and neutron. The polarized structure function of the nucleon is computed using the constituent quark model. Hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials are employed to extract the unknown parameters in this phenomenological approach. These hypergeometric polynomials are placed at the third level of Askey scheme with two free parameters. The results obtained for the polarized nuclear structure functions and the ratio of the Bjorken sum rule for proton-neutron system to 3He-3H system are in good agreement with the available experimental data and some theoretical models. To improve the validity of the model at low x-values, the nuclear shadowing, antishadowing and ?-resonance effects are also considered.

A fully microscopic calculation of inelastic proton scattering off {sup 208}Pb is presented, and compared to experimental scattering data for incident proton energies between 65 and 201 MeV. By constructing the nucleon-nucleus interaction through the folding of nuclear structure information with a reliable nucleon-nucleon effective interaction that has no adjusted parameter, a consistent framework is built, for probing the influence of different descriptions of nuclear structure on nucleon inelastic scattering predictions. The absence of phenomenological normalization in this framework guarantees a unique and unambiguous interpretation of our calculations in terms of quality of the underlying nuclear structure description: a feature that had been reserved, until recently, to the electron probe. This tool is used to investigate the effect of long range correlations embedded in excited states, on calculated inelastic observables, demonstrating the sensitivity of nucleon scattering predictions to details of the nuclear structure.

The first measurement of direct photons in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV is presented. The direct photon signal is extracted as a function of the Au+Au collision centrality and compared to NLO pQCD calculations. The direct photon yield is shown to scale with the number of nucleon-nucleon collisions for all centralities.

The Dirac equation in (1+1) dimensions with a non-local PT-symmetric potential of separable type is studied by means of the Green function method: properties of bound and scattering states are derived in full detail and numerical results are shown for a potential kernel of Yamaguchi type, inspired by the treatment of low-energy nucleon-nucleon interaction.

The mean number of primary hadron-nucleon scatterings () and mean impact parameter () are extracted from the distribution of fast protons in 14.6 GeV p-Au and 8.0 GeV pi-Au and pbar-Au collisions. The mean excitation energy per residue nucleon (E*/A) and fast and thermal light particle multiplicities are studied as a function of collision geometry.

Since the 1980's, the study of nucleon (proton or neutron) spin structure has been an active field both experimentally and theoretically. One of the primary goals of this work is to test our understanding of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the fundamental theory of the strong interaction. In the high energy region of asymptotically free quarks, QCD has been verified. However, verifiable predictions in the low energy region are harder to obtain due to the complex interactions between the nucleon's constituents: quarks and gluons. In the non-pertubative regime, low-energy effective field theories such as chiral perturbation theory provide predictions for the spin structure functions in the form of sum rules. Spin-dependent sum rules such as the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn (GDH) sum rule are important tools available to study nucleon spin structure. Originally derived for real photon absorption, the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn (GDH) sum rule was first extended for virtual photon absorption in 1989. The extension of the sum rule provides a unique relation, valid at any momentum transfer ($Q^{2}$), that can be used to study the nucleon spin structure and make comparisons between theoretical predictions and experimental data. Experiment E97-110 was performed at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) to examine the spin structure of the neutron and $^{3}$He. The Jefferson Lab longitudinally-polarized electron beam with incident energies between 1.1 and 4.4 GeV was scattered from a longitudinally or transversely polarized $^{3}$He gas target in the Hall A end station. Asymmetries and polarized cross-section differences were measured in the quasielastic and resonance regions to extract the spin structure functions $g_{1}(x,Q^{2})$ and $g_{2}(x,Q^{2})$ at low momentum transfers (0.02 $< Q^{2} <$ 0.3 GeV$^{2}$). The goal of the experiment was to perform a precise measurement of the $Q^{2}$ dependence of the extended GDH integral and of the moments of the neutron and $^{3}$He spin structure functions at low $Q^{2}$. This $Q^{2}$ range allows us to test predictions of chiral perturbation theory and check the GDH sum rule by extrapolating the integral to the real photon point. This thesis will discuss preliminary results from the E97-110 data analysis.

Nucleus-hydrogen scattering can be predicted using optical potentials formed by full folding effective two-nucleon interactions with detailed nuclear structure. Results when compared with measured cross sections (integral and angular) for energies in the range 25A to 250A MeV are excellent and such data analyses reveal attributes of the separate nucleon matter distributions of the nucleus involved.

This lecture is composed of three parts. (1) Heavy quark and gluon contents of light hadrons, (II) anomalous gluon content of the nucleon, and (III) hot and dense QCD. Non-valence structures of nucleon due to the OZI violation are extensively discussed in (I) and (II), and non-perturbative aspects of the quark-gluon plasma are reviewed in (III). 41 refs.

The generalized parton distributions (GPDs) provide a new description of the complex internal structure of the nucleon in terms of its elementary constituents, the quarks and the gluons. The GPDs describe the correlation between the transverse position and the longitudinal momentum fraction of the partons in the nucleon, extending the information obtained from the measurements of the form factors and the parton distribution functions. Deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS), the electroproduction of a real photon from a single quark in the nucleon, $eN \\to eN\\gamma$, is the most straightforward exclusive process that allows access to the GPDs. A dedicated experiment to study DVCS with the CLAS detector at Jefferson Lab (JLab) has been carried out using a 5.776 GeV polarized electron beam and an unpolarized hydrogen target, allowing us to collect DVCS events in the widest kinematic range ever explored in the valence region: $1

Nucleon structure functions measured in neutrino-iron and antineutrino-iron charged-current interactions are presented. The data were taken in two high-energy high-statistics runs by the LAB-E detector at the Fermilab Tevatron. Structure functions are extracted from a sample of 950,000 neutrino and 170,000 antineutrino events with neutrino energies from 30 to 360 GeV. The structure functions F{sub 2} and xF{sub 3} are compared with the predictions of perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics (PQCD). The combined non-singlet and singlet evolution in the context of PQCD gives value of {Lambda}NLO,(4)/MS = 337 {+-} 28 (exp.) MeV, which corresponds to {alpha}{sub S}(M{sub Z}{sup 2}) = 0.119 {+-} 0.002 (exp.) {+-} 0.004 (theory), and with a gluon distribution given by xG(x,Q{sub 0}{sup 2} = 5GeV{sup 2}) = (2.22 {+-} 0.34) {times} (1 {minus} x){sup 4.65{+-}0.68}.

This experiment ran in Hall C at Jefferson Lab to measure L/T separated structure functions from deuterium from the quasielastic region through the nucleon resonance region and beyond(up to W^2=4.5 GeV^2), spanning the four-momentum transfer range 1Rosenbluth separation technique is used to extract separated structure functions F1, F2, FL and R. The measurement of these fundamental quantities allows a variety of physics issues to be addressed including: an evaluation of QCD moments of the deuterium and neutron structure functions (experimentally determining both the proton and neutron moments provide a direct confrontation with recent and future calculations from lattice QCD of the nucleon non-singlet moments), and quark-hadron duality in protons and neutrons. This experiment was completed in july 2007 at Jefferson Lab using the equipment: the High Momentum Spectrometer (HMS) to detect electrons and 4 cm cryogenic deuterium target. The current status of the data analysis and preliminary results such as nearly finalized cross sections, L/T separation results on deuterium, preliminary moments and duality studies will be presented. )

One of the central problems in nuclear physics is the description of nuclei as systems of nucleons interacting via realistic potentials. There are two main aspects of this problem: (1) specification of the Hamiltonian, and (2) calculation of the ground (or excited) states of nuclei with the given interaction. Realistic interactions must contain both two- and three-nucleon potentials and these potentials have a complicated non-central operator structure consisting, for example, of spin, isospin and tensor dependencies. This structure results in formidable many-body problems in the computation of the ground states of nuclei. At Argonne and Urbana, the authors have been following a program of developing realistic NN and NNN interactions and the methods necessary to compute nuclear properties from variational wave functions suitable for these interactions. The wave functions are used to compute energies, density distributions, charge form factors, structure functions, momentum distributions, etc. Most recently they have set up a collaboration with S. Boffi and M. Raduci (University of Pavia) to compute (e,e[prime]p) reactions.

Using an isospin-dependent transport model, we study isospin effects on two-nucleon correlation functions in heavy-ion collisions induced by neutron-rich nuclei at intermediate energies. We find that these correlation functions are sensitive to the density dependence of nuclear symmetry energy, but not to the incompressibility of symmetric nuclear matter and the medium dependence of nucleon-nucleon cross sections. This sensitivity is mainly due to effects of nuclear symmetry energy on the emission times of neutrons and protons as well as their relative emission sequence. We also study the variations of the symmetry energy effects on nucleon-nucleon correlations with respect to the impact parameter, incident energy, and mass number of heavy ion collisions.

Exclusive meson leptoproduction from nucleons in the deeply virtual exchanged boson limit can be described by generalized parton distributions (GPDs). Including spin dependence in the description requires 8 independent quark-parton and gluon-parton functions. The chiral even subset of 4 quark-nucleon GPDs are related to nucleon form factors and to parton distribution functions. The chiral odd set of 4 quark-nucleon GPDs are related to transversity, the tensor charge, and other quantities related to transversity. Different meson or photon production processes access different combinations of GPDs. This is analyzed in terms of t-channel exchange quantum numbers, JPC and it is shown that pseudoscalar production can isolate chiral odd GPDs. There is a sensitive dependence in various cross sections and asymmetries on the tensor charge of the nucleon and other transversity parameters. In a second section, analyticity and completeness are shown to limit the partonic interpret ation of the GPDs in the ERBL region.

We calculate the charge form factor and the longitudinal structure function for {sup 16}O and compare with the available experimental data, up to a momentum transfer of 4 fm{sup -1} . The ground-state correlations are generated using the coupled-cluster [exp(S) ] method, together with the realistic v18 NN interaction and the Urbana IX three-nucleon interaction. Center-of-mass corrections are dealt with by adding a center-of-mass Hamiltonian to the usual internal Hamiltonian, and by means of a many-body expansion for the computation of the observables measured in the center-of-mass system. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.

We consider the effect of the transitions $n \\to \\Delta^{0}$ and $p \\to \\Delta^{+}$ in deep inelastic scattering on polarized $^3$He on the extraction of the neutron spin structure function $g_{1}^{n}(x,Q^2)$. Making the natural assumption that these transitions are the dominant non-nucleonic contributions to the renormalization of the axial vector coupling constant in the A=3 system, we find that the effect of $\\Delta$ increases $g_{1}^{n}(x,Q^2)$ by $10 \\div 40$% in the range $0.05 \\le x \\le 0.6$, where our considerations are applicable and most of the data for $g_{1}^{n}(x,Q^2)$ exist.

We present a new derivation of the convolution formula for the contributions of nuclear binding to the structure functions measured in the deep inelastic scattering of leptons from nuclei. The derivation, which is manifestly covariant, gives a new binding correction. This new correction, which depends on the mass of the recoiling nucleon fragments, gives corrections that are numerically significant, and that improve the agreement between theory and experiment at large x. We conclude that nuclear binding effects may be sufficient to explain the European-Muon-Collaboration effect at large x.

Values of R = sigma/sub L//sigma/sub T/ for deep-inelastic electron-nucleon scattering have been derived from several experiments with incident electron energies up to 20 GeV. Included are previously unpublished measurements at intermediate angles (largely at 15/sup 0/ and 18/sup 0/). An average value of R = 0.22 +- 0.1 is obtained for the kinematic region covered by the experiments. No significant kinematic dependence of R is observed. A table of extracted values of the structure functions ..nu..W/sub 2/ and 2MW/sub 1/ is also presented.

Very significant advances have been made in the relativistic theory of few body systems since I visited Peter Sauer and his group in Hannover in 1983. This talk provides an opportunity to review the progress in this field since then. Different methods for the relativistic calculation of few nucleon systems are briefly described. As an example, seven relativistic calculations of the deuteron elastic structure functions, A, B, and T{sub 20}, are compared. The covariant SPECTATOR {copyright} theory, among the more successful and complete of these methods, is described in more detail.

A measurement of the nucleon spin asymmetries from deep inelastic scattering of polarized electrons by polarized [sup 3]He has been performed. The neutron spin structure function g[sub 1][sup n] is extracted and used to test the Bjorken sum rule. The neutron integral assuming a simple Regge theory extrapolation at low x is [integral][sub 0][sup 1]g[sub 1][sup n](x)dx = [minus]0.022 [plus minus] 0.011. Combined with the EMC proton results, the Bjorken sum rule predicts a neutron integral of [integral][sub 0][sup 1]g[sub 1][sup n](x)dx = [minus]0.065 [plus minus] 0.018.

The results of quarks helicity distributions are presented which were determined by COMPASS experiment at CERN. Different approaches have been accomplished in order to access various sets of quarks distributions. The analysis of spin structure function $g_{1}$ gives information about contribution to the spin of the nucleon from sum of quarks. From method of difference asymmetry for hadrons with opposite charges one can learn about polarized valence quark distributions. Finally, a recent analysis of full avour separation was presented in Quark Parton Model (QPM) and LO QCD approximation. All analyses have been done in perturbative regime Q$^{2} >$ 1 (GeV/c)$^{2}$.

We give a brief overview of the status of perturbative QCD calculations for deep-inelastic scattering. The radiative corrections to the Wilson coefficients are generally available to next-to-next-to-leading order in QCD and we address the accuracy of the strong coupling constant, the parton distributions of the nucleon and the heavy quark masses which is required for precision predictions. We also discuss related processes at hadron colliders such as Higgs production via weak boson fusion which can be described through structure functions of deep-inelastic scattering, building upon an approximate, although very accurate, factorization of the perturbative QCD corrections.

Recent studies of pion electroproduction on the deuteron carried out by the ANL group at ALS, Saclay, show that even in the weakly-bound deuteron, multinucleon processes alter the electroproduction amplitudes in the forward direction. The data provide the first experimental indications for a significant change in the pion-nucleon coupling for nucleons bound in nuclei. It is clear that forward-angle electroproduction may be a sensitive probe of the properties of the pion coupling in the nuclear medium. At CEBAF, we will study longitudinal charged-pion electroproduction (in the excitation region below the delta isobar) along the direction of the momentum transfer where the charge scattering process dominates. Direct comparison of the cross section per nucleon in deuterium and the helium isotopes with the experimental value for the free nucleon will provide estimates of the strength of the nuclear pion field. A Rosenbluth separation of the longitudinal and transverse cross sections will be performed for four-momentum transfers of 2.5 and 10 fm{sup -2}. Measurements for a number of light nuclei will provide useful data on the sensitivity of longitudinal electroproduction to nuclear binding effects. If current conceptions of pion-exchange currents in nuclei are correct, longitudinal electroproduction will be suppressed at the lower momentum transfer and enhanced at the higher momentum transfer by multinucleon processes. If on the other hand, as suggested by recent data from Drell-Yan studies of antiquark structure functions, there is no such enhancement, a reformulation of pion exchange models of the medium- and short-range properties of nuclear forces will be required. Our proposal to carry out such a series of measurements at CEBAF using the coincident-pair spectrometer system planned for Hall C was approved. Pions will be observed in the short-orbit spectrometer (SOS) which will serve as the second arm.

In the resonating group method, the many-nucleon wave function is taken to be totally antisymmetric and describes the motion of nucleons grouped into clusters. A new type of cluster internal wave function that can produce improved results, especially for the cluster binding energy, is proposed. We hope to utilize this type of cluster wave function in various resonating-group scattering and reaction calculations. A preliminary study in the case of p + 4He scattering yields favorable conclusions.   

Parton distribution functions, which represent the flavor and spin structure of the nucleon, provide invaluable information in illuminating quantum chromodynamics in the confinement region. Among various processes that measure such parton distribution functions, semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering is regarded as one of the golden channels to access transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions, which provide a 3-D view of the nucleon structure in momentum space. The Jefferson Lab experiment E06-010 focuses on measuring the target single and double spin asymmetries in the 3He(e, e'pi+,-)X reaction with a transversely polarized 3He target in Hall A with a 5.89 GeV electron beam. A leading pion and the scattered electron are detected in coincidence by the left High-Resolution Spectrometer at 16\\circ and the BigBite spectrometer at 30\\circ beam right, respectively. The kinematic coverage concentrates in the valence quark region, x \\sim0.1-0.4, at Q2 \\sim 1-3 GeV2. The Collins and Sivers asymmet...

Nuclear-medium effects on the weak structure functions F2(x,Q2) and F3(x,Q2) in charged-current neutrino and antineutrino induced deep-inelastic reactions in 208Pb have been studied. The calculations have been performed in a theoretical model using relativistic nuclear spectral functions which incorporate Fermi motion, binding, and nucleon correlations. We have also included the pion and rho meson cloud contributions calculated from a microscopic model for meson-nucleus self-energies. Using these structure functions, differential scattering cross sections have been obtained and compared with the CERN Hybrid Oscillation Research Apparatus (CHORUS) data. The results for the ratios (2FiPb)/(208FiD), (4FiPb)/(208FiHe), (12FiPb)/(208FiC), (16FiPb)/(208FiO), and (56FiPb)/(208FiFe) (i=2,3) have also been obtained and compared with some of the phenomenological fits.

We consider the two-nucleon system at next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order (N{sup 3}LO) in chiral effective field theory. The two--nucleon potential at N{sup 3}LO consists of one-, two- and three-pion exchanges and a set of contact interactions with zero, two and four derivatives. In addition, one has to take into account various isospin--breaking and relativistic corrections. We employ spectral function regularization for the multi--pion exchanges. Within this framework, it is shown that the three-pion exchange contribution is negligibly small. The low--energy constants (LECs) related to pion-nucleon vertices are taken consistently from studies of pion-nucleon scattering in chiral perturbation theory. The total of 26 four--nucleon LECs has been determined by a combined fit to some np and pp phase shifts from the Nijmegen analysis together with the nn scattering length.

In the first part of this thesis, the role of short-range correlations in quark matter is explored within the framework of the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model. Starting from a next-to-leading order expansion in the inverse number of the quark colors, a fully self-consistent model constructed that employs the close relations between spectral functions and self-energies. In contrast to the usual quasiparticle approximations, this approach allows the investigation of the collisional broadening of the quark spectral function. Numerical calculations at various chemical potentials and zero temperature show that the short-range correlations do not only induce a finite width of the spectral function but also have some influence on the structure of the chiral phase transition. In the second part of this thesis, the temperature and density dependence of the nucleon spectral function in symmetric nuclear matter is investigated. The short-range correlations can be well described by a simple, self-consistent model on the one-particle-two-hole and two-particle-one-hole level (1p2h, 2p1h). The thermodynamically consistent description of the mean-field properties of the nucleons is ensured by incorporating a Skyrme-type potential. Calculations at temperatures and densities that can also be found in heavy-ion collisions or supernova explosions and the formation of neutron stars show that the correlations saturate at high temperatures and densities. (orig.)

We use the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model as an effective quark theory to investigate the medium modifications of the nucleon electromagnetic form factors. By using the equation of state of nuclear matter derived in this model, we discuss the results based on the naive quark-scalar diquark picture, the effects of finite diquark size, and the meson cloud around the constituent quarks. We apply this description to the longitudinal response function for quasielastic electron scattering. RPA correlations, based on the nucleon-nucleon interaction derived in the same model, are also taken into account in the calculation of the response function.

We emphasize that the composite structure of the nucleon may play quite an important role in nuclear physics. It is shown that the momentum-dependent repulsive force of second order in the scalar field, which plays an important role in Dirac phenomenology, can be found in the quark-meson coupling (QMC) model, and that the properties of nuclear matter are well described through the quark-scalar density in a nucleon and a self-consistency condition for the scalar field. The difference between theories of point-like nucleons and composite ones may be seen in the change of the \\omega-meson mass in nuclear matter if the composite nature of the nucleon suppresses contributions from nucleon-antinucleon pair creation.

The evaluation of microscopic optical model potentials, based on density-dependent effective interactions, involve multi-dimensional integrals to account for the full Fermi motion of the bound nucleons throughout the nucleus. In momentum space, if a spherical matter distribution is assumed, then each matrix element of the optical potential involves the evaluation of sevendimensional integrals. In this work we report results when a full account of these integrals is in place, retaining the genuine off-shell structure of the nucleon-nucleon effective interaction given by solutions for the g matrix in the Brueckner-Bethe-Goldstone framework. The calculated potentials, based on the Paris nucleon-nucleon potential, are applied to proton elastic scattering from 16O and 90Zr at beam energies between 30 and 65 MeV. Comparisons made with alternative approximations to the unabridged expression exhibit moderate differences among their corresponding scattering observables.

We consider the cross section in Fourier space, conjugate to the outgoing hadron's transverse momentum, where convolutions of transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions and fragmentation functions become simple products. Individual asymmetric terms in the cross section can be projected out by means of a generalized set of weights involving Bessel functions. Advantages of employing these Bessel weights are that they suppress (divergent) contributions from high transverse momentum and that soft factors cancel in (Bessel-) weighted asymmetries. Also, the resulting compact expressions immediately connect to previous work on evolution equations for transverse momentum dependent parton distribution and fragmentation functions and to quantities accessible in lattice QCD. Bessel-weighted asymmetries are thus model independent observables that augment the description and our understanding of correlations of spin and momentum in nucleon structure.

primary and secondary nucleons (protons and neutrons) through any number of. 1 ayers ... Contributions from target nucleus fragmentation and recoil are also included ... Figures 2 and 3 display dose equivalent (in rem), as a function of water ...

We discuss a method of taking into account the nonorthogonality of the single-particle wave functions of colliding nuclei in deep inelastic interactions of heavy ions at energies of order 10 MeV/nucleon.

We investigate in detail the compression modulus of nuclear matter as a function of the effective nucleon mass. We include consistently in our modelling chemical equilibrium as well as baryon number and electric charge conservation and investigate properties of neutron stars. Among other predictions, we focus on the dependence of the maximum mass of a sequence of neutron stars as a function of the compression modulus and the nucleon effective mass.

The COMPASS Collaboration has two main fields of interest: to improve our knowledge of the nucleon spin structure and to study hadrons through spectroscopy. These goals require a multipurpose universal spectrometer such as the COmmon Muon and Proton Apparatus for Structure and Spectroscopy, COMPASS. In its first years of data taking (2002-2007), the nucleon spin structure was studied with a polarized muon beam scattering off a polarized target. These studies resumed in 2010 and will continue until at least 2011. The years 2008 and 2009 were dedicated to hadron spectroscopy using hadron beams. In the case of the nucleon structure studies, it is crucial to detect with high precision the incoming beam muon (160 GeV), the scattered muon and the produced hadrons. The large amount of high quality data accumulated provides access to the unpolarized and polarized parton distributions of the nucleon and the hadronization process. Subtle differences (asymmetries) between polarized cross sections have been predicted for...

We compare recent CEBAF data on inclusive electron scattering of 4.05 GeV electrons on nuclei with predictions, based on a relation between structure functions of a nucleus, a nucleon, and a nucleus of point nucleons. The latter contains nuclear dynamics, e.g., binary collision contributions in addition to the asymptotic limit. The agreement with data is good, except in low-intensity regions. Computed ternary collision contributions appear too small for an explanation. We perform scaling analyses in Gurvitz's scaling variable and find that for y{sub G} (gte/lte) 0, ratios of scaling functions for pairs of nuclei differ by less than 15-20% from 1. Scaling functions for y{sub G} less than 0 are, for increasing Q{sup 2}, shown to approach a plateau from above. We observe only weak Q{sup 2} dependence in final-state interactions (FSI), which in the relevant kinematic region is ascribed to the diffractive nature of NN amplitudes appearing in FSI. This renders it difficult to separate asymptotic from FSI parts and seriously hampers the extraction of n(p) from scaling analyses in a model-independent fashion.

We compare recent CEBAF data on inclusive electron scattering of 4.05 GeV electrons on nuclei with predictions, based on a relation between structure functions (SF) of a nucleus, a nucleon, and a nucleus of point nucleons. The latter contains nuclear dynamics, e.g., binary collision contributions in addition to the asymptotic limit. The agreement with data is good, except in low-intensity regions. Computed ternary collision contributions appear too small for an explanation. We perform scaling analyses in Gurvitz's scaling variable and find that for y{sub G} {gt_or_lt} 0, ratios of scaling functions for pairs of nuclei differ by less than 15-20% from 1. Scaling functions for (y{sub G} < 0) are, for increasing Q{sup 2}, shown to approach a plateau from above. We observe only weak Q{sup 2} dependence in final-state interactions (FSI), which in the relevant kinematic region is ascribed to the diffractive nature of NN amplitudes appearing in FSI. This renders it difficult to separate asymptotic from FSI parts and seriously hampers the extraction of n(p) from scaling analyses in a model-independent fashion.

The two-nucleon spectral function in nuclear matter is studied using correlated basis function perturbation theory, including central and tensor correlations produced by a realistic Hamiltonian. The factorization property of the two-nucleon momentum distribution into the product of the two single nucleon distributions shows up in an analogous property of the spectral function. The correlated model yields a two-hole contribution quenched with respect to the Fermi gas model, while the peaks acquire a quasiparticle width that vanishes as the two momenta approach the Fermi momentum kF. In addition, three-hole one-particle and more complicated intermediate states give rise to a background, spread out in energy and absent in the uncorrelated models. The possible connections with one- and two-nucleon emission processes are briefly discussed.

Several observables of unbound nucleons which are to some extent sensitive to the medium modifications of nucleon-nucleon elastic cross sections in neutron-rich intermediate energy heavy ion collisions are investigated. The splitting effect of neutron and proton effective masses on cross sections is discussed. It is found that the transverse flow as a function of rapidity, the Q{sub zz} as a function of momentum, and the ratio of halfwidths of the transverse to that of longitudinal rapidity distribution R{sub t/l} are very sensitive to the medium modifications of the cross sections. The transverse momentum distribution of correlation functions of two nucleons does not yield information on the in-medium cross section.

Deuteron elastic and deep inelastic electromagnetic properties have been studied within the front-form Hamiltonian dynamics, using a Poincar\\'e-covariant current operator. The deuteron elastic form factors are strongly sensitive to different realistic $N-N$ interactions, while the relevance of different nucleon form factor models is huge for $A(Q^2)$, weak for $B(Q^2)$ and negligible for the tensor polarization. The possibility to gain information on the neutron charge form factor from an analysis of $A(Q^2)$ has been investigated. The extraction of the neutron structure functions from the deuteron deep inelastic structure functions at high $x$ is largely affected by the use of our Poincar\\'e-covariant relativistic approach instead of the usual impulse approximation within an instant-form approach.

We present a model that realizes both resonance-Regge (Veneziano) and parton-hadron (Bloom-Gilman) duality. We first review the features of the Veneziano model and we discuss how parton-hadron duality appears in the Bloom-Gilman model. Then we review limitations of the Veneziano model, namely that the zero-width resonances in the Veneziano model violate unitarity and Mandelstam analyticity. We discuss how such problems are alleviated in models that construct dual amplitudes with Mandelstam analyticity (so-called DAMA models). We then introduce a modified DAMA model, and we discuss its properties. We present a pedagogical model for dual amplitudes and we construct the nucleon structure function F2(x,Q2). We explicitly show that the resulting structure function realizes both Veneziano and Bloom-Gilman duality.

The spin structure of the nucleon has been studied in deep inelastic scattering of polarized leptons from polarized nucleon targets. When we combine polarized proton and neutron structure functions, g_1^p and g_1^n, and the ?-decay constant of octet baryons, one concludes that only a small fraction of the proton spin is carried by quarks and anti-quarks together. In this process, flavor SU(3) has been assumed, and it is crucial to have independent measurements of the quark and anti-quark contribution to the proton spin. Production of W in polarized pp collisions is a unique tool to study the spin-flavor structure of the proton. W is produced through a pure V-A interaction, which means the helicity states of the quark and anti-quark are fixed. In addition, W couples to the weak charge, which correlates strongly with the quark flavor. In polarized pp collisions at 500 GeV using the RHIC as a polarized collider, production of W will be copious due to the high expected luminosity (2×10^32cm-2sec-1). Production of W can be identified with high-pT muons in the Muon Arms or high-pT electrons in the Central Arms in PHENIX. Sensitivity of the spin-flavor studies will be discussed based on the expected yield and on background considerations.

We consider the two-nucleon system at next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order (N{sup 3}LO) in chiral effective field theory. The two-nucleon potential at N{sup 3}LO consists of one-, two- and three-pion exchanges and a set of contact interactions with zero, two and four derivatives. In addition, one has to take into account various isospin-breaking and relativistic corrections. We employ spectral function regularization for the multi-pion exchanges. Within this framework, it is shown that the three-pion exchange contribution is negligibly small. The low-energy constants (LECs) related to pion-nucleon vertices are taken consistently from studies of pion-nucleon scattering in chiral perturbation theory. The total of 26 four-nucleon LECs has been determined by a combined fit to some np and pp phase shifts from the Nijmegen analysis together with the nn scattering length. The description of nucleon-nucleon scattering and the deuteron observables at N{sup 3}LO is improved compared to the one at NLO and NNLO. The theoretical uncertainties in observables are estimated based on the variation of the cut-offs in the spectral function representation of the potential and in the regulator utilized in the Lippmann-Schwinger equation.

We present a summary of a recent workshop held at Duke University on Partonic Transverse Momentum in Hadrons: Quark Spin-Orbit Correlations and Quark-Gluon Interactions. The trans- verse momentum dependent parton distribution functions (TMDs), parton-to-hadron fragmenta- tion functions, and multi-parton correlation functions, were discussed extensively at the Duke workshop. In this paper, we summarize first the theoretical issues concerning the study of partonic structure of hadrons at a future electron-ion collider (EIC) with emphasis on the TMDs. We then present simulation results on experimental studies of TMDs through measurements of single spin asymmetries (SSA) from semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering (SIDIS) processes with an EIC, and discuss the requirement of the detector for SIDIS measurements. The dynamics of parton correlations in the nucleon is further explored via a study of SSA in D (`D) production at large transverse momenta with the aim of accessing the unexplored tri-gluon correlation f...

We are presenting the first ab initio structure investigation of the loosely bound {sup 11}Be nucleus, together with a study of the lighter isotope {sup 9}Be. The nuclear structure of these isotopes is particularly interesting due to the appearance of a parity-inverted ground state in {sup 11}Be. Our study is performed in the framework of the ab initio no-core shell model. Results obtained using four different, high-precision two-nucleon interactions, in model spaces up to 9{h_bar}{Omega}, are shown. For both nuclei, and all potentials, we reach convergence in the level ordering of positive- and negative-parity spectra separately. Concerning their relative position, the positive-parity states are always too high in excitation energy, but a fast drop with respect to the negative-parity spectrum is observed when the model space is increased. This behavior is most dramatic for {sup 11}Be. In the largest model space we were able to reach, the 1/2{sup +} level has dropped down to become either the first or the second excited state, depending on which interaction we use. We also observe a contrasting behavior in the convergence patterns for different two-nucleon potentials, and argue that a three-nucleon interaction is needed to explain the parity inversion. Furthermore, large-basis calculations of {sup 13}C and {sup 11}B are performed. This allows us to study the systematics of the position of the first unnatural-parity state in the N = 7 isotone and the A = 11 isobar. The {sup 11}B run in the 9{h_bar}{Omega} model space involves a matrix with dimension exceeding 1.1 x 10{sup 9}, and is our largest calculation so far. We present results on binding energies, excitation spectra, level configurations, radii, electromagnetic observables, and {sup 10}Be + n overlap functions.

Transverse energy, charged particle, and photon pseudorapidity distributions have been studied as a function of the number of participants (N_{part}) and the number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions (N_{coll}) in 158 A GeV Pb+Pb collisions over a wide impact parameter range. A scaling of the transverse energy and charged particle pseudorapidity density at midrapidity as N_{part}^{1.08} and N_{coll}^{0.83} is observed. This faster than linear scaling with N_{part} indicates a violation of the naive Wounded Nucleon Model.

We present measurements of differential cross sections and the analyzing powers A_y, iT11, T20, T21, and T22 at E_c.m.=431.3 keV. In addition, an excitation function of iT11(theta_c.m.=87.8 degrees) for 431.3 <= E_c.m. <= 2000 keV is presented. These data are compared to calculations employing realistic nucleon-nucleon interactions, both with and without three-nucleon forces. Excellent agreement with the tensor analyzing powers and cross section is found, while the Ay and iT11 data are found to be underpredicted by the calculations.

We report on recent work concerning the effect which the change in vacuum structure (negative energy Dirac sea), in the presence of a confining scalar field, has on the nucleon structure functions and parton distributions. Using the Dirac equation in 1+1 dimensions, we show that distortions in the Dirac sea are responsible for part of the violation of the Gottfried sum rule -- i.e., part of the flavor asymmetry in the proton sea. Our basic argument is that, even if isospin is an exact symmetry, the presence of a confining potential changes the vacuum structure, and inevitably leads to a violation of SU(2) flavour symmetry in a hadron with a different number of valence $u$ and $d$ quarks. The same mechanism also leads to a prediction for $\\Delta\\bar{u}$ and $\\Delta\\bar{d}$.

The 2 primary requirements of a Martian habitat structure include sufficient structural integrity and effective radiation shielding. In addition, the capability to synthesize such building materials primarily from in-situ resources would significantly reduce the cost associated with transportation of such materials and structures from earth. To demonstrate the feasibility of such an approach we have fabricated samples in the laboratory using simulated in-situ resources, evaluated radiation shielding effectiveness using radiation transport codes and radiation test data, and conducted mechanical properties testing. In this paper we will present experimental results that demonstrate the synthesis of polyethylene from a simulated Martian atmosphere and the fabrication of a composite material using simulated Martian regolith with polyethylene as the binding material. Results from radiation transport calculations and data from laboratory radiation testing using a 500 MeV/nucleon Fe beam will be discussed. Mechanical properties of the proposed composite as a function of composition and processing parameters will also be presented.

The large-q/sup 2/ behavior of the elastic form factor of a hadron or nucleus is related by dimensional counting to the number of its elementary constituents. Dimensional-scaling predictions are derived for the B (q/sup 2/)/A (q/sup 2/) ratio in the Rosenbluth formula, multiple-photon-exchange corrections, and the mass parameters which control the onset of the asymptotic power law in the meson, nucleon, and deuteron form factors. A simple ''democratic chain'' model predicts that for large q/sup 2/, F (q/sup 2/) proportional (1 - q/sup 2//m/sub n/ /sup 2/)/sup 1 -//sup n/, where m/sub n/ /sup 2/ is proportional to the number of constituents n. In the case of nuclear targets (or systems with several scales of compositeness), we also define the ''reduced'' form factor f/sub A/(q/sup 2/) = F/sub A/(q/sup 2/)/Pi/sup A//sub i//sub 1/F/sub i/(q/sub i/ /sup 2/) in order to remove the minimal falloff of F/sub A/ due to the nucleon form factors at q/sub i/ /sup 2/ = (m/sub i/ /sup 2//M/sub A/ /sup 2/) q/sup 2/. Dimensional counting predicts (q/sup 2/)/sup A/sup -1//f/sub A/(q/sup 2/) ..-->.. const. A systematic comparison of the data for ..pi.., p, n, and deuteron form factors with the dimensional-scaling quark-model predictions is given. Predictions are made for the large-spacelike-q/sup 2/ /sup 3/He and ..cap alpha..-particle form factors. We also relate the deuteron form factor to (off-shell) fixed-angle n-p scattering, and show that the experimental results for t/sup 5/F/sub d/(t) are consistent with the magnitude of the s-wave wave function u' (0) obtained from soft-core potentials. The relation of the dynamics of an underlying six-quark state of the deuteron to the nucleon-potential and meson-exchange-current contributions is discussed. The scaling of q/sup 2/f/sub d/(q/sup 2/) implies that the nuclear potential (after removing the effects of nucleon structure) displays the scale-invariant behavior of a theory without a fundamental length scale. Predictions are also given for the structure functions, fragmentation, and large-angle scattering of a nucleus. (AIP)

We report the status of nucleon structure calculations on the (2+1)-flavor dynamical domain-wall fermions ensembles with pion masses as low as 180 and 250 MeV on a lattice with about 4.6 fm spatial extent. A combination of the Iwasaki+dislocation- suppressing-determinant-ratio (I+DSDR) gauge action and DWF fermion action allows us to generate these ensembles at cutoff of about 1.4 GeV while keeping the residual mass small. Nucleon source Gaussian smearing has been optimized. Preliminary nucleon mass estimates are 0.98 and 1.05 GeV.

Relativistic models which simulate the two-nucleon system are constructed by means of the one-dimensional two-body Dirac equation, and differences between relativistic and nonrelativistic descriptions are illustrated. The relativistic interaction is assumed to consist of a Lorentz scalar S and the zeroth-component V of a vector; the S is attractive and the V repulsive. This interaction has intriguing features. Unlike the nonrelativistic case, the nucleon-nucleon phase shift can be fitted easily without assuming that the range of the repulsive V is smaller than that of the attractive S. Implications for deuteron structure are examined.

We report on recent results obtained by the above collaboration on the collision processes involving three nucleons, where we pay particular attention on the dynamical role of the pion. After discussing the case at intermediate energies, where real pions can be produced and detected, we have considered the case at lower energies, where the pions being exchanged are virtual. The study has revealed the presence of some new pion-exchange mechanisms, which leads to a new three-nucleon force of tensor structure. Recently, the effect of this tensor three-nucleon force to the spin observables for neutron-deuteron scattering at low energy has been analyzed, and will be briefly reviewed. (author)

We investigate the possibility to describe nuclear matter in an approach constrained by the proeminent features of quantum chromodynamics. We mapped the in-medium nucleon self-energies of a point coupling relativistic mean-field model on self-energies obtained in effective theories of QCD. More precisely, the contributions to the nucleon self-energy have been separated into the short range part, driven principally by the quark structure of the nucleon described in a quark-diquark picture, and the long range part, dictated by pion dynamics and determined with in-medium chiral perturbation theory. A realistic description of nuclear matter saturation properties has been obtained with the inclusion of small phenomenological correction terms.

This paper discusses the derivation of an effective shell-model hamiltonian starting from a realistic nucleon-nucleon potential by way of perturbation theory. More precisely, we present the state of the art of this approach when the starting point is the perturbative expansion of the Qˆ-box vertex function. Questions arising from diagrammatics, intermediate-states and order-by-order convergences, and their dependence on the chosen nucleon-nucleon potential, are discussed in detail, and the results of numerical applications for the p-shell model space starting from chiral next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order potentials are shown. Moreover, an alternative graphical method to derive the effective hamiltonian, based on the Zˆ-box vertex function recently introduced by Suzuki et al., is applied to the case of a non-degenerate (0+2)?? model space. Finally, our shell-model results are compared with the exact ones obtained from no-core shell-model calculations.

Two-nucleon momentum distributions are calculated for the ground states of {sup 3}He and {sup 4}He as a function of the nucleons' relative and total momenta. We use variational Monte Carlo wave functions derived from a realistic Hamiltonian with two- and three-nucleon potentials. The momentum distribution of pp pairs is found to be much smaller than that of pn pairs for values of the relative momentum in the range (300--500) MeV/c and vanishing total momentum. Howeer, as the totalmomentum increases to 400 MeV/c, the ratio of pp to pn pairs in this relative momentum range grows and approaches the limit 1/2 for {sup 3}He and 1/4 for {sup 4}He, corresponding to the ratio of pp to pn pairs in these nuclei. This behavior should be easily observable in two-nucleon knock-out processes, such as A(e, e'pN).

Nuclear structure of {sup 7}Be, {sup 8}B and {sup 7,8}Li is studied within the ab initio no-core shell model (NCSM). Starting from high-precision nucleon-nucleon (NN) interactions, wave functions of {sup 7}Be and {sup 8}B bound states are obtained in basis spaces up to 10 h bar{Omega} and used to calculate channel cluster form factors (overlap integrals) of the {sup 8}B ground state with {sup 7}Be+p. Due to the use of the harmonic oscillator (HO) basis, the overlap integrals have incorrect asymptotic properties. We fix this problem in two alternative ways. First, by a Woods-Saxon (WS) potential solution fit to the interior of the NCSM overlap integrals. Second, by a direct matching with the Whittaker function. The corrected overlap integrals are then used for the {sup 7}Be(p,{gamma}){sup 8}B S-factor calculation. We study the convergence of the S-factor with respect to the NCSM HO frequency and the model space size. Our S-factor results are in agreement with recent direct measurement data. We also test the spectroscopic factors and the corrected overlap integrals from the NCSM in describing the momentum distributions in knockout reactions with {sup 8}B projectiles. A good agreement with the available experimental data is also found, attesting the overall consistency of the calculations.

Nuclear structure of {sup 7}Be, {sup 8}B and {sup 7,8}Li is studied within the ab initio no-core shell model (NCSM). Starting from the high-precision CD-Bonn 2000 nucleon-nucleon (NN) interaction, wave functions of {sup 7}Be and {sup 8}B bound states are obtained in basis spaces up to 10{h_bar}{Omega} and used to calculate channel cluster form factors (overlap integrals) of the {sup 8}B ground state with {sup 7}Be+p. Due to the use of the harmonic oscillator (HO) basis, the overlap integrals have incorrect asymptotic properties. We fix this problem in two alternative ways. First, by a Woods-Saxon (WS) potential solution fit to the interior of the NCSM overlap integrals. Second, by a direct matching with the Whittaker function. The corrected overlap integrals are then used for the {sup 7}Be(p,{gamma}){sup 8}B S-factor calculation. We study the convergence of the S-factor with respect to the NCSM HO frequency and the model space size. Our S-factor results are in agreement with recent direct measurement data.

A simple model of a composite nucleon is developed in which a fermion and a boson, representing quark and diquark constituents of the nucleon, form a bound state owing to a contact interaction. Photon and pion couplings to the quark provide vertex functions for the photon and pion interactions with the composite nucleon. By a suitable choice of cutoff parameters of the model, realistic electromagnetic form factors are obtained. When a pseudoscalar pion-quark coupling is used, the pion-nucleon coupling is predominantly pseudovector. A virtual photopion amplitude is considered in which there are two types of contributions: hadronic contributions where the photon and pion interactions have an intervening propagator of the nucleon or its excited states, and contact-like contributions where the photon and pion interactions occur within a single vertex. At large Q, the contact-like contributions are dominant. The model nucleon exhibits scaling behavior in deep-inelastic scattering and the normalization of the parton distribution provides a rough normalization of the contact-like contributions. Calculations for the virtual photopion amplitude are performed using kinematics appropriate to its occurrence as a meson-exchange current in electron-deuteron scattering. The results show that the contact-like terms can dominate the meson-exchange current for Q > 1 GeV/c. There is a direct connection of the contact-like terms to the off-forward parton distributions of the model nucleon.

Jefferson Lab Experiment E04-001 used the Rosenbluth technique to measure R = sigmaL/sigmaT and F 2 on nuclear targets. This experiment was part of a multilab effort to investigate quark-hadron duality and the electromagnetic and weak structure of the nuclei in the nucleon resonance region. In addition to the studies of quark-hadron duality in electron scattering on nuclear targets, these data will be used as input form factors in future analysis of neutrino data which investigate quark-hadron duality of the nucleon and nuclear axial structure functions. An important goal of this experiment is to provide precise data which to allow a reduction in uncertainties in neutrino oscillation parameters for neutrino oscillation experiments (K2K, MINOS). This inclusive experiment was completed in July 2007 at Jefferson Lab where the Hall C High Momentum Spectrometer detected the scattered electron. Measurements were done in the nuclear resonance region (1 < W2 < 4 GeV2) spanning the four-momentum transfer range 0.5 < Q2 < 4.5 (GeV 2). Data was collected from four nuclear targets: C, Al, Fe and Cu.

The nuclear mean-field theory, with its various extensions, plays a major role in the description of nuclear structure and excitations, and has somewhat gained the status of ``Standard Model'' in nuclear structure. Until recently, its microscopic variant has relied essentially on a phenomenological nucleon-nucleon interaction. Although qualitatively very versatile, such nuclear mean-field approaches are often not as precise as Shell Model or Ab Initio techniques, and their connection with the underlying theory of nuclear forces is not very clear. Three recent evolutions are beginning to change this picture, and suggest that the spectroscopic-quality description of heavy nuclei could be possible in a not so distant future. Firstly, the remarkable achievements of the Density Functional Theory (DFT) in Quantum Chemistry have proved very fruitful for the development of its nuclear counterpart; simultaneously, major progress has been made in the construction of nuclear interactions based on chiral effective field theory; finally, the fast development of large-scale computing facilities across the world has allowed calculations that were unthinkable only a few years ago. This talk will begin by a brief overwiew of modern nuclear DFT, essentially from a practitioner's point of view. Some of the recent noticeable achievements in the field will then be reviewed. Finally, I will indicate some of the present avenues of research in nuclear DFT.

The work of the five staff members is presented individually in turn. (1) Nonperturbative aspects of quantum chromodynamics and its implication for phenomena involving nucleon structure, nuclear structure, and relativistic heavy-ion collisions. (2) Symmetries and the connection of the quark-gluon description of nucleons and nuclei with the nucleon-meson degrees of freedom-parity nonconservation, time reversal invariance, chiral symmetry and charge symmetry, QCD sum rules. (3) The relation between nuclear physics and quantum chromodynamics-physics of color transparency, fundamental symmetries, physics of confinement and hadronic form factors, EMC effect. (4) Chirally invariant chromo-dielectric soliton model, many-nucleon system in models of QCD, flux tube dynamics, {anti p}-p to {anti {Lambda}}-{Lambda} and {anti {Lambda}}-{Sigma} collisions, isotopic effects in atomic parity nonconservation, quantum molecular dynamics. (5) Numerical work related to lattice QCD simulations, and analytical work related to model studies of hadronic phenomenology and the development and understanding of new methods.

We construct a BCS-like model that combines nucleonic pairing correlations and possible quartic correlations of alpha-type in a single variational wave function and derive corresponding gap equations. In the approximation of large logarithms typical for the BCS approach, we show that the system reveals two possible types of a condensate which cannot coexist. If the alpha-type condensate prevails at N=Z, the growth of the neutron excess will naturally lead to the first order phase transition to the nucleon condensates.

Abstract in english In our recent works we derived a chiral O(q4) two-pion exchange nucleon-nucleon potential (TPEP) formulated in a relativistic baryon (RB) framework, expressed in terms of the so called low energy constants (LECs) and functions representing covariant loop integrations. In order to facilitate the use of the potential in nuclear applications, we present a parametrized version of our configuration space TPEP.

We examine the sensitivity of the deuteron Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) to variation in the nucleon-nucleon interaction. In particular, we write the EDM as a sum of two terms, one depends on the target wave function, the second on intermediate multiple scattering states in the {sup 3}P{sub 1} channel. This second contribution is sensitive to off-shell behavior of the {sup 3}P{sub 1} amplitude.

The ratio of pre-equilibrium neutrons to protons from collisions of neutron-rich nuclei is studied as a function of their kinetic energies. This ratio is found to be sensitive to the density dependence of the nuclear symmetry energy, but is independent of the compressibility of symmetric nuclear matter and the in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross sections. The experimental measurement of this ratio thus provides a novel means for determining the nuclear equation of state of asymmetric nuclear matter.

Breakup reactions of loosely-bound nuclei are often used to extract structure and/or astrophysical information. Here we compare three non-perturbative reaction theories often used when analyzing breakup experiments, namely the continuum discretized coupled channel model, the time-dependent approach relying on a semiclassical approximation, and the dynamical eikonal approximation. Our test case consists of the breakup of 15C on Pb at 68 MeV/nucleon and 20 MeV/nucleon.

Precision measurements of the structure of nucleons and nuclei in the regime of strong interaction QCD are now possible with the availability of high current polarized electron beams, polarized targets, and recoil polarimeters, in conjunction with modern spectrometers and detector instrumentation. The authors present some recent results from the Jefferson Lab on the charge and current distributions of nucleons and nuclei. They also review measurements which relate physics at small distances to the regime where strong interaction QCD is the relevant theory.

Modern nuclear thermochemistry is more than a collection of Q values of nuclear reactions or transformations and than a table of atomic masses, and nuclear binding energies of nucleons and dinucleons. It is indeed possible to calculate all the various neutron-proton interaction energies and pairing energies of the valence nucleons and dinucleons, and to give a complete description of the energetic structure of the nuclei in their ground state. Even the process of nuclear fission can receive a better description. (author)

Participants in the Round Table Discussion at the International Conference on Band Structure and Nuclear Dynamics were to make editorial comments on what transpired during the conference. This paper contains comments of one panel member on questions which he feels were not addressed during the meeting. His comments concern the Coriolis force in rotating nuclei and its relation to the nucleon-nucleon interaction, the microscopic origin of rotational states, and the interacting boson model. (RWR)

Abstract in spanish La dispersión de electrones a altas transferencias de impulso es estudiada usando la distribución de momentos de un nucleón, mientras que los efectos de ligadura se introducen mediante la teoría de campo medio relativista. El modelo naturalmente conserva la corriente electromagnética, ya que el tensor respuesta para un nucleón fuera de la capa de masas mantiene la misma forma que la de un nucleón libre pero con una masa efectiva. Diferentes parametrizaciones de la (more) respuesta inelástica del nucleón son usadas. También analizamos la respuesta nuclear experimental en términos de la variable y de escaleamiento asociada al modelo. Los datos recientes del CEBAF para la sección eficaz inclusiva de electrones de 4.05 GeV sobre B6Fe, son bien reproducidos para todas las geometrías medidas. La función de escaleamiento teórica describe propiamente la tendencia de los datos experimentales, excepto a valores altos de Q² y valores negativos de y. Se proponen futuras mejoras al modelo. Abstract in english Electron scattering by nuclei at high momentum transfers is studied within the Fermi smearing approximation (FSA), where binding effects on the struck nucleon are introduced via the relativistic mean field theory (MFT). The model naturally preserves electromagnetic current conservation, since the response tensor for an off-shell nucleon conserves the same form that for a free one but with an effective mass. Different parameterizations for the inelastic nucleon structure f (more) unction, are used. We also analyze the behavior of the experimental nuclear response in terms of the scaling variable y associated to the model. Recent CEBAF data for the inclusive cross section of 4.05 GeV electrons on 56Fe, are well reproduced for all measured geometries. The theoretical scaling function describes properly the trend of the experimental data, except at high values of Q² and large negative values of y. Future improvements to the model are proposed.

Effective two nucleon, (NN), interactions in the nuclear medium have been defined from an accurate mapping of NN g matrices obtained by solving the Brueckner-Bethe-Goldstone (BBG) equations for infinite nuclear matter. Those effective interactions have been used in fully microscopic calculations of proton-light nuclei (nonlocal) effective interactions from which predictions of the elastic scattering differential cross sections and analysing powers have been obtained. Results for incident proton energies of 65 and 200 MeV are considered in particular herein. The associated relative motion wave functions have been used as the distorted waves in distorted wave approximation (DWA) studies of select inelastic and DWA (p,p) calculations has been found from full (0+2){Dirac_h}{omega} shell model evaluations of the nuclear structure; wave functions of which give good descriptions of from factors obtained from electron scattering. 12 refs., 7 figs.

An introduction to the use of Bethe-Salpeter and quasipotential equations in the description of electron scattering from the deuteron is provided. The basic formalism and many technical issues are introduced in the context of a simple scalar theory. Results for bound-state wave functions and scattering phases shifts for a variety of quasipotential prescriptions are presented and qualitative characteristics of these solutions are discussed. The elastic form factors for the bound state in this model are calculated using the spectator or Gross equation. The calculations are then extended to account for the complexities associated with nucleon spin and results are presented for the elastic structure functions of the deuteron using the spectator equation. This calculation is shown to produce a good description of elastic electron scattering from the deuteron over the range of momentum transfers for which data are available.

The binding energies and root mean square radii obtained from the Integro-Differential Equation Approach (IDEA) and from the Weight Function Approximation (WFA) of the IDEA for an even number of bosons and for {sup 12}C, {sup 16}O and {sup 40}Ca are compared to those recently obtained by the Variational Monte Carlo, Fermi Hypernetted Chain and Coupled Cluster expansion method with model potentials. The IDEA provides numbers very similar to those obtained by other methods although it takes only two-body correlations into account. The analytical expression of the wave function for the WFA is given for bosons in ground state when the interaction pair is outside the potential range. Due to its simple structure, the equations of the IDEA can easily be extended to realistic interaction for nuclei like it has already been done for the tri-nucleon and the {sup 4}He. (authors)

The quark-exchange formalism for nuclear systems is reformulated to treat the proton, neutron and up and down quarks explicitly and it is used to calculate the structure functions of A=3 mirror nuclei, i.e., 3He and 3H nuclei. The solution of Faddeev equations is used as the three nucleon system wave function and the initial valence quark input are taken from the GRV's (Glück, Reya and Vogt) next-to-leading order QCD calculations on F2p(x,Q) which give very good fits to the available data in the (x,Q)-plane. The momentum distributions of 3He, 3H and isoscalar A=3 systems as well as up and down quarks are discussed. It is shown that the quark-exchange has a sizable contribution to the structure functions of A=3 systems. So it is concluded that the nuclear structure effect is still important in 3He and 3H nuclei and the spectral functions based on the naive impulse approximation are not enough to extract the neutron structure function from these nuclei. These phenomena can be tested by the future deep inelastic electron experiments on 3He and 3H nuclei, especially those expected from the proposed 11 GeV Jefferson Laboratory.

The so called {open_quotes}EMC effect{close_quotes} discovered during the 1980`s, has caused a big controversy in the community of nuclear and high energy physicists; during the last ten years, five experiments have been performed in different laboratories and several hundreds of papers about the possible interpretation of the modification of the nucleon structure function inside nuclei have been published. However, from the experimental point of view, the main goal of four experiments (EMC, BCDMS, NMC, FNAL) has been to emphasize the region of low x{sub b}, where shadowing effects appear. In the region of valence quarks and nuclear effects (x{sub b} > 0.1 - 0.2) the most reliable data presently available are from the SLAC E139 experiment performed in 1983 with only 80 hours of beam time. New precise data in the valence quark region are necessary to measure separate structure functions F{sub 2}(x{sub b}, Q{sup 2}) and R{sup lt}(x{sub b},Q{sup 2}) = {sigma}{sub l}/{sigma}{sub t}, and to investigate the real A-dependence of the ratio between bound and free-nucleon structure functions which is not completely defined by the SLAC data. Moreover, from the nuclear physics point of view, a measurement on some unexplored nuclei, like {sup 3}He and {sup 48}Ca, would be of great interest. The intermediate scaling region (0.1 < x{sub b} < 0.7) would be accessible at CEBAF if the machine energy will reach 6-8 GeV, as suggested by all the tests performed on the RF cavities. This physics program has been already presented in two letter of intents.

In this paper, we put forward a way to study the nucleon's thermodynamic properties such as its temperature, entropy and so on, without inputting any free parameters by human hand, even the nucleon's mass and radius. First we use the Lagrangian density of the quark gluon coupling fields to deduce the Dirac Equation of the quarks confined in the gluon fields. By boundary conditions we solve the wave functions and energy eigenvalues of the quarks, and thus get energy-momentum tensor, nucleon mass, and density of states. Then we utilize a hybrid grand canonical ensemble, to generate the temperature and chemical potentials of quarks, antiquarks of three flovars by the four conservation laws of the energy and the valence quark numbers, after which, all other thermodynamic properties are known. The only seemed free paremeter, the nucleon radius is finally determined by the grand potential minimal principle.

With the aim at quantitatively investigating the longstanding problem concerning the effect of short range nucleon-nucleon correlations on scattering processes at high energies, the total neutron-nucleus cross section is calculated within a parameter-free approach which, for the first time, takes into account, simultaneously, central, spin, isospin and tensor nucleon-nucleon (NN) correlations, and Glauber elastic and Gribov inelastic shadowing corrections. Nuclei ranging from 4He to 208Pb and incident neutron momenta in the range 3 GeV/c - 300 GeV/c are considered; the commonly used approach which approximates the square of the nuclear wave function by a product of one-body densities is carefully analyzed, showing that NN correlations can play a non-negligible role in high energy scattering off nuclei.

Semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering off the Deuteron with production of a slow nucleon in recoil kinematics is studied in the virtual nucleon approximation, in which the final state interaction (FSI) is calculated within general eikonal approximation. The cross section is derived in a factorized approach, with a factor describing the virtual photon interaction with the off-shell nucleon and a distorted spectral function accounting for the final-state interactions. One of the main goals of the study is to understand how much the general features of the diffractive high energy soft rescattering accounts for the observed features of FSI in deep inelastic scattering(DIS). Comparison with the Jefferson Lab data shows good agreement in the covered range of kinematics. Most importantly, our calculation correctly reproduces the rise of the FSI in the forward direction of the slow nucleon production angle. By fitting our calculation to the data we extracted the $W$ and $Q^2$ dependences of the total cross section...

Variational Monte Carlo and Green's function Monte Carlo are powerful tools for calculations of properties of light nuclei using realistic two-nucleon and three-nucleon potentials. Recently the GFMC method has been extended to multiple states with the same quantum numbers. The combination of the Argonne v_18 two-nucleon and Illinois-2 three-nucleon potentials gives a good prediction of many energies of nuclei up to 12C. A number of other recent results are presented: comparison of binding energies with those obtained by the no-core shell model; the incompatibility of modern nuclear Hamiltonians with a bound tetra-neutron; difficulties in computing RMS radii of very weakly bound nuclei, such as 6He; center-of-mass effects on spectroscopic factors; and the possible use of an artificial external well in calculations of neutron-rich isotopes.