Little research exists on the body mass index values of late 19th and early 20th century African-Americans. Using a new BMI data set and robust statistics, this paper demonstrates that late 19th and early 20th century black BMI variation by age increased in their mid-30s but declined at older ages w...

Apr 26, 2012... an American choreographer credited with popularizing modern dance and ... He was a leading figure of the Ashcan School, an early 20th century artistic ... "As these names appear regularly in the scientific literature and on ...

Pioneer orthopedic institutions established in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, and in the U.S.A. in the second half of the 19th and the first decade of the 20th century, can trace their ancestry in ideas back to the practice and teachings of Hippocrates. Experience in treatment of ...

Transcranial magnetic stimulation has become an important field for both research in neuroscience and for therapy since Barker in 1985 showed that it was possible to stimulate the human motor cortex with an electromagnet. Today for instance, transcranial magnetic stimulation can be used to measure nerve conduction velocities and to create virtual lesions in the brain. The latter option creates the possibility to inactivate parts of the brain temporarily without permanent damage. In 2008, the American Food and Drugs Administration approved repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as a therapy for major depression under strict conditions. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has not yet been cleared for treatment of other diseases, including schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, obesity and Parkinson's disease, but results seem promising. Transcranial magnetic stimulation, however, was not invented at the end of the 20th century. The discovery of electromagnetism, the enthusiasm for electricity and electrotherapy, and the interest in Beard's concept of neurasthenia already resulted in the first electromagnetic treatments in the late 19th and early 20th century. In this article, we provide a history of electromagnetic stimulation circa 1900. From the data, we conclude that Mesmer's late 18th century ideas of 'animal magnetism' and the 19th century absence of physiological proof had a negative influence on the acceptance of this therapy during the first decades of the 20th century. Electromagnetism disappeared from neurological textbooks in the early 20th century to recur at the end of that century. PMID:23043145

Since its introduction in the early to mid-20th century, the Asian seagrass Zostera japonica has become established in marine and mesohaline portions of many estuaries in the Pacific Northwest. Z. japonica forms dense patches from 0.3-2.4m above mean lower low water, a zone that...

The Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (OFM) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) has become a pest of tree fruits since its introduction to the United States in the early 20th century. OFM has historically been a major pest problem in peach production, and outbreaks in commercial apple orchards...

The concept of socio–ecological transitions is used to analyse the quantitative importance of physical imports and exports for the Habsburg Empire and the United Kingdom in the 19th and early 20th centuries. For the Habsburg Empire, a new dataset of foreign trade and social metabolism is presented. ...

Sharka disease caused by Plum pox virus (PPV) is the most important virus disease of stone fruits (peaches, nectarines, apricots, and cherries). Since the first report of PPV from Bulgaria in the early 20th century, the virus has invaded virtually the entire European continent and has been spreadin...

In the early sixties of the 20th century baseline information on community health care, longitudinal growth, clinical morbidity and mortality in tropical Ghana was scarce and in particular among children almost non existent. The author of this thesis, after her appointment in 1962 as a paediatrician...

The present work is a critical study of the dynamics of Muslim understanding of Christianity during the late 19th and the early 20th century in the light of the polemical writings of the well-known Syro-Egyptian Muslim reformist Sheikh Muhammad Rashid Rida (1865-1935) and his associates. It is obser...

The psychoanalytic tradition of direct observation of children has a long history, going back to the early 20th century, when psychoanalysis and the emerging field of 'child studies' came into fruitful contact in Freud's Vienna. As a leading figure in the attempted integration of direct observation ...

The introduction of the tympanostomy tube in the treatment of otitis media with effusion in the mid 20th century completely revolutionized its therapy. Nevertheless, it was not a new idea. The aim of this research is to elucidate the origin of prosthetic middle ear ventilation in the mid 19th century. A review of primary sources revealed at least seven different models of tympanostomy tube which were manufactured between 1845 and 1875. These included: Frank's gold tube, Lincke's rubber tube, Bonnafont's silver cannula, Politzer's hard rubber drain, Miot's metallic eyelet, Voltolini's gold ring, and Bonnafont's eyelet. Study of these early innovations shows that all of the technical and surgical principles of the tympanostomy tube were known in the mid 19th century. Widespread introduction into otological practice did not occur until the mid 20th century invention of the operating microscope. PMID:23183195

Prostate anatomy has been the subject of controversy for 200 years. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, lobar anatomy was accepted. Beginning in 1968 and for the next 25 years, John E. McNeal presented his view of prostate anatomy in terms of 4 anatomic zones. The transition zone was introduced in 1978 as the site of development of benign prostatic hyperplasia. This review was undertaken to describe the evolution of McNeal’s anatomic concepts.

Agricultural landscapes illustrate the impact of human actions on physical settings, and differential human pressures cause these landscapes to change with time. Our study explored changes in the terraced landscapes of Nisyros Island, Greece, focusing on the socioeconomic aspects during two time periods using field data, cadastral research, local documents, and published literature, as well as surveys of the islanders. Population increases during the late 19th to early 20th centuries marked a significant escalation of terrace and dry stone wall construction, which facilitated cultivation on 58.4% of the island. By the mid-20th century, the economic collapse of agricultural activities and consequent emigration caused the abandonment of cultivated land and traditional management practices, d...

Alternating Current (AC) is used all over the world today. In India we use AC at 50 Hz (cycles per second) and in USA and Canada at 60 Hz. During the latter part of the 19th century, even during the early part of the 20th century, Direct Current or DC was widely used. Had we continued with DC, electricity would not have been as widely available as it is today and its use would have been cumbersome, costly and severely restricted. We owe it mainly to the Serbian genius Nikola Tesla that electricity has reached almost every nook and corner of most continents.

This paper examines decline in cocoa production at three historical moments: Trinidad in the early 18th century, Brazil in the first half of the 20th century, and Ghana in the recent transition from colonialism to independence. In each, decline followed promising expansion. Conventional explanations have been based on biological, agronomic, and market factors. Following a commodity systems approach, we use the extant literature to focus in addition on labor control dilemmas and the consequences of state action and inaction. Throughout, use of the cocoa commodity system as the unit of analysis exposes important commonalities related to power, constraint, and motivation.

The seasonal predictability of global surface air temperature for the 20th century was examined using the Climate of the 20th Century (C20C) AGCM experiment. It was found that since 1920, the seasonal mean predictability of global climate has increased. These increases are related to increases in ENSO amplitude, which is in turn associated with increased surface temperature.

This article explores how the early medieval past was used to justify Germanic political and cultural hegemony across East Central Europe during the first half of the 20th century. It highlights the ways in which medieval historians and archaeologists contributed to, and were influenced by, the program of ?Ostforschung? (Eastern Research). A close reading of the work of two prominent German archaeologists during the interwar and National Socialist periods suggests that their conception of the early medieval eastern Alps was not only influenced by national chauvinism, but also reveals striking parallels with Western imperial ideologies typical of overseas colonial contexts.

We inferred climate drivers of 20th-century years with regionally synchronous forest fires in the U.S. northern Rockies. We derived annual fire extent from an existing fire atlas that includes 5038 fire polygons recorded from 12,070,086 ha, or 71% of the forested land in Idaho and Montana west of the Continental Divide. The 11 regional-fire years, those exceeding the 90th percentile in annual fire extent from 1900 to 2003 (>102,314 ha or approximately 1% of the fire atlas recording area), were concentrated early and late in the century (six from 1900 to 1934 and five from 1988 to 2003). During both periods, regional-fire years were ones when warm springs were followed by warm, dry summers and also when the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) was positive. Spring snowpack was likely reduced during warm springs and when PDO was positive, resulting in longer fire seasons. Regional-fire years did not vary with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) or with climate in antecedent years. The long mid-20th century period lacking regional-fire years (1935-1987) had generally cool springs, generally negative PDO, and a lack of extremely dry summers; also, this was a period of active fire suppression. The climate drivers of regionally synchronous fire that we inferred are congruent with those of previous centuries in this region, suggesting a strong influence of spring and summer climate on fire activity throughout the 20th century despite major land-use change and fire suppression efforts. The relatively cool, moist climate during the mid-century gap in regional-fire years likely contributed to the success of fire suppression during that period. In every regional-fire year, fires burned across a range of vegetation types. Given our results and the projections for warmer springs and continued warm, dry summers, forests of the U.S. northern Rockies are likely to experience synchronous, large fires in the future. PMID:18459335

We present a precipitation reconstruction for the ecotone of Hulunbei'er steppe and Great Xing'an Mountain forest region, Inner Mongolia, based on tree rings of Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestiris Linnaeus var. mongolica Litvinov) scattered in regional sandy dune forests. The ring-width chronology shows most significant correlation with precipitation from prior August to current June. Based on this relationship, a precipitation reconstruction (1806-2007 A.D.) was developed. The reconstruction was verified with independent data, and accounts for 39.7% of the actual precipitation variance during their common period (1953-2007). The reconstruction shows a relatively wet early half of the 19th century, a reversal from generally dry conditions during the late-19th century to generally wet conditions during the early 20th century, and a drying trend in general since the mid-20th century. The driest decades are found in 1856-1865 and 1889-1898, and the wettest decades occurred in 1944-1953 and 1826-1835, respectively. Multi-decadal (? 56.8 year) and inter-annual (2.3, 4.6, 4.8, 4.9, 5.7-6.0, 9.0 and 9.1 year) cycles are also detected in our reconstruction. Our precipitation reconstruction is significantly correlated with the East Asian Monsoon and Pacific Ocean signals, such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation.

This edition of the private and scientific correspondence of Sir Rudolf Peierls gives a unique insight into the life and work of one of the greatest theoretical physicists of the 20th century. Rudolf Peierls' scientific work contributed to the early developments in quantum mechanics, and he is well known and much appreciated for his contributions to various disciplines, including solid state physics, nuclear physics, and particle physics. As an enthusiastic and devoted teacher, he passed on his knowledge and understanding and inspired the work of collaborators and students alike. As an effecti

Abstract in english This article aims to demonstrate the existence of demophobic principles in the theory of modern democracy. Liberal theoretical propositions decreed the subsumption of the demos in the government of all, reduction of the presence of the masses in politics, the exteriority of their modes of organization, and rationalization of administration of "the many". The study focuses on liberal thinkers from the late 18th to the early 20th centuries, but is not limited to them. The r (more) esult is the enunciation of a political oxymoron (demophobic democracy), which also appears as an epistemological obstacle to democratic experimentation.

Developmental events of a sample of outstanding leaders experienced in early life were examined. Relevant sections of 120 biographies of outstanding leaders in the 20th Century were content coded using a life narrative framework. The results indicated that individuals evidencing a particular leadership type (charismatic, ideological, or pragmatic) and orientation (socialized or personalized) were linked to certain types of developmental events. Similarly, event content was found to vary between the leader styles. Specific kinds of experiences were also related to various indices of leader performance. Practical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.

What is generally understood by Modern architecture in China is set to be re-evaluated across the world with a major exhibition this summer at the RIBA in London and a significant new book by Edward Denison and Guang Yu Ren. Here co-author and co-curator of Modernism in China, Edward Denison, outlines why we need to look back to Chinas Modernist roots in the early 20th century if we are to understand the intense modernisation of the present. Copyright Copyright 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abstract in english Based on data from a municipal census in 1907, this study compared the situations of Blacks, White Brazilians, and various immigrant groups in early 20th century Western São Paulo. Contrary to assertions in the literature, many Black families were small coffee farmers, and Blacks competed with Europeans in various other manual occupations. Meanwhile, Blacks were almost completely absent from the elites, and literacy rates were extremely low among Blacks, including in the (more) new generation, born after Abolition. The study analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of these various groups, thereby contributing to new hypotheses on the consequences of large-scale European immigration for the Black population.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the activation of a photosensitizing drug, which preferentially localizes to diseased skin, by irradiation with light to cause selective cytotoxic damage. Since its discovery in the early 20th century and the development of topical photosensitizers 2 decades ago, PDT is increasingly being used in dermatology for a wide range of neoplastic, inflammatory, and infectious cutaneous conditions. Topical 5-aminolevulinic acid and methyl aminolevulinic acid, the most commonly used agents in PDT, have received Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of actinic keratoses, and many second-generation photosensitizers are under investigation. Compared with conventional therapies, PDT has the advantage of being noninvasive and capable of field treatmen...

Managing Live Innovation examines the innovation process from the line manager's perspective. This book identifies the skills needed to manage live 'real time' innovation in an environment where products and services are constantly refined, and where customer input is encouraged from an early stage. The New Skills Portfolio is a groundbreaking new series, published in association with the Industrial Society, which re-defines the core management skills managers and team leaders need to be competitive. Each title is action-focused blending 20th century management initiatives/trends with a new fl

World history textbooks currently used in U.S. high schools adopt Western civilization as the integrating element of world history. The high school world history approach with Western civilization as the essence was a product of the late 19th century and early 20th century. The historical consciousness of this period continues to influence decision making with regard to the selection and organization of high school world history textbooks. This study traces conceptual origins of the Western-centered approach to world history by undertaking an exploration of conceptualizations of world history in high school textbooks in the late 19th and early 20th century. This research sought to answer the following questions: In the textbooks published during the period between 1875 and 1934, what kinds of themes determined the selection and the organization of world history? How did those organizational themes come into prominence?; Specifically, what kinds of historical experiences--events, ideas, aspirations, and enterprises--gave rise to particular organizational themes and topics? and What assumptions and premises undergirded the conception of world history? To answer these questions, the study analyzed high school textbooks in general history, European history, and world history from 1875 to 1934. Findings reveal the limits of the Western-centered approach to world history and, in the end, suggest a revision of the high school world history course that would be more relevant to contemporary needs. Includes extensive footnotes and 4 figures; contains a 264-item bibliography. Appendixes contain lists of the 38 textbooks analyzed. (BT)

Abstract in english Since early 19th century, the historic and sociologic approaches to prison environment in France allow us to better understand the opening difficulties of French prison policy at the end of the 20th century. During the first half of the 19th century, prison society prepared a succession of reforms that allowed choosing the best prison system. Confinement imprisonment and amendment of criminals by work was the policy believed to be more effective. From 1850 to 1945, prison (more) policy took a repressive orientation. Prison reforms, which are proposed by the prisons society, are not applied: lack of rebuilding of new prisons, failure of «all confinement», omnipresence of employers. The consensus of the majority of the French criminologists around lombrosians or lacassians biologic approaches favours the practice of criminal colonization: the criminal is beyond redemption. We must wait until 1945 to see again amendment and rehabilitation as central issues in French prison policy.

This paper reviews the history and evidence related to remote wounding effects of ballistic pressure waves imparted to tissue by the impact of a bullet. Such remote effects are often referred to as hydraulic or hydrostatic shock. In spite of considerable published evidence and a long history, some medical professionals continue to regard the ability of a bullet to injure tissue that is not directly crushed or stretched as mythical (Jandial R, Reichwage B, Levy M, Duenas V, Sturdivan L. Ballistics for the neurosurgeon. Neurosurgery. 2008:62:472-480.) Early references to these effects date to the 19th century; however, compelling experimental support and medical findings in human case studies did not become available until the late 20th and early 21st century.

Case for 50 assymptomatic; 2.5 % of residual disease; Endemic in the Middle ... DES or diethylstilbesterol administered in the 20th Century for : miscarriage prevention; In the off-springs produces increased risks for: ... Medical Risk Managment ...

... 2009: Model-based constraints on interpreting 20th century trends in ice core Be. .... Sensitivity of sea ice to physical parameterizations in the GISS global climate model. .... Global patterns of cloud optical thickness variation with temperature.

This paper examines the regulation of ballroom dancing in England in the first four decades of the 20th century. It demonstrates how various forms of dance considered to be ‘American’, particularly the ‘shimmy’, were labelled as degenerate and threatening...

This study analyzes the theories of Pragmatic Communications, Cybernetics, and Perturbation under the framework of the Pragmatic Complexity Model to illustrate how two Presidential administrations beginning in the 20th and 21st centuries used 'new media' ...

Abstract Hilde Bruch was one of the most important researchers into the question of weight during the 20th century. Best known for her popularization of anorexia nervosa, she was equally important in articulating a psychological aetiology for obesity. This ...

In this study, intensities and trends of Hadley, Walker, and monsoon circulations are compared for the IPCC 20th Century simulations and for 21st Century simulations, using the upper tropospheric velocity potential data. As a result, we showed significantly weaker biases in Walker and monsoon circulations for the JJA climate in the IPCC 20th Century simulations. The dispersal in the scatter diagram of the model biases is considerably large. The same analyses are applied for the IPCC 21st Century simulations to investigate the trends of these tropical circulations in response to the projected global warming. As a result, it is anticipated that Hadley, Walker, and monsoon circulations are weakened by 9, 8, and 14%, respectively, by the late 21st Century, according to the ensemble mean of the IPCC model simulations. Considering the large model biases demonstrated for the IPCC 20th Century simulations, further studies are needed to quantify those trends.   

The theory of groundwater flow was largely developed during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, starting with the fundamental contribution by Darcy (1856) and continuing with work by Dupuit (1863), Forchheimer (1886), Theim (1870), Slichter (1899), Meinzer (1928), Theis (1935), Jacob (1940), Hubbert (1940), and others. A significant advance during the 20th century was development of the theory for transient analysis of groundwater flow including a quantitative description of the process governing release of groundwater from storage. Other contributions in the 20th century included regional flow system analysis, development of techniques for parameter estimation (e.g., pumping tests and inverse modeling), insights into the processes of groundwater discharge to lakes, rivers (e.g., the hyporheic zone), and the ocean (e.g., submarine groundwater discharge or SGD), and insights into processes related to solute transport (dispersion, chemical reactions). The study of benchmark papers shows that occasionally there is a truly new and original idea that emerges well formed in a single paper. More often, however, the appearance of a benchmark paper is preceded by a series of papers in which successive researchers build upon previous work. Eventually someone puts it all together, adds the keystone, and publishes a breakthrough (benchmark) paper. Sometimes the published work has unexpected payoffs. In this lecture, I will focus on three benchmark papers published during the 20th century, each of which found application beyond their intended purpose. (1) Barenblatt, Zheltov and Kochina (1960) introduced the concept and mathematics of the dual porosity medium for application to fractured rock. While the method is still used to quantify flow through fractured rock, the dual porosity approach has also found application in quantifying contaminant transport in heterogeneous mixtures of sand and silt/clay. (2) Stallman (1965) presented an analytical solution to the one-dimensional, transient heat flow equation and showed how it could be used to estimate groundwater velocity. Over 20 years later, Stallman's methodology was used to characterize groundwater interaction with streams. (3) The method of slug test analysis introduced by Cooper, Bredehoeft and Papadopulos (1967) was intended to estimate aquifer parameters in traditional problems in well hydraulics. The method is now widely used in site characterization in contaminant investigations where it is used to estimate site scale spatial variations in heterogeneity.

Hereditary angioedema (HAE), a rare autosomal dominant disorder, was first described in the late 19th century. The disease remained poorly understood and without therapeutic options until the latter half of the 20th century. Advances in the understanding of immunologic and hematologic pathways have shed light on HAE, a disease characterized by painful and unpredictable recurrent attacks of nonpitting edema without urticaria. Recognition that a deficiency of complement component 1 (C1) esterase inhibitor leads to overproduction of vasoactive kinins that cause angioedema paved the way for the development of early treatments. Increased understanding of the role of bradykinin in hereditary and acquired forms of C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency has led to the development of more targeted treatments for this painful, debilitating and potentially life-threatening disease. PMID:22456031

Books reviewed in this issue Medieval and Early Modern Literature and Culture Rublack, Ulinka. Dressing Up. Cultural Identity in Renaissance Europe. Watanabe-O'Kelly, Helen. Beauty or Beast? The Woman Warrior in the German Imagination from the Renaissance to the Present. 18th and 19th Century Literature and Culture Beiser, Frederick C. The German Historicist Tradition. Helfer, Martha B. The Word Unheard: Legacies of Anti-Semitism in German Literature and Culture. Kord, Susanne. Murderesses in German Writing, 1720-1860: Heroines of Horror. Kortlnder, Bernd, and Enno Stahl, eds. Zensur im 19. Jahrhundert. Das literarische Leben aus Sicht seiner berwacher. 20th and 21st Century Literature and Culture Bradley, Laura, and Karen Leeder, eds. Brecht and the GDR: Politics, Culture, Posterity. Corn...

Science has long been connected to innovation and to business. As early as the late 19th century, chemical companies, realizing the commercial potential of science, created the first industrial research laboratories. During much of the 20th century, large-scale business enterprises like DuPont, GE, Westinghouse, IBM, Kodak, Xerox (PARC), and AT&T (Bell Laboratories) created in-house labs capable of first-rate basic scientific research. In recent decades, however, the connection between science and business has begun to change in important ways. While the corporate lab declined, new "science-based businesses" in sectors like biotech, nanotech, and energy emerged. Universities also became active players in the commercialization of science. In short, science has become a business. This essay ...

While hydropower turbine manufacturers have incrementally improved turbine technology to increase efficiency, the basic design concepts haven`t changed for decades. These late 19th and early 20th century designs did not consider environmental effects, since little was known about environmental effects of hydropower at the time. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the hydropower industry recognize that hydropower plants have an effect on the environment and there is a great need to bring turbine designs into the 21st century. DOE has issued a request for proposals (RFP) that requested proposers to discard conventional thinking, search out innovative solutions, and to visualize innovative turbines designed from a new perspective. This perspective would look at the {open_quotes}turbine system{close_quotes} (intake to tailrace) which will balance environmental, technical, and economic considerations. This paper describes the DOE Advanced Hydropower Turbine System Program.

Abstract Starch has been used over several millennia for a number of different applications. However, research on understanding this substance only spans about three centuries starting with Leeuwenhoek who observed it in 1716. This story of discovery of the molecular structure and architectural makeup of starch is chronicled in a series of six essays of which this is the third with a focus on contemporary terminologies used in the 19th and early 20th centuries and its impact on advances in starch. Following the discovery of diastase, researchers focused on understanding the action of diastase on -transforming- starch into sugar. Besides maltose, they found that the products consisted of a range of dextrins with different abilities to complex with iodine. However, the nomenclature of the pr...

We study statistical properties of the number of large earthquakes over the past century. We analyze the cumulative distribution of the number of earthquakes with magnitude larger than threshold M in time interval T, and quantify the statistical significance of these results by simulating a large number of synthetic random catalogs. We find that in general, the earthquake record cannot be distinguished from a process that is random in time. This conclusion holds whether aftershocks are removed or not, except at magnitudes below M = 7.3. At long time intervals (T = 2-5 years), we find that statistically significant clustering is present in the catalog for lower magnitude thresholds (M = 7-7.2). However, this clustering is due to a large number of earthquakes on record in the early part of the 20th century, when magnitudes are less certain.

Faced with complex patterns of global change, the inextricable interconnection of humans, pet animals, livestock and wildlife and their social and ecological environment is evident and requires integrated approaches to human and animal health and their respective social and environmental contexts. The history of integrative thinking of human and animal health is briefly reviewed from early historical times, to the foundation of universities in Europe, up to the beginning of comparative medicine at the end of the 19th century. In the 20th century, Calvin Schwabe coined the concept of ''one medicine''. It recognises that there is no difference of paradigm between human and veterinary medicine and both disciplines can contribute to the development of each other. Considering a broader approach...

On the west coast of Greenland near Disko Bay an outlet glacier named Sarquardliup sermia forms an ice dam across a valley to produce Lake Tiningnilik. Expeditions in the early 20th century reported that the lake drains cyclically about every 10 years establishing an important baseline for a stable pattern in nature lasting through the 19th and 20th centuries until now. In summer 2010 the lake drained after just 7 years and at a lower water stand than the 2003 pre-drainage levels. This represents an adjustment to new equilibrium conditions with the ice dam and might be an index of recent local climate change in Greenland. We take a close look at Lake Tiningnilik and previous studies to constrain the timing of the drainage events using historical air photos and satellite imagery starting in the 1940s and 1970s, respectively. Tiningnilik has been occasionally surveyed on the ground since the 1980s and since the late 1990s regularly scanned by both aircraft and satellite laser altimetry, as well as satellite radar. Incorporating these data we are able to close some gaps in the historic chronology of the drainage events and suggest mechanisms to account for the recent change in the stable cycle. This information is important to understanding glacier dynamics and prediction of jökulhlaup which may erode the Sarqardliup sermia terminus and facilitate glacial surges. Improving upon previous estimates our data constrain the timing and therefore flow rates of the Lake Tiningnilik drainages in 2003 and 2010.

The Kallikak Family was, along with The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease, and Heredity, one of the most visible eugenic family narratives published in the early 20th century. Published in 1912 and authored by psychologist Henry Herbert Goddard, director of the psychological laboratory at the Vineland Training School for Feebleminded Children in Vineland, New Jersey, The Kallikak Family told the tale of a supposedly "degenerate" family from rural New Jersey, beginning with Deborah, one of the inmates at the Training School. Like most publications in the genre, this pseudoscientific treatise described generations of illiterate, poor, and purportedly immoral Kallikak family members who were chronically unemployed, supposedly feebleminded, criminal, and, in general, perceived as threats to "racial hygiene." Presented as a "natural experiment" in human heredity, this text served to support eugenic activities through much of the first half of the 20th century. This article reviews the story of Deborah Kallikak, including her true identity, and provides evidence that Goddard's treatise was incorrect. PMID:22642970

Cores and cross sections from 133 limber pine (Pinus flexilis James) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco) at four sites were used to estimate annual (July to June) precipitation in the Yellowstone National Park region for the period from AD 1173 to 1998. Examination of the long-term record shows that the early 20th century was markedly wet compared to the previous 700 yr. Extreme wet and dry years within the instrumental period fall within the range of past variability, and the magnitude of the worst-case droughts of the 20th century (AD 1930s and 1950s) was likely equaled or exceeded on numerous occasions before AD 1900. Spectral analysis showed significant decadal to multidecadal precipitation variability. At times this lower frequency variability produces strong regime-like behavior in regional precipitation, with the potential for rapid, high-amplitude switching between predominately wet and predominately dry conditions. Over multiple time scales, strong Yellowstone region precipitation anomalies were almost always associated with spatially extensive events spanning various combinations of the central and southern U.S. Rockies, the northern U.S.-Southern Canadian Rockies and the Pacific Northwest.

We present a multi-archive, multi-proxy summer temperature reconstruction for the European Alps covering the period AD 1053-1996 using tree-ring and lake sediment data. The new reconstruction is based on nine different calibration approaches and errors were estimated conservatively. Summer temperatures of the last millennium are characterised by two warm (AD 1053-1171 and 1823-1996) and two cold phases (AD 1172-1379 and 1573-1822). Highest pre-industrial summer temperatures of the 12th century were 0.3 ^oC warmer than the 20th century mean but 0.35 ^oC colder than proxy derived temperatures at the end of the 20th century. The lowest temperatures at the end of the 16th century were ~1 ^oC lower than the 20th century mean.

We present a multi-archive, multi-proxy summer temperature reconstruction for the European Alps covering the period AD 1053-1996 using tree-ring and lake sediment data. The new reconstruction is based on nine different calibration approaches and errors were estimated conservatively. Summer temperatures of the last millennium are characterised by two warm (AD 1053-1171 and 1823-1996) and two cold phases (AD 1172-1379 and 1573-1822). Highest pre-industrial summer temperatures of the 12th century were 0.3 °C warmer than the 20th century mean but 0.35 °C colder than proxy derived temperatures at the end of the 20th century. The lowest temperatures at the end of the 16th century were ˜1 °C lower than the 20th century mean.

Reconstructing the temporal and spatial climate development on a seasonal basis during the last few centuries, including the 'Little Ice Age', may help us better understand modern-day interplay between natural and anthropogenic climate variability. The conventional view of the climate development during the last millennium has been that it followed a sequence of a Medieval Warm Period, a cool 'Little Ice Age' and a warming during the later part of the 19th century and in particular during the late 20th/early 21st centuries. However, recent research has challenged this rather simple sequence of climate development. Up to the present, it has been considered most likely that the 'Little Ice Age' glacial expansion in western Scandinavia was due to lower summer temperatures. Data presented here, however, indicate that the main cause of the early 18th century glacial advance in western Scandinavia was mild and humid winters associated with increased precipitation and high snowfall on the glaciers. (orig.)

Incidence of childhood allergic disease including asthma (AD-A) has risen since the mid-20th century with much of the increase linked to changes in environment affecting the immune system. Childhood allergy is an early life disease where predisposing environmental exposures, sensitization, and onset of symptoms all occur before adulthood. Predisposition toward allergic disease (AD) is among the constellation of adverse outcomes following developmental immunotoxicity (DIT; problematic exposure of the developing immune system to xenobiotics and physical environmental factors). Because novel immune maturation events occur in early life, and the pregnancy state itself imposes certain restrictions on immune functional development, the period from mid-gestation until 2 years after birth is one o...

The implantation of the blastocyst and early development of the placenta are crucial for the success of implantation and pregnancy. However, the formative stages of human placental development are largely unknown because of their existence in a 'black box' where access to samples is extremely limited for ethical reasons. In this review we discuss our current knowledge of early placental formation from the time of implantation at 3 weeks of gestation to approximately 5-6 weeks of gestation, encompassing both the significant anatomical findings derived from the unique specimens obtained in the mid-20th century and the renewed study of this period over the past 10 years as novel models of implantation have been developed.

Schizophrenia typically has age of onset during late adolescence or early adulthood; yet, several patients manifest symptoms for the first time in middle or old age. These patients with late (older than 40 years) or very-late-onset schizophrenia (older than 60 years) have similar characteristics to those with early-onset schizophrenia regarding psychopathology, family history, cognitive deficits, non-specific brain imaging abnormalities, course of illness and treatment response. During the 20'th century, schizophrenic symptoms that onset after 40's are defined as ''late onset schizophrenia'', ''late parafreni'', ''very late onset schizophrenia'' or late psychoses. In those days neither ICD-10 nor DSM-IV had no separate codeable diagnoses for late-onset schizophrenia and there is no age res...

The scientific movement in educational research began in the late 19th century and has expanded exponentially in the 20th century. The origins of the movement are commonly associated with the expansion of measurement and survey methods in clinical psychology and the social sciences. This paper argues that the medical sciences also served as a model that shaped educational research in the inter-war period. The child guidance and scientific child study movements are examined in conjunction with the promotion of research by large scale 20th century U.S. philanthropy represented by the Rockefeller Foundation and the Commonwealth Fund during the inter-war years. (Author)

Simulations using a climate model are used to investigate the possible impact of increasing emissions of carbonaceous aerosols on near-surface temperature in the mid-20th century. The annual global mean near-surface temperature change from the mid-20th century onward is reasonably described by a model that is forced by changes in most of the known climate forcing agents including an increase in carbonaceous aerosols, though it can also be well reproduced without increases in carbonaceous aerosols. However, if we consider spatio-temporal structure of the changes in the near-surface temperature, an increase in carbonaceous aerosols is definitely required for the model to represent changes in the near-surface temperature in the mid-century, in particular, cooling trends in the tropical and subtropical continents. The significance of an increase in carbonaceous aerosols as an indispensable contributor to mid-20th century temperature changes is confirmed with the use of an optimal fingerprinting methodology.

This article explores the different meanings of “Europe” in Swedish history textbooks over the course of the 20th century. Utilising the concept of myth, this textbook analysis looks at how the older history of Europe, and Sweden in relation to Europe, had changed by the end of the century. In parti...

In this paper it is pointed out that some Dutch 19th and 20th-century linguists reacted rather critically to the rise and dominance of German historical-comparative grammar. Among other things, it can be shown that Dutch 19th-century linguists were giving prominence to the living language, and were ...

This disertation is composed of a preface introducing the themes, the data and the reasons after their selection. My concern is to investigate some artistic and social aspects of parody, through the study of Shakespeare's Othello, and Dowling's 19th century and Welles' and Marowitz' 20th century p...

Sea levels have risen from four to eight inches in the 20th century, and model projections suggest an additional rise of 8 to 15 inches is possible during the 21st century. Rising sea levels can increase the upstream extent of salt water influence in coastal aquifers. In coasta...

Abstract in spanish La inserción femenina en el mercado de trabajo a comienzos del siglo XX es un espacio escasamente explorado por los historiadores tradicionales, que amerita un análisis particular no solo desde la visión de género sino también como un grupo social que se vio afectado por el desarrollo capitalista de la Argentina agroexportadora. El propósito del presente trabajo es analizar las posibilidades y las limitaciones que brindan los Censos Nacionales históricos (1869, 189 (more) 5 y 1914) para la reconstrucción de la participación femenina en el mercado de trabajo. Este proceso implicó un cambio en el mercado de trabajo en general, que, según algunos estudios, significó la disminución de la participación femenina durante las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Este trabajo pone en duda estas conclusiones sobre la base del análisis del caso particular de Mendoza. Esta provincia es importante, ya que a comienzos del siglo XX la vitivinicultura se convirtió en la principal actividad productiva de la provincia y la más importante en su rubro a nivel nacional, transformando el mercado de trabajo en general e influyendo de manera muy particular sobre las mujeres. Abstract in english The insertion of women in the labor market in the early 20th century is an issue scarcely explored by traditional historians and it deserves an individual analysis, not only from the point of view of the gender, but also as a social group that was affected by the capitalist development of the agro-exporting Argentina. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the potential and the limitations of the information provided by the national census of 1896, 1895, and 1914 in ord (more) er to recreate the female contribution to the labor market. The forementioned process determined a change in the labor market as a whole that, according to some papers, brought along the reduction of the female share in the first decades of the 20th century. This paper aims to argue that point, based on the study of the province of Mendoza. This province is significant given that, in the early 20th century, the production of wine became the main productive activity, thus transforming the labor market and having a distinctive impact on women.

Animals and products derived from different organs of their bodies have constituted part of the inventory of medicinal substances used in various cultures since ancient times. This article reviews the history of healing with animals in the Levant (the Land of Israel and parts of present-day Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan, defined by the Muslims in the Middle Ages as Bilad al-Sham) throughout history. Intensive research into the phenomenon of zootherapy in the Levant from early medieval to present-day traditional medicine yielded 99 substances of animal origin which were used medicinally during that long period. Fifty-two animal extracts and products were documented as being used from the early Muslim period (10th century) to the late Ottoman period (19th century). Seventy-seven were recorded as being used in the 20th century. Seven main animal sources have been exploited for medical uses throughout history: honey, wax, adder, beaver testicles, musk oil, coral, and ambergris. The first three are local and relatively easy to obtain; the last four are exotic, therefore, rare and expensive. The use of other materials of animal origin came to an end in the course of history because of change in the moral outlook of modern societies. Among the latter we note mummy, silkworm, stinkbug, scarabees, snail, scorpion, and triton. PMID:12576209

The Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) in South Florida, part of the historical Everglades, was initially drained in the early 20th century for agriculture and flood protection. The organic soils have been subject to subsidence caused by organic matter oxidation. Soils are deeper east of Lake Okeechobee compared to soils south of the lake. The area is mostly planted to sugarcane and other crops such as rice, vegetables, and sod. Concerns about quality of water leaving the EAA led to a regulatory program for mandatory best management practices (BMP) since 1995 to reduce phosphorus (P) loads out of the EAA by 25% compared to historical levels. The program is highly successful, with 100% grower participation and exceeding P load reduction required by law. Trend analysis conducted on selected ...

Bornyl salicylate (BS) is a salicylic derivative, obtained by sterification of salicylic acid and monoterpene (-)-borneol, and its topical use in inflammatory diseases was described in the early 20th century. It is also known that borneol presents neuroprotective, genoprotective and analgesic properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate BS in experimental models of acute inflammation. The toxicity of BS was analyzed by measuring water and food intake, weight, mortality and weight of main organs. To assess its anti-inflammatory effect, BS-treated mice were challenged with carrageenan, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), bradikynin (BK) or histamine (HIS)-induced paw edema, zymosan-induced peritonitis and vascular permeability induced by acetic acid. Nitric oxide (NO) production was analyzed i...

We investigated the seismicity in the aftershock area of a great earthquake occurring on April 20, 2006 (21:04 LT) in the area of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug. This analysis of the aftershock process was based on a complete catalog of the earthquakes that were recorded during April?May 2006 by the regional network of seismic stations operated by the Kamchatka Branch of the Geophysical Service of the Russian Academy of Sciences. We also made use of a catalog of low magnitude events for May 2?17 as recorded by a mobile seismic network deployed in the rupture zone. We provide a review of seismicity for the Koryak Upland for the period of instrumental observations in the 20th and early 21st centuries.

Life-threatening Plasmodium vivax malaria cases, while uncommon, have been reported since the early 20th century. Unfortunately, the pathogenesis of these severe vivax malaria cases is still poorly understood. In Brazil, the proportion of vivax malaria cases has been steadily increasing, as have the number of cases presenting serious clinical complications. The most frequent syndromes associated with severe vivax malaria in Brazil are severe anaemia and acute respiratory distress. Additionally, P. vivax infection may also result in complications associated with pregnancy. Here, we review the latest findings on severe vivax malaria in Brazil. We also discuss how the development of targeted field research infrastructure in Brazil is providing clinical and ex vivo experimental data that benef...

During the latter part of the 20th century, work stress became an important societal issue and a huge amount of scientific attention went to studying it. This paper examines the process of formulating and defining the concept of work stress in the occupational health sciences and in industrial and organizational psychology from the early 1960s to the late 1990s. The empirical material of the study encompasses 108 scientific articles, books, book chapters, `state of the art' reviews, book reviews, and written conference presentations. The data are analysed in the frameworks of historical sociology, critical psychology, and the anthropology of knowledge. We argue that work stress as a life-structuring concept gained ground in psychosocial and occupational health sciences (and also in lay und...

Abstract The Danish silent movie Himmelskibet (in English, A Trip to Mars or The Sky Ship) premiered in 1918, and a novelization of the movie appeared in 1921. The film is about a trip to Mars and portrays a Martian civilization that embraces a life of peace, vegetarianism, and non-alcoholism. Both movie and novel, though especially the novel, provide insight into the plurality-of-worlds debate in Denmark in the early 20th century, forming as it did a part of a general debate about the relationship between science and religion. Yet The Sky Ship did not only form part of this debate but also displayed strong religious currents itself. Most notably, a romantic, Neo-Platonically inspired Christian version of Druidry informed the portrayal of the Martians and their society. Finally, the medium...

Visual and plastic arts in contemporary literacy instruction equal null curricula. Studies show that painting and sculpture facilitate teaching reading and writing (literacy), yet such pedagogy has not been formally adopted into USA curriculum. An example of null curriculum can be found in late 19th - early 20th century education the USA government provided for indigenous Navajo Dine people. Weaving, metalwork and associated design skills, as well as language arts, were ignored when educational experts advised teaching them. Contemporary studies as well as these historical events provide teachers with methods and content using visual and plastic arts to teach literacy. Appendixes include: a selection from an 1890 report to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs; six photographs; 1928 findings of the Meriam Report, Eastern Association of Indian Affairs, Inc. "Bulletin" 17; 1946 US Senate sub-committee on Indian Affairs hearing, "Navajo Indian Education"; and "A booklet of Catholic prayers: Navajo-English, Circa 1910."

We constructed historical (1900–) high-resolution (0.05° × 0.05°) daily precipitation data over the Japanese land area as part of the product of the “Asian Precipitation – Highly-Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation of the Water Resources” (APHRODITE) project. This product APHRO_JP is derived from rain gauge observations and is intended to accurately represent both mean and extreme values. Due to new interpolation techniques developed in APHRODITE, estimation accuracy for orographic precipitation is improved, and bias for long-term amount is reduced, even for the early 20th century in which the observation network was sparse in space. Moreover, the product can be used for statistical analysis of heavy precipitation up to about 150 mm/day, over a long term period (? 100 years). APHRO_JP enables diverse research, including validation of meso-scale models and analysis of the longterm extreme precipitation trend in Japan.   

Various observatories around the globe started regular full-disk imaging of the solar atmosphere in the Ca II K line since the early decades of the 20th century. The archives made by these observations have the potential of providing far more detailed information on solar magnetism than just the sunspot number and area records to which most studies of solar activity and irradiance changes are restricted. We evaluate the image contents of three Ca II K spectroheliogram time-series, specifically those obtained by the digitization of the Arcetri, Kodaikanal, and Mt Wilson photographic archives. We describe the main problems afflicting these data and analyze their quality by expressing the image contents through several quantities. We compare the results obtained with those for similar present-day observations taken with the Meudon spectroheliograph and with the Rome-PSPT. We show that historic data suffer from stronger geometrical distortions and photometric uncertainties than similar present-day observations. T...

For over 10,000 years, shellfish were an important food and raw material resource for ancient peoples on California's Northern Channel Islands. Early Channel Island peoples often focused on large, easy-to-gather intertidal species such as California mussels (Mytilus californianus) and black abalone (Haliotis cracherodii), with later peoples expanding their shellfish economy to include a wider range of species. By the time of European contact (AD 1542-1820) the Island Chumash lived in large, sedentary villages and collected a diverse range of shellfish species by the millions. Although predation by the Chumash and their ancestors affected the size of several key shellfish species, 19th and 20th century commercial harvests targeted specific, high-value species for global markets, bringing se...

Objective: To examine trends in alcohol consumption and alcohol-related crashes among people younger than 21 in the United States and to review evidence on the effects of minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) laws. Methods: Trends in alcohol-related crashes and alcohol consumption among young people were examined, and studies on the effects of lowering and raising the drinking age were reviewed. Results: MLDA laws underwent many changes during the 20th century in the United States. Since July 1988, the MLDA has been 21 in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Surveys tracking alcohol consumption among high school students and young adults found that drinking declined since the late 1970 s, and most of the decline occurred by the early 1990 s. These were the years when states were establi...

We have all become used to 60 Hertz electrical power - in fact that is what we have expected at the electrical outlet ever since the DC days of George Westinghouse and others in the early part of the 20th Century, We knew that 60 Hertz was generated and transmitted by the power supplier, and we knew that our load devices, when {open_quotes}plugged-in{close_quotes} would accept that frequency when we turned on the switch. The surprise for most of us is that this happy {open_quotes}marriage{close_quotes} of 60 Hertz supply and 60 Hertz load just does not exist much anymore and the prospect for the future is an ever increasing {open_quotes}multiple-frequency{close_quotes} demand by the new sensitive loads. These multiple frequencies, in addition to 60 Hertz, are what we call Harmonics; and, their presence introduces both current and voltage interactions which can disturb our power systems.

All anatomical departments of German universities used bodies of the executed and other victims of the National Socialist (NS) regime for their work. Many of these victims had been executed in prisons and were members of the German political opposition; others had perished in camps for prisoners of war or forced laborers and concentration camps, and were of various European and other descent. Anatomists generally welcomed the increased influx of "fresh material" for purposes of research and education of the growing numbers of medical students. No anatomist is known to have refused work with the bodies of NS victims. Other medical disciplines also made use of these bodies, among them were racial hygienists and neuropathologists. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the fields of anatomy...

Glacial relicts and glacial landforms in the north-central Taiwan have been pointed out as early as 30s of the 20th century. Recent findings of the striated boulders and bedrocks, glacial trough valley, and cirque in the Hsueshan, the Hohuanshan, the Nanhutashan, the Yushan, and the Chiaming Lake area have confirmed the existence of glacial relicts and landforms in the in the central and south-central high mountains of Taiwan. Variation of periglacial landforms and features such as irregular depressions, patterned ground, angular frost-shattered bedrock protuberances, and smoothing of slopes through processes of creeping and solifluction are highly dependent on differences of lithology. Since the retreat of the last glaciations, the periglacial processes have been acting and modifying already-existing glacial landforms in the high ground of Taiwan.

Large magnitude explosive eruptions are the result of the rapid and large-scale transport of silicic magma stored in the Earth's crust, but the mechanics of erupting teratonnes of silicic magma remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the combined effect of local crustal extension and magma chamber overpressure can sustain linear dyke-fed explosive eruptions with mass fluxes in excess of 10^1^0kg/s from shallow-seated (4-6km depth) chambers during moderate extensional stresses. Early eruption column collapse is facilitated with eruption duration of the order of few days with an intensity of at least one order of magnitude greater than the largest eruptions in the 20th century. The conditions explored in this study are one way in which high mass eruption rates can be achieved to ...

Identifying potential regional contamination by Alberta oil sands industrial emissions on sensitive ecosystems like the Peace-Athabasca Delta, ~200km to the north, requires knowledge of historical contaminant levels and trends. Here we provide some of these critically-needed data, based on analysis of metals in a sediment core from an upland precipitation-fed lake in the delta. The lake is well-situated to record the anthropogenic history of airborne contaminant deposition for this region. Sediment records of metals of concern (Pb, Sb, As, Hg) reflect early to mid-20th century increases in North American industrial emissions, followed by reduced emissions due to improved industrial practices after 1950-70. Notably, Pb, Sb, As and Hg have declined since the onset of Alberta oil sands produc...

More damaging tsunamis have impacted Crescent City, California in historic times than any other location on the West Coast of the USA. Crescent City?s harbor has undergone significant modification since the early 20th century, including construction of several breakwaters, dredging, and a 200??300?m2 small boat basin. In 2006, a M w 8.3 earthquake in the Kuril Islands generated a moderate Pacific-wide tsunami. Crescent City recorded the highest amplitudes of any tide gauge in the Pacific and was the only location to experience structural damage. Strong currents damaged docks and boats within the small boat basin, causing more than US?$20 million in damage and replacement costs. We examine how modifications to Crescent City?s harbor may have affected its vulnerability to moderate tsunamis ...

Gustav Klimt was born in Vienna in 1862. At age 14, he received a scholarship to the Vienna Public Art School. After graduating, he painted realistic portraits and later began to paint landscapes. Klimt was best known for creating a style known as Art Nouveau, in answer to the Industrial Revolution of the early 20th century. Art Nouveau was a reaction to technology, using curving shapes, fat, decorative patterns and handmade materials. Two of Klimt's best-known paintings are "The Kiss" and "Tree of Life," which exemplified the Art Nouveau style. In this article, the author describes a printmaking project inspired by Klimt's "Tree of Life" painting. In this project students use the wet-on-wet watercolor technique.

Since the early 20th Century, epidemiological research has brought benefits and burdens to Aboriginal communities in Canada. Many First Nations, Métis, and Inuit continue to view Western research with distrust; quantitative methods are perceived as especially inconsistent with indigenous ways of knowing. There is increasing recognition, however, that rigorous epidemiological research can produce evidence that draws attention and resources to pressing health issues in Aboriginal communities. We present a framework for culturally safe epidemiology, from the identification of research priorities, through fieldwork and analysis, to communication and use of evidence. Modern epidemiology and indigenous knowledge are not inherently discordant; many public health opportunities arise at this interface and good science must begin here too. PMID:20975852

Spider Man and the Green Lantern are not the first images that most people conjure up when someone mentions "important art." In the world of fine art, comic books are often viewed as the bottom rung of the artistic ladder. In the early half of the 1900s, such an assessment would not have been unreasonable. With their rudimentary visuals and sub-par writing, the comics of the day were nothing more than gags and cheap laughs. It was not until the end of the 20th century that comics became an acclaimed artistic medium, with profound and relevant writing and technically strong and aesthetically pleasing visuals. This documents discusses how the author believes comic books to be a form of healing. Through comic book characters and worlds he has been able to work through problems in his life.

Tommy Douglas is an icon of Canadian 20th Century political history and is considered by many as the "Father" of Medicare, a key component of our national identity. Throughout his career, he was associated at both the provincial and federal levels with progressive causes concerning disadvantaged populations. In his sociology Master's thesis written in the early 1930's, Douglas endorsed eugenic oriented solutions such as segregation and sterilization to address what was perceived to be an endemic and biologically determined problem. At first glance, this endorsement of eugenics appears to be paradoxical, but careful analysis revealed that this paradox has multiple roots in religion, political belief, historical exposure and our own desire to view our collective history in a favourable light. PMID:22384493

This study examines the architecture and culture of metropolitan dwelling in Europe and North America in the early 20th century as a model for the future sustainable compact city. While architectural historians usually focus on anti-urban housing models, such as the Garden City and the Siedlung, and thus re-emphasise the avantgardist claim of the housing development 'from the block to the row', this study focuses on the supposed intermediary step of the urban perimeter block. By examining contemporary sources, such as architectural journals, reports and conference proceedings, a culture of metropolitan dwelling can be reconstructed. Not only were an extensive number of inner-urban block developments, of high architectural quality, realised during that period, but there was also a controver...

Two glass trade beads, one red and one yellow, retrieved from a secure archaeological context on Magoro Hill, an erstwhile Venda stronghold in South Africa's Limpopo Province, were analyzed with Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy identified the pigment coloring the yellow bead as lead tin yellow Type II and the glass as a typical soda-lime-silica glass. Both pigments and glass type were in use over a long time span and therefore the bead cannot be used as a temporal marker. The pigment coloring the red bead, on the other hand, was identified as nano-(Zn,Cd)S1-xSex mixed crystals, a pigment that was only widely used in the early 20th century. This date casts doubt on local oral tradition that associates the brick-built structure from which the beads were recovered ...

In the summer of 1890, news that two students at Lasell Seminary for Young Women in Auburndale, MA had suffered a complete nervous collapse as a result of being hypnotized by an instructor in a nerve training class caused a brief but sharp national sensation regarding hypnotism and nerve training in girls' education. The instructor, Annie Payson Call, denied practicing hypnotism, and the seminary's principal defended both Call and the "mind concentration" course she taught at Lasell. Call's approach to nerve training blended Delsartean relaxation exercises, New Thought psychology, and self-hypnotic techniques into a therapeutic regimen which can be termed "Delsartean hypnosis." Developed further in her 1891 popular self-help handbook, Power Through Repose, Call's variety of Delsartean hypnosis was incorporated into the procedures of proponents of suggestive therapeutics, and it served as a model for subsequent relaxation training programs in the early- and mid-20th century. PMID:22849003

The information derived from the interpretation of historical aerial photographs is perhaps the most basic multitemporal application of remote-sensing data. Aerial photographs dating back to the early 20th century can be extremely valuable sources of historical landscape activity. In this application, imagery from 1918 to 1927 provided a wealth of information about chemical weapons testing, storage, handling, and disposal of these hazardous materials. When analyzed by a trained photo-analyst, the 1918 aerial photographs resulted in 42 features of potential interest. When compared with current remedial activities and known areas of contamination, 33 of 42 or 78.5% of the features were spatially correlated with areas of known contamination or other remedial hazardous waste cleanup activity.

We analyzed cladoceran remains in dated sediment cores from four lakes in Nova Scotia, Canada, to assess the potential effects of climate warming, acidic deposition, and a major fish kill caused by copper sulphate poisoning on assemblage composition and Bosmina size structure. In three of the four lakes, we observed a decline in Daphnia in the early 20th century that might be indicative of limnological changes in response to acidic deposition or increased fish predation. The appearance of the softwater zooplankter Holopedium glacialis in Hirtle Lake ~1995 might be linked to declining aqueous [Ca], a consequence of acidic deposition. No shifts in subfossil Cladocera were identified in this study that could be linked to climate warming. The application of copper sulphate as a fish poison to ...

Grant Wood's "American Gothic," intended to represent the Depression Era, Midwestern farmer, has been regarded by many as the stereotypical representation of a true American farmer for decades. While this painting does represent farmers in the early part of the 20th century, the author feels obliged to say that it is time to drop this stereotype and open one's eyes to the modern day farmer. In this essay, the author discusses the impact of this negative, outdated perception of farming to young college graduates, like him, who choose it as an occupation. He urges those who question the future of American agriculture or believe a modern day farmer is defined by "American Gothic" to change their negative attitude by looking into the eager eyes of a young farmer.

Abstract At the beginning of the 1960s, Colin Rosser and Chris Harris worked together on a community study in Swansea, south Wales, UK. It explored how families, in particular extended families, had been affected by social change since the early years of the 20th century. The re-study, which began in 2001, investigated the nature of social change and how it had affected extended families in the four decades since 1960. Research that is framed in terms of contemporary sociological theory asks different questions from those that were asked in the 1950s when structural functionalism was the dominant paradigm. The re-study, which replicated (as far as possible) the methodology of the original study, asked similar questions to those that had been asked in 1960. This meant that, inadvertently, i...

This article follows the culmination of the scientific thought of the neurobiologist Christfried Jakob (1866-1956) during the later part of his career, based on publications from 1930 to 1949, when he was between 64 and 83years of age. Jakob emphasized the necessity of bridging philosophy to the biological sciences, neurobiology in particular. Thus, we consider him as one of the early protagonists in the emergence of neurophilosophy in the 20th century. The topics that occupied his mind were the foundations for a future philosophy of the brain, and the `neurobiogenetic', `neurodynamic', and `neuropsychogenetic' problems in relation to how consciousness emerges. Jakob's views have many elements in common with great thinkers of philosophy and psychology, including Immanuel Kant, William Jame...

Introduction: Sulfur mustard (SM) has been used as a dangerous chemical warfare agent since the early 20th century. Although many descriptive studies about SM-induced ocular injuries are present in the medical literature, few of them have been conducted over a large group with serious ocular involvement. Materials and methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 149 severe SM-intoxicated war veterans. Ocular history, anterior and posterior segment findings using a slit lamp, and direct and indirect ophthalmoscopic findings were recorded. Severity of the disease was also recorded based on a chart of the Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs. Results: Ocular complains included photophobia (73.2%), sense of decreased vision (72.5%), dry eye sensation (66.4%), foreign body sensation (...

Since the ancient world relations exist between music and medicine. In the prehistoric music, dance, rhythm and religious practice were important parts of shamanism and early medical procedures. Important philosophers of the classic period already began with the scientific research of musical and medical questions. During the middle age convents conserved ancient knowledge. They offered medical care and taught the ancient knowledge of medicine, arts and music. The Gregorian choral was created. Traditions of popular believe expressed the relations between music and medicine. The Renaissance became the great époque of art, music and science. Leonardo da Vinci and Andreas Vesalius presented a new style of artistic working and scientific knowledge. Also the basics of western music, like tonality was developed. With the separation of scientific subjects in natural sciences and humanities, the relationships between music and medicine fall into oblivion. During the classic and romantic era music and art were important parts of cultural live of the well educated society. With the development of neurology, psychiatry and psychoanalysis more physicians and scientists were interested in musical questions. Questions about the role of music in human behavior and the ancient method to use music in medical treatment became popular. In the early 20th century the music therapy was developed. Today the effects of music to the human brain are investigated with radionuclear methods. A lot of investigations showed the effect of music and music performance to humans. Music plays an important part in psychotherapy, therapeutic pedagogy and medical care, the importance of music and music therapy increases. In the 80ies of the 20th century the performing arts medicine was developed, which asks for the medical problems of performing musicians. PMID:22169917

In this presentation, an overview is given of global dam building activities in the 20th century. Political, economical and hydrological factors shaped the building of large dams. The development of the relations between these three factors and dam building over time is examined. One can argue whether or not history is simply "one damn thing after another" but the second half of the 20th century suggests that history is at least reflected by the construction of one dam after another. The financial crisis of the 1930's started the first construction wave of large hydropower dams in the United States. This wave continued into the Second World War. During the Cold War, the weapon race between the USA and USSR was accompanied by a parallel neck-and-neck race in dam construction. By the 1970's, dam construction in the USA tapered off, while that in the USSR continued until its political disintegration. In China, we see two spurts in dam development, the first one coinciding with the disastrous Great Leap Forward and the second with the liberalization of the Chinese economy after the fall of the Berlin Wall. Economic and political events thus shaped to an important extent decisions surrounding the construction of large dams. Clearly, there are some hydrological prerequisites for the construction of dams. The six largest dam building nations are USSR, Canada, USA, China, Brazil, and India, all large countries with ample water resources and mountain ranges. Australia has relatively little reservoir storage for the simple fact that most of this country is flat and dry. A few countries have relatively large amounts of reservoir storage. Especially Uganda (Owens Falls), Ghana (Akosombo), and Zimbabwe (Kariba) are examples of small countries where gorges in major rivers were "natural" places for large dams and reservoirs to be built early on. It seems that, deserts aside, the average potential storage capacity lies for most continents around 10 cm or about 50% of the total yearly continental runoff. Some of the least developed countries, such as Papua New Guinea, Congo DR, and Myanmar, still have large hydropower development potential. In most countries, however, dam construction seems to have reached its peak. For the presentation, use is made of GapMinder software (www.gapminder.org), which provides direct insight in the dynamic and multi-dimensonial aspects of 20th century dam construction.

This book developed from a course for students with no prior training in mathematics of physics to learn about the achievements of 20th century physics and classical physics. It covers the discovery of fundamental particles of ordinary atoms: the electron, the proton, and the neutron. The general outline is historical and it is for readers unfamiliar with classical physics who wish to understand the ideas and experiments that make up the history of 20th century physics. Contents include: A world of particles, the discovery of the electron, the atomic scale, the nucleus, more particles.

Regenerative medicine is not new; it has not sprung anew out of stem cell science as has often been suggested. There is a rich history of study of regeneration, of development, and of the ways in which understanding regeneration advances study of development and also has practical and medical applications. This paper explores the history of regenerative medicine, starting especially with T.H. Morgan in 1901 and carrying through the history of transplantation research in the 20th century, to an emphasis on translational medicine in the late 20th century.

The engineering giants of the late 19th and early 20th centuries set humanity on a journey from which there is no turning back. This year, we celebrated the 100th anniversary of the American Society of Heating, refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE`s) founding and a century of advancing heating, ventilating, air-conditioning and refrigerating (HVAC&R) technology. We stood on the shoulders of these engineering giants, and we viewed the Society`s achievements in a perfect perspective. My theme for this year - Building on the Shoulders of Giants - recognizes their work and describes our journey forward into ASHRAE`s second century. Through our Centennial Celebration, we involved members at all levels of the Society, from our oldest members to students, from the Executive Committee to the Board of Directors to the regions and to the local chapters and individual members. We also involved our associate societies and other related organizations. This publication describes the activities of ASHRAE for 1995.

Since people have cultivated the land they have generated and created knowledge about its soil. By the 4th century most civilizations around had various levels of soil knowledge and that includes irrigation, the use of terraces to control soil erosion, methods to maintain and improve soil fertility. The early soil knowledge was largely empirical and based on observations. Many famous scientists, for example, Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle, Charles Darwin, and Leonardo da Vinci worked on soil issues. Soil science became a true science in the 19th century with the development of genetic soil science, lead by the Russian Vasilii V. Dokuchaev. In the beginning soil science had strong ties to both geology and agriculture but in the 20th century, soil science is now being applied in residential development, the planning of highways, building foundations, septic systems, wildlife management, environmental management, and many other applications. The discipline is maturing and soil science plays a crucial role in many of the current issues that confront the world like climate change, water scarcity, biodiversity and environmental degradation.

The objectives of this paper are to summarise: (1) observed 20th-century and projected 21st-century changes in key components of the Arctic climate system and (2) probable impacts on the Arctic marine environment, with emphasis on the vulnerabilities of marine and sea ice?based ecosystems. Multi-decadal to century-scale observational data sets of surface air temperature (SAT) and sea ice indicate that the two pronounced 20th-century warming events, both amplified in the Arctic, were linked to sea-ice variability. Arctic sea-ice coverage has decreased ~8% in the past quarter century, with record- and near-record low summer ice in observed recent years. A set of coupled atmosphere?ice?ocean global model simulations quantifies the expected changes in Arctic temperature and sea ice through the...

This paper reviews the pharmacology of Indian medicinal plants, starting with the historical background of European work on the subject beginning as early as the 17th century, and tracing its history through the work of Sen and Bose in the 1930‘s, and Vakhil’s historic 1949 paper on Sarpaghanda. The often crucial role of patient feedback in early discoveries is highlighted, as is the time lag between proof of pharmacological action and identification of the active principle, and subsequent elucidation of mechanism of action. In the case of Indian plants in the 20th century this process sometimes took almost 50 years. Reserpine and its mechanisms are given in detail, and its current relevance to public health discussed. The foundation of present day methods of pharmacology is briefly presented so the complexity of methods used to identify properties of Ayurveda derived drugs like forskolin and baicalein, and their bioavailability, may be better appreciated. Ayurveda derived anti-oxidants and their levels of action, immuno-modulators, particularly with respect to the NF-kB pathway and its implications for cancer control, are all considered. The example of curcumin derived from turmeric is explained in more detail, because of its role in cancer prevention. Finally, the paper emphasizes the importance of Ayurveda’s concepts of rasayana as a form of dietary chemo-prevention; the significance of ahar, diet, in Ayurveda’s aspiration to prevent disease and restore health thus becomes clear. Understood in this light, Ayurveda may transcend pharmacology as a treatment paradigm. PMID:12577224

The number of studies of Little Ice Age (LIA) glacier fluctuations in southern South America has increased in recent years but is largely biased towards sites in the south Patagonian Andes. In this paper we present a detailed record of length and areal fluctuations of Glaciar Esperanza Norte (GEN) in the north Patagonian Andes of Argentina during the past four centuries. The GEN record was reconstructed through the dendro-geomorphological dating of moraines and the analysis of satellite imagery, aerial photographs and documentary material complemented with extensive field surveys. The maximum LIA extent at GEN was associated with an outer moraine dated to the mid 17th century. At least 19 subsequent readvances or standstills evidenced by morainic ridges were identified inside the most extensive LIA moraine. The dating and spacing of these moraines and the additional information available indicate that the ice front retreated much more rapidly during the 20th century than during earlier centuries. Comparison with the record of LIA fluctuations of Glaciar Frías, an ice mass of similar characteristics located 110 km to the north of GEN, shows a similar pattern of recession over the past 400 yr. Both glacier records have the peak LIA event occurring roughly during the same interval (early-mid 17th century) and show a minor readvance during the 1970s, but there are still a few discrepancies in the dating of some inner moraines. These differences may be due to local, specific factors or associated with the inherent uncertainties in the dating of the moraines. The chronologies of GEN and Frías are among the most detailed currently available in Patagonia, but a larger number of study sites is needed to develop robust, regionally representative glacier chronologies. Detailed glaciological, geomorphological and meteorological data are also needed to understand the glacier-climate relationships in this region and develop reliable paleoclimatic reconstructions.

The OMEX core CD110 W90, retrieved from the Douro Mud Patch (DMP) off the River Douro in the north of Portugal, records the period since the beginning of Little Ice Age (LIA). The core chronology is based upon the data attributes for 210Pb, 137Cs and a 14C dating from a level near the core base. Geochemical, granulometric, microfaunal (benthic foraminifera) and compositional data suggest the occurrence of precipitation changes which may have been, at least partially, influenced by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), that contributes to the regulation of the ocean-atmosphere dynamics in the North Atlantic.Southwesterly Atlantic storm track is associated with the negative phases of the NAO, when the Azores High is anomalously weak, higher oceanographic hydrodynamism, downwelling events and increased rainfall generally occurs. Prevalence of these characteristics during the LIA left a record that corresponds to phases of major floods. During these phases the DMP received a higher contribution of relatively coarse-grained terrigenous sediments, enriched in quartz particles, which diluted the contribution of other minerals, as indicated by reduced concentrations of several lithogenic chemical elements such as: Al, As, Ba, Ce, Co, Cu, Fe, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Rb, Sc, Sn, Th, V and Y. The presence of biogenic carbonate particles also underwent dilution, as revealed by the smaller abundance of foraminifera and correlative lower concentrations of Ca and Sr. During this period, the DMP also received an increased contribution of organic matter, indicated by higher values of lignin remains and a benthic foraminifera high productivity index, or BFHP, which gave rise to early diagenetic changes with pyrite formation. Since the beginning of the 20th century this contribution diminished, probably due to several drier periods and the impact of human activities in the river basins, e.g. construction of dams, or, on the littoral areas, construction of hard-engineering structures and sand extraction activities.During the first half of the 20th century mainly positive phases of the NAO prevailed, caused by the above normal strengthening of the subtropical high pressure centre of the Azores and the deepening of the low pressure centre in Iceland. These phases may have contributed to the reduction in the supply of both terrigenous sediments and organic matter from shallow water to the DMP. During the positive phases of the NAO, sedimentation became finer.The development of mining and industrial activities during the 20th century is marked, in this core, by higher concentrations of Pb. Furthermore, the erosion of heaps resulting from wolfram exploitation leaves its signature as a peak of W concentrations recorded in the sediments of the DMP deposited between the 1960s and the 1990s. Wolfram exploitation was an important activity in the middle part of the 20th century, particularly during the period of the Second World War.

The Mondego estuary is a well-described system located on the North Atlantic Ocean, where cultural eutrophication progressed over the last decades of the 20th century. Consequently, and due to a large productivity of Ulva spp., Zostera noltii meadows were severely reduced with a concomitant decrease...

An integrated multi-disciplinary study of nine North African lakes (CASSARINA) aims to establish ecological baselines and to explore responses to 20th century human impacts on their ecosystems. Water chemistry measurements (1997–1998) demonstrate a wide range from dilute oligotrophic to calcareous f...

Smoking behavior in industrialized nations has changed markedly over the second half of the 20th century, with diverging patterns in male and female smoking rates. We examined whether the female/male incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) changed concomitantly with smoking, as would be expected if smoking truly increased MS risk.

Disinfection of water is essential for reduction of microbes harmful to human health and chemical disinfection is considered one of the major public health triumphs of the 20th Century. An unintended consequence of disinfection with oxidizing chemicals is formation of disinfectio...

Pandemic influenza has posed an increasing threat to public health worldwide in the last decade. In the 20th century, three human pandemic influenza outbreaks occurred in 1918, 1957 and 1968, causing significant mortality. A number of hypotheses have been proposed for the emergence and development o...

Classic theories of vertebrate head segmentation clearly exemplify the idealistic nature of comparative embryology prior to the 20th century. Comparative embryology aimed at recognizing the basic, primary structure that is shared by all vertebrates, either as an archetype or an ancestral development...

Pb-210 dating of two metal-polluted organic sediment cores obtained near a former pyrometallurgical zinc smelter in Lommel, Belgium have been used to reconstruct atmospheric lead deposition rates during the 20(th) century. Independent knowledge concerning historical pollution events and Cs-137 fall-...

The national version of FUND3.6 is used to infrapolate the impacts of climate change to the 20th century. Carbon dioxide fertilization of crops and reduced energy demand for heating are the main positive impacts. Climate change had a negative effect on water resources and, in most years, human healt...

The Mondego estuary is a well-described polyhaline type of transitional water located at the North Atlantic Ocean Ecoregion, where cultural eutrophication progressed over the last decades of the 20th century. Consequently, and due to huge productivity of Ulva spp. Zostera noltii meadows were severel...

The nuclear energy in the world, the Brazilian nuclear program, the industrial and social risks of nuclear segment, 20th century and the radiation accidents, the ionizing radiation effects in living beings, radioactive wastes, the Earth Letter and a list of CNEN regulations are presented.

In this paper we provide an alternative explanation for the rise of modern management schools at the turn of the 20th century. We argue that these schools were not just responses of the higher education system to the demand of industrializing companies for a new class of professional managers, like ...

In the latter half of the 20th century, world population more than doubled to 6 billion, staple food prices in constant dollars decreased dramatically, and the nutritional status of the world's population improved. The Green Revolution is cited as accounting for this paradox; but often ignored is th...

Current and future volume changes of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets depend on modern mass balance changes and on the ice-dynamic response to the environmental forcing on time scales as far back as the last glacial period. Here we focus on model predictions for the 20th and 21st centuries usi...

Inherited from the mid-20th century, the European organization of national railways in state-owned, integrated and few regulated monopolies is not relevant anymore. Although this has been an interesting answer to the problems of externalities, investments and regulation, changes have occurred in tec...

Selenium is well known as an essential trace element since the 20th century, but it can be overdosed easily because of its toxicity. According to the present regulations [1] only the potentially most harmful, inorganic selenium salts can be added to any comestibles. Elemental selenium is considered ...

Heating is probably the oldest means of processing foods and has been used by mankind for millennia. However, the echnology used to heat foods in order to process them has had a spectacular evolution during the 20th century which has continued until the present time. Technologies such as ohmic heati...

"John Gordon Rushbrooke, whose brilliant career as a high-energy physicist has been cut short by cancer, was one of a succession of scientists educated at Geelong Grammar School in the middle years of the 20th century who achieved world eminence in their fields" (1 page).

For reasons which are mainly historical but in part arise from our political evolution since 1922, very little is known of the actual costs of production and marketing on Irish farms. We have more data about the economic aspects of Irish agriculture in the 18th century than in the 20th. While an eve...

Large-scale transitions between alternative states in ecosystems are known as regime shifts. Once described as healthy and dominated by various marine predators, the Black Sea ecosystem by the late 20th century had experienced anthropogenic impacts such as heavy fishing, cultural eutrophication, and...

To date, all altered patterns of seasonal interactions observed in insects, birds, amphibians, and plants associated with global warming during the latter half of the 20th century are explicable as variable expressions of plastic phenotypes. Over the last 30 years, the genetically controlled pho...

The incidence of tetanus declined dramatically in the 20th century owing to routine vaccination and prompt attention to wound care. Postsurgical tetanus is uncommon, with both exogenous and endogenous sources being responsible for disease. The majority of cases of postoperative tetanus have been obs...

Abstract Until the end of the 20th century Forel (1848—1931) was seen as an important neuroanatomist, a fighter against alcoholism, a researcher on ants and the author of Die sexuelle Frage. Forel's racist and eugenic views have been forgotten. Without losing sight of his merits, this articl...

The chaperonins are a subgroup of oligomeric molecular chaperones; the best-studied examples are chaperonin 60 (GroEL) and chaperonin 10 (GroES), both from the bacterium Escherichia coli. At the end of the 20th century, the paradigm of chaperonins as protein folders had emerged, but it is likely tha...

Urey in 1953, in which amino acids—the building blocks of proteins and life— were ..... The new universe of the late 20th century has spawned renewed analysis ..... gist Julian Huxley, among others, notably in his New Bottles for New Wine ...

From their discovery in the first half of the 20th century, lysosomal cysteine proteases have come a long way: from being the enzymes non-selectively degrading proteins in lysosomes to being those responsible for a number of important cellular processes. Some of the features and roles of their struc...

The latter part of the 20th Century saw the lean production paradigm positively impact many market sectors ranging from automotive through to construction. In particular there is much evidence to suggest that level scheduling combined with the elimination of muda has successfully delivered a wide r...

Tuberculosis can cause genital ulcers, although this clinical manifestation was more frequent at the beginning of the 20th century as it was related to the rite of circumcision. We report the case of a patient with this disease, presumably acquired through sexual intercourse. PMID:22801347

Radiotherapy and surgery have both played prominent roles in the treatment of esophageal cancer since the beginning of the 20th century. Although the use of radiotherapy alone to treat esophageal cancer has a long history, it has not demonstrated improved outcomes compared with surgery alone. The di...

Background: Substance P (SP) was described at the beginning of the 20th Century, and its biological action was recognized to have implications in neurogenic inflammation and constriction of smooth muscles. The changes associated with inflammatory chronicity can compromise organ function reversibilit...

In the second half of the 20th century, age-old human fantasies of leaving the Earth and touching the stars have been fulfilled by advances in space science and technology, whose roots are threaded through our history. Current advances are so explosive that the fundamental orientation of Western culture is being radically altered.

The 20th century Spanish sound history has been preserved in digital format and can now be consulted online through intranet. This is a pioneer project in the broadcasting industry around the world finished in December 2002. The Radio Nacional de Espa?a (RNE) sound archive has been massively digitiz...

One of the most important physicist of the 19th century end to the 20th century beginning, Pierre Curie has attached his name to some very important discoveries such as piezoelectricity, the Curie law, the Curie point, the Curie principle, and with Marie Curie: the discovery of radium. This re-edition of the book published two years after his death contains all the Pierre Curie publications. (A.B.).

Although the history of neurosurgery in Anatolia goes back to 10 thousand years ago, modern surgery started in 1890 in Turkey. Neurosurgery in Turkey started in the first half of the 20th century. However, the earlier application of neurosurgical techniques was started in the late 19th century by general surgeons. Most of these applications included procedures for cranio-cerebral traumas and infections. PMID:23174152

Shared almost evenly by Peru and Bolivia, Lake Titicaca is situated on an Altiplano endorheic region of the northern Andes Mountains. Rio Desaguadero is the lake only outlet. From 1908, several macro-engineers speculated on the creation of a second, completely artificial, outlet for Lake Titicaca freshwater. Here we reconsider several 20th Century macroproject proposals, with the goal of examining and enhancing this technically interesting South American 21st Century Macro-engineering inheritance.

Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is a colloidal production process developed in the early 20th century. Industrial scale EPD for the production of electronic components and phosphorescent screens and in the form of cataphoretic painting has known some success. Despite its limited practical applications, the inherent versatility of EPD has never ceased to fuel research into this technique. One of the major drives of this research was to render the method more environmentally friendly by enabling deposition from aqueous suspensions. One particular route, suggested to circumvent the problems caused by the use of water in EPD, is the use of alternating or pulsed fields. Recently, the use of alternating fields in EPD has been investigated for the deposition of biological matter in the form of cells and molecules. With this new avenue of research opening up and coinciding with a rise in biotechnological processes, one can expect a renewed interest in traditional EPD and fundamental research on the use of pulsed and alternating fields in this technique. Hence, this review attempts to summarize a century's worth of both fundamental and applied research for scientists venturing into the field of EPD. PMID:22998240

The social psychology of gender has grown to become a thriving, scientifically sound research theme that encompasses a wide variety of topics and questions. The story of how this came to be has been told from a number of perspectives (e.g., Crawford & Marecek, 1989; Deaux, 1999; Rutherford, Vaughn-Blount, & Ball, 2010; Unger, 1998). In this article, the authors focus on how, from psychology of gender's murky beginnings in early 20th century Freudian personality theory and even deeper roots in androcentric paternalism of 19th century science (Shields, 1975, 1982; Shields & Bhatia, 2009), feminist psychologists have shaped how sex and gender are scientifically defined, theorized, and studied. The authors identify three intertwined streams of investigation from which the contemporary psychology of gender grew: (a) research focusing on gender identity as a feature of personality, (b) research on behavioral sex differences, and (c) research on gender roles and the study of gender in social context. They interweave into this story how each of the six key articles highlighted in this special section illustrate turning points in that history. They then describe the critical importance of networks and mentors toward making the research reported in those articles possible. They conclude with their thoughts on future directions in the social psychology of gender.

A reanalysis dataset is used to establish the relationship between the year-to-year fluctuations in the midwinter storm-track activity over the Far East measured by poleward heat flux associated with subweekly disturbances and the occurrence of the first spring storm with strong southerly winds over Japan (Haru-Ichiban). Our analysis reveals that its early (delayed) occurrence tends to follow the enhanced (suppressed) winter storm-track activity with less (more) apparent minimum in midwinter in the course of the seasonal march. A metric is defined on the basis of the eddy heat flux to measure the reproducibility of the particular seasonal march of the Far East storm-track activity simulated in each of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 climate models under the present climate. Under a particular global warming scenario, ensemble projection based only on the several models that show the highest reproducibility of the storm-track activity measured with the particular metric indicates that the future enhancement is likely in the midwinter storm-track activity associated with the weakening of the East Asian winter monsoon, implying that Haru-Ichiban is likely to occur earlier in the late 21st century than in the 20th century.   

The talk traces briefly the development and changes of surgical training in the English-speaking world in the early days and the trials and tribulations of surgical training in Singapore a few decades ago. The factors that brought about the surge of American surgery from late 19th century to the first half of the 20th century are discussed. Structured surgical training leading to the exit point was introduced by William Halsted of Johns Hopkins Hospital around 1892, a system that was later adopted by all other medical disciplines and by all other hospitals in the US. It is considered to be the prime mover of the rapid progress of American medicine. Training surgeons to only the entry point while leaving the competence of trainees to chance, used to be common in the British surgical world. The trend now favours surgical training to the exit point. It is also the system being adopted in Singapore. Increasing demands of high standard of patient care and public accountability no longer allow us to be casual and permissive mentors of future generations of surgeons. Proper surgical upbringing requires a good structured programme that itself needs to be accredited and periodically reviewed. It also requires that discipline be observed on the part of trainees. Knowledge and skills are within the capability of our mentors to impart, but inculcation of good attitude and ethics in trainees is a harder goal to achieve. PMID:19347082

Understanding how systems respond to an anthropogenic disturbance is critical to understanding the evolution of Earth’s surface during the Anthropocene. Since many systems are often influenced by anthropogenic activities that provide both synergist and antagonistic forcings, it is often difficult to elucidate how systems respond to human disturbance. To better understand system response to disturbance with limited ambiguity, we are examining sedimentary processes on the Hawaiian island of Lana’i. This small island has been under near-sole ownership (96%) since the 1920s. Here we present findings from the Keomuku plain on the windward side of the island where direct disturbances include a battle between the kingdoms of Maui and Hawaii in the late 18th century, the establishment of a sugar cane plantation near the turn of the 20th century, which denuded the landscape, and uncontrolled ranching. Since the early 1920s the area has remained largely free of direct impacts, and has revegetated with introduced flora. The coastal plain has experienced massive sedimentation, including rates of vertical accumulation that appear to exceed 1 cm/yr and rates of coastal progradation that appear to approach 1 m/yr. Through the use of 210Pb, 137Cs and 14C geochronologies we are examining whether sedimentation patterns are coupled to the unqiue history of anthropogenic activities, and how the functionality of the pre-disturbance system compares with the post-disturbance system.

Hydrogeology has had an interesting evolution. In the early 20th century professionals faced the challenges of flow in porous media and well hydraulics; the emphasis was on quantity. Then in the second part of the century quality issues took over, and hydrogeologists faced geochemistry and transport of conservative solutes. Late in the 1980's the work turned to modeling and to stochastic hydrogeology. Since then new problems are incorporated every decade, now including (and by no means this is a complete list) surface/subsurface interactions, coastal aquifer dynamics, geothermal, vadose zone infiltration, multispecies reactive transport, CO2 sequestration, climate change, non-conventional resources related to integrated water management (e.g. reclaimed water), presence of emergent contaminants, risk evaluation,…, and who knows what the future will bring. In short, most interesting problems involve hydro-bio-geo-chemical processes, most of them coupled and all of them extremely non-linear. But our "clients" want to read the results in ecological or toxicological terms. Furthermore there is the issue of heterogeneity which is present at all scales and that cannot be resolved, and on top of that uncertainty in the future possible scenarios. Yet, we are still providing solutions using very sophisticated codes that give one and only one answer, and we solve the problem by performing some sensitivity analysis. In this talk I discuss issues on pluri-disciplinary problems and beg the audience to spread the word on proper stochastic modeling to address present and future hydrogeological problems.

Abstract in portuguese Em Cabo Verde, podemos identificar que precocemente se estabeleceram as bases da organização do campo esportivo: foi significativo o número de agremiações fundadas entre o quartel final do século XIX e as décadas iniciais do século XX. Partindo do princípio de que a experiência do arquipélago constitui-se em tema interessante para refletir sobre a difusão do esporte pelo mundo, esse artigo tem por objetivo discutir a conformação do campo esportivo em Cabo Ve (more) rde, especificamente do cricket e do golfe, relacionando-os tanto à influência estrangeira/britânica quanto a movimentos identitários locais. Abstract in english In Cape Verde, we can identify early the organization of the sports field: there was a significant number of associations founded between the end of 19th century and 20th century beginning. Assuming that the experience of the archipelago is an interesting topic to think about spreading the sport around the world, this article aims to discuss the conformation of the sports field in Cape Verde, especially cricket and golf, relating it both to foreign/British influence as the local identity movements.

Early in the last century, Robert Millikan developed a precise method of determining the electric charge carried by oil droplets. Using a microscope and a small incandescent lamp, he observed the fall of charged droplets under the influence of an electric field inside a small observation chamber. In so doing, Millikan demonstrated the existence of a fundamental unit of electric charge, and established its quantization. Now renowned as one of the most famous experiments of 20th-century physics, Millikan's oil-drop experiment has been reproduced with more or less success in most, if not all, high school and university physics classes. This has encouraged many improvements of the apparatus, now making this experiment much more accurate and easier to realize for advanced students. However, the required apparatus remains rather expensive, and for introductory college or high school students the experiment is still quite difficult to conduct. As an alternative to the traditional setup, a realistic computer-based simulator to replicate the Millikan oil-drop experiment has been developed. Using this software, students are able to undertake a complete experiment, obtain an accurate set of results, and thus gain a better understanding of the original experiment and its historical importance. (Contains 7 figures and 2 tables.)

Occupational health has been considered a subset of public health nursing for years. The first industrial or occupational health nurses were employed by large companies in the 1890s but the role evolved quickly in the early 20(th) century. By mid-century, many large companies employed a physician and nurse(s) to provide examinations, screenings, episodic care, and trauma intervention for workers. Occupational health nurses faced different problems than community-based public health nurses in generalized nursing service. The intersection of public health and employee health was apparent, though, because large industries often constituted the main workplace for a smaller community and sickness could spread throughout a town if the occupational health nurse was not well-prepared in principles of infection control and health promotion. Excerpts from this July 1949 article about building relationship between public health and industrial nurses illustrate the benefits hoped for when they were formally connected to one another through cross-training and in-service education. The author, Margaret Schwem, was a supervisor at the Rensselaer County Department of Health in Troy, New York. In the original article, Schwem included a list of reference materials for those interested in public health and industrial nursing. PMID:19573217

Athens is a privileged Mediterranean area that enjoys sunny weather almost all over the year. Annual sums of sunshine duration correspond to 2880 hours (average value of the 1961-1990 period), while 60% of total sunshine hours is received from May to September. At the historical station of the National Observatory of Athens (NOA), sunshine duration has been measured and published since the end of the 19th century, enabling the study of the variability of this climatic element for a period spanning more than one century. According to the historical record, annual sums of sunshine hours follow a quite fluctuating pattern with long periods of dimming and periods of brightening. The overall long term linear trend of annual sunshine hours is positive and amounts to 18hrs/decade for the period 1897-2011. The brightest year of the time series is 1952, when 3222 sunshine hours were recorded at NOA. As regards the period after mid 20th century, a dimming over Athens is observed from early 1950's to the early 1980's, followed by a period of brightening in the recent decades. These findings are consistent with findings over Central and West Europe. It was found that the detected brightening (on an annual base) from 1983 to 2011, is associated with an increase of sunshine hours during spring (+27hrs/decade), summer (+27hrs/decade) and autumn (+20hrs/decade), related possibly to increased frequency of anticyclonic situations. These trends are statistically significant (p value + 0.7) when the period after 1983 was considered. July was the month with the best correlation with sunshine hours (> 0.75) during recent decades. The strong positive relationship between solar radiation and sunshine duration and the strong correlation between sunshine duration and air temperature may be useful in the climate change research of the area.

Eco-climatological studies often refer that plant phenophases are strongly influenced by temperature. Consequently, these variables might be used as proxy in climate reconstructions. In the present study, we have investigated the first flowering response of numerous plant species to interannual fluctuation of seasonal temperatures (e.g., temperature sensitivity of the phenophase), also the rate of these species-specific sensitivities in order to test their applicability as proxy. The analyses were accomplished using first flowering data sets recorded in the 19th century to get a reference time series from the period when recent anthropogenic warming effect did not influence the local climate conditions. In case of some species the results were compared to flowering characteristics of the same plants found in the second half of the 20th century. From the few available data sources recorded in the Carpathian Basin during the 19th century, the relatively long first flowering data sets of 16 plants and time series of monthly mean temperature (site: Hermannstadt; period: 1851-1891) were selected for the analyses. Because previously several results suggested that the winter/early spring temperature variability in the 20th century is significantly influenced by the teleconnection pattern of North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), therefore we have also involved the winter NAO index into our analyses. According to the aims of the present study the following issues were addressed using different statistical methods (e.g., trend analysis, cross-correlation function, and regression analysis): (i) the effect of mean monthly, bi-monthly, tri-monthly temperatures on first flowerings using a moving-window technique and from the obtained response surfaces each species-specific effective temperature value (Teff) was estimated; (ii) the temporal shifts of first flowering as a response of every plant species to a unit change in Teff were calculated. Furthermore (iii) the species ranking on the basis of the temperature sensitivity of first flowering; (iv) the accuracy of proxy estimations were determined. The main conclusions of the study can be summarised as follows. The first flowering data of different plants were significantly synchronously fluctuated but temporal trends were not detected in any of the time series. The influence of effective temperatures on first flowering variability was significant (40-70% of the variability was explained by R2). Effect of the winter NAO was negligible (approximately 1%). Standard deviation of the first flowering time was larger in case of the earlier flowering species than the later flowering ones. Temperature sensitivities of observed plants to the effective temperatures were different. On the base of these characteristics the selected plant species were ranked. Furthermore, significant differences were shown when 19th and 20th century temperature sensitivities of the same plant species were compared. Using the first flowering data as proxy for different effective temperatures the accuracy of estimation was between 1.0 °C and 1.5 °C.

Early in the 20th century, automobiles appeared as extraordinary vehicles - and now they are part of life everywhere. Late in the 20th century, internet and portable phones appeared as innovations - and now omni-present requirements. At mid-century, the first satellites were launched into space - and now 50 years later - "making a satellite" remains in the domain of highly infrequent events. Why do all universities and companies not have their own satellites? Why is the work force capable of doing so remarkably small? Why do highly focused science objectives that require just a glimpse from space never get a chance to fly? Historically, there have been two primary impediments to place an experiment in orbit - high launch costs and the high cost of spacecraft systems and related processes. The first problem appears to have been addressed through the availability of several low-cost (< $10M) commercial launch opportunities. The Versatile Satellite Architecture and Technology (VerSAT) will address the second. Today's space missions are often large, complex and require development times typically a decade from conception to execution. In present risk-averse scenario, the huge expense of these one-of-a-kind mission architecture can only be justified if the technology required to make orders of magnitude gains is flight-proven at the time mission conception. VerSAT will complement these expensive missions which are "too large to fail" and the CUBESATs. A number of Geospace science experiments that could immediately take advantage of VerSAT have been identified. They range from the study of fundamental questions of the "ignorosphere" from a single satellite lasting a few days - a region of space that was probed once about 40 years ago, to a constellation of satellites which will disentangle the space and time ambiguity of the variability of ionospheric structures and their link to the storms in the Sun to long-term studies of the Sun-Earth system. VerSAT is a true multiplexed system that is modular, scalable and reconfigurable; it is designed for mass production, design reuse and interoperability. Its shortened development schedule would allow students to be involved from experiment design to data analysis. It would therefore become the national leader for hands-on training for these participants and will leave an important legacy in developing a scientifically and technically competent workforce.

The original presettlement forests of North America have been dramatically altered, but thousands of unmolested ancient forests survive on remote or noncommercial terrain, including dry-site eastern hardwoods such as chestnut oak and post oak, the pinyon-juniper woodlands of the semiarid West, oak woodlands of California and in northeast Mexico, and the boreal forests of Canada and Alaska. Long tree-ring chronologies derived from these ancient forest remnants provide irreplaceable archives of environmental variability which are crucial for evaluating present and future change. Temperature sensitive tree -ring chronologies from cold treeline environments place 20th century warming into long historical perspective, and moisture sensitive tree-ring chronologies provide analogs to the decadal moisture regimes of the 20th century. These tree-ring data suggests that the 16th century megadrought was the most severe-sustained drought to impact North America in 1500 years, and had huge environmental and social impacts at the dawn of European settlement.

Conversion of gravitational energy into radiation near stars and compact objects in accretion disks the origin of large scale magnetic fields in astrophysical rotators have long been distinct topics of active research in astrophysics. In semi-analytic work on both problems it has been useful to presume large scale symmetries, which necessarily results in mean field theories; magnetohydrodynamic turbulence makes the underlying systems locally asymmetric and highly nonlinear. Synergy between theory and simulations should aim for the development of practical, semi-analytic mean field models that capture the essential physics and can be used for observational modeling. Mean field dynamo (MFD) theory and alpha-viscosity accretion disc theory have exemplified such distinct pursuits. Both are presently incomplete, but 21st century MFD theory has nonlinear predictive power compared to 20th century MFD. in contrast, alpha-viscosity accretion theory is still in a 20th century state. In fact, insights from MFD theory ar...

Summary 1. Rapid expansion and intensification of anthropogenic activities in the 20th century has caused profound changes in freshwater assemblages. Unfortunately, knowledge of the extent and causes of species loss (SL) is limited due to the lack of reliable historical data. An unusual data set allows us to compare changes in the most sensitive of aquatic insect orders, the Plecoptera, at some 170 locations in the Czech Republic between two time periods, 1955-1960 and 2006-2010. Historical data (1890-1911) on assemblages of six lowland rivers allow us to infer even earlier changes. 2. Regional stonefly diversity decreased in the first half of the 20th century. Streams at lower altitudes lost a substantial number of species, which were never recovered. In the second half of the century, la...

During the 20th century the winter (Nov--Mar) land surface air temperature (LSAT) over the Arctic (60--90°N) was characterized by two major multi-year, warm anomaly events (>0.7°C): from 1920 to 1950 and again at the end of the century. Both periods had large climatic and ecosystem impacts relative to the 19th century, including major loss of sea ice and glacier mass and northward extension of species ranges such as cod and tree lines. Based on 22 coupled atmosphere-ocean General Circulation Models (GCMs) available from the current IPCC Assessment, we compare the past and future influence of the large natural range of decadal variability in the Arctic versus the contribution from external forcing (greenhouse gasses). By evaluating 63 realizations (ensemble members) of these coupled GCMs for their 20th century simulations and corresponding control runs, we conclude that 12 models have enough decadal variance when validated against 20th century data. This subset produced a reasonable magnitude of the warm anomaly at mid-century, but with random timing suggesting natural variability as the cause. In contrast at the end of the century all models show a LSAT increase due to external forcing. Under a mid-range CO2 emission scenario (A1B), the mean future projection from these 12 models is an upward trend of 0.51°C/decade in LSAT for the 21st century with a model-to-model standard deviation of 0.15°C/decade. At 2030 the standard deviation of all ensemble member forecasts, which represents a range of variability within each model, is 0.87°C. When this range of within model variability is compared to the mean LSAT increase at 2030 of 1.5°C, it suggests that Arctic climate change in the first half of the 21st century will have contributions from both natural and forced variability.

We have begun to colonize space, even to the extent of early space tourism. Our early Vostok, Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, Skylab, Spacehab, Mir and now ISS are humankind's first ventures toward colonization. Efforts are underway to provide short space tours, and endeavors such as the X-Prize are encouraging entrepreneurs to provide new systems. Many believe that extended space travel (colonization) will do for the 21st century what aviation did for the 20th. Our current concerns including terrorism, hunger, disease, and problems of air quality, safe abundant water, poverty, and weather vagaries tend to overshadow long-term activities such as Space Colonization in the minds of many. Our leading ``think tanks'' such as the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and the Brookings Institute do not rate space travel high on lists of future beneficial undertakings even though many of the concerns listed above are prominently featured. It is the contention of this paper that Space Colonization will lead toward solutions to many of the emerging problems of our Earth, both technological and sociological. The breadth of the enterprise far exceeds the scope of our normal single-purpose missions and, therefore, its benefits will be greater.

Fishery genetics have greatly changed our understanding of population dynamics and structuring in marine fish. In this study, we show that the Atlantic Bluefin tuna (ABFT, Thunnus thynnus), an oceanic predatory species exhibiting highly migratory behavior, large population size, and high potential for dispersal during early life stages, displays significant genetic differences over space and time, both at the fine and large scales of variation. We compared microsatellite variation of contemporary (n = 256) and historical (n = 99) biological samples of ABFTs of the central-western Mediterranean Sea, the latter dating back to the early 20th century. Measures of genetic differentiation and a general heterozygote deficit suggest that differences exist among population samples, both now and 96–80 years ago. Thus, ABFTs do not represent a single panmictic population in the Mediterranean Sea. Statistics designed to infer changes in population size, both from current and past genetic variation, suggest that some Mediterranean ABFT populations, although still not severely reduced in their genetic potential, might have suffered from demographic declines. The short-term estimates of effective population size are straddled on the minimum threshold (effective population size = 500) indicated to maintain genetic diversity and evolutionary potential across several generations in natural populations. PMID:19435231

The Berre lagoon (Provence, France), one of the largest Mediterranean brackish lagoons (155 km2), was occupied, at the turn of the 20th century, by extensive Zostera meadows (Zostera marina and probably Zostera noltii; perhaps over 6000 ha). Subsequently, the lagoon was disturbed by urban and industrial pollution and, from 1966, by the diversion of the Durance River. This resulted in a 10 49-fold and 8 31-fold increase of the freshwater and silt inputs, respectively. By means of digital analysis of aerial photographs for the years 1944, 1992, 1998 and 2004, coupled with ground truth for the last three dates, we mapped the Zostera meadows. The replacement of Z. marina by Z. noltii, the latter species being already dominant in the 1970s, was completed in 1990. In parallel to this substitution, the Zostera beds underwent a dramatic decline. Their depth limit, which was (6 9) m in the early 20th century, withdrew to 3.5, 3, 1 and less than 1 m by 1944, the 1970s, 1992 and 1998, respectively. Since 1998, Zostera must be considered as functionally extinct. The total surface area of Zostera meadows was of the order of 1.5 ha in 2004. In an attempt to alleviate disturbance, the input of freshwater and silt from the Durance River was significantly reduced from the early 1980s and 1990s respectively. Similarly, from the 1970s to the 1990s, urban and domestic pollution was drastically reduced. Despite these steps, Zostera meadows continued to shrink to near extinction. The lagoon has shifted from a system dominated by seagrass beds to a system with bare silt bottoms, which now occupy most of the lagoon. The reasons could be, in addition to continuing nutrient inputs, the resuspension of silt, no longer trapped under the seagrass canopy, during wind episodes, which are frequent in the area, and/or the release of nutrients from the bare silt habitat, which would constitute an indication of a possible hysteresis of the system. However, since 2000, the establishment of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, a drop in turbidity and a slight, inconspicuous progression of Z. noltii could be the harbinger of a reverse shift of the system.

We explore the climatic information contained in the record of length fluctuations of Glaciar Frías, in the north Patagonian Andes of Argentina. This record is one of the longest and most detailed glacier records in southern South America, starting in 1639. In order to interpret the length variations of Glaciar Frías since the maximum Little Ice Age extent, we use a combination of a simplified surface energy-balance model to calculate the glacier mass balance, and a flowline model to account for the dynamical response of the glacier to changes in the climatic forcing. The overall retreat of the glacier observed over 1639-2009 is best explained by an annual mean temperature increase of 1.2 °C or a decrease in annual precipitation of 34%, most of which would have occurred during the 20th century. The glacier model is also forced with two independent tree-ring and multi-proxy reconstructions of precipitation and temperature. The uncertainties in these reconstructions are rather large, leading to a wide range in the modelled glacier length that includes most of the observations. However, in both reconstructions, the mid-17th century seems to be too cold and the early 19th century too warm to explain the observed glacier lengths with the glacier model forced with the reconstructions. Forcing with reconstructed precipitation and temperature separately shows that the influence of historical variations in precipitation on the glacier fluctuations of Glaciar Frías is smaller than that of the temperature fluctuations. This suggests that the observed 1639-2009 retreat could be best explained by a warming close to 1.2 °C.

Six Earth system models of intermediate complexity that are able to simulate interaction between atmosphere, ocean, and land surface, were forced with a scenario of land cover changes during the last millennium. In response to historical deforestation of about 18 million sq km, the models simulate a decrease in global mean annual temperature in the range of 0.13-0.25 C. The rate of this cooling accelerated during the 19th century, reached a maximum in the first half of the 20th century, and declined at the end of the 20th century. This trend is explained by temporal and spatial dynamics of land cover changes, as the effect of deforestation on temperature is less pronounced for tropical than for temperate regions, and reforestation in the northern temperate areas during the second part of the 20th century partly offset the cooling trend. In most of the models, land cover changes lead to a decline in annual land evapotranspiration, while seasonal changes are rather equivocal because of spatial shifts in convergence zones. In the future, reforestation might be chosen as an option for the enhancement of terrestrial carbon sequestration. Our study indicates that biogeophysical mechanisms need to be accounted for in the assessment of land management options for climate change mitigation. (orig.)

Abstract in portuguese Este texto faz um debate teórico sobre o conceito de ?Território?. Aplica-o à luz das densas transformações técnicas, políticas e econômicas no alvorecer do século XXI. Parte do entendimento do território como materialização das relações sociais sobre o espaço geográfico e que este não pode ser tomado como mero receptáculo do fazer humano, mas como elemento fundamental na dinâmica social. O escrito que segue, após o debate conceitual proposto, faz um (more) a breve contextualização do espaço mundial ao final do século XX e início do XXI. Trata das repercussões da dinâmica sócio-político-espacial atual na escala do exercício da cidadania nos territórios intra-urbanos e finaliza observando seis desdobramentos imprescindíveis na tentativa de apreensão das atuais relações territoriais que se impõem à contemporaneidade. Abstract in english This text is a theoretical contribution to the contemporary debates on the concept of ?Territory?. It seeks to address this concept under the light of the major technical, political and economic changes that have been taking place in the early 21st century. It builds on an understanding of the territory as the materialisation of social relations upon geographical space - one which must not be regarded as a mere repository of human action, but rather as a fundamental ele (more) ment in social dynamics. After this conceptual discussion, the article: i) provides a brief overview of the main features that have characterised global (world) space in the late 20th and early 21st Centuries; ii) addresses the impacts of the current socio-political-spatial reconfigurations upon the exercise of citizenship in intra-urban areas; and iii) highlights six specific developments that are crucial to understanding territorial relationships in the contemporary age.

Summary Inuit people inhabit the circumpolar region, with most living in Alaska, northwest Canada, and Greenland. Although malignant diseases were believed to be almost non-existent in Inuit populations during the beginning of the 20th century, the increasing life expectancy within these populations showed a distinct pattern, characterised by a high risk of Epstein-Barr virus-associated carcinomas of the nasopharynx and salivary glands, and a low risk of tumours common in white populations, including cancer of the prostate, testis, and haemopoietic system. Both genetic and environmental factors seem to be responsible for this pattern. During the second half of the 20th century, Inuit societies underwent major changes in lifestyle and living conditions, and the risk of lifestyle-associated ...

The seasonally varying moisture balance in a montane forest of Southeast Asia is reconstructed for the 20th century from the oxygen isotopic composition (?18O) of subannual tree cellulose samples of Pinus kesiya growing at 1,500?m elevation on Doi Chiang Dao in northern Thailand. The cellulose ?18O values exhibit a distinctive annual cycle with amplitude of up to 12??, which we interpret to represent primarily the seasonal cycle of precipitation ?18O. The annual mean ?18O values correlate significantly with the amount of summer monsoon precipitation, and suggest a temporal weakening relationship between the South Asian monsoon and El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation over the late 20th century. The cellulose ?18O annual maxima values, which reflect the dry season moisture status, have declined pro...

The pattern of Greenland Ice Sheet margin change during the 20th century is variable. Large-scale retreat of marine-outlet glaciers contrasts with the often-negligible retreat observed along land-terminating margins of the ice sheet. We reconstruct a chronology of ice-margin change for two land-terminating ice margins in western Greenland using radiocarbon and ^1^0Be exposure dating. Our results indicate that two land-terminating lobes attained their maximum late Holocene position in the late 20th century. This contrasts with the nearby marine-terminating Jakobshavn Isbrae, which achieved a maximum late Holocene position during the Little Ice Age, and has since retreated ca 40 km. In addition, we survey ice-margin change across western Greenland, utilizing satellite imagery. We find that m...

State-of-the-art climate models suggest that 20th Century ocean warming and sea-level rise were substantially reduced by the 1883 eruption of Krakatau. Volcanically induced cooling of the ocean surface penetrated into deeper layers where it persisted for decades. We find that volcanic eruptions have longer lasting effects than previously suspected, sufficient to offset a large fraction of ocean warming and sea-level rise caused by anthropogenic influences over the 20th Century. We examine the latest suite of coupled ocean-atmosphere model experiments that include time-varying external forcings (e.g., changes in greenhouse gases, solar irradiance, sulfate aerosols and volcanic aerosols) for the period 1880-2000 (see Methods). These models have differences in physics, resolution, initial conditions, 'spin-up' and ocean-atmosphere coupling procedures, as well as different combinations of external forcings. Uncertainties in both the applied forcings and in the model responses to them are therefore inherent in our investigation.

The seasonally varying moisture balance in a montane forest of Southeast Asia is reconstructed for the 20th century from the oxygen isotopic composition (?18O) of subannual tree cellulose samples of Pinus kesiya growing at 1,500 m elevation on Doi Chiang Dao in northern Thailand. The cellulose ?18O values exhibit a distinctive annual cycle with amplitude of up to 12 ?, which we interpret to represent primarily the seasonal cycle of precipitation ?18O. The annual mean ?18O values correlate significantly with the amount of summer monsoon precipitation, and suggest a temporal weakening relationship between the South Asian monsoon and El Niño-Southern Oscillation over the late 20th century. The cellulose ?18O annual maxima values, which reflect the dry season moisture status, have declined pro...

The Little Ice Age (1600-1900 AD) and 20th century sediment accumulation rates in Billefjorden, a subpolar fjord on Svalbard, were reconstructed by applying 210Pb, 137Cs and AMS 14C datings. The modern sediment accumulation rate decreases from more than 0.39cmy-1 at the fjord head to 0.08cmy-1 close to the fjord mouth. However, during the Little Ice Age the sediments accumulated at a much lower rate of 0.02cmy-1 in the central fjord basin. This difference is most likely related to the rapid retreat of glaciers during the 20th century, when most of them withdrew up to 2km. The post-Little Ice Age increases in temperature and a negative glacier mass balance resulted in a larger meltwater discharge transferring substantial amounts of sediments released from the glaciers, as well as those erod...

A symposium in January 2011 "The Paleocardiology of Ancient Egypt" reviewed old and new evidence for the presence of advanced atherosclerotic lesions in ancient Egyptian mummies. This symposium was dedicated as a Centenary for the pioneering report of Marc Ruffer in 1911 (Ruffer, 1911). Based on CT scans, the Horus Study team concluded that atherosclerosis was present in the ancient Egyptian elites and is not a disease new to the 20th Century. Presentations included radiological data on vasculature, skeleton, and teeth, indicating degenerative diseases and poor health before age 50 in these specimens. Comparisons were made with the Bolivian Tsimane, a 20th Century population living without access to modern medicine with short life expectancy. Further research is needed to develop an epidemiological context for estimating population level prevalence of vascular disease and its risk factors in ancient Egyptian societies. PMID:21939751

A recent epidemic of malaria in the highlands of Bolivia and establishment of multiple Anopheles species mosquitoes in the highlands of Ecuador highlights the reemergence of malaria in the Andes Mountains in South America. Because malaria was endemic to many highland valleys at the beginning of the 20th century, this review outlines the 20th century history of malaria in the highlands of Ecuador, and focuses on its incidence (e.g., geographic distribution) and elimination from the northern highland valleys of Pichincha and Imbabura and the role of the Guayaquil to Quito railway in creating highland larval habitat and inadvertently promoting transportation of the vector and parasite. Involvement of control organizations in combating malaria in Ecuador is also outlined in a historical context. PMID:22469234

This study examined features of intense rainfalls over southwestern Japan in the Baiu season (June and July) in the 20th Century Climate in Coupled Models (20C3M) and 21st Century projection (Special Report on Emission Scenarios [SRES] A1B) used by 18 climate models that contributed to the World Climate Research Programme’s Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3).Characteristics of daily precipitation over an area of 5° x 5° within 30°N-35°N and 130°E-135°E obtained by 20th century climate simulation were compared with observed precipitation data for a 3-year period (1997-1999). The studied area includes four meshed subareas of 2.5° x 2.5°. The four-area averaged daily precipitation and the maximum precipitation in the four areas were analyzed. The order statistics of the maximum precipitation indicated a very wide difference from model to model. To measure the temporal and spatial concentration of precipitation, “concentration ratio,” defined as (the average of the first-to sixth-largest maximum precipitation)/(time-area averaged precipitation) was examined. Although a few models reproduced a reasonable concentration ratio comparable to observations, many other models did not reproduce a reasonable ratio. Models of medium and high horizontal resolution with the Arakawa-Schubert cumulus scheme tended to reproduce a reasonable concentration ratio. Models that simulate a realistic Baiu frontal precipitation zone were able to simulate a proper concentration ratio.Features of the intense rainfalls in the 21st century climate projection by the models were examined for June and July over a 3-year period (2097-2099). The characteristics of the models in regard to the intense rainfalls in the 20th century simulation were commonly found in the 21st century projections. Because the difference among the models was too large with respect to the intense rainfalls, the change in intense rainfalls under the climate changes in the 21st century cannot be definitely determined by CMIP3 models.   

It has often been argued that the public image of dentists has been tainted by association with fear and pain into an image of evil ‘psychodontists' and that there is an apparent lack of ‘role models' in popular film, television, art and literature concerned with dentistry. This paper argues that we get a different picture when looking at different media. Advertisements introduce into a public domain, positive images of dentistry which crucially differ from the images found in other popular media. This paper traces the public image of dentistry in early 20th-century America, as seen through dentifrice advertisements, and suggests three important reasons for studying advertisements: First, advertisements provide a supplement to studies of popular images of dentistry carried out so far. Second, advertisements have played an important part in advancing oral hygiene as a public concern. And third, advertisements provide the historian of dentistry with a unique opportunity for analyzing the complex and interwovenrelationship of popular and professional discourses, since ads have acted as catalysts for professional discussions and self-reflection among dentists. Udgivelsesdato: Summer/Fall

The idea that a specific chemical stimulus is involved in some processes of plant development was introduced by European plant scientists in the early 20th century. After the discovery of auxin by Went in 1926, this hormone became a subject of intensive studies in the physiology of plant growth and development. In Japan, studies on auxin started in the middle of the 1930s. At that time, gibberellin was discovered in Japan. Unfortunately, gibberellin was regarded as a fungal toxin and no special attention was paid to its physiological significance. The first paper on auxin in Japan was published by Masayuki Nagao in 1936, dealing with its transport in the root, which was then a subject of dispute. Before World War II (~1940) there were only about ten auxin researchers, excluding those in applied areas. In this article I will introduce their studies and some of the applied studies. I will also pay special attention to a series of work by Sadao Yasuda who was a pioneer researcher of plant reproductive physiology in Japan. He studied self-incompatibility (1927–1932) and parthenocarpy (1930–1940) which are related to plant growth substances. He demonstrated that a special substance (inhibitor) was involved in self-incompatibility. This is probably the first case in Japan for demonstrating the involvement of a regulatory inhibitor in plant development. In his study on parthenocarpy he concluded that “pollen hormone” and auxin are identical in their physiological nature.