Theoretical and experimental papers are present in these proceedings on the following subjects: Moessbauer effects and spectroscopy, minerals, structural chemical analysis, crustal structure, ion oxides, hyperfine structure, geology, catalysts, transmission and absorption spectroscopies, materials, crystal and hyperfine structures, stereochemistry and geological materials.

Structural geology models greatly benefit from multi-scale investigations. To understand the complex structural geology of the southern flank of the western Jabal Akhdar anticline (Oman Mountains), this thesis presents a multi-scale analysis on structural elements like faults, fractures and veins of...

The collection is dedicated to a new progressive trend in geology, system structural analysis of rock layer associations. The methodological, theoretical and technical questions of this particular approach are examined. Its meaning for solving applied problems and questions of stratigraphy, tectonics and coal, oil and gas geology and so on is shown in specific material from different basins.

General method questions are examined of landscape-geomorphical analysis of a photo image of space photographs and subsequent structural-geological interpretation using geophysical data. Examples are presented of indicating different-order structural elements on photographs of different levels of generalization. Possibilities are covered of studying general laws governing indication of local structures based on structural geomorphical zoning.

Giant duplexes called mushwads in the southern Appalachian thrust belt are estimated to contain a natural gas resource base of about 17.7Tcm (625Tcf). Early development efforts in mushwads of the Cambrian-age Conasauga Formation encountered significant challenges and highlight the need for an integrated, multidisciplinary approach to shale gas exploration. To facilitate development of this gigantic resource, an integrated geological analysis of stratigraphy, sedimentation, structural geology, basin hydrodynamics, petrology, geochemistry, gas storage and mobility, and reservoir volumetrics was conducted. The results of this analysis demonstrate the myriad geological factors that need to be considered when developing shale gas resources and suggest that the greatest reservoir potential lies ...

Volume II B contains appendices for: flight line maps; geology maps; explanation of geologic legend; flight line/geology maps; radiometric contour maps; magnetic contour maps; multi-variant analysis maps; and geochemical factor analysis maps. (ATT)

This volume contains eight appendices: flight line maps, geology maps, explanation of geologic legend, flight line/geology maps, radiometric contour maps, magnetic contour maps, multi-variant analysis maps, and geochemical factor analysis maps.

In many geologic settings, the pathways of groundwater flow are controlled by geologic heterogeneities which have complex geometries. Models of these geologic heterogeneities, and consequently, their effects on the simulated pathways of groundwater flow, are characterized by uncertainty. Multiple-point geostatistics, which uses a training image to represent complex geometric descriptions of geologic heterogeneity, provides a stochastic approach to the analysis of geologic uncertainty. Incorporating multiple-point geostatistics into numerical models provides a way to extend this analysis to the effects of geologic uncertainty on the results of flow simulations. We present two case studies to demonstrate the application of multiple-point geostatistics to numerical flow simulation in complex geologic settings with both static and dynamic conditioning data. Both cases involve the development of a training image from a complex geometric description of the geologic environment. Geologic heterogeneity is modeled stochastically by generating multiple equally-probable realizations, all consistent with the training image. Numerical flow simulation for each stochastic realization provides the basis for analyzing the effects of geologic uncertainty on simulated hydraulic response. The first case study is a hypothetical geologic scenario developed using data from the alluvial deposits in Yucca Flat, Nevada. The SNESIM algorithm is used to stochastically model geologic heterogeneity conditioned to the mapped surface geology as well as vertical drill-hole data. Numerical simulation of groundwater flow and contaminant transport through geologic models produces a distribution of hydraulic responses and contaminant concentration results. From this distribution of results, the probability of exceeding a given contaminant concentration threshold can be used as an indicator of uncertainty about the location of the contaminant plume boundary. The second case study considers a characteristic lava-flow aquifer system in Pahute Mesa, Nevada. A 3D training image is developed by using object-based simulation of parametric shapes to represent the key morphologic features of rhyolite lava flows embedded within ash-flow tuffs. In addition to vertical drill-hole data, transient pressure head data from aquifer tests can be used to constrain the stochastic model outcomes. The use of both static and dynamic conditioning data allows the identification of potential geologic structures that control hydraulic response. These case studies demonstrate the flexibility of the multiple-point geostatistics approach for considering multiple types of data and for developing sophisticated models of geologic heterogeneities that can be incorporated into numerical flow simulations.

A case study of Dahu landslide from Linbao Henan in China was discussed in this paper. Based on various kinds of basic data, the 3D numerical model of a geological structure which possesses all kinds of information including the mechanical characteristics and the geometrical parameters of geological discontinuities were known from previous works. Thus, both the whole geological structure and all kinds of geological components involved in a slope can be visualized on computer, the complicated analysis and calculation can be then carried out easily and effectively. Firstly, the combination of 3D numerical model with the limit equilibrium analysis theory in slope stabilization can easily provide the present stability factor. Then according to monitoring data of the total station, the potentia...

On the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the data of field observations carried out by the Monitoring Service of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, geological and geodynamic conditions of the interaction between hydraulic structures and the host geological environment that contributed to the damage of the hydroelectric unit No. 2 were investigated; potentially hazardous geodynamic processes have been identified. The prediction capabilities of the measuring systems of high-head dams have been supported.

Ascension Island is a geologic anomaly. It was formed by volcanism along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge about 7 million years ago, and that volcanism has continued as the oceanic plate moved westward away from the media valley of the ridge. Geologic mapping during this study has documented the distribution and age relationships of lithologies and structures. Chemical analysis of rocks samples and have allowed a quantitative classification of rock types. Potential for a geothermal discovery on Ascension Island is very high.

The geological surveying presently uses methods and tools for the computer modeling of 3D-structures of the geographical subsurface and geotechnical characterization as well as the application of geoinformation systems for management and analysis of spatial data, and their cartographic presentation. The objectives of this paper are to present a 3D geological surface model of Latur district in Maharashtra state of India. This study is undertaken through the several processes which are discussed in this paper to generate and visualize the automated 3D geological surface model of a projected area.

SoftStructure is a package of more than 20 programs (most under DOS) for Quantitative Analysis in Structural Geology, including: MOHR, SHEAR, STRAIN, FRY, CALCITE_TWINS, STRESS_INVERSION, FOLTING, CRACK, ESHELBY, FAULT_GROWTH, and more. These programs are available for free for research and teaching purposes.

This paper describes maximum autocorrelation factor (MAF) analysis, maximum autocorrelation factorial kriging, and its application to irregularly sampled stream sediment geochemical data from South Greenland. Kriged MAF images are compared with kriged images of varimax rotated factors from an ordinary non-spatial factor analysis, and they are interpreted in a geological context. It is demonstrated that MAF analysis contrary to ordinary non-spatial factor analysis gives an objective discrimination of largescale as well as small-scale geological features which are related to crustal structure and the occurrence of specific rock types.

...RADIOACTIVE WASTES IN A GEOLOGIC REPOSITORY AT YUCCA MOUNTAIN, NEVADA...Analysis Report. An environmental impact statement must be prepared...description of the proposed geologic repository at the Yucca Mountain site...the location of the geologic repository operations area, the...

Uncertainty of groundwater model predictions has in the past mostly been related to uncertainty in the hydraulic parameters whereas uncertainty in the geological architecture has not been considered to the same extent. Recent developments in theoretical methods for quantifying geological uncertainty have made it possible to consider this factor in groundwater modeling. In this study we have applied the multiple-points simulation method (MPS) integrated in the Stanford Geostatistical Modeling Software (SGeMS) for exploring the impact of geological uncertainty on groundwater flow patterns for a site in Denmark. The multiple-point statistical simulation combines the strengths of pixel-based and object based simulation algorithms and is capable of integrating various sources of data. The main advantage of MPS is that the spatial structure of the geological composition is extracted from a training image (TI), which represents the geological conceptualization of the site as opposed to deriving the spatial structure from variogram or covariance in traditional 2-point geostatistics. The study area is a 14.5 km by 13.9 km area near Oelgod in western Denmark. Data from a total of 854 boreholes are obtained from Danish national geological database JUPITER and used as hard data for conditioning the geological model. Airborne electromagnetic observations based on the SkyTEM system are used as training image in a probabilistic framework. The sediments were categorized into four main geological units, quaternary sand, quaternary clay, pre-quaternary sand and pre-quaternary clay. The realizations from the geostatistical model were used as input to a groundwater model developed from MODFLOW within the GMS modeling environment. The uncertainty analysis is based on the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation methodology, and the likelihood function is conditioned to 220 observation wells. The analysis documents that the uncertainty on the conceptual geological model is significant compared to the uncertainty related to the embedded hydraulic parameters.

Reflection seismics can be used to determine the geology of the subsurface. An image of the subsurface is obtained by migration of the seismic data. The migration needs a velocity model, which is normally determined from (normal moveout) NMO-velocity analysis. However, in areas of complex geology NMO-velocity analysis fails, and migration-velocity analysis (an iterative migration process) is necessary. The result of prestack-migration velocity analysis is usually a smooth migration velocity model (i.e., the exact structure and interval velocities of the subsurface are not known). For an accurate interpretation of the geology, it is necessary to find the structural velocity model. The structure boundaries can be determined from the migrated image of the subsurface, using geologic constraints, such as non-crossing interfaces, known dip limits, well-log information, etc. To determine the velocities inside the structures, geological information, such as behavior of velocities inside the structures (known from well logs or common geological sense), is used to constrain the velocity inversion. Two approaches to the velocity inversion are investigated: (1) an extension of migration-velocity analysis and (2) a method that used amplitude-vs-offset information in the prestack migrated data. The smooth velocity model is converted to a structural model using the boundaries in the migrated image, and the velocity model is updated with an iterative method that minimizes the curvature in the CDP-gather after migration. The method flattens events in the gather before stack, thus improving the stackpower in the stacked image. Events are defined along lines of equal instantaneous phase. So, the method incorporates traveltime and phase information in the inversion. Amplitude information is considered in the second approach.

This paper presents the development and functionality of a suite of applications which are being developed to support the geological investigations in the Tono URL. GEOMASS will include 3D geological modelling, 3D fluid flow and solute transport and 3D visualisation capabilities. The 3D geological modelling in GEOMASS will be undertaken using a commercially available 3D geological modelling system, EarthVision. EarthVision provides 3D mapping, interpolation, analysis and well planning software. It is being used in the GEOMASS system to provide the geological framework (structure of the tectonic faults and stratigraphic and lithological contacts) to the 3D flow code. It is also being used to gather the geological data into a standard format for use throughout the investigation programme. The 3D flow solver to be used in GEOMASS is called Frac-Affinity. Frac-Affinity models the 3D geometry of the flow system as a hybrid medium, in which the rock contains both permeable, intact rock and fractures. Frac-Affinity also performs interpolation of heterogeneous rock mass property data using a fractal based approach and the generation of stochastic fracture networks. The code solves for transient flow over a user defined sub-region of the geological framework supplied by EarthVision. The results from Frac-Affinity are passed back to EarthVision so that the flow simulation can be visualized alongside the geological structure. This work-flow allows rapid assessment of the role of geological features in controlling flow. This paper will present the concepts and approach of GEOMASS and illustrate the practical application of GEOMASS using data from Tono 2 refs, 7 figs

Properties of the geological medium and conclusions about the geosystem are examined. Studies are made of the elements in the geological structure. Classifications are presented for geosystem soils, exogenous and geological processes, new definitions of formation and correct criteria for isolating it. Elements are covered of the general exogenous geological processes. Requirements for engineering-geological forecasting are examined in light of the systems approach and the theory of variability in the properties of the geological medium.

Based on a detailed analysis of coal geology data and applied goal, the necessity and probability of establishing coal geology metadata were clarified. The metadata standard for geology information was used for reference. The function and content of the coal geology metadata standard were analyzed. The appropriate rule about metadata standard was chosen. The configuration figure of coal geology metadata was presented. Coal geology metadata was used in a coal quality database for China. 6 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.

The efficiency of some criteria developed for the utilization of small scale and low resolution remote sensing products to map geological and structural features was demonstrated. Those criteria were adapted from the Logical Method of Photointerpretation which consists of textural qualitative analysis of landforms and drainage net patterns. LANDSAT images of channel 5 and 7, 4 LANDSAT-RBV scenes, and 1 radar mosiac were utilized. The region of study is characterized by supracrustal metassediments (quartzites and micaschist) folded according to a "zig-zag" pattern and gnaissic basement. Lithological-structural definition was considered outstanding when compared to data acquired during field work, bibliographic data and geologic maps acquired in larger scales.

The purpose of this analysis is to document the Quality Assurance (QA) classification of the Monitored Geologic Repository (MGR) muck handling system structures, systems and components (SSCs) performed by the MGR Safety Assurance Department. This analysis also provides the basis for revision of YMP/90-55Q, Q-List (YMP 1998). The Q-List identifies those MGR SSCs subject to the requirements of DOE/RW-0333P, ''Quality Assurance Requirements and Description (QARD) (DOE 1998). This QA classification incorporates the current MGR design and the results of the ''Preliminary Preclosure Design Basis Event Calculations for the Monitored Geologic Repository (CRWMS M and O 1998a).

An analysis is made of the concept of system emergency; it is defined as the manifestation of integrity of a system in which all the elements are united into one by definite bonds and relationships called a structural system. The existence of two final goals of geology has been established.

The heterogeneity of sedimentary structures at the decimeter scale is crucial to the understanding of groundwater flow and transport. In a series of two papers, we provide a detailed analysis of a fluvio-glacial aquifer analog: the Herten site. The geological data along a series of 2D sections in a ...

A Satellite Remote Sensing technique is demonstrated which provides accurate and cost effective near-surface geological structure data. In the exploration phase the technique enables the rapid and inexpensive screening of open licences and the targeting of seismic acquisition, particularly important in terrains of difficult data acquisition. This paper describes the satellite data used, the technique of horizon surface data extraction and the analysis of a case study from Yemen. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data and a high resolution digital elevation model (DEM), generated from stereo SPOT panchromatic images, are used in conjunction to identify a number of outcropping horizons and map their spatial position and height. Geological contacts are identified and digitised from the Landsat TM data and the elevations of these points taken from the digital elevation data. The extracted x,y,z co-ordinates are then gridded to construct a horizon structure map. The technique is applied to an area of central Yemen which is characterised by a near-surface {open_quote}layer cake{close_quote} geological structure in an extremely low dipping terrain (Less than 1{degrees}). The remote sensing interpretation is validated by comparison with 2D seismic across the area. Regional flexural structures with bed dips of as little as 0.25{degrees} can be mapped. Trend analysis and residual calculations on the horizon structure map show the techniques ability to identify and quantify horizon deformation related to faulting. Surface geological structure was successfully interpolated into the subsurface indicating potential fault closure at reservoir target depths.

The San Andres Formation (Permian, Guadalupian) of the Permian basin is representative of carbonate ramp reservoirs in that it has highly stratified character, complex facies and permeability structure, and generally low recovery efficiencies of 30% of original oil in place. The approach used here to describe carbonate ramp reservoirs such as the San Andres Formation produces detailed reservoir models based on integration of sequence stratigraphic analysis, petrophysical quantification through definition of rock fabric flow units, and fluid flow simulation. Synthesis of these subdisciplines clarifies which aspects of the geologic-petrophysical model are most significant in predicting reservoir performance and ultimately in understanding the location of remaining oil saturation. On the basis of sequence stratigraphic analysis, three scales of cyclicity are recognized: depositional sequences, high-frequency sequences, and cycles. Two-dimensional black oil fluid flow models illustrate that (1) major differences in sweep efficiency and fluid flow performance are predicted when linear interwell interpolations are compared with actual interwell-scale geologic structure as determined by outcrop geologic and petrophysical mapping, (2) an understanding of static geologic/petrophysical conditions provides only a partial understanding of reservoir performance defined by the interaction of these static properties and dynamic properties of fluid flow interaction within the flow unit architecture, and (3) because of the orderly distribution of high- and low-permeability facies within cycle stacks of high-frequency sequences, this larger scale of geologic description can give a reasonable first-order approximation of fluid flow patterns and early breakthrough. 87 refs., 33 figs., 1 tab.

Introduction: An important objective of geologic mapping is to project surficial structures and stratigraphy into the subsurface. Geophysical data and analysis are useful tools for achieving this objective. This aeromagnetic anomaly map provides a three-dimensional perspective to the geologic mapping of the Los Angeles 30 by 60 minute quadrangle. Aeromagnetic maps show the distribution of magnetic rocks, primarily those containing magnetite (Blakely, 1995). In the Los Angeles quadrangle, the magnetic sources are Tertiary and Mesozoic igneous rocks and Precambrian crystalline rocks. Aeromagnetic anomalies mark abrupt spatial contrasts in magnetization that can be attributed to lithologic boundaries, perhaps caused by faulting of these rocks or by intrusive contacts. This aeromagnetic map overlain on geology, with information from wells and other geophysical data, provides constraints on the subsurface geology by allowing us to trace faults beneath surficial cover and estimate fault dip and offset. This map supersedes Langenheim and Jachens (1997) because of its digital form and the added value of overlaying the magnetic data on a geologic base. The geologic base for this map is from Yerkes and Campbell (2005); some of their subunits have been merged into one on this map.

This report describes the development of geologic spatial analysis research which focuses on conducting comprehensive three-dimensional analysis of regions using geologic data sets that can be referenced by latitude, longitude, and elevation/depth. (CBS)

Geological structure analysis maps and lineament maps were prepared on the north-eastern area and parts of the ancillary areas thereof by analyzing radar images of a 1 to 200,000 scale. With regard to the geological structures, analyses were performed by using as the original data the north look radar images for the three special geothermal areas to have prepared the geological structure analysis maps. The analysis of the radar images identified ground bed boundary lines in more detail than in the existing geological maps, and new discoveries were made available on faults. The lineament maps were compiled by implanting into respectively corresponding topographic maps the 24 N-S lineament maps made by the west look radar images for the whole surveyed areas, and the 16 E-W lineament maps made by the north look radar images for the special geothermal areas. Based on the clarity and characteristics deciphered on the images, the lineaments were classified into the major, minor, and subtle lineaments, which were indicated on the lineament maps. The lineaments were digitized by positions of the edge points, and the histograms and statistical tables were prepared by computer processing. (NEDO)

Analysis of the geological and geophysical materials of the northeastern Caucasus and the eastern Ciscaucasus made it possible to isolate a series of structurally stratigraphic complexes, which are independent exploration subjects for deposits of oil and gas in them. Based on the exposed paleogeographic and tectonic features of the structure of the Permian-Triassic, the Jurassic, the Cretaceous and the Cenozoic sediments, the promise for discovering deposits of oil and gas in the cited sediments is examined.

The purpose of this analysis is to document the Quality Assurance (QA) classification of the Monitored Geologic Repository (MGR) site water system structures, systems and components (SSCs) performed by the MGR Safety Assurance Department. This analysis also provides the basis for revision of YMP/90-55Q, Q-List (YMP 1998). The Q-List identifies those MGR SSCs subject to the requirements of DOE/RW-0333P, ''Quality Assurance Requirements and Description'' (QARD) (DOE 1998).

The purpose of this analysis is to document the Quality Assurance (QA) classification of the Monitored Geologic Repository (MGR) general site transportation system structures, systems and components (SSCs) performed by the MGR Safety Assurance Department. This analysis also provides the basis for revision of YMP/90-55Q, Q-List (YMP 1998). The Q-List identifies those MGR SSCs subject to the requirements of DOE/RW-0333P, ''Quality Assurance Requirements and Description'' (QARD) (DOE 1998).

The purpose of this analysis is to document the Quality Assurance (QA) classification of the Monitored Geologic Repository (MGR) Operations Monitoring and Control System structures, systems and components (SSCs) performed by the MGR Safety Assurance Department. This analysis also provides the basis for revision of YMP/90-55Q, Q-List (YMP 1998). The Q-List identifies those MGR SSCs subject to the requirements of DOE/RW-0333P7 ''Quality Assurance Requirements and Description'' (QARD) (DOE 1998).

The purpose of this analysis is to document the Quality Assurance (QA) classification of the Monitored Geologic Repository (MGR) subsurface closure and seal system structures, systems and components (SSCs) performed by the MGR Safety Assurance Department. This analysis also provides the basis for revision of YMP/90-55Q, Q-List (YMP 1998). The Q-List identifies those MGR SSCs subject to the requirements of DOERW-0333P, ''Quality Assurance Requirements and Description'' (QARD) (DOE 1998).

The purpose of this analysis is to document the Quality Assurance (QA) classification of the Monitored Geologic Repository (MGR) safeguards and security system structures, systems and components (SSCs) performed by the MGR Safety Assurance Department. This analysis also provides the basis for revision of YMP/90-55Q, Q-List (YMP 1998). The Q-List identifies those MGR SSCs subject to the requirements of DOE/RW-0333P, ''Quality Assurance Requirements and Description'' (QARD) (DOE 1998).

The purpose of this analysis is to document the Quality Assurance (QA) classification of the Monitored Geologic Repository (MGR) subsurface ventilation system structures, systems and components (SSCs) performed by the MGR Safety Assurance Department. This analysis also provides the basis for revision of YMP/90-55Q, Q-List (YMP 1998). The Q-List identifies those MGR SSCs subject to the requirements of DOE/RW-0333P7 ''Quality Assurance Requirements and Description'' (QARD) (DOE 1998).

The purpose of this analysis is to document the Quality Assurance (QA) classification of the Monitored Geologic Repository (MGR) carrier preparation building system structures, systems and components (SSCs) performed by the MGR Safety Assurance Department. This analysis also provides the basis for revision of YMP/90-55Q, Q-List (YMP 1998). The Q-List identifies those MGR SSCs subject to the requirements of DOE/RW-0333P, ''Quality Assurance Requirements and Description'' (QARD) (DOE 1998).

The purpose of this analysis is to document the Quality Assurance (QA) classification of the Monitored Geologic Repository (MGR) subsurface water collection/removal system structures, systems and components (SSCs) performed by the MGR Safety Assurance Department. This analysis also provides the basis for revision of YMP/90-55Q, Q-List (YMP 1998). The Q-List identifies those MGR SSCs subject to the requirements of DOE/RW-0333P, ''Quality Assurance Requirements and Description'' (QARD) (DOE 1998).

The purpose of this analysis is to document the Quality Assurance (QA) classification of the Monitored Geologic Repository (MGR) non-fuel components disposal container system structures, systems and components (SSCs) performed by the MGR Safety Assurance Department. This analysis also provides the basis for revision of YMP/90-55Q, Q-List (YMP 1998). The Q-List identifies those MGR SSCs subject to the requirements of DOE/RW-0333P, ''Quality Assurance Requirements and Description'' (QARD) (DOE 1998).

The purpose of this analysis is to document the Quality Assurance (QA) classification of the Monitored Geologic Repository (MGR) subsurface excavation system structures, systems and components (SSCs) performed by the MGR Safety Assurance Department. This analysis also provides the basis for revision of YMP/90-55Q, Q-List (YMP 1998). The Q-List identifies those MGR SSCs subject to the requirements of DOE/RW-0333P, ''Quality Assurance Requirements and Description'' (QARD) (DOE 1998).

The purpose of this analysis is to document the Quality Assurance (QA) classification of the Monitored Geologic Repository (MGR) site-generated radiological waste handling system structures, systems and components (SSCs) performed by the MGR Safety Assurance Department. This analysis also provides the basis for revision of YMP/90-55Q, Q-List (YMP 1998). The Q-List identifies those MGR SSCs subject to the requirements of DOE/RW-0333P, ''Quality Assurance Requirements and Description'' (QARD) (DOE 1998).

The purpose of this analysis is to document the Quality Assurance (QA) classification of the Monitored Geologic Repository (MGR) subsurface electrical distribution system structures, systems and components (SSCs) performed by the MGR Safety Assurance Department. This analysis also provides the basis for revision of YMP/90-55Q, Q-List (YMP 1998). The Q-List identifies those MGR SSCs subject to the requirements of DOE/RW-0333PY ''Quality Assurance Requirements and Description'' (QARD) (DOE 1998).

The purpose of this analysis is to document the Quality Assurance (QA) classification of the Monitored Geologic Repository (MGR) performance confirmation waste isolation verification/validation system structures, systems and components (SSCs) performed by the MGR Safety Assurance Department. This analysis also provides the basis for revision of YMP/90-55Q, Q-List (YMF 1998). The Q-List identifies those MGR SSCs subject to the requirements of DOE/RW-0333P, ''Quality Assurance Requirements and Description'' (QARD) (DOE 1998).

The purpose of this analysis is to document the Quality Assurance (QA) classification of the Monitored Geologic Repository (MGR) defense high-level waste disposal container system structures, systems and components (SSCs) performed by the MGR Safety Assurance Department. This analysis also provides the basis for revision of YMP/90-55Q, Q-List (YMP 1998). The Q-List identifies those MGR SSCs subject to the requirements of DOE/RW-0333PY ''Quality Assurance Requirements and Description'' (QARD) (DOE 1998).

The purpose of this analysis is to document the Quality Assurance (QA) classification of the Monitored Geologic Repository (MGR) waste handling building fire protection system structures, systems and components (SSCs) performed by the MGR Safety Assurance Department. This analysis also provides the basis for revision of YMP/90-55Q, Q-List (YMP 1998). The Q-List identifies those MGR SSCs subject to the requirements of DOE/RW-0333PY ''Quality Assurance Requirements and Description'' (QARD) (DOE 1998).

We have constructed a regional 3D geologic model of the southern Great Basin, in support of a seismic wave propagation investigation of the 1993 Nonproliferation Experiment (NPE) at the Nevada Test Site (NTS). The model is centered on the NPE and spans longitude -119.5{sup o} to -112.6{sup o} and latitude 34.5{sup o} to 39.8{sup o}; the depth ranges from the topographic surface to 150 km below sea level. The model includes the southern half of Nevada, as well as parts of eastern California, western Utah, and a portion of northwestern Arizona. The upper crust is constrained by both geologic and geophysical studies, while the lower crust and upper mantle are constrained by geophysical studies. The mapped upper crustal geologic units are Quaternary basin fill, Tertiary deposits, pre-Tertiary deposits, intrusive rocks of all ages, and calderas. The lower crust and upper mantle are parameterized with 5 layers, including the Moho. Detailed geologic data, including surface maps, borehole data, and geophysical surveys, were used to define the geology at the NTS. Digital geologic outcrop data were available for both Nevada and Arizona, whereas geologic maps for California and Utah were scanned and hand-digitized. Published gravity data (2km spacing) were used to determine the thickness of the Cenozoic deposits and thus estimate the depth of the basins. The free surface is based on a 10m lateral resolution DEM at the NTS and a 90m lateral resolution DEM elsewhere. Variations in crustal thickness are based on receiver function analysis and a framework compilation of reflection/refraction studies. We used Earthvision (Dynamic Graphics, Inc.) to integrate the geologic and geophysical information into a model of x,y,z,p nodes, where p is a unique integer index value representing the geologic unit. For seismic studies, the geologic units are mapped to specific seismic velocities. The gross geophysical structure of the crust and upper mantle is taken from regional surface-wave studies. For regional seismic simulations we convert this realistic geologic model into elastic parameters. Upper crustal units are treated as seismically homogeneous while the lower crust and upper mantle are parameterized by a smoothly varying velocity profile. In order to mitigate spurious reflections, the lower crust and upper mantle are treated as velocity gradients as a function of depth.

The Sangre de Cristo Mountains in northern New Mexico are the uplifted eastern flank of the Rio Grande rift and expose a number of important geologic features whose origins are of great geologic interest (Figure 1). We have investigated this area, and here we present an integrated analysis of a variety of geophysical data that features almost 100 km of newly released seismic reflection data (Figure 1). The southeastern Sangre de Cristo Mountains are the site of a pronounced and yet poorly understood gravity minimum. By integrating different geophysical and geological data, we have focused on this gravity anomaly hoping that modeling the major upper crustal structures related to it aid in unraveling the complex tectonic evolution of the southern Rocky Mountains.

This article discusses the rationale for the structure of the conceptual and terminological framework and categories of ecological geology, which has important methodological significance for its development. The authors consider their own ecological and geological categories and justify the logical structure of the concept and terminology base of modern ecological geology as a single integrated system.

Geologic maps present, in an historical context, fundamental syntheses of interpretations of the materials, landforms, structures, and processes that characterize planetary surfaces and shallow subsurfaces. Such maps also provide a contextual framework for summarizing and evaluating thematic research for a given region or body. In planetary exploration, for example, geologic maps are used for specialized investigations such as targeting regions of interest for data collection and for characterizing sites for landed missions. Whereas most modern terrestrial geologic maps are constructed from regional views provided by remote sensing data and supplemented in detail by field-based observations and measurements, planetary maps have been largely based on analyses of orbital photography. For planetary bodies in particular, geologic maps commonly represent a snapshot of a surface, because they are based on available information at a time when new data are still being acquired. Thus the field of planetary geologic mapping has been evolving rapidly to embrace the use of new data and modern technology and to accommodate the growing needs of planetary exploration. Planetary geologic maps have been published by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) since 1962. Over this time, numerous maps of several planetary bodies have been prepared at a variety of scales and projections using the best available image and topographic bases. Early geologic map bases commonly consisted of hand-mosaicked photographs or airbrushed shaded-relief views and geologic linework was manually drafted using mylar bases and ink drafting pens. Map publishing required a tedious process of scribing, color peel-coat preparation, typesetting, and photo-laboratory work. Beginning in the 1990s, inexpensive computing, display capability and user-friendly illustration software allowed maps to be drawn using digital tools rather than pen and ink, and mylar bases became obsolete. Terrestrial geologic maps published by the USGS now are primarily digital products using geographic information system (GIS) software and file formats. GIS mapping tools permit easy spatial comparison, generation, importation, manipulation, and analysis of multiple raster image, gridded, and vector data sets. GIS software has also permitted the development of projectspecific tools and the sharing of geospatial products among researchers. GIS approaches are now being used in planetary geologic mapping as well. Guidelines or handbooks on techniques in planetary geologic mapping have been developed periodically. As records of the heritage of mapping methods and data, these remain extremely useful guides. However, many of the fundamental aspects of earlier mapping handbooks have evolved significantly, and a comprehensive review of currently accepted mapping methodologies is now warranted. As documented in this handbook, such a review incorporates additional guidelines developed in recent years for planetary geologic mapping by the NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics (PGG) Program's Planetary Cartography and Geologic Mapping Working Group's (PCGMWG) Geologic Mapping Subcommittee (GEMS) on the selection and use of map bases as well as map preparation, review, publication, and distribution. In light of the current boom in planetary exploration and the ongoing rapid evolution of available data for planetary mapping, this handbook is especially timely.

The Nautile submersible is used to observe the underwater geological structures and to conduct geological sampling in deep water. But it is not sufficient because it is not possible to measure the faults in the oceanic rifts.

The aim of the present study is to improve the knowledge of the Haouz basin structure using gravity data analysis. First of all, a residual anomaly map was computed from the Bouguer anomaly, greatly affected by an important regional gravity gradient. The calculated map provides information on the ground density variations mainly attributed to the top of the Paleozoic basement undulations under the sedimentary cover. However, in order to further study this map, it has been later analyzed with a method that allows evidencing different buried geological structures, combining the horizontal gradient and the upward continuations processing. The obtained results allow us to establish a structural map of the Haouz basin which confirms the existence of structures already recognized or assumed by the classic geological studies, and highlights accidents, as yet, unknown until the present time. This map shows that the fault system of the Haouz basin is organized in two families of directions NE-SW and NW-SE. (Author).

This volume contains eight appendices: flight line maps, geology maps, explanation of geologic legend, flight line/geology maps, radiometric contour maps, magnetic contour maps, multi-variant analysis maps, and geochemical factor analysis maps. These appendices pertain to the Durango B detail area.

This volume comprises eight appendices containing the following information for the Durango D detail area: flight line maps, geology maps, explanation of geologic legend, flight line/geology maps, radiometric contour maps, magnetic contour maps, multi-variant analysis maps, and geochemical factor analysis maps.

The North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, Division of Land Resources, NC Geological Survey, in cooperation with the North Carolina Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, developed the digital version of the Geology of North Carolina. T...

It appP^.rs that most earthquakes in Alaska, can be associated with line- . aments which ... and for preparing reconnaissance geologic maps by establishing key lithologic units .... mapping and analysis of gross lafldform/surficial geologic units .

The integration of geological, geophysical, and geotechnical interpretation at the southern part of 15th of May City, have been used to evaluate the subsurface stratigraphy, especially the clay layer which may cause serious danger to construction. Those techniques have been used to delineate the subsurface structures as normal faults, which play a critical role on the stability of buildings. Geological setting of the area has been evaluated through the construction of a geological map from different geological sections and samples obtained from more than 30 observation points. Geophysical tools such as vertical electrical soundings (12 VESs), 2-D dipole-dipole array (7 sections), P-wave shallow seismic refraction (31 profiles) and multiple channel analysis of surface waves (31 MASW profiles) have been carried out to image the subsurface situation. Geotechnical evaluation using 26 boreholes, samples, laboratory tests and geotechnical parameters has been done at the area of interest. The geological setting demonstrates that the city had been constructed on the second and third members of Qurn Formation (Upper Eocene) composed of argillaceous limestone, marl and shale. Two normal faults are passing through the area were observed. The resistivity (VES and dipole-dipole) and seismic (P-waves and MASW) results reflect the presence of the two normal faults cross the study area, affecting the obtained section of marl, clayey marl and limestone layers. The geotechnical information indicate the presence of the normal faults and the existence of clay layer with swelling ability reaching 140%, which may cause cracks in the upper layers and/or subsidence.

Due to the fact that several important Bucharest city sewer segments drain the groundwater and provide high input flow-rates for the existing waste-water treatment plant, their rehabilitation is necessary. A hydrogeological model, currently under development, will permit to compute the groundwater-sewer network interaction allowing the simulation of distinct design solutions to prevent city disturbances. For groundwater modelling the geological model represents the fundament of understanding the aquifers system behaviour. In this respect a 3D accurate and detailed geological model, covering a region of about 75 km2 has been developed to identify its contact with the major collecting sewer conduit. The shallow aquifer stratum of quaternary formations called Colentina is made of gravels and sands. This unconfined aquifer can be found mainly in the Bucharest city region at depths up to 20 m. A clayey-marl layer is located between Colentina and a lower confined aquifer called Mostistea. This second one is located at depths between 25 m and 70 m and is made of fine and medium sands with gravel intercalations. It overlays on a very thick sequence (40 m to 150 m) of marl and clay layers with slim sandy intercalations. The geological model has been developed on the basis of a large number of geological and geotechnical boreholes. A set of 400 boreholes with depths between 5m to 200 m showing a detailed geological and lithological description stored in a geospatial database have been used. The geological analysis has been performed using a software platform that integrates the spatial database and a set of tools and methodologies developed in a GIS environment with the aim of facilitating the development of 3D geological models for sedimentary media. Taking into account the first 50 m in depth, 25 geological profiles have been interpreted on the basis of chronostratigraphycal, lithological, and sedimentological criteria to delineate the geological formations and assess their thickness. Further structural maps have been generated to outline the spatial development of the existing aquifers. By connecting the 3D sewer network to the geology, a qualitative description of the interaction between the aquifer media and the sewer system is obtained as a 3D geometrical model.

Optical analysis of Landsat imagery is a valuable preliminary step for exploration in areas where a detailed geologic base is lacking, logistics are difficult, or the political situation is insecure. Two maps of Iraq produced by such analysis elucidate structural and lithologic relations across a broad oil-producing region. The Landsat map of Iraq is divided into units based on drainage patterns, surface textures, relative resistance to erosion, and color. These units tentatively correlate to the broadly generalized geologic map of Iraq. The Landsat map clearly delineates Iraq's 3 major geotectonic zones: desert and alluvial plains, simply folded, and overthrust. The Lineament and anomaly map, derived from optically enhanced imagery, shows noncultural lineaments and 5 types of anomalies: linear, circular, structural, textural, and shade. Conjugate shear sets from lineaments oblique to the regional and local compression directions. Lineaments also reflect normal faults, tear faults, thrust fronts, structural control of wadis, and wind-direction features. The intersection of 3 or more lineaments defines a linear anomaly. Circular anomalies can be attributed to structural domes or basins, diapirs, calderas, or astroblemes. Appreciable deviations from local deformational style are considered structural anomalies. Textural anomalies are abrupt changes in texture unrelated to lithologic changes. Shade anomalies, mapped from band 5 enhancements, reflect a shade change from light to dark, usually across a lineament. Comparison of oil field locations to Landsat-mapped units, lineaments, and anomalies can indicate exploration targets for more detailed ground-based geologic and seismic investigation.

The book covers the structure of the earth and the operation of its internal processes, together with the geological processes that shape the earth and produce its rocks and soils. The commonly occurring types of rock and soil as well as many types of geological structures and geological maps are described. Throughout the book care is taken to focus on the relationship between geology and geomechanics. For this reason emphasis has been placed on the geological processes that bear directly upon composition, structure and mechanics of soils and rocks, and the movement of ground water. SI units are used throughout.

As karst systems are natural windows to the underground, speleology, combined with geological surveys, can be useful tools for helping understand the geological evolution of karst areas. In order to enhance the reconstruction of the structural setting in a gypsum karst area (Vena del Gesso, Romagna Apennines), a detailed analysis has been carried out on hypogeal data. Structural features (faults, fractures, tectonic foliations, bedding) have been mapped in the ?Grotta del Re Tiberio? cave, in the nearby gypsum quarry tunnels and open pit benches. Five fracture systems and six fault systems have been identified. The fault systems have been further analyzed through stereographic projections and geometric-kinematic evaluations in order to reconstruct the relative chronology of these structure...

The report discusses the geology and petroleum potential of the Navarin Basin planning area. The report presents and integrates new data and interpretations with the data obtained from the Navarin Basin COST No. 1 well, a deep stratigraphic test well. The report discusses the regional geology, petroleum geology, and potential geohazards of the planning area, with emphasis on biostratigraphy, lithostratigraphy, seismic stratigraphy, structural geology and geologic history, exploration history, organic geochemistry, and potential petroleum traps. The report also discusses the shallow geology, geotechnical constraints on offshore exploration and production facilities, the marine weather, and the biota of the area.

The specific natural-geographical system of the Upper and Middle Amur basin, including the right-bank area (PRC) is investigated. The system is characterized by a single-type landscape and geological structure, and by mineral resources similar in composition. An analysis is made of the natural-resource potential, and the strategic directions of its economic utilization with due regard for the trans-boundary factor are predicted.

{center_dot} Performing the preliminary geological survey on the proposed sites for the new research reactor through the technical service {center_dot} Ordering a technical service from The Geological Society of Korea {center_dot} Contents of the geological survey - Confirmation of active fault - Confirmation of a large-scale fracture zone or weak zone - Confirmation of inappropriate items related to the underground water - Confirmation of historical seismicity and instrumental earthquakes data {center_dot} Synthesized analysis and holding a report meeting {center_dot} Results of the geological survey - Confirmation of the geological characteristics of the sites and drawing the requirements for the precise geological survey in the future

Separate abstracts are given for twenty-two articles concerned with the general areas of geophysics, geology and catastrophic events, and the geology of continental margins. Research topics include seismic and structural studies of the earth's crust in the USSR and Mediterranean, seismicity of Central Asian and Carpathian areas, geological studies of continental margins in the Pacific and East Asia.

Geological, geophysical, and engineering-geological research conducted at the 'Yeniseisky' site obtained data on climatic, geomorphologic, geological conditions, structure and properties of composing rock, and conditions of underground water recharge and discharge. These results provide sufficient information to make an estimate of the suitability of locating a radioactive waste (R W) underground isolation facility at the Nizhnekansky granitoid massif

Timpanogos Cave National Monument, in the Wasatch Mountains, features spectacularly decorated caverns, each of which has unique colors and formations. Features of the site include park geology information, maps, photographs of cave formations, related links, and visitor information. The park geology section discusses the caves' geologic history, structural geology, and details the discovery of the Hansen and Middle Caves (by Martin, George, and Wayne Hansen) and the Timpanogos Cave (by Veral Manwill).

Steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is among the most efficient and important in-situ thermal recovery methods to produce the extra-heavy oil and bitumen reservoirs in the Athabasca oil sand deposits. The efficiency of the SAGD process has improved considerably since it was first introduced in the early 1980s by Imperial Oil Limited. However, the technology is still in its infancy and companies continue their efforts to further optimize the process and improve the steam-to-oil ratio (SOR). The bar for success has been set at getting bitumen out of the ground at ratios of 1,000-plus barrels a day at SOR ratios of 2 or 2.5. Most current SAGD projects have failed to reach their expected production rates at the simulation-predicted SORs. Many of the shortcomings can be attributed to the fact that the geological aspects of the reservoirs were not considered. This paper showed how detailed geological analysis can be used to accurately construct a SAGD reservoir simulation, which is used to predict the required SOR, oil production rates and ultimate oil recovery. Geological analysis is also important for choosing the optimal sites for SAGD oil recovery and the placement of individual well pairs. Advances in technology and computing power now make simulation of a SAGD operation possible. This paper also showed that an integrated petrophysical approach can form an even better understanding of the complex geological structures to optimize production of oilsands operations. 4 refs., 3 figs.

This progress report discusses in details the geologic assessment of the Piceance Creek Basin. Analysis of the high resolution aeromagnetic survey concentrated on the high-resolution aeromagnetic data acquired by World Geoscience, but the interpretation was supplemented by examination of regional published gravity and magnetic data, as well as surface geology and subsurface geology.

After a comprehensive review of minerals rocks, endogenic and exogenic processes and an outline of geological history, the authors proceed to discuss the problems of general and applied engineering geology. Central fields of interest are the characteristics of building foundations and changes of these, analysis of foundation soil, and the application of engineering geology in the various branches of constructional engineering. In particular, the engineering-geological aspects of rock mining are stressed as well as the bearing capacity and stability of foundation soil.

Geologists have used remote sensing data since the advent of the technology for regional mapping, structural interpretation and to aid in prospecting for ores and hydrocarbons. This paper provides a review of multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing data, products and applications in geology. During the early days of Landsat Multispectral scanner and Thematic Mapper, geologists developed band ratio techniques and selective principal component analysis to produce iron oxide and hydroxyl images that could be related to hydrothermal alteration. The advent of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflectance Radiometer (ASTER) with six channels in the shortwave infrared and five channels in the thermal region allowed to produce qualitative surface mineral maps of clay minerals (kaolinite, illite), sulfate minerals (alunite), carbonate minerals (calcite, dolomite), iron oxides (hematite, goethite), and silica (quartz) which allowed to map alteration facies (propylitic, argillic etc.). The step toward quantitative and validated (subpixel) surface mineralogic mapping was made with the advent of high spectral resolution hyperspectral remote sensing. This led to a wealth of techniques to match image pixel spectra to library and field spectra and to unravel mixed pixel spectra to pure endmember spectra to derive subpixel surface compositional information. These products have found their way to the mining industry and are to a lesser extent taken up by the oil and gas sector. The main threat for geologic remote sensing lies in the lack of (satellite) data continuity. There is however a unique opportunity to develop standardized protocols leading to validated and reproducible products from satellite remote sensing for the geology community. By focusing on geologic mapping products such as mineral and lithologic maps, geochemistry, P-T paths, fluid pathways etc. the geologic remote sensing community can bridge the gap with the geosciences community. Increasingly workflows should be multidisciplinary and remote sensing data should be integrated with field observations and subsurface geophysical data to monitor and understand geologic processes.

The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake with a surface wave magnitude of 8.0 induced numerous landslides along the Longmen Mt. zone in Sichuan Province of China. The authors investigated into various influential factors on the slope stability of 119 landslides in Wenchuan prefecture, such as horizontal peak ground acceleration, slope angle, slope height, rock materials and geological structures. The authors developed hanging wall and footwall's acceleration attenuation formulae from 115 seismic stations and the formulae confirmed hanging-foot wall effect had notable influence on landslide distribution density and occurrence probability. The results of multivariable analysis clarified that slope height, horizontal peak ground acceleration and geological structures were more influential to sliding area and volume than slope angle and rock materials. Furthermore, the authors discussed the effectiveness of reinforcements on the slope stability and showed that anchor cable, frame beam and soil nailing wall had good anti-seismic property, however, shotcrete with bolts had limited ability to enhance slope stability during the earthquake.   

The ongoing continent?continent collision between Indian and Eurasian plates houses a seismic gap in the geologically complex and tectonically active central Himalaya. The seismic gap is characterized by unevenly distributed seismicity. The highly complex geology with equally intricate structural elements of Himalaya offers an almost insurmountable challenge to estimating seismogenic hazard using conventional methods of Physics. Here, we apply integrated unconventional hazard mapping approach of the fractal analysis for the past earthquakes and the box counting fractal dimension of structural elements in order to understand the seismogenesis of the region properly. The study area extends from latitude 28?N?33?N and longitude 76?E?81?E has been divided into twenty-five blocks, and the capac...

This site contains Stereographic Projection and Rose Diagram plotting packages (GEOrient); a structural and drillhole calculator (GeoCalculator); strain, and shear zone calculators; geological field database information; and Geographic Information Systems (Mapinfo) software for plotting structural symbols on maps (GeoMapSymbol; previously GeoSymbol]. There are also several animations for teaching structural geology.

Describes how computer graphic methods can be used in teaching structural geology. Describes the design of a graphics workstation for the Apple microcomputer. Includes a listing of commands used with software to plot structures in a digitized form. Argues for the establishment of computer laboratories for structural geology classes. (TW)

The down-hole geologic inspection of 24 in. bucket auger borings has been a hands-on technique for collecting valuable geologic structural and lithologic detail in southern California investigations for over 35 yr. Although it has been used for all types of investigations for hillside urban development, it is of particular benefit in landslide investigations and evaluations. The benefits of down-hole geologic inspection during detailed mapping of large landslide complexes with multiple slide planes are discussed in this paper. Many of the geotechnical investigations of these massive landslide complexes have been very limited in their determinations of accurate landslide parameters and very deficient in proper engineering analysis while based upon this limited data. This has resulted in many cases where the geotechnical consultant erroneously concludes that ancient landslides don't move and it is all right to build upon them, even though they have neither justified the landslide parameters, nor the slope stability or safety. Because this author and the many consultants contacted during the preparation of this paper were not aware of other publications regarding this method of collecting detailed geologic data, this author included the safety considerations, safety equipment, the cost and the Cal OSHA requirements for entering exploration shafts.

Nuclear weapons are integral to the defense of the United States. The U.S. Department of Energy, as the steward of these devices, must continue to gauge the efficacy of the individual weapons. This could be accomplished by occasional testing at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) in Nevada, northwest of Las Vegas. Yucca Flat Basin is one of the testing areas at the NTS. One issue of concern is the nature of the somewhat poorly constrained pre-Tertiary geology and its effects on ground-water flow in the area subsequent to a nuclear test. Ground-water modelers would like to know more about the hydrostratigraphy and geologic structure to support a hydrostratigraphic framework model that is under development for the Yucca Flat Corrective Action Unit (CAU). During 2003, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected and processed Magnetotelluric (MT) and Audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) data at the Nevada Test Site in and near Yucca Flat to help characterize this pre-Tertiary geology. That work will help to define the character, thickness, and lateral extent of pre-Tertiary confining units. In particular, a major goal has been to define the upper clastic confining unit (UCCU) in the Yucca Flat area. Interpretation will include a three-dimensional (3-D) character analysis and two-dimensional (2-D) resistivity model. The purpose of this report is to release the MT sounding data for Southern Yucca Flat, Profile 4, as shown in Figure 1. No interpretation of the data is included here.

Nuclear weapons are integral to the defense of the United States. The U.S. Department of Energy, as the steward of these devices, must continue to gauge the efficacy of the individual weapons. This could be accomplished by occasional testing at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) in Nevada, northwest of Las Vegas. Yucca Flat Basin is one of the testing areas at the NTS. One issue of concern is the nature of the somewhat poorly constrained pre-Tertiary geology and its effects on ground-water flow in the area subsequent to a nuclear test. Ground-water modelers would like to know more about the hydrostratigraphy and geologic structure to support a hydrostratigraphic framework model that is under development for the Yucca Flat Corrective Action Unit (CAU). During 2003, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected and processed Magnetotelluric (MT) and Audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) data at the Nevada Test Site in and near Yucca Flat to help characterize this pre-Tertiary geology. That work will help to define the character, thickness, and lateral extent of pre-Tertiary confining units. In particular, a major goal has been to define the upper clastic confining unit (UCCU) in the Yucca Flat area. Interpretation will include a three-dimensional (3-D) character analysis and two-dimensional (2-D) resistivity model. The purpose of this report is to release the MT soundings across Quartzite Ridge, Profiles 5, 6a, and 6b, as shown in Figure 1. No interpretation of the data is included here.

Nuclear weapons are integral to the defense of the United States. The U.S. Department of Energy, as the steward of these devices, must continue to gauge the efficacy of the individual weapons. This could be accomplished by occasional testing at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) in Nevada, northwest of Las Vegas. Yucca Flat Basin is one of the testing areas at the NTS. One issue of concern is the nature of the somewhat poorly constrained pre-Tertiary geology and its effects on ground-water flow in the area subsequent to a nuclear test. Ground-water modelers would like to know more about the hydrostratigraphy and geologic structure to support a hydrostratigraphic framework model that is under development for the Yucca Flat Corrective Action Unit (CAU). During 2003, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected and processed Magnetotelluric (MT) and Audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) data at the Nevada Test Site in and near Yucca Flat to help characterize this pre-Tertiary geology. That work will help to define the character, thickness, and lateral extent of pre-Tertiary confining units. In particular, a major goal has been to define the upper clastic confining unit (UCCU) in the Yucca Flat area. Interpretation will include a three-dimensional (3-D) character analysis and two-dimensional (2-D) resistivity model. The purpose of this report is to release the MT sounding data for north central Yucca Flat, Profile 7, as shown in Figure 1. No interpretation of the data is included here.

This page contains four categories of structural geology photos: brittle structures, ductile structures, active tectonics, and unconformities. All photos are freely downloadable and are at resolutions sufficient for power point.

The purpose of this analysis is to document the Quality Assurance (QA) classification of the Monitored Geologic Repository (MGR) uncanistered spent nuclear fuel (SNF) disposal container system structures, systems and components (SSCs) performed by the MGR Safety Assurance Department. This analysis also provides the basis for revision of YMP/90-55Q, Q-List (YMP 1998). The Q-List identifies those MGR SSCs subject to the requirements of DOE/RW-0333P, ''Quality Assurance Requirements and Description'' (QARD) (DOE 1998).

The purpose of this analysis is to document the Quality Assurance (QA) classification of the Monitored Geologic Repository (MGR) site generated hazardous, non-hazardous and sanitary waste disposal system system structures, systems and components (SSCs) performed by the MGR Safety Assurance Department. This analysis also provides the basis for revision of YMP/90-55Q, Q-List (YMP 1998). The Q-List identifies those MGR SSCs subject to the requirements of DOE/RW-0333P, ''Quality Assurance Requirements and Description'' (QARD) (DOE 1998).

In this assignment students read and discuss a peer-reviewed journal article and prepare for and attend our class 'research' conference. In the conference they present on an area of current research as discussed in the journal article they read, and they practice formulating questions about other's research. Outcomes: 1. Read and discuss a structural geology peer-reviewed journal article. 2. Prepare a presentation that demonstrates your understanding of a current research topic in structural geology. 3. View and understand several diverse areas within geology and geophysics that use structural geology in research. 4. Ask questions relevant to a research presentation.

This edition preserves the classical elements of geology while incorporating current findings and topics such as satellite data, climate change, the eruption of El Chichon, and acid rain. It incorporates the elementary ideas of structural geology and discussions of rock structures. The flow of geological materials between the interior and the surface is developed, and the modern approach of the interactions of the earth and its environmental envelope is discussed.

In the context of searching a site for a storage centre for low level and long life radioactive wastes, this voluminous document reports geological studies on soils presenting the most favourable geological and hydro-geological criteria to retain radionuclides. The locations, characteristics, variability, geology, hydro-geology, and environmental constraints of various and precisely identified clayey or marly formations of the Paris basin and of the Aquitaine basin are analysed and reported in detail. Some additional results of investigations of the Albian site in the Aube district are also reported. The appendices contain information, data and analysis concerning the different French regions.

Typhoon Morakot invading Taiwan on August 8th, 2009 caused numerous major disasters throughout the island. Exceeding rainfall threshold in many sides in mountainous areas triggered slope failure leading to widespread damage and loss of life. Hsiaolin village located at the foothills of Shiendu Shan on the third day typhoon existence was entirely buried by massive landslide. This tragic event left absolute necessity of studying such incidents due to understanding those phenomena. A detail field investigation focused on structural measurement, around whole the Hsiaolin landslide as well as its surrounding area, has been carried out in this study. In order to realize the landslide mechanism of regional settings, we focused on the affect of geological structures and stress analysis around the study area. Wedge failure had been observed at numerous outcrops, which produced by bedding and fault systems' inter-cutting at the dip-slope area of the mountains. Therefore, in some areas landslide could have happen even in dry season with relative stable condition. Mountains of SW Taiwan is very susceptible and landslides are easily happened even by a minor factor. After a detailed investigation we came to a conclusion that structure geological setting played a major role as a direct factor for creating the regional landslide. By considering the geometric correlation between geological structure, strata attitude and topography, a objective hazard map can be provided. In this map, study area can be classified into different slope stability level, which implied different probability of landslide. Our study proved the importance of structural measurement in landslide study. The results derived from the structural analysis can also be applied for improving advanced estimations of other related studies.

The parameters which are considered in the hazard analysis associated with the movements of the Earth Crust are considered. These movements are classified as: fast movements or seismic movements, which are produced in a certain geologic moment at a speed measured in cm/sg, and slow movements or secular movements, which take place within a long span of time at a speed measured by cm/year. The relations space/time are established after Poisson and Gumbel's probabilistic models. Their application is analyzed according to the structural gradient fields, which fall within Matteron's geostatistics studies. These statistic criteria should be analyzed or checked up in each geo-tectonic environment. This allows the definition of neotectonic and seismogenetic zones, because it is only in these zones where the probabilistic or deterministic criteria can be applied to evaluate the hazard and vulnerability, that is, to know the geologic hazard of every ''Uniform'' piece of the Earth Crust.

Weak rock zone (soft interlayer, fault zone and soft rock) is the highlight of large-scale geological engineering research. It is an important boundary for analysis of rock mass stability. Weak rock zone has been formed in a long geological period, and in this period, various rocks have undergone long-term consolidation of geostatic stress and tectonic stress; therefore, under in-situ conditions, their density and modulus of deformation are relatively high. Due to its fragmentary nature, once being exposed to the earth?s surface, the structure of weak rock zone will soon be loosened, its density will be reduced, and its modulus of deformation will also be reduced significantly. Generally, weak rock zone can be found in large construction projects, especially in the dam foundation rocks of ...

The results of scientific forecasts and geological exploration were systematically covered in the journal ''Sovetskaya geologiya,'' which indicated the significant influence of the development of basic research in the field of coal geology and promoted an improvement in the efficiency of prospecting and exploration for solid fossil fuels. In the past over 300 articles have been published directly reflecting questions of expansion of the raw material base of the coal industry. Analysis of these materials indicates that the majority of them cover solutions to practical tasks linked to reinforcement of the mineral raw material base of the country as a whole and its individual regions. For example, using the evaluation of the outlook for coal content of the territory of the USSR, forecasting reserves of coal and tasks of geological exploration, 25 articles have been printed. Much attention was focused on such questions as genesis and metamorphism of coal and fuel shales, conditions of formation and structure of coal bearing formations, laws governing the arrangement and tectonics of the fields of solid fossil fuels. The most numerous are works covering different questions of geology and exploration of individual basins and coal and fuel shale fields of the European sector of the USSR. A discussion is made of the articles printed in the journal ''Sovetskaya geologiya'' which cover questions of coal geology from different coal basins of the Soviet Union. Because of active and purposeful work of the editorial board at all stages of the 50 year history of the journal, its pages have systematically broadly covered urgent problems of the development of mineralogical raw material base of the USSR coal industry.

This compendium of engineering geology data includes contributions by experts from many countries. Topics center around the field of engineering geology, with special focus on landscapes, earth materials, and the ''management'' of geological processes. How to use geology to serve man is given particular attention. More than 80 entries deal with hydrology, rock structure monitoring, soil mechanics, and engineering geology. Facts are provided on earth science information and sources, electrokinetics, forensic geology, geogryology, nuclear plant siting, photogrammetry, tunnels and tunneling, urban geomorphology, and well data systems. This guide explains the geology of alluvial plains, arid lands, beaches and coasts, delataic plains, cold regions, glacial landscapes, and urban environments. Detailed analyses are given of the geotechnical properties of caliche, clay, duricrust, soil, laterite, marine sediments, and rocks.

This geologic mapping project supports a topical study of structures in east Thaumasia associated with the Coprates rise. The study examines cuesta-like features on the east flank of the Coprates rise first identified by Saunders et al. [1]. Mapping combines detailed local stratigraphy, structural geology and topography. Hogbacks and cuestas indicate erosion of tilted rock units. The extent of the erosion will be determined in the course of the mapping. The region of interest lies along the eastern margin of Thaumasia bounded by latitudes -15 and -35 and longitudes 50 to 70 W (Figure 1). Three MTM geologic quadrangles are being compiled for publication by the USGS (-20057, -25057, -30057). All existing data sources are used including THEMIS, MOC, CTX, HiRISE, MOLA and gravity, as well as higher level data available through the PDS data nodes at ASU, UA and Washington University. The extremely valuable ASU JMARS tools are used for analysis of many of the data sets. ArcGIS software has been obtained and is being learned for the map compilation.

The first data are reported on the structuring dynamics of Western Primorye. The analysis of the structural parageneses of the least studied macro- and mesolevels of the arrangement of the geologic space allowed us to distinguish three sequentially superposed structural patterns (parageneses), each of which was formed by its own stress field during separate geodynamic periods: the Late Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic, the Middle-Late Paleozoic, and the Mesozoic-Cenozoic. During the first two episodes of geodynamic activation (Late Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic), the main compression axis was oriented longitudinally. The first episode was characterized by the formation of a thrust-fold structural pattern. The second episode resulted in the superposition of the meridional riftogenic structures and...

Fractured production trends in Piceance Basin Cretaceous-age Mesaverde Group gas reservoirs are controlled by subsurface structures. Because many of the subsurface structures are controlled by basement fault trends, a new interpretation of basement structure was performed using an integrated interpretation of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), side-looking airborne radar (SLAR), high altitude, false color aerial photography, gas and water production data, high-resolution aeromagnetic data, subsurface geologic information, and surficial fracture maps. This new interpretation demonstrates the importance of basement structures on the nucleation and development of overlying structures and associated natural fractures in the hydrocarbon-bearing section. Grand Valley, Parachute, Rulison, Plateau, Shire Gulch, White River Dome, Divide Creek and Wolf Creek fields all produce gas from fractured tight gas sand and coal reservoirs within the Mesaverde Group. Tectonic fracturing involving basement structures is responsible for development of permeability allowing economic production from the reservoirs. In this context, the significance of detecting natural fractures using the intergrated fracture detection technique is critical to developing tight gas resources. Integration of data from widely-available, relatively inexpensive sources such as high-resolution aeromagnetics, remote sensing imagery analysis and regional geologic syntheses provide diagnostic data sets to incorporate into an overall methodology for targeting fractured reservoirs. The ultimate application of this methodology is the development and calibration of a potent exploration tool to predict subsurface fractured reservoirs, and target areas for exploration drilling, and infill and step-out development programs.

A portion of the safeguards and security system for the Mined Geologic Disposal System (MGDS) has been identified as QA-1 based on the classification of structures, systems, and components (SSCs) performed in accordance with QAP-2-3, ''Classification of Permanent Items'' (Reference 5.2). The classification analysis, ''Classification of the Preliminary MGDS Repository Design'' (Reference 5.9), identifies the ''Safeguards Material Control and Accountability'' system as a QA-1 SSC based on the identification of unauthorized intrusion, sabotage, theft, and diversion as potential Design Basis Events (DBEs). The purpose of this analysis is to provide justification to eliminate these events as DBEs for the MGDS based on a review of the Codes of Federal Regulation (CFRs) for geologic repositories (10 CFR 60), commercial reactor facilities (10 CFR 50), independent spent fuel storage installations (ISFSIs) and monitored retrievable storage (MRS) installations (10 CFR 72), and other relevant guidance documents in an effort to clarify that security events should not be considered in the QA design process of important to safety SSCs for the MGDS. The MGDS is a first of a kind geologic repository and no licensing precedent has been established for this type of facility.

Spatial variations of hydraulic conductivity have generally been recognized as the dominant medium-independent control on the transport and dispersion of contaminants in groundwater. Mathematical models that use statistical descriptions of the hydraulic conductivity spatial distribution are available to predict contaminant transport. Such models are expected to be major tools in dealing with contamination problems at DOE sites. Unfortunately, the statistical parameters needed for such models can usually only be obtained through geostatistical analysis of very large numbers of hydraulic conductivity measurements, with associated large costs and often-significant human risk at highly contaminated sites. More accurate and realistic conceptual models for the actual distribution of hydraulic conductivity, requiring fewer field data, would increase the reliability of contaminant transport predictions while decreasing their cost. The objectives of the project can therefore be summarized in the following question: How can the data requirements for geostatistical analysis of hydraulic parameters be reduced by incorporation of geological expertise and macroscopic proxy information into new mathematical models. Specifically, the authors proposed to combine intensive geological field observations with permeability measurements to discover relationships between sediment depositional processes, geological structures, and the geostatistics of the permeability distributions that result.

Seismicity exploration certainly requires comprehensive analysis of location, orientation and length distribution of fault and block systems with a variety of geophysical methods. In the present research capability of geomagnetic and gravity anomalous field data are used for revealing of buried structures inside the earth's upper layers. Interpretation of gravity and magnetic data is well known and often applied to delineate various geological structures such as faults, flexures, thrusts, borders of dislocated blocks etc. which create significant rock density contrast in horizontal planes. Study area of the present research covers the territory of Bulgaria which is part of the active continental margin of the Eurasian plate. This region is a typical example of high seismic risk area. The epicentral map shows that seismicity in the region is not uniformly distributed in space. Therefore the seismicity is described in distributed geographical zones (seismic source zones). Each source zone is characterized by its specific tectonic, seismic, and geological particulars. From the analysis of the depth distribution it was recognized that the earthquakes in the region occurred in the Earth's crust. Hypocenters are mainly located in the upper crust, and only a few events are related to the lower crust. The maximum depth reached is about 50 km in southwestern Bulgaria; outside, the foci affect only the surficial 30-35 km. Maximum density of seismicity involves the layer between 5 and 25 km. This fact determines the capability of potential fields data to reveal crustal structures and to examine their parameters as possible seismic sources. Results showed that a number of geophysically interpreted structures coincide with observed on the surface dislocations and epicenter clusters (well illustrated in northern Bulgaria) which confirms the reliability of the applied methodology. The complicated situation in southern Bulgaria is demonstrated by mosaics structure of geomagnetic field, complex configuration of gravity anomalies and spatial seismicity distribution. Well defined (confirmed by geophysical, geological and seismological data) are the known earthquake source zones (such as Sofia, Kresna, Maritsa, Yambol ) in this part of the territory of Bulgaria. Worth while are the results where no surface structures are present (e.g. Central Rhodope zone and East Rhodope zone, where the 2006 Kurdzhali earthquake sequence is realized). In those cases, gravity and magnetic interpretations proved to be a suitable enough technique which allows determining of position and parameters of the geological structures in depth.

We produce a spatial probability map of vent opening (susceptibility map) at Etna, using a statistical analysis of structural features of flank eruptions of the last 2?ky. We exploit a detailed knowledge of the volcano structures, including the modalities of shallow magma transfer deriving from dike and dike-fed fissure eruptions analysis on historical eruptions. Assuming the location of future vents will have the same causal factors as the past eruptions, we converted the geological and structural data in distinct and weighted probability density functions, which were included in a non-homogeneous Poisson process to obtain the susceptibility map. The highest probability of new eruptive vents opening falls within a N-S aligned area passing through the Summit Craters down to about 2,000?m?a...

This annotated bibliography was compiled to highlight the submarine geology of the Hawaiian Islands and identify known and potential marine geologic hazards with special emphasis on turbidity currents, submarine slides and tsunamis. Some references are included that are not specific to Hawaii but are needed to understand the geologic processes that can affect the integrity of submarine cables and other man-made structures. Entries specific to the Hawaiian Island area are shown in bold type.

The purpose of this analysis is to document the Quality Assurance (QA) classification of the Monitored Geologic Repository (MGR) waste emplacement/retrieved system structures, systems and components (SSCs) performed by the MGR Preclosure Safety and Systems Engineering Section. This analysis also provides the basis for revision of YMP/90-55Q, Q-List (YMP 2000). The Q-List identifies those MGR SSCs subject to the requirements of DOE/RW-0333P, Quality Assurance Requirements and Description (QARD) (DOE 2000). This QA classification incorporates the current MGR design and the results of the ''Design Basis Event Frequency and Dose Calculation for Site Recommendation'' (CRWMS M&O 2000a). The content and technical approach of this analysis is in accordance with the development plan ''QA Classification of MGR Structures, Systems, and Components'' (CRWMS M&O 1999b).

As part of a team project about geological sampling in the environment of the city of Chihuahua, x-ray diffraction (XRD) phase analysis of different rock types is required. The most accepted technique to perform quantitative XRD phase analysis is the well-known Rietveld method. Rietveld codes (Full prof, Rietan, Rietica, DBWS, Topas,. . . ), oriented to a complete characterization of the diffraction pattern (from crystal structure to texture and crystal size investigation) have been developed by several authors. The majority of these codes show a high level of automation, but application may be long and troublesome anyway. False minima and instabilities during software running are recognized problems and represent current working lines of specialized groups. As the samples considered in the present geological investigation are particularly difficult for the Rietveld technique, it was decided to develop a program that performs phase analysis by an alternative route, with a degree of automation between Rietveld and the so-called Direct Comparison Method. The Basic Rietveld-ENhanced Diffraction Analysis (BRENDA) code has been developed and tested. BRENDA uses structure-factor (and other theoretical parameters) calculations from well-established diffraction codes (Full prof, Powder Cell), refines experimental diffraction peaks' profiles and intensities by means of a robust algorithm and determines phases' concentrations. Application of BRENDA code to computer-simulated problems, NIST standards and geological samples is divulged. Discrepancies with calibration figures are of the order of declared uncertainties. The advantages and disadvantages of the considered diffraction methods are discussed. In practice, being only half-automated gives the user more control of the refinement process and leads to an overall economy of time and higher reliability. (Author)

The problems related to grounding systems of substations and power plants include geological structure analysis of substation site, the precise design of grounding system, the technology to decrease grounding resistance of substation in high soil resistivity area, corrosion diagnosis of grounding system, precise measurement of grounding resistance of substation, and impulse characteristics of grounding devices. Up to present, these six aspects related to grounding technology of power system have been widely studied, and achieved satisfied results in China. These achievements were systematically introduced in this paper.   

Three articles are presented. Article 1, earthquake safety at LLNL, discusses the intensive program to strengthen Laboratory structures, utilities and work stations, and to reduce personal risks undertaken at the Lab following the January 1980 earthquakes. An investigatin of the physiographic and seismologic setting of the LLNL site is discussed in article 2, geology of the Livermore Valley. Article 3 discusses monitoring groundwater quality at site 300. This system was designed to determine whether any groundwater contamination has occurred as a result of disposal operations of solid wastes from nonnuclear weapons component testing. Current analysis indicate that low levels of contamination are present.

This study highlights erosion of sandy coasts and river mouths in Miyagi Prefecture due to The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake Tsunami, based on a field investigation and aerial photograph analysis. Mechanism of beach erosion due to the tsunami is classified into three types considering geological formation and coastal structures. Furthermore, complete flushing of sand spit and severe breaching of coastal barrier are observed at several river entrances, which is one of the distinct differences as compared with tsunami disasters caused by The 2010 Great Chilean Earthquake Tsunami. The findings of this study may be useful for preparing for tsunami disaster prevention and preparedness in Japan.   

A detailed examination is made of the problem of volcanic topographical formation. A detailed analysis is made of the role of volcanism in the formation of topography in the modern era and in the anthropogenic period as illustrated by the examples of the Kurile-Kamchatka and other young volcanic regions. A fundamentally new interpretation is given of the morphological structure of the Kurile-Kamchatka region and other related formations of transition zones from the ocean to the continent. The principal stages of volcanic relief development are seen to serve as indicators of plutonic processes of specific stages in the earths geological evolution. 576 references, 55 figures, 6 tables.

A preliminary geology coverage of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge in South Carolina has been compiled at 1:5000,000 scale and digitized as part of a patchwork of coverages for the analysis of regional and national geochemical patterns that may have environmental and resource implications. It was produced from other compilations that incorporate more detailed geologic maps as well as additional sources. The compilation is designed to meet short-term needs until better coverage of the regional geology is available.

This report analyse the geological structures in/around Muria Peninsula that might originating potential earthquake hazard toward the selected site for NPP, Ujung Lemahabang (ULA). Analysis was focused on the Lasem fault and AF-1/AF-4 offshore faults that are considered as the determinant structures affecting the seismicity of ULA (Nira, 1979, Newjec, 1994). Methods for estimating the MCE of the structures include maximum historical earthquake, and relationship between the length of the fault and the magnitude of earthquake originating from the known structure (Tocher, Iida, Matsuda, Wells and Coopersmith). The MCE magnitude estimating by these method for earthquake originating along the Lasem and AF-1/AF-4 faults vary from 2,1M to 7,0M. Comparison between the result of historical data and fault-magnitude relationship, however, suggest a MCE magnitude of Ms=7,0M for both fault zones. (author)

The University of Alabama in cooperation with Texas A&M University, McGill University, Longleaf Energy Group, Strago Petroleum Corporation, and Paramount Petroleum Company are undertaking an integrated, interdisciplinary geoscientific and engineering research project. The project is designed to characterize and model reservoir architecture, pore systems and rock-fluid interactions at the pore to field scale in Upper Jurassic Smackover reef and carbonate shoal reservoirs associated with varying degrees of relief on pre-Mesozoic basement paleohighs in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. The project effort includes the prediction of fluid flow in carbonate reservoirs through reservoir simulation modeling that utilizes geologic reservoir characterization and modeling and the prediction of carbonate reservoir architecture, heterogeneity and quality through seismic imaging. The primary objective of the project is to increase the profitability, producibility and efficiency of recovery of oil from existing and undiscovered Upper Jurassic fields characterized by reef and carbonate shoals associated with pre-Mesozoic basement paleohighs. The principal research effort for Year 3 of the project has been reservoir characterization, 3-D modeling, testing of the geologic-engineering model, and technology transfer. This effort has included six tasks: (1) the study of seismic attributes, (2) petrophysical characterization, (3) data integration, (4) the building of the geologic-engineering model, (5) the testing of the geologic-engineering model and (6) technology transfer. This work was scheduled for completion in Year 3. Progress on the project is as follows: geoscientific reservoir characterization is completed. The architecture, porosity types and heterogeneity of the reef and shoal reservoirs at Appleton and Vocation Fields have been characterized using geological and geophysical data. The study of rock-fluid interactions has been completed. Observations regarding the diagenetic processes influencing pore system development and heterogeneity in these reef and shoal reservoirs have been made. Petrophysical and engineering property characterization has been completed. Porosity and permeability data at Appleton and Vocation Fields have been analyzed, and well performance analysis has been conducted. Data integration is up to date, in that, the geological, geophysical, petrophysical and engineering data collected to date for Appleton and Vocation Fields have been compiled into a fieldwide digital database. 3-D geologic modeling of the structures and reservoirs at Appleton and Vocation Fields has been completed. The models represent an integration of geological, petrophysical and seismic data. 3-D reservoir simulation of the reservoirs at Appleton and Vocation Fields has been completed. The 3-D geologic models served as the framework for the simulations. The geologic-engineering models of the Appleton and Vocation Field reservoirs have been developed. These models are being tested. The geophysical interpretation for the paleotopographic feature being tested has been made, and the study of the data resulting from drilling of a well on this paleohigh is in progress. Numerous presentations on reservoir characterization and modeling at Appleton and Vocation Fields have been made at professional meetings and conferences and a short course on microbial reservoir characterization and modeling based on these fields has been prepared.

Introduced herein is an application of 2D resistivity survey to a volcanic rock area where the survey result is difficult to interpret because of its complex geological structure. In a dam site survey, main problems involve the permeability of water through faults and weathered, altered zones. At this site, a 2D resistivity survey was conducted, a 2D geological structure was deduced from the resistivity section, and the result was examined. It was found that resistivity distribution was closely related to hydrographic factors, but no obvious correlation was detected between rock classes and R, Q, and D. In conducting investigations into a section planned for a highway tunnel, it was learned that the problem was a volcanic ash layer to collapse instantly upon absorbing water, and the distribution of the ash layer, not to be disclosed by boring, was subjected to a 2D resistivity survey. The survey was conducted into the structure above where the tunnel would run, and further into the face, and studies were made about what layer was reflected by the resistivity distribution obtained by analysis. The result of the analysis agreed with the details of the layer that was disclosed afterward. 4 figs., 1 tab.

This paper reports borehole measurements carried out by the Geological Survey Institute on the Hyogoken-nanbu earthquake. In the Nojima-Hirabayashi area along the Nojima fault which was active in the above earthquake, boreholes piercing through the fault were drilled (the geological structure consists of granodiorite from the surface and fault clay originated from the granodiorite which was encountered at depths from 624.1 m to 625.1 m. Depths from 557 m to 713 m are thought to structure a fault fracture zone.) Structures and properties of the Nojima fault at great depths were investigated by using such means as core analysis using continuos cores, water permeability coefficient measurement, collection and analysis of water, stress measurement using cores, logging and geophone VSP. Borehole measurements were also performed in one location near the fracture starting point in the fault movements in the above earthquake, two locations near the end of the fracture zone, and one location along the Arima-Takatsuki tectonic line which has a possibility of causing activities in the future (by means of earth crust stress measurement using cores and the water pressure fracture method, and installing strain gages and seismometers in the boreholes). 3 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.

Digital cartography allows the portrayal of spatial associations among diverse data types and is ideally suited for land use and resource analysis. We have developed methodology that uses digital cartography for the classification of wetlands and their associated peat resources and applied it to a 1:24 000 scale map area in New Hampshire. Classifying and mapping wetlands involves integrating the spatial distribution of wetlands types with depth variations in associated peat quality and character. A hierarchically structured classification that integrates the spatial distribution of variations in (1) vegetation, (2) soil type, (3) hydrology, (4) geologic aspects, and (5) peat characteristics has been developed and can be used to build digital cartographic files for resource and land use analysis. The first three parameters are the bases used by the National Wetlands Inventory to classify wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States. The fourth parameter, geological aspects, includes slope, relief, depth of wetland (from surface to underlying rock or substrate), wetland stratigraphy, and the type and structure of solid and unconsolidated rock surrounding and underlying the wetland. The fifth parameter, peat characteristics, includes the subsurface variation in ash, acidity, moisture, heating value (Btu), sulfur content, and other chemical properties as shown in specimens obtained from core holes. These parameters can be shown as a series of map data overlays with tables that can be integrated for resource or land use analysis.

The Magallanes foreland thrust and fold belt is a thin-skinned foreland thrust and fold belt of Paleocene to Oligocene age that deforms Upper Jurassic through Tertiary volcanic, volcaniclastic, and siliciclastic strata of the Magallanes basin, southern Andean Cordillera, Chile. This paper is a detailed description and analysis of the geology and structural evolution of the thrust front (Vicuna area of southern Tierra del Fuego). Reflection seismic and well data, together with 1:50,000 scale geological mapping, have been used in the analysis. In the southern part of the Vicuna area, two different thrust systems have been found: an upper imbricate fan that deforms Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous strata, and a younger, lower duplex composed of Cretaceous and probably Upper Jurassic rocks. The imbricate fan is characterized by fault-propagation folding in which listric thrust faults merge downward into a sole thrust that probably is located within the Upper Jurassic stratigraphy. The sole thrust of the upper imbricates forms the roof thrust of the underlying duplex. In the northern part of the Vicuna area, the syntectonic sedimentary wedge of the foredeep consists of Late Cretaceous through Tertiary siliciclastics that have been deformed and uplifted by passive back thrusting at the triangle zone. The structural style in the foreland region shows three main subhorizontal detachment levels located within the sedimentary wedge as a result of the progressive transfer of slip from the thrust belt to the foreland. Minor blind thrusts produce stacked [open quotes]pop up[close quotes] and triangle structures that result in complex geometries in the cores of anticlines. A forward-breaking sequence of thrusting is interpreted. During deformation, the active foredeep wedge migrated at least 10 km northward. Balanced geological cross sections indicate approximately 60% (-30 km) shortening for this part of the Magallanes thrust belt.

Long-term subsurface containment of carbon dioxide is a key objective of geological carbon dioxide storage in porous rock. In the United States, saline aquifers are the most promising vessel for geologic storage because they represent the largest capacity and greatest long-term stability forecasts. To realize the potential of geologic carbon dioxide sequestration, it is essential to understand the behavior of the carbon dioxide plume, the injection aquifer, and the reservoir seal. In hydrocarbon fields, it is known that the total stresses can change during fluid-pressure depletion. However, it is not yet understood whether fluid injection will have significant effects on total stresses in a reservoir scale sequestration. We seek to understand the relationship between the injected carbon dioxide and key reservoir formation characteristics by using geochemical computational software such as The Geochemist’s Workbench, TOUGH, and NUFT/XTools. Through modeling these multiphase flow processes, we aim to understand the maximum sustainable pore-fluid pressures for injection sites by incorporating poroelastic behavior of reservoir rock into our dataset. The purpose of this simulation study is to understand the effects of CO2 injection on the geomechanical reservoir structures. Although our simulations are based on data available for the Farnham Dome, Utah sequestration site, the conclusions drawn from their analysis are equally relevant to the general saline aquifer environment.

Advanced reservoir characterization techniques are being applied to selected reservoirs in the Frio Fluvial-Deltaic Sandstone (Vicksburg Fault Zone) trend of South Texas in order to maximize the economic producibility of resources in this mature oil play. This project is developing interwell-scale geological facies models and assessing engineering attributes of Frio fluvial-deltaic reservoirs in selected fields in order to characterize reservoir architecture, flow-unit boundaries, and the controls that these factors exert on the location and volume of unrecovered mobile and residual oil. The goals of the Industrial Associates program that is the source of industry cofunding to this project are to (1) develop an understanding of sandstone architecture and permeability structure in a spectrum of fluvial-deltaic reservoirs deposited in high- to low-accommodation settings and (2) translate this understanding into more realistic, geologically constrained reservoir models to maximize recovery of hydrocarbons. Project work during the first quarter of 1996 consisted of Phase 3 tasks related to the transfer of technologies to industry. The two primary vehicles for transferring technologies evaluated in the Frio Fluvial-Deltaic Sandstone play (Vicksburg Fault Zone) are a series of two short courses and a microcomputer-based geologic advisor software program. In Rincon field, a three-dimensional (3-D) reservoir model is being constructed to more accurately calculate remaining volumes, and work during the first quarter focused on a sensitivity analysis of varying model parameters.

The author has identified the following significant results. Most of the geologic information in ERTS-1 imagery can be extracted from bulk processed black and white transparencies by a skilled interpreter using standard photogeologic techniques. In central and western Colorado, the detectability of lithologic contacts on ERTS-1 imagery is closely related to the time of year the imagery was acquired. Geologic structures are the most readily extractable type of geologic information contained in ERTS images. Major tectonic features and associated minor structures can be rapidly mapped, allowing the geologic setting of a large region to be quickly accessed. Trends of geologic structures in younger sedimentary appear to strongly parallel linear trends in older metamorphic and igneous basement terrain. Linears and color anomalies mapped from ERTS imagery are closely related to loci of known mineralization in the Colorado mineral belt.

The Marine Geology Unit of the Department of Earth Sciences organized the second Marine Geology symposium at Aarhus University, 7-8 October 1993. The intention was to bring together people working especially with the geology of the North Sea and Skagerrak. Approximately 60 people from different Danish and Norwegian institutions attended the symposium. 28 oral presentations were given and 2 posters presented. A large range of geological topics was covered, embracing biostratigraphy, sequence stratigraphy, sedimentology and structural geology. The majority of the presentations dealt with Quaternary geology and Cenozoic sequence stratigraphy, but also Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous stratigraphy was treated. Studies from the major part of the Danish sector were presented, spanning from Bornholm to the central North Sea, and further into the Norwegian North Sea sector. (au)

A geological survey was performed in Nye County, Nevada. Results of that survey are summarized in the maps included. The general geology of the area is discussed. Major structures are described. The economics resulting from the mineral exploitation in the area are discussed. The hydrogeology and water chemistry of the area are also discussed.

Stratigraphic maps of the sedimentary Parana Basin, its formation, geographic localization, geological age, rocks characterization on its several layers are presented. Based on PETROBRAS internal works, the stratigraphic maps shows the facies distribution, depositional sequences, lithology, and geological structure of the basin. 10 figs., 24 refs.

Makes the case that geologic fieldwork requires more than knowledge of basic skills learned in the standard undergraduate curriculum. Argues that synthesis of the skills into a schema must be done before one can address the kinds of problems that arise when doing field investigations. Argues for the use of descriptive geometry and trigonometry in Structural Geology courses. (Author/MM)

Stratigraphic maps of the sedimentary Pelotas Basin, its formation, geographic localization, geological age, rocks characterization on its several layers are presented. Based on PETROBRAS internal works, the stratigraphic maps shows the facies distribution, depositional sequences, lithology, and geological structure of the basin. 9 figs.

Stratigraphic maps of the sedimentary Santos Basin, its formation, geographic localization, geological age, rocks characterization on its several layers are presented. Based on PETROBRAS internal works, the stratigraphic maps shows the facies distribution, depositional sequences, lithology, and geological structure of the basin. 13 figs., 8 refs.

This atlas of the petroleum geology of New Mexico contains system isopach maps of the entire state, cross sections, structure maps, oil-field maps, and type logs and stratigraphic sections. Twenty-eight target explorations areas are described, most with an overview of the subsurface geology and discussion of exploration objectives; several regional overviews received detailed attention.

In July 2011, the first geothermal field camp was hold on Java/Indonesia near the city Bandung south of the volcanic field Tangkuban Perahu. The course was organized by the Institut Teknologie Bandung (ITB) and International Centre for Geothermal Research (ICGR) of the German Centre of Geosciences (GFZ). The purpose of the Geothermal Field Camp is to combine both field based work and laboratory analysis to ultimately better understand the data collected in field and to integrate data gained by various disciplines. The training belongs to a capacity building program for geothermal energy systems in Indonesia and initially aims to train the trainers. In a later stage, the educational personal trained by the Geothermal Field Camp shall be able to hold their individual Geothermal Field Camp. This is of special interest for Indonesia where the multitude of islands hindered a broad uniform education in geothermal energy systems. However, Indonesia hold the largest geothermal potential worldwide and educated personal is necessary to successfully develop this huge potential scattered over region in future. The interdisciplinary and integrative approach combined with field based and laboratory methodologies is the guiding principle of the Geothermal Field Camp. Tangkuban Perahu was selected because this field allows the integration of field based structural geological analysis, observation and sampling of geothermal manifestations as hot springs and sinters and ultimately of structural geology and surface geochemistry. This innovative training introduces in methods used in exploration geology to study both, fault and fracture systems and fluid chemistry to better understand the selective fluid flow along certain fractures and faults. Field geology covered the systematic measurement of faults and fractures, fault plane and fracture population analysis. In addition, field hydro-geochemistry focused on sampling techniques and field measurements onsite. Subsequent data analysis of the collected data with statistical techniques allowed a reliable interpretation and application of the related software. The course starts with a lecture day reviewing on geothermal exploration, introduction into structural geology, geochemistry and applied volcanology (1st day) and continues with practical work in the Tangkuban Perahu volcano field and surrounding area (2nd - 5th days, from morning until late afternoon). The collected field data are processed and analyzed daily after field work. On the last day, each group of participants gives a presentation related to their field and laboratory investigations and to evidence the lessons learned. In particular, the participants learn practical work in field and laboratory, and theoretical data analysis. Sampling and analysis of self-collected data are fundamental for any interpretation and assessment of reservoir potential. The success of the first Geothermal Field Camp 2011 speaks for a continuation and extension of the training program in 2012 and the following years. Future activity will integrate more collaboration partners and will cover a larger diversity of educational topics and geological-geothermal setting.

Pelotas Basin has the largest gas hydrate occurrence of the Brazilian coast. The reserves are estimated in 780 trillion cubic feet, covering an area of 45,000 km2. In this work we apply spectral decomposition technique in order to better understand a gas hydrate deep water system, performing a continuous time-frequency analysis of seismic trace, where frequency spectrum is the output for each time sample of the seismic trace. This allows a continuous analysis on the effects of the geologic structures and lithology over frequency content of the seismic wave. Spectral anomalies found were interpreted as variations of hydrates concentration inside the Gas Hydrate Stability Zone (GHSZ), as well free gas accumulations beneath and Below the GHSZ and gas chimneys. We concluded that this technique has a good potential to assist seismic study of structures associated with gas hydrates accumulations.

A geostatistical structural analysis was performed on seven overburden chemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, water-soluble calcium, water-soluble magnesium, water-soluble sodium, selenium, and boron) measured at three Powder River Basin, Wyoming mines to validate using geostatistical methods for evaluating overburdens suitability. The chemical constituents of the overburden suitability. The chemical constituents of the overburden had distinct spatial correlations that were quantified by structural analysis. The spatial correlations varied with specific compass directions and with the local geology of the mine site. Comparisons were made of the relative effectiveness of drilling on 200, 400, 800, 1200, and 1600 meter spacings by computing estimation variances for selected constituents at two of the three mines. 17 references, 3 figures, 1 table.

This web site is the site for Cornell's Introduction to Structural Geology. Here you will find copies of key course information, computer programs for calculating strain and stress, copies of lecture notes (available just before the Midterm and Final Exams), animated structure movies, copies of old exams and their keys, links to other structural geology and tectonics resources on the net, and photos of the previous year's field trip and slides shown in class.

The structural restoration of two parallel cross-sections in the central portion of the Santos Basin enables a first understanding of existent 3D geological complexities. Santos Basin is one of the most proliferous basins along the South Atlantic Brazilian margin. Due to the halokinesis, geological structures present significant horizontal tectonic transport. The two geological cross-sections extend from the continental shelf to deep waters, in areas where salt tectonics is simple enough to be solved by 2D restoration. Such cross-sections display both extensional and compressional deformation. Paleobathymetry, isostatic regional compensation, salt volume control and overall aspects related to structural style were used to constrain basic boundary conditions. Several restoration algorithms,...

The surface of Mars is characterized by a large variety of geological processes and provinces which are likely to be related to different subsurface structures. However, the subsurface of Mars is very little known. MOC images have recently shown several outcrops with layered deposits of 2-4 km thickness. The different characteristics of each layer suggest that the Martian upper crust has been sculptured by a wide range of geological processes. The MARSIS radar experiment which will fly on the Mars Express mission will show for the first time the characteristics of the subsurface of Mars. SHARAD on board Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter will performed a more detailed investigation of the subsurface. In order to provide a range of inputs for testing the resolution of the MARSIS and SHARAD radar instruments, we suggest models for a few areas of Mars with different geological settings. The selected areas are: 1. chaos areas where indications are strong for occurrences of ground ice and possibly gas hydrates, 2. canyons and adjacent areas where layering is visible on the walls, 3. sedimentary deposits of various thickness and lithology (lacustrine, fluvial), 4. volcanic areas and associated deposits, 5. glacial landforms and polar caps deposits. This stratigraphical analysis will help us to understand the capabilities of the radar instrument to detect geological features in the upper crust of Mars. The models and simulations are done with respect to differences in electric properties between different layers as well as differences of variation in layer thickness compared to terrestrial analogues studies. Further information about the shallow-water reservoir has been obtained by the Mars Odyssey and Mars Global Surveyor data.

landsat imagery to geologic mapping in Death Valley: Jet Prop. Lab. Pub. 78-19, 47 p ... of the effects of turbulence on average refraction angles in occultations by ... Underwood, J. R., Jr., 1978, Use of the edge enhancer in geologic analysis of ...

At the conclusion of the TRUE-1 and TRUE Block Scale experimental programmes at the Aespoe Hard Rock Laboratory one remaining identified uncertainty was the in situ internal structure of conductive structures, and in particular the in situ material properties of unconsolidated fault gouge of such conductive structures. With the aim of reducing these uncertainties an experimental program has been conducted at depth in the Aespoe Hard Rock Laboratory. Four conductive structures in the immediate vicinity of the Aespoe tunnel were identified for further study. Following basic geometrical and geological modelling based on tunnel observations, geological/ mineralogical and hydrogeological investigations in four boreholes at each site, epoxy resin was injected in selected packed off borehole sections containing the structure. Following a sufficient time for curing of the epoxy, the injected borehole 72 mm sections were overcored with a 300 mm core barrel. Customised techniques were employed to section the core in the borehole and for its retrieval out of the borehole. Following basic geological mapping, selected overcores were sectioned and were subject to image analysis to assess the pore structure using a variety of different descriptive geometrical attributes. In addition, an attempt was made to infer the porosity of the fault rock (including fault gouge) using binary images. Since analysis has been made on multiple slices of impregnated rock it is also possible to crudely map the 3D variability of a given entity. It was furthermore identified that porosity estimates, which range from some 10-70% are, apart from being dependent on the penetration of the epoxy, dependent on the resolution of the given image, the size of the averaging window, and the porosity components contained therein. The obtained quantifications of porosity can therefore only be regarded as ball-park relative porosities of a complete fault rock zones. It does not, however, provide firm quantification of the porosity of the fault gouge as such. It was noted that the information obtained from the current study, descriptive geometrical and quantitative, is not in conflict with conceptual microstructural models devised on a metre scale for conductive structures at Aespoe. However, the ambition to produce firm and unambiguous quantification of the in situ porosity of fault rock and fault gouge has not worked out. One reason being the said dependency of porosities derived from image analysis on the underlying resolution in imagery. However, it was noted that the produced imagery provides additional supporting information which may be used to properly inform and sustain developed conceptual models

The analysis of drainage net allows to identify features of relief symmetry and/or not symmetry and know its morpho structure (high and low structural). The interpretation of relief and drainage texture elements at Landsat/ETM7+ satellite images allows to identify the geo environmental zoning. The integration between morpho structural maps and geo environmental zones maps produces sustainable capacity maps. In the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline influence area, the evaluation of sustainable capacity shapes the interrelation among gas pipeline and physical environment and allows classify more geological and geotechnical favorable areas to gas pipeline maintenance. Gas pipeline regions located at 'High Sustainable Capacity' need few maintenance. However, gas pipeline regions at 'Low/Very Low Sustainable Capacity' need constant investment and monitoring. (author)

A recent report submitted to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) (NIPER/BDM-0226) discussed in considerable detail, the geology, structure, tectonics, and history of oil production activities in the Black Mesa basin in Arizona. As part of the final phase of wrapping up research in the Black Mesa basin, the results of a few additional geophysical studies conducted on structure, stratigraphy, petrophysical analysis, and oil and gas occurrences in the basin are presented here. A second objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of relatively inexpensive, noninvasive techniques like gravity or magnetic in obtaining information on structure and tectonics in sufficient detail for hydrocarbon exploration, particularly by using the higher resolution satellite data now becoming available to the industry.

Initial mapping of the Martian surface, based on stratigraphic markers identified from Viking imagery, resulted in the demarcation of broad planetary scale geological zones. Recent advances in image resolution have established the presence of many smaller surface elements superposed on the older geological zones, thereby indicating younger surface morphologies that are in contradiction with the older mapping. Moreover, the stratigraphic mapping technique is subjective and relatively cumbersome because of its reliance on visual interpretation of images.In this paper a new analytical technique is developed which uses morphometric analysis of the Martian elevation map (MOLA data) to automate delineation and mapping of landforms at the regional scale. The analysis relies on altitude, local relief and local watershed clustering to delineate the landforms, and applies statistical clustering to identify structures with similar properties.As a case study, the technique is applied to Atlantis and Gorgonum basins. Comparison of the delineated features with landforms visible on high-resolution THEMIS images illustrates the accuracy of the morphometric technique in delineating and classifying surface structures, and also permits interpretation of the origin and evolution of the landforms. Our results also show that morphometric data and morphologic evaluation can be combined into a single interpretation of the distribution of surface patterns. A new geomorphological map of the study area is produced and contrasted with the existing stratigraphic map.

Digital data, gamma-ray spectrometry and aeromagnetic data were digitally combined and analyzed for the Bearlodge area (northeastern Wyoming) where potential resources of thorium and rare earths occur. The combined LANDSAT-geophysical data set revealed several geologic structures that were not evident in a single data set for the study area. Both qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis were performed on the combined data sets. Qualitative analysis of the data was done on a computer controlled, interactive color TV display system by overlaying the various data sets in different colors. In the Bearlodge area, this analysis revealed a pair of northwest-southeast tranding lineaments in the LANDSAT image which appeared to truncate a zone of high radioactivity. An elliptical feature formed by drainages is found. An intense thorium-gamma ray anomaly which coincides with thorium-rare earth mineralization, occurs inside this elliptical feature.

Reports and summaries are presented for the following: high-level waste process development; alternative waste forms; TMI zeolite vitrification demonstration program; nuclear waste materials characterization center; TRU waste immobilization; TRU waste decontamination; krypton implantation; thermal outgassing; iodine-129 fixation; NWVP off-gas analysis; monitoring and physical characterization of unsaturated zone transport; well-logging instrumentation development; verification instrument development; mobility of organic complexes of radionuclides in soils; handbook of methods to decrease the generation of low-level waste; waste management system studies; waste management safety studies; assessment of effectiveness of geologic isolation systems; waste/rock interactions technology program; high-level waste form preparation; development of backfill materials; development of structural engineered barriers; disposal charge analysis; and analysis of spent fuel policy implementation.

The Iberian Chain developed as an intraplate thrust-belt within the Iberia during the Paleogene, coeval with the Pyrenean deformation and the early phases of the Betic orogen. Geophysical (Bouguer anomaly map) and geological studies suggest a thickened crust beneath the chain. This was produced by a thrust-system involving the Hercinian basement and the Mesozoic and Cenozoic cover. The scarce geophysical data does not permit to accurately constrain the structure at crustal scale. In the framework of the TOPO-IBERIA project we acquired recently 28 broad-band magnetotelluric soundings along a NE-SW profile crossing the tectonic structures and main geological units. The profile is 180 km long with approximately 5 to 7 km space between MT sites. Robust and remote reference processing was performed to obtain high quality data in the period range from 0,001s to 1000s. The strike analysis revealed a 2D behavior for the MT data with a dominant direction of N130°. 2D inversion of tipper, TM and TE modes was carried out. The resistivity model shows a deep conductor that is interpreted as a crustal-scale thrust formed during the Alpine orogeny and responsible for a crustal thickening. This lower crust conductor can also be interpreted as an intrusion of basic or ultrabasic rocks containing metallic mineral occurrences emplaced during the opening of the Bay of Biscay in Albian times as proposed in the Basque country (north Iberia). At shallow depths, the resistivity model shows several upper crustal layer conductors interpreted as thrusts with a flat and ramp geometry consistent with geological observations. Other conductors are related to tectonic structures in the upper crust.

Seismic section in Linqing depression shows four major seismic horizons. The analysis of reflection characteristic and interrelations of these seismic horizons leads to the conclusion: the depression was formed during mid Mesozoic; in Paleogene, some subdepressions and relevant rises were formed in the depression; and in early Neogene, the depression gradually shrank to wither away. Different depositional environments in different evolution periods resulted in different source rocks respectively. The existence of these source rocks has been revealed by limiting amount of drilling data, but the hydrocarbon resource in the whole depression has not been ascertained yet. The substructural units in the depression resulted from half-graben faulting, and they trend towards north by east. The local structures, being half-anticlines caused by faulting, mostly occur at the downthrow blocks of major faults, ranging in regular way. Most of the local structures, which were created in Paleogene, lie in the east and south parts of the depression. Judging from the informations of petroleum geology and geological structure. The authors can infer that there are five types of major oil trap, and the east part is an important prospect.

Exploration geologists have made extensive use of aerial photography and orbital Landsat imagery, primarily for purposes of structural mapping. The Landsat 4 spacecraft launched in July 1982 is carrying a new imaging instrument called the Thematic Mapper which represents a significant advance over earlier Landsat sensors. Experimental studies with airborne Thematic Mapper simulators tentatively indicate that these measurement capabilities will have a major payoff in terms of our ability to detect variations in clay mineralogy and abundance, to map bleaching effects in surficial rocks and soils that may be produced by hydrocarbon seepage, and to detect variations in the distribution and vigor of natural vegetation that are also related to seepage phenomena. The improved spatial resolution of the Thematic Mapper will enable photogeologists to identify smaller scale landforms and drainage features which will also contribute to improved structural mapping capabilities. Research is currently underway to determine the utility of Thematic Mapper measurements for geologic mapping in complex areas characterized by large relief and extensive vegetation. Radar imaging techniques also represent an important source of information concerning geological conditions at the earth's surface. Exploration geologists have made extensive use of airborne radar surveys for terrain analysis and structural mapping, particularly in tropical environments. Orbital radar techniques may provide an important new tool for mapping facies variations within sedimentary basins.

Although Sumatra includes the site of Indonesia's first oil field and continues to be one of the country's most important hydrocarbon producing regions, the fore-arc basin to the west remains a frontier exploration area. Gas has been found in a number of wells but commercial reserves have yet to be established. The possibility of their existence hinges on the presence of a complex of deep subbasins, but the development of these basins and their relationship to structures onshore Sumatra are still unclear. Although geological observations on the fore-arc islands are acquiring increasing importance with the recognition that the sediments exposed were deposited dominantly or entirely within the fore-arc basin, seismic reflection data remain the key to geological understanding. Reconnaissance surveys in the basin near Nias, the largest of the fore-arc islands, have defined two major depocenters, but interpretation has been hampered by poor data quality in some areas. Measurements of gravity field point to remarkable structural variations along the axis of the fore-arc basin and have been used to amplify and extend seismic interpretation. The combined analysis demonstrates that although some of the structural highs that straddle the fore-arc basin have been positive elements for considerable periods, at least one overlies a deep depression. The very poor quality of the seismic data in parts of the subbasin may be due to extensive shale diapirism, which must be recognized as a factor in future exploration.

Regional seismic discriminants based on high-frequency P/S ratios reliably distinguish between earthquakes and explosions. However, P/S discriminants in the 0.5 to 3 Hz band (where SNR can be highest) rarely perform well, with similar ratios for earthquake and explosion populations. Variability in discriminant performance has spawned numerous investigations into the generation of S-waves from explosions. Several viable mechanisms for the generation of S-waves from explosions have been forwarded, but most of these mechanisms do not explain observations of frequency-dependant S-wave generation. Recent studies have focused on the affect of near-source scattering to explain the frequency-dependence of both S-wave generation and P/S discriminant performance. In this study we investigate near-source scatter through numerical simulation with a realistic geological model We have constructed a realistic, 3-dimensional earth model of the southern Basin and Range. This regional model includes detailed constraints at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) based on extensive geologic and geophysical studies. Gross structure of the crust and upper mantle is taken from regional surface-wave studies. Variations in crustal thickness are based on receiver function analysis and a compilation of reflection/refraction studies. Upper-crustal constraints are derived from geologic maps and detailed studies of sedimentary basin geometry throughout the study area. The free surface is based on a 10-meter digital elevation model (DEM) at NTS, and a 60-meter DEM elsewhere. The model extends to a depth of 150km, making it suitable for simulations at local and regional distances. Our simulation source is based on the 1993 Non-Proliferation Experiment explosion at the NTS. This shot was well recorded, offering ample validation data. Our validation tests include measures of long-period waveform fit and relative amplitude measurements for P and S phases. Our primary conclusion is that near-source topography and geologic complexity in the upper crust strongly contributed to the generation of S-waves from the NPE shot. When either geologic heterogeneity or topography is removed from the model, simulated amplitudes of regional S-waves are diminished. We also find that deeper sources scatter less energy off of topography and upper-crustal structures, resulting in diminished S-wave amplitudes with increasing source depth.

A geologic information system was utilized for geologic mapping in Korea using a spatiotemporal ontology model. Five steps were required to make the GIS representation of the geologic map information. The first step was to limit the geologic mapping to Korean area. The second step was to extract the rock units with spatial objects from the geologic map and the geologic time units with temporal objects. The third step was to standardize the geologic terms in Korean and English for both the spatial and temporal objects. The fourth step was to conceptualize the classified objects in the geologic map units and the formation of guidelines for the specification of a spatiotemporal ontology model. Finally, we constructed a spatiotemporal retrieval system and an ontology system related to the geologic map of Korea, which were applied to the spatiotemporal ontology model. The spatiotemporal ontology model was defined as a sophisticated model that provides for the evolution from a data base to a knowledge base. This ontology model can be conceptualized as a well-defined set of terms used for expressing spatial objects in rock units and temporal objects in geologic time units, as well as a system of contents and structures. In addition, it includes symbology units such as color and pattern symbols mapped one-to-one with the spatiotemporal concepts. The existing information retrieval services provide information that is limited to the user's knowledge, whereas our geologic ontology system provides a broad range of information in graphical form, including locations and interrelationships. In this way, the information can be upgraded to the level of knowledge. A geologic term tree was designed, based on the existing classification schemes, with the goal of creating an accessible internet source.

This report presents an updated isostatic gravity map, with an accompanying discussion of the geologic significance of gravity anomalies in the Santa Ana 30 by 60 minute quadrangle, southern California. Comparison and analysis of the gravity field with mapped geology indicates the configuration of structures bounding the Los Angeles Basin, geometry of basins developed within the Elsinore and San Jacinto Fault zones, and a probable Pliocene drainage network carved into the bedrock of the Perris block. Total cumulative horizontal displacement on the Elsinore Fault derived from analysis of the length of strike-slip basins within the fault zone is about 5-12 km and is consistent with previously published estimates derived from other sources of information. This report also presents a map of density variations within pre-Cenozoic metamorphic and igneous basement rocks. Analysis of basement gravity patterns across the Elsinore Fault zone suggests 6-10 km of right-lateral displacement. A high-amplitude basement gravity high is present over the San Joaquin Hills and is most likely caused by Peninsular Ranges gabbro and/or Tertiary mafic intrusion. A major basement gravity gradient coincides with the San Jacinto Fault zone and marked magnetic, seismic-velocity, and isotopic gradients that reflect a discontinuity within the Peninsular Ranges batholith in the northeast corner of the quadrangle.

Petroleum reservoirs are typically characterized by combining conventional core analysis results, wire-line log data and sedimentological description with production data. This study emphasized the benefits of including structural analysis of core material as part of general reservoir characterization. In particular, it examined the influence of fault zones on fluid flow within the Hibernia Formation in the Hibernia Oilfield in the Jeanne d'Arc Basin on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. The geologic setting and background to the Hibernia Field was presented. Fault seal analysis was used in the study to help manage the compartmentalized Hibernia Field. Cross-fault juxtaposition analysis was also integrated with structural logging and petrophysical measurement of core material. The analysis of core material resulted in an increased confidence in production data interpretation. The study also examined how deformation features present within the Hibernia Formation drill cores have the potential to act as baffles or seals to hydrocarbon flow. Deformation features were described with reference to low, intermediate and high clay content fault rocks. It was shown that fault rocks are capable of severely restricting fluid flow, particularly when close to production or injection wells. The targeting of wheels to avoid the damage-zone envelope associated with seismic-scale faults will result in a large improvement in producer-injector performance despite reducing the potential drainage volume. The results confirm that inclusion of structural analysis in reservoir characterization studies can have a great and positive impact on field management strategies. 31 refs., 2 tabs., 8 figs.

This study of geophysical terranes within and surrounding the Great Basin of the western United States integrates geophysical and geologic data to provide new insights on basement composition and structure at local, intermediate, and regional scales. Pote...

The immediate goal of stratigraphy and structural geology is to reduce the enormous complexity of a planetary surface to comprehensible proportions by dividing the near-surface rocks into units and mapping their distribution and attitude.

Neutrino and muon radiography seems to provide a method complementary to the more conventional seismic studies for getting information on the very deep geological structures. Here we describe the status of the simulations of neutrino and muon interaction in matter.

Introduction to fractals.- Application of fractal theory in potential field exploration methods.- Fractal modeling of complex subsurface geological structures: application to gravity exploration.- The route to fractals in magnetotelluric exploration of the crust.- Electrokinetic effect in fractal po...

Abstract in portuguese A produtividade dos poços tubulares profundos em terrenos cristalinos é extremamente variável e depende, além das propriedades intrínsecas da rocha, de fatores externos a ela. Na bacia do rio Jundiaí, Região Sudeste do Brasil, a existência de descontinuidades abertas em situações geológicas favoráveis à recarga constitui o principal fator que influencia a produtividade dos poços. Nesta área, zonas de cisalhamento e zonas de falhas pré-cambrianas reativadas (more) ao longo do tempo geológico controlam a compartimentação morfoestrutural e a deposição de sedimentos cenozóicos. O cruzamento do mapa estrutural com os dados dos poços que explotam o Sistema Aqüífero Cristalino mostrou que poços com produtividade elevada em relação aos demais concentram-se ao longo das estruturas regionais. O forte controle estrutural sobre a produtividade dos poços também é notável em escala de detalhe. Nesta escala, constatou-se que os poços mais produtivos situam-se em áreas onde estruturas rúpteis de direção NW-SE e E-W denotam a ação de esforços transtrativos neotectônicos. A compreensão da história evolutiva aliada à análise do fraturamento mostrou ser uma técnica eficiente e de baixo custo, conveniente para ser utilizada na seleção de áreas onde, posteriormente, métodos mais dispendiosos poderão ser aplicados. Abstract in english The well productivity in crystalline terrains is extremely changeable and depends on external factors, in addition to the intrinsic properties of rocks. In the Jundiaí River Catchment, Southeastern Brazil, the main factor that influences well productivity is the existence of open discontinuities permeability in geologic environments that favor groundwater recharge. In that area, Pre-Cambrian shear and fault zones were reactivated throughout geologic time, controlling the (more) morphostructural compartments and the Cenozoic sedimentary deposition. Superposition of productivity data and structural maps showed that more productive wells are concentrated mainly along the regional geologic structures. The structural control over well productivity is also noticeable in detailed scale. Using fine scale maps we show that the most productive wells are located in areas where brittle structures with NW-SE and E-W directions denote the action of neotectonic transtensional stress. The comprehension of evolutionary geologic history allied to fracturing analysis proved to be an efficient and a low cost technique, which is adequate for selecting areas for further developments using more expensive methods.

This report presents the results of the analysis of base geological data in order to establish the dominant rock type, the subordinate rock types and the orientation of ductile mineral fabrics within each rock domain included in the regional geological model, version 1.2. An assessment of the degree of homogeneity of each domain is also provided. The analytical work has utilised the presentation of data in the form of histograms and stereographic projections. Fisher means and K values or best-fit great circles and corresponding pole values have been calculated for the ductile structural data. These values have been used in the geometric modelling of rock domains in the regional model, version 1.2. Furthermore, all analytical results have been used in the assignment of properties to rock domains in this model. A second analytical component reported here addresses the orientation and mineralogy of fractures in the deterministic deformation zones that are included in the regional geological model, version 1.2. The analytical work has once again utilised the presentation of data in the form of histograms and stereographic projections. Fisher means and K values are presented for the orientation of fracture sets in the deterministic deformation zones that have been identified with the help of new borehole data. The frequencies of occurrence of different minerals along the fractures in these deformation zones as well as the orientation of fractures in the zones, along which different minerals occur, are also presented. The results of the analyses have been used in the establishment of a conceptual structural model for the Forsmark site and in the assignment of properties to deterministic deformation zones in model version 1.2.

Progress is described on the following tasks within this project: satellite image acquisition; lineament analysis; digital elevation data; and digital geology. Equipment purchases and future work plans are also briefly mentioned.

...that recent data and analysis shows domestic natural gas production has increased significantly over the last...drilling technologies, and the ability to produce natural gas trapped in shale gas geologic formations. Chevron asserts that...

Abstract: The Cenozoic basins of interior Alaska are poorly understood, but may ... because vegetation and surficial deposits obscure the bedrock geology, only limited ... We present our analysis as a red-green-blue composite spectral map ...

At this stage of the reservoir characterization research, the main emphasis is on the geostatistics and reservoir simulation. Progress is reported on geological analysis, reservoir simulation, and reservoir management.

Widespread definition of a groundwater system in three dimensions is necessary for the management and maintenance of groundwater resources. A magnetotelluric (MT) survey can be an effective geophysical prospecting method for imaging regional geological structures by measuring both shallow and deep resistivity. To demonstrate the capability of an MT survey to characterize a groundwater system, the Kumamoto area of central Kyushu in southwestern Japan was selected as a case study site because of its rich groundwater resources. Three-dimensional (3D) MT resistivity structure to a depth of 5 km was modeled by 1D inversion analysis of raw MT data and 3D interpolation of the resultant resistivity column data by the optimization principle method. Consequently, both deep and shallow aquifers were ...

The coalbed thickness appeared to be structurally controlled; the bed was generally thinner near the axes of anticlines and thicker near the axes of synclines. The overburden isopach shows a similar relationship. Most of the clay veins in coal occur in the synclinal troughs, generally under sandstone roof. Cleat orientations measured in 18 underground mines showed that face cleats are perpendicular to the axial trends of the folds, and the butt cleats are parallel to the axial trends, indicating structural control of the cleat. Measurement and analysis of surface joint orientations provide a method for predicting the cleat orientations of the coalbed, but linears measured from infrared photographs and photoindex sheets helped only to determine regional trends. The results of these investigations provide a geologic framework for rational planning for underground mine development to use the best available technology to cope with methane emissions, coalbed discontinuities, and related ground support problems.

The structural geology of an outcropping of layered sedimentary deposits in southwest Candor Chasma is mapped using two adjacent high-resolution (1m/pixel) HiRISE digital elevation models and orthoimagery. Analysis of these structural data yields new insight into the depositional and deformational history of these deposits. Bedding in non-deformed areas generally dips toward the center of west Candor Chasma, suggesting that these deposits are basin-filling sediments. Numerous kilometer-scale faults and folds characterize the deformation here. Normal faults of the requisite orientation and length for chasma-related faulting are not observed, indicating that the local sediments accumulated after chasma formation had largely ceased in this area. The cause of the observed deformation is attrib...

Widespread definition of a groundwater system in three dimensions is necessary for the management and maintenance of groundwater resources. A magnetotelluric (MT) survey can be an effective geophysical prospecting method for imaging regional geological structures by measuring both shallow and deep resistivity. To demonstrate the capability of an MT survey to characterize a groundwater system, the Kumamoto area of central Kyushu in southwestern Japan was selected as a case study site because of its rich groundwater resources. Three-dimensional (3D) MT resistivity structure to a depth of 5?km was modeled by 1D inversion analysis of raw MT data and 3D interpolation of the resultant resistivity column data by the optimization principle method. Consequently, both deep and shallow aquifers were ...

A generalization is made of the experience of volumetric mapping of structures of ore fields in rare-metal pegmatities, iron ore and gold ore fields by geophysical methods. A technique is presented for substantiating physical-geological models of ore fields as a basis for selecting a radiation complex of geophysical methods. In order to determine the parameters of ore field models at the interpretation station, the methods of self increasing filtering and multiple-measure analysis of geophysical data using parametric and nonparametric recognition algorithms, procedures of mathematical modeling and evaluating the reliability of results of comprehensive interpretation are important. Proof is presented for the high efficiency and locality of the methods for transitional processes and sounding by establishing a field in the near zone to investigate the structural elements of iron ore and gold ore fields.

As part of an extensive basin analysis program conducted by the Bureau for the U.S. Department of Energy, this research summarizes the structural geology of the Palo Duro Basin. Surface and subsurface study, including examinations of outcrop, well log, and seismic reflection data, indicate that the structures within and adjoining the Palo Duro Basin consist primarily of isolated, fault-bounded, basement highs and poorly defined subbasins. Overall structural configuration of these features was produced during the Pennsylvanian Ancestral Rocky Mountain Orogeny and modified by subsidence during the Permian and Triassic Periods, although some structures formed before the late Paleozoic and were later reactivated. Recognized structures in the Palo Duro Basin include the Arney positive in Castro, Randall, and Swisher Counties, the central Randall High in Randall County, and the Littlefield-Illusion Lake structure in Lamb County. Structures marginal to the Palo Duro Basin include the Amarillo Uplift, Whittenburg Trough, Oldham-Harmon trend, and the Matador Arch; in this report the author delineates these and other structures in detail.

The science of field geology is the investigative process of determining the distribution of rock units and structures on a planet s surface, and it is the first order data set that informs all subsequent studies of a planet, such as geochemistry, geochronology, geophysics or remote sensing. These allied sciences, as important as they are, derive the basis of their understanding from the knowledge of the geology of a given location. When we go back to the Moon, and on to Mars, the surface systems we deploy will need to support the conduct of field geology if these endeavors are to be scientifically useful. This lecture will consider what field geology is about - why it s important, how we do it, how the conduct of field geology informs many other sciences, and how it will affect the design of surface systems and implementation of operations in the future.

Since the discovery well, Chevron et al. Hibernia P-15, was drilled in late 1979, five step-outs have subsequently been drilled on the Hibernia structure. This paper focuses on a detailed petrophysical and geological evaluation of the three main reservoirs in the Hibernia field. These zones include: the Avalon zone, the ''B'' Seismic Marker zone and the Hibernia zone. Detailed petrophysical analyses were conducted on these zones, generating: effective porosity corrected for shaliness, hydrocarbon effect and compaction; lithology calculated using matrix solution, shale volume and water saturation. Crossplots of porosity, permeability and individual log responses were used to calibrate the log data and select evaluation parameters. The results of the petrophysical analyses were summarized on depth plots and used to prepare stratigraphic and structural cross sections in order to illustrate the complex lateral and vertical relationships of the reservoirs. Cutoffs were applied to the calculated profiles over the reservoir intervals in order to provide data on reservoir distribution and quality. These results were used to prepare a suite of geological maps for each reservoir. The resource potential of each of the three main reservoirs was determined by a Monte Carlo simulation technique. This analysis indicates that the Hibernia is truly a ''Giant Oil Field''. The study was conducted by the Newfoundland and Labrador Petroleum Directorate and Intercomp Resource Development and Engineering Ltd.

The hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell (HDAC) was designed to simulate the geologic conditions of crustal processes in the presence of water or other fluids. The HDAC has been used to apply external pressure to both synthetic and natural fluid inclusions in quartz to minimize problems caused by stretching or decrepitation of inclusions during microthermometric analysis. When the HDAC is loaded with a fluid sample, it can be considered as a large synthetic fluid inclusion and therefore, can be used to study the PVTX properties as well as phase relations of the sample fluid. Because the HDAC has a wide measurement pressure-temperature range and also allows in-situ optical observations, it has been used to study critical phenomena of various chemical systems, such as the geologically important hydrous silicate melts. It is possible, when the HDAC is combined with synchrotron X-ray sources, to obtain basic information on speciation and structure of metal including rare-earth elements (REE) complexes in hydrothermal solutions as revealed by X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectra. Recent modifications of the HDAC minimize the loss of intensity of X-rays due to scattering and absorption by the diamonds. These modifications are especially important for studying elements with absorption edges below 10 keV and therefore particularly valuable for our understanding of transport and deposition of first-row transition elements and REE in hydrothermal environments.

The Espirito Santo Basin integrates the group of basins along the eastern Brazilian continental margin. It is located between 18 deg and 21 deg S, encompassing an area of approximately 220,000 km{sup 2}, onshore and offshore the Espirito Santo State. Its geological limit with the Campos Basin to the south is defined by a Precambrian basement high (Vitoria Arch), and its northern limit with the Mucuri Basin is defined by a geopolitical limit. The study of salt tectonics processes in the Espirito Santo Basin allowed the deformational analysis and interpretation of the chronological evolution of the mini-basins developed between salt diapirs. We observe an intrinsic relationship between halokinesis and creation of subsidence troughs that may be important for trapping hydrocarbon reservoirs, and consequently form oil and gas accumulations in this portion of the basin. This geodynamics evolution of these structures is marked by a strong linkage between salt movement and coeval sedimentation in the interdomal basins, forming structures and stratigraphic traps that may constitute important aspects for the petroleum geology. (author)

Deformation rates determined for the Basin and Range province using geodetic data agree within uncertainties with scalar moment rate estimates from a 146-year earthquake catalog. This agreement suggests that the rate of historic earthquakes within the province provides a reasonable estimate for the long-term rate of seismicity. Geological estimates of deformation rates are lower than that of geodesy or seismicity due to limited data. We focus on a particular, small region for more detailed analysis of ground motion prediction and amplification. The Reno-Sparks urban region (population ˜400,000) is located in a fault-controlled basin that is about 13 km wide and 21 km long. Despite the small basin size and depth, local basin effects are significant. Both data and synthetic modeling show that the 3D basin structure strongly influences ground motion within the basin. Site characteristics are assessed at twenty-one seismic stations in the region. Shallow shear wave velocities are measured using the refraction microtremor (ReMi) technique (Louie, 2001). Average velocities to depths of 30 m and 100 m are compared with local geological and soil classifications. Generalized geological classifications show some variations in unit averages of the measured velocities, variations between units are much smaller than the standard deviations of velocities within units having multiple measurements. Predictions of site velocities based on soil weight percent of gravel, sand, silt, and clay fall within +/-20% of measured values for all but two of the 21 sites. Ground motions from local earthquakes are used to ascertain empirical site amplification effects within the basin relative to a nearby rock site using the soil to rock spectral ratio technique. Most site response functions within the basin are mainly flat, but do show relative amplification. Some sites do show resonant peaks. These empirical site effects are compared with site conditions evaluated using average shallow shear wave velocities and local geological classifications. While the geology rock group has a lower mean amplification, the separation with those of the sedimentary groups not large. The Vs30 groups have distinct means that are well separated, indicating that velocity is a useful predictor of amplification.