In a study characterising sausage types from various parts of Europe, ten Mediterranean and Northern European fermented, dried sausages were compared using static headspace gas chromatography-olfactometry and a sniffing panel of five members. The greatest difference between the Northern and Southern types were attributed to a burned coffee odour from smoke in the smoked sausages and a popcorn note in the Mediterranean products covered with mould. The two compounds were 2-furfurylthiol and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, respectively. An analysis of five dried, moulded sausages showed that the surface edge of the sausages contained higher amounts of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline than the core, indicating that the mould growing on the surface of Mediterranean products produces 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline.

The flavor of whey protein concentrates (WPC 80) and whey protein isolates (WPI) was studied using instrumental and sensory techniques. Four WPC 80 and 4 WPI, less than 3 mo old, were collected in duplicate from 6 manufacturers in the United States. Samples were rehydrated and evaluated in duplicate by descriptive sensory analysis. Duplicate samples with internal standards were extracted with diethyl ether. Extracts were then distilled to remove nonvolatile material using high vacuum distillation. Volatile extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography/olfactometry with post peak intensity analysis and aroma extract dilution analysis. Compounds were identified by comparison of retention indices, odor properties, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry against reference standards. Whey proteins exhibited sweet aromatic, cardboard/wet paper, animal/wet dog, soapy, brothy, cucumber, and cooked/milky flavors, along with the basic taste bitter, and the feeling factor astringency. Key volatile flavor compounds in WPC 80 and WPI were butanoic acid (cheesy), 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (popcorn), 2-methyl-3-furanthiol (brothy/burnt), 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3-(2H)-furanone (maple/spicy), 2-nonenal (fatty/old books), (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal (cucumber), and (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal (fatty/oxidized). This baseline data on flavor and flavor sources in whey proteins will aid ongoing and future research and will help to identify the most appropriate whey ingredients to use to control or minimize flavor variability in whey enhanced products. PMID:16230688

In the European FAIR-project: Control of Bioflavour and Safety in Northern and Mediterranean Fermented Meat Products (FAIR-CT97-3227) four different sausage types were manufactured in five replicates and characterised by sensory and analytical means. The objective of the present study was to characterise the flavour pattern of the FAIR sausages with regards to sensory perceived compounds and volatile/sensory profiles. According to gas chromatography-olfactometry the greatest differences between the Northern and Mediterranean sausages were attributed to coffee/roasted, phenolic and vinegar odours in the smoked sausages and a popcorn note in the Mediterranean products covered with mould. The compounds were 2-furfurylthiol, guaiacol, acetic acid and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, respectively. Sausages added garlic contained two specific odours with salami/onion-like notes. The odours were attributed to allylmercaptane and methylthiirane. Correlation of sensory and volatile profile showed that garlic flavour correlated with sulphur compounds from garlic, smoked flavour with most of the cyclic compounds (furanes, phenols etc.), acid flavour with the acids (acetic, butanoic and hexanoic acid), spice and piquante flavour with the terpenes, rancid flavour with hexanal, octanal, nonanal and decanal and maturity with ethyl esters and methyl-ketones.

Nutritional products for patients with liver failure available on the Japanese market contain many branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) such as L-leucine, L-isoleucine, and L-valine, which not only have a bitter taste but also strong, unpleasant odours, leading to low palatability. The palatability of these nutritional products can be significantly improved by the addition of flavoured powders containing various kinds of tastants (sucrose, citric acid, etc.) and odourants (fruit, coffee aromas, etc.). The specific effects of the aroma of flavoured powders have not yet been clearly evaluated. In the present article, the inhibitory effect of aroma on the bitterness of BCAA solutions was examined. The bitterness intensity of a BCAA solution at the same concentration as Aminoleban® EN was defined as 3.5 (measured by a previously described gustatory sensation method). The bitterness threshold of a BCAA standard solution without added aroma was estimated to be 1.87, while those of BCAA solutions containing green-tea, coffee, apple, vanilla, or strawberry aromas were 2.02, 1.98, 2.35, 2.40 and 2.87, respectively, when evaluated by the probit method. This shows that the addition of an aroma can elevate the bitterness threshold in human volunteers. The green-tea and coffee aromas predominantly evoked bitterness, while the vanilla aroma predominantly evoked sweetness. Apple and strawberry aromas evoked both sweetness and sourness, with the apple aroma having stronger sourness and the strawberry aroma stronger sweetness. Thus, a ‘sweet’ aroma suppresses the bitterness of BCAA, with coexisting sourness also participating in the bitterness inhibition.   

Solid state fermentation (SSF) has been studied for enzymes, antibiotics, alcohol production or for protein enrichment, but few papers report the production of aromas by such a process. In this work, the study of the production of fruity aromas in SSF by the fungus #Ceratocystis fimbriata$ is presen...

Proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) catalyzes the biosynthesis of Delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (P5C). The Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto gene for the proline dehydrogenase (BnPRODH) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the clone revealed an open-reading frame that encodes 302 amino acid polypeptide with a calculated molecular mass of 34.5 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence showed sequence similarity to bacterial PRODH and PutA of E. coli. The BnPRODH gene was cloned into pET21b and was expressed at a high level in E. coli BL21(DE3). The expressed protein was purified by using nickel ion affinity column chromatography to homogeneity before characterization. The purified recombinant BnPRODH was used to produce P5C. Model system composed of P5C and methylglyoxal was set up to study the formation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline. Our data showed that P5C, derived from the conversion of l-proline by the purified recombinant PRODH, might react directly with methylglyoxal to form 2-AP. P5C/methylglyoxal pathway represents the first report of a biological mechanism by which 2-AP may be synthesized in vitro by PRODH. PMID:17536821

BACKGROUND: Breast meat from broilers produced in very different production systems may vary considerable in sensory profile, which may affect consumer interests. In this study the aim was to evaluate differences in the sensory profiles of breast meat from five broiler products: two conventional standard products (A and B) and three organic niche genotypes (I657, L40 and K8) reared in an apple orchard. RESULTS: Thirteen out of 22 sensory attributes differed significantly between the products. The aroma attributes ‘chicken’, ‘bouillon’ and ‘fat’ scored highest and the ‘iron/liver’ aroma lowest for the niche products. The meat was more ‘tender’, ‘short’ and ‘crumbly’ and less ‘hard’ and ‘stringy’ in the standard products than in one or more of the niche products. Product ‘I 657’ was less ‘juicy’ than the rest. Products ‘I 657’ and ‘L 40’ were more ‘cohesive’ and tasted more ‘sourish’ and less of ‘sweet/maize’ than the standard products. The ‘overall liking’ score was significantly higher for the ‘K 8’ product than for the ‘Standard A’ and ‘L 40’ products. The ‘overall liking’ score was significantly correlated with the scores for aroma and taste of ‘chicken’, ‘umami/bouillon’, ‘iron/liver’ and ‘fat’ aroma. CONCLUSION: The sensory profiles differed particularly between conventional standard broilers and organic niche broilers, although differences were also found between breeds. The present study indicates that aroma and taste attributes were more important for the assessors than meat ‘tenderness’ for the overall liking of broiler meat.

The composition of aroma compounds in cooked and canned cepe (Boletus edulis) and in cooked oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) is studied using capillary gas chromatography and chromatography-mass spectrometry. It is found that unsaturated alcohols and ketones containing eight atoms of carbon determine the aroma of raw mushrooms and take part in the formation of the aroma of cooked mushrooms as well. The content of these compounds was the highest in canned cepes. In oyster mushrooms, the concentration of these alcohols and ketones was lower in comparison with cepes. The content of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes was much higher in oyster mushrooms. Volatile aliphatic and heterocyclic Maillard reaction products and isomeric octenols and octenones formed the aroma of cooked and canned mushrooms. PMID:19382709

Abstract in portuguese As mais importantes frutas tropicais na categoria de sucos são maracujá e manga, especialmente desejadas por sua impressão aromática e intensa. O aroma e o sabor são resultados da presença de numerosos constituintes que se encontram em concentrações variáveis, extremamente sensíveis às mudanças durante o tratamento térmico na produção de suco. Há a necessidade do desenvolvimento dos perfis sensorial e de cor, que podem ser alterados durante o processamento (more) do suco. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver esses perfis e avaliar os sucos de maracujá entamborado: despolpado, pasteurizado, entamborado e congelado); pronto para beber (formulado com açúcar e água); e pasteurizado. Treze atributos compuseram o perfil sensorial. O experimento de Análise Descritiva Quantitativa foi delineado com 2 fatores, sucos e provadores. Os resultados foram também submetidos a uma análise de componentes principais. Houve diferença significativa entre os três sucos nos atributos sensoriais, exceto para aromas de maracujá e doce. O aroma artificial, e os aromas e os sabores de cozido e fermentado aumentaram significativamente no suco processado. Os dois primeiros componentes principais concentraram 57% da variação nos atributos sensoriais. Os parâmetros de cor, à exceção do turbidez, apresentaram variações significativas entre os sucos. O suco entamborado foi o mais escuro. A intensidade de vermelho nos sucos entamborado e formulado foi similar, menos acentuada no pasteurizado, enquanto a intensidade de amarelo foi mais acentuada no formulado, decrescendo nos pasteurizado e entamborado. Abstract in english The most important tropical fruits used in juice production are passion fruit and mango. They are especially liked due to their intense aromas. Aroma and flavor are results of many constituents that are present in different concentrations, which are very sensitive to changes during thermal treatment used in the juice production. This work aimed at developing the sensory profile and evaluating the changes that may occur during the passion fruit juice processing. Three pass (more) ion fruit juices were analyzed: the raw material (pulp), which was pasteurized, kept in tambour and frozen; the ready-to-drink (formulated with sugar and water); and the pasteurized at 98 ºC, 30s. The sensory profile was composed of 13 attributes The quantitative descriptive analysis design comprised two factors, i.e. type of juice and panelists. The results were also analyzed using principal components analysis. Significant differences were found among the three juices except for the attribute passion fruit aroma and sweet aroma. the artificial aroma, cooked aroma, fermented aroma and fermented flavor were significantly higher (p

Abstract in portuguese Na secagem de determinados alimentos, como frutas, juntamente com a água há também a evaporação de outras substâncias voláteis presentes em quantidades menores. Por isso, torna-se interessante considerar nos estudos de secagem a evaporação, além da água, desses outros componentes voláteis. A modificação da atmosfera tem sido utilizada em armazenamento, principalmente de vegetais, mas pode também ser estendida à secagem, pois pode influenciar a perda de vol (more) áteis responsáveis pelas características sensoriais do produto final. No presente trabalho, é apresentado um sistema de secagem previamente desenvolvido, no qual a atmosfera de secagem pode ser modificada pela adição de gases ou líquidos. Desenvolveu-se um sistema-modelo a partir da composição química básica do abacaxi e da adição de outros compostos, contendo um dos principais componentes do aroma desta fruta (hexanoato de etila). Além disso, também foi desenvolvida a metodologia analítica de determinação do aroma no sistema-modelo e no abacaxi, a partir dos estudos de extração de aromas e de análise cromatográfica gasosa. O aroma presente no sistema-modelo foi extraído em hexano e os componentes voláteis do aroma do abacaxi foram extraídos em éter etílico Abstract in english In the drying of some foods such as fruits, besides water there is also the evaporation of other volatile substances present in lesser amounts. Therefore, it is interesting to consider the evaporation of volatile components other than water in drying studies. The modification of atmosphere has been used for storage only, especially for vegetables, but it can be extended to drying since it can influence the loss of volatile components responsible for the sensorial characte (more) ristics of the final product. In the present study, a drying system previously developed, in which the drying atmosphere can be modified by the addition of gases or liquids, was presented. A model-system was developed from the basic chemical composition of pineapple and the addition of other compounds containing one of the main aroma components (ethyl hexanoate). An analytical methodology for determing the aroma components present in the model-system and in the pineapple was developed from the studies of aroma extraction and gas chromatography. The aroma present in the model-system was extracted with hexane, and the volatile aroma components of the pineapple were extracted with ethylic ether

The processing of kiwifruit for obtaining products with a higher sensory quality, to be used in the food industry, is associated with the use of techniques which can limit the physical and chemical losses of aroma compounds. Pervaporation (PV) represents an alternative to the techniques based on distillation/evaporation or partial condensation to concentrate the aroma compounds preserving the molecule integrity (mild operational conditions used), having a high selectivity towards the organic volatile compounds, and respecting also the environment. The most representative volatile compounds of the kiwifruit aroma was chosen for evaluating the pervaporation process. SPME GC/ion trap mass spectrometry method was exploited to determine the amounts of these compounds. The approach was based on ...

Tea leaves contain unsaturated fatty acids which are precursors of aroma compounds. Despite uniform plucking practices in Kenya, plain black tea quality varies with locations. Variations in tea aroma and/or precursors with production area have not been established in a single cultivar under same agronomic input at different locations. Trials were conducted in five locations using clone BBK 35, harvested at varying intervals. The fatty acids varied (P ? 0.05) with locations and increased (P ? 0.05) with long plucking intervals, demonstrating leaf of same standard plucked at varying intervals contains different levels of fatty acids even in one location. The different increase rates in various locations might be in part the reason of the differences in aroma of black tea from different locations even when agronomic inputs are similar. Results demonstrate that harvesting at shorter intervals and developing region-specific plucking policies may improve tea quality.   

Effects were evaluated on grapefruit treated to meet quarantine restrictions against Caribbean fruit fly infestation. Differences were found in flavor of fresh sections, fresh juice, and aroma of peel oil when obtained from fruit irradiated with x-rays, as compared with products from nonirradiated fruit. Flavor differences were found in all pasteurized juices from fruit irradiated at 50-60 krad. Vitamin C levels were significantly lower in juice from most irradiated fruit. Flavor differences were found in fresh and pasteurized juice from fruit treated with methyl bromide, and in pasteurized juice from fruit treated with ethylene dibromide. Aroma differences were found in peel oil from fruit treated with phosphine.

In this research work we investigated changes in volatile aroma composition associated with four commercial Oenococcus oeni malolactic fermentation (MLF) starter cultures in South African Shiraz and Pinotage red wines. A control wine in which MLF was suppressed was included. The MLF progress was monitored by use of infrared spectroscopy. Gas chromatographic analysis and capillary electrophoresis were used to evaluate the volatile aroma composition and organic acid profiles, respectively. Significant strain-specific variations were observed in the degradation of citric acid and production of lactic acid during MLF. Subsequently, compounds directly and indirectly resulting from citric acid metabolism, namely diacetyl, acetic acid, acetoin, and ethyl lactate, were also affected depending on t...

Abstract in portuguese O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento de cultivares de morangueiro em sistema de cultivo orgânico, observando a influência da posição da planta no canteiro sobre a produção acumulada e a partição de massa seca entre os órgãos aéreos das plantas. O experimento foi realizado na Embrapa Clima Temperado, Estação Experimental Cascata, Pelotas, RS. Os tratamentos constaram da combinação de dois fatores experimentais: cultivar ('Albion', 'Aromas', 'C (more) amarosa' e 'Camino Real') e a posição das plantas no canteiro (Central e Bordadura). O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos completos casualizados com parcelas divididas e quatro repetições. A cultivar 'Camarosa' apresentou maior produção de massa seca dos órgãos aéreos das plantas (62,3; 27,5 e 88,0g planta-1 para folha, coroa e frutos, respectivamente) e, juntamente com a 'Aromas', maior produtividade (64,2 e 59,1Mg ha-1, respectivamente). A cultivar 'Aromas' apresentou a maior contribuição proporcional dos frutos para a composição do total de massa seca da planta (60,6%) e o maior índice de colheita (88%). A posição das plantas não influenciou o crescimento e a produtividade, indicando ausência de efeito de bordadura para as cultivares 'Albion', 'Aromas', 'Camarosa' e 'Camino Real'. Abstract in english The aim of this research was to evaluate the growth of strawberry cultivars growing in organic crop system observing the influence of plant position in the bed on accumulated dry matter production and its partitioning among the aboveground plant organs. The experiment was conducted in Embrapa Clima Temperado, Estação Experimental Cascata, Pelotas, RS. The treatments were compose by the combination of two experimental factors: cultivar ('Aromas', 'Albion', 'Camarosa' and (more) 'Camino Real') and plant position in the bed (Central and Border). The experimental design used was randomized blocks with split-plots and four replications. 'Camarosa' cultivar presented highest dry mass production of aboveground organs (62.3; 27.5 and 88.0g plant-1 for leaves, crown and fruits, respectively), and together 'Aromas', highest yield (64.2 and 59.1Mg ha-1, respectively). 'Aromas' cultivar presented highest fruit dry mass contribution for the total aboveground dry mass production (60.6%) and the highest harvest index (88%). The plant position in the bed did not influence the growth and yield of the plants, which indicate no border effect for the 'Albion', 'Aromas', 'Camarosa' and 'Camino Real' strawberry cultivars.

In our work we present a case study of the capability of one electronic nose (P.E.N. 2 sensor array by Airsense Analytics, Germany) in discriminating different qualities of milk samples by sensing their aroma. All the analyzed milk samples, belonging both to different production batches and to diffe...

Increased production of terpenes and many other aroma-related volatiles occurs with the onset of ripening in apple fruit. The gaseous plant hormone ethylene plays a key role in the induction of volatile synthesis, but the mechanism is not yet understood. Using a degenerate primer based on a short co...

Microbial and aroma attributes are within the most decisive factors limiting safety and sensory appealing of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables. Alternatively, several plant essential oils (EOs) are constituted of several volatile active compounds and most of them present antimicrobial potential and had different aroma profile. Considering these premises, this hypothesis article states that safety and aroma appealing of fresh-cut produce could be improved with EO treatment. EOs could prevent fresh-cut fruit decay; however, their volatile constituents could be sorbed by the produce, and according to the aroma notes of the antimicrobial oil, sensorial appealing of odor, and flavor of the treated produce might be affected positively or negatively. Specifically, garlic oil is a natural antimicrobial constituted by sulfur compounds, which are responsible for its odor and antimicrobial properties. Besides, fresh-cut tomato is a highly perishable product that needs antimicrobial agents to preserve its quality and safety for a longer period of time. From the sensorial point of view, aroma combination of garlic and tomato is a common seasoning practice in Europe and America and well accepted by consumers. Once the right combination of flavors between the EOs and the fresh-cut produce has been selected, safety and quality of the treated fruit could be improved by adding antimicrobial protection and extra aroma. Therefore, other combinations between EOs and fresh-cut produce are discussed. This approximation could reinforce the trends of natural food preservation, accomplishing the demands of the increasing sector of consumers demanding tasty and convenient fresh-cut produce, containing only natural ingredients. PMID:19895494

A direct qualitative and quantitative determination of the glycosides of tea aroma compounds at the four stages of the oolong tea manufacturing process (plucking, solar withering, indoor withering, and oolong tea product) was carried out by a capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis after trifluoroacetyl derivatization of the glycosidic fractions. Sixteen glucosides and primeverosides were identified and quantified in cv. Chin-shin-oolong and cv. Chinhsuan-oolong. A comparison of the glycosides in dried fresh leaves between the two cultivars showed significant differences. During the manufacturing process, the amounts of most of these glycosides increased from the solar-withering stage, reaching the highest level at the final stage of oolong tea production. It was noted that no glycoside decreased in its content during the manufacturing process, this being quite different from the manufacture of black tea. In addition, the contents of these alcoholic aroma compounds in the free aroma concentrate from each cultivar remained almost unchanged or slightly decreased, and they constituted only about 12 and 17% in amount of the whole oolong tea aroma compounds. However, jasmine lactone and indole were markedly higher in the final oolong tea products. PMID:11714333

The generation of aroma compounds by carotenoid cleavage in the 9-10 position was studied, due to the importance of these compounds in the flavor and fragrance industry. The bioconversion of the carotenoid lutein to C(13) norisoprenoids utilizing a microbial mixture composed of Trichosporon asahii and Paenibacillus amylolyticus was carried out by a fermentation process. Applying an experimental design methodology, the effects of nutritional factors on the production of aroma compounds present in the tobacco profile were studied. After an assessment of the significance of each nutritional factor, the levels of the variables yielding the maximum response were calculated. Glucose, tryptone, and yeast extract exerted a strong negative effect over the objective function, with glucose being the strongest. Lutein possessed a positive effect over the tobacco aroma production, while sodium chloride and trace elements showed no influence over the process. The yield attained after culture medium manipulation was almost ten-fold higher, compared with the base medium; and the aroma mixture was characterized as: 7,8-dihydro-beta-ionol (95.2%), 7,8-dihydro-beta-ionone (3.7%), and beta-ionone (1.1%). PMID:15660215

Calyxes from the Roselle plant (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) were used to prepare cold (22 °C for 4 h) and hot (98 °C for 16 min) infusions/teas from both fresh and dried forms. Aroma volatiles were extracted using static headspace SPME and analyzed using GC-MS and GC-O with 2 different columns (DB-5 and DB-Wax). Totals of 28, 25, 17, and 16 volatiles were identified using GC-MS in the dried hot extract (DHE), dried cold extract (DCE), fresh hot extract (FHE), and fresh cold extract (FCE) samples, respectively. In terms of total GC-MS peak areas DHE ? DCE > FHE ? FCE. Nonanal, decanal, octanal, and 1-octen-3-ol were among the major volatiles in all 4 beverage types. Thirteen volatiles were common to all 4 teas. Furfural and 5-methyl furfural were detected only in dried hibiscus beverages whereas linalool and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol were detected only in beverages from fresh hibiscus. In terms of aroma active volatiles, 17, 16, 13, and 10 aroma active volatiles were detected for DHE, DCE, FHE, and FCE samples, respectively. The most intense aroma volatiles were 1-octen-3-one and nonanal with a group of 4 aldehydes and 3 ketones common to all samples. Dried samples contained dramatically higher levels of lipid oxidation products such as hexanal, nonanal, and decanal. In fresh hibiscus extracts, linalool (floral, citrus) and octanal (lemon, citrus) were among the highest intensity aroma compounds but linalool was not detected in any of the dried hibiscus extracts. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Hibiscus teas/infusions are one of the highest volume specialty botanical products in international commerce. The beverage is consumed for both sensory pleasure and health attributes and is prepared a number of ways throughout the world. Although color and taste attributes have been examined, little information is known about its aroma volatiles and no other study has compared extractions from both fresh and dried as well as extraction temperature differences. This is also, apparently, the first study to identify the aroma active volatiles in hibiscus beverages using GC-olfactometry. Manufacturers and consumers will now have a better understanding of why hibiscus teas prepared in different ways from either fresh or dried forms have a different flavor quality and intensity. PMID:21535737

Abstract in portuguese Pouco é conhecido sobre o aroma dos vinhos produzidos na região sul do Brasil, que é responsável por 90% da produção brasileira de vinho. Um método baseado na microextração em fase sólida no modo "headspace" (HS-SPME) foi desenvolvido para a extração de compostos voláteis e semivoláteis relacionados ao aroma de vinhos base, de cinco diferentes vinícolas do estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil). A relação entre a composição volátil, qualidade aromática (more) e avaliação sensorial dos vinhos Chardonnay foi investigada neste estudo. As condições otimizadas do método de HS-SPME foram: utilização da fibra DVB-CAR-PDMS, 1 mL de amostra, 30% de NaCl, 45 min de extração a 55 ºC, sem o uso de diluição e agitação da amostra. Dezoito compostos foram identificados e catorze foram tentativamente identificados. Os ésteres foram os compostos majoritários (56%) e os outros compostos minoritários pertencem à classe dos álcoois e ácidos. Os vinhos do Vale dos Vinhedos e de Pinto Bandeira apresentaram a mais alta pontuação em relação aos parâmetros sensorais avaliados. Estes vinhos foram caracterizados por altas concentrações de ésteres etílicos, o que contribui para o aroma frutado dos vinhos Abstract in english Very little is known about the aroma of wines produced in the South part of Brazil, a region that is responsible for 90% of the Brazilian wine production. A headspace solid phase micro extraction (HS-SPME) method was developed for the extraction of volatile and semivolatile compounds related to the aroma of base wines of five different wineries of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). The relationships among volatile composition, aroma quality and sensory evaluation of (more) Chardonnay base wines were performed in this study. Optimum conditions for HS-SPME included use of DVB?CAR?PDMS coating, wine samples without further dilution, no stirring, sample volume of 1 mL, 30% of NaCl, extraction time and temperature of 45 min and 55 ºC, respectively. Eighteen compounds were identified and fourteen were tentatively identified in the samples. The majority (56%) of them was esters and other minor components were alcohols and acids. The sensory analysis of Vale dos Vinhedos and Pinto Bandeira samples showed the highest quality scores, characterized by higher concentrations of ethyl esters, which contributes to the fruity aroma of these wines.

Abstract in spanish La madera de Acacia aroma y Acacia furcatispina se emplea para usos de escaso valor como postes, mangos de herramientas o combustible. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron estudiar los caracteres anatómicos del leño de ambas especies y analizar el crecimiento de ejemplares aislados con la finalidad de determinar su potencialidad para usos de mayor valor. Se determinó que la madera de estas especies es dura, pesada y de porosidad difusa con tendencia a semicircular. Aca (more) cia furcatispina posee un leño con mayor porcentaje de elementos lignificados, mejores cualidades estéticas y mejor estado fitosanitario que el de A. aroma. Los defectos más frecuentes en estas especies fueron la formación de leño decolorado y pudriciones en la zona del duramen por ataque de hongos, asociados a la presencia de cicatrices de fuego. El espesor promedio de los anillos de crecimiento fue 2,1 mm (DE = 0,47 mm) en A. aroma y 1,9 mm, (DE = 0,74 mm) en A. furcatispina. Las curvas de incremento medio anual e incremento corriente anual del diámetro en A. aroma se interceptan a los 24 años mientras que las de A. furcatispina lo hacen a la edad de 10 años. Los resultados indicaron que A. furcatispina es una especie interesante para manejar en plantaciones debido a las cualidades de su madera, aunque permitiría obtener escuadrías menores. Su madera podría destinarse a usos particulares como parquets, tallas artísticas, entre otros. Acacia aroma es una especie apropiada para manejar con el objetivo de producción de leña debido a la capacidad de producir fustes y ramas de mayor diámetro y a que su estado fitosanitario limita su empleo para otros usos de mayor valor. Abstract in english The wood of Acacia aroma and Acacia furcatispina is employed for uses of little value such us posts, tools and firewood. The objectives of this work were to study anatomical characters of wood and to analyze the growth of isolated individuals with the purpose of determining their potential for uses of greater value. We determined that these species have high density and heavy wood, with diffuse porosity and tendency to semicircular. The wood of Acacia furcatispina has gre (more) ater percentage of ligneous elements, better aesthetics qualities and health state than A. aroma. The most frequent defects in these species are rots within heartwood due to fungi attack, and discolorated wood formation, both related to fire scars. The mean width of the growth rings was 2.1 mm (DE = 0.47 mm) in A. aroma and 1.9 mm (DE = 0.74 mm) in A. furcatispina. In A. aroma, the curve of mean annual increment (IMA) intercepted the curve of current annual increment (ICA) for diameter at an age of 24 years, while in A. furcatispina it happened at 10 years. The results show that A. furcatispina is an interesting species to manage in plantations due to its wood qualities, although it would only allow small sized timber. This wood could be allocated for others uses such us parquets and artistic sculpture. Acacia aroma is a species suitable to manage for firewood production due to its capacity to produce greater diameter boles and branches, and to frequent wood decay that reduces its use for others more valuables uses.

Volatile compounds emitted by apple (Malusxdomestica Borkh.) fruit change during maturation and ripening, and hence maturity stage at harvest is a key factor determining fruit aroma. In this work, production of aroma volatile compounds and some related enzyme activities were monitored weekly in 'Golden Reinders' apples during 7 weeks prior to commercial harvest. Three maturity stages (immature, mature unripe and ripe) could be defined by the variables studied. Esters were quantitatively prominent among the compounds identified in the volatile fraction, and in most cases their production was higher at later stages of fruit maturation. Hexyl acetate, hexyl propanoate and hexyl 2-methylbutanoate, together with ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, 2-methylbutyl acetate and butyl 2-methylbutanoate, were fo...

In order to determine the respective contributions of the various nitrous precursor families in aroma preparations, the usually added amino acids were substituted with {sup 15}N isotope labelled homologous components. Results concerning isotope ratios for the volatile fraction nitrous components collected from poultry meat aromatic preparations, are presented. Terminal product labelling appears to allow for a better determination of the substrate and functional additive contributions. 4 figs., 6 refs.

Abstract in portuguese O café é um dos poucos produtos agrícolas valorizado com base em parâmetros qualitativos, em que quanto melhor for a qualidade maior será o preço obtido. Essa qualidade, contudo, é dependente de diversos fatores que se relacionam em todas as etapas da sua produção, desde a escolha da variedade ou de cultivar a ser plantada até o preparo da bebida. A torração é uma etapa muito importante para a qualidade do café, estando diretamente relacionada à aceitação (more) da bebida. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a aceitação ou preferência das bebidas tipo mole, dura e rio de café submetidas a três diferentes tipos de torra (clara, expresso e escura). Foi realizado um teste de aceitação com 65 consumidores de café, utilizando-se uma escala hedônica de nove pontos, sendo avaliados separadamente a cor, o aroma, o sabor e a impressão global. Os resultados foram avaliados por meio do Mapa de Preferência Interno (MDPREF). As amostras de torra escura, independentemente do tipo de bebida, foram de maior preferência dos consumidores em relação aos atributos cor, aroma, sabor e impressão global. As de torra clara, rio/expresso e dura/expresso, de acordo com os consumidores, tiveram menor preferência quanto à cor. Para os atributos aroma, sabor e impressão global as amostras de torra clara e rio/expresso foram menos aceitas. Abstract in english The coffee is one of the few agricultural products that it is valued with base in qualitative parameters, in that as better the larger quality will be the obtained price. This quality, however, it is dependent of several factors that link in all the stages of the production of the coffee, from the choice of the variety or cultivars to be planted until the preparation of the beverage. The roasting is a very important stage for the quality of the coffee being directly relat (more) ed the acceptance of the beverage. The present work had for objective to evaluate the acceptance of the drink coffee of the type's soft, hard and "rio" was submitted to three different types of roast (light, express and dark). An acceptance test was accomplished with 65 consumers of coffee using a hedonic scale of nine points, being evaluated the color, the aroma, the flavor and the global impression. The results obtained were analyzed by Internal Preference Map (PREFMD). The samples of roast dark independent of the class were of the consumers larger preference in relation to the attributes color, aroma, flavor and overall. The samples of roast light, "rio"/express and hard/express, in agreement with the consumers they had smaller preference? as the color. For the attributes aroma, flavor and overall the samples of roast light and "rio"/express were less accept.

In order to detect plant aroma in a natural environment, we have investigated roses' aroma using an odor sensor of quartz crystal resonator (QCR).In present work, we describe experimental setup for real-time sensing of roses' aroma and feature extraction of roses' aroma sensed by QCR sensors. This method can distinguish as different aroma as human sense of smell judged for two kinds of roses. We measured one rose's aroma 3 times repeatedly in first day, second day and third day, respectively, and the result shows that rose aroma of first day is different from the ones of the other two days.   

Abstract: To develop a method for evaluating and designing the retronasal aroma of espresso, sensory evaluation data was correlated with data obtained from gas chromatography/olfactometry (GC/O, CharmAnalysis ) and from an electronic nose system FOX4000 (E nose). The volatile compounds of various kinds of espresso (arabica coffee beans from 6 production countries: Brazil, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Colombia, Indonesia, and Tanzania; 3 roasting degrees for each country: L values, 18, 23, and 26) were collected with a retronasal aroma simulator (RAS) and examined by GC/O and E nose. In addition, sensory descriptive analysis using a 7 point scale for RAS effluent gas was performed by 5 trained flavorists using sensory descriptors selected based on the frequency in use and coefficient of correlation...

Red beet (Early Wonder) was cultivated in an experimental area of the Department of Fitotecnia at the Institute of Agronomy at the Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. After harvest, the roots were minimally processed; packed; exposed to different doses of gamma radiation (0; 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 kGy) and stored for 20 days at 8.0 deg C. Sensory evaluations were performed 1; 9; 13 and 20 days after irradiation by 12 testers who rated the overall appearance and aroma on a hedonic scale. The results indicated that the irradiated samples remained within the limit of acceptance for 20 days. In addition, the aroma was found to be a more sensitive indicator of the effect of different doses of radiation to the acceptance of the product. (author)

Tobacco aroma compounds were generated via lutein cleavage by the combined action of a yeast and a bacterium identified as Trichosporon asahii and Paenibacillus amylolyticus, respectively. In this study, an inverse relationship between glucose concentration and the generation of three compounds, present in the tobacco aroma profile, was observed in mixed cultures. In order to identify the organism sensitive to the sugar effect, both were grown separately. The presence of glucose suppressed ?-ionone production by T. asahii grown with lutein. However, the biotransformation of the ionone into its reduced derivatives (7,8-dihydro-?-ionone and 7,8-dihydro-?-ionol) by P. amylolyticus was not affected by the sugar . This pointed to the cleavage of lutein, a step within the process necessary for t...

The composition of aroma compounds of dry champignons (Agaricus bisporus L.) were identified using capillary gas chromatography and chromatography-mass spectrometry. In total, 56 compounds were identified. It was found that the flavor of dry mushrooms was formed by the volatile compounds produced as a result of enzymatic and oxidative conversion of unsaturated fatty acids as well as in the Maillard reaction. Unsaturated alcohols and ketones containing eight carbon atoms determined the mushroom note of the product. The specific aroma of dry mushrooms was determined by a complex composition of substituted sul- fur-, oxygen-, and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds as well as by aliphatic carbonyl compounds and methional. It was found that the concentrations of volatile carbonylic and ...

The composition of aroma compounds in dry cepe mushroom (Boletis edulis Fr.) and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus Fr.) was studied using capillary gas chromatography and chromatography?mass spectrometry. In dry cepe, 53 volatile compounds were identified, and in dry oyster mushroom 41 compounds were identified. Volatile organic substances with various functional groups formed the flavor of dry mushrooms. Unsaturated alcohols and ketones with eight carbon atoms were responsible for the mushroom notes of products. Their content in dry cepe was much higher than in dry oyster mushroom. The specific aroma of dry cepe was formed by the complex mixture of methional, substituted furans, pyrazines, and pyrroles. The content of these compounds was higher in dry cepe than in dry oyster mushroom. ...

In Galicia (northwestern Spain), Brassica rapa var. rapa L. includes turnip greens and turnip tops as vegetable products that are characterized by a particular sulfurous aroma, pungent flavor, and a bitter taste. In this work, 12 local varieties grown as turnip greens and turnip tops were evaluated to define the sensory attributes, to relate them with secondary metabolites, and to select those sensorial traits that better describe these crops. Results showed differences in the sensory profiles of B. rapa varieties. Turnip greens were significantly different regarding aroma intensity, leaf color, and salty taste, while turnip tops were for color and firmness of leaves, moistness and fibrosity in mouth, sharpness, and bitter taste. Secondary metabolites as glucosinolates in turnip greens and...

ABSTRACT Consumers are looking even more for food with pleasant characteristics in terms of flavor, appearance, aroma and texture. Thanks to technological advances, it is possible to find low-calorie products with these characteristics, with competitive prices when compared with similar products containing sucrose. In this study, peach nectar samples containing sucrose and the sweeteners aspartame, cyclamate/saccharin 2:1 blend, stevia, sucralose and acesulfame-K, were evaluated by Descriptive Quantitative Analysis. This methodology is the most complete and sophisticated technique for the sensory characterization of a product, because it allows a complete description of all the attributes existent in such product. Eleven consumers were selected by their discriminative capacity, repeatabili...

A processing technology of oil slime, tires, and polyethylene terephthalate has been investigated and suggested for use. In addition, the paths of its utilization have been found. It has been proven that the cracking of mixtures of wastes is more efficient, since it is possible to increase the key product output and to extract some specific products. Namely, the cracking of oil slime together with tires results in an increase of the output of liquid products and the content of aroma compounds by two times. By means of the cracking of polyethylene terephthalate, a profitable commercial product is extracted.

Industrially produced bread normally operates with a shelf life of several weeks at room temperature and indications of storage-related off-flavour development as a consequence of lipid oxidation have been suggested. The present study has tested enrichment of whole wheat bread with alpha-tocopherol or commercially used rosemary extracts for production of bread loaves with higher oxidative stability and hence better overall sensory quality. Bread quality was evaluated by sensory profiling, determination of antioxidative capacity, determination of lipid hydroperoxides as primary oxidation products, and analysis of volatile compounds including secondary lipid oxidation products. Enrichment of bread with alpha-tocopherol resulted in higher degrees of rancid aroma and flavour in fresh samples, ...

The production of heavy flavours at HERA has been investigated with a new Monte Carlo generator, which describes the heavy quark production in e - p scattering via boson-gluon fusion. The program has been developed in the framework of the HERWIG Monte Carlo and, different from the existing generator AROMA from the Lund package, takes account of the initial state radiation associated with higher order QCD corrections. The banti b production at the HERA energies has been studied in the two different approaches. As expected, large differences for the particle and energy flows have been found. (orig.).

Although human perception of food flavors involves integration of multiple sensory inputs, the most salient sensations are taste and olfaction. Ortho- and retronasal olfaction are particularly crucial to flavor because they provide the qualitative diversity so important to identify safe versus dangerous foods. Historically, flavor research has prioritized aroma volatiles present at levels exceeding the orthonasally measured odor threshold, ignoring the variation in the rate at which odor intensities grow above threshold. Furthermore, the chemical composition of a food in itself tells us very little about whether or not that food will be liked. Clearly, alternative approaches are needed to elucidate flavor chemistry. Here we use targeted metabolomics and natural variation in flavor-associated sugars, acids, and aroma volatiles to evaluate the chemistry of tomato fruits, creating a predictive and testable model of liking. This nontraditional approach provides novel insights into flavor chemistry, the interactions between taste and retronasal olfaction, and a paradigm for enhancing liking of natural products. Some of the most abundant volatiles do not contribute to consumer liking, whereas other less abundant ones do. Aroma volatiles make contributions to perceived sweetness independent of sugar concentration, suggesting a novel way to increase perception of sweetness without adding sugar. PMID:22633806

The composition of aroma compounds in dry cepe mushroom (Boletis edulis Fr.) and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus Fr.) was studied using capillary gas chromatography and chromatography-mass spectrometry. In dry cepe, 53 volatile compounds were identified, and in dry oyster mushroom 41 compounds were identified. Volatile organic substances with various functional groups formed the flavor of dry mushrooms. Unsaturated alcohols and ketones with eight carbon atoms were responsible for the mushroom notes of products. Their content in dry cepe was much higher than in dry oyster mushroom. The specific aroma of dry cepe was formed by the complex mixture of methional, substituted furans, pyrazines, and pyrroles. The content of these compounds was higher in dry cepe than in dry oyster mushroom. The content of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes with six, nine, and ten carbon atoms was higher in dry oyster mushroom. The differences in the qualitative and quantitative composition of volatile compounds are responsible for more intensive and pleasant aroma of dry cepe in comparison to that of dry oyster mushroom. PMID:19845295

Abstract in portuguese O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar diferenças sensoriais entre o arroz convencional e o arroz fortificado com ferro e determinar a aceitação deste pelo consumidor. As diferenças entre os dois tipos de arroz foram analisadas por meio do teste Duo-Trio, com 37 julgadores não treinados. O Teste de Aceitação avaliou aparência geral, cor, aroma e sabor do arroz fortificado com 43 julgadores não treinados, utilizando escala hedônica de sete pontos, com extremos " (more) desgostei muitíssimo" e "gostei muitíssimo". Não houve diferenças significativas entre as amostras analisadas pelo Teste Duo-Trio. Os valores médios obtidos no Teste de Aceitação para os atributos avaliados (aparência geral, cor, aroma e sabor) foram entre 5,6 e 5,9; correspondentes a "gostei" e "gostei muito" de acordo com a escala hedônica. O ferro não causou alterações às características sensoriais do produto final, e o arroz fortificado foi bem aceito. Abstract in english The objective of this study was to examine sensory differences between conventional rice and iron-fortified Ultra Rice rice (UR) and determine consumer acceptance. Differences between both types of rice were analyzed using the Duo-Trio Test on 37 non-trained judges. The Acceptance Test evaluated general rice appearance, color, aroma and taste by 43 non-trained judges, using a 7-point hedonic scale with extremes ranging from "really disliked" and "really liked." There were (more) no significant differences between the analyzed samples of conventional rice and UR rice using Duo-Trio Test. Mean values from the Acceptance Test for the evaluated attributes (general appearance, color, aroma e taste) were 5.6 and 5.9, corresponding to "liked" and "really liked" according to the hedonic scale, respectively. The iron did not alter the sensory characteristics of the final product, and the iron-fortified rice was well accepted.

Abstract in portuguese Produtos orgânicos são polêmicos quanto a sua qualidade sensorial. Neste estudo foi realizado um teste de aceitação em relação a um conjunto de atributos: cor, aroma, sabor e impressão global, no qual sessenta e seis consumidores avaliaram quatro amostras de café orgânico e uma amostra de café convencional de quatro diferentes marcas comerciais. Para a realização desse teste utilizou-se uma escala hedônica de nove pontos e os resultados obtidos foram avaliad (more) os por meio de Mapa de Preferência Interno (MDPREF). O MDPREF demonstrou que a amostra de café orgânico ORG-4 obteve maior aceitação pelos consumidores em relação aos quatro atributos avaliados, mostrando que nessa marca de café os atributos em conjunto torna-a bem mais apreciada. A marca de café orgânico ORG-1 foi menos preferida quanto aos atributos cor, sabor e impressão global. A amostra de café CON foi menos aceita quanto ao atributo aroma. Abstract in english Organic products are controversial in relation to sensory quality. In that study an acceptance test was accomplished in relation to a group of attributes: color, aroma, flavor and overall impression, where sixty six consumers evaluated four samples of organic coffee and a sample of conventional coffee of four different commercial marks. For the accomplishment of that test a hedonic scale of nine points was used and the obtained results were analyzed by Internal Preference (more) Map (PREFMD). PREFMD demonstrated that the sample of organic coffee ORG-4 obtained larger acceptance for the consumers in relation to the four attributes, showing that in that mark of coffee the attributes together turn it well appreciated. The mark of organic coffee ORG-1 was less accepted by the consumers in relation to the attributes color, flavor and overall impression. For the attribute aroma, the coffee CON was the one of smaller preference.

Abstract in portuguese A desterpenação do óleo essencial de laranja é uma preocupação da indústria cítrica. Esta consiste em concentrar os componentes oxigenados do óleo, que são os maiores responsáveis pelo sabor e aroma deste, reduzindo a fração terpênica que se degrada facilmente promovendo a formação de compostos com sabores e aroma indesejáveis. Esta fração oleosa rica em compostos oxigenados pode ser empregada em bebidas e outros alimentos como aromatizante mais agradá (more) vel. Um dos métodos em estudo para a concentração dos compostos oxigenados do óleo essencial de laranja é a adsorção na sílica gel, seguida da dessorção fracionada com dióxido de carbono pressurizado. Este processo permite a obtenção de frações oleosas mais concentradas em compostos oxigenados que outros métodos convencionais. Neste trabalho foi utilizado o modelo de difusão em sólido aplicado em leito fixo, empregando a solução analítica proposta por Rosen em 1952, para o estudo do modelamento do processo de dessorção do óleo essencial de laranja com dióxido de carbono supercrítico. Abstract in english The desterpenation of the orange essential oil is a concern of the citric industry. The process consists of concentrating the oxygenated components of the oil which are the substances responsible for the oil flavor and aroma, by reducing the terpenic fraction that easily degrades promoting the formation of compounds with undesirable flavors and aroma. This fraction rich in oxygenated substances can be used as an additive in the food industry. One of the methods for concen (more) tration of oxygenated compounds is the adsorption of the oil in silica gel, followed by desorption with pressurized carbon dioxide. This process allows to obtain a product more concentrated on oxygenated compounds than conventional methods. In this work the diffusion model in solid applied to a fixed-bed was used, with the analytic solution proposed by Rosen in 1952, to model the process of desorption of orange essential oil from a silica gel bed with supercritical carbon dioxide.

Abstract in portuguese O cacau em pó é obtido a partir da pasta de cacau preparada com sementes que passaram pelos processos de fermentação, secagem, torrefação, moagem e prensa (para separação da manteiga de cacau), podendo ser utilizado em formulações de achocolatados que além de cacau em pó são produzidos com: açúcar, aroma e outros ingredientes constantes da formulação. Nos países líderes de produção, o preço do cacau é afetado pelo clima, pragas e fatores políticos. (more) Substitutos de cacau são substâncias que podem entrar na formulação de produtos que utilizam cacau em pó para substituí-lo parcial ou totalmente, com a finalidade de diminuição do preço do produto final, garantia de qualidade dos produtos dependentes de cacau na entressafra ou mesmo na possível ausência do cacau em pó no mercado. Os substitutos escolhidos para avaliação foram: farinha tostada de alfarroba, cupuaçu em pó, composto da semente de cacau e aromas. Os objetivos foram: avaliar quimicamente (composição centesimal e teor de metilxantinas) os substitutos de cacau e sensorialmente, sob a forma de achocolatados. Concluiu-se que os produtos analisados apresentam diferentes propriedades químicas daquelas do cacau, sendo que os aromas foram preferidos nos testes sensoriais. Abstract in english Cocoa powder is obtained from cocoa paste. It is prepared with fermented, dried, toasted, grinded and pressed beans (to separate cocoa butter). It can be used to produce chocolate powders, which contains cocoa powder, sugar, chocolate flavor and other ingredients. In the major producing countries, the price of cocoa by-product is affected by the climate, plagues and political factors. Cocoa substitutes are substances that can total or partially substitute cocoa powder in (more) the formulation of different products with the purpose of reducing the final price, guaranteeing the quality in the off season or even during a possible short availability of cocoa powder in the market. The substitutes chosen for evaluation include toasted carob powder, cupuaçu powder, cocoa seed compounds and aroma. The objectives of this study were evaluate chemical parameters (centesimal composition and methylxanthines) of the cocoa powder substitutes and carry out a sensorial evaluation of chocolate drink powders formulated with the substitutes. As results, the substitutes showed different chemical properties from those of cocoa, and the sensorial tests showed preference to the aroma.

Application of a compound starter composed of traditional Daqu, high quality Fuqu developed previously in our lab, and alcohol-producing and aroma-producing yeasts in the brewing of Luzhou-flavor liquor was investigated. Compared with traditional Daqu, the compound starter demonstrated apparently higher starch utilization and alcohol productivity both in flasks and in pits. Flavor ingredient analyses showed that the flavor ingredient compositions of liquors produced with the compound starter were similar to those obtained with the traditional process. With appropriate after treatments, the compound starter may be applied in distilleries for elevating the productivity of traditional liquor or producing high quality new-style distilled liquor. As starch utilization can be increased significa...

Abstract in portuguese Permeado de soro de queijo foi usado como um substrato para a fermentação de Propionibacterium freudenreichi PS1 para produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, constituintes do bioaroma de queijo suíço. O bioaroma líquido foi encapsulado por secagem por atomização sob diferentes condições de temperatura de entrada de ar e vazão de alimentação. Um estudo foi realizado sobre a estabilidade do bioaroma durante estocagem em embalagens laminadas a 30 °C por 90 (more) dias, usando o produto que mostrou maior retenção de ácido acético e propiônico. Os resultados mostraram que a melhores condições de secagem foram uma temperatura do ar de entrada de 180 °C e taxa de alimentação de 24 g/min, resultando em partículas com superfície lisa e poucas invaginações e microfissuras. No entanto, 72% do ácido acético e 80% do ácido propiônico foram perdidos durante a estocagem, mostrando que o material de parede usado foi inadequado para garantir a estabilidade do produto. Abstract in english Cheese whey permeate was used as a substrate for the fermentation of Propionibacterium freudenreichi PS1 for the production of short chain fatty acids, components of the bio-aroma of Swiss cheese. The liquid bio-aroma was encapsulated by spray drying under different conditions of air inlet temperature and feed rate. A study was carried out on the stability of the bio-aroma during storage in laminated packages at 30 °C for 96 days using the product showing the greatest re (more) tention of acetic and propionic acids. The results showed that the best drying conditions were an air entrance temperature of 180 °C and a feed rate of 24 g/min resulting in particles with a smooth surface and few invaginations and micro-fissures. However, 72% of the acetic acid and 80% of the propionic acid were lost during storage showing that the wall material used was inadequate to guarantee product stability.

The major aromatic components of the essential leaf oil of the New Zealand lemonwood tree Pittosporum eugenioides are octyl acetate (33%), terpinen-4-ol (13%), decanol (6%) and (Z)-hex-3-enol (5%). These products are responsible for the characteristic Citrus-like aroma which is detected when the leaves are crushed, a phenomenon which provided the species with its common name. The major component of the oil, octyl acetate is also an abundant component of the essential oils of Heracleum and Boswellia species. PMID:15018048

Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is a native species from South America which is widely consumed as chimarrao (made white hot water) and terere (made white could water) beverages. One of the basic questions for the food area is the relation between the quality observed by the consumers and the presence of compounds responsible for its flavor and aroma, essential parameters of the food quality. The radiation food processing has been demonstrating great effectiveness in the combat of pathogenic agents while little compromising nutritional value and sensorial properties of foods. This boarding affects directly the food industry, which represent quality and aggregate product value. (author)

Methyl mercaptan is a colorless, flammable and volatile sulfur compound that is responsible for the rotten cabbage or burnt rubber aroma. This substance can be found in the blood, brain, and other tissues of humans and other animals, it is released from animal feces and occurs naturally in foods such as nuts and cheeses. The formation of methyl mercaptan is commonly noted as a problem in the process of the post-fermentation of wine. Despite the repulsive smell methyl mercaptan is used as a gas odorant, as an intermediate in the production of fungicides, as jet fuel additives, flavoring agents, plastics, as well as in the synthesis of methionines, and as catalysts.

Mead fermentation is a time-consuming process, often taking several months to complete. Despite of the use of starter cultures several problems still persist such as lack of uniformity of the final products, slow or premature fermentation arrest and the production of off-flavors by yeast. Thus the aim of this study was to optimize mead production through the use of an appropriate honey-must formulation to improve yeast performance alcoholic fermentation and thereby obtain a high quality product. Honey-must was centrifuged to reduce insoluble solids, pasteurized at 65°C for 10 min, and then subjected to different conditions: nitrogen supplementation and addition of organic acids. Although the addition of diammonium phosphate (DAP) reduced fermentation length, it did not guarantee the completeness of the fermentation process, suggesting that other factors could account for the reduced yeast activity in honey-must fermentations. Sixteen yeast-derived aroma compounds which contribute to the sensorial quality of mead were identified and quantified. Global analysis of aromatic profiles revealed that the total concentration of aroma compounds in meads was higher in those fermentations where DAP was added. A positive correlation between nitrogen availability and the levels of ethyl and acetate esters, associated to the fruity character of fermented beverages, was observed whereas the presence of potassium tartrate and malic acid decreased, in general, their concentration. This study provides very useful information that can be used for improving mead quality. PMID:20937538

Summary - Aroma variability in truffles has been attributed to maturation (Tuber borchii), linked to environmental factors (Tuber magnatum), but the involvement of genetic factors has been ignored. We investigated aroma variability in Tuber-uncinatum, a species with wide distribution. Our aim was to assess aroma variability at different spatial scales (i.e. trees, countries) and to quantify how aroma was affected by genotype, fruiting body maturity, and geographical origin. - A volatile fingerprinting method was used to analyze the aroma of 223 T.uncinatum fruiting bodies from seven European countries. Maturity was estimated from spore melanization. Genotypic fingerprinting was performed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). - Discriminant analysis revealed that, regardless of ...

Abstract in portuguese O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o perfil físico-químico da aguardente de cana-de-açúcar produzida por diferentes metodologias de dupla destilação em alambique retificador. Mosto fermentado de caldo de cana-de-açúcar foi destilado seguindo três metodologias de dupla destilação: a empregada para a produção de cognac, a empregada na produção de whisky e a metodologia da proporção porcentual 10-80-10, referente aos volumes das frações cabeça, cora (more) ção e cauda do destilado. Para comparação, também foi produzida uma aguardente monodestilada. Os destilados foram analisados quimicamente quanto às concentrações de etanol, cobre, acidez volátil, furfural e hidroximetilfurfural, aldeídos, ésteres, metanol e álcoois superiores. As aguardentes foram também avaliadas sensorialmente quanto aos atributos de aroma, sabor e preferência. Comparada com a monodestilação, a dupla destilação melhorou a qualidade química das aguardentes, pois proporcionou redução das concentrações de ácidos, de aldeídos, de ésteres, de metanol, de álcoois superiores e, consequentemente, do coeficiente de congêneres das aguardentes. Independentemente da metodologia empregada, as aguardentes produzidas por dupla destilação obtiveram maior aceitação sensorial que a aguardente monodestilada. Dentre as aguardentes duplamente destiladas, a produzida segundo a metodologia do uísque obteve as maiores notas dos provadores quanto aos parâmetros de aroma e sabor e também foi a preferida. Abstract in english The objective of this study was to determine the chemical profile of sugarcane spirits produced by different double distillation methodologies in rectifying still. Fermented sugarcane juice was distilled in rectifying still according to three double distillation methodologies: the methodology used for cognac production; the methodology used for whisky production; and the 10-80-10 percentage composition methodology, referring to the volumes of head, heart and tail of the d (more) istillate fractions from the second distillation. For comparison purposes, a simple distilled spirit was also produced. The distillates were analyzed for concentrations of ethanol, copper, volatile acidity, furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural, aldehydes, esters, methanol and higher alcohols. The spirits were also evaluated on the sensory attributes of aroma, taste and preference. Compared to simple distillation, double distillation improved the chemical quality of the spirits, since it has reduced the concentrations of acids, aldehydes, esters, methanol, higher alcohols and, consequently, their coefficient of congeners. Regardless of the methodology employed, the double distillation improved the sensory quality of the spirits since they obtained higher sensory acceptance in relation to spirits produced by simple distillation. Among double distilled spirits, the one produced according to whisky methodology obtained the best scores from appraisers on the aroma and flavor parameters and it was also the most preferred.

A laboratory medium inoculated with 20 different Staphylococcus strains was prepared in accordance with a full Factorial experimental design investigating the effect of temperature. pH, NaCl and glucose on growth. The 32 strains most suited to growth in a fermented meat environment were inoculated in sausage minces together with Pediococcus pentosaceus, incubated at 25 C for I week and the produced aroma compounds collected. The data were analysed by multiple linear regression and partial least squares regression analysis. The results showed that increasing pH and temperature from 4.6 to 6.0 and 10 to 26 C. respectively, increased growth of all strains with strong synergy between temperature and pH. Increasing salt concentration from 5% to 15% w/v decreased growth of most strains, but the effect of pH and temperature was much stronger than the effect of salt. Strains of S. carnosus were more salt tolerant than strains of S. equorum and S, xylosus, especially at high pH and temperature. Addition of glucose up to 0.5% w/v had no significant influence on growth of any of the strains. With regard to aroma production, species characteristics were detected. S. carnosus and S. xylosus were quite different regarding the overall aroma profiles, whereas the profiles of S. equorum lied somewhere in-between. Contrary to S. carnosus, S. xylosus and S. equorum did not produce 2-methyl-1-butanol. On the other hand, in particular, S. xylosus produced more 3-methyl-1-butanol. Except for one of the strains of S. equorum, S. xylosus and S. equorum formed more diacetyl, 2-butanone and acetoin and also more of the methyl-branched ketones arising from degradation of leucine, isoleucine and valine. S. carnosus produced more methyl-branched aldehydes, acids and corresponding esters from leucine, isoleucine and valine-compounds that have been correlated with fermented sausage maturity in former studies. S. equorum produced the least of the methyl-branched aldehydes.

O-methyltransferases (OMT) are important enzymes that are responsible for the synthesis of many small molecules, which include lignin monomers, flavonoids, alkaloids, and aroma compounds. One such compound is guaiacol, a small volatile molecule with a smoky aroma that contributes to tomato flavor. Little information is known about the pathway and regulation of synthesis of guaiacol. One possible route for synthesis is via catechol methylation. We identified a tomato O-methyltransferase (CTOMT1) with homology to a Nicotiana tabacum catechol OMT. CTOMT1 was cloned from Solanum lycopersicum cv. M82 and expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant CTOMT1 enzyme preferentially methylated catechol, producing guaiacol. To validate the in vivo function of CTOMT1, gene expression was either decreased or increased in transgenic S. lycopersicum plants. Knockdown of CTOMT1 resulted in significantly reduced fruit guaiacol emissions. CTOMT1 overexpression resulted in slightly increased fruit guaiacol emission, which suggested that catechol availability might limit guaiacol production. To test this hypothesis, wild type (WT) and CTOMT1 that overexpress tomato pericarp discs were supplied with exogenously applied catechol. Guaiacol production increased in both WT and transgenic fruit discs, although to a much greater extent in CTOMT1 overexpressing discs. Finally, we identified S. pennellii introgression lines with increased guaiacol content and higher expression of CTOMT1. These lines also showed a trend toward lower catechol levels. Taken together, we concluded that CTOMT1 is a catechol-O-methyltransferase that produces guaiacol in tomato fruit. PMID:22103597

Product recovery (enrichment, purification) is an essential part of the process design and a major cost factor in biotechnological productions. The economic feasibility of bio-productions is influenced by the real effect of recovery costs and by the tacit effect of a growing acceptance of `natural` products, both advocating development of advanced separation methods. Membrane processes using homogeneous (non-porous) membranes are favorably suited to enrich organic minority species from aqueous-organic mixtures at moderate (ambient) temperature and without the use of solvents. The relevant features of the principal membrane processes will be presented as they relate to bio-separations: Pervaporation, pertraction, vapour permeation. Pervaporation is presented in detail, and application to the recovery of flavours and aroma compounds is illustrated by a number of case studies involving esters, lactones, aldehydes and alcohols, and vanillin. Literature results are summarized, also with a view on competing separation methods. (orig.)

Citrus keraji hort. ex Tanaka var. kabuchii (‘Kabuchii’) originates from Okinawa, and has been cultivated in the Okinawa Islands for hundreds of years. However, the components responsible for its characteristic fresh aroma have not been determined. ‘Kabuchii’ is used as a table fruit and also in the production of traditional sweets and juice. At present, the residues produced during the manufacturing process are underutilized. In the present study, we extracted the essential oil from ‘Kabuchii’ peel residues using different extraction methods and characterized its aromatic components by gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry. We identified 70 aromatic components in the essential oil of ‘Kabuchii’, and found that different extraction methods gave oils with a similar composition. Our results suggest that the residues from citrus processing factories could be used for the manufacture of other products, e.g., aromatherapy, food, flavor, and cosmetic products. The results of present study provide data that could be used by the citrus industry to develop new ‘Kabuchii’ products.   

Abstract in portuguese Onze provadores selecionados e treinados avaliaram a aparência, aroma, sabor e textura de seis diferentes marcas de figo em calda, comercializadas no mercado brasileiro, utilizando o método de Análise Descritiva Quantitativa (ADQ) adaptado. As amostras foram testadas utilizando-se blocos incompletos balanceados e os resultados estatisticamente analisados por Análise de Variância (ANOVA) e Análise de Componente Principal (ACP). Figos em calda provenientes de indústr (more) ias distintas mostraram uma grande diferença quanto ao perfil sensorial. Dos quinze descriptores desenvolvidos pela equipe sensorial, suculência e aroma doce foram os mais importantes para discriminar as amostras entre si. As medidas de cor obtidas através do colorímetro de Hunter mostraram boa relação com as medidas sensoriais, entretanto, as medidas de textura realizadas pelo aparelho Warner-Bratzler não refletiram as variações de textura encontradas nas amostras pela equipe sensorial. A metodologia desenvolvida no presente estudo demonstrou ser bastante eficiente na caracterização e discriminação de amostras, em função de seus perfis sensoriais. Assim, a presente metodologia pode ser muito útil a laboratórios de Controle de Qualidade e Desenvolvimento de Novos Produtos nas indústrias de alimentos. Abstract in english Eleven selected and trained panelists evaluated the appearance, aroma, flavor and texture of six different brands of Brazilian canned figs by adapted Quantitative Descriptive Analysis. A descriptive ballot and reference material illustrating sensory characteristics of the figs were developed. Samples were tested using a incomplete block design and the results analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The samples sensory profiles show (more) ed large differences. From the fifteen descriptors developed by the panel, juiciness and sweet aroma were the most important for discriminating among samples. Instrumental measurements of color, obtained with a Hunter colorimeter, showed good relation with sensory measurements; but the shear force, obtained with a Warner-Bratzler shear instrument, did not related well with sensory measurements of texture. The methodology developed in this study was very efficient for characterizing and discriminating among the samples as a function of their sensory profiles; furthermore, it can be very useful to the Quality Control and Product Development laboratories of food industries.

Abstract in portuguese Na industrialização da manga, a casca é um dos componentes de descarte. No entanto, a mesma pode ser utilizada como fonte de nutrientes, na composição de diversos outros produtos. Logo, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade de doces de corte, formulados com 0% (controle), 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% de cascas, em substituição à polpa de manga (Mangifera indica L. cv. Haden). Os critérios de qualidade utilizados foram: umidade, cinzas, proteínas, lipídios, (more) carboidratos totais, açúcares totais, açúcares redutores, açúcares não redutores, pH, acidez total, acidez titulável e em ácido cítrico, sólidos solúveis totais, fibras (totais, solúveis e insolúveis), antioxidantes, características microbiológicas e aceitabilidade sensorial (aparência, aroma, sabor e cor). Nos doces formulados com casca de manga, foram observados teores significativamente maiores de minerais (cinzas), pH, fibra alimentar, sólidos solúveis e sacarose. O incremento de casca de manga, nas formulações, elevou a atividade antioxidante, permitindo sugerir que a casca da manga é uma fonte alternativa de antioxidantes naturais. Os resultados das análises microbiológicas foram satisfatórios para todos os tratamentos, estando dentro dos padrões estabelecidos. No aspecto sensorial, houve boa aceitação, com notas acima de 7, para aparência, sabor, cor e aroma. Portanto, a substituição parcial ou total da polpa por cascas, na formulação de doce de corte de manga Haden é uma alternativa viável, sob os aspectos nutricional, sensorial e microbiológico. Abstract in english Concerning the mango industrial processing, skin is a disposal component. However, it can be used as a nutrient source in many by-products.The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of sweets formulated with 0% (control), 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of mango skin in substitution to the mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Haden) pulp. The quality features evaluated were: moisture, ashes, proteins, lipids, total carbohydrates, total sugars, reducing and non-reducing sug (more) ars, pH, total acidity, titratable and citric acid acidity, total soluble solids, fibers (total, soluble, and insoluble), antioxidants, microbiological features, and sensorial acceptability (appearance, aroma, flavor, and color). For the sweets formulated with mango skin, significantly higher levels of minerals (ashes), pH, dietary fiber, soluble solids, and sucrose were observed. Furthermore, the increase of mango skin in the formulations also increased the antioxidant activity, what suggests that the mango skin is an alternative source of natural antioxidants. The microbiological analyses results were satisfactory for all treatments, according to established standards. For the sensorial aspect, there was a good consumer acceptance, with notes above 7, for aspect, flavor, color, and aroma. Therefore, the partial or total substitution of the mango pulp by mango skin, for the formulation of Haden mango sweet is a viable alternative, when considered its nutritional, sensorial, and microbiological aspects.

ABSTRACT A lexicon for describing the sensory flavor and texture characteristics of fresh and processed tomatoes was developed. A six-member highly trained, descriptive sensory panel identified, defined and referenced 33 sensory attributes for fresh and processed tomatoes. Forty products including a variety of raw, canned, concentrated and dried tomatoes, as well as tomato-based products including ketchup and simple pasta sauce, were evaluated in the study. These products represented a wide range of sensory characteristics in raw and processed tomatoes. The lexicon established included 5 aroma attributes, 10 texture attributes and 18 flavor attributes including 6 taste and mouthfeel attributes. The lexicon provides attribute descriptors, definitions and references that often are lacking in...

Apple pomace is the processing waste generated after apple juice manufacturing and represents up to 30% of the original fruit. This solid residue consists of a complex mixture of peel, core, seed, calyx, stem, and soft tissue. This residual material is a poor animal feed supplement because of its extremely low protein content and high amount of sugar. The application of agroindustrial by-products in bioprocesses offers a wide range of alternative substrates, thus helping solve pollution problems related to their disposal. Attempts have been made to use apple pomace to generate several value-added products, such as enzymes, single cell protein, aroma compounds, ethanol, organic acids, polysaccharides, and mushrooms. This article reviews recent developments regarding processes and products t...

Beer production begins in the brewhouse, where milled malt is mixed with water. Relevant ingredients of the malt are converted and dissolved into wort. The solids have to be separated from the remaining liquid. This step is done in the lauter tun and is still a very time-consuming process. Additionally, the procedural knowledge of this production step is still rather poor. Another aim in beer production is the evaporation of unwanted aroma compounds. Usually this is done during wort boiling. The latest research showed that the preliminary steps should be done before boiling. The developed system is the result of these two principles, evaporation of unwanted flavoring substances and prevention of blocking of the filter cake. The approach was the integration of a bubble generator in the laut...

The formation of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) in fermented food is a subject of interest. Such compounds are essential for the aroma of many food products like cheeses or fermented beverages, in which they can play an attractive or a repulsive role, depending on their identity and their concentration. VSC essentially arise from common sulfur-bearing precursors, methionine being the most commonly found. In the first section of this paper, the main VSC found in cheese, wine, and beer are reviewed. It is shown that a wide variety of VSC has been evidenced in these food products. Because of their low odor threshold and flavor notes, these compounds impart essential sensorial properties to the final product. In the second section of this review, the main (bio)chemical pathways leading to VSC...

The presence of Alicyclobacillus in fruit juices and concentrates poses a serious problem for the juice industry. This study was undertaken to determine the (i) prevalence, concentration, and species of Alicyclobacillus in tropical and subtropical concentrates; (ii) efficacy of aqueous chlorine dioxide in reducing Alicyclobacillus spp. spores on tropical and subtropical fruit surfaces; and (iii) fate of and off-flavor production by Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris in mango and pineapple juices. One hundred and eighty tropical and subtropical juice concentrates were screened for the presence and concentration of Alicyclobacillus spp. If found, the species of Alicyclobacillus was determined by 16S rDNA sequencing and analysis with NCI BLAST. Of these samples, 6.1% were positive for Alicyclobacillus, and nine A. acidoterrestris strains and two Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius strains were identified. A five-strain cocktail of Alicyclobacillus spp. was inoculated onto the surface of fruits (grapefruit, guava, limes, mangoes, oranges and pineapple), which were then washed with 0, 50, or 100 ppm aqueous chlorine dioxide. Significant reductions due to chlorine dioxide were only seen on citrus fruits. A five-strain cocktail of A. acidoterrestris was inoculated into mango and pineapple juices. Microbial populations were enumerated over a 16-day period. Aroma compounds in the juice were analyzed by GC-olfactometry (GC-O) and confirmed using GC-MS. GC-O of mango juice identified previously reported medicinal/antiseptic compounds. GC-O of pineapple juice revealed an unexpected "cheese" off-aroma associated with 2-methylbutyric acid and 3-methylbutyric acid. PMID:21356453

Odorants still attached to laundry soiled with human axillary sweat and sebum, after a mild washing procedure, were extracted and analysed by aroma extract dilution analysis. Esters (ethyl-2-methylpropanoate and ethylbutanoate), ketones (1-hexen-3-one and 1-octen-3-one) and, in particular, aldehydes ((Z)-4-heptenal, octanal, (E)-2-octenal, methional, (Z)-2-nonenal, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, (E,Z)-2,4-nonadienal, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal and 4-methoxybenzaldehyde) were identified as primary odorants. Organic acids, which are dominating, characteristic odorants in human axillary sweat, were, on the other hand, effectively removed during wash. The influence of lipase activity on the odour profile was investigated by analysing selected sets of textile swatches, sampled from the right/left axillary of male runners, washed in the presence/absence of lipase. The swatcheswere examined by a sensory ranking analysis prior to the analytical odour analysis. Swatches selected for the subsequent odour analysis possessed greater odour intensity, when washed in the presence of lipase than the corresponding swatches washed in the absence of lipase. The aroma extract dilution analysis revealed that generally the aldehydes were present in slightly higher concentrations in swatches washed in the presence of lipase. Many of the aldehydes identified are well known lipid oxidation products, which are believed to be formed through oxidative degradation of triglycerides present in human sebum - a process that may be facilitated by lipase.

Abstract in portuguese O noni é um fruto que tem interessado à comunidade científica por sua atividade funcional e medicinal. Já se encontram no mercado diferentes produtos que contêm noni em sua composição, mas seu consumo tem sido prejudicado por seu aroma e sabor desagradáveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar o perfil de voláteis da polpa de noni pela técnica de headspace dinâmico e cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massas. Foram detectados 37 compostos voláteis, sendo os principais: alcoóis (63,3%), ésteres (26,9%), cetonas (7,4%) e ácidos (1,2%). Abstract in english Noni is a fruit that has interested the scientific community due to its medicinal and functional activities. Different products that contain noni are already in the market, but their consumption could be impaired by their distinctive unpleasant aroma and flavor. The aim of this work was to evaluate the noni pulp volatile profile by dynamic headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Thirty seven volatile compounds were detected, mainly alcohols (63.3%), esters (26.9%), cetones (7.4%), and acids (1.2%).

Abstract in portuguese O presente trabalho objetivou relacionar o poder adoçante de solução de xilitol e sacarose, procurando saber se existe diferença de doçura entre sorvetes de nata, morango e chocolate adicionados destes dois adoçantes, em diferentes concentrações, assim como verificar a qualidade sensorial do produto quanto a aparência, cor, aroma, consistência e sabor. Houve diferenças significativas (p (more) nas concentrações de 100% sacarose versus 50% xilitol. Quanto à qualidade dos sorvetes, pode-se observar que o sorvete de nata e suas 3 concentrações de adoçantes foram as formulações que apresentaram maiores diferenças de qualidade, pois dos 5 atributos avaliados, obteve-se diferença significativa (p Abstract in english The aim of this study was to compare the sweetening power of xylitol and sucrose solutions, verifying differences in sweetness among cream, strawberry and chocolate flavoured ice creams sweetened with these two sweeteners, and also determining the sensory quality of the products with respect to appearance, colour, aroma, consistency and flavour. There were significant differences (p (more) 0% sucrose and 50% xylitol. With respect to quality, the cream flavoured ice creams presented the greatest differences in quality among the three concentrations of sweeteners, since of the five attributes evaluated, significant differences (p

Methylglyoxal (MGO) and glyoxal (GO), known as reactive carbonyl species, can be generated endogenously and exogenously (human body and food system). They are attracting increased attention because of their relationship with diabetes and flavour generation. In this review, their characteristics relating to flavour chemistry are discussed. MGO and GO can be detected in food systems by GC and HPLC after derivatization. MGO and GO formed in the Maillard reaction play important roles as precursors of aroma and colour compounds, especially in Strecker degradation, a major flavour generation reaction. When combined with amino acids they undergo Schiff base formation, decarboxylation and ?-aminoketone condensation leading to heterocyclic aroma compounds such as pyrazines, pyrroles and pyridines. They attack amine groups in amino acids, peptides and proteins to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and cause carbonyl stress followed by oxidative stress and tissue damage. Therefore, many studies about scavengers of MGO and GO are seen. The influence of these scavengers on flavour generation is also discussed. PMID:22508009

Plants that are commonly used in kimchi, a traditional Korean fermented food, include Capsicum annuum L. (green pepper), Allium fistulosum L. (Welsh onion), Allium cepa L. (onion) and Allium scorodoprasm L. (garlic), each of which has its own aroma. Aroma extracts of the plants were isolated by steam distillation under reduced pressure (DRP) and liquid-liquid continuous extraction (LLE). The aroma extracts were identified by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major aroma compounds of the plant extracts were sulphides, alcohols and heterocyclic compounds. Antioxidant activities of the aroma extracts were evaluated using two different assays. The aroma extracts isolated from green pepper, Welsh onion, onion and garlic inhibited the oxidation of hexa...

Perception of flavor is a complex process involving the integration of taste and aroma. Few functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have assessed the crossmodal interactions which result in flavor perception, and all previous studies have used a retro-nasal aroma delivery with a delayed swallow, which delays retro-nasal aroma release, and thus, alters taste and aroma integration. In this paper, we assess crossmodal interactions in flavor processing using an immediate swallow fMRI paradigm in 13 healthy volunteers. We compare unimodal taste (sucrose) and unimodal retro-nasal aroma stimuli, with a congruent taste and aroma combination (flavor), to assess crossmodal flavor interactions using an immediate swallow paradigm. Subtraction and conjunction analysis methods are described...

The multipurpose aromatic environmental control system was outlined which is composed of an aroma feeder, perfumes and a controller for aroma intensity. The aroma feeder for a large space which feeds fine aroma droplets through air conditioners or air ducts was provided together with that installed in rooms for a small space, and the controller adopted mainly a schedule control system by computer program. Various aroma systems adaptable to different usages were outlined, the aroma system for enhancing normal environment, that for shifting thermal sensation, that for providing aromatic time signals together with sonic ones, that for providing aromatic alarms together with sonic ones, that for indicating positions in a subway station for example, that for indicating dangerous places or proofing insects with offensive odor, that for controlling bacteria by fungistatic perfumes, and that for inactivating harmful substances such as ozone and chlorine. 5 refs., 9 figs., 2 tabs.

The study deals with the identification of the degradation products formed by simulated sunlight photoirradiation in a commercial beverage that contains Allura Red AC dye. An UHPLC-MS/MS method, that makes use of hybrid triple quadrupole/linear ion trap, was developed. In the identification step the software tool information dependent acquisition (IDA) was used to automatically obtain information about the species present and to build a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method with the MS/MS fragmentation pattern of the species considered. The results indicate that the identified degradation products are formed from side-reactions and/or interactions among the dye and other ingredients present in the beverage (ascorbic acid, citric acid, sucrose, aromas, strawberry juice, and extract of c...

Background Smell provides important information about the quality of food and drink. Most well-known for their expertise in wine tasting, sommeliers sniff out the aroma of wine and describe them using beautiful metaphors. In contrast, electronic noses, devices that mimic our olfactory recognition system, also detect smells using their sensors but describe them using electronic signals. These devices have been used to judge the freshness of food or detect the presence of pathogenic microorganisms. However, unlike information from gas chromatography, it is difficult to compare odour information collected by these devices because they are made for smelling specific smells and their data are relative intensities. Methodology Here, we demonstrate the use of an absolute-value description method using known smell metaphors, and early detection of yeast using the method. Conclusions This technique may help distinguishing microbial-contamination of food products earlier, or improvement of the food-product qualities.

Three family solar drying, three industrial solar drying and three different methods of drying in the open air have been studied. Several parameters have been observed: temperatures in dryers, ambient temperature, wind, period of sunshine, the evolution of weight of dried products, the water content at the end of the drying, the vitamins content at the beginning and at the end of the drying, the aroma, the taste and the colour of the dried products. The results are given in tables. We can retain that: drying in the open air is more problematic that the drying in a machine, the family dryers get the note: `well`, the professional dryers get the notes from medium to excellent ( for the forced circulation model with photovoltaic supply). (N.C.)

The authors discuss photoproduction of quarkonium states in the models of soft color interactions and the generalized area law for color string reinteractions as implemented in the Monte Carlo program AROMA. The physics of heavy quarks offers many probes for a better understanding of the interplay between perturbative and non-perturbative aspects of quantum chromogynamics. One such question is the production mechanisms for quarkonium states for which a complete understanding is not available presently. The color octet model can describe the large direct production of J/{psi}'s and {psi}'s at the Fermilab Tevatron, which is a factor of {approximately}30 above expectations from the color singlet model, but it does not seem to describe the polarization correctly. In addition, it does not seem to be consistent with data from HERA which agrees quite well with the color singlet model.

Green notes are substances that characterize the aroma of freshly cut grass, cucumbers, green apples, and foliage. In plants, they are synthesized by conversion of linolenic or linoleic acid via the enzymes lipoxygenase (LOX) and hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) to short-chained aldehydes. Current processes for production of natural green notes rely on plant homogenates as enzyme sources but are limited by low enzyme concentration and low specificity. In an alternative approach, soybean LOX2 and watermelon HPL were overexpressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. After optimization of the expression constructs, a yeast strain coexpressing LOX and HPL was applied in whole cell biotransformation experiments. Whereas addition of linolenic acid to growing cultures of this strain yielded no products, we wer...

Abstract:- Although the mysteries of its history and origin remain unsolved, worldwide cultivation and high-demand production for citrus fruit (genus Citrus in family Rutaceae) make it stand high among fruit crops. Growth of the citrus industry, including rapid development of the processing technology of frozen concentrated orange juice after World War II, has greatly expanded with international trade and steadily increased consumption of citrus fruits and their products during the past several decades. Characterized by the distinct aroma and delicious taste, citrus fruits have been recognized as an important food and integrated as part of our daily diet, playing key roles in supplying energy and nutrients and in health promotion. With low protein and very little fat content, citrus fruits...

Fermenting yeast does not merely cause dough leavening, but also contributes to the bread aroma and might alter dough rheology. Here, the yeast carbon metabolism was mapped during bread straight-dough fermentation. The concentration of most metabolites changed quasi linearly as a function of fermentation time. Ethanol and carbon dioxide concentrations reached up to 60mmol/100g flour. Interestingly, high levels of glycerol (up to 10mmol/100g flour) and succinic acid (up to 1.6mmol/100g flour) were produced during dough fermentation. Further tests showed that, contrary to current belief, the pH decrease in fermenting dough is primarily caused by the production of succinic acid by the yeast instead of carbon dioxide dissolution or bacterial organic acids. Together, our results provide a comprehensive overview of metabolite production during dough fermentation and yield insight into the importance of some of these metabolites for dough properties. PMID:23122062

The optimized conditions were evaluated for solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to investigate the headspace volatiles in fish miso, a Japanese fish meat-based fermented product. The influence on the efficiency for microextraction of such parameters as the sample size, isolation time and temperature, sensitivity and selectivity of several SPME fibers of different liquid phases as well as several extraction techniques was evaluated. Suitable reproducibility and sensitivity of SPME were achieved by combining carbowax/divenylbenzene of 65 ?m thickness as the liquid phase of SPME, 3 g of fish miso, 40 °C of isolation temperature and 40 min of isolation time. The headspace volatiles of fish miso prepared from spotted mackerel were analyzed under the optimized conditions. Although several volatiles contributed to fish miso, certain volatile esters might have played the greatest role in imparting the sweet-fruity aroma to the product.   

The effect of lemon, jasmine and lavender aroma on people was studied through environmental aroma experiments by 270 subjects in a meeting room for two months. As a result, the high percentage of positive responses was obtained on the sense of air cleanliness and efficiency of meetings, and a statistical significance was, in particular, obtained in the case of lemon as smoking was permitted. It was suggested that aroma had physiological and phychological effect even under conditions where the subjects were not necessarily aware of aroma. The effect of the same three aromas was also studied through experiments by 13 subjects in a VDT room for one month. As a result, the number of keypunch errors decreased in every aroma although punching speeds decreased slightly, and lemon showed a significant difference among three aromas. Based on these experimental results, the aroma generator was developed, and more than 30 environmental aroma systems combined with air conditioning ducts have been installed in Japan. 20 refs., 5 figs., 6 tabs.

In this study, the important odor impact volatiles generated in the meat of grilled beef loin muscle were characterized. Animals were finished in 4 different diet systems: T?, pasture (a mixture of Medicago sativa, Trifolium repens, and Festuca arundinacea); T?, pasture supplemented with cracked corn grain (offered at 0.6% live weight, LW); T?, pasture supplemented with cracked corn grain (offered at 1.2% LW); and T?, concentrate (pellets with 85% corn and 12.8% sunflower, on a dry-matter basis) plus alfalfa hay (both ad libitum). Aroma compounds were assessed by dynamic headspace-solid phase extraction (DHS-SPE) and gas chromatographic-olfactometric (GC-O) analysis. Most odorants were carbonyl compounds, some of them reaching high GC-O scores, especially 1-octen-3-one, (E)-2-octenal, methional, and hexanal. A specific quantitative analysis of ketones and aldehydes was conducted through their derivatization with o-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl) hydroxylamine hydrochloride directly on the headspace trap and analyzed by GC-MS, with the purpose of studying the effect of finishing diet systems. From the 23 carbonyl compounds quantified, 2 were especially affected by the diet system; methional was higher in the treatment based on concentrates, whereas (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal was higher in the treatment based only in pastures. The results are discussed considering previous published productive and quality traits. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The knowledge of how production factors, such as animal feeding, can affect the flavor of meat is of significant interest toward in achieving a high-quality and differentiated product. The development of more specific and efficient methodologies is necessary to analyze meat aroma compounds, which would be used as routine analysis, that is for product authentication. In the future, the use of this analysis would allow producing and designing specific foods according to different markets. PMID:22591324

Abstract in portuguese As pectinases são enzimas produzidas naturalmente por plantas, fungos, leveduras e bactérias. Estes microrganismos podem ser inoculados em meios contendo resíduos agroindustriais utilizados como fonte de carbono para a produção de compostos de maior valor agregado, como enzimas, etanol, proteínas, aminoácidos e compostos de aroma. Vários microrganismos foram isolados e selecionados quanto à produção de enzimas pectinolíticas pelo método da placa, através de (more) zonas claras de degradação de pectina ao redor da colônia. De 104 linhagens testadas, 18 foram selecionadas para fermentarem em meio líquido, contendo pectina para a determinação de atividade de poligalacturonase (PG) e de pectina liase (PMGL), e em meio frutose/extrato de levedura para produção de aromas. As linhagens 2, 9, 20, 39, 70, 74 e 99 apresentaram unidades de atividade de PG superiores a 80 µmol de ácido galacturônico/mL/min, as linhagens 17, 18, 31, 37, 73, 74 e 125 apresentaram unidades de atividade de PMGL superiores a 1000 etamol de produtos insaturados/mL/min e as linhagens 13, 70, 73, 74, 125 e 144 apresentaram os melhores descritores e as maiores intensidades de aromas percebidos por um painel não treinado de provadores. Abstract in english Pectinases are enzymes used in food industries, produced by plants, fungi, yeasts and bacteria. These microorganisms can be inoculated in a medium containing agro-industrial residues from processing agricultural products, used as a carbon source to produce value-added products such as enzymes, ethanol, proteins, amino acids and flavor compounds. Several microorganisms were isolated and selected due to their capacity to produce pectinolytic enzymes in clear halos around co (more) lonies by plate assay. From 104 strains, 18 were inoculated in a medium containing pectin as a carbon source and the pectinolytic activities of polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin lyase (PMGL) were determined. Strains 2, 9, 20, 39, 70, 74, and 99 showed activity units of PG higher than 80 µmol galacturonic acid/mL/minute. Strains 17, 18, 31, 37, 73, 74 and 125 showed activity units of PMGL higher than 1000 etamol unsaturated products/mL/minute. Strains 13, 70, 73, 74, 125 and 144 showed good signs of flavor noticed in the fructose and yeast extract medium and the most intense flavor according to a non-trained board of tasters.

Abstract in spanish La producción de frutos de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) con sabor agradable está recibiendo atención especial, porque este atributo se ha convertido en uno de los principales parámetros de calidad en la aceptación de frutas y hortalizas. Aquí se analiza cómo los compuestos volátiles influyen significativamente en el sabor del tomate, por ser responsables de su aroma. Los principales compuestos volátiles del tomate involucran a aldehídos, alcoholes, cet (more) onas y ésteres insaturados de cadenas cortas, los cuales son producidos a partir de ácidos grasos, aminoácidos libres y carotenoides. Entre las principales enzimas involucradas se encuentran lipoxigenasa, hidroperoxidoliasa y alcohol deshidrogenasa para la biosíntesis de volátiles a partir de ácidos grasos; además están las enzimas aminotransferasa, descarboxilasa y alcohol deshidrogenasa, relacionadas con la biosíntesis de volátiles derivados de aminoácidos. La composición y concentración de los compuestos volátiles depende de factores genéticos, así como de las condiciones de cultivo y del almacenamiento. El presente manuscrito compila y analiza la información actual referente a la biosíntesis de los volátiles que definen el aroma del tomate, así como sus rutas metabólicas, enzimas y sustratos involucrados; así mismo analiza los principales factores precosecha, cosecha y poscosecha que afectan su biosíntesis. Abstract in english Production of tomato fruits (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) with good flavor is receiving special attention since flavor has become a primary quality parameter in the acceptance of fruits and vegetables. In this manuscript we analyze how volatile compounds play a significant role in flavor perception of tomatoes, as they are responsible of their aroma. The most important volatile compounds in tomato include short-chain unsaturated aldehydes, alcohols, ketones and esters w (more) hich are synthesized from free amino acids, fatty acids and carotenoids. Among the main enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of volatiles derived from fatty acids are lipoxygenase, alcohol dehydrogenase and hydroperoxide lyase, while aminotransferase, decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase are involved in the biosynthesis of volatiles derived from amino acids. This manuscript brings together the current information related to tomato volatiles biosynthesis, including metabolic pathways, enzymes and substrates. In addition, the effects of preharvest conditions and postharvest handling on volatile production are also discussed.

In this study on the production of novel varietal hop aromas by supercritical fluid extraction of hop pellets we aim at fractionated extraction of hop oil essences by density programmed supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of hop pellets T90 using carbon dioxide. For that purpose, SFE is performed in two steps. In the first step, the most volatile compounds from hop essential oil are isolated by extracting pellets T90 applying a carbon dioxide density of 0.29g/mL (90atm, 50^oC). Subsequent fractionation of the crude extract from this first SFE step via solid phase extraction (SPE) using octadecylsilica and ethanol/water mixtures, results in flavour-active single variety hop oil essence, highly enriched in 'floral' compounds of total hop essential oil. When added to a non-aromatised pilot l...

For olive oil production a metal hammer-decanter olive processing line was compared to a traditional metal hammer-press line, a discontinuous method which, if properly used, yields high-quality virgin olive oils. Galega, Carrasquenha and Cobrancosa olives (traditional Portuguese varieties) were studied. The analysis of the aroma compounds was performed after headspace-solid phase micro extraction. The analytical results obtained after comprehensive gas chromatography in tandem with time of flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC/ToFMS) for these three different olive oil varieties, from a single year harvest and processed with two different extraction technologies, were compared using statistical image treatment, by means of ImageJ software, for fingerprint recognitions and compared with principal...

ABSTRACT A study was conducted to identify the volatile constituents of durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) of clone D24 and to determine the retention of volatile components of durian fruit leather during processing and storage. Thirty-eight volatile compounds were identified in the fresh durian flesh, of which 11 were esters, 10 alcohols, six carboxylic acids, six sulphurous (S) and nitrogenous (N) compounds and five hydrocarbons. Processed durian fruit leather retained most of the aroma components of fresh durian fruit. During storage, the relative proportion of acids in the product increased, esters, alcohols and aldehydes decreased, while hydrocarbons and phenolic and S and N compounds fluctuated. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Development of a new fruit leather from durian (Durio zibethinus Murr...

An intracellular ?-D-xylosidase from Candida utilis IFO 0639 was purified to homogeneity trough four chromatographic steps. The molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated to be 92 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The enzyme had an isoelectric point at 5.6, and was most active at pH 6.0 and at around 40°C. Ethanol at an optimal concentration (10%,v/v) stimulated the initial enzyme activity by 57%. D-Xylose, the product of the ?-D-xylosidase, has no effect on the enzyme activity at 300 mM. The ?-D-xylosidase was highly specific to the ?-D-xylopyranoside configuration. The enzyme hydrolyzed ?-1, 4-linked xylo-oligosaccharides with chain lengths from 2 to 5 by releasing xylose from the non-reducing end. It showed no activity against xylan. The enzyme efficiently released monoterpenols from an aroma precursor extracted from Muscat grape juice. The fermentation of Muscat juice coupled with the enzyme addition produced a small increase in the concentration of monoterpenols.   

Processing destoned olives by means of extracting adjuvants micronised food talc and depolymerising Cytolase 0 enzyme complex have been studied in the present work. This innovative processing technology increased the plant efficiency (amounts of olives processed per hour) by 20%, as well as the nutritional quality of the end product with respect to functional compounds. The oils showed higher contents of biophenols, aromas, and tocopherols. An intense and balanced flavor and a potentially higher stability and endurance to oxidation (shelf-life) was found. Contents of chloroplast pigments (chlorophylls, pheophytins, carotenes, and xanthophylls) appeared to be lower in comparison to conventional processing. The processing aids allowed to increase significantly the oil yields and to reduce th...

ABSTRACT: An important flavor component of citrus oils is limonene. Since limonene is lipid soluble, it is often added to foods as an oil-in-water emulsion. However, limonene-containing oil-in-water emulsions are susceptible to both physical instability and oxidative degradation, leading to loss of aroma and formation of off-flavors. Proteins have been found to produce both oxidatively and physically stable emulsions containing triacylglycerols. The objective of this research was to determine if whey protein isolate (WPI) could protect limonene in oil-in-water emulsion droplets more effectively than gum arabic (GA). Limonene degradation and formation of the limonene oxidation products, limonene oxide and carvone, were less in the WPI- than GA-stabilized emulsions at both pHs 3.0 and 7.0. T...

Probiotic ice cream was produced by incorporating Lactobacillus acidophilus LMGP-21381 in a standard ice cream mix at initial population above 107-cfu/g. The ice cream mix was inoculated with either freeze-dried or activated cultures of L. acidophilus and a control treatment without probiotic was also prepared. The product was assessed for the survival of the probiotic strain during the freezing process and during 45-weeks of storage at -15C and -25C, and also for its sensory characteristics. The results showed that the freezing process caused a significant decrease in the viability of the freeze-dried culture, but no significant change in the viable counts of L. acidophilus was observed during frozen storage. The sensory attributes of aroma, taste and texture obtained high scores in the s...

The quality and shelf life of fish meat products depend on the skeletal muscle's energetic state at slaughter, as meat decomposition processes can be exacerbated by energy depletion. In this study, we tested dietary glycerol as a way of replenishing muscle glycogen reserves of farmed gilthead seabream. Two diets were tested in duplicate (n = 42/tank). Results show 5% inclusion of crude glycerol in gilthead seabream diets induces increased muscle glycogen, ATP levels and firmness, with no deleterious effects in terms of growth, proximate composition, fatty acid profile, oxidative state, and organoleptic properties (aroma and color). Proteomic analysis showed a low impact of glycerol-supplementation on muscle metabolism, with most changes probably reflecting increased stress coping capacity in glycerol-fed fish. This suggests inclusion of crude glycerol in gilthead seabream diets (particularly in the finishing phase) seems like a viable strategy to increase glycogen deposition in muscle without negatively impacting fish welfare and quality. PMID:22994592

Results of derivatography of Donbass and Kuzbass hard coal at a low stage of metamorphism and with a homogeneous petrographic content of about 80 percent are presented. The coal samples differed only in depth of conversion and yield of products from hydrogenation. Characteristics of the starting coals are given, and the experimental conditions are described. Results of derivatography demonstrated that low metamorphic hard coals which hydrogenated well are characterized by the presence of a narrower and more symmetrical maximum, a faster rate of basic decomposition and by less aroma in comparison with poorly hydrogenating coals. Moisture separation during heating of coal which hydrogenates well is less and occurs at lower temperatures than in poorly hydrogenating coals. (13 refs.) (In Russian)

The characteristic volatile compounds released during the grinding of roasted coffee beans are as attractive for coffee-flavored products as the aroma of fresh-brewed coffee itself. In this study, the volatile compounds released during the grinding of various roasted robusta coffee beans (originating in Vietnam and Indonesia ; roasting degree L26, L23, and L18) were collected by exposing a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber to nitrogen gas discharged from a glass vessel in which the electronic coffee grinder was enclosed. Identification and characterization of the volatile compounds were achieved using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and GC/olfactometry (GC/O), and by applying principal component analysis (PCA) to the GC/O results. The variation in volatile compounds released during grinding, based on origin, roasting degree and species, is described and compared with the results of a previous study on the compounds released during grinding of roasted arabica coffees.   

In the present study, the effect of active packaging [ethanol emitter (EE) or ethanol emitter combined with an oxygen absorber (EE + OA)] on shelf life extension of sliced wheat bread stored at 20 ?C was investigated. Bread containing commercial preservatives (WP) and no preservatives (WOP) were taken as controls. Microbiological, physicochemical and sensory changes occurring in the product as a function of treatment and storage time were monitored for 30 days. Counts for yeasts and molds were 5.1, 3.8, 2.0 and 2.0 log cfu/g and for Bacillus cereus 4.7, 2.5, 2.3 and 2.0 log cfu/g for WOP, WP, EE and EE + OA treatments respectively after 30 days of storage. Initial pH 6.3 and 6.4, for WP and WOP samples remained fairly constant irrespective of specific treatment. Aroma quality deterioration...

Four strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens with high proteolytic, fibrinolytic, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities were used to make Bacillus-koji suitable for the production of functional doenjang. Volatile compounds in Bacillus-koji doenjang were analyzed by headspace-solid phase microextraction-GC-MS (HS-SPME-GC-MS) to compare the aroma profile with those of commercially produced doenjang made with traditional meju and with modified koji. Extraction temperatures for SPME were adjusted to 30 and 90?C. Commercial samples contained significantly more esters than Bacillus-koji doenjang and demonstrated a more complex volatile compound profile. Pentanoic acid, butanoic acid, or 2/3-methyl butanoic acid, known as off-flavor compounds in doenjang, were not detected i...

Carnobacterium maltaromaticum strains are widely found in food including fish, meat and some dairy products. Producing a malty/chocolate like aroma due to 3-methylbutanal from the catabolism of leucine is a general characteristic of this species. In this study, we investigated metabolic routes responsible for the biosynthesis of this flavor compound from the catabolism of leucine in C. maltaromaticum LMA 28, a strain isolated from mold ripened soft cheese. Depending on the lactic acid bacterium, leucine can be converted into 3-methylbutanal following two possible metabolic pathways: either directly by a-ketoacid decarboxylase (KADC) pathway or indirectly by a-ketoacid dehydrogenase (KADH) pathway. Both KADC (41.0+/-3.0nmol/mg protein/min) and KADH (1.43+/-0.62nmol/mg protein/min) activitie...

Melting flesh peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch., cv. Hujingmilu) fruit were harvested and stored at 0, 5, 8^oC for up to 21 d. Data on emission of characteristic aroma-related volatiles, and expression patterns of related genes, including lipoxygenase (LOX), hydroperoxide lyase (HPL), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and alcohol acyltransferase (AAT), were obtained from fruit at the different low temperatures for 7, 14 and 21 d and a subsequent shelf-life for 3 d after each of those storage times. Production of volatiles was markedly influenced by storage temperature and time. In general, fruit at 5^oC were sensitive to chilling injury (CI) and had the lowest levels of volatile compounds, especially fruity note volatiles such as esters and lactones. An electronic nose (e-nose) was used to evalu...

One of the present challenges of the food industry is to deliver nutrition and health benefits to the consumer while keeping, or improving the taste and aroma impact. Adding active ingredients to liquid food products for fortification is in most cases not possible or not sufficient to achieve the desired goal, due to the fact that many interesting micronutrients are only hardly soluble in aqueous systems and show (i) a limited stability against chemical or physical degradation, (ii) an incompatibility between the active ingredient and the food matrix, or (iii) reveal an uncontrolled release or bioavailability. Therefore, encapsulation systems, also denoted as 'delivery systems', are typically used to solve these formulation problems. The task to find the appropriate delivery system is espe...

A procedure allowing hydrolysis reactions to be conducted in a dynamic supercritical-CO2 medium was developed for quantifying total safranal (viz. free safranal present in the sample+safranal resulting from picrocrocin hydrolysis), which are the main component of the essential oil and responsible for the characteristic aroma of saffron. The proposed method allows total safranal amounts over the ranges 0.05-1.5 mg mL(-1) to be determined. The standard deviation achieved was 2%. This method was applied to the determination of safranal in natural saffron samples. The results obtained were compared with the "safranal value" total index, which is widely used as a quality measure of saffron products. The comparison revealed that the proposed method provides useful information not contained in the safranal value, based on the fact that, some samples with a high "safranal index" contain low concentrations of safranal. The proposed method is very useful for quality control in commercial saffron samples. PMID:17723702

Abstract in portuguese Pão de queijo é produto tradicionalmente mineiro. Sua produção vem crescendo muito, expandindo-se inclusive para o mercado externo. Entretanto, ainda não existe um padrão de qualidade. No presente estudo, análise descritiva quantitativa foi aplicada para levantar atributos sensoriais que melhor definem modificações na aparência, aroma, sabor e textura quando alguns ingredientes são variados na formulação do pão de queijo. Sete formulações foram avaliadas p (more) or uma equipe de provadores treinados, dezoito atributos sensoriais foram definidos. Após um período de treinamento, os provadores avaliaram as amostras através de delineamento de blocos incompletos balanceados usando escala não estruturada de 9cm. As mesmas foram também avaliadas em relação a aceitabilidade através da escala hedônica de 9 pontos, por 70 consumidores de pães de queijo. Os resultados foram analisados através da ANOVA, seguida pelo teste de Tukey. As amostras apresentaram diferença significativa (p0,05) entre as amostras que se situaram entre os termos hedônicos "gostei ligeiramente" e "gostei muito". Abstract in english Bread cheese is a traditional product of Minas Gerais-Brazil Its production comes growing a lot, expanding besides for the external market. Despite of this expansion, a trading quality standard was not yet developed. In this work, Quantitative Descriptive analysis was applied to select sensory attributes which best define the changes in appearance, aroma, flavour and texture when different ingredients were used. Seven formulations were evaluated by a selected panel and ei (more) ghteen attributes best describing similarities and differences between then were defined. After a training period panellist evaluated the samples in an incomplete block design using a 9 cm unstructured scale. The developed formulations were also appraised in relation to acceptability through the hedonic scale of 9 points, for 70 consumers of cheese breads. ANOVA and Tukey test (p0,05) was observed between the samples.

The change of liquor color, aroma and taste of oolong tea after roasting have close relation with the change of nonvolatile and volatile compounds. Oolong tea roasted at 8WC still preserved its original golden liquor color, brothy taste, and floral aroma, The high concentrations of linalool, linaloo...

The aroma and flavor of cooked rice are major criteria for preference among consumers. Small variations in these sensory properties can make rice highly desired or unacceptable to consumers. Human sensory analyses have identified over a dozen different aromas and flavors in rice. Instrumental ana...

Wine aroma is an important characteristic and may be related to certain specific parameters, such as raw material and production process. The complexity of Merlot wine aroma was considered suitable for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC), as this technique offers superior performance when compared to one-dimensional gas chromatography (1D-GC). The profile of volatile compounds of Merlot wine was, for the first time, qualitatively analyzed by HS-SPME-GC×GC with a time-of-flight mass spectrometric detector (TOFMS), resulting in 179 compounds tentatively identified by comparison of experimental GC×GC retention indices and mass spectra with literature 1D-GC data and 155 compounds tentatively identified only by mass spectra comparison. A set of GC×GC experimental retention indices was also, for the first time, presented for a specific inverse set of columns. Esters were present in higher number (94), followed by alcohols (80), ketones (29), acids (29), aldehydes (23), terpenes (23), lactones (16), furans (14), sulfur compounds (9), phenols (7), pyrroles (5), C13-norisoprenoids (3), and pyrans (2). GC×GC/TOFMS parameters were improved and optimal conditions were: a polar (polyethylene glycol)/medium polar (50% phenyl 50% dimethyl arylene siloxane) column set, oven temperature offset of 10 °C, 7s as modulation period and 1.4s of hot pulse duration. Co-elutions came up to 138 compounds in 1D and some of them were resolved in 2D. Among the co-eluted compounds, thirty-three volatiles co-eluted in both 1D and 2D and their tentative identification was possible only due to spectral deconvolution. Some compounds that might have important contribution to aroma notes were included in these superimposed peaks. Structurally organized distribution of compounds in the 2D space was observed for esters, aldehydes and ketones, alcohols, thiols, lactones, acids and also inside subgroups, as occurred with esters and alcohols. The Fischer Ratio was useful for establishing the analytes responsible for the main differences between Merlot and non-Merlot wines. Differentiation among Merlot wines and wines of other grape varieties were mainly perceived through the following components: ethyl dodecanoate, 1-hexanol, ethyl nonanoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl decanoate, dehydro-2-methyl-3(2H)thiophenone, 3-methyl butanoic acid, ethyl tetradecanoate, methyl octanoate, 1,4 butanediol, and 6-methyloctan-1-ol. PMID:22277184

The release kinetics of four model aroma compounds from coarse (d 32?=?1.0??m) and fine (d 32?=?0.25??m) eicosane and hydrogenated palm stearin (HPS) emulsions prepared with either solid or liquid lipid droplets were measured using a model mouth instrument. For both lipids, the release of aroma compounds from emulsions with solid droplets was higher than from emulsions with liquid droplets. This difference was greater for less polar aroma compounds. The release from solid eicosane droplets increased with particle size but no such effect was observed for HPS emulsions, however, the release from solid eicosane was higher than solid HPS. The initial aroma release profile of the solid droplet emulsion matches that of a similar liquid oil emulsion but requires much less added aroma.

Abstract in portuguese Compararam-se as propriedades funcionais das farinhas de altos conteúdos de fibra (13,65-65,64%) obtidas de graviola, goiaba e abacaxi desidratadas, com uma fibra comercial (Vitacel®) para avaliar seu potencial de uso em alimentos. A absorção de água nas farinhas (457-525%) foi superior ao do produto comercial (425%); no entanto, a capacidade de absorção de óleo das farinhas (156-195%) foi menor em relação ao Vitacel® (286%). As farinhas de graviola e goiaba ap (more) resentaram propriedades emulsificantes, sendo maiores em agua que em NaCl 1M. A farinha de goiaba, por suas propriedades funcionais, pode ser utilizada como saborizante em produtos tais como o yogurt firme; a farinha de abacaxi, por suas propriedades de hidratação e aroma, pode ser recomendada na elaboração de biscoitos; enquanto que a farinha de graviola, pelas propriedades emulsificantes e seu agradável aroma e sabor, poderia ser utilizada na formulação de sorvetes. As propriedades funcionais e o alto conteúdo de fibra que apresentan estas farinhas permitem seu uso como ingrediente na elaboração de sobremesas. Abstract in spanish Se compararon las propiedades funcionales de las harinas de altos contenidos de fibra (13,65-65,64%) obtenidas de guanábana, guayaba y piña deshidratadas, con una fibra comercial (Vitacel®) para evaluar su potencial uso en alimentos. La absorción de agua en las harinas (457-525%) fue superior que en el producto comercial (425%); no obstante, la capacidad de absorción de aceite de las harinas (156-195%) fue menor en relación al Vitacel® (286%). Las harinas de guaná (more) bana y guayaba presentaron propiedades emulsificantes, siendo mayores en agua que en NaCl 1M. La harina de guayaba, dada sus propiedades funcionales, puede ser utilizada como saborizante en productos tales como el yogurt firme; la harina de piña, por sus propiedades de hidratación y aroma, puede ser recomendada en la elaboración de galletas; mientras que la harina de guanábana, por las propiedades emulsificantes y su agradable aroma y sabor, pudiera ser utilizada en la formulación de helados. Las propiedades funcionales y el alto contenido de fibra que presentan estas harinas permiten su uso como ingrediente en la elaboración de postres. Abstract in english The functional properties of dehydrated soursop, guava and pineapple high fiber content (13.65-65.64%) flours were compared with a commercial fiber (Vitacel®) to assess their potential use in foods. The water absorption of fruit flours (457-525%) was higher than in the commercial product (425%) but the oil absorption was lower (156-195%) than Vitacel® (286%). Guava and soursop flours presented properties of emulsifiers, being greater in water than in NaCl 1M. The guava (more) flour, given its functional properties, can be used as a flavoring agent in various products such as firm yogurt; the pineapple flour, for its hydration properties and flavor, can be recommended in the preparation of crackers; and soursop flour, due to its emulsifier properties and pleasant flavor, could be used in making ice cream. The functional properties and the high fiber content of these flours permit their use as ingredients in desserts.

In Part 2 of this review on citrus fruits, the literature on chemistry, technology, and quality evaluation are critically considered. Sweet oranges, mandarin, grapefruit, lemon, and lime are generally used for processing. The literature on chemical components of citrus fruit which include sugars, polysaccharides, oraganic acids, nitrogenous constituents and lipids; carotenoids which contribute to color; vitamins and minerals, and flavonoids; limonoids, some of which impart bitterness to the juice; and the volatile components which contribute to aroma have been reviewed. Chilled and pasteurized juices, juice concentrates, and beverages are the important products manufactured commercially, and to a limited extent powdered citrus juices, canned segments, and marmalades. The literature on the manufacture of these products also as new types of juice and oil extractors; TASTE and other types of evaporators; tank farms to store juice and concentrate in bulk; aseptic filling in bulk containers and retail packs; alternate flexible and rigid containers other than glass and tin; and recovery of volatile flavoring constituents during juice processing are some of the important technological developments in the recent past and have been discussed. Bitterness in citrus juices and its control, composition of cloud, and its stability and changes during storage have been reviewed. Essential oils, pectin, frozen and dried juice sacs, dried pulp and molasses, flavonoids, seed oil, and meal are the important byproducts, the manufacture of which is given in essential details. Generally, consumers judge the product on the basis of its sensory attributes. The quality of finished product is dependent upon the raw materials used and control of processes. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) standards for different products, physicochemical and microbiological parameters prescribed as indices of quality of fruit, juice, concentrate, and other products; composition of essential oils; and aroma concentrates are discussed in relation to sensory quality. Analytical methods for compounds affecting quality, and methods for detection of adulteration in different citrus products are briefly reviewed. The importance of sensorily evaluating quality of citrus products to select and develop quality control indices is emphasized. Areas where further research are required are indicated. A comprehensive bibliography is provided to aid further study and research. PMID:6354594

In this study the investigation of the aroma compounds of dried fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth. and E. rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth. var. officinalis (Dode) Huang (i.e. E. officinalis Dode) (Rutaceae family) was carried out to identify the odorous target components responsible for the characteristic aroma of these valuable natural products. To avoid the traditional and more time-consuming hydrodistillation, the analyses were carried out by means of headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The SPME headspace volatiles were collected using a divinylbenzene-carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane (DVB-CAR-PDMS) fiber. The extraction conditions were optimized using a response surface experimental design to analyze the effect of three factors: extraction temperature, equilibrium time and extraction time. The best response was obtained when the extraction temperature was around 80 degrees C, equilibrium time near 25 min and extraction time close to 18 min. Analyses were performed by GC-MS with a 5% diphenyl-95% dimethyl polysiloxane (30 m x 0.25 mm I.D., film thickness 0.25 microm) capillary column using He as the carrier gas and a programmed temperature run. The main components of the HS-SPME samples of E. rutaecarpa (concentration >3.0%) were limonene (33.79%), beta-elemene (10.78%), linalool (8.15%), myrcene (5.83%), valencene (4.73%), beta-caryophyllene (4.62%), linalyl acetate (4.13%) and alpha-terpineol (3.99%). As for E. officinalis, the major compounds were myrcene (32.79%), limonene (18.36%), beta-caryophyllene (9.92%), trans-beta-ocimene (6.04%), linalool (5.88%), beta-elemene (7.85%) and valencene (4.62%). PMID:16130723

Discussions were given on the modification plan for Atyrau Refinery in Kazakhstan as a basic survey on promotion of joint implementation based on the COP3. The plan is intended mainly on modernization of overaged refineries, energy conservation, and prevention of pollution. The gists of the plan consist of improvement of quality of diesel oil and gasoline, reduction of production ratio of fuel heavy oil, plant efficiency enhancement, and environmental improvement. The crude oil selected in consideration of the demand in market was the light-gravity Tengiz crude oil whose production increase was attempted. For product quality, a plan was established to modify the facilities to realize improvement in content of light oil, sulfur and aroma, production of non-leaded gasoline, and octane value improvement in consideration of exporting the product into European markets. Since this project is applied to a private corporation, it is necessary that the project is commercially viable. However, the commercially low profitability makes the implementation of the project difficult unless such conditions as crude oil price and product sales price would be improved largely. Effect of the carbon dioxide gas reduction as a result of the implementation would be 180,000 tons annually, but in terms of cost effect, the implementation requires an investment of 500 Dollars per ton of carbon dioxide, thus the effect is low. Reduction in other greenhouse effect gas is not large quantitatively. (NEDO)

Abstract in portuguese Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o potencial de multiplicação in vitro de dez cultivares de morangueiro: Aromas, Bürkley, Camarosa, Campinas, Dover, Milsei-Tudla, Oso Grande, Santa Clara, Sweet Charlie e Vila Nova. Utilizou-se protocolo similar ao dos laboratórios comerciais. A desinfestação dos estolões foi realizada em soluções à base de álcool e hipoclorito de sódio; a cultura dos meristemas em meio semi-sólido MS com 1 mg L-1 BAP, 0,0 (more) 1 mg L-1 ANA e 0,1 mg L-1 AG3; e a multiplicação em meio MS com 1 mg L-1 BAP, à 25 ± 4ºC, 20 µE m-2 s-1 e fotoperíodo de 16 horas. Partiu-se de 10 meristemas de cada cultivar, avaliando-se a taxa de multiplicação e os níveis de contaminação, vitrificação e oxidação durante as fases de estabelecimento (30 dias) e de multiplicação (quatro subcultivos). O número estimado de plântulas obtidas por meristema foi: 559 de 'Aromas'; 569 de 'Bürkley'; 516 de 'Camarosa'; 517 de 'Campinas'; 3.907 de 'Dover'; 1.841 de 'Milsei-Tudla'; 943 de 'Oso Grande'; 350 de 'Santa Clara'; 298 de 'Sweet Charlie', e 1.132 de 'Vila Nova'. A quantificação dessa variabilidade genética é importante para o planejamento da produção de matrizes de cada cultivar nos laboratórios de micropropagação. Abstract in english The objective of this research work was to evaluate the in vitro multiplication potential of ten strawberry cultivars : 'Aromas', 'Bürkley', 'Camarosa', 'Campinas', 'Dover', 'Milsei-Tudla', 'Oso Grande', 'Santa Clara', 'Sweet Charlie', and 'Vila Nova'. The procedures used for this purpose were similar to those found in the protocol observed by commercial micropropagation laboratories. The disinfestation of the scions was made by dipping them in an alcohol and sodium hypo (more) chlorite solution, the meristem culturing in a semisolid medium containing 1 mg of BAP, 0.01 mg of NAA, and 0.1 mg of G3A per liter and the scions multiplication in an MS medium containing 1 mg of BAP at 25° ± 4° C, 20 µE m-2 s-1 and a photoperiod of 16 hours. Each cultivar was represented by 10 scions and for each one the multiplication rate, the levels of contamination, the vitrification and the oxidation were evaluated during the establishment ( 30 days ) and multiplication phases ( 4 subcultures). The estimated number of seedlings per scion from each cultivar was : 559 for 'Aromas', 569 for 'Burkley', 516 for 'Camarosa', 517 for 'Campinas', 3,907 for 'Dover', 1,841 for 'Milsei-Tudla', 943 for 'Oso Grande', 350 for 'Santa Clara', 298 for 'Sweet Charlie', and 1,132 for 'Vila Nova'. The quantification of this genetic variability helps in the planning of the matrical plants production of each cultivar which takes place in commercial micropropagation laboratories.

The objective of this investigation was to recover the major components of whey and to develop food applications for their incorporation/conversion into acceptable products of commercial value. Reconstituted dried sweet whey with 36% solids was ultrafiltered to yield a protein concentrate (WPC) and a permeate containing 24% lactose and 3.7% ash. Orange juice fortified up to 2.07% and chocolate milks fortified up to 5.88% total protein levels with WPC containing 45% total protein were acceptable to about 90% of a panel of 24 individuals. Fermentation of demineralized permeate at 30/sup 0/C with Kluyveromyces fragilis NRRL Y 2415 adapted to 24% lactose levels, led to 13.7% (v/v) ethanol in the medium at the end of 34 hours. Batch productivity was 3.2 gms. ethanol per liter per hour and conversion efficiency was 84.26% of the theoretical maximum. Alcoholic fermentation of permeate and subsequent distillation produced compounds with desirable aroma characters in such products. This study suggests that there is potential for the production of protein fortified non-alcoholic products and alcoholic beverages of commercial value from whey, thus providing a cost effective solution to the whey utilization problem.

This work explores to what extent the aroma or the non-volatile fractions of red wines are responsible for the overall flavor differences perceived in-mouth. For this purpose, 14 samples (4 commercial and 10 reconstituted wines), were sorted by a panel of 30 trained assessors according to their sensory in-mouth similarities. Reconstituted wines were prepared by adding the same volatile fraction (coming from a red wine) to the non-volatile fraction of 10 different red wines showing large differences in perceived astringency. Sorting was performed under three different conditions: (a) no aroma perception: nose-close condition (NA), (b) retronasal aroma perception only (RA), and (c) allowing retro- and involuntary orthonasal aroma perception (ROA). Similarity estimates were derived from the sorting and submitted to multidimensional scaling (MDS) followed by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Results have clearly shown that, globally, aroma perception is not the major driver of the in-mouth sensory perception of red wine, which is undoubtedly primarily driven by the perception of astringency and by the chemical compounds causing it, particularly protein precipitable proanthocyanidins (PAs). However, aroma perception plays a significant role on the perception of sweetness and bitterness. The impact of aroma seems to be more important whenever astringency, total polyphenols and protein precipitable PAs levels are smaller. Results also indicate that when a red-black fruit odor nuance is clearly perceived in conditions in which orthonasal odor perception is allowed, a strong reduction in astringency takes place. Such red-black fruit odor nuance seems to be the result of a specific aroma release pattern as a consequence of the interaction between aroma compounds and the non-volatile matrix. PMID:22688035

Starter distillates (SDL) are used as ingredients in the formulation of many food products such as cottage cheese, margarine, vegetable oil spreads, processed cheese, and sour cream to increase the levels of naturally occurring buttery aroma associated with fermentation. This buttery aroma results, in part, from the presence of the vicinal dicarbonyl, diacetyl, which imparts a high level of buttery flavor notes and is a key component of SDL. Diacetyl (2,3-butanedione) is a volatile product of citrate metabolism produced by certain bacteria, including Lactococcus lactis ssp. diacetylactis and Leuconostoc citrovorum. In the United States, SDL are regarded as generally recognized as safe ingredients, whereby usage in food products is limited by good manufacturing practices. Recently, diacetyl has been implicated as a causative agent in certain lung ailments in plant workers; however, little is published about the volatile composition of SDL and the levels of diacetyl or other flavoring components in finished dairy products. The objective of this work was to characterize the volatile compounds of commercial SDL and to quantitate levels of diacetyl and other Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association-designated high-priority flavoring components found in 18 SDL samples and 24 selected dairy products. Headspace volatiles were assessed using a solid-phase microextraction and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition to diacetyl (ranging from 1.2 to 22,000 ?g/g), 40 compounds including 8 organic acids, 4 alcohols, 3 aldehydes, 7 esters, 3 furans, 10 ketones, 2 lactones, 2 sulfur-containing compounds, and 1 terpene were detected in the SDL. A total of 22 food samples were found to contain diacetyl ranging from 4.5 to 2,700 ?g/100g. Other volatile compounds, including acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetoin, benzaldehyde, butyric acid, formic acid, furfural, 2,3-heptanedione, 2,3-pentanedione, and propanoic acid, were also identified and quantified in SDL or food samples, or both. The results obtained in this work summarize the volatile composition of commercial SDL and the approximate levels of diacetyl and other Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association-designated high-priority flavoring components found in SDL and selected dairy foods. PMID:22365196

The first stage of chocolate production consists of a natural, seven-day microbial fermentation of the pectinaceous pulp surrounding beans of the tree Theobroma cacao. There is a microbial succession of a wide range of yeasts, lactic-acid, and acetic-acid bacteria during which high temperatures of up to 50 degrees C and microbial products, such as ethanol, lactic acid, and acetic acid, kill the beans and cause production of flavor precursors. Over-fermentation leads to a rise in bacilli and filamentous fungi that can cause off-flavors. The physiological roles of the predominant micro-organisms are now reasonably well understood and the crucial importance of a well-ordered microbial succession in cocoa aroma has been established. It has been possible to use a synthetic microbial cocktail inoculum of just 5 species, including members of the 3 principal groups, to mimic the natural fermentation process and yield good quality chocolate. Reduction of the amount of pectin by physical or mechanical means can also lead to an improved fermentation in reduced time and the juice can be used as a high-value byproduct. To improve the quality of the processed beans, more research is needed on pectinase production by yeasts, better depulping, fermenter design, and the use of starter cultures. PMID:15462126

Abstract:- The aroma-active compounds in Chinese bayberry were identified using gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) and GC-mass spectrometry techniques. The volatile compounds were extracted using Liquid-liquid extraction, solvent-assisted flavor evaporation and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), respectively. On the basis of odor intensity, the most important aroma compounds in Chinese bayberry samples were caryophyllene, menthol, 4-terpineol, linalool oxide, linalool, benzyl alcohol, -methylbenzyl alcohol, -phenylethanol, 3-methylbutanoic acid and acetic acid, and so on. Moreover, HS-SPME technique was employed to investigate the aroma compounds among immature and mature waxberry fruits. The results showed that terpenes (for example, -caryophyllene) was predominant and i...

Abstract in spanish Se estudió la actividad fermentativa de Hanseniaspora uvarum RIVE 6-2-2 con el objetivo de evaluar su importancia en los procesos de producción de bebidas fermentadas. La cepa se cultivó en frascos Erlenmeyer conteniendo jugo de manzana esterilizado y sin aroma, y se determinaron los compuestos químicos de importancia sensorial producidos durante la fermentación en cultivo agitado (200 min-1) y estático (sin agitación). Los resultados mostraron que la cepa fue capa (more) z de producir etanol hasta 4,02±0,1v/v% en cultivo estático a 28 °C. La agitación del medio de cultivo incrementó la producción de alcoholes superiores (hasta 488,2 mg/L) y ácido acético (468,0±10,2 mg/L) comparado al cultivo estático, mientras que por el contrario, la producción de etil acetato y glicerol (189,0±12,0 mg/L y 3,2±0,3 g/L) resultó ser mayor que en cultivo agitado (142,0±8,0 mg/L y 2,3±0,25 g/L) respectivamente. Cultivos bacth realizados adicionalmente reportaron una tasa de crecimiento (?) de 0,05 h-1 y producción de pequeñas cantidades de compuestos típicamente encontrados en la fermentación alcohólica. Los mejores resultados, en términos de calidad organoléptica (aroma, sabor y olor), se obtuvieron en la fermentación en cultivo estático. El control de la aireación del medio de fermentación es una herramienta importante para controlar la síntesis de compuestos de importancia sensorial en la producción de bebidas fermentadas. Abstract in english The fermentation activity of Hanseniaspora uvarum RIVE 6-2-2 was studied with the purpose of evaluating its importance in the production process of fermented beverages. The strain was cultured in Erlenmeyer flasks, which contained sterilized and odorless apple juice, and the chemical compounds of sensorial importance produced during fermentation in shaken (200 min-1), and static (without shaking) cultures at 28 ºC were determined. The results showed that the strains were (more) capable of producing ethanol up to 4.20±0.1v/v% in static cultures at 28 ºC. Shaking of the culture medium increased the superior alcohol production (up to 488.2 mg/L) and acetic acid (468.0± 10.2 mg/L), when compared with the static culture; on the other hand, the production of ethyl acetate and glycerol (189.0±12.0 mg/L and 3.2±0.3 g/L) was higher in static than in shaken cultures (142.0±8.0 mg/L and 2.3±0.25 g/L), respectively. Additional batch cultures reported a growth rate (µ) of 0.05 h-1 and production of small amounts of compounds typically found in alcoholic fermentation. The best results, in terms of organoleptic qualities (aroma, taste and smell), were found in the static culture fermentation. The aeration control of the fermentation medium is an important tool for controlling the synthesis of sensorial importance compounds in the production of fermented beverages.

Many terpenes and terpenoid compounds are known as bioactive substances with desirable fragrance and medicinal activities. Modification of such compounds to yield new derivatives with desired properties is particularly attractive. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are potential enzymes for these reactions due to their capability of performing different reactions on a variety of substrates. We report here the characterization of CYP264B1 from Sorangium cellulosum So ce56 as a novel sesquiterpene hydroxylase. CYP264B1 was able to convert various sesquiterpenes including nootkatone and norisoprenoids (?-ionone and ?-ionone). Nootkatone, an important grapefruit aromatic sesquiterpenoid, was hydroxylated mainly at position C-13. The product has been shown to have the highest antiproliferative activity compared with other nootkatone derivatives. In addition, CYP264B1 was found to hydroxylate ?- and ?-ionone, important aroma compounds of floral scents, regioselectively at position C-3. The products, 3-hydroxy-?-ionone and 13-hydroxy-nootkatone, were confirmed by (1)H and (13)C NMR. The kinetics of the product formation was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the K ( m ) and k (cat) values were calculated. The results of docking ?-/?-ionone and nootkatone into a homology model of CYP264B1 revealed insights into the structural basis of these selective hydroxylations. PMID:22223101

Microbial systems are being increasingly developed as production hosts for a wide variety of chemical compounds. Broader adoption of microbial synthesis is hampered by a limited number of high-yielding natural pathways for molecules with the desired physical properties, as well as the difficulty in functionally assembling complex biosynthetic pathways in heterologous hosts. Here, we address both of these challenges by reporting the adaptation of the butanol biosynthetic pathway for the synthesis of odd-chain molecules and the development of a complementary modular toolkit to facilitate pathway construction, characterization, and optimization in engineered Escherichia coli. The modular feature of our pathway enables multientry and multiexit biosynthesis of various odd-chain compounds at high efficiency. By varying combinations of the pathway and toolkit enzymes, we demonstrate controlled production of propionate, trans-2-pentenoate, valerate, and pentanol, compounds with applications that include biofuels, antibiotics, biopolymers, and aroma chemicals. Importantly, and in contrast to a previously used method to identify limitations in heterologous amorphadiene production, our bypass strategy was effective even without the presence of freely membrane-diffusible substrates. This approach should prove useful for optimization of other pathways that use CoA-derivatized intermediates, including fatty acid ?-oxidation and the mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid synthesis. PMID:23071297

Spontaneous alcoholic fermentation from grape, agave and others musts into an alcoholic beverage is usually characterized by the presence of several non-Saccharomyces yeasts. These genera yeasts are dominant in the early stages of the alcoholic fermentation. However the genera Hanseniaspora and Kloeckera may survive at a significant level during fermentation and can influence the chemical composition of the beverage. Several strains belonging to the species Kloeckera api-culata and Hanseniaspora guilliermondii have been extensively studied in relation to the formation of some metabolic compounds affecting the bouquet of the final product. Indeed some apiculate yeast showed positive oenological properties and their use in the alcoholic fermentations has been suggested to enhance the aroma and flavor profiles. The non- Saccharomyces yeasts have the capability to produce and secrete enzymes in the medium, such as ? -glucosidases, which release monoterpenes derived from their glycosylated form. These compounds contribute to the higher fruit-like characteristic of final product. This chapter reviews metabolic activity of Kloeckera and Hanseniaspora yeasts in several aspects: fermentative capability, aromatic compounds production and transformation of aromatic precursor present in the must, also covers the molecular methods for identifying of the yeast

Among the aroma compounds present within grapes, a significant part is assumed to come from specific odourless precursors found mainly as glycosidic compounds which are known as bound fraction. In this paper, the individual composition of non-aromatic red grape bound fraction has been assayed for first time by SBSE-GC-MS and compared with the global total aroma potential measured spectrophotometrically at the wineries, in which the anthocyanins interferences have been removed. Glycosidic aroma compounds have been extracted by macerating grapes with different extractants (EtOHaq or SO2) at different times and subjected to acidic hydrolysis at 70degreeC for 2h. The best extraction condition, expressed as the higher aroma compounds concentration (terpenes+C13 norisoprenoids+2-phenylethanol+C6...

Using gas chromatography-olfactometry and aroma extract dilution analysis 34 aroma compounds were found with flavour dilution factors > or = 4. (Z)-3-hexenal, hexanal, 1-octen-3-one, methional, 1-penten-3-one and 3-methylbutanal belonged to the most odour-active aroma volatiles in fresh tomatoes. Smell, taste and aftertaste of different tomato cultivars were evaluated by quantitative descriptive analysis. By applying principal component analysis to both sensory attributes and chemical compounds (odour-active aroma volatiles, titratable acid and reducing sugars) the first three components explained 70% of the total variance. The data set was reduced to the sensory attributes intensive, tomato, sour, fruity, sweet and bitter as well as to important chemical compounds. Relations between chemical compounds and sensory attributes were found. PMID:9881368

Among the few papers related to the gas chromatography (GC)-olfactometric determination of important odorants in cooked beef aroma, only one uses roasting conditions, but none of them investigates the appealing aroma during the cooking of the piece of meat. The present paper investigates this top note as perceived from the oven, by analyzing the oven headspace using GC-"SNIF", a GC-olfactometric technique. From the different functional classes of odorants participating in overall in-oven aroma, this first paper focuses only on the role of aldehydes and ketones, as they represent the majority of aroma compounds formed during cooking. To ascertain the identification of these odorants, a microderivatization technique was used, based on (2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)hydrazine. The resulting hydrazones exhibit very specific mass spectrometric fragments, leading to a sensitive and specific detection. A total of 23 carbonyl compounds were shown to contribute to the roast beef top note. PMID:16302780

Recent studies of natural aromas have focused on only the lowest odor threshold compounds. In this study, we evaluated the volatile compounds of Japanese green tea, comparing the original aroma simultaneously input to the sniffing port method (OASIS) with the aroma extract dilution analysis method (AEDA). Geraniol, indole and linalool were classified in the low odor threshold by AEDA. Using OASIS, geraniol showed enhancement of the green character and indole showed strengthening the overall green tea odor, but linalool gave the same result as AEDA. On the other hand cis-3-hexenol, decanal and ?-ionone were classified in the high odor threshold by AEDA, OASIS showed enhancement of the green, tea-leafy, and sweet characters respectively. We added these compounds to a Japanese green tea infusion and evaluated it. The results showed great similarity to the OASIS results. In conclusion, OASIS is an effective technique by which to evaluate mixtures of volatile compounds with original aromas.   

Oct 29, 2007 ... The Clean Water Diary ... of the water processor to remove different types of contaminants from the waste water. ... Participants even microwave meals inside the module to generate water vapor and the aroma from the food.

Oct 4, 2012 ... Description: Conductive polymer analysis, a type of electronic aroma ... methods, new instrument architecture for sampling, sample preparation, ... The collective output from a 32-sensor array produced unique electronic ...

Abstract The interaction and physical/structural effects of aroma compounds, at high concentrations on dry native starch granules were studied using eight selected model compounds: acetaldehyde, dimethyl sulphide, diacetyl, allyl isothiocyanate, ethyl butyrate, citral, octanol and butyric acid. The maize, potato and pea starches used represent different typical structural and chemical starch characteristics. Retention of the different aroma compounds varied from a few to one hundred percent and starch was found to induce as well as reduce aroma evaporation depending on the aroma compound and the starch type. As deduced from DSC, powder XRD and SEM analyses, citral, butyric acid and octanol exerted specific effects on the starch granules manifested in local melting of crystalline layers and...

The simple and rapid solid-phase micro-extraction method using gas chromatography was used for the identification and quantification of volatile aroma compounds in various types of processed cheese analogues produced from different types of fat (butter, butter oil, coconut oil, palm oil, and sunflower oil). In total, 31 organic compounds belonging to five chemical groups were identified, with the alcohols and fatty acids quantitatively predominant. The contents of the aroma compounds (the so-called aroma profiles) of the analogues and corresponding fats used as raw materials were compared. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between samples. The highest total content of aroma compounds was found in coconut oil analogue ((547.30 ? 9.82) mg kg?1), the lowest in palm oil analogue ((...

This work explores to what extent the aroma or the non-volatile fractions of red wines are responsible for the overall flavor differences perceived in-mouth. For this purpose, 14 samples (4 commercial and 10 reconstituted wines), were sorted by a panel of 30 trained assessors according to their sensory in-mouth similarities. Reconstituted wines were prepared by adding the same volatile fraction (coming from a red wine) to the non-volatile fraction of 10 different red wines showing large differences in perceived astringency. Sorting was performed under three different conditions: (a) no aroma perception: nose-close condition (NA), (b) retronasal aroma perception only (RA), and (c) allowing retro- and involuntary orthonasal aroma perception (ROA). Similarity estimates were derived from the s...

Fruit ripening is a complex process genetically determined and environmentally regulated that involves drastic changes in various physiological and biochemical aspects. These events include chlorophyll breakdown, increased starch degradation and simple sugar biosynthesis, development of aroma compon...

Traditionally soymilk has been made with whole soybeans; however, there are other alternative raw ingredients for making soymilk, such as soy flour or full-fat soy flakes. US markets prefer soymilk with little or no beany flavor. modifying the process or using lipoxygenase-free soybeans can be used to achieve this. Unlike the dairy industry, fat reduction in soymilk has been done through formula modification instead of by conventional fat removal (skimming). This project reports the process optimization for solids and protein extraction, flavor improvement and fat removal in the production of 5, 8 and 12 {sup o}Brix soymilk from full fat soy flakes and whole soybeans using the Takai soymilk machine. Proximate analyses, and color measurement were conducted in 5, 8 and 12 {sup o}Brix soymilk. Descriptive analyses with trained panelists (n = 9) were conducted using 8 and 12 {sup o}Brix lipoxygenase-free and high protein blend soy flake soymilks. Rehydration of soy flakes is necessary to prevent agglomeration during processing and increase extractability. As the rehydration temperature increases from 15 to 50 to 85 C, the hexanal concentration was reduced. Enzyme inactivation in soy flakes milk production (measured by hexanal levels) is similar to previous reports with whole soybeans milk production; however, shorter rehydration times can be achieved with soy flakes (5 to 10 minutes) compared to whole beans (8 to 12 hours). Optimum rehydration conditions for a 5, 8 and 12 {sup o}Brix soymilk are 50 C for 5 minutes, 85 C for 5 minutes and 85 C for 10 minutes, respectively. In the flavor improvement study of soymilk, the hexanal date showed differences between undeodorized HPSF in contrast to triple null soymilk and no differences between deodorized HPSF in contrast to deodorized triple null. The panelists could not differentiate between the beany, cereal, and painty flavors. However, the panelists responded that the overall aroma of deodorized 8 {sup o}Brix triple null and HPSF soymilk are lower than the undeodorized triple null and HPSF soymilk. The triple null soymilk was perceived to be more bitter than the HPSF soymilk by the sensory panel due to oxidation on the triple null soy flakes. This oxidation may produce other aroma that was not analyzed using the GC but noticed by the panelists. The sensory evaluation results did show that the deodorizer was able to reduce the soymilk aroma in HPSF soymilk so it would be similar to triple null soymilk at 8 {sup o}Brix level. Regardless of skimming method and solids levels, the fat from the whole soybean milk was removed less efficiently than soy flake milk (7 to 30% fat extraction in contrast to 50 to 80% fat extraction respectively). In soy flake milk, less fat was removed as the % solid increases regardless of the processing method. In whole soybean milk, the fat was removed less efficiently at lower solids level milk using the commercial dairy skimmer and more efficient at lower solids level using the centrifuge-decant method. Based on the Hunter L, a, b measurement, the color of the reduced fat soy flake milk yielded a darker, greener and less yellow colored milk than whole soymilk ({alpha} < 0.05), whereas no differences were noticed in reduced fat soybean milk ({alpha} < 0.05). Color comparison of whole and skim cow's milk showed the same the same trend as in the soymilk.

This study evaluated the recovery of seven characteristic black currant aroma compounds by vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) carried out at low temperatures (10-45 degreesC) and at varying feed flow rates (100-500 l/h) in a lab scale membrane distillation set tip. VMD at feed flow from 100 to 500 l/h at 30 degreesC gave concentration factors, calculated for each aroma compound as C-permeate/C-feed: from similar to4 to 15. The concentration factors increased with decreased juice temperature during VMD; at 10 degreesC concentration factors of 21-31 were obtained for the highly volatile aroma esters. The recovered levels of the highly volatile aroma compounds ranged from 68 to 83 vol.% with a feed volume reduction of 5 vol.% (10 degreesC, 400 l/h). The theoretically predicted aroma recovery as a function of the feed volume reduction was in accordance with the experimentally obtained values. VMD thus turned out to be a promising technique for gentle stripping of black currant juice aroma compounds.

Olfactory-specific satiety (OSS) is characterized by a specific decrease in the odor pleasantness of a food eaten to satiety or smelled without ingestion. The usual protocol for studying OSS takes place in laboratory, a setting rather removed from the real world. Here, we set out to examine OSS in a natural setting: during a meal in a restaurant. We hypothesized that an aroma contained in a food that is eaten at the beginning of a meal decreases the pleasantness of the flavor of a food with the same aroma eaten at the end of the meal. In the first experiment (Experiment 1), a test group received an appetizer flavored with a test aroma (anise) at the beginning of the meal. After the main dish, they received a dessert flavored with the same aroma. A control group received the same aromatized dessert, but after a non-aromatized appetizer. This experiment was replicated (Experiment 2) using verbena as the test aroma. For both experiments, results revealed that aroma pleasantness, but not intensity or familiarity, significantly decreased in the test groups vs. the control groups. These findings extend the concept of OSS to a realistic eating context. PMID:23079143

Abstract in portuguese Este estudo objetivou extrair e identificar compostos voláteis presentes nos resíduos de processo de maracujá. Obtiveram-se destilados a partir de resíduos de maracujá através das técnicas de hidrodestilação simples e hidrodestilação com arraste de gás nitrogênio. Os compostos voláteis presentes nos destilados foram capturados por microextração em fase sólida, empregando-se fibra Carboxen/DVB/DMS, e identificados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada com espe (more) ctrômetro de massa, usando a coluna capilar de sílica fundida CP WAX 52. Foram identificados trinta e um compostos voláteis no extrato obtido pela técnica de hidrodestilação simples, sendo os principais compostos: neral (26,19%), cinamato de metila (18,52%), linalol (16,82%), 1-undecanol (5,60%), cis-óxido de linalol (4,41%), benzaldeído (3,92%) e 1-hexanol (3,48%). Para a hidrodestilação com arraste de gás nitrogênio, trinta compostos foram identificados, sendo que, em maior porcentagem de área, destacaram-se: cinamato de metila (30,41%), neral (24,46%), ?-ionona (13,81%), linalol (4,0%) e acido butanoico (2,19%). O presente estudo revelou que os resíduos de maracujá apresentam compostos voláteis que podem ser extraídos na forma de aromas, apresentando potencial para gerar essências naturais com valor agregado. Abstract in english The aim of this study was to extract and identify volatile compounds from passion fruit residues generated during processing. Distillates of passion fruit residues were obtained from the techniques of simple hydrodistillation and hydrodistillation by passing nitrogen gas. The volatile compounds present in the distillates were captured by solid phase microextraction with Carboxen/DVB/DMS fiber. The volatile compounds were indentified by gas chromatography with mass spectro (more) metry using a fused sillica capillary column with a CP WAX 52 stationary phase. Thirty one compounds were indentified by simple hydrodistillation technique. The main compounds were: neral (26.19%), methyl cinnamate (18.52%), linalool (16.82%), 1-undecanol (5.60%), cis-linalool oxide (4.41%), benzaldehyde (3.92%) and 1-hexanol (3.48%). For the hydrodistillation by passing nitrogen gas, thirty compounds were identified and the ones which presented higher area percentage were: methyl cinnamate (30.41%), neral (24.46%), ?-ionone (13.81%), linalool (4.0%) and butanoic acid (2.19%). The present study revealed that passion fruit waste contained volatile compounds that could be extracted as aromas products, presenting potential for the production of value-added natural essences.

Abstract in portuguese As bacterias ácido lácticas têm sido importantes nos alimentos por séculos pela sua considerável contribuição ao valor dos produtos. Devido a varias das suas propriedades metabóllcas, as bacterias ácido lácticas desempenham um papel importante na industria alimentar, pela sua contribulção significante ao sabor, cheiro, textura, características sensoriais, propriedades terapêuticas e valor nutrlcional dos produtos alimentar. Este grupo está constituido de um (more) número de gêneros incluindo Lactococcus, Lactobaclllus, Enterococcus, Etreptococcus, Leuconostoc e Pediococcus. Alguns dos metabolltos produzidos por este tipo de bacterias são ácidos orgãnicos, sustãncias preservadoras, poli-sacáridos, vitaminas, adoçantes, cheiros e sabores entre outros. Esta revisão se enfoca em estudar a importãncia das bacterias ácido lácticas nos alimentos. Abstract in spanish Las bacterias ácido lácticas han sido importantes en los alimentos por siglos por su considerable contribución al valor de los productos. Debido a varias de sus propiedades metabólicas, las bacterias ácido lácticas desempeñan un papel importante en la industria alimentaria, por su contribución significante al sabor, olor, textura, características sensoriales, propiedades terapéuticas y valor nutricional de los productos alimentarios. Este grupo está compuesto d (more) e un número de géneros incluyendo Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc y Pediococcus. Algunos de los metabolitos producidos por las este tipo de bacterias son ácidos orgánicos, sustancias preservantes, polisacáridos, vitaminas, endulzantes, olores y sabores entre otros. Esta revisión se enfoca en estudiar la importancia de las bacterias acido lácticas en los alimentos. Abstract in english Lactic acid bacteria have been important in food for centuries for their significant contribution to product value. Because several of its metabolic properties, lactic acid bacteria play an important role in the food industry for his significant contribution to the flavor, aroma, texture, sensory characteristics, therapeutic properties and nutritional value of food products. This group is composed of a number of genera, including Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, (more) Streptococcus, Leuconostoc and Pediococcus, among others. Some of the metabolites produced by these bacteria are organic acids, preservares substances, polysaccharides, vitamins, sweeteners, aromas and flavors, among others. This review focuses on studying the importance of lactic acid bacteria in food

The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensory stability of ultra-high temperature (UHT) milk subjected to different heat treatments and stored at room temperature in white high density polyethylene bottles (HDPE) pigmented with titanium dioxide. Two lots of 300 units each were processed, respectively, at 135 and 141 degrees C/10 s using indirect heating and subsequently aseptically filled in an ISO class 7 clean room. These experimental lots were evaluated for appearance, aroma, flavor, and overall appreciation and compared to samples of commercial UHT milk purchased from local commercial stores. The time-temperature combinations investigated did not affect either the acceptability or the shelf life of the milk. Despite the limited light barrier properties of HDPE bottles, the product contained in the package tested exhibited good stability, with a shelf life ranging from 4 to 11 wk. Within this time period, the acceptability of the experimental lots was similar to that of the commercial products. The results achieved in this study contribute to turn the low-cost UHT system investigated into a technically viable option for small-size dairy processing plants. PMID:19200121

A hybrid solar dryer was designed and constructed using direct solar energy and a heat exchanger. The dryer consists of solar collector, reflector, heat exchanger cum heat storage unit and drying chamber. The drying chamber was located under the collector. The dryer was operated during normal sunny days as a solar dryer, and during cloudy day as a hybrid solar dryer. Drying was also carried out at night with stored heat energy in water which was collected during the time of sun-shine and with electric heaters located at water tank. The efficiency of the solar dryer was raised by recycling about 65% of the drying air in the solar dryer and exhausting a small amount of it outside the dryer. Under Mid-European summer conditions it can raise up the air temperature from 30 to 40 C above the ambient temperature. The solar dryer was tested for drying of ripe banana slices. The capacity of the dryer was to dry about 30 kg of banana slices in 8 h in sunny day from an initial moisture content of 82% to the final moisture content of 18% (wb). In the same time it reduced to only 62% (wb) moisture content in open sun drying method. The colour, aroma and texture of the solar dried products were better than the sun drying products. (author)

The viability of production of good quality and acceptable bread with substitution of wheat flour with Dolichos lab lab (Lab lab purpureus) was investigated. The bread was analyzed for protein, moisture, general bread quality and sensory properties. The protein content of bread was elevated by up to about 20% and the moisture content reduced by about 10% without significant changes in bread taste, odor, volume and general bread quality. Substitution levels of up to 10% produced bread with quality characteristics not significantly different from the control. Sensory evaluation showed no significant differences between the control bread and the Dolichos supplemented breads up to 15% in the sensory attributes of aroma, crumb appearance, texture, crust colour, loaf shape, taste and general acceptability (p < 0.05). The crumb colour changed from creamish white to dull brown and a gradual hardening of crumb texture was observed as the addition of Dolichos lab lab bean flour increased. Above 15% substitution levels, the acceptability declined because of the compact texture of the crumb and the strong beany flavor of the product. Results indicate that acceptable breads can be produced by substitution of up to 15% wheat flour with dolichos bean flour.   

Lipases produced extracellularly by bacteria and fungi are being widely used in the food industry for flavour development. During tea processing, the possibility of enhancing the flavour of tea by the exogenous addition of lipase has not been reported. It was therefore considered worthwhile to amend tea leaves with microbial lipases and observe the changes in the flavour profile of the finished product. Among a few fungal lipases screened, the enzyme secreted by Rhizomucor miehei increased the formation of desired flavour compounds. Hence, studies were initiated to achieve enhanced production of this industrially useful enzyme. Under solid-state fermentation R.M. miehei produces an extracellular lipase in copious amounts on a simple solid substrate within 96 h, which is active at lower temperatures and at near-neutral pH. These attributes make this enzyme suitable for use during the manufacturing of tea, where reactions are carried out at temperatures of 15 to 20°C and pH range of 5 to 7. In the present study, exogenous addition of lipase resulted in an increase in flavour volatiles, which contribute to the aroma of tea.   

Abstract in portuguese Opuntia boldinghii Br et R. é uma espécie sem utilidade comercial. No entanto, investigações recentes têm demonstrado seu potencial pigmentario, pela presença de betalaínas. Neste estudo se formularam quatro bebidas cítricas (15% de suco de laranja + 15% de suco de toronja + 65% de água + 5% de polpa O. boldinghii) acondicionadas com 0; 0,5; 0,1% e 0,01% ácido ascórbico (formulações I, II, III e IV, respectivamente). Os sucos pasteurizados se conservaram sob (more) refrigeração a 7,0 ±1ºC em recipientes âmbar. Avaliaram-se semanalmente durante 21 dias bactérias mesófilas, mofos, fermento, NMP/ml de coliformes, pH, ºBrix, acidez tituláveis, betalaínas, carotenóides totais, vitamina C e parâmetros sensoriais (cor, aroma e sabor). A contagem de bactérias mesófilas para todas as formulações no primeiro dia avaliado foi 0,05) nos parâmetros: pH, ºBrix e acidez titulável; no entanto, se determinaram diferenças significativas no conteúdo de betalaínas, carotenóides totais e vitamina C (P Abstract in spanish Opuntia boldinghii Br et R. es una especie sin utilidad comercial. Sin embargo, investigaciones recientes han demostrado su potencial pigmentario por la presencia de betalaínas. En este estudio se formularon cuatro bebidas cítricas (15% de jugo de naranja + 15% de jugo de pomelo + 65% de agua + 5% de pulpa O. boldinghii) acondicionadas con 0; 0,5; 0,1% y 0,01% ácido ascórbico (formulaciones I, II, III y IV, respectivamente). Los jugos pasteurizados se conservaron bajo (more) refrigeración a 7,0 ±1ºC en envases ámbar. Se evaluaron semanalmente durante 21 días bacterias mesófilas, mohos, levaduras, NMP/ml de coliformes, pH, ºBrix, acidez titulable, betalaínas, carotenoides totales, vitamina C y parámetros sensoriales (color, aroma y sabor). El recuento de bacterias mésofilas para todas las formulaciones en el primer día evaluado fue 0,05) en los parámetros: pH, ºBrix y acidez titulable; sin embargo, se determinaron diferencias significativas en el contenido de betalaínas, carotenoides totales y vitamina C (P Abstract in english Opuntia boldinghii Br et R. is a species without commercial use. However, recent research has shown its potential as a colorant, due to the presence of betalains. In this study, four citric beverages (15% orange juice + 15% grape-fruit juice + 65% water + 5% O. boldinghii pulp) formulated with 0, 0.5%, 0.1% 0.01% ascorbic acid (formulations I, II, III and IV, respectively). The products were pasteurized and stored at 7.0 ±1ºC using amber bottles. Mesophilic bacteria, mo (more) lds, yeast, MPN/ml of coliforms, pH, ºBrix, titrable acidity, betalains, total carotenoids, vitamin C and sensorial parameters (color, aroma and flavor) were evaluated weekly during 21 days. The first day, mesophilic bacteria counts were 0.05) in pH, ºBrix and titrable acidity. Significant differences were found (P

Abstract in portuguese O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a diversidade genético-molecular, por marcadores RAPD, das dez principais cultivares de morangueiro utilizadas no País: Aromas, Bürkley, Camarosa, Campinas, Dover, Milsei-Tudla, Oso Grande, Santa Clara, Sweet Charlie e Vila Nova. O DNA foi extraído de folhas maduras, as análises RAPD foram realizadas com 26 primers e os produtos de amplificação separados por eletroforese. O coeficiente de Dice foi utilizado para estimar a (more) similaridade genética entre as cultivares e o método UPGMA para gerar o fenograma por meio do NTSYS. Houve amplificação de fragmentos consistentes com 19 primers, tendo sido encontrado polimorfismo em 14. Dos 116 fragmentos gerados, 84 foram polimórficos. As cultivares foram classificadas em dois grupos principais quanto à similaridade genética: cultivares destinadas à industrialização (Bürkley, Santa Clara e Vila Nova) e cultivares destinadas ao mercado in natura (demais cultivares). A similaridade foi menor no grupo das cultivares para consumo in natura (44-74%), o que ocorreu em função dos parentais serem diferentes. A maior similaridade genética ocorreu entre as cultivares de indústria Santa Clara e Vila Nova (98%), ambas obtidas pelo programa de melhoramento da Embrapa Clima Temperado, e provenientes dos mesmos parentais ('Konvoy-Cascata' e 'Lassen'). Padrões RAPD foram estabelecidos para a caracterização genética das dez cultivares de morangueiro estudadas. Abstract in english In this work we characterized the genetic-molecular diversity by RAPD markers of the main ten strawberry cultivars cultivated in Brazil: Aromas, Bürkley, Camarosa, Campinas, Dover, Milsei-Tudla, Oso Grande, Santa Clara, Sweet Charlie and Vila Nova. The DNA was extracted from mature leaves, the RAPD analysis were carried out with 26 primers and the amplification products were separated by electrophoreses. The coefficient of Dice was used to estimate the genetic similarity (more) among the cultivars and the UPGMA method to obtain the phenogram using NTSYS software. Bands were amplified with 19 primers, and showed polymorphism with 14. Out of 116 bands, 84 were polymorphic. The cultivars were classified in two main groups: industry cultivars (Bürkley, Santa Clara and Vila Nova) and fresh fruit market cultivars (other cultivars). The genetic similarity was lesser in the group of cultivars for fresh market (44-74%), in which the different clones were used as parents. The cultivars Santa Clara and Vila Nova, used for processing, showed the higher genetic similarity (98%), both cultivars were obtained at breeding program of Embrapa Clima Temperado, and are originated from the same parental clones ('Konvoy-Cascata' and 'Lassen'). Standard RAPD markers were established to genetic characterization of ten strawberry cultivars.

For the authenticity assessment of (E)-methyl cinnamate from different origins, combustion/pyrolysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (C/P-IRMS) was used by an elemental analyzer (EA) and on-line capillary gas chromatography coupling (HRGC-C/P-IRMS). For that reason, (E)-methyl cinnamate self-prepared from synthetic, natural, and semisynthetic educts was analyzed in comparison to the commercial synthetic and natural ester. In addition, (E)-methyl cinnamate from basil extract and a number of commercial natural aromas was investigated. The data of self-synthesized synthetic (E)-methyl cinnamate, i.e., delta(13)C(V)(-)(PDB) = -33.8 per thousand and delta(2)H(V)(-)(SMOW) = +349 per thousand, corresponded with that found for the commercial synthetic samples (-29.5 to -31.4 per thousand and +328 to +360 per thousand for delta(13)C(V)(-)(PDB) and delta(2)H(V)(-)(SMOW), respectively). The ester produced from natural educts by acid as well as Candida antarctica catalysis revealed delta(13)C(V)(-)(PDB) = -25.6 and -30.1 per thousand as well as delta(2)H(V)(-)(SMOW) = -162 and -169 per thousand, respectively. Acid-catalyzed semisynthetic products differed in their delta(13)C(V)(-)(PDB) and delta(2)H(V)(-)(SMOW) values depending on the origin of their educts. For the ester from synthetic methanol and natural cinnamic acid, -27.3 and -126 per thousand were determined for delta(13)C(V)(-)(PDB) and delta(2)H(V)(-)(SMOW), respectively, whereas for the ester produced from natural methanol and synthetic acid delta(13)C(V)(-)(PDB) = -30.6 per thousand and delta(2)H(V)(-)(SMOW) = +287 per thousand were found. Basil extract showed -28.9 and -133 per thousand for delta(13)C(V)(-)(PDB) and delta(2)H(V)(-)(SMOW), respectively. Commercial aromas declared to be natural revealed delta(13)C(V)(-)(PDB) and delta(2)H(V)(-)(SMOW) data ranging from -25.7 to -28.5 per thousand as well as -85 to -191 per thousand, respectively, indicating, in part, incorrect declaration. PMID:15137854

The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of the addition, to milk, of an essential oil (EO) obtained from the hydrodistillation of plants collected from a mountain natural pasture on the milk and cheese sensory properties. The EO was mainly composed of terpenoid compounds (67 of the 95 compounds identified) as well as ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, esters, alkanes, and benzenic compounds. In milk, the addition of this EO at the concentration of 0.1 microL/L did not influence its sensory properties, whereas at 1.0 microL/L, sensory properties were modified. In cheeses, the effect of adding EO into milk was studied in an experimental dairy plant allowing the production of small Cantal-type cheeses (10 kg) in 3 vats processed in parallel. The control (C) vat contained 110 L of raw milk; in the other 2 vats, 0.1 microL/L (EO1) or 3.0 microL/L (EO30) of EO were added to 110 L of the same milk. Six replicates were performed. After 5 mo of ripening, chemical and sensory analyses were carried out on the cheeses, including determination of the volatile compounds by dynamic headspace combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The EO did not influence the sensory properties of the cheeses at the lower concentration (EO1). However, the EO30 cheeses had a more intense odor and aroma, both characterized as "mint/chlorophyll" and "thyme/oregano." These unusual odors and aromas originated directly from the EO added. In total, 152 compounds desorbing from cheese were found, of which 41 had been added with the EO; in contrast, 54 compounds of the EO were not recovered in the cheese. Few volatile compounds desorbing from cheeses, other than the added compounds, were affected by EO addition. Among them, 2-butanol, propanol, and 3-heptanone suggested a slight effect of the EO on lipid catabolism. The antimicrobial activity of terpenes is not or is only marginally involved in the explanation of the influence of the botanical composition of the meadows on the pressed cheeses sensory properties. PMID:18096925

The investigation of aroma compounds of the essential oils of dried fruits of black pepper (Piper nigrum) and black and white "Ashanti pepper" (Piper guineense) from Cameroon by means of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was carried out for the first time to identify the odorous target components responsible for the characteristic odor of these valuable spices and food flavoring products. By means of GC-flame ionization detection (FID) and GC-MS (using different polar columns) the main compounds (concentration >3.0%, calculated as area of GC-FID analysis using a non-polar fused-silica open tubular RSL-200 column) of the SPME headspace samples of P. nigrum (black) and P. guineense (black and white) were found to be: P. nigrum (black)--germacrene D (11.01%), limonene (10.26%), beta-pinene (10.02%), alpha-phellandrene (8.56%), beta-caryophyllene (7.29%), alpha-pinene (6.40%) and cis-beta-ocimene (3.19%); P. guineense (black)--beta-caryophyllene (57.59%), beta-elemene (5.10%), bicyclogermacrene (5.05%) and alpha-humulene (4.86%); and P. guineense (white)--beta-caryophyllene (51.75%), cis-beta-ocimene (6.61%), limonene (5.88%), beta-pinene (4.56%), linalool (3.97%) and alpha-humulene (3.29%). The most intense odor impressions of the essential oils of the various dried pepper fruits were given byprofessional perfumers as follows: P nigrum (black)--fine, pleasant black pepper note; P. guineense (black)--black pepper top-note; and P. guineense (white)--pleasant white pepper note. These analytical results for the SPME headspace samples of three different pepper species from Cameroon are in accordance with the olfactoric data of the corresponding essential oils. A GC-sniffing technique was used to correlate the single odor impression of the identified SPME headspace volatiles of the three investigated pepper samples with the following results: themain compounds such as beta-caryophyllene, germacrene D, limonene, beta-pinene, alpha-phellandrene and alpha-humulene, as well as minor constituents such as delta-carene, beta-phellandrene, isoborneol, alpha-guaiene, sarisan, elemicin, calamenene, caryophyllene alcohol, isoelemicin, T-muurolol, cubenol and bulnesol, are of greatest importance for the characteristic pepper odor notes of these three Piper samples. Further aroma impressions can be attributed to mono- and sesquiterpenes, hexane, octane and nonane derivatives. PMID:12462618

Abstract in portuguese O filocrono é definido como o tempo necessário para o aparecimento de folhas sucessivas em uma planta, caracterizando o crescimento e o desenvolvimento vegetal e, com isso, a adaptação da planta ao ambiente. Para verificar o desenvolvimento e a adaptação de cultivares de morangueiro consorciadas com a figueira, foi estimado o filocrono nesse sistema e no cultivo solteiro. O trabalho foi realizado em duas estufas agrícolas, na Universidade de Passo Fundo (28º15'41' (more) ' S, 52º24'45'' W e 709 m), no período de 08 de junho a 04 de setembro de 2009, compreendendo o período do transplante à 2ª floração. Avaliaram-se as cultivares Aromas, Camino Real, Albion, Camarosa e Ventana (mudas oriundas do Viveiro Agrícola LLahuen - Chile) e Festival, Camino Real e Earlibrite (mudas oriundas do Viveiro Viansa S.A. - Argentina) produzidas em sacolas de polietileno branco preenchidos com o substrato comercial Tecnomax®. Os tratamentos (cultivares) foram dispostos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foi realizada uma regressão linear entre número de folhas (NF) na coroa principal e a soma térmica acumulada (STa). O filocrono (graus Celsius dia folha-1) foi estimado como sendo o inverso do coeficiente angular da regressão linear. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA e, quando houve significância, as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p Abstract in english The phyllochron is defined as the time required for the appearance of successive leaves on a plant; this characterises plant growth, development and adaptation to the environment. To check the growth and adaptation in cultivars of strawberry grown intercropped with fig trees, it was estimated the phyllochron in these production systems and in the monocrop. The experiment was conducted in greenhouses at the University of Passo Fundo (28º15'41'' S, 52º24'45'' W and 709 m) (more) from June 8th to September 4th, 2009; this comprised the period of transplant until the 2nd flowering. The cultivars Aromas, Camino Real, Albion, Camarosa and Ventana, which seedlings were originated from the Agrícola LLahuen Nursery in Chile, as well as Festival, Camino Real and Earlibrite, originated from the Viansa S.A. Nursery in Argentina, were grown in white polyethylene bags filled with commercial substrate (Tecnomax®) and evaluated. The treatments were arranged in a randomised block design and four replicates were performed. A linear regression was realized between the leaf number (LN) in the main crown and the accumulated thermal time (ATT). The phyllochron (degree-day leaf-1) was estimated as the inverse of the angular coefficient of the linear regression. The data were submitted to ANOVA, and when significance was observed, the means were compared using the Tukey test (p

Abstract in portuguese Durante o estudo de compostos olfativos ativos no aroma de uchuva (Physalis peruviana L.), foram identificados os compostos voláteis obtidos por três técnicas: extração líquido-líquido com pentano-diclorometano (1:1) (LL), Solvent-Assisted Flavor Evaporation (SAFE) e Heads-pace-Microextração em Fase Sólida (HS-MEFS). Também se acharam diferenças na qualidade do aroma dos extratos por meio de análise de olfatometria. A técnica SAFE permitiu a obtenção de um (more) extrato com um aroma semelhante à fruta fresca. Os compostos que apresentaram os maiores valores de fator de diluição de aroma (FD) foram: hexanal, 3-hidroxi-2-butanona, 2 metilpropanol, octanoato de etilo e 3-hidroxibutanoato de butilo. No extracto LL foram detectados alguns compostos sem atividade olfativa no fruto; em contrapartida, pela técnica de HS-MEFS não foi possível detectar todos os compostos ativos olfativamente, principalmente os de maior polaridade. Estes resultados mostram a utilidade do uso de uma nova abordagem para a análise de química do aroma, que dá mais importância á análise olfativa em estes estudos. Abstract in spanish Durante el estudio de los compuestos activos olfativamente en el aroma de la uchuva (Physalis peruviana L.) se identificaron los compuestos volátiles, obtenidos por 3 técnicas, extracción líquido-líquido con pentano-diclorometano (1:1) (LL), Solvent-Assisted Flavor Evaporation (SAFE) y í/eadspace-Microextracción en fase sólida (HS-MEFS), y se encontraron diferencias en la calidad del aroma de los extractos mediante el análisis olfato-métrico. La técnica SAFE pe (more) rmitió obtener un extracto con un aroma muy semejante al de la fruta fresca. Los compuestos que presentaron los valores más altos de factor de dilución de aroma (FD) fueron: hexanal, 3-hidroxi-2-butanona, 2-metil-propanol, 2-hidroxibutanoato de etilo, octanoato de etilo y 3-hidroxibutanoato de butilo. En el extracto LL se detectaron algunos compuestos sin actividad olfativa en la fruta; en contraste, mediante la técnica de HS-MEFS no fue posible detectar todos los compuestos activos olfativamente, principalmente los de mayor polaridad. Estos resultados muestran la utilidad del nuevo enfoque de análisis en química de aromas, el cual le da más relevancia al análisis olfativo en estos estudios. Abstract in english During the study of odor-active active compounds in the aroma of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.), volatile compounds obtained by three techniques-liquid liquid extraction with penta-ne-dichloromethane (1:1) (LL), Solvent-Assisted Flavor Evaporation (SAFE) and Headspace-Solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) were identified. Differences in the aroma quality of the extracts were found by olfactometric analyses. The SAFE technique allowed obtain in ganextract with sim (more) ilar aroma to the freshfruit. Thecompounds with highest Flavor Dilution factor (FD) value were hexanal, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 2-methylpropanol, ethyl 2-hydroxybutanoate, ethyl octanoate, and butyl 3-hydroxybutanoate. Some compounds without olfactive activity in the fruit aroma were detected in the LL extract; in contrast, it was not possible todetectalloftheodor-activevolatilesby using HS-SPME technique, especially those of the most polarity. These results showtheutilityinusingthenewapproach of flavor chemistry analysis, which gives more relevance to the odor analysis during these studies.

Comparisons were made between the aroma volatiles of the yellow-fleshed kiwifruit, "Hort16A", at two different stages of eating ripeness: firm and soft. The firm fruit contained a small number of aroma compounds that the soft fruit did not contain. In general, however, the largest difference between the two firmness categories was in the levels of esters, with the soft fruit containing higher concentrations and a larger number of esters than the firm fruit. In vitro analysis directly after maceration using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) showed the relative importance of the most intense aromas between fruit at the two different firmness stages and was used to compare the release rates of aromas. A comparison of the aroma concentrations from gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and APCI-MS headspace analyses showed that the APCI-MS headspace showed less bias toward enzymatically generated lipid degradation compounds. A GC-sniffing study showed that many of the most intense compounds, acetaldehyde, hexanal, ethyl butanoate, and (E)-2-hexenal but not ethanol, showed odor activity in macerated fruit. In addition, dimethyl sulfide (DMS), a volatile present at very low levels in the fruit, also appeared to be an important contributor to the odor. In vivo analyses also showed much higher levels of aroma compounds in the soft fruit compared to the firm fruit, with evidence of persistence of some compounds, including DMS. There were a number of similarities between the breath profiles of the two panelists, which confirmed the importance of DMS in "Hort16A" aroma. PMID:17616207

Two LOX cDNA clones, Oep1LOX2 and Oep2LOX2, have been isolated from olive ( Olea europaea cv. Picual). Both deduced amino acid sequences showed significant similarity to known plant LOX2, and they contain an N-terminal chloroplastic transit peptide. Genomic Southern blot analyses suggest that at least three copies of Oep1LOX2 and one copy of Oep2LOX2 should be present in the olive genome. Linolenic acid proved to be the preferred substrate for both olive recombinant LOXs, and analyses of reaction products revealed that both enzymes produce primarily 13-hydroperoxides from linoleic and linolenic acids. Expression levels of both genes were measured in the mesocarp and seeds during development and ripening of Picual and Arbequina olive fruit along with the level of volatile compounds in the corresponding virgin olive oils. Biochemical and gene expression data suggest a major involvement of the Oep2LOX2 gene in the biosynthesis of virgin olive oil aroma compounds. PMID:19722522

The effect of the partial NaCl replacement by other salts (potassium, calcium, and magnesium chloride) on the formation of volatile compounds through the processing of dry-cured ham was studied using solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Three salt formulations were considered, namely, I (100% NaCl), II (50% NaCl and 50% KCl), and III (55% NaCl, 25% KCl, 15% CaCl(2), and 5% MgCl(2)). There was an intense formation of volatile compounds throughout the processing of dry-cured hams, particularly during the "hot-cellar" stage. The differences between treatments were found to be more remarkable at the end of the curing process. Hams from formulations I and II had significantly higher amounts of lipid-derived volatiles such as hexanal than hams from formulation III, whereas the latter had significantly higher amounts of Strecker aldehydes and alcohols. Plausible mechanisms by which salt replacement may affect the generation of volatile compounds include the influence of such replacement on lipid oxidation and proteolysis phenomena. The potential influence of the volatiles profile on the aroma of the products is also addressed in the present paper. PMID:22804717

Smokehouse smoke, which is used for flavouring meat products, was investigated for its mutagenic activity in the Salmonella typhimurium assay. We were chiefly concerned with the fractions free of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons but containing phenol compounds, which are responsible for the preservative and aromatizing properties of the smoke. The most abundantly occurring phenol compounds (phenol, cresols, 2,4-dimethylphenol, brenzcatechine, syringol, eugenol, vanilline and guaiacol) gave negative results when they were tested for mutagenicity at five concentrations up to 5000 micrograms/plate, with and without S-9 mix, using five strains of S. typhimurium. Even when phenol was further investigated in a variety of test conditions, no induction of his+ revertants was observed. When smokehouse smoke was condensed and fractionated the majority of the various phenolic fractions also gave negative results when tested at five concentrations using five strains of S. typhimurium. However there was a slight increase in the number of revertants in a few cases. The presence in the phenolic fractions of very small amounts of mutagenic impurities, the nature of which needs further investigation, cannot be excluded. These results support the further development of non-hazardous smoke-aroma preparations, based on the phenolic components of smokehouse smoke.

Mandarin sensory acceptability deteriorates rapidly after harvest. To gain a better understanding of the molecular processes that occur in 'Mor' mandarin flesh and contribute to flavor deterioration during storage, we performed genome-wide transcriptional profiling analysis using the Affymetrix Citrus GeneChip. Out of 30,171 probe sets representing citrus transcripts on the microarray, expression of 1,139 probe sets was significantly (q ? 0.01) altered by factors of at least 4 after 6 weeks of cold storage at 5 °C, of which 745 (65%) were downregulated and 394 (35%) upregulated. Overall, storage led to expression arrest of general cellular and metabolic activity, but enhanced lipid and amino acid catabolism, most probably to form substrates for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and energy production. In addition, storage enhanced gene expression of pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC), a key enzyme in anaerobic respiration and the ethanol fermentation pathway. Taken together, we propose that induction of amino acids and fatty acids degradation leads to accumulation of volatiles involved in formation of "fruity" (overripe) and "musty" aromas, respectively, whereas induction of ethanol fermentation metabolism leads to formation of "alcohol" flavor, all of which generate off-flavors after harvest. PMID:21401120

Abstract in portuguese O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a funcionalidade da oleoresina de páprica microencapsulada em goma-arábica e amido de arroz/gelatina, incorporada nos sistemas-modelo bolo e gel de gelatina. Avaliou-se a cor por meio de medida instrumental e aceitação sensorial por atributos de aparência e aceitação global. O pigmento encapsulado solubilizou-se, tingiu e se distribuiu uniformemente nos bolos, os quais apresentaram boa aceitação global. Nos géis, a goma apre (more) sentou desempenho superior ao amido/gelatina quanto à aparência, porém, todos os tratamentos obtiveram baixa aceitação global. A presença da oleoresina microencapsulada não interferiu negativamente no sabor, aroma ou textura dos sistemas analisados. Abstract in english The objective of this work was to evaluate the functionality of microencapsulated paprika oleoresin in arabic gum and rice starch/gelatin incorporated into the model systems: cake and gelatin gel. The systems were evaluated by instrumental color and consumer test based on the appearance and global acceptance attributes. The encapsulated pigment successfully dyed the cakes as well as was uniformly distributed into the products, showing good sensory acceptance. In the gels, (more) a superior performance was obtained when using arabic gum, however all treatments applied for gels showed low global sensory acceptance. The presence of microencapsulated paprika oleoresin had no negative effect on taste, flavor or texture of analyzed systems.

The ultimate goal of the project is to develop procedures, techniques, data and other information that will aid in the design of cost effective and energy efficient drying processes that produce high quality foods. This objective has been sought by performing studies to determine the pertinent properties of food products, by developing models to describe the fundamental phenomena of food drying and by testing the models at laboratory scale. Finally, this information is used to develop recommendations and strategies for improved dryer design and control. This volume emphasizes a detailed literature review and several extensive experimental studies. Since the basic principle of food dehydration is the removal of water from food, the process of removing water causes quality changes which can be categorized as physical, chemical, and nutritional. These changes often have adverse effects on the quality of the resulting dehydrated food. In this work, the types of physical and chemical changes common in food drying and the important factors for them were reviewed. Pertinent kinetic models and kinetic data reported in literature were also collected and compiled as the results of review study. The overall objectives of this study were to identify major quality change in foods caused by drying process and to get the knowledge of the relationship between the quality change and factors known to affect them. The quality parameters reviewed included: browning, lipid oxidation, color loss, shrinkage, solubility, texture, aroma and flavor, vitamin and protein loss and microbiological concerns. 54 refs., 74 figs., 49 tabs.

In electron-proton collisions at the HERA collider ring of DESY charmed particles, especially charged excited D-mesons, are produced via the process of boson gluon fusion, their decay particles being detected in the H1 detector. In this thesis the cross section for the production of these charmed mesons is determined, which leads to a better understanding of the gluon density in the proton. In order to calculate the cross section, the following decay channel is analysed: The charged excited D-Meson decays into an uncharged D-Meson and a slow charged pion. The first decays into an uncharged K-Meson and two pions of opposite charge. The K-Meson itself decays into another pair of pions of opposite charge, so that all together five charged pions are produced. The charged excited D-Meson is reconstructed from these five pions. This analysis is based on the data of the H1 detector collected in the running periods of the years 1997, 1999 and 2000. The data is compared to predictions of the Monte Carlo generator AROMA 2.2, which offers a good description of the underlying generation processes as well as the decay processes.

Co-inoculation of commercial yeast strains with a bacterial starter culture at the beginning of fermentation of certain varietal grape juices is rapidly becoming a preferred option in the global wine industry, and frequently replaces the previously dominant sequential inoculation strategy where bacterial strains, responsible for malolactic fermentation, are inoculated after alcoholic fermentation has been completed. However, while several studies have highlighted potential advantages of co-inoculation, such studies have mainly focused on broad fermentation properties of the mixed cultures, and no data exist regarding the impact of this strategy on many oenologically relevant attributes of specific wine yeast strains such as aroma production. Here we investigate the impact of co-inoculation on a commercial yeast strain during alcoholic fermentation by comparing the transcriptome of this strain in yeast-only and in co-inoculated fermentations of synthetic must. The data show that a significant number of genes are differentially expressed in this strain in these two conditions. Some of the differentially expressed genes appear to respond to chemical changes in the fermenting must that are linked to bacterial metabolic activities, whereas others might represent a direct response of the yeast to the presence of a competing organism. PMID:22029926

A series of essential oils of 11 Turkish plant spices [black thyme, cumin, fennel (sweet), laurel, marjoram, mint, oregano, pickling herb, sage, savory, and thyme], used in foods mainly for their flavor, aromas, and preservation, in herbal tea, in alternative medicines, and in natural therapies, were screened for antibacterial effects at 1:50, 1:100, 1:250, and 1:500 dilutions by the paper disc diffusion method against six Bacillus species (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ATCC 3842, Bacillus brevis FMC 3, Bacillus cereus FMC 19, Bacillus megaterium DSM 32, Bacillus subtilis IMG 22, and B. subtilis var. niger ATCC 10). All of the tested essential oils (except for cumin) showed antibacterial activity against one or more of the Bacillus species used in this study. Generally, the essential oils at 1:50 and 1:100 levels were more effective. Only one essential oil (laurel) was not found effective against the tested bacteria. The bacterium most sensitive to all of the spice essential oils was B. amyloliquefaciens ATCC 3842. Based on the results of this study, it is likely that essential oils of some spices may be used as antimicrobial agents to prevent the spoilage of food products. PMID:17004909

The biosynthesis of volatile compounds in plants is affected by environmental conditions. Lactones are considered to be peach-like aroma volatiles; however, no enzymes or genes associated with their biosynthesis have been characterized. White-fleshed (cv. Hujingmilu) and yellow-fleshed (cv. Jinxiu) melting peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) fruit were used as materials in two successive seasons and responses measured to four different temperature treatments. Five major lactones accumulated during postharvest peach fruit ripening at 20?°C. Peach fruit at 5?°C, which induces chilling injury (CI), had the lowest lactone content during subsequent shelf life after removal, while 0?°C and a low-temperature conditioning (LTC) treatment alleviated development of CI and maintained significantly higher lactone contents. Expression of PpACX1 and activity of acyl-CoA oxidase (ACX) with C16-CoA tended to increase during postharvest ripening both at 20?°C and during shelf life after removal from cold storage when no CI was developed. There was a positive correlation between ACX and lactones in peach fruit postharvest. Changes in lactone production in response to temperatures are suggested to be a consequence of altered expression of PpACX1 and long-chain ACX activity. PMID:21951070

Abstract in portuguese Nesse trabalho foi estudada a produção do éster alifático octanoato de n-pentila por esterificação direta usando a enzima Lipozyme TL IM como catalisador, sendo esse éster usado como aroma na indústria de alimentos. Foi verificada a influência da concentração inicial de substratos na velocidade inicial da reação, sendo esta determinada através do consumo de ácido octanoico ao longo do tempo. Modelos cinéticos clássicos descritos na literatura não se ajus (more) taram bem aos dados experimentais. A máxima velocidade da reação foi alcançada a 40 ºC. A enzima Lipozyme TL IM sofre inibição por substrato Abstract in english In this work, the production of the aliphatic ester n-amyl octanoate by direct esterification using the enzyme Lipozyme TL IM as catalyst was studied. The influence of the initial concentration of the substrate on the initial rate of reaction was verified. The initial rate of the reaction was determined by the octanoic acid consumption over time. The kinetic models described in the literature did not fit to the experimental data. The maximum rate was reached at 40 ºC. Lipozyme TL IM was inhibited by the initial concentration of the substrate

A fermented meat model system was developed, by which microbial formation of volatiles could be examined The model was evaluated against dry, fermented sausages with respect to microbial growth, pH and volatile profiles. Fast and slowly acidified sausages and models were produced using the starter cultures Pediococcus pentosaceus and Staphylococcus xylosus. Volatiles were collected and analysed by dynamic headspace sampling and GC MS. The analysis was primarily focused on volatiles arising from amino acid degradation and a total of 24 compounds, of which 19 were quantified, were used for multivariate data analysis. Growth of lactic acid bacteria was comparable for model and sausages, whereas survival of S. xylosus was better in the model. Multivariate analysis of volatiles showed that differences between fast and slowly acidified samples were identical for model and sausage. For both sausage and model, fast-acidified samples had a high content of ketones, sulphides and methyl-branched acids, whereas slowly acidified samples had the highest content of methyl-branched alcohols, aldehydes, their ethyl esters, phenylacetaldehyde and methional. Furthermore, model repeatability with respect to pH, microbial growth and volatile profiles was similar to sausage production. Based on these findings, the model system was considered valid for studies of aroma formation of meat cultures for fermented sausage.

Abstract in portuguese O achocolatado de cupuaçu é uma mistura do pó de cupuaçu, açúcar, aroma e outros ingredientes constantes da formulação. Este produto formulado foi processado por spray-dryer, gerando um produto seco, pulverizado e instantaneizado. O achocolatado acrescido de água (concentrado) passa pelo spray-dryer formando glóbulos de pequeno diâmetro que são arrastados por uma corrente de ar quente. A rápida evaporação de líquido permite manter baixa a temperatura do ar (more) na secagem, não afetando o produto. O pó de cupuaçu não dispersa prontamente em água devido ao seu conteúdo de óleo. Conseqüentemente, necessita-se de uma forma desengordurada para se obter instantaneização. A secagem por spray-dryer reúne as melhores condições de rendimento técnico em comparação com outros processos. Obtiveram rendimentos de processo acima de 20% e a instantaneização completa do produto. Abstract in english Cupuassu chocolate drink powder is a mixture of cupuassu powder, sugar, flavour and other ingredients of formulation. The product was processed by spray-dryer, leading a dry, pulverized and instantised product. The chocolate drink powder with water (concentrated) pass through spray-dryer forming small diameter globules that are arrested by a hot air stream. The rapid evaporation allows keeping low temperature at drying air, and no affecting the product. The process is a s (more) et of better conditions of technique and economical efficiency in comparison to other process. Cupuassu powder does not disperse readily in water owing to its oil content. Consequently, a form of cocoa with the oil removed is needed to produce an acceptably instant drink. The results obtained were satisfactory, due to the complete instantisation of the product after processing.

Abstract in spanish La rentabilidad de la producción ovina tradicional entre productores pequeños y medianos es muy baja, razón por la cual es deseable buscar alternativas con mayor valor agregado y diferenciación. Una alternativa de interés es la producción de leche ovina para la elaboración de quesos. El artículo analiza y discute las alternativas para modificar la composición de la leche y quesos de forma de diferenciarlos. Se discute como es posible cuantificar objetivamente dic (more) hos cambios y se mencionan brevemente algunas de las técnicas analíticas disponibles con ese fin. En general, los esfuerzos que se están realizando a nivel mundial se focalizan en la modificación del contenido y perfil de los ácidos grasos, así como la identificación y cuantificación de compuestos volátiles, terpenos, polifenoles y otros que permitirían diferenciar quesos y leche por sabor y olor, y que permiten asegurar la trazabilidad. Abstract in english Traditional sheep production for meat and wool for meat and wool among small and medium-sized Chilean farmers has low profitability. Therefore, there is interest in producing value-added, differentiated products. One alternative is the production of sheep milk and cheese. This arricie analyzes and discusses existing alternatives for modifying milk and cheese compositions with the aim of differentiating these products. Also, analytical techniques that allowthe chemical cha (more) racterization of milk and cheese are briefly mentioned. The main international thrusts are focused on the modification of the content and composition of milk fatty acids and on the identification of volatile compounds, terpenes, polyphenols and other analytes that allow differentiation of cheese types on the basis of aroma, taste and flavor and that would help in ensuring traceability.

The characteristic aroma compounds of Citrus natsudaidai Hayata essential oil were evaluated by a combination of instrumental and sensory methods. Sixty compounds were identified and quantified, accounting for 94.08% of the total peel oil constituents. Limonene was the most abundant compound (80.68%), followed by ?-terpinene (5.30%), myrcene (2.25%) and ?-pinene (1.30%). Nineteen compounds which could not be identified in the original oil were identified in the oxygenated fraction. Myrcene, linalool, ?-pinene, ?-pinene, limonene, nonanal, ?-terpinene, germacrene D, and perillyl alcohol were the active aroma components (FD-factor > 36), whereas ?-copaene, cis-sabinene hydrate and 1-octanol were suggested as characteristic aroma compounds, having a Natsudaidai-like aroma in the GC effluent. Three other compounds, heptyl acetate, (E)-limonene oxide and 2,3-butanediol, which each showed a high RFA value (>35) were considered to be important in the reconstruction of the original Natsudaidai oil from pure odor chemicals. The results indicate that 1-octanol was the aroma impact compound of C. natsudaidai Hayata peel oil.   

Volatile compounds of fresh blood orange juice were analyzed by solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) and the aroma active compounds were identified by olfactometry. The volatile compounds were extracted by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) using a divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fiber for 40 min at 40 degrees C. The analysis was carried out using an HP 6890N GC equipped with an HP-5 column (30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.25 microm ) directly connected to an HP 5975 series mass selective detector and a sniffing port (ODP2, Gerstel) using helium as carrier gas. Compound identifications were made by the comparison of the mass spectra, retention times, retention indices (I(R)) and odor of the volatile components in the extracts with those of the corresponding reference standards. Forty-six compounds were identified by GC-MS and I(R). The major components of the juice were limonene (86.36%), linalool (3.69%), beta-myrcene (1.79%), octanal (1.32%) and valencene (1.27%). GC-MS-olfactometry analysis was performed to determine 34 compounds with aroma activity, of which 23 compounds were identified. The major contributors to orange juice aroma activity are ethyl butanoate, octanal, gamma-terpinene, 4-acetyl-1-methyleyclohexene, decanal, (-)-carvone, geranyl acetate, valencene. These compounds of strong aroma intensity represent 7.22% of the total volatile compounds. Other four unknown compounds (I(R), <800; I(R) = 1020, 1143, 1169, separately) are also the major contributors to the overall aroma. PMID:18959252

Abstract in portuguese O "chocolate" de cupuaçu é um produto cujo processo de fabricação consiste na transformação das amêndoas de cupuaçu (sementes após o beneficiamento) em um derivado com sabor, textura, odor e aparência semelhantes ao do chocolate elaborado com cacau. Este produto pode ser processado nas formas de pó e tabletes (meio amargo, ao leite e branco). O cupuaçu é um fruto cilíndrico, sendo que no seu interior possui sementes recobertas inteiramente por uma massa bran (more) ca e bastante espessa. O presente trabalho apresenta formulações de "chocolates" de cupuaçu (meio amargo, ao leite e branco), em que a fase gordurosa se compõe de mistura de gordura de cupuaçu e manteiga de cacau, juntamente com parâmetros reológicos do produto líquido. Utilizaram-se os sensores vane e cilindro concêntrico para a determinação reológica. Os produtos obtidos apresentaram similaridades com chocolates tradicionais em aroma e nos parâmetros reológicos a 40 ºC, com maior maciez. Abstract in english Cupuassu "chocolate" is a product whose process of manufacture consists to transform cupuassu seeds (after fermentation, toasting and grinding) in derived one with flavour, texture, odor and appearance similar to chocolate elaborated with cocoa. It could be processed as powder and tablets (semi sweet, milk and white types). Cupuassu is a cylindrical fruit, and in its interior there are seeds involved by a white and thick mass. This work intends to show formulations of cup (more) uassu chocolates (semi sweet, milk and white types), where the fatty phase is blends of cupuassu fat and cocoa butter (1 to 5.9 %), and the flow behaviour of the product was evaluated using the vane and coaxial cylinder sensors at 40 ºC. The products obtained were very similar to the tablets of traditional chocolates in flavour and rheological parameters at 40 ºC, with flow properties of soft chocolate.

The occurrence of furan in some food products has already been known for a few decades, and it has been reconfirmed in more recent investigations that furan is present in a variety of foodstuffs. This list of products includes roasted coffee, which has been shown to generate furan as a result of the heat treatment at roasting which is applied to achieve the desired aroma and flavour profile of a roasted coffee. The objective of this study is to provide data to allow a better understanding of the available data of furan in coffee, the kinetics of furan generated during roasting, and to estimate the reduction of furan levels afterwards due to subsequent processing steps and consumer handling. Finally, the study is meant as a contribution to establish exposure data on the basis of scientific data at the stage of coffee consumption. This paper shows that the formation of furan during roasting is dependent on roasting conditions and is, therefore, directly linked to achieving targeted flavour profiles. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that modifications in process conditions potentially to reduce furan levels may have the opposite effect on other undesired reaction products of the roasting chemistry such as, for example, acrylamide. Due to the high volatility of furan, any subsequent processing step or consumer handling has an impact on the level of furan. As a guidance from this study and in consideration of the identified losses of each process and handling step on the basis of the trial conditions, it is estimated that only approximately 10% of the initially generated furan during roasting gets into the cup of coffee for consumption. PMID:20155535

ABSTRACT The aroma composition of the grape juice of Khamri, a native variety of Vitis vinifera grown in Tunisia, was investigated for the first time. A total of 27 free and 20 glycosidically bound compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. According to the obtained results, the aroma compounds were C6 alcohols, benzene compounds, terpenes, acids and norisoprenoids. On the basis of gas chromatography-olfactometry, these compounds were grouped, according to volatiles exhibiting the identical odor quality, into 10 groups of the same character (aromatic series) as a way of establishing an aroma profile for the studied variety. The high glycosidically bound norisoprenoid concentrations and the absence of the bound form of the acids were a positive factor for the Khamri ...

A summary of the main findings of the research program on the biological competence of mass-reared, sterile males of the Mediterranean fruit fly (med fly), Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) and the development and implementation of the sterile insect technique (SIT) against this pest is presented. The potential application of aroma therapy to improve the mating success of sterile med fly males is studied. The report assumes a loosely chronological framework as it documents progression along two experimental scales: the number of males simultaneously exposed to ginger root oil, starting with small groups of 25 males and ending with rooms with nearly 200 million males; the experimental arena used to test the effects of aroma therapy, progressing from standard field-cages to large field enclosures to the open field. In addition, brief comments are offered regarding the potential negative effects of GRO exposure, the mechanisms underlying GRO-mediated improvement in male mating success, and the financial costs of GRO aroma therapy. (MAC)

Aroma compounds of the eight Malatya apricot cultivars, six cultivars grown in the same breeding conditions from different locations and one hybrid cultivar were determined using SPME-GC-MS technique. In general, total concentration (sum of identified and unidentified peaks) of aroma compounds in Malatya apricot cultivars were lower than those others. Total concentration of aroma compounds were found to be in the range of 514 and 6232mg/kg fresh weight. The main volatiles of apricot cultivars were aldehydes, alcohols, acetates, esters, terpenes and acids. Among these compounds; ethanol, hexanal, hexyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (E)-2-hexenyl acetate, 1-hexanol, (Z)-3-hexenol and (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, were present in all cultivars studied at certain levels.

Abstract:- Although -, -, and -cyclodextrins (CDs) have been widely used to improve the color of different fruit juices, a comparative study of the effect of these natural CDs on other properties that also influence pear juice quality, such as odor and aroma, have not been reported yet. In this study, the comparative effect of the addition of -, -, and -cyclodextrin, the only CDs authorized to be used in the food industry by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Union, on the pear juice quality was evaluated for the first time. Several instrumental and sensory properties of this fruit juice, such as color, volatile composition, odor, and aroma have been evaluated in the absence and presence of -, -, and -CD. A study of the aroma profile of pear juice showed that esters, alde...

Ethylene (10 ppm) dependent mediation of normal and mutant (rin) tomato fruit ripening was promoted by 100% oxygen, 3.7 pphm ozone, or their combination. All ripening indices studied (respiration, chlorophyll degradation, carotenoid accumulation, softening, and aroma development) were promoted by oxygen and/or ozone. Ozone also acted independent of ethylene in promoting chlorophyll degradation and aroma development in normal fruit, but did not appreciably affect these quality attributes in mutant fruit. Lycopene accumulation in normal and mutant fruit and aroma formation in normal fruit were promoted to a greater extent by ozone than were other ripening indices. Mutant (rin) fruit contained 27% of the lycopene that was present in normal (Rin) fruit after ripening in O/sub 2/ containing 10ppm ethylene and 3.7 pphm ozone, whereas they contained only 3% of the lycopene in normal fruit after ripening in air containing 10ppm ethylene.

One-dimensional NMR spectroscopy has proven to be a powerful technique for screening compound libraries in drug discovery. We report a novel water ligand-observed gradient spectroscopy (WaterLOGSY) pulse sequence, named Aroma WaterLOGSY, that selectively detects aromatic WaterLOGSY signals from compounds or ligands. In the Aroma WaterLOGSY, water magnetization is untouched after water excitation and utilizes the whole period of the remaining pulse sequence to relax back to the +z direction. Due to the phase cycling design, the water magnetization is allowed to relax for the period of two full scans before it gets inverted again. Therefore, the recycle delay can be significantly shortened. Within similar experimental time, Aroma WaterLOGSY shows approximately two times higher sensitivity than the standard scheme. This method also allows the use of non-deuterated reagents, thereby accelerating experimental set-up time for ligand-binding studies. PMID:21038321

The influence of operating temperature on membrane permeability was studied and compared with the effect of temperature on the driving force for permeation. A hydrophobic polyoctylmethyl siloxane membrane was used. For the feed mixture, an aqueous solution of aroma compounds containing four alcohols, one aldehyde, and five esters was used. Temperature had a strong effect on mass transfer and selectivity, both of which increased with increasing temperature. However, the selectivity for a component with a high activation energy for permeation increased more with temperature than did a component with a low activation energy for permeation. This caused a variation in the aroma composition of the permeate. The study showed that it is possible to estimate the activation energy for permeation of aroma compounds, and thus the influence of temperature on the internal mass transfer, through their hydrophobicity, size, and a complementary comparison of the activation energies for permeation for some other permeants of the same chemical group.

Free and glycosidically bound aroma compounds of ash gourd were investigated. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of the free aroma compounds isolated by both steam distillation and high vacuum distillation revealed the presence of acetoin as the major constituent in both the oils. Acetoin was also identified as the major constituent existing as glycosidic conjugate. GC-olfactometry (GC-O) of the volatile oil based on detection frequency (olfactometry global analysis) was further used to characterise odour active compounds of the vegetable. Based on odour activity value (OAV) measurements the potent odorant among these were identified as acetoin (9522.5), octanal (8571) and nonanal (24,000). The region corresponding to the characteristic ash gourd aroma when collected by ...

The aims of this study were (1) to map sensory attributes of vanilla ice cream with reduced fat and sugar, and (2) to determine drivers of liking by applying external preference mapping and reveal the relationship between descriptive attributes and hedonic judgments using the partial least squares method. Descriptive sensory profiles (n=11) and consumer test (n=117) of 6 samples of vanilla ice cream (3 traditional and 3 with reduced fat and sugar) were determined. The attributes brightness and sweet aftertaste for sample and creaminess (appearance and texture) and sweet aroma contributed positively to the acceptance of ice cream samples. The attributes aeration, powdered milk aroma and flavor, and white chocolate aroma and flavor contributed positively to the acceptance of the ice creams. ...

Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sauvignon blanc wines have become increasingly popular as it is a cultivar that can be influenced in the vineyard and the cellar to produce a range of wine styles. Although originally from France, Sauvignon blanc is now widely cultivated in the wine growing regions of the world. These wines are usually given aroma descriptors such as green pepper, grassy, asparagus; while other more tropical aromas include passion fruit and guava. Volatile thiols, specifically 4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-one, 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol and 3-mercaptohexyl acetate, are a group of chemical compounds contributing to a large extent to the perception of the tropical aroma. A recent influx of new research has given insight into the precursors, development and reactions of volatile thiols in Sauvi...

The aroma-active compounds in Chinese bayberry were identified using gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) and GC-mass spectrometry techniques. The volatile compounds were extracted using Liquid-liquid extraction, solvent-assisted flavor evaporation and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), respectively. On the basis of odor intensity, the most important aroma compounds in Chinese bayberry samples were caryophyllene, menthol, 4-terpineol, linalool oxide, linalool, benzyl alcohol, ?-methylbenzyl alcohol, ?-phenylethanol, 3-methylbutanoic acid and acetic acid, and so on. Moreover, HS-SPME technique was employed to investigate the aroma compounds among immature and mature waxberry fruits. The results showed that terpenes (for example, ?-caryophyllene) was predominant and its concentration represented over 89.9% of the overall compounds, and alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, acids, and others were typically present in lesser amounts. Finally, principal component analysis revealed that there was also significant difference between immature and mature waxberry fruits. PMID:23009608

The influence of saliva on aroma release from white and red wines was studied in a model mouth system. Aroma compounds were analysed in the dynamic headspace of wines by solid phase micro extraction/gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Volatile compounds were identified by solid phase micro extraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, resulting in a total of 43 compounds in white wine and 41 in red wine. The results showed a greater influence of saliva on aroma release in white wine than red wine. In white wine treated with human saliva, esters and fusel alcohols, responsible for fruity and fusel oil odours, were reduced of 32-80%; by contrast, the concentration of 2-phenylethanol and furfural, responsible for rose and toasted almond notes, increased by 27% and by 155%, ...

Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychiatric disorders and affect a great number of people worldwide. Essential oils, take effects through inhalation or topical application, are believed to enhance physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being. Although clinical studies suggest that the use of essential oils may have therapeutic potential, evidence for the efficacy of essential oils in treating medical conditions remains poor, with a particular lack of studies employing rigorous analytical methods that capture its identifiable impact on human biology. Here, we report a comprehensive gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) based metabonomics study that reveals the aromas-induced metabolic changes and the anxiolytic effect of aromas in elevated plus maze (EPM) induced anxiety model rats. The significant alteration of metabolites in the EPM group was attenuated by aromas treatment, concurrent with the behavioral improvement with significantly increased open arms time and open arms entries. Brain tissue and urinary metabonomic analysis identified a number of altered metabolites in response to aromas intervention. These metabolic changes included the increased carbohydrates and lowered levels of neurotransmitters (tryptophan, serine, glycine, aspartate, tyrosine, cysteine, phenylalanine, hypotaurine, histidine, and asparagine), amino acids, and fatty acids in the brain. Elevated aspartate, carbohydrates (sucrose, maltose, fructose, and glucose), nucleosides and organic acids such as lactate and pyruvate were also observed in the urine. The EPM induced metabolic differences observed in urine or brain tissue was significantly reduced after 10 days of aroma inhalation, as noted with the loss of statistical significance on many of the metabolites in the aroma-EPM group. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that the metabonomics approach can capture the subtle metabolic changes resulting from exposure to essential oils and provide the basis for pinpointing affected pathways in anxiety-related behavior, which will lead to an improved mechanistic understanding of anxiolytic effect of essential oils. PMID:22984571

Abstract in portuguese O trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de descrever os atributos sensoriais de bebidas de extratos de soja em pó produzidos a partir de cultivares desprovida de lipoxigenases, convencional e tipo hortaliça e dois extratos comerciais e correlacioná-los com as quantidades de isoflavonas e n-hexanal nos extratos em pó. Os extratos de soja em pó obtidos em laboratório foram caracterizados pelos atributos: aroma de feijão cozido e de algodão doce; sabor de grão cozid (more) o, de malte e gosto doce sugerindo, sabor suave. Os extratos comerciais apresentaram forte aroma de soja tostada, de ranço, de sementes de gergelim e de peixe; sabor de soja tostada, gosto amargo e de sementes de gergelim; gosto amargo (com nariz preso) e consistência de amido. Não foram observadas diferenças sensoriais entre os extratos produzidos em laboratório, indicando a ocorrência da inativação das enzimas lipoxigenases durante o processamento dos produtos. Contudo, diferenças marcantes entre os extratos obtidos em laboratório e os comerciais quanto aos atributos sensoriais estudados foram encontradas provavelmente, devido às técnicas desconhecidas de processamento utilizadas pelos fabricantes dos produtos comerciais. O teor médio de n-hexanal presente nos extratos de soja comerciais e produzidos em laboratório apresentou correlação positiva e significativa com o atributo aroma de grão cozido, já a quantidade de isoflavonas com aroma de grão cozido e de algodão doce, sabor de grão cozido, de malte, gosto doce e consistência de amido. Abstract in english The objective of this work was to study the sensory attributes and their relationships with isoflavones and hexanal contents of soymilks made in laboratory and commercial samples. The laboratory soymilk samples showed cooked grain and cotton candy aroma and cooked grain, malty and sweetness flavor (a mild flavor). The commercial samples presented stronger roasted soy, rancid, sesame seeds and fishy aroma and roasted soy, sesame seeds and bitterness flavor, and bitter tast (more) e (closed nose) and starchy texture. No differences were noted among laboratory soymilks, denoting inactivation of lipoxygenases enzymes in the soymilks process. There were differences between the samples prepared in laboratory and commercial soymilks, which was due to several factors related to processing techniques. The hexanal average content was positively associated with the cooked grain aroma and isoflavones was positively associated with the cooked grain and cotton candy aroma, cooked grain, malty and sweetness flavor and starchy texture.