EBSD applications in the steel and nuclear industries

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nave, M.D.

2005-01-01

EBSD has established itself as an invaluable tool for materials science problem-solving in the steel and nuclear industries. In the steel industry, it increases our understanding of the deformation and recrystallization processes that influence the formability of steel sheets. It is also used to improve welding procedures and identify phases that accelerate corrosion. In the nuclear industry, EBSD plays a central role in extending the life of fuel cladding materials by shedding new light on the mechanisms of hydride formation. It is also used in efforts to improve the processing of material used for the storage of nuclear waste. This presentation provides an overview of EBSD applications within these two industries, emphasizing the broad applicability and practical usefulness of the technique. (author)

MICROALLOYED STEELS FOR THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Debanshu Bhattacharya

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Two major drivers for the use of newer steels in the automotive industry are fuel efficiency and increased safety performance. Fuel efficiency is mainly a function of weight of steel parts, which in turn, is controlled by gauge and design. Safety is determined by the energy absorbing capacity of the steel used to make the part. All of these factors are incentives for the U.S. automakers to use both Highly Formable and Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS to replace the conventional steels used to manufacture automotive parts in the past. AHSS is a general term used to describe various families of steels. The most common AHSS is the dual-phase steel that consists of a ferrite-martensite microstructure. These steels are characterized by high strength, good ductility, low tensile to yield strength ratio and high bake hardenability. Another class of AHSS is the complex-phase or multi-phase steel which has a complex microstructure consisting of various phase constituents and a high yield to tensile strength ratio. Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP steels is another class of AHSS steels finding interest among the U.S. automakers. These steels consist of a ferrite-bainite microstructure with significant amount of retained austenite phase and show the highest combination of strength and elongation, so far, among the AHSS in use. High level of energy absorbing capacity combined with a sustained level of high n value up to the limit of uniform elongation as well as high bake hardenability make these steels particularly attractive for safety critical parts and parts needing complex forming. A relatively new class of AHSS is the Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P steels. These steels seem to offer higher ductility than the dual-phase steels of similar strengths or similar ductility as the TRIP steels at higher strengths. Finally, martensitic steels with very high strengths are also in use for certain parts. The most recent initiative in the area of AHSS

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI IMPOR BAJA DI INDONESIA

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jhonson Agustinus Pasaribu

2017-06-01

Full Text Available Impor baja terus mengalami peningkatan dari tahun 1980-2012, hal ini disebabkan karena tingkat produksi baja tidak mampu mengimbangi dan memenuhi tingkat konsumsi baja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi impor baja di Indonesia. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah Error Corection Model (ECM. Pengujian secara parsial digunakan uji t-statistik dan pengujian secara serempak digunakan uji F-statistik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa Produksi baja berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap impor baja dalam jangka panjang dan jangka pendek. Konsumsi baja menunjukan pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap impor baja dalam jangka panjang dan jangka pendek. Gross Domestic Product (GDP menunjukan pengaruh yang negatif dan tidak signifikan terhadap impor baja dalam jangka panjang dan jangka pendek. Nilai tukar rupiah (Kurs menunjukan pengaruh yang positif dan tidak signifikan terhadap impor baja dalam jangka panjang dan jangka pendek.  The steel import keep having enhancement from 1980 to 2012, it’s because of steel production level can’t fulfill the steel consumption level. If the high level of the steel import volume continues, domestic steel industries will run into a low impact for Indonesian’s economy. The goal of this research analize the affecting factors of steel import in Indonesia. The analytical method use the Error Correction Model (ECM. The partial test use t-statistic and the simultan test use F-statistic. The results showed that the steel production has negative and significant effect on steel import in the long term and short term. The steel consumption has positive and significant effect on steel import in the long term and short term. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP has negative and not significant effect on steel import in the long term and short term. The exchange rate indicates positive and not significant effect on steel import in the long term and short term.

Technical aspects of coal use in the Japanese steel industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Iguchi, T.

1991-01-01

Japan's crude steel production exceeded 100 million tons for the first time in fiscal 1972 and reached a peak of 120 million tons in fiscal 1973, as shown in this paper. The Japanese steel industry then switched from quantity to quality in line with production and market trends in the world. In fiscal 1987, all steelmakers announced future plans for reductions in steel production facilities on the assumption that Japan's crude steel production would hover around 90 million tons in response to the change in the country's production structure. Although steel production has held strong with the expansion in domestic steel demand triggered by the government's economic policy and the production plans that have eventually put their original production plans into practice. In its energy-saving activities prompted by 2 oil rises, the Japanese steel industry has dramatically improved its energy costs through energy conservation, waste heat recovery and process step consolidation, as represented by the reductions in blast furnace fuel rate and coke-oven heat consumption. During this period, the Japanese steel industry has won independence from oil and increased dependence on coal. This paper describes coal utilization technologies in coke ovens and blast furnaces, 2 major coal consuming processes in the steel industry. The environmental problems associated with the use of coal are discussed as well

The industrial ecology of steel

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Considine, Timothy J.; Jablonowski, Christopher; Considine, Donita M.M.; Rao, Prasad G.

2001-03-26

This study performs an integrated assessment of new technology adoption in the steel industry. New coke, iron, and steel production technologies are discussed, and their economic and environmental characteristics are compared. Based upon detailed plant level data on cost and physical input-output relations by process, this study develops a simple mathematical optimization model of steel process choice. This model is then expanded to a life cycle context, accounting for environmental emissions generated during the production and transportation of energy and material inputs into steelmaking. This life-cycle optimization model provides a basis for evaluating the environmental impacts of existing and new iron and steel technologies. Five different plant configurations are examined, from conventional integrated steel production to completely scrap-based operations. Two cost criteria are used to evaluate technology choice: private and social cost, with the latter including the environmental damages associated with emissions. While scrap-based technologies clearly generate lower emissions in mass terms, their emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are significantly higher. Using conventional damage cost estimates reported in the literature suggests that the social costs associated with scrap-based steel production are slightly higher than with integrated steel production. This suggests that adopting a life-cycle viewpoint can substantially affect environmental assessment of new technologies. Finally, this study also examines the impacts of carbon taxes on steel production costs and technology choice.

Estimates of the potential for energy conservation in the Chinese steel industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lin Boqiang; Wu Ya; Zhang Li

2011-01-01

The study evaluates the energy saving potential of the Chinese steel industry by studying its potential future energy efficiency gap. In order to predict the future energy efficiency gap, a multivariate regression model combined with risk analysis is developed to estimate future energy intensity of China's steel industry. It is found that R and D intensity, energy saving investment, labor productivity and industry concentration are all important variables that affect energy intensity. We assess the possible measures as to how China's steel industry can narrow the energy efficiency gap with Japan by means of scenario analysis. Using Japan's current energy efficiency level as baseline, the energy saving potential of China's steel industry is more than 200 million ton coal equivalent in 2008, and it would fall to zero in 2020. However, if greater efforts were made to conserve energy, it would be possible to narrow down the energy efficiency gap between China and Japan by around 2015. Finally, using the results of the scenario analysis, future policy priorities for energy conservation in China's steel industry are assessed in this paper. - Highlights: → The energy saving potential of the Chinese steel industry is evaluated. → A multivariate regression model combined with risk analysis is developed. → R and D, energy saving investment, labor, and structure affect energy intensity.→ The energy saving potential of China's steel industry would fall to zero in 2020.→ Future policy for energy conservation in China's steel industry are assessed.

Energy efficiency technologies in cement and steel industry

Science.gov (United States)

Zanoli, Silvia Maria; Cocchioni, Francesco; Pepe, Crescenzo

2018-02-01

In this paper, Advanced Process Control strategies aimed at energy efficiency achievement and improvement in cement and steel industry are proposed. A flexible and smart control structure constituted by several functional modules and blocks has been developed. The designed control strategy is based on Model Predictive Control techniques, formulated on linear models. Two industrial control solutions have been developed, oriented to energy efficiency and process control improvement in cement industry clinker rotary kilns (clinker production phase) and in steel industry billets reheating furnaces. Tailored customization procedures for the design of ad hoc control systems have been executed, based on the specific needs and specifications of the analysed processes. The installation of the developed controllers on cement and steel plants produced significant benefits in terms of process control which resulted in working closer to the imposed operating limits. With respect to the previous control systems, based on local controllers and/or operators manual conduction, more profitable configurations of the crucial process variables have been provided.

Industry - An Urban Developer. Case Study: Iron and Steel Industry in Romania

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Radu SĂGEATĂ

2013-06-01

Full Text Available The profound economic and social changes that took place during the period of transition from a central-based economy to the market system have deeply marked the evolution of industrial towns, particularly those targeted for heavy industry development between 1950 and 1989. The present paper analyses this model of urban evolution affected by the interference of the political-ideological factor. Three towns, Galaţi, Târgovişte and Oţelu Roşu, in which a strong iron-and-steel industry was planted, have been taken into the study. Galaţi – a large town with complex functions, a regional and crossborder polarization center, was singled out for this type of industry by political decision within the context of the industrialization drive of the 1950s; Târgovişte – an old middle urban center, was pushed into the iron-and-steel route in the 1970-1980 decade. Oţelu Roşu – a small town, has a traditional iron-and-steel industry based on local raw material resources. Relying on historical documents, bibliographical sources and field work, the author correlates urban development evolutions with the industrialization policies, highlighting the causes that have led to the present decline of these towns and the challenges facing the local authorities in revitalizing them in a sustainable manner.

ANALISIS BAURAN PEMASARAN KENDARAAN RODA TIGA MEREK KAISAR PADA PT KAISAR MOTORINDO INDUSTRI PEKANBARU

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Bambang Suroto

2015-04-01

Full Text Available Abstrak: Banyaknya perusahaan atau operator yang melayani jaringan internet secara otomatis akan timbul suatu proses yang dinamakan pemasaran. Di dalam dunia usaha, pemasaran merupakan salah satu fungsi penting didalam suatu perusahaan, karena dalam pemasaran mencakup beberapa hal kegiatan penting yang kita kenal dengan marketing mix yang diantaranya adalah perencanaan produk (product, penetapan harga (price, program promosi (promotion, sangat penting dalam keberhasilan suatu perusahaan namun ada satu hal yang perlu diperhatikan dan perlu dianalisis apabila perusahaan menginginkan atau mempunyai daur hidup atau life cycle produk yang lebih lama, maka perusahaan harus melakukan analisis perilaku pelanggan. Selain kegiatan pemasaran yang sangat penting perusahaan juga tidak boleh mengabaikan apa yang dibutuhkan oleh seorang konsumen, faktor apa saja yang dapat merangsang pelanggan untuk melakukan pembelian suatu barang, serta mengapa konsumen mempunyai banyak kebutuhan dalam waktu yang relatif singkat dan tentunya hal itu semua menggambarkan arti penting sebuah kegiatan analisis perilaku konsumen. Keluhan yang dirasakan konsumen atau pelanggan adalah promosi yang diberikan atau ditawarkan terkadang sering tidak sesuai dengan kenyataan yang ada di lapangan, seperti akses internet yang lama, dan jaringan yang sering terputus karena adanya gangguan dan sistem perbaikan jaringan. Masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah faktor-faktor apakah yang menyebabkan tidak tercapainya target pemasaran pemasangan jaringan internet speedy pada PT.Kaisar Motorindo Industri Pekanbaru. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif, yaitu menggunakan analisis data kualitatif serta analisis data dengan menghubungkan antara teori dan permasalahan yang diteliti. Hasil penelitian diperoleh variabel produk, dalam hal ini merupakan kombinasi barang dan jasa yang ditawarkan oleh perusahaan kepada pasar sasaran terhadap pemasaran jaringan

Competences of Engineers in the Iron and Steel Industry

Science.gov (United States)

Kozhevnikov, A. V.

2017-12-01

The article presents the results of assessment of the professional performance of engineers working in the iron and steel industry. A competence-based profile of highly-qualified professionals has been built. The study of the competences of the iron and steel industry engineers has shown that their knowledge and skills may be mobilized to solve professional tasks.

Industrial investigations of the liquid steel filtration

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

K. Janiszewski

2014-07-01

Full Text Available Hitherto existing investigations concerning the ceramic filter use in the steel making processes have given good results. The obtained results of filtration have proved that this method may be used as an effective and cheap way of steel filtration from non-metallic inclusions. Placing filters in the tundish is the best location considering the limitation of the possibility of secondary pollution of steel. Yet, the results presented in this paper, of an experiment prepared and carried out in the industrial environment, are the only positive results obtained, which are connected with so much quantities of liquid steel processed with use of the multi-hole ceramic filters.

Problems in steel industry for power engineering

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dolbenko, E.T.; Kryanin, I.R.

1979-01-01

The main problems of steel industry in power engineering are considered. The effect of charge materials upon steel quality is analyzed. Radical dicision of the problem is the ensurance of power engineering plants with high quality original charge materials, which are quite pure according to impurities such as: iron melted from metallized charge or prereduced pellets. The usage of such materials considerably improves the complex of technological and service properties and structure of large responsible products: vessels of the reactor core, especially large shafts and others. For the most responsible power engineering dies it is necessary to smelt steel of 150-200 tons and above. The main direction of steel melting industry is quality steel melting in large 150-200 tons arc furnaces which are equipped with magnetic stirrer installations. It is marked that the branch of power engineering is equipped with unique installations of out-of-furnace steel refining. It is shown that further increase in the metal quality is possible when vacuum and electroslag technique of melting is used. It permits to reduce considerably the amount of sulphur, gases, nonmetallic inclusions, to increase the metal density, to remove zonal segregation in large steel ingots. The main problem in the field of usage of material, produced by new melting methods is the expansion of the product nomenclature and the development of technical conditions, reflecting the increase in material properties as a result of new technique application. Importance of development and introduction of new automation and testing methods in metallurgical processes is marked

Noise pollution in iron and steel industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bisio, G.; Piromalli, W.; Acerbo, P.

1999-01-01

Iron and steel industry is characterized by high energy consumption and thus present remarkable problems from the point of view of noise pollution. The aims of this paper is to examine characteristic and acoustical emissions and immisions of some fundamentals iron and steel plants with several remarks on the possible measures to reduce noise pollution. For a large integrate iron and steel system, some surveys are shown with all devices running and, in addition, comparisons are made with other surveys when the main devices were out of service owing to great maintenance works [it

Some comments about the situation of the Steel Industry in the Arab Countries (Arab Steel Summit)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Haidar, Y.; Astier, J.

2009-01-01

The Arab Steel Summit, that convened in Abu Dhabi in April, gave us another opportunity to review the situation of the Arab Iron and Steel Industry, with regard to the present World economic context. We will address: - the World situation of steel production, focusing on the Arab Countries; - the related situation of steel consumption; - the steel trade, including imports, exports and prices; - the consequences for technology and economy. (authors)

Japanese steel mills update and expectations to Canadian coal industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yamaguchi, I.

2008-01-01

Kobe Steel's (Kobelco) corporate strategy includes expanding from only-one product such as high tensile strength steel sheet, and enlarging overseas production capacity through joint ventures and technical alliances. A new steel making process from low quality iron ore and steaming coal called ITmk3 has been developed by Kobe Steel that does not require any coke, reduces carbon dioxide emissions by 20 per cent, and reduces the cost of transporting slag. This strategy and technology was presented along with the changes surrounding the Japanese steel industry and raw materials market. These changes include the rise of emerging oil-producing countries; world steel production and exports; the rise in prices of resources; and the slowdown of the United States economy. The current situation of Japanese crude steel production, pig-iron production, and coke expansion plans were also presented. The presentation also outlined expectation's of the Canadian coal industry with reference to Canadian coal imports to Japan. tabs., figs

Research on MRV system of iron and steel industry and verification mechanism establishment in China

Science.gov (United States)

Guo, Huiting; Chen, Liang; Chen, Jianhua

2017-12-01

The national carbon emissions trading market will be launched in 2017 in China. The iron and steel industry will be covered as one of the first industries. Establishing its MRV system is critical to promote the development of the iron and steel industry in the carbon trading market. This paper studies the requirements and procedures of the accounting, monitoring, reporting and verification of the seven iron and steel industry carbon trading pilots. The construction and operating mechanism of the MRV systems are also analyzed. Combining with the emission feature of the iron and steel industry, we study the suitable national MRV system for the whole iron and steel industry to consummate the future national carbon trading framework of iron and steel industry.

X-ray analysis in the steel industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bourke, T.; Turner, K.

1999-01-01

Full text: The steel industry makes extensive use of X-ray analysis at all stages of the steelmaking process. XRF and XRD techniques, together with the associated techniques of electron probe microanalysis and electron microscopy are key tools for exploration and mine site and process development where detailed grade and mineralogical data is required. In production X-ray analysis is used to monitor and control: mine product grade (eg iron ore, coal and other raw materials), steel making production processes (eg iron ore sinter, incoming raw materials), waste products (eg coal watery refuse, slags) and final products (eg paint coatings, customer complaints). The demands put on X-ray analysis by the Steel Industry are severe. Iron ore mining and steelmaking is a continuous process, hence instrumentation has to be robust and reliable. In addition, with ever tightening environmental controls there is an increasing demand for trace heavy element analysis in both raw and waste materials. Copyright (1999) Australian X-ray Analytical Association Inc

Energy and materials flows in the iron and steel industry

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sparrow, F.T.

1983-06-01

Past energy-consumption trends and future energy-conservation opportunities are investigated for the nation's iron and steel industry. It is estimated that, in 1980, the industry directly consumed approximately 2.46 x 10/sup 15/ Btu of energy (roughly 3% of total US energy consumption) to produce 111 million tons of raw steel and to ship 84 million tons of steel products. Direct plus indirect consumption is estimated to be about 3.1 x 10/sup 15/ Btu. Of the set of conservation technologies identified, most are judged to be ready for commercialization if and when the industry's capital formation and profitability problems are solved and the gradual predicted increase in energy prices reduces the payback periods to acceptable levels.

Globalization of Japanese steel industry. Part 1. Materials; Tekkogyo no kokusaika. 1. Zairyo

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Aramaki, T. [Nippon Steel Corp., Tokyo (Japan)

1995-01-01

This paper discusses the globalization of the Japanese steel industry from the viewpoint of maintenance of international competitive potential. In the steel industry, remarkable technology innovation is currently occurring in the production process. The direct iron ore smelting process and strip caster process are being developed. These innovative technologies are characterized by processes having simplified facilities and lower fixed costs. A large problem of Japanese steel industry is the maintenance of competitive potential in the international price. For the purpose of the cost reduction, profitability improvement efforts have been made, as for the cut of research and development cost, consolidation of standards, intensive production, specialization among undertakings, cooperations, etc. Additionally, accompanied with the overseas production of steel consumers, the overseas steel production has been conducted. The overseas production is currently focused on Asia. Significance of the Japanese steel industry in Asia is provided from the viewpoint of accumulating technological know-how, establishment of new technologies, acquisition of operation technologies, promotion of talented persons for industries, etc. 12 refs., 7 figs., 3 tabs.

Water requirements of the iron and steel industry

Science.gov (United States)

Walling, Faulkner B.; Otts, Louis Ethelbert

1967-01-01

Twenty-nine steel plants surveyed during 1957 and 1958 withdrew from various sources about 1,400 billion gallons of water annually and produced 40.8 million tons of ingot steel. This is equivalent to about 34,000 gallons of water per ton of steel. Fifteen iron ore mines and fifteen ore concentration plants together withdrew annually about 89,000 million gallons to produce 15 million tons of iron ore concentrate, or 5,900 gallons per ton of concentrate. About 97 percent of the water used in the steel plants came from surface sources, 2.2 percent was reclaimed sewage, and 1.2 percent was ground water. Steel plants supplied about 96 percent of their own water requirements, although only three plants used self-supplied water exclusively. Water used by the iron ore mines and concentration plants was also predominantly self supplied from surface source. Water use in the iron and steel industry varied widely and depended on the availability of water, age and condition of plants and equipment, kinds of processes, and plant operating procedures. Gross water use in integrated steel plants ranged from 11,200 to 110,000 gallons per ton of steel ingots, and in steel processing plants it ranged from 4,180 to 26,700 gallons per ton. Water reuse also varied widely from 0 to 18 times in integrated steel plants and from 0 to 44 times in steel processing plants. Availability of water seemed to be the principal factor in determining the rate of reuse. Of the units within steel plants, a typical (median) blast furnace required 20,500 gallons of water per ton of pig iron. At the 1956-60 average rate of pig iron consumption, this amounts to about 13,000 gallons per ton of steel ingots or about 40 percent of that required by a typical integrated steel plant 33,200 gallons per ton. Different processes of iron ore concentration are devised specifically for the various kinds of ore. These processes result in a wide range of water use from 124 to 11,300 gallons of water per ton of iron ore

OR in the Danish steel industry

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Vidal, Rene Victor Valqui; Thorsen, M.

1991-01-01

During the past five years several OR-projects (M.Sc. Thesis) were carried out at IMSOR. These OR-projects dealt with the development of decision support systems based upon heuristic principles, for various planning, production and control problems in the Danish steel industry. The purpose...

Teachers Environmental Resource Unit: Industry: Iron/Steel & Pulp/Paper.

Science.gov (United States)

Bemiss, Clair W.

Iron and steel and pulp and paper industries, two representatives of American industry, are selected in this teacher's guide for the study of industrial pollution and current pollution control efforts. The resource unit is intended to provide the teacher with basic information that will aid classroom review of these problems. Both industries are…

An Empirical Study on Marketing Prospecs and Potential of Steel Industry in India

OpenAIRE

Bagla, Varun

2008-01-01

In this dissertation, a sectoral review of the steel industry in India was taken into consideration. The emphasis was laid down in finding out to know the competitive advantages, which the large Indian Steel Companies have created overtime and their adaptation to the changing environment. I also analyzed the marketing potential and prospects of the steel industry in India. This study focuses on the two major companies in the steel sector in India, namely Steel authority of India ltd (SAIL) ...

Development of an environmental impact model for the steel industry in Libya

Science.gov (United States)

Zaghinin, Mansur Salem

The global demand for steel is rising due to the infrastructural development of emergent economies in countries such as India, China, Thailand and Libya. Consequently, global steel production has increased dramatically and is expected to grow further in the future. Processing iron and steel is associated with a number of sustainable development challenges, including various economic, environmental and social issues. The increasing prominence of environmental issues in international and national political discourse, including the developing countries, means that stakeholders demand that manufacturers minimise the negative impacts of their operations.The steel industry must be able to measure and assess its environmental impacts and demonstrate continuous improvements. This requires an environmental management strategy to manage and minimise impacts on the environment. This study focuses on developing an environmental impacts model in steel industry to investigate the most important environmental parameters and their importance in order to mitigate environmental impacts.Based on the literature review and the elements that are considered as waste (derived from the waste survey in Libyan iron and steel industry), the potential environmental impacts of the steel industry are identified as criteria and sub-criteria. Then, a model is built using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) software based on the identified criteria and sub-criteria.The model also illustrates the overall goal which is creating environmental impacts model for steel industry, in addition, criteria and sub-criteria are listed to clarify the situation and make the analysis clearer and understandable. Pair wise comparisons are used to derive accurate ratio scale priorities.The results are analysed and presented as prioritised list of environmental impacts. Moreover, a series of sensitivity analyses are conducted to investigate the impact of changing the priority of the criteria on the alternatives

Iron and Steel Industry Training Board

Science.gov (United States)

Riley, Alvan D.

1974-01-01

The British iron and steel industry training board has developed a training approach called investment appraisal of training. This approach is a forward-looking appraisal in which the estimated costs ofthe proposed training activity are balanced against benefits accruing in fi nancial terms from improved performance. (DS)

CO2 Abatement In The Iron And Steel Industry

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2012-01-15

The iron and steel industry is the largest industrial source of CO2 emissions due to the energy intensity of steel production, its reliance on carbon-based fuels and reductants, and the large volume of steel produced -- over 1414 Mt in 2010. With the growing concern over climate change, steel makers are faced with the challenge of finding ways of lowering CO2 emissions without seriously undermining process efficiency or considerably adding to costs. This report examines ways of abating CO2 emissions from raw materials preparation (coking, sintering and pelletising plants) through to the production of liquid steel in basic oxygen furnaces and electric arc furnaces. Direct reduction and smelting reduction processes are covered, as well as iron making in a blast furnace. A range of technologies and measures exist for lowering CO2 emissions including minimising energy consumption and improving energy efficiency, changing to a fuel and/or reducing agent with a lower CO2 emission factor (such as wood charcoal), and capturing the CO2 and storing it underground. Significant CO2 reductions can be achieved by combining a number of the available technologies. If carbon capture and storage is fitted than steel plants could become near zero emitters of CO2.

The Study for Recycling NORM - Contaminated Steel Scraps from Steel Industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tsai, K. F.; Lee, Y. S.; Chao, H. E.

2003-01-01

Since 1994, most of the major steel industries in Taiwan have installed portal monitor to detect the abnormal radiation in metal scrap feed. As a result, the discovery of NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material) has increased in recent years. In order to save the natural resources and promote radiation protection, an experimental melting process for the NORM contaminated steel scraps was carried out by the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER) Taiwan, ROC. The experimental melting process has a pretreatment step that includes a series of cutting and removal of scales, sludge, as well as combustible and volatile materials on/in the steel scraps. After pretreatment the surface of the steel scraps are relatively clean. Then the scraps are melted by a pilot-type induction furnace. This experiment finally produced seven ingots with a total weight of 2,849 kg and 96.8% recovery. All of the surface dose rates are of the background values. The activity concentrations of these ingots are also below the regulatory criteria. Thus, these NORM-bearing steel scraps are ready for recycling. This study has been granted by the regulatory authority

The steel industry in France in 2008

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Creton, B.

2009-01-01

Here is given a summary of the activity report of the French Steel Federation for the year 2008. This year has been marked by amalgamation inside the iron and steel industry, a decrease of the European Union imports of the third world source as China, very important variations of raw materials prices, and the continuation of the purchase of mining assets or of shares in firms of this sector by firms as ArcelorMittal, Severstal or by Chinese firms. (O.M.)

Steel Industry Marginal Opportunity Analysis

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

none,

2005-09-01

The Steel Industry Marginal Opportunity Analysis (PDF 347 KB) identifies opportunities for developing advanced technologies and estimates both the necessary funding and the potential payoff. This analysis determines what portion of the energy bandwidth can be captured through the adoption of state-of-the-art technology and practices. R&D opportunities for addressing the remainder of the bandwidth are characterized and plotted on a marginal opportunity curve.

Advanced high strength steels for automotive industry

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Galán, J.

2012-04-01

Full Text Available The car industry is facing pressure because of the growing demand for more fuel-efficient passenger cars. In order to limit energy consumption and air pollution the weight of the carbody has to be reduced. At the same time, high levels of safety have to be guaranteed. In this situation, the choice of material becomes a key decision in car design. As a response to the requirements of the automotive sector, high strength steels and advanced high strength steels have been developed by the steel industry. These modern steel grades offer an excellent balance of low cost, light weight and mechanical properties.

La industria del automóvil se enfrenta a una creciente demanda de vehículos de pasajeros más eficientes. Con el fin de disminuir el consumo de energía y la contaminación ambiental, el peso del vehículo tiene que ser reducido, al mismo tiempo que se garantizan altos niveles de seguridad. Ante esta situación, la elección de material se convierte en una decisión crucial en el diseño del vehículo. Como respuesta a las necesidades del sector automovilístico, nuevos aceros avanzados y de alta resistencia, han sido desarrollados por la industria siderúrgica. Dichos tipos de acero ofrecen un excelente equilibrio de precio, peso y propiedades mecánicas.

Consolidation in World Steel Industry - Implications for Poland

OpenAIRE

Beata Ślusarczyk

2009-01-01

Consolidation of enterprises has intensified with the growth of global competition. In the nineties of the past century, these processes became a conventional way for market expansion, leading to establishment of huge international companies with biggest influence on world economy. In steel industry, processes of consolidation have also been the leading processes in management, particularly during a time of prosperity for steel products that have taken place in recent years. The global consol...

High nitrogen stainless steels for nuclear industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kamachi Mudali, U.

2016-01-01

Nitrogen alloying in stainless steels (SS) has myriad beneficial effects, including solid solution strengthening, precipitation effects, phase control and corrosion resistance. Recent years have seen a rapid development of these alloys with improved properties owing to advances in processing technologies. Furthermore, unlimited demands for high-performance advanced steels for special use in advanced applications renewed the interest in high nitrogen steels (HNS). The combination of numbers of attractive properties such as strength, fracture toughness, wear resistance, workability, magnetic properties and corrosion resistance of HNS has given a unique advantage and offers a number of prospective applications in different industries. Based on extensive studies carried out at IGCAR, nitrogen alloyed type 304LN SS and 316LN SS have been chosen as materials of construction for many engineering components of fast breeder reactor (FBR) and associated reprocessing plants. HNS austenitic SS alloys are used as structural/reactor components, i.e., main vessel, inner vessel, control plug, intermediate heat exchanger and main sodium piping for fast breeder reactor. HNS type 304LN SS is a candidate material for continuous dissolver, nuclear waste storage tanks, pipings, etc. for nitric acid service under highly corrosive conditions. Recent developments towards the manufacturing and properties of HNS alloys for application in nuclear industry are highlighted in the presentation. (author)

Analisis Kesiapan Industri Manufaktur Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi (TIK Dalam Negeri Untuk Mendukung Implementasi Green-ICT Pada Sektor Telekomunikasi

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Diah Yuniarti

2012-09-01

Full Text Available Industri TIK merupakan bagian dari industri masa depan yang terdiri atas industri perangkat, infrastruktur/jaringan dan aplikasi/konten. Akhir-akhir ini, aspek lingkungan menjadi pertimbangan dalam menciptakan kesinambungan industri, termasuk industri TIK atau yang dikenal dengan istilah TIK hijau. Implementasi TIK Hijau pada penyelenggara telekomunikasi masih menemui beberapa kendala yaitu efisiensi rendah dan investasi tinggi pada penggunaan perangkat TIK berbasis energi alternatif. Selain itu, rencana implementasi TIK Hijau di lembaga pemerintah maupun swasta masih dibayangi isu terkait kekuatan industri dalam negeri. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengukur kesiapan industri manufatur TIK dalam negeri untuk mendukung implementasi TIK Hijau pada sektor telekomunikasi. Pendekatan penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif berdasarkan indikator attitude, policy, practice, technology dan governance yang dimodifikasi pada Green IT Readiness Model oleh Molla, Alemayehu, et.al. Berdasarkan analisis LSR, secara umum lima responden industri manufaktur dikategorikan memiliki sikap positif. Indikator yang perlu mendapatkan perhatian dari responden yang tergolong memiliki sikap negatif adalah indikator policy dan governance.

MODEL PENDETEKSIAN KECURANGAN LAPORAN KEUANGAN OLEH AUDITOR SPESIALIS INDUSTRI DENGAN ANALISIS FRAUD TRIANGLE

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Reskino

2016-08-01

Full Text Available Abstrak: Model Pendeteksian Kecurangan Laporan Keuangan dengan Analisis Fraud Triangle. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat model dalam mendeteksi kecurangan laporan keuangan. Penelitian ini menguji variabel fraud triangle dan auditor spesialis industri dengan kecurangan laporan keuangan. Sampel penelitian adalah 30 perusahaan fraud dan 30 perusahaan non-fraudyang listing di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI serta terkena sanksi dan kasus oleh Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan financial targetsdapat mendeteksi kecurangan laporan keuangan, sedangkan financial stabililty tidak dapat mendeteksi kecurangan laporan keuangan. Abstract: Financial Statement Fraud Detection Model with Fraud Triangle Analysis. The research purposes is to create a model to detect financial statement fraud. This research examines the variable of fraud triangle and auditor industry specialization with financial statement fraud. Samples were 30 companies of fraud and 30 non-fraud companies that were listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX and sanctioned by the Financial Services Authority (FSA. The result shows the financial targets can be detect financial statement fraud, while financial stability can’t be detect financial statement fraud.

A system dynamics analysis of energy consumption and corrective policies in Iranian iron and steel industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ansari, Nastaran; Seifi, Abbas

2012-01-01

Iron and steel industry is the most energy intensive industrial sector in Iran. Long time subsidized energy has led to low energy efficiency in this industry. The sudden subsidy reform of energy prices in Iran is expected to have a great impact on steel production and energy consumption. A system dynamics model is presented in this paper to analyze steel demand, production and energy consumption in an integrated framework. A co-flow structure is used to show how subsidy reform affects energy consumption in the long run. The main focus of this paper is on direct and indirect natural gas consumption in the steel industry. Scrap based Electric Arc Furnace technology has been evaluated as an energy efficient way for steel making. The energy consumption in steel industry is estimated under various steel production and export scenarios while taking into account new energy prices to see the outlook of possible energy demand in steel industry over next 20 years. For example it is shown that under reference production scenario, potential reduction in gas consumption forced by complete removal of energy subsidy and utilizing scrap could lead to 85 billion cubic meters of gas saving over the next 20 years. -- Highlights: ► We develop a system dynamics model to analyze steel demand, production and energy consumption in Iran. ► Various scenarios have been simulated to see the energy demand of Iranian steel industry over the next 20 years. ► A co-flow structure is used to show how subsidy reform would affect energy consumption in the long run. ► A co-flow structure has been built into the SD model to formulate consumers' behavior in response to energy prices. ► Scrap based Electric Arc Furnace technology has been evaluated as an energy efficient alternative for steel making.

Energy use in the U.S. steel industry: An historical perspective and future opportunities

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Stubbles, John [Steel Industry Consultant, Mason, OH (United States)

2000-09-01

Renowned industry expert Dr. John Stubbles has projected the energy savings that the U.S. steel industry could reasonably expect to achieve in the report, Energy Use in the U.S. Steel Industry: Historical Perspective and Future Opportunities (PDF 432 KB). The report examines the potential impacts of state-of-the-art technologies and operating practices, as well as structural changes in the industry itself.

Perumusan Strategi Bersaing pada Perusahaan Ban dengan Metode Analisis Portofolio Produk (Studi Kasus: PT Multistrada Arah Sarana, Tbk

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Nathanael August Zefanya

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Industri ban di Indonesia mengalami perkembangan pesat dalam kurun waktu 10 tahun terakhir. Namun, terjadinya krisis ekonomi global menjadi penyebab menurunnya pendapatan, salah satunya adalah PT MASA dengan produk utamanya yaitu ban mobil Achilles dan ban motor Corsa yang digunakan sebagai objek penelitian ini. Telah diilakukan analisis PESTEL dan Porter’s Five Forces, identifikasi faktor lingkungan internal dan eksternal dengan analisis SWOT serta merumuskan alternatif strategi bersaing untuk direkomendasikan kepada PT MASA. Perumusan strategi alternatif didapat dari hasil analisis Matriks BCG dan Matriks IE sebagai analisis portofolio untuk mendapatkan tema strategi alternatif dalam pembuatan Matriks SWOT. Strategi alternatif kemudian diperingkatkan dengan QSPM dan dilanjutkan pembuatan rencana aksi bagi PT MASA dalam waktu 5 tahun ke depan. Setelah dilakukan analisis industri, diketahui bahwa ancaman terbesar datang dari pesaing produsen ban. Dari hasil analisis portofolio, PT MASA berada di kuadran I karena memiliki koordinat IFE serta EFE 3,32 dan 3,26. Dari hasil analisis Matriks IE, PT MASA direkomendasikan untuk melakukan strategi grow and build. Hasil Matriks BCG menunjukkan bahwa Achilles berada di dogs, sementara Corsa berada di question marks. Terdapat 13 strategi alternatif hasil dari formulasi strategi dengan menggunakan matriks TOWS. Dari hasil analisis QSPM, terdapat 7 alternatif strategi terbaik dan rencana aksi..

Predator–prey analysis using system dynamics: An application to the steel industry

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Douglas Crookes

2016-12-01

Full Text Available In this paper, we use a predator–prey model to simulate intersectoral dynamics, with the global steel sector as the prey that supplies inputs and the automotive sector as the predator that demands its inputs. A further prey, an additional upstream supply sector, namely the iron ore sector, is added to reflect the implications of scarcity and resource limitations for industrial development and economic prospects. We find that capacity constraints in the steel industry could limit the future supply of vehicles, a result exacerbated by the unsustainable use of iron ore reserves. The solution is not for marginal steel industries to close, but for steelmakers to adapt and move to less resource-demanding secondary steelmaking technology rather than focusing on primary steelmaking. The forecasting capabilities of the model are compared with the outputs from a neural-network model. Although the results are comparable over the short term (±10 years, over the long term, results diverge, showing that forecasting steel-industry dynamics is complex and that further work is required to disentangle the drivers of supply and demand. This study indicates the potential advantages of using predator–prey models in modelling the supply chain in economics.

Evaluation index system of steel industry sustainable development based on entropy method and topsis method

Science.gov (United States)

Ronglian, Yuan; Mingye, Ai; Qiaona, Jia; Yuxuan, Liu

2018-03-01

Sustainable development is the only way for the development of human society. As an important part of the national economy, the steel industry is an energy-intensive industry and needs to go further for sustainable development. In this paper, we use entropy method and Topsis method to evaluate the development of China’s steel industry during the “12th Five-Year Plan” from four aspects: resource utilization efficiency, main energy and material consumption, pollution status and resource reuse rate. And we also put forward some suggestions for the development of China’s steel industry.

Long term energy and materials strategies for reduction of industrial CO2 emissions. A case study for the iron and steel industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gielen, D.J.

1997-01-01

Greenhouse gas emissions emerged in the last decade as a key environmental problem on the political agenda. The most important greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). This gas results from the combustion of fossil fuels (natural gas, oil and coal). As a consequence, greenhouse gas emission reduction is closely related to energy policies. Even a stabilization of the atmospheric CO 2 concentrations at a level of 750 ppm (parts per million), more than twice the current level, implies a reduction of global emissions by 50% in the next century. The world population will simultaneously double and the capita energy consumption will increase. As a consequence, the Western industrialized countries will have to reduce their per capita emissions by more than a factor four. Such a policy goal will significantly affect the future industrial production structure. Approximately 4% of the global CO 2 emissions can be attributed to the production of iron and steel. This sector is the most important industrial source of CO 2 . The case study for the iron and steel industry will be discussed in this paper in order to illustrate the impact of significant CO 2 emission mitigation on the industry. The goal is to show the consequences of CO 2 policies for R and D planning and investment decisions. The notion that the iron and steel industry will be affected by CO 2 policies is not new; a number of studies have addressed this issue before. These studies have compared steel production technologies and emission reduction options within the iron and steel production sector. In this paper, the emission reduction in the iron and steel industry is analyzed within the framework of the changing (inter-)national energy and materials system configuration. This includes all production, conversion and consumption processes. The impact of CO 2 policies on the optimal choice of steel production technologies and on the competitiveness of steel compared to other materials will be discussed. This paper

Influence of Rust Permeability on Corrosion of E690 Steel in Industrial and Non-industrial Marine Splash Zones

Science.gov (United States)

Chen, Mindong; Pang, Kun; Liu, Zhiyong; Wu, Junsheng; Li, Xiaogang

2018-05-01

The corrosion behaviour of E690 steel in industrial and non-industrial marine splash environments was studied by environmental testing, morphology analysis, electrochemical measurements, and scanning Kelvin probe microscopy. Chloride and sulphide anions were found to diffuse across the rust layer following the evaporation of seawater splashed on the steel's surface. The cation-selective permeability of the rust layer resulted in an anion concentration gradient across the rust layer, which was more significant in the presence of sulphur dioxide. In addition, sulphur dioxide enhanced the formation of α-FeOOH, which led to the formation of distinct anode and cathode areas at the rust/steel interface.

Potential of energy efficiency measures in the world steel industry.

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Galama, Tjebbe

2013-01-01

SUMMARY The world steel industry plays a major role in energy use and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions now and in the future. Implementing energy efficiency measures is among one of the most cost-effective investments that the industry could make in improv

Paying the full price of steel – Perspectives on the cost of reducing carbon dioxide emissions from the steel industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rootzén, Johan; Johnsson, Filip

2016-01-01

This study examines the impacts felt downstream of carbon pricing and investments made in CO_2 abatement within the steel industry. Using the supply of steel to a passenger car as a case study, the effects of a steel price increase on cost structures and price at each step of the supply chain were assessed. Since the prices of emission allowances under the European Union Emissions Trading System fall well below those required to unlock investments in low-CO_2 production processes in the integrated steelmaking industry this paper seeks to pave the way for a discussion on complementary policy options. The results of the analysis suggest that passing on the compliance costs of the steel industry would have only marginal impacts on costs and prices for the end-use sectors (e.g., on the production cost or selling price of the passenger car). Under the assumptions made herein, at a carbon price of 100 €/tCO_2, the retail price of a mid-sized European passenger car would have to be increased by approximately 100–125 €/car (<0.5%) to cover the projected increases in steel production costs. - Highlights: • Examines impacts downstream of investments in CO_2 abatement in the steel industry. • Show how investing in low-CO_2 processes have marginal impacts in end-user stage. • Increase in the retail price of a mid-sized passenger car would be well below 1%. • Open up for complementary policies, financing mechanisms or new business models.

The investment location decisions in the steel industry

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

M. M. Abrudan

2016-04-01

Full Text Available The global dimension of the economy in general and of the steel industry in particular makes the decision regarding the location of new production facilities a challenge for managers. This paper tries to provide tools that make the decision taking process easier. Is assumed that certain tax levy rates are important to this process and they are compared and analyzed. Finally, based on this analysis this paper tries to prioritize some countries in terms of their economic attractiveness in order to identify the most suitable country for placing a steel factory.

Modelling of macrosegregation in steel ingots: benchmark validation and industrial application

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Li Wensheng; Shen Houfa; Liu Baicheng; Shen Bingzhen

2012-01-01

The paper presents the recent progress made by the authors on modelling of macrosegregation in steel ingots. A two-phase macrosegregation model was developed that incorporates descriptions of heat transfer, melt convection, solute transport, and solid movement on the process scale with microscopic relations for grain nucleation and growth. The formation of pipe shrinkage at the ingot top is also taken into account in the model. Firstly, a recently proposed numerical benchmark test of macrosegregation was used to verify the model. Then, the model was applied to predict the macrosegregation in a benchmark industrial-scale steel ingot. The predictions were validated against experimental data from the literature. Furthermore, macrosegregation experiment of an industrial 53-t steel ingot was performed. The simulation results were compared with the measurements. It is indicated that the typical macrosegregation patterns encountered in steel ingots, including a positively segregated zone in the hot top and a negative segregation in the bottom part of the ingot, are well reproduced with the model.

Identification, classification and management of industrial waste in Kavir steel complex according to the Bazel convention and RCRA

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Mohammad Hasan Ehrampoush

2016-06-01

Full Text Available Introduction: Requiring industries for implementing industrial waste management programs and planning for proper waste disposal is essential in order to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, industrial waste management program was done in Kavir Steel Complex, in Aran va Bidgol region to identify and classify industrial waste and also to present solutions for improving waste management. In this complex, production process is hot rolling steel and the product is rebar. Material and Method: The preset study was conducted in Kavir Steel Complex. Following survey of production process and sources of waste, the type and volume of produced waste were identified and measured during 3 months. Then, the classification of wastes was done according to the Bazel Convention and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA, and finally new industrial & health solid waste management program was presented. Result: Considering the volume, industrial waste of production process in Kavir Steel Complex was between 130 to 180 grams per each ton of rebar. Main industrial waste included oxide of steel billet, industrial sludge, used oil and lubricant which were classified according to the RCRA: 8 materials with T code, 1 with C code, 5 with I code and 3 materials with C code. Conclusion: The results revealed that the most amount of industrial waste in Kavir Steel Complex is the waste of steel billet and industrial sludge, and more than 90% of Kavir steel industrial waste were reused and recycled inside or outside of this complex. It is recommended that used oil to be transport and maintain in the safe containers.

Adaptive Granulation-Based Prediction for Energy System of Steel Industry.

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Tianyu; Han, Zhongyang; Zhao, Jun; Wang, Wei

2018-01-01

The flow variation tendency of byproduct gas plays a crucial role for energy scheduling in steel industry. An accurate prediction of its future trends will be significantly beneficial for the economic profits of steel enterprise. In this paper, a long-term prediction model for the energy system is proposed by providing an adaptive granulation-based method that considers the production semantics involved in the fluctuation tendency of the energy data, and partitions them into a series of information granules. To fully reflect the corresponding data characteristics of the formed unequal-length temporal granules, a 3-D feature space consisting of the timespan, the amplitude and the linetype is designed as linguistic descriptors. In particular, a collaborative-conditional fuzzy clustering method is proposed to granularize the tendency-based feature descriptors and specifically measure the amplitude variation of industrial data which plays a dominant role in the feature space. To quantify the performance of the proposed method, a series of real-world industrial data coming from the energy data center of a steel plant is employed to conduct the comparative experiments. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method successively satisfies the requirements of the practically viable prediction.

Investment in the Community coal mining and iron and steel industries - 1981 survey

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

1982-01-01

The report has been prepared on the results of the 1981 survey of investments in the Community coal and steel industries. The survey which is conducted annually collects information on actual and forecast capital expenditure and production potential of coal and steel enterprises. The introductory chapter summarizes the results of the survey and the conclusions on them. Subsequent chapters examine in detail the results of the survey for each producing sector, namely: the coal mining industry; coking plants; briquetting plants; iron ore mines; and iron and steel industry. The annex contains a statement of the definitions under which the survey was carried out, together with tables giving a complete analysis of the results of the survey, including tables of capital expenditure and production potential by region and by category of plant for all sectors and categories of coal and steel products falling within the ECSC treaty. Editions are available in the seven community languages.

Investment in the Community coal mining and iron and steel industries - 1980 survey

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

1980-01-01

The report has been prepared on the results of the 1980 survey of investments in the Community coal and steel industries. The survey, which is conducted annually, collects information on actual and forecast capital expenditure and production potential of coal and steel enterprises. The introductory chapter summarizes the results of the survey and the conclusions on them. Subsequent chapters of the report examine in detail the results of the survey for each producing sector, namely: the coal mining industry; coking plants; briquetting plants; iron-ore mines; and the iron and steel industry. The annex to the report contains a statement of the definitions under which the survey was carried out, together with tables giving a complete analysis of the results of the survey, including tables of capital expenditure and production potential by region and by category of plant for all sectors and categories of coal and steel products falling within the ECSC Treaty. Editions are available in six community languages.

Content of nitrogen in waste petroleum carbon for steel industries

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rios, R.O; Jimenez, A.F; Szieber, C.W; Banchik, A.D

2004-01-01

Steel industries use refined carbon as an alloy for steel production. This alloy is produced from waste carbon from the distillation of the petroleum. The refined carbon, called recarburizer, is obtained by calcination at high temperature. Under these thermal conditions the organic molecules decompose and a fraction of the N 2 , S and H 2 , volatile material and moisture are released; while the carbon tends to develop a crystalline structure similar to graphite's. The right combination of calcinations temperature and time in the furnace can optimize the quality of the resulting product. The content of S and N 2 has to be minimized for the use of calcined carbon in the steel industry. Nitrogen content should be reduced by two orders of magnitude, from 1% - 2% down to hundreds of ppm by weight. This work describes the activities undertaken to obtain calcined coke from petroleum from crude oil carbon that satisfies the requirements of the Mercosur standard 02:00-169 (Pending) for use as a carborizer in steels industries. To satisfy the requirements of the Mercosur standards NM 236:00 IRAM-IAS-NM so that graphite is used as a carburizer a content of 300 ppm maximum weight of nitrogen has to be obtained. So the first stage in this development is to define a production process for supplying calcined coke in the range of nitrogen concentrations required by the Mercosur standards (CW)

Exploring effective factors on privatization, firm performance and export development: Evidence from steel industry

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Seyed Mohsen Seyedaliakbar

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Privatization means establishing a new system based on the market mechanisms and consequently making a change, alteration in different aspects of economy and is a process in which the government can examine the possibility of transferring the duties and facilities to the private sector on any level and if necessary, exerts such transfer. On the other hand, exports in industry sector can be a noticeable point for the economic growth of any country. Enhancing the exports of the steel industry of the country can have a principal role in the economic pursuit of the country’s non-oil products. Such an enhancement brings about a positive effect in the efficiency of the stocks within the financial markets by developing the steel industry. Researchers of this field claim that privatization in the steel industry results in the further development of the steel stock market and exports. This paper presents a comprehensive survey on factors influencing on privatization of the firms in steel industry. The study has designed a questionnaire in Likert scale and distributed it among some experts who worked for Mobarakeh steel producer in Iran. Using principle component analysis, the survey has concluded that export activities were influenced the most by six major factors including creativity, technological limitation, opportunities and challenges, being up to date, customer orientation and financial sanction. Moreover, firm performance was influenced by two major factors of stakeholder’s satisfaction and organizational culture. Finally, two factors of rationalism and market orientation influenced the most on privatization.

A Study on the Waste Water Treatment Technology for Steel Industry: Recycle And Reuse.

OpenAIRE

Sanjeev Kumar Sinha; Vikas Kumar Sinha; Samir Kr. Pandey; Anup Tiwari

2016-01-01

The steel industry is one of the most important and vital Industry of the present and the future. It is the asset of a nation. Steel plants use a tremendous amount of water for waste transfer, cooling and dust control. The steel plants have sintering mills, coke plants, blast furnaces, chemical byproducts and chemical processes, water cooled rolls, pumps, extrusion experiment, transfer lines for sludges and slurries. All these plants use a tremendous amount of water to cool the pr...

International comparison of CO2 emission trends in the iron and steel industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yeonbae, Kim; Worrell, E.

2002-01-01

In this paper, we present an in-depth decomposition analysis of trends in CO 2 emissions in the iron and steel industry using physical indicators. Physical indicators allow a detailed analysis of intra- sectoral trends, in contrast to the mostly used monetary indicators. Detailed decomposition analysis makes it possible to link developments in energy intensity to technology change and (indirectly) to policy. We present an analysis for the iron and steel industry in seven countries, i.e. Brazil, China, India (developing countries), Mexico and South Korea (newly industrialized countries) and the United States (industrialized country). We found substantial differences in energy efficiency among these countries. In most countries the increased (or decreased) production was the main contributor to changes in CO 2 emissions, while energy-efficiency was the main factor reducing emission intensities of steel production in almost all countries. Changes in power generation contributed to a reduction of specific emissions in the case of South Korea only. (Author)

Exploring energy efficiency in China's iron and steel industry: A stochastic frontier approach

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lin, Boqiang; Wang, Xiaolei

2014-01-01

The iron and steel industry is one of the major energy-consuming industries in China. Given the limited research on effective energy conservation in China's industrial sectors, this paper analyzes the total factor energy efficiency and the corresponding energy conservation potential of China's iron and steel industry using the excessive energy-input stochastic frontier model. The results show that there was an increasing trend in energy efficiency between 2005 and 2011 with an average energy efficiency of 0.699 and a cumulative energy conservation potential of 723.44 million tons of coal equivalent (Mtce). We further analyze the regional differences in energy efficiency and find that energy efficiency of Northeastern China is high while that of Central and Western China is low. Therefore, there is a concentration of energy conservation potential for the iron and steel industry in the Central and Western areas. In addition, we discover that inefficient factors are important for improving energy conservation. We find that the structural defect in the economic system is an important impediment to energy efficiency and economic restructuring is the key to improving energy efficiency. - Highlights: • A stochastic frontier model is adopted to analyze energy efficiency. • Industry concentration and ownership structure are main factors affecting the non-efficiency. • Energy efficiency of China's iron and steel industry shows a fluctuating increase. • Regional differences of energy efficiency are further analyzed. • Future policy for energy conservation in China's iron and steel sector is suggested

Assessing CO2 emissions in China’s iron and steel industry: A dynamic vector autoregression model

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Xu, Bin; Lin, Boqiang

2016-01-01

Highlights: • We explore the driving forces of the iron and steel industry’s CO 2 emissions in China. • Energy efficiency plays a dominant role in reducing carbon dioxide emissions. • Urbanization has significant effect on CO 2 emissions due to mass real estate construction. • The role of economic growth in reducing emissions is more important than industrialization. - Abstract: Energy saving and carbon dioxide emission reduction in China is attracting increasing attention worldwide. At present, China is in the phase of rapid urbanization and industrialization, which is characterized by rapid growth of energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions. China’s steel industry is highly energy-consuming and pollution-intensive. Between 1980 and 2013, the carbon dioxide emissions in China’s steel industry increased approximately 11 times, with an average annual growth rate of 8%. Identifying the drivers of carbon dioxide emissions in the iron and steel industry is vital for developing effective environmental policies. This study uses Vector Autoregressive model to analyze the influencing factors of the changes in carbon dioxide emissions in the industry. The results show that energy efficiency plays a dominant role in reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Urbanization also has significant effect on CO 2 emissions because of mass urban infrastructure and real estate construction. Economic growth has more impact on emission reduction than industrialization due to the massive fixed asset investment and industrial energy optimization. These findings are important for the relevant authorities in China in developing appropriate energy policy and planning for the iron and steel industry.

Emerging Energy-efficiency and Carbon Dioxide Emissions-reduction Technologies for the Iron and Steel Industry

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hasanbeigi, Ali [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Dept.. China Energy Group; Price, Lynn [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Dept.. China Energy Group; Arens, Marlene [Fraunhofer Inst. for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI), Karlsruhe (Germany)

2013-01-31

Iron and steel manufacturing is among the most energy-intensive industries and accounts for the largest share, approximately 27 percent, of global carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from the manufacturing sector. The ongoing increase in world steel demand means that this industry’s energy use and CO₂ emissions continue to grow, so there is significant incentive to develop, commercialize and adopt emerging energy-efficiency and CO₂ emissions-reduction technologies for steel production. Although studies from around the world have identified a wide range of energy-efficiency technologies applicable to the steel industry that have already been commercialized, information is limited and/or scattered regarding emerging or advanced energy-efficiency and low-carbon technologies that are not yet commercialized. This report consolidates available information on 56 emerging iron and steel industry technologies, with the intent of providing a well-structured database of information on these technologies for engineers, researchers, investors, steel companies, policy makers, and other interested parties. For each technology included, we provide information on energy savings and environmental and other benefits, costs, and commercialization status; we also identify references for more information.

China’s steel industry as a driving force for economic growth and international competitiveness

OpenAIRE

Popescu, Gh. H.; Nica, E.; Nicolăescu, E.; Lăzăroiu, G.

2016-01-01

The theory that we shall seek to elaborate here puts considerable emphasis on technological features of China’s steel production, its emergence as the world’s most significant steel producer and main manufacturing base, and the transitory decline in steel demand related to the international financial crisis. The purpose of this article is to gain a deeper understanding of the global incorporation of China’s steel enterprises, its portion of worldwide steel consumption, and its industrial poli...

Technological change and industrial energy efficiency : Exploring the low-carbon transformation of the German iron and steel industry

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Arens, M.

2017-01-01

Climate change is a key challenge of our time. The iron and steel industry emits 6.5 % of global anthropogenic CO2 that is likely to drive global warming. Greenhouse gases, among these CO2, are to be reduced to 5-20% of today’s level in industrialised countries. Thus, the steel sector must make

Emission characteristics and chemical components of size-segregated particulate matter in iron and steel industry

Science.gov (United States)

Jia, Jia; Cheng, Shuiyuan; Yao, Sen; Xu, Tiebing; Zhang, Tingting; Ma, Yuetao; Wang, Hongliang; Duan, Wenjiao

2018-06-01

As one of the highest energy consumption and pollution industries, the iron and steel industry is regarded as a most important source of particulate matter emission. In this study, chemical components of size-segregated particulate matters (PM) emitted from different manufacturing units in iron and steel industry were sampled by a comprehensive sampling system. Results showed that the average particle mass concentration was highest in sintering process, followed by puddling, steelmaking and then rolling processes. PM samples were divided into eight size fractions for testing the chemical components, SO42- and NH4+ distributed more into fine particles while most of the Ca2+ was concentrated in coarse particles, the size distribution of mineral elements depended on the raw materials applied. Moreover, local database with PM chemical source profiles of iron and steel industry were built and applied in CMAQ modeling for simulating SO42- and NO3- concentration, results showed that the accuracy of model simulation improved with local chemical source profiles compared to the SPECIATE database. The results gained from this study are expected to be helpful to understand the components of PM in iron and steel industry and contribute to the source apportionment researches.

Pathways to a low-carbon iron and steel industry in the medium-term : the case of Germany

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Arens, Marlene; Worrell, Ernst; Eichhammer, Wolfgang; Hasanbeigi, Ali; Zhang, Qi

2017-01-01

The iron and steel industry is a major industrial emitter of carbon dioxide globally and in Germany. If European and German climate targets were set as equal proportional reduction targets (referred to here as “flat” targets) among sectors, the German steel industry would have to reduce its carbon

Analisis Ekosistem TIK Indonesia Untuk Mendorong Perkembangan Industri Local dan Ekonomi Kreatif

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Vidyantina Heppy Anandhita

2016-03-01

Full Text Available Abstrak             Sektor TIK merupakan pendorong utama pertumbuhan ekonomi sehingga kondisi ekosistem TIK menjadi faktor penting dalam pembangunan. Model New ICT Ecosystem dirumuskan Profesor Martin Fransman  membagi ekosistem TIK menjadi 4 layer yaitu elemen jaringan (layer1, jaringan (layer2, platform, konten dan aplikasi (layer3 dan konsumen final (layer 4. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peluang dan tantangan bagi pelaku industri ekosistem TIK Indonesia serta rekomendasi strategi pemerintah untuk mendukung pertumbuhan industri TIK local dan ekonomi kreatif. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, pengumpulan data melalui FGD dan dept interview dengan narasumber pakar TIK, MIKTI, Kementerian Kominfo, Kementerian Perindustrian dan Detiknas. Dari hasil studi, peluang terbesar Indonesia untuk bersaing dalam industri TIK berada dalam layer 3 yaitu industri konten dan aplikasi. Sedangkan melalui analisis SWOT disimpulkan bahwa untuk mendorong pertumbuhan industri local dan ekonomi kreatif diperlukan strategi antara lain kerjasama sektor pemerintah dan swasta untuk membangun inkubasi TIK dan technopark, kebijakan pemerintah memberikan insentif, proteksi maupun promosi kepada industri TIK domestik. Strategi yang dapat dilakukan Pemerintah untuk mengurangi ketergantungan komponen LN dari industri elektronika dan telekomunikasi dengan pelaksanaan rencana aksi peraturan TKDN industri TIK dan fasilitasi akses finansial/pembiayaan bagi industri. Strategi lainnya adalah peningkatan kualitas tenaga kerja TIK dengan fasilitasi sertifikasi kompetensi (SKKNI bidang kominfo.   Abstract The ICT sector is an important driver of economic growth. “New ICT Ecosystem” model was formulated by Professor Martin Fransman divides ICT Ecosystem in  4 layers, networked element (layer1,: networks (layer2, platform, content and application (layer3, and final consumer.  The purpose of  the study  was to understand the opportunities and

Research on the development strategy of Pingdingshan iron and steel industry cluster with Wugang Company as the core

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Wang Shuai

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Arouse the great potential of the industrial clusters will play a significant role in promoting the development of local WuGang company. The article takes the Pingdingshan City as the research object, who is a typical resource-based city and develops on the basis of the local resources of coal and iron ore, the core enterprise WuGang Company is a large state-owned enterprise based on the wide and thick steel plate production. Many problems also exit in the cluster innovation, company network construction, company cooperation. The article is from the perspective of steel industry cluster and cluster innovation. Firstly, the article introduces the correlation theory about the steel industry cluster and the basic development information of Pingdingshan steel industry cluster, and promotes the research purpose and meaning.The article will give the analysis to the problems from the Pingdingshan steel industry cluster and develop the reform proposals and development strategy according to the actual situation.

Factors affecting stress assisted corrosion cracking of carbon steel under industrial boiler conditions

Science.gov (United States)

Yang, Dong

Failure of carbon steel boiler tubes from waterside has been reported in the utility boilers and industrial boilers for a long time. In industrial boilers, most waterside tube cracks are found near heavy attachment welds on the outer surface and are typically blunt, with multiple bulbous features indicating a discontinuous growth. These types of tube failures are typically referred to as stress assisted corrosion (SAC). For recovery boilers in the pulp and paper industry, these failures are particularly important as any water leak inside the furnace can potentially lead to smelt-water explosion. Metal properties, environmental variables, and stress conditions are the major factors influencing SAC crack initation and propagation in carbon steel boiler tubes. Slow strain rate tests (SSRT) were conducted under boiler water conditions to study the effect of temperature, oxygen level, and stress conditions on crack initation and propagation on SA-210 carbon steel samples machined out of boiler tubes. Heat treatments were also performed to develop various grain size and carbon content on carbon steel samples, and SSRTs were conducted on these samples to examine the effect of microstructure features on SAC cracking. Mechanisms of SAC crack initation and propagation were proposed and validated based on interrupted slow strain tests (ISSRT). Water chemistry guidelines are provided to prevent SAC and fracture mechanics model is developed to predict SAC failure on industrial boiler tubes.

Productivity Improvement in a Steel Industry using Supply Chain Management Technique

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Mohammad Reza Soltani

2013-06-01

Full Text Available Cost reduction is one of the methods applied for improving the productivity of organizations. In productivity literature, particularly in nonparametric methods, cost reduction related methods are regarded as input oriented models. This paper presents a Supply Chain Management (SCM model in which purchasing iron ore and coke from different resources, along with production and distribution of steel products were investigated to improve the productivity of a steel making plant in Iran. The model was designed based on a single objective concept with a focus on total cost minimization. The constraints of the model consisted principal restriction concerning mines, coke plant and products. The model was implemented in steel factories (blast furnace affiliated with Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization (IMIDRO.The results showed that the priority for providing iron ore should be given to Iran Central Iron Ore Company (ICIOC which has enough production capacity to satisfy the required ores. The results further suggested that at the best productivity condition, Isfahan steel plant should focus on the beam and bar production. The other plants, i.e. Zagros plant, should focus on L-beam and slab and finally Meibod steel plant should concentrate on slab production. It was also showed that the coke production plants cannot supply the required tonnage of the steel plants. Therefore, some new plants should be established to achieve self-sufficiency in this industry. This model can be used as a support tool for decision-makers at strategic and tactical decision levels.

Developing Customized Programs for Steel and Other Heavy Industries.

Science.gov (United States)

Day, Philip R., Jr.

1984-01-01

Describes Dundalk Community College's (DCC's) customized training programs for local industries. Looks at employment problems and outlook in Baltimore County, the development of a training agreement with Bethlehem Steel, the use of the Developing a Curriculum (DACUM) process to develop skill profiles, and future directions. (DMM)

Practical experience with welding new generation steel PB2 assigned for power industry

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kwiecinski, Krzysztof; Lomozik, Miroslaw [Instytut Spawalnictwa, Gliwice (Poland); Urzynicok, Michal [Boiler Elements Factory ' ZELKOT' , Koszecin (Poland)

2010-07-01

This paper presents a new generation steel PB2 assigned for the power industry. In this article the authors present the results of non-destructive (VT, PT, RT) and destructive (tensile test, bending test, hardness measurements, impact strength, macro- and micrograph, fractography) tests. The major objective of the examinations was to verify properties of welded joints made of PB2 steel. Investigation of welded joints made of PB2 steel was performed in Instytut Spawalnictwa in Gliwice and it brings one of the first positive results for this type of steel in the world. (orig.)

Integrated assessment of exergy, energy and carbon dioxide emissions in an iron and steel industrial network

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wu, Junnian; Wang, Ruiqi; Pu, Guangying; Qi, Hang

2016-01-01

Highlights: • Exergy, energy and CO_2 emissions assessment of iron and steel industrial network. • Effects of industry symbiosis measures on exergy, energy and CO_2 emissions. • Exploring the environmental impact from exergy losses. • The overall performance indexes are proposed for iron and steel industrial network. • Sinter strand and the wet quenching process have the lowest exergy efficiency. - Abstract: Intensive energy consumption and high pollution emissions in the iron and steel industry have caused problems to the energy system, in the economy, and in the environment. Iron and steel industrial network as an example of energy conservation and emissions reduction, require better analysis and assessment. The present study comprehensively assesses an iron and steel industrial network and its environmental performance with respect to exergy, energy and CO_2 emissions. The results show that the sinter strand needs to be greatly improved and the wet quenching process needs to be completely redesigned. The overall exergy efficiency and energy efficiency can be improved by adopting industrial symbiosis (IS) measures. We found that adjusting the energy structure to use renewable energy and recycling solid waste can greatly reduce CO_2 emissions. Moreover, the maximum exergy losses occurred in the blast furnace with the maximum CO_2 emissions. The iron making plant exerted a strong effect on the environment based on the equivalent CO_2 emission potentials. Many performance indicators of the entire industrial network were also examined in this work. It can be seen that integrated evaluation of energy and CO_2 emissions with exergy is necessary to help to mitigate adverse environmental impacts and more effectively fulfill the goals for energy conservation and emissions reduction.

The Comparative Study of the Competitive Power of the Steel Industry of Every Province in China Based on Correspondence Analysis Method

Science.gov (United States)

Zhibo, Ren; Kai, Liu; Wei, Wu

This paper analyzed and compared the competitive power of steel industry of 30 provinces in our country. At first, we extracted the data containing 16 economic indicators to reflect each province's business conditions of steel industry, then used correspondence analysis method to process the data. We can get every province's level located in the domestic steel industry and its corresponding advantage. This conclusion has important reference value for every province to develop its steel industry's policy.

Advances in Energy Conservation of China Steel Industry

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Wenqiang Sun

2013-01-01

Full Text Available The course, technical progresses, and achievements of energy conservation of China steel industry (CSI during 1980–2010 were summarized. Then, the paper adopted e-p method to analyze the variation law and influencing factors of energy consumptions of large- and medium-scale steel plants within different stages. It is pointed out that energy consumption per ton of crude steel has been almost one half lower in these thirty years, with 60% as direct energy conservation owing to the change of process energy consumption and 40% as indirect energy conservation attributed to the adjustment of production structure. Next, the latest research progress of some key common technologies in CSI was introduced. Also, the downtrend of energy consumption per ton of crude steel and the potential energy conservation for CSI during 2011–2025 were forecasted. Finally, it is indicated that the key topic of the next 15 years’ research on the energy conservation of CSI is the synergistic operation of material flow and energy flow. It could be achieved by the comprehensive study on energy flow network optimization, such as production, allocation, utilization, recovery, reuse, and resource, according to the energy quantity, quality, and user demand following the first and second laws of thermodynamics.

Advances in energy conservation of China steel industry.

Science.gov (United States)

Sun, Wenqiang; Cai, Jiuju; Ye, Zhu

2013-01-01

The course, technical progresses, and achievements of energy conservation of China steel industry (CSI) during 1980-2010 were summarized. Then, the paper adopted e-p method to analyze the variation law and influencing factors of energy consumptions of large- and medium-scale steel plants within different stages. It is pointed out that energy consumption per ton of crude steel has been almost one half lower in these thirty years, with 60% as direct energy conservation owing to the change of process energy consumption and 40% as indirect energy conservation attributed to the adjustment of production structure. Next, the latest research progress of some key common technologies in CSI was introduced. Also, the downtrend of energy consumption per ton of crude steel and the potential energy conservation for CSI during 2011-2025 were forecasted. Finally, it is indicated that the key topic of the next 15 years' research on the energy conservation of CSI is the synergistic operation of material flow and energy flow. It could be achieved by the comprehensive study on energy flow network optimization, such as production, allocation, utilization, recovery, reuse, and resource, according to the energy quantity, quality, and user demand following the first and second laws of thermodynamics.

Regional differences in the CO_2 emissions of China's iron and steel industry: Regional heterogeneity

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Xu, Bin; Lin, Boqiang

2016-01-01

Identifying the key influencing factors of CO_2 emissions in China's iron and steel industry is vital for mitigating its emissions and formulating effective environmental protection measures. Most of the existing researches utilized time series data to investigate the driving factors of the industry's CO_2 emission at the national level, but regional differences have not been given appropriate attention. This paper adopts provincial panel data from 2000 to 2013 and panel data models to examine the key driving forces of CO_2 emissions at the regional levels in China. The results show that industrialization dominates the industry's CO_2 emissions, but its effect varies across regions. The impact of energy efficiency on CO_2 emissions in the eastern region is greater than in the central and western regions because of a huge difference in R&D investment. The influence of urbanization has significant regional differences due to the heterogeneity in human capital accumulation and real estate development. Energy structure has large potential to mitigate CO_2 emissions on account of increased R&D investment in energy-saving technology and expanded clean energy use. Hence, in order to effectively achieve emission reduction, local governments should consider all these factors as well as regional heterogeneity in formulating appropriate mitigation policies. - Highlights: • We explore the driving forces of CO_2 emissions in China's steel industry. • Industrialization dominates CO_2 emissions in the iron and steel industry. • Energy structure has large potential to mitigate CO_2 emissions in the steel industry. • The influence of urbanization has significant regional differences.

Energy and environmental profile of the U.S. iron and steel industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Margolis, N.; Sousa, L.

1997-01-01

The iron and steel industry, which accounts for between two and three percent of all energy consumed in this country, is also striving to improve its energy efficiency. The amount of energy required to produce a ton of steel has decreased by more than 40% since 1975. This reduction has been accomplished in part through adoption of more energy-efficient and productive processing steps. However, the capital to invest in new technologies is increasingly limited, especially as the costs of environmental control continue to rise. Other than foreign competition, the biggest challenge facing the industry today is compliance with environmental regulations. The Clean Air Act and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act have had significant impacts on the industry. Since 1970, the industry has invested approximately $6 billion in pollution control systems. The industry spent approximately $230 million in both 1993 and 1994 on capital expenditures for pollution abatement. In a typical year, 15% of the industry's capital investments go to environmental projects. The industry faces even more challenges in the future as new, more stringent regulations are enacted. Topics covered here are: market trends and statistics; energy and materials consumption; and an environmental overview

Moessbauer spectroscopy in Egyptian and Qatari steel industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Eissa, N.A.

1984-07-01

This paper gives an example of applying the Moessbauer Spectroscopy (MS) in steel industry in both Egypt and Qatar. The author carried out the measurements at the Moessbauer laboratories in Al-Azhar University and in Qatar University. Measurements were carried out on the raw materials and the products. It was possible to check the characteristics of the products at each stage and also the efficiency of its production. The mechanism of formation could be followed. The analysis of M spectra of plain carbon steel provides information on the different phases, reveals the effect of quenching, shows the effect of the interstitial carbon atoms and their movement during tempering. Order disorder transformation, solid solubility limits and texture of materials are mentioned. (author)

INDUSTRI KREATIF INDONESIA: PENDEKATAN ANALISIS KINERJA INDUSTRI

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Ahmad Kamil

2015-10-01

Full Text Available In 2008, the Department of Commerce of the Republic of Indonesia has launched a creative economic development documents interpreted the 2025 Indonesia became the starting point and guide the development of the creative economy in Indonesia. With the existence of this document, the industry and its stakeholders or other stakeholders can readily develop the creative economy in Indonesia. Economic development in the direction of the creative industries is one manifestation of optimism aspiration to support the Master Plan for the Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia's Economic Development in realizing the vision of Indonesia are being developed nation. The main objective of this study is the first to analyze the role of the creative industries in Indonesia for labor, value added and productivity, secondly, to analyze the performance trend of the creative industries sector, and third, to analyze the factors affecting the performance of the creative industries sector in Indonesia. Under Indonesia Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC and codes 151-372 (manufacturing industries category identified 18 industry groups belonging to the creative industries, showed that the performance of the national creative industries has been relatively high (in terms of trend analysis of the performance of the industrial creative. Furthermore, regression analysis of panel data (econometrics indicates that company size (SIZE, wages for workers (WAGE and the content of local inputs (LOCAL has a significant impact on the performance of Indonesia's creative industry. Meanwhile, the concentration ratio (CR4 no consequences but have koresi significantly positive effect on the performance of Indonesia’s creative industry.

The control network of air quality in the Lorraine steel industry country: an example of a specific steel industry network

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Poncin, G.

1991-01-01

This specific (for steel industry region) network for the air quality control mainly measures the concentrations in sulfur dioxide, airborne dust and fall out particles. The recent automation of this network implied a preliminary optimization study which consisted of a statistical analysis of the numerous data collected by many hand operated sensors. The implementation and working conditions of the new equipment have required the use of air-conditioned monoblock metallic cabins

International comparisons of energy efficiency in power, steel, and cement industries

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Oda, Junichiro; Akimoto, Keigo; Tomoda, Toshimasa; Nagashima, Miyuki; Wada, Kenichi; Sano, Fuminori

2012-01-01

Industrial energy efficiency is of paramount importance both for conserving energy resources and reducing CO 2 emissions. In this paper, we compare specific energy consumption among countries in fossil power generation, steel, and cement sectors. The evaluations were conducted using common system boundaries, allocation, and calculation methods. In addition, we disaggregate within sectors, such as with blast furnace–basic oxygen furnace (BF–BOF) steel and scrap-based electric arc furnace (Scrap-EAF) steel. The results reveal that characteristics vary by sub-sector. Regional differences in specific energy consumption are relatively large in the power, BF–BOF steel, and cement sectors. For coal power generation and BF–BOF steel production, continual maintenance and rehabilitation are of key importance. We confirm these key factors identified in the previous work on our estimated numerical values. In BF–BOF steel production, corrections for hot metal ratios (pig iron production per unit of BOF crude steel production) and quality of raw materials have a large effect on the apparent specific energy consumption. Available data is not yet sufficient for straightforward evaluation of the steel and cement sectors. - Highlights: ► We compare energy efficiency among countries in power, steel, and cement sectors. ► In steel and cement sectors, the results are provided in terms of specific energy consumption (GJ/ton of product). ► We distinguish BOF steel and EAF steel. ► New installation and continual maintenance are the key for energy efficiency. ► Corrections have a large impact on apparent specific energy consumption.

Analisis Nilai Perusahaan pada Implementasi Program Kepemilikan Saham pada Karyawan/Manajemen

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Dwitya Aribawa

2016-12-01

  Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis economic value added (EVA sebelum dan sesudah implementasi program kepemilikan saham pada karyawan/ manajemen dengan objek penelitian ini adalah perusahaan publik yang menggunakan kebijakan ESOP/MSOP sebagai sarana benefit/incentive berupa pembagian sebagian saham untuk karyawan/ manajemen. Variabel yang digunakan sebagai indikator nilai perusahaan adalah EVA. Nilai EVA dianggap sebagai indikator yang kompleks dan mempertimbangkan faktor resiko (beta dari perusahaan. Perusahaan yang dianalisis adalah perusahaan yang listing di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Terdapat 17 perusahaan yang layak untuk dilakukan analisis berdasarkan kriteria yang ditentukan peneliti. Pengumpulan dan data dianalisis secara pooling, hal ini melihat dari tidak dibedakannya perusahaan berdasarkan industri (multi industri. Paired sample test digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis pada penelitian dan sebelumnya dilakukan uji normalitas data. Hasil analisis bahwa hasil perbandingan rata-rata EVA sebelum dan sesudah implementasi program kepemilikan saham pada karyawan/manajemen terdapat perbedaan yag signifikan.

Current situation of energy consumption and measures taken for energy saving in the iron and steel industry in China

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Guo, Z.C.; Fu, Z.X.

2010-01-01

A survey of the key issues associated with the development in the Chinese iron and steel industry and current situations of energy consumption are described in this paper. The apparent production of crude steel in China expanded to 418.78 million tonnes in 2006, which was about 34% share of the world steel production. The iron and steel industry in China is still one of the major high energy consumption and high pollution industries, which accounts for the consumption of about 15.2% of the national total energy, and generation of 14% of the national total wastewater and waste gas and 6% of the total solid waste materials. The average energy consumption per unit of steel is about 20% higher than that of other advanced countries due to its low energy utilization efficiency. However, the energy efficiency of the iron and steel industry in China has made significant improvement in the past few years and significant energy savings will be achieved in the future by optimizing end-use energy utilization. Finally, some measures for the industry in terms of the economic policy of China's 11th five-year plan are also presented.

Analisis Hubungan Kluster Industri dengan Penentuan Lokasi Pelabuhan: Studi Kasus Pantai Utara Pulau Jawa

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Maulana Prasetya Simbolon

2012-09-01

Full Text Available Proses distribusi barang merupakan suatu rangkaian proses yang terkait dalam upaya penguasaan areal pasar terluas melalui maksimisasi penjualan dan minimisasi biaya produksi (transportasi. Sebagian contoh nyata di beberapa wilayah, proses distribusi barang tidak didasarkan pada aspek minimisasi biaya transportasi/trucking (teori lokasi tradisional dimana pengiriman barang tidak melalui pelabuhan muat yang dekat dengan lokasi industri. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui keterkaitan hubungan antara industri dengan penentuan lokasi pelabuhan serta faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode komparasi hasil perhitungan model deterministik (Linear Programming dan Gravitasi dengan Pembatas Tunggal dengan data yang ada, serta analisis korelasi (model uji kebebasan dan Crammer’s-Coefficient of Association dalam mengukur keeratan hubungan faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh dalam penentuan lokasi pelabuhan. Hasil perhitungan menunjukkan adanya hubungan/ korespondensi antara lokasi pelabuhan dengan lokasi industri dimana lokasi kluster industri terlebih dahulu ada dan diikuti lokasi pelabuhan. Faktor utama yang berpengaruh dalam penentuan lokasi pelabuhan adalah jumlah kunjungan kapal. Prosentase hasil komparasi (selisih hasil perhitungan model gravitasi dengan data yang ada untuk variabel jumlah kunjungan kapal (2,2%; daya tampung gudang/CY (2,3%; biaya transportasi/trucking (12,7%. Nilai koefisien korelasi variabel jumlah kunjungan kapal = 0,866 (keeratan hubungan: kuat/tinggi, daya tampung gudang/CY = 0,878 (kuat/tinggi, biaya transportasi (inland = 0,699 (sedang/cukup. Persebaran muatan (ekspor dari: Jawa Timur ke pelabuhan Tanjung Perak (97%, Tanjung Emas (1%, Tanjung Priok (2%; Jawa Tengah & D.I.Yogyakarta ke pelabuhan Tanjung Emas (72%, Tanjung Perak (15%, Tanjung Priok (13%; Jawa Barat ke pelabuhan Tanjung Priok (97,2%, Tanjung Emas (1,5%, Tanjung Perak (1,3%; DKI Jakarta & Banten ke pelabuhan Tanjung Priok (99

ANALISIS MANFAAT DAN BIAYA SOSIAL LIMBAH INDUSTRI TAHU DAN LIMBAH PETERNAKAN DI DAERAH PEDESAAN (Benefit and Social Cost Analysis of Tofu Industry and Livestock Waste Product in Rural Area

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Tri Anggraeni Kusumastuti

2005-03-01

Full Text Available ABSTRAK Desa Sumber Mulyo, Kabupaten Gunung Kidul dikenal sebagai pusat industri tahu, dan berpotensi sebagai penyedia pakan ternak yang berasal dari limbah industri tahu. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui biaya dan manfaat sosial pemanfaatan limbah terhadap total pendapatan rumah tangga. Data primer diperoleh dari produsen tahu dan non-produsen tahu, masing-masing 18 dan 22 responden dari produsen non-tahu. Analisis input-output digunakan untuk analisis penghasilan total rumah tangga. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kontribusi penggunaan limbah tahu dan pupuk terhadap penghasilan rumah tangga adalah kecil. Penghitungan depresiasi dengan pengukuran kualitas air menunjukkan penghasilan produsen tahu turun dari Rp.56.241.540,-/tahun menjadi 48.750.320,-/tahun. Hal tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa peternak sapi dan produsen tahu masih berada dalam usaha tradisional. Dampak negatif dari faktor eksternal dari usaha mereka tidak diperhitungkan.   ABSTRACT Sumber Mulyo Village, Gunung Kidul district is wellknown as the center of tofu industry and potential for feedlot raising. This is supported by the use of tofu waste as feedlot feed. The objective of the research was to find out the amount of social cost and benefit of the waste use towards total household income. Primary data were collected from 18 respondents of tofu producers and 22 respondents of non tofu producers. Input-Output analysis was used for total household income analysis. The results of the study showed that the contribution of the use of tofu waste and the manure of feedlot towards total household income were small. The counting of cost depreciation by water quality measurements causes the income of tofu producers decreases from 56.241.540 rupiah per year to 48.750.320 rupiah per year. This indicated that cattle farmers and tofu producers still on the traditional effort. The impact of negative externality from theur effort was not counted.

Industrial application of liquid steel filtration out of dispersed nonmetallic phase in the continuous casting machine

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K. Janiszewski

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Hitherto existing investigations concerning the ceramic filter use in the steel making processes (both of laboratory and industrial scale have given good results. The obtained results of filtration (in the laboratory have proved that this method may be used as an effective and cheap way of steel filtration from non-metallic inclusions. Placing filters in the tundish is the best location in consideration of limiting the possibility of secondary pollution of steel. Yet, the results presented in this paper, of an experiment prepared and carried out in the industrial environment, are the only positive results obtained, which are connected with so much quantities of liquid steel processed with use of the multi-hole ceramic filters.

ANALISIS PRODUKSI INDUSTRI RUMAH TANGGA PENGHASIL PAHAT BATU DI KECAMATAN MUNTILAN KABUPATEN MAGELANG

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Agastya Dwi Sukmarani

2014-10-01

Full Text Available Abstrak ___________________________________________________________________ Produksi industri produsen domestik Scraft batu ukiran di Subdistristrict Muntilan Kabupaten Magelang, adalah aresult industri dalam negeri yang dapat ditemukan di sepanjang jalan Magelang-Jogja. Bahan yang melimpah tetapi sulit untuk memasarkan produksi mereka karena sistem ijon ijon yang menyebabkan industri dalam negeri untuk berkembang. Produksi industri dalam negeri dari batu carvingcan menjadi faktor affectedmany. Inthis studyusing variabel modal kerja, dan tenaga kerja. The purpuse penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan mengetahui pengaruh modal kerja, lama usaha dan tenaga kerja di industri dalam negeri dalam batu Districtof ukiran Kabupaten Muntilan Magelang. Metode yang digunakan dalam mengumpulkan data sekunder dan data primer dengan metode purposive sampling yang menggunakan sampel 79 responden. Analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi linier berganda dengan output (Y sebagai variabel dependen dan tiga variabel independen, modal kerja (X1, dan tenaga kerja (X2. Hasil uji penyimpangan asumsi klasik menunjukkan data yang tidak normaliy didistribusikan dan tidak diperoleh penyimpangan. Berdasarkan theresults penelitian menunjukkan bahwa modal dan significane efek kerja yang positif, tenaga kerja dan efek positif yang signifikan. Variabel modal kerja dan buruh di industri rumah tangga di kawasan Muntilan harus dapat excersise pengaruh signifikan dalam rangka menjaga stabilitas produk mereka dan produk yang dihasilkan meningkat konsumen populer. Abstract ___________________________________________________________________ Industrial production of domestic producers scraft of stone carving in Subdistristrict Muntilan Magelang District, is aresult of domestic industry which can be found along the way Magelang-Jogja. Materials are abundant but difficult to market their production due to the bonded labor ijon system that causes the domestic industry to thrive. Domestic

Identification, classification and management of industrial waste in Kavir steel complex according to the Bazel convention and RCRA

OpenAIRE

Mohammad Hasan Ehrampoush; Mohsen Hesami Arani; Mohammad Taghi Ghaneian; Asghar Ebrahimi; Masoud Shafiee

2016-01-01

Introduction: Requiring industries for implementing industrial waste management programs and planning for proper waste disposal is essential in order to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, industrial waste management program was done in Kavir Steel Complex, in Aran va Bidgol region to identify and classify industrial waste and also to present solutions for improving waste management. In this complex, production process is hot rolling steel and the product is rebar. Material and Me...

In-service inspection of fertilizer and steel and ship building industries

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sanaullah, Md.

1998-01-01

There is a good number of fertilizer factories, and steel and ship building industries in Bangladesh. Different NDT methods are being used for in-service inspection of these industries to ensure product reliability, to prevent accident and save human life, to maintain a uniform quality level, to lower manufacturing cost and to minimize the wastage of time and materials and for other benefits. (author)

Analysis of low-carbon industrial symbiosis technology for carbon mitigation in a Chinese iron/steel industrial park: A case study with carbon flow analysis

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhang, Hui; Dong, Liang; Li, Huiquan; Fujita, Tsuyoshi; Ohnishi, Satoshi; Tang, Qing

2013-01-01

CO 2 mitigation strategies in industrial parks are a significant component of the Chinese climate change mitigation policy, and industrial symbiosis can provide specific CO 2 mitigation opportunity. Technology is important to support symbiosis, but few studies in China have focused on this topic at the industrial park level. This research presented a case study in a national iron and steel industrial park in China. Focus was given onto carbon mitigation through industrial symbiosis technology using substance flow analysis (SFA). Three typical iron and steel industry technologies, including coke dry quenching (CDQ), combined cycle power plant (CCPP), and CO 2 capture by slag carbonization (CCSC) were evaluated with SFA. Technology assessment was further conducted in terms of carbon mitigation potential and unit reduction cost. Compared with the Business as usual (BAU) scenario, application with CDQ, CCPP, and CCSC reduced the net carbon emissions by 56.18, 134.43, and 222.89 kg CO 2 per ton crude steel inside the industrial parks, respectively, including both direct and indirect emissions. Economic assessment revealed that the unit costs for the three technologies were also high, thereby necessitating national financial support. Finally, relevant policy suggestions and future concerns were proposed and discussed. - Highlights: • A typical carbon mitigation case study on China iron/steel industrial park. • Using carbon SFA to investigate mitigation effects of industrial symbiosis technology. • CCPP greatly reduced the indirect carbon emission embodied in power purchase. • CCSC reduced the carbon emission by distributing fixed carbon into by-product. • Specific low carbon-tech promotion policies fit to China was discussed and proposed

EMPLOYEE PERCEPTIONS OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY STANDARDS IN THE STEEL INDUSTRY

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

J. Mojapelo

2016-07-01

Full Text Available The inability to follow occupational health and safety standards typically resultsin accidents that place severe financial burdens on both employees as well asorganisations. The aim of this studyis to explore the perceptionsof employees inthe steel industry towards occupational health and safety standards in the steelindustry in South Africa. A survey was conducted in which a structuredquestionnaire was distributed to a purposive sample of 165 employees employedby a largesteel processing company in Gauteng Province. The collected data wereanalysed using SPSS (Version 22.0. A combination of descriptive statistics andanalysis of mean scores was applied to meet the aim of the study. The resultsreveal that employees in the steel industry perceived that occupational health andsafety standards were satisfactory in all seven occupational health and safetydimensions considered in this study. These are (1 information and training, (2health and safety awareness, (3 employee behaviour (4 role of the supervisor, (5health and safety reporting mechanisms, (6 workplace inspection, and (7workplace environment. Among these dimensions, safety awareness emerged asthe most important dimension to employees. The results may be utilised bymanagers in the steel industry to identify and direct their attention to the keyoccupational health and safety factors in their different contexts.

Energy Intensity Development of the German Iron and Steel Industry between 1991 and 2007

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Arens, M.; Worrell, E.; Schleich, J.

The iron and steel sector is the largest industrial CO2 emitter and energy consumer in the world. Energy efficiency is key to reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions. To understand future developments of energy use in the steel sector, it is worthwhile to analyze energy efficiency developments

Assessment of the Incentives, Disincentives, and Alternatives for Steel Industry CO2 Reduction

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Paul T. Leuchte; DR. John Stubbles; Professor Fruehan

2002-04-16

This report presents the results of the third element of a trilogy of studies sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Industrial Technologies on the consumption of energy and the emissions of carbon dioxide in the U.S. steel industry

Air Pollutant Emissions Projections for the Cement and Steel Industry in China and the Impact of Emissions Control Technologies

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hasanbeigi, Ali [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Khanna, Nina [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Price, Lynn [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

2017-03-01

China’s cement and steel industry accounts for approximately half of the world’s total cement and steel production. These two industries are two of the most energy-intensive and highest carbon dioxide (CO₂)-emitting industries and two of the key industrial contributors to air pollution in China. For example, the cement industry is the largest source of particulate matter (PM) emissions in China, accounting for 40 percent of its industrial PM emissions and 27 percent of its total national PM emissions. The Chinese steel industry contributed to approximately 20 percent of sulfur dioxide (SO_{2) emissions and 27 percent of PM emissions for all key manufacturing industries in China in 2013. In this study, we analyzed and projected the total PM and SO2 emissions from the Chinese cement and steel industry from 2010–2050 under three different scenarios: a Base Case scenario, an Advanced scenario, and an Advanced EOP (end-of-pipe) scenario. We used bottom-up emissions control technologies data and assumptions to project the emissions. In addition, we conducted an economic analysis to estimate the cost for PM emissions reductions in the Chinese cement industry using EOP control technologies, energy efficiency measures, and product change measures. The results of the emissions projection showed that there is not a substantial difference in PM emissions between the Base Case and Advanced scenarios, for both the cement and steel industries. This is mainly because PM emissions in the cement industry caused mainly by production process and not the fuel use. Since our forecast for the cement production in the Base Case and Advanced scenarios are not too different from each other, this results in only a slight difference in PM emissions forecast for these two scenarios. Also, we assumed a similar share and penetration rate of control technologies from 2010 up to 2050 for these two scenarios for the cement and steel industry. However, the Advanced EOP}

The processing of boron-containing stainless steels for the nuclear industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Harrison, A.H.; King, K.J.; Wilkinson, J.

1991-01-01

Stainless steels containing boron additions of up to 2 wt% are used in the nuclear power and fuel reprocessing industries during storage and transportation of spent nuclear fuel elements. The metallurgical characteristics of these steels are described, with particular reference to the manufacture, chemical homogeneity, mechanical properties and weldability of plate products. Results are presented of tests performed on welded fabrications to demonstrate their resistance to impact loading. A neutron absorption meter for simple and rapid measurement of product boron content is described. (author)

ANALISIS FINANSIAL DAN KELEMBAGAAN RANTAI NILAI MEBEL MAHONI JEPARA

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Nunung Parlinah

2011-12-01

Full Text Available Industri mebel umumnya termasuk dalam industri kecil dan menengah. Selain berperan dalam penerimaan devisa, bisnis di bidang mebel ini juga menciptakan lapangan kerja bagi masyarakat terutama di Kabupaten Jepara. Adanya hubungan (pemberi kepercayaan - (penerima kepercayaan yang terjadi antar aktor atau pelaku di dalam rantai berpengaruh terhadap besarnya distribusi nilai tambah yang diperoleh oleh masingmasing pelaku di sepanjang rantai nilai Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi kelembagaan (aturan yang terjadi antar pelaku di sepanjang rantai nilai mebel mahoni Jepara dan menentukan skenario kebijakan yang dapat mendukung bagi kelestarian industri mebel Jepara. Data yang digunakan meliputi data primer dan data sekunder. Analisis data meliputi identifikasi aktor dan kelembagaan (aturan yang terjadi antar pelaku serta analisis manfaat biaya yang terdiri dari NVP, BCR dan IRR. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1 para pengrajin ( memproduksi mebelnya lebih didasarkan pada pesanan pembeli ( . agent principal Asymetic information yang terjadi antara pedagang kayu dan petani juga telah mengakibatkan posisi petani sebagai (2 Nilai NPV, BCRdan IRR untuk tiap pelaku berbeda-beda tetapi nilai-nilai tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa pola kemitraan yang terjadi antar pelaku dalam rantai nilai mebel mahoni saat ini sudah efektif. Skenario kebijakan yang dapat diterapkan adalah kebijakan yang bersifat insentif bagi petani hutan rakyat, peningkatan kemampuan pengrajin di bidang pemasaran; dan membangun aksi kolektif diantara pengrajin. price taker;

Analisis Sektor/Sub Sektor Unggulan di Kabupaten Bungo

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Gafur Gafur

2016-03-01

Full Text Available Abstract. This study aimed to analyze the leading sectors in Bungo. The method used is Location Quotient (LQ, Dynamic Location Quotient (DLQ, specialization index, Growth Ratio Model (MRP. Based on analysis of LQ and DLQ, there are only two basis sectors at present and in the future, namely the construction sector and trade, hotels and restaurants. Based on the analysis of Specialization Index, in Bungo Regency has a concentration of the economy in the agricultural sector and the manufacturing sector. Based on MRP analysis also showed that prominent sector growth at the level of Bungo and Jambi Province, namely electricity, gas and water supply; the building sector; and trade, hotels and restaurants. Keywords : Location Quotient (LQ, Dinamic Location Quotient (DLQ, Specialization Index, Growth Ratio Model   Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis sektor unggulan di Kabupaten Bungo. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis Location Quotient (LQ, Dinamic Location Quotient (DLQ, indeks spesialisasi, Model Rasio Pertumbuhan (MRP. Berdasarkan analisis LQ dan DLQ,  hanya ada 2 sektor yang menjadi sektor basis pada saat ini dan pada masa yang akan datang yaitu sektor bangunan dan sektor perdagangan, hotel dan restoran. Berdasarkan analisis Indeks Spesialisasi, di Kabupaten Bungo telah terjadi konsentrasi ekonomi pada sektor pertanian dan sektor industri pengolahan. Berdasarkan analisis MRP juga dapat diketahui bahwa sektor yang menonjol pertumbuhannya pada tingkat Kabupaten Bungo dan Provinsi Jambi yaitu sektor listrik, gas dan air bersih; sektor bangunan; serta sektor perdagangan, hotel dan restoran. Kata Kunci : Location Quotient (LQ, Dinamic Location Quotient (DLQ, indeks spesialisasi, Model Rasio Pertumbuhan

The use of nuclear heat in the steel industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Coche, L.

1976-01-01

It is possible, but not easy, to use nuclear energy for steelmaking: low temperature level, and difficulty to get a continuous energy supply, are the main limiting factors. Practically, the nuclear reactor and the steel making units will not be coupled. Among the various possible systems, the most practical one for the near future consists in using nuclear heat to produce hydrogen (using natural gas or oil products as a feedstock) and electric power. Hydrogen is used to reduce iron ore in units such as Midrex, Hyl, Armco or Purofer. Steel is produced from this reduced material in electric arc furnaces. Industrial development will be slow, since economical conditions are presently pretty far from making such a process economically competitive [fr

Pengembangan Strategi PT ABC Niaga di Industri Distribusi Gas

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Auguar Auguar

2017-09-01

Full Text Available This study aims to analyze the development strategy of PT ABC Niaga in gas distribution industry. This study uses IFE and EFE Matrix, analysis SWOT matrix and QSPM. Prior to the analysis of the development of the strategy, first performed project feasibility analysis in the development plans of the city gas network from the aspects of company expenditure using capital budgeting. Then analyzed factors internal and external affecting business performance, SWOT analysis and formulated alternatives for the development of business strategies and their order of priority using QSPM. Analysis of internal and external factors each have a score of 2,541 and 3,261. QSPM matrix analysis shows that the strategy of "aggressive market penetration by expanding city gas area into potential region with high commercial activities" has the highest TAS value 10.943.Keywords: gas distribution industry, IFE, EFE, SWOT, QSPMAbstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengembangan strategi PT ABC Niaga di industri distribusi gas. Penelitian ini menggunakan Matriks IFE dan EFE, analisis SWOT, dan QSPM. Sebelum dilakukan analisis pengembangan strategi, terlebih dahulu dilakukan analisis kelayakan proyek dalam rencana pengembangan jaringan gas kota dari aspek pembelanjaan perusahaan dengan menggunakan metode capital budgeting. Selanjutnya dianalisis faktor-faktor internal dan eksternal yang memengaruhi kinerja bisnis dengan analisis SWOT dan dirumuskan alternatif-alternatif strategi untuk pengembangan bisnis beserta urutan prioritasnya dengan menggunakan metode QSPM. Analisis faktor internal dan eksternal masing-masing memiliki skor 2,541 dan 3,261. Analisis matriks QSPM menunjukkan bahwa strategi "penetrasi pasar secara agresif dengan memperluas area gas kota di wilayah yang potensial dengan aktivitas komersial yang tinggi" memiliki nilai TAS tertinggi 10.943.Kata kunci: industri distribusi gas, IFE, EFE, SWOT, QSPM

ICARUS-4 : sector study for the iron and steel industry

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Michels, K.

2000-01-01

In this report we describe the energy consumption in 1995 and the energy saving options that exist within the iron and steel manufacturing industry (SBI/NACE 27.1-3) in the Netherlands. The data will be included in the ICARUS-4 database which gives an inventory of the technological options for

Low-carbon transition of iron and steel industry in China: carbon intensity, economic growth and policy intervention.

Science.gov (United States)

Yu, Bing; Li, Xiao; Qiao, Yuanbo; Shi, Lei

2015-02-01

As the biggest iron and steel producer in the world and one of the highest CO2 emission sectors, China's iron and steel industry is undergoing a low-carbon transition accompanied by remarkable technological progress and investment adjustment, in response to the macroeconomic climate and policy intervention. Many drivers of the CO2 emissions of the iron and steel industry have been explored, but the relationships between CO2 abatement, investment and technological expenditure, and their connections with the economic growth and governmental policies in China, have not been conjointly and empirically examined. We proposed a concise conceptual model and an econometric model to investigate this crucial question. The results of regression, Granger causality test and impulse response analysis indicated that technological expenditure can significantly reduce CO2 emissions, and that investment expansion showed a negative impact on CO2 emission reduction. It was also argued with empirical evidence that a good economic situation favored CO2 abatement in China's iron and steel industry, while achieving CO2 emission reduction in this industrial sector did not necessarily threaten economic growth. This shed light on the dispute over balancing emission cutting and economic growth. Regarding the policy aspects, the year 2000 was found to be an important turning point for policy evolution and the development of the iron and steel industry in China. The subsequent command and control policies had a significant, positive effect on CO2 abatement. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Determinants of the quality of sintered steel for the automotive industry

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Barbara Lisiecka

2016-03-01

Full Text Available The increasing demand on components obtained using powder metallurgy is driven by economic changes that have turned product quality into the most basic criterion which affects the interest in a component and its successful use. The improvement in quality should be expected in the beginning of the planning of the technological process and selection of adequate raw materials. High requirements concerning product quality management and production improvement stimulates the development of the current automotive industry where sintered steels represent the highest percentage of products. The multiphase sinters investigated in the study were prepared from two types of water–atomized steel powders: 316L and 409L. Optical microscopy, X–ray phase analysis and examinations of microhardness were performed in order to determine the microstructure and basic properties of sintered steels. The main assumption for this study was to analyse the microstructure and mechanical properties of sintered steels used for manufacturing of various car parts.

Laser-induced breakdown spectrometry — applications for production control and quality assurance in the steel industry

Science.gov (United States)

Noll, Reinhard; Bette, Holger; Brysch, Adriane; Kraushaar, Marc; Mönch, Ingo; Peter, Laszlo; Sturm, Volker

2001-06-01

Recent progress in sensitivity and signal processing opened a broad field of application for laser-induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS) in the steel making and processing industry. Analyzed substances range from top gas of the blast furnace, via liquid steel up to finished products. This paper gives an overview of R&D activities and first routine industrial applications of LIBS. The continuous knowledge of the topgas composition yields information about the blast furnace process. An online monitoring method using LIBS is currently under investigation to measure alkali metals, which influence energy and mass flow in the furnace. Direct analysis of liquid steel reduces processing times in secondary metallurgy. By using sensitivity-enhanced LIBS, limits of detection of approximately 10 μg/g and below were achieved for light and heavy elements in liquid steel. The process control in steel production relies on the results from the chemical analysis of the slag. A prototype of an analytical system was developed using LIBS to analyze slag samples two times faster than with conventional methods. The cleanness of steel is a key issue in the manufacturing of spring steel, thin foils and wires. Microscopic inclusions have to be determined quickly. A scanning microanalysis system based on LIBS was developed with measuring frequencies up to 1 kHz and a spatial resolution of grade of pipe fittings, an inspection machine using LIBS was developed and introduced into routine industrial use to detect material mix-ups. More than 500 000 pipe fittings were inspected during the last 20 months.

An Industrial Perspective on Environmentally Assisted Cracking of Some Commercially Used Carbon Steels and Corrosion-Resistant Alloys

Science.gov (United States)

Ashida, Yugo; Daigo, Yuzo; Sugahara, Katsuo

2017-08-01

Commercial metals and alloys like carbon steels, stainless steels, and nickel-based super alloys frequently encounter the problem of environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) and resulting failure in engineering components. This article aims to provide a perspective on three critical industrial applications having EAC issues: (1) corrosion and cracking of carbon steels in automotive applications, (2) EAC of iron- and nickel-based alloys in salt production and processing, and (3) EAC of iron- and nickel-based alloys in supercritical water. The review focuses on current industrial-level understanding with respect to corrosion fatigue, hydrogen-assisted cracking, or stress corrosion cracking, as well as the dominant factors affecting crack initiation and propagation. Furthermore, some ongoing industrial studies and directions of future research are also discussed.

Evaluating Pillar Industry's Transformation Capability: A Case Study of Two Chinese Steel-Based Cities.

Science.gov (United States)

Li, Zhidong; Marinova, Dora; Guo, Xiumei; Gao, Yuan

2015-01-01

Many steel-based cities in China were established between the 1950s and 1960s. After more than half a century of development and boom, these cities are starting to decline and industrial transformation is urgently needed. This paper focuses on evaluating the transformation capability of resource-based cities building an evaluation model. Using Text Mining and the Document Explorer technique as a way of extracting text features, the 200 most frequently used words are derived from 100 publications related to steel- and other resource-based cities. The Expert Evaluation Method (EEM) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) techniques are then applied to select 53 indicators, determine their weights and establish an index system for evaluating the transformation capability of the pillar industry of China's steel-based cities. Using real data and expert reviews, the improved Fuzzy Relation Matrix (FRM) method is applied to two case studies in China, namely Panzhihua and Daye, and the evaluation model is developed using Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (FCE). The cities' abilities to carry out industrial transformation are evaluated with concerns expressed for the case of Daye. The findings have policy implications for the potential and required industrial transformation in the two selected cities and other resource-based towns.

Advisory expert system for energy analysis in industrial boilers; Sistema experto asesor en el analisis energetico de calderas industriales

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kemper Valverde, Nicolas; Lara Rosano, Felipe; Vazquez Nava, Rodolfo [Laboratorio de Inteligencia Artificial, Instituto de Ingenieria UNAM, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

1994-12-31

This paper presents an expert system for the operational analysis of industrial boilers, estimating the potential of heat recovery, in the small and medium size industry. The package is friendly, practical, flexible easy to maintain and expandable to take into consideration the user`s specific requirements and allows the analysis of the energy losses in the combustion, feed water, drains, and insulation, identifying the enhancements and estimating the saving potential, in energy as well as economical. [Espanol] En este trabajo se presenta un sistema experto para analizar la operacion de calderas industriales estimando el potencial de recuperacion de calor, en la pequena y mediana industria. El paquete es amigable, practico, flexible, facil en su mantenimiento y expandible para tomar en consideracion los requerimientos especificos de los usuarios y permite el analisis de las perdidas de energia en la combustion, agua de alimentacion, purgas y aislamientos, identificando las mejoras y estimando ahorros potenciales, tanto energeticos como economicos.

A Bottom-up Energy Efficiency Improvement Roadmap for China’s Iron and Steel Industry up to 2050

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zhang, Qi [Northeastern Univ., Shenyang (China); Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Hasanbeigi, Ali [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Price, Lynn [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Lu, Hongyou [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Arens, Marlene [Fraunhofer Inst. for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI), Karlsruhe (Germany)

2016-09-01

Iron and steel manufacturing is energy intensive in China and in the world. China is the world largest steel producer accounting for around half of the world steel production. In this study, we use a bottom-up energy consumption model to analyze four steel-production and energy-efficiency scenarios and evaluate the potential for energy savings from energy-efficient technologies in China’s iron and steel industry between 2010 and 2050. The results show that China’s steel production will rise and peak in the year 2020 at 860 million tons (Mt) per year for the base-case scenario and 680 Mt for the advanced energy-efficiency scenario. From 2020 on, production will gradually decrease to about 510 Mt and 400 Mt in 2050, for the base-case and advanced scenarios, respectively. Energy intensity will decrease from 21.2 gigajoules per ton (G/t) in 2010 to 12.2 GJ/t and 9.9 GJ/t in 2050 for the base-case and advanced scenarios, respectively. In the near term, decreases in iron and steel industry energy intensity will come from adoption of energy-efficient technologies. In the long term, a shift in the production structure of China’s iron and steel industry, reducing the share of blast furnace/basic oxygen furnace production and increasing the share of electric-arc furnace production while reducing the use of pig iron as a feedstock to electric-arc furnaces will continue to reduce the sector’s energy consumption. We discuss barriers to achieving these energy-efficiency gains and make policy recommendations to support improved energy efficiency and a shift in the nature of iron and steel production in China.

Assessment of the Incentives, Disincentives, and Alternatives for Steel Industry CO2 Reduction; FINAL

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Paul T. Leuchte; DR. John Stubbles; Professor Fruehan

2002-01-01

This report presents the results of the third element of a trilogy of studies sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Industrial Technologies on the consumption of energy and the emissions of carbon dioxide in the U.S. steel industry

Problems with radioactivity scrap in the iron and steel industry of the Czech and Slovak Republics

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Raab, J.; Toman, V.

1999-01-01

During the recent restructuring process, the Czech steel industry has undergone a drastic reduction in the steel production by around 40%. Under such situation, previously exported volumes have been diverted into domestic markets. For the export, the Czech steel industry had to make its efforts in enhancing the quality of products and in improving the technologies in accordance with ISO standards (ISO 9000 and also ISO 14000). Among the various new quality demands in the export market, the radioactive contamination of steel products has received a very high attention. The Czech Iron and Steel Federation has organized a working team specialized in solving the problems arising from radioactive contaminated metallurgical scrap and steel products. The working team is made up of specialists from steel producers and scrap handling firms of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic, of experts from the State Office for Nuclear Safety, the Ministry of Industry and Trade and the Metrological Institute. Members of the Inspectorate for Ionizing Radiation and the General Directory for Customs are also included. This working team takes part in the elaboration of the legislative norms in that area. This paper deals with all the detailed functions of the working team. At present, all the major Czech steel producers have installed stationary radiation monitoring systems for detecting the possible radioactivity in all materials entering into factories. Under an agreement arranged between the producers of the Czech Iron and Steel Federation, the tolerable range of radionuclide contents in steel scrap and steel products has been set at the maximum of 100 Bq/kg in ( scrap and steel products. In this respect, the large firms collecting and treating scrap have also installed stationary radiation monitoring systems. In such monitoring systems, the detector will measure and check the values of radioactivity above 10 - 15% higher than the natural background level. In the case that

CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE OF COAL AND STEEL INDUSTRIES UNDER THE ECSC (1952-1967: WAS WEST GERMANY KEPT “SMALL”?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Eline Poelmans

2012-01-01

Full Text Available In 1951, six European countries founded the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC, which they hoped would be a first step towards more European integration and which they hoped would provide a common legal framework for their coal and steel industries. The main aim of the ECSC was to make sure that the German coal and steel industries would never again reach their prewar capacities, which according to many had played a part in the coming of World War II. Another important aim was to forestall any attempt of the USSR to conquer West Germany. This article constitutes a case study of the regional concentration of the coal and steel industries in the six ECSC countries, and it investigates whether the importance of certain coal and steel producing regions within the ECSC changed between 1952 and 1967. Furthermore, an analysis is conducted of how the concentration ratios of the ECSC's industries differed among the six countries, whether these differences changed over time, how this influenced the size and number of coal and steel firms and whether the ECSC succeeded in its initial aim of keeping West Germany small.

Cooperative conflict and contested space: a case study of risk and safety in the steel industry.

OpenAIRE

2008-01-01

This dissertation is a journey into the world of risk and safety in the steel industry. The problem statement that is explored in this study relates to the nature of the relationship between safety performance and stakeholders in the steel industry, the nature of the relationships between different stakeholders and the way in which these relationships impact on risk management strategies. The author contends that safety is not a normative or procedural system within the workplace, but rather ...

Energy use in the U.S. steel industry: a historical perspective and future opportunities

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Stubbles, John

2000-09-01

The U.S. steel industry has taken enormous strides over the past decades to reduce its energy consumption; since the end of World War II, the industry has reduced its energy intensity (energy use per shipped ton) by 60 percent. Between 1990 and 1998 alone, intensity has dropped from 20 to 18 million Btu (MBtu) per ton. This figure is projected to decrease to 15 MBtu/ton by 2010 with an asymptotic trend towards 14 MBtu/ton. Domestic shipments are projected to flatten out over the next decade to around 105 million tons which means that total energy consumption will also decrease. Historically, the steel industry has accounted for about 6 percent of U.S. energy consumption. Today, that figure is less than 2 percent and will decrease further to 1.5 percent by 2010. The primary causes for the decrease in energy consumption since WWII are: The use of pellets in the blast furnace and the application of new technology in the ironmaking process to further reduce fuel rates per net ton of hot metal (NTHM); The total replacement of the open hearth process by basic oxygen and electric furnaces; The almost total replacement of ingot casting by continuous casting (which improved yield dramatically and thus reduced the tons of raw steel required per ton of shipments); and The growth of the electric furnace sector of the industry at the expense of hot metal-based processes (which has also stimulated scrap recycling so that about 55 percent of ''new'' steel is now melted from scrap steel). This report focuses on the concept of good practices (i.e., those that are sustainable and can use today's technology). If all the industry could operate on this basis, the additional savings per ton could total 2 MBtu, As further restructuring occurs and the swing from hot metal-based to electric furnace-based production continues, the average consumption will approach the good practice energy per ton. Further savings will accrue through new technology, particularly in

Analisis Statistika dengan SPSS

OpenAIRE

Mustari, Kahar

2012-01-01

Buku ini membahas tentang berbagai model analisis statistika yang dapat digunakan dalam berbagai bidang penelitian. Pembahasan buku ini dilengkapi pula dengan penerapan analisis statistika yang menggunakan program SPSS versi 20 sehingga memudahkan pembaca untuk menerapkannya. Oleh karena itu, buku ini penting dibaca oleh mahasiswa atau peneliti yang melakukan pengolahan data penelitian.

Microbiological corrosion of ASTM SA105 carbon steel pipe for industrial fire water usage

Science.gov (United States)

Chidambaram, S.; Ashok, K.; Karthik, V.; Venkatakrishnan, P. G.

2018-02-01

The large number of metallic systems developed for last few decades against both general uniform corrosion and localized corrosion. Among all microbiological induced corrosion (MIC) is attractive, multidisciplinary and complex in nature. Many chemical processing industries utilizes fresh water for fire service to nullify major/minor fire. One such fire water service line pipe attacked by micro-organisms leads to leakage which is industrially important from safety point of view. Also large numbers of leakage reported in similar fire water service of nearby food processing plant, paper & pulp plant, steel plant, electricity board etc…In present investigation one such industrial fire water service line failure analysis of carbon steel line pipe was analyzed to determine the cause of failure. The water sample subjected to various chemical and bacterial analyses. Turbidity, pH, calcium hardness, free chlorine, oxidation reduction potential, fungi, yeasts, sulphide reducing bacteria (SRB) and total bacteria (TB) were measured on water sample analysis. The corrosion rate was measured on steel samples and corrosion coupon measurements were installed in fire water for validating non flow assisted localized corrosion. The sulphide reducing bacteria (SRB) presents in fire water causes a localized micro biological corrosion attack of line pipe.

Production, energy, and carbon emissions: A data profile of the iron and steel industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Battles, S.J.; Burns, E.M.; Adler, R.K.

1999-01-01

The complexities of the manufacturing sector unquestionably make energy-use analysis more difficult here than in other energy-using sectors. Therefore, this paper examines only one energy-intensive industry within the manufacturing sector--blast furnaces and steel mills (SIC 3312). SIC 3312, referred to as the iron and steel industry in this paper, is profiled with an examination of the products produced, how they are produced, and energy used. Energy trends from 1985 to 1994 are presented for three major areas of analysis. The first major area includes trends in energy consumption and expenditures. The next major area includes a discussion of energy intensity--first as to its definition, and then its measurement. Energy intensities presented include the use of different (1) measures of total energy, (2) energy sources, (3) end-use energy measures, (4) energy expenditures, and (5) demand indicators-economic and physical values are used. The final area of discussion is carbon emissions. Carbon emissions arise both from energy use and from certain industrial processes involved in the making of iron and steel. This paper focuses on energy use, which is the more important of the two. Trends are examined over time

Advanced High Strength Steel in Auto Industry: an Overview

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

N. Baluch

2014-08-01

Full Text Available The world’s most common alloy, steel, is the material of choice when it comes to making products as diverse as oil rigs to cars and planes to skyscrapers, simply because of its functionality, adaptability, machine-ability and strength. Newly developed grades of Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS significantly outperform competing materials for current and future automotive applications. This is a direct result of steel’s performance flexibility, as well as of its many benefits including low cost, weight reduction capability, safety attributes, reduced greenhouse gas emissions and superior recyclability. To improve crash worthiness and fuel economy, the automotive industry is, increasingly, using AHSS. Today, and in the future, automotive manufacturers must reduce the overall weight of their cars. The most cost-efficient way to do this is with AHSS. However, there are several parameters that decide which of the AHSS types to be used; the most important parameters are derived from the geometrical form of the component and the selection of forming and blanking methods. This paper describes the different types of AHSS, highlights their advantages for use in auto metal stampings, and discusses about the new challenges faced by stampers, particularly those serving the automotive industry.

Influence of direct reduced iron on the energy balance of the electric arc furnace in steel industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kirschen, Marcus; Badr, Karim; Pfeifer, Herbert

2011-01-01

A model of the EAF energy efficiency was developed based on a closed mass and energy balance of the EAF melting process. This model was applied to industrial EAFs in steel industry charged with scrap or with mixes of scrap and DRI. Complex mass and energy conversion in the EAF was simplified with the introduction of mass and energy conversion efficiencies for the conversion of oxygen and the energy conversion of electrical energy in the electric arcs, chemical energy from the oxidation reactions in the melt and energy from the combustion of burner gas. It turned out that close agreement with observed process parameters from 16 EAFs is obtained by slight variations of the efficiency values. Especially the sensitivity of the steel temperature from the energy conversion efficiency of the electric arc energy indicates the importance of efficient foaming slag operation in EAF steel making. Characteristics and process parameters of DRI charged EAFs are discussed. Model results for a series of case studies illustrate the correlations between DRI chemical composition, DRI portion, oxygen consumption, etc. with electrical energy demand in order to indentify cost-effective EAF process conditions. -- Highlights: → Energy demand and carbon dioxide emission figures of EAF steelmaking processes based on steel scrap and DRI. → Complete energy balance of the EAF process using various input materials. → Application of the model to industrial EAF in steel industry in 4 case studies and discussion of model results. → Comparison with other models, critical discussion.

High Level Manpower and Technological Change in the Steel Industry: Implications for Corporate Manpower Planning.

Science.gov (United States)

Hiestand, Dale L.

The purpose of this study was to examine the role that high level manpower plays in the establishment of new technologies at the plant and industry level. The steel industry was selected as an appropriate industry to approach these questions due to: its considerable technological changes; its straightforward, easier-to-understand technology; its…

Occupational Heat Stress Impacts on Health and Productivity in a Steel Industry in Southern India.

Science.gov (United States)

Krishnamurthy, Manikandan; Ramalingam, Paramesh; Perumal, Kumaravel; Kamalakannan, Latha Perumal; Chinnadurai, Jeremiah; Shanmugam, Rekha; Srinivasan, Krishnan; Venugopal, Vidhya

2017-03-01

Workers laboring in steel industries in tropical settings with high ambient temperatures are subjected to thermally stressful environments that can create well-known risks of heat-related illnesses and limit workers' productivity. A cross-sectional study undertaken in a steel industry in a city nicknamed "Steel City" in Southern India assessed thermal stress by wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) and level of dehydration from urine color and urine specific gravity. A structured questionnaire captured self-reported heat-related health symptoms of workers. Some 90% WBGT measurements were higher than recommended threshold limit values (27.2-41.7°C) for heavy and moderate workloads and radiational heat from processes were very high in blooming-mill/coke-oven (67.6°C globe temperature). Widespread heat-related health concerns were prevalent among workers, including excessive sweating, fatigue, and tiredness reported by 50% workers. Productivity loss was significantly reported high in workers with direct heat exposures compared to those with indirect heat exposures (χ 2  = 26.1258, degrees of freedom = 1, p  industries enhancing welfare facilities and designing control interventions, further physiological studies with a seasonal approach and interventional studies are needed to strengthen evidence for developing comprehensive policies to protect workers employed in high heat industries.

PENGARUH KEMAMPUAN BERSAING TERHADAP PERFORMANSI INDUSTRI KECIL PADA SENTRA INDUSTRI MEBEL KAYU DI KOTA MALANG

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Maria - Siswidayati

2012-05-01

industri dan pekerja dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling.  Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif yaitu dengan menggunakan analisis diskriptif dan analisis jalur (Path Analysis.  Analisis diskriptif untuk mendiskripsikan data yang diperoleh dari kuesioner sedangkan analisis jalur untuk mengetahui signifikansi dan pengaruh dari variabel bebas terhadap variabel terikat. Variabel bebas merupakan faktor-faktor kemampuan bersaing yang terdiri dari variabel Pengiriman, Nilai, Fleksibilitas, Inovasi, sedangkan variabel terikat adalah performansi industri secara keseluruhan dimana persepektif-perspektif Balanced Scorecard bertindak sebagai variabel antara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa : (1. Ada pengaruh langsung antara faktor-faktor kemampuan bersaing dengan variabel Balanced Scorecard. (2. Tidak ada pengaruh langsung antara faktor-faktor kemampuan bersaing dengan performansi industri kecil mebel, hal ini ditandai dengan nilai signifikansi dari tiap jalur > 0.05, (3. Penelitian ini juga membuktikan bahwa ada pengaruh langsung yang signifikan antara variabel Balanced Scorecard terhadap performansi, dan (4. Variabel-variabel kemampuan bersaing memiliki pengaruh tidak langsung terhadap performansi melalui variabel perspektif Balanced Scorecard dengan nilai determinasi total sebesar 0.9207. Dari hasil analisis jalur didapatkan bahwa variabel nilai merupakan variabel yang dominan pada jalur pengaruh tidak langsung  terhadap performansi industri melalui Variabel Balanced Scorecard . Dan Variabel Balanced Scorecard dapat bertindak sebagai variabel antara untuk mendapatkan performansi yang lebih baik.   Kata kunci:  Kemampuan Bersaing, Perspektif Balanced Scorecard, Performansi.

Tipologi Klaster Industri Pengolahan Jagung di Kecamatan Merakurak Kabupaten Tuban Berdasarkan Karakteristik Pengembangan Ekonomi Lokalnya

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Rusyidi Huda Prasetyo

2014-09-01

Full Text Available Pengembangan wilayah Kabupaten Tuban khususnya Kecamatan Merakurakurak masih berorientasi pada growth oriented semata. Pontensi jagung yang menjadi komoditas basis pada wilayah tersebut masih belum terkelola dengan optimal, karena tidak adanya arahan yang lebih spesifik terkait diversifikasi dan pengolahan jagung lebih lanjut. Oleh karena itu diperlukan perumusan arahan yang tepat guna dalam mengembangkan industri pengolahan jagung di Kecamatan Merakurak Kabupaten Tuban. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi tipologi klaster industri pengolahan jagung di Kecmatan Merakurak Kabupaten Tuban dengan pendekatan Pengembangan Ekonomi Lokal (PEL. Hal ini dikarenakan konsep PEL sejalan dengan fenomena yang terjadi di wilayah penelitian, yaitu trkait berkembanganya wirausahawan lokal (industri penglahan jagung dalam rangka mengembangkan ekonomi lokal yang mandiri. Terdapat tiga tahapan mencapai tujuan penelitian. Pertama, identifikasi faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh dengan menggunakan metode analisis faktor konfirmatori, selanjutnya mengelompokkan klaster industri berdasarkan faktor-faktor dengan analisis klaster ttersebut dan pada tahap terakhir menginterpretasi analisis klaster pada setiap tipologi yang muncul dengan analisis deskriptif. Adapun hasil yang didapatkan dari penelitian ini adalah tipologi klaster industri yaitu industri intijagung yang berada pada Desa Tuwiri Kulon, Tlogowaru, Tobo, Sugihan. Kemudian industri pemasok yang berada pada Desa Kapu, Tuwiri Wetan, Pongpongan, Temandang, Tegalrejo dan Tahulu. Serta, industri pendukung yang berada pada Desa Mandirejo, Bogorejo, Sumberejo, Sendang Haji, Sambonggede, Sumber, Boreh Bangle, Senori dan Sembungrejo.

PENERAPAN ANALISIS SWOC DALAM RENCANA STRATEGIS PENDIDIKAN

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Hardianto -

2018-01-01

Full Text Available Analisis SWOC merupakan salah satu langkah yang bisa diambil dalam membuat sebuah rencana strategis pendidikan. Analisis ini dilakukan untuk melihat secara mendalam situasi internal dan eksternal organisasi. Situasi internal yang dilihat adalah kekuatan (Strenghts dan kelemahan (Weaknesses organisasi pendidikan. Situasi eksternal berupa peluang (Opportinities dan tantangan (Challenges. Untuk membuat sebuah rencana strategis yang baik dapat dilakukan dengan menganalisis setiap kekuatan, kelemahan, peluang dan tantangan. Teknik kartu salju (snow card bisa digunakan dalam melakukan analisis SWOC. Hasil analisis tersebut nantinya akan melahirkan kombinasi strategi kekuatan-peluang, kekuatan-tantangan, kelemahan-peluang dan kelemahan-tantangan.

Possibilities for the Reuse of Steel from Decommissioning. Selected Scenarios in the Process of Proposal and Evaluation of Manufacturing Processes for Conditional Released Steel and their Application in General and Nuclear Industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bezak, P.; Daniska, V.; Ondra, F.; Necas, V.

2012-01-01

Conditional release of steels from NPP decommissioning enables controlled reuse of non-negligible volumes of steels. For proposal of scenarios for steel reuse, it is needed to identify and evaluate partial elementary activities of the whole process from conditional release of steels, manufacturing of various elements up to realisation of scenarios. For scenarios of reuse of conditionally released steel the products of steel, as steel reinforcements, rails, profiles and sheets for technical constructions such as bridges, tunnels, railways and other constructions which guarantee the long-term properties over the periods of 50-100 years are considered. The idea offers also the possibility for using this type of steel for particular technical constructions, directly usable in nuclear facilities. The paper presents the review of activities for manufacturing of various steel construction elements made from conditionally released steels and their use in general and also in the nuclear industry. As the starting material for manufacturing of steel elements ingots or just fragments of steel after dismantling in controlled area can be used. These input materials are re-melted in industrial facilities in order to achieve the required physical and chemical characteristics. Mostly used technique for manufacturing of the steel construction elements is rolling. As the products considered in scenarios for reuse of conditional released steels are bars for reinforcement concrete, rolled steel sheets and other rolled profiles. For use in the nuclear industry it offers the possibility for casting of thick-walled steel containers for long-term storage of high level radioactive components in integral storage and also assembly of stainless steel tanks for storing of liquid radioactive waste. Lists of elementary activities which are needed for manufacturing of selected steel elements are elaborated. These elementary activities are then the base for detailed safety evaluation of external

Analysis of Strengthening Steel Distribution Channel in Domestic Automotive Industry

OpenAIRE

Pangraksa, Sugeng; Djajadiningrat, Surna Tjahja

2013-01-01

Distribution has strategic role to spread up product from manufacturer into end-user. Automotive industry needs distribution channel which has: excellent data management, timely delivery management, excellent quality management, and competitive reducing cost. Krakatau Steel (KS) distributors has weaknesses to enter automotive market current that require tight prerequisite such as: consistency of product quality, good cooperation, close relationship, continuously cost reduction, wide spread to...

Strategic Interaction and International Trade: The case of the Steel Industry

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Eui-Hyun Choi

2000-06-01

Full Text Available The purpose of this study is to analyze strategic interaction and intra-industry trade. We derive an oligopolistic model of intra-industry trade, which is initially proposed by Brander(1981. Until now there were many studies on intra-industry trade, however empirical literature on intra-industry trade has evolved independently of the theoretical literature. In this study, a theory-based empirical analysis of intra-industry trade in a oligopolistic market will be conducted instead of in a monopolistic competition market. The empirical implications of the multi-country Cournot model are investigated in context of intra-industry trade in the steel industry. Despite the fact that not all assumptions induced from Brander model may be satisfies, the empirical results indicated that the effects of the cost structure and market size variables on the intensity of intra-industry trade are in accordance with what the theory suggests. The fact that intra-industry trade exists in disaggregate products, and these trade patterns are more characterized by the Cournot competition, strengthens Brander's model.

Rock 'n roller coaster : an explorative study on the evolution of the European steel roller coaster industry

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Timmermans, B.; Bekkers, R.N.A.; Bordoli, L.

2012-01-01

This article investigates the 50 years evolution of the European steel roller coaster industry, which can be classified as a complex products systems (CoPS) industry. This industry is characterized as a non-shake out industry where entry can be divided in three waves, i.e. early diversifiers, new

Energy use in the U.S. steel industry: a historical perspective and future opportunities; TOPICAL

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Stubbles, John

2000-01-01

The U.S. steel industry has taken enormous strides over the past decades to reduce its energy consumption; since the end of World War II, the industry has reduced its energy intensity (energy use per shipped ton) by 60 percent. Between 1990 and 1998 alone, intensity has dropped from 20 to 18 million Btu (MBtu) per ton. This figure is projected to decrease to 15 MBtu/ton by 2010 with an asymptotic trend towards 14 MBtu/ton. Domestic shipments are projected to flatten out over the next decade to around 105 million tons which means that total energy consumption will also decrease. Historically, the steel industry has accounted for about 6 percent of U.S. energy consumption. Today, that figure is less than 2 percent and will decrease further to 1.5 percent by 2010. The primary causes for the decrease in energy consumption since WWII are: The use of pellets in the blast furnace and the application of new technology in the ironmaking process to further reduce fuel rates per net ton of hot metal (NTHM); The total replacement of the open hearth process by basic oxygen and electric furnaces; The almost total replacement of ingot casting by continuous casting (which improved yield dramatically and thus reduced the tons of raw steel required per ton of shipments); and The growth of the electric furnace sector of the industry at the expense of hot metal-based processes (which has also stimulated scrap recycling so that about 55 percent of ''new'' steel is now melted from scrap steel). This report focuses on the concept of good practices (i.e., those that are sustainable and can use today's technology). If all the industry could operate on this basis, the additional savings per ton could total 2 MBtu, As further restructuring occurs and the swing from hot metal-based to electric furnace-based production continues, the average consumption will approach the good practice energy per ton. Further savings will accrue through new technology, particularly in the areas of reduced blast

[Pulmonary disease due to asbestos in steel industry workers].

Science.gov (United States)

Zurbriggen, Rita; Capone, Lilian

2013-01-01

Asbestos-related diseases are caused by the inhalation of asbestos fibers in their variety chrysotile or white asbestos. Although the ban in Argentina dates from 2003, there are numerous industries where work continues with this mineral, including iron and steel industries. It is currently known the high pathogenicity of this material, so that in many countries there are programs to monitoring the exposed workers. Here we describe the general characteristics and pulmonary manifestations in 27 patients who had worked in a very huge steel factory in South America. The diagnosis of asbestos-related diseases was made by a medical-occupational record, history of asbestos exposure, additional studies of lung function and chest images. Then the sources of exposure (occupational, domestic and environmental), exposure time and latency period were analyzed, in those patients in whom a related disease was detected. Smoking history was also taken into account. Twenty-two patients had benigns pathologies (81.4%), sixteen of them with lesions localyzed in pleura, and other six pulmonary asbestosis. The malignant pathologies occurred in five patients (18.5%), in four of them mesothelioma and in other one lung cancer. The problem of asbestos exposure has contemporary relevance. Hence the need for a surveillance program in workers exposed to asbestos in the past or currently, to detect, report, record and investigate the characteristics of these pathologies.

Development of the production of special steels for nuclear industries

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Vieillard-Baron, B.

1977-01-01

The development of electro-nuclear industries has a powerful impact on the production of special steels, although the quantity of material applied to the non-conventional parts of nuclear power plants is quite small as compared to the total production requirements in this industrial field. Evolution bears on the product research, development and testing methods, on the technical and marketing services - in particular the establishment of quality control teams and assurance manuals - and the implementation of high performance production equipments. Manufacturing must however take place under normal work load and productivity conditions of production tools, and thus ensure a satisfactory profitability on investments entailed [fr

INDUSTRI KREATIF INDONESIA: PENDEKATAN ANALISIS KINERJA INDUSTRI

OpenAIRE

Ahmad Kamil

2015-01-01

In 2008, the Department of Commerce of the Republic of Indonesia has launched a creative economic development documents interpreted the 2025 Indonesia became the starting point and guide the development of the creative economy in Indonesia. With the existence of this document, the industry and its stakeholders or other stakeholders can readily develop the creative economy in Indonesia. Economic development in the direction of the creative industries is one manifestation of optimism aspiration...

Estimation of CO2 emission for each process in the Japanese steel industry: a process analysis

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sakamoto, Y.; Tonooka, Y.

2000-01-01

The CO 2 emission for each process in the Japanese steel industry is estimated by a process analysis using statistical data in order to evaluate the possibility of reducing CO 2 emissions. The emission factor of CO 2 for each product and also for crude steel produced from an integrated steel plant route and an electric arc furnaces route is estimated and compared. The CO 2 emissions can be estimated from production amounts of products for each process and for crude steel. The CO 2 emission of blast furnaces is the largest and that of rolling and piping follows. The emission factor of CO 2 of crude steel produced from an integrated steel plant route is approximately 3.8 times as high as that produced via an electric arc furnace route. (Author)

Partial substitution of vanadium by niobium in AISI H13 steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Itman Filho, A.; Balancin, O.

1987-01-01

The aim of this work was to study the tempering resistence in conditions of use of the AISI H13 steel, after partial substitution of vanadium by niobium. Four alloys of this steel were elaborated and in three of them the niobim was added in the contents of 0,2; 0,5 and 1,0%. Metallographic techniques were performed to compare qualitatively the niobium effect in several processing and thermal analisys of the steels. Grain size measurements were made after austenitization of the steels, hardness measurements in prepared samples were made after quenching and tempering, tensile testing at elevated temperature was investigated and yield strength, reduction of area after steel breaking and elongation were calculated. After these studies it was possible to certify that the partial substitution of vanadium by niobium did not alter significantly the basic mechanical properties of the AISI H13. (Author) [pt

The shadow price of CO2 emissions in China's iron and steel industry.

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Ke; Che, Linan; Ma, Chunbo; Wei, Yi-Ming

2017-11-15

As China becomes the world's largest energy consumer and CO 2 emitter, there has been a rapidly emerging literature on estimating China's abatement cost for CO 2 using a distance function approach. However, the existing studies have mostly focused on the cost estimates at macro levels (provinces or industries) with few examining firm-level abatement costs. No work has attempted to estimate the abatement cost of CO 2 emissions in the iron and steel industry. Although some have argued that the directional distance function (DDF) is more appropriate in the presence of bad output under regulation, the choice of directions is largely arbitrary. This study provides the most up-to-date estimate of the shadow price of CO 2 using a unique dataset of China's major iron and steel enterprises in 2014. The paper uses output quadratic DDF and investigates the impact of using different directional vectors representing different carbon mitigation strategies. The results show that the mean CO 2 shadow price of China's iron and steel enterprises is very sensitive to the choice of direction vectors. The average shadow prices of CO 2 are 407, 1226 and 6058Yuan/tonne respectively for the three different direction vectors. We also find substantial heterogeneity in the shadow prices of CO 2 emissions among China's major iron and steel enterprises. Larger, listed enterprises are found to be associated lower CO 2 shadow prices than smaller, unlisted enterprises. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Developing Customized Programs for Steel and Other Heavy Industries: A Case Study.

Science.gov (United States)

Day, Philip R., Jr.

1984-01-01

This article discusses the successful implementation of a unique customized training program for steel and other industries. A contextual framework for understanding both the process and the product is presented. Traditional labor management problems are examined as well as the DACUM (Developing a Curriculum) procedure of identifying job-related…

International competitiveness and leakage: A case study of the European steel industry

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Kuik, O.J.

2014-01-01

This study develops and applies an analytical framework for examining the determinants of carbon leakage and competitiveness. The study has a long-term perspective and focuses on the European steel industry. For the case study, a CGE model is used to develop feasible scenarios of the evolution of

The steel scrap age.

Science.gov (United States)

Pauliuk, Stefan; Milford, Rachel L; Müller, Daniel B; Allwood, Julian M

2013-04-02

Steel production accounts for 25% of industrial carbon emissions. Long-term forecasts of steel demand and scrap supply are needed to develop strategies for how the steel industry could respond to industrialization and urbanization in the developing world while simultaneously reducing its environmental impact, and in particular, its carbon footprint. We developed a dynamic stock model to estimate future final demand for steel and the available scrap for 10 world regions. Based on evidence from developed countries, we assumed that per capita in-use stocks will saturate eventually. We determined the response of the entire steel cycle to stock saturation, in particular the future split between primary and secondary steel production. During the 21st century, steel demand may peak in the developed world, China, the Middle East, Latin America, and India. As China completes its industrialization, global primary steel production may peak between 2020 and 2030 and decline thereafter. We developed a capacity model to show how extensive trade of finished steel could prolong the lifetime of the Chinese steelmaking assets. Secondary steel production will more than double by 2050, and it may surpass primary production between 2050 and 2060: the late 21st century can become the steel scrap age.

Transport of radioactive source of cobalt-60 for the steel industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Santos, Paulo de Oliveira

2009-01-01

Radioactive materials are used in the fields of medicine, industry, research and nuclear power production. The use of radioactive material may involve transportation and this implies in the application of safety measures to the workers, public and the environment. Many types of radioactive material are produced all over the world and some modes of transport are involved. The IAEA regulations are based on the philosophy that radioactive material being transported should be adequately packaged to provide protection against the hazards of the material under all conditions of transport. Some Brazilian steel industries control the levels of liquid steel in continuous casting systems by means of sealed sources of cobalt-60. The Center for Development of Nuclear Technology-CDNT produces several of these sources to meet these industries and these sources must be transported in packages designed and tested as requirements of the rules of carriage of radioactive materials. For the transportation of seven sources of cobalt-60 with total activity of 1 GBq since CDNT to the applicant industries was designed, built and tested a Type A package. The thickness of the shield to meet the surface dose rate and the index of transport was calculated by MCNP (Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code-Version 5) and practical values were compatible. The sealed sources of cobalt-60 were tested as to leak through the tightness test conducted according to ISO 9978:1992 (E) and the tests to demonstrate the capability of resistance of packaged under normal conditions of transport were made on the facilities of CDNT. (author)

The development of industrial production of high alloy steel intended for the electronuclear industries and its effect on fine steelmaking

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Vieillard-Baron, B.

1977-01-01

The aim is to show how the high alloy steel manufacturers in France attempted to meet increasing demand by the electronuclear industries by the design and development at moderate cost and within a rather short period, of high level products intended to meet specific requirements. In this prospect, the qualitative and quantitative requirements are determined, the evolutions of the working methods connected to the design and manufacture of steel products are analysed. The economic implications which resulted and a few examples of the manufacture of particularly well suited products are evoked [fr

Applications of Mass Customization Production Mode in Chinese Steel Industry

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

ZhouShichun; DingJianhua; ChenChao

2005-01-01

In this paper, the conflict between individual needs of market and the efficient mass production requirement of manufacture under the background of market globalization is discussed, a trend that the main production mode for domestic steel industry should be the mass customization is pointed out, and the problems to be solved for domestic enterprise are analyzed. Summarizing the practice of Baosteel Co. LTD on the new production mode, the achievements and experiences are presented.

Use of industrial isotopes in the construction of an integrated steel plant

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Narasimha Rao, Y.V.; Prasad, G.C.

1977-01-01

The applications of radioisotopes by industrial radiography methods in the control of quality of welding of steel structures and equipment during the construction of a steel plant are highlighted. Some of the main units that are controlled in a steel plant by the radiography methods are boilers, pressure vessels, blast furnace shells and stoves, L.D. convertors, technological pipelines etc. After briefly describing the different radioisotopes (sources) and the accessories required for radiography work, the different techniques adopted for determining the defects in the welded joints are mentioned. A mention is also made of the different types of image quality indicators (penetrameters) and their relative advantages. The norms for control and acceptance of the defects for different structures are also covered. Finally, the safety requirements that are to be followed during radiography work at the site of erection, where different agencies of construction work simultaneously are dealt with. (author)

Identifiksi Sebaran Litologi berdasarkan Analisis Data Resistivitas di Gunung Wungkal

OpenAIRE

Nurul Dzakiya; MGS. Dwiki Nugraha; Nenden L. Sidik; Trias Galena

2017-01-01

Analisis data untuk mengidentifikasi sebaran litologi yang memiliki potensi bahan galian industri di Daerah Gunung Wungkal Yogyakarta dengan menggunakan metode resistivitas dan survei geologi permukaan telah dilakukan. Hasil korelasi kedua data tersebut menunjukkan sebaran litologi merupakan pelapukan intrusi batuan beku yang kemudian menghasilkan material lempung (6,0-10 m), lempung pasiran (11-30 m) dan lapukan batuan diorit (30-55 m) yang berada di kedalaman berbeda. Ketebalan batuan di pe...

Exposure to occupational air pollution and cardiac function in workers of the Esfahan Steel Industry, Iran.

Science.gov (United States)

Golshahi, Jafar; Sadeghi, Masoumeh; Saqira, Mohammad; Zavar, Reihaneh; Sadeghifar, Mostafa; Roohafza, Hamidreza

2016-06-01

Air pollution is recognized as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We investigated association of exposure to occupational air pollution and cardiac function in the workers of the steel industry. Fifty male workers of the agglomeration and coke-making parts of the Esfahan Steel Company were randomly selected (n = 50). Workers in the administrative parts were studied as controls (n = 50). Those with known history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, or diabetes, and active smokers were not included. Data of age, body mass index, employment duration, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, and lipid profile were gathered. Echocardiography was performed to evaluate cardiac function. Left ventricular ejection fraction was lower in workers of the agglomeration/coke-making parts than in controls (mean difference = 5 to 5.5 %, P steel industry is associated with left heart systolic dysfunction. Possible right heart insults due to air pollution exposure warrant further investigations.

Variables affecting energy efficiency and CO2 emissions in the steel industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Siitonen, Sari; Tuomaala, Mari; Ahtila, Pekka

2010-01-01

Specific energy consumption (SEC) is an energy efficiency indicator widely used in industry for measuring the energy efficiency of different processes. In this paper, the development of energy efficiency and CO 2 emissions of steelmaking is studied by analysing the energy data from a case mill. First, the specific energy consumption figures were calculated using different system boundaries, such as the process level, mill level and mill site level. Then, an energy efficiency index was developed to evaluate the development of the energy efficiency at the mill site. The effects of different production conditions on specific energy consumption and specific CO 2 emissions were studied by PLS analysis. As theory expects, the production rate of crude steel and the utilisation of recycled steel were shown to affect the development of energy efficiency at the mill site. This study shows that clearly defined system boundaries help to clarify the role of on-site energy conversion and make a difference between the final energy consumption and primary energy consumption of an industrial plant with its own energy production.

Quality and energetic evaluation of the charcoal made of babassu nut residues used in the steel industry

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Thiago de Paula Protásio

2014-10-01

Full Text Available Brazil is the only country in the world that uses large scale charcoal in steel-making blast furnaces. Meantime, the monoculture plantations of Eucalyptus are not able to meet the demand for charcoal from the steel industries.Therefore, research is necessary, in order to use lignocellulosic residues for the production of charcoal with technological properties which are suitable for the reduction of iron ore. Given the above, the objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of charcoal which was made with babassu nut shell and designed for utilization in the steel industry in the function of the final carbonization temperature. All three layers of babassu nut shell (epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp were used together. The initial temperature of the test was 100ºC and the final temperatures were: 450ºC, 550ºC, 650ºC, 750ºC and 850ºC. For the charcoals produced, the following properties were determined: apparent relative density, energy density and fixed carbon stock, in addition to chemical compositions (immediate and elemental and heating values (higher and lower. Charcoal made of babassu nut shell showed high values of apparent density and energy density, and has a potential to replace coal and wood charcoal in the steel industry. The effect of the final carbonization temperature was expressed for all characteristics evaluated, except for the nitrogen content. Babassu nut shell must be carbonized at temperatures higher than 550ºC, so that the charcoal produced can be used in steel-making blast furnaces.

Influence of the counter-pressure casting on the macrostructure of high nitrogen steel industrial blocks

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Andreev, N.; Rashev, Ts.

1999-01-01

The problem of high nitrogen steel (HNS) sheets production has not yet been solved. Sheets represent 90% of the world output of stainless and other steels, but there are no published data about HNS technologies and production of sheets on an industrial scale. The big steel bath (BSB) method and the counter-pressure casting (CPC) have proved the possibility of producing highly homogeneous ingots (1.3 and 10 tons) with all alloying elements, including nitrogen. In this way, the BSB and CPC methods have proved themselves to be universal ones for the production of shaped castings, HNS electrodes for remelting and sort, as well as, of sheets. (orig.)

The application of nuclear equipment to measurement and control in the steel industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Van Schalkwyk, J.

1976-01-01

In this paper, some of the reasons for utilising equipment which makes use of nuclear radiation for the control of processes in the steel industry will be discussed. Two applications will be analysed to demonstrate the reasoning and to highlight some of the factors and principles [af

Moessbauer spectroscopic study of rust formed on a weathering steel and a mild steel exposed for a long term in an industrial environment

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kamimura, Takayuki; Nasu, Saburo; Tazaki, Takashi; Kuzushita, Kaori; Morimoto, Shotaro

2002-01-01

The rusts formed on mild steel (15-year exposure) and weathering steel (32-year exposure) exposed to an industrial environment have been characterized by means of X-ray diffraction technique and 57 Fe Moessbauer spectroscopy. By using an X-ray diffraction method, it is suggested that the rusts formed on both steels consist of the crystalline α-FeOOH, γ-FeOOH and an X-ray amorphous phase, which gives no peak to X-ray diffraction pattern. The amount of the X-ray amorphous phase exceeds 50% of the total amount of the rust. The 57 Fe Moessbauer spectra observed at 10K indicate that the rust contains only α-FeOOH, γ-FeOOH and Fe 3-δ O 4 (γ-Fe 2 O 3 ) for mild steel, and only α-FeOOH and γ-FeOOH for weathering steel. The X-ray amorphous substance in the rust payer formed on mild steel possesses the structures of mainly α-FeOOH showing superparamagnetism owing to its small particle size, and Fe 3-δ O 4 (γ-Fe 2 O 3 ). They are contained both in the inner rust layer and in the outer rust layer. The X-ray amorphous phase in the rust layer formed on weathering steel is mainly α-FeOOH. (author)

The Optimal Technological Development Path to Reduce Pollution and Restructure Iron and Steel Industry for Sustainable Transition

OpenAIRE

Ren, M.; Xu, X.; Ermolieva, T.; Cao, G.-Y.; Yermoliev, Y.

2018-01-01

China is the world’s largest iron and steel producer and Jing-Jin-Ji (Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei) region accounts for nearly 1/3 of the national iron and steel production, while it is facing serious air pollution. Among the top 10 worst polluted cities in China, seven were located in Hebei province in 2014. Recent years Jing-Jin-Ji region has been promoted iron & steel industry with green clean technology for accelerating sustainable economic transition. This paper tries to response the basic ques...

Steel heat treating: mathematical modelling and numerical simulation of a problem arising in the automotive industry

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jose Manuel Diaz Moreno

2017-12-01

Full Text Available We describe a mathematical model for the industrial heating and cooling processes of a steel workpiece representing the steering rack of an automobile. The goal of steel heat treating is to provide a hardened surface on critical parts of the workpiece while keeping the rest soft and ductile in order to reduce fatigue. The high hardness is due to the phase transformation of steel accompanying the rapid cooling. This work takes into account both heating-cooling stage and viscoplastic model. Once the general mathematical formulation is derived, we can perform some numerical simulations.

Trends in steel technology

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anon.

1980-01-01

Dual phase steels, composite products, and microalloyed steels are making inroads in the automotive industry applications for bumpers, automotive parts, bodies, mechanical parts, suspension and steering equipment and truck bumpers. New steels are also used to support solar mirrors and cells, in corrosive environments in the oil and gas industry, fusion reactors, and pressure vessels in nuclear power plants

Recent Developments of Advanced Austenitic and Duplex Stainless Steels for Oil and Gas Industry

Science.gov (United States)

Chai, Guocai; Kangas, Pasi

The demands for fuel and the development of the fuel exploitation processes have made it economically possible to produce oil-gas from deeper and more corrosive wells where the parameters such as high chloride, H2S or CO2 content, high temperature and pressure, erosion and bioactivities in seawater should be considered. In these applications, special grades of stainless steels with greater corrosion resistance at a broad range of temperatures and high strength have to be used to meet the requirements. This paper provides an overview on the development, properties and applications of these advanced materials for oil & gas industry. They include recently developed advanced super austenitic stainless steels with high Mo, Ni, Cr and N contents with a PRE (pitting resistance equivalent) number up to 52 and hyper duplex stainless steels.

Assessment of Health Consequences of Steel Industry Welders’ Occupational Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation

Science.gov (United States)

Zamanian, Zahra; Mortazavi, Saied Mohammad Javad; Asmand, Ebrahim; Nikeghbal, Kiana

2015-01-01

Background: Welding is among the most important frequently used processes in the industry with a wide range of applications from the food industry to aerospace and from precision tools to shipbuilding. The aim of this study was to assess the level of steel industry welders’ exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and to investigate the health impacts of these exposures. Methods: In this case–control study, we measured the intensity of UV at the workers’ wrist in Fars Steel Company through manufacture of different types of heavy metal structures, using UV-meter model 666230 made by Leybold Co., from Germany. Results: The population under the study comprised 400 people including 200 welders as the exposed group and 200 nonwelders as the unexposed group. The results of the questionnaire were analyzed using SPSS software, version 19. The average, standard deviation, maximum and minimum of the UV at the welders’ wrist were 0.362, 0.346, 1.27, and 0.01 μW/cm2, respectively. There was a significantly (P radiation level, and using personal protective equipment seem indispensable. As exposure to UV radiation can be linked to different types of skin cancer, skin aging, and cataract, welders should be advised to decrease their occupational exposures. PMID:26900437

Assessment of Health Consequences of Steel Industry Welders' Occupational Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation.

Science.gov (United States)

Zamanian, Zahra; Mortazavi, Saied Mohammad Javad; Asmand, Ebrahim; Nikeghbal, Kiana

2015-01-01

Welding is among the most important frequently used processes in the industry with a wide range of applications from the food industry to aerospace and from precision tools to shipbuilding. The aim of this study was to assess the level of steel industry welders' exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and to investigate the health impacts of these exposures. In this case-control study, we measured the intensity of UV at the workers' wrist in Fars Steel Company through manufacture of different types of heavy metal structures, using UV-meter model 666230 made by Leybold Co., from Germany. The population under the study comprised 400 people including 200 welders as the exposed group and 200 nonwelders as the unexposed group. The results of the questionnaire were analyzed using SPSS software, version 19. The average, standard deviation, maximum and minimum of the UV at the welders' wrist were 0.362, 0.346, 1.27, and 0.01 μW/cm(2), respectively. There was a significantly (P radiation level, and using personal protective equipment seem indispensable. As exposure to UV radiation can be linked to different types of skin cancer, skin aging, and cataract, welders should be advised to decrease their occupational exposures.

Prospects of structural steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bannykh, O.A.

2012-01-01

The current state of world steel production is considered as well as the development strategy of metallurgy industry in the Russian Federation through to 2020. The main factors determining the conservation of steel as perspective material for industry are given: energy expenses on production, the well-proven recirculation technology, the capability of changing steel properties in wide range, temperature range of operation. The conclusion is made that in the immediate future steel will not lose its importance [ru

Health, safety and environmental unit performance assessment model under uncertainty (case study: steel industry).

Science.gov (United States)

Shamaii, Azin; Omidvari, Manouchehr; Lotfi, Farhad Hosseinzadeh

2017-01-01

Performance assessment is a critical objective of management systems. As a result of the non-deterministic and qualitative nature of performance indicators, assessments are likely to be influenced by evaluators' personal judgments. Furthermore, in developing countries, performance assessments by the Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) department are based solely on the number of accidents. A questionnaire is used to conduct the study in one of the largest steel production companies in Iran. With respect to health, safety, and environment, the results revealed that control of disease, fire hazards, and air pollution are of paramount importance, with coefficients of 0.057, 0.062, and 0.054, respectively. Furthermore, health and environment indicators were found to be the most common causes of poor performance. Finally, it was shown that HSE management systems can affect the majority of performance safety indicators in the short run, whereas health and environment indicators require longer periods of time. The objective of this study is to present an HSE-MS unit performance assessment model in steel industries. Moreover, we seek to answer the following question: what are the factors that affect HSE unit system in the steel industry? Also, for each factor, the extent of impact on the performance of the HSE management system in the organization is determined.

Research on CO2 Emission Reduction Mechanism of China’s Iron and Steel Industry under Various Emission Reduction Policies

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ye Duan

2017-12-01

Full Text Available In this paper, a two-stage dynamic game model of China’s iron and steel industry is constructed. Carbon tax levy, product subsidy, carbon capture and sequestration (CCS and other factors are included in the emission reduction mechanism. The effects of emissions reduction and the economic impact of China’s overall steel industry (and that of its six main regions are investigated for the first time under different scenarios. As new findings, we report the following: (1 Not all factors declined. The overall social welfare, consumer surplus, output and emissions decrease with a gradual increase in the reduction target, whereas the carbon tax value, unit value of product subsidies and total subsidies show a rising trend; (2 A combination of multiple emissions reduction policies is more effective than a single policy. With the implementation of a combined policy, regional output polarization has eased; (3 Steel output does not exceed 950 million tons, far below the current peak. These results will help the industry to formulate reasonable emissions reduction and output targets. In short, in effort to eliminate industry poverty and to alleviate overcapacity, the industry should not only adopt the various coordinated reduction policies, but also fully consider regional differences and reduction needs.

A Study on the Sustainable Performance of the Steel Industry in Korea Based on SBM-DEA

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Yongrok Choi

2018-01-01

Full Text Available Since South Korea has implemented its emissions trading scheme (ETS in 2015, several studies have explored the sustainable performance of ETS in terms of production efficiency. However, few studies focused on Korean company-level data in their model. Thus, this study focuses on data from firms in the steel industry, which is a representative greenhouse gas emitter. Based on the slack-based measure (SBM approach, we find the following implications: First, this paper evaluates both environment energy efficiency (EEE and traditional energy efficiency and discovers that the efficiency value, in general, is overestimated, when greenhouse gas emissions are ignored. EEE still shows a decreasing efficiency value over time, implying that strong regulation is needed to increase efficiency. Second, this paper provides the return to scale status of decision-making units in the steel industry, through decomposing EEE. Results show that many steel firms are in the state of increasing returns to scale, so they can enhance their efficiency by increasing their scale. Finally, this paper provides benchmark information with which an inefficient firm can enhance its performance.

ANALISIS KETIGGIAN MEJA KERJA YANG IDEAL TERHADAP POSTUR PEKERJA DIVISI CUTTING INDUSTRI GARMEN DENGAN POSTURE EVALUATION (PEI PADA VIRTUAL ENVIROMENT

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Boy Nurtjahyo

2012-02-01

Full Text Available Penelitian ini mencoba untuk mengimplementasikan suatu metodologi untuk mempelajari, dalam lingkungan virtual, aspek ergonomi dari suatu tempat kerja di industri garmen. Variabel tempat kerja yang diteliti dalam penelitian ini adalah ketinggian meja kerja. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan konfigurasi ketinggian meja yang ideal bagi pekerja divisi cutting industri garmen. Tool yang digunakan dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini adalah Posture Evaluation Index yang mengintegrasikan skor Low Back Analysis (LBA, Ovako Working Posture (OWAS, dan Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA. Penentuan konfigurasi yang ideal dilakukan dengan mempertimbangkan jenis pekerjaan dan posisi kerja ketika melakukan pekerjaan tersebut, apakah dalam posisi duduk atau berdiri. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan model manusia digital yang disediakan software Jack pada virtual environment. Hasil penelitian dapat digunakan sebagai referensi dalam merancang tempat kerja yang lebih baik secara ergonomis. Kata kunci : Ergonomi, Virtual Environment, Divisi Cutting  Industri Garmen, Posture Evaluation Index   Abstract   The research deals with the implementation of a methodology in order to study, in a virtual environment, the ergonomics of a work cell in garment industry. The work cell’s variable studied in this research is table height. The goal of this research is to determine an ideal table height for the workers of cutting division in garment industry. The tool to conduct this research is called Posture Evaluation Index (PEI which integrates the score of Low Back Analysis (LBA, Ovako Working Posture (OWAS, dan Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA. The Determination of table height configuration is based on type of work and work position (standing or sitting. The research uses digital human model form Jack software in a virtual environment. The result from this research can be a reference for future work cell design. Keywords: Ergonomics, Virtual Environment, Cutting

CO2 abatement in the iron and steel industry - the case for carbon capture and storage (CCS

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

A.V. Todorut

2017-01-01

Full Text Available The steel industry is amongst the most energy-intensive industries also consuming large amounts of coal and emitting significant volumes of carbon dioxide (CO2. Studies indicate that steelmaking accounts for 6 - 7 % of world anthropogenic CO2 emissions, and 27 % of the total emissions of the world’s manufacturing sector. Steel manufacturers have responded to sustainable resource use and development adopting several measures attaining a reduction in energy consumption of 60 % in the last 50 years. The paper discusses Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS as a CO2 mitigation option, after the 2015 Paris Climate Conference (COP 21 and in relation to the European Regulation for CO2 measurement, reporting and verification.

ENERGY SOURCES AND CARBON EMISSIONS IN THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY SECTOR IN SOUTH ASIA

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Tapan Sarker

2013-01-01

Full Text Available This paper examines CO2 emissions from electricity and fuel consumption of different energy sources consumed in the Iron and Steel Industry sector (non-ferrous included, also known as basic metal in five South Asian countries including Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. The study finds that about 30% of the total energy in the manufacturing industry is used in this sector, which is about 11% of total industrial input, contributing approximately 13% to the Manufacturing Value Added (MVA. Electricity, on the other hand, shares almost 60% of total energy consumption in the five countries in South Asia, followed by natural gas, coal, kerosene and diesel. The study also finds that CO2 emissions vary across sectors in countries in which the study was conducted. For instance, while in Bangladesh CO2 emissions are primarily caused by electricity generation, in India the majority of CO2 emissions are originated from coal. On the contrary, CO2 emissions in Nepal are mostly generated through other fuels such as Charcoal, Diesel and Kerosene. This study provides some policy recommendations, which could help reduce CO2 emissions in the Iron and Steel Industry sector in the South Asian region.

The Scrap Collection per Industry Sector and the Circulation Times of Steel in the U.S. between 1900 and 2016, Calculated Based on the Volume Correlation Model

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Alicia Gauffin

2018-05-01

Full Text Available On the basis of the Volume Correlation Model (VCM as well as data on steel consumption and scrap collection per industry sector (construction, automotive, industrial goods, and consumer goods, it was possible to estimate service lifetimes of steel in the United States between 1900 and 2016. Input data on scrap collection per industry sector was based on a scrap survey conducted by the World Steel Association for a static year in 2014 in the United States. The lifetimes of steel calculated with the VCM method were within the range of previously reported measured lifetimes of products and applications for all industry sectors. Scrapped (and apparent lifetimes of steel compared with measured lifetimes were calculated to be as follows: a scrapped lifetime of 29 years for the construction sector (apparent lifetime: 52 years compared with 44 years measured in 2014. Industrial goods: 16 (27 years compared with 19 years measured in 2010. Consumer goods: 12 (14 years compared with 13 years measured in 2014. Automotive sector: 14 (19 years compared with 17 years measured in 2011. Results show that the VCM can estimate reasonable values of scrap collection and availability per industry sector over time.

Trends in the energy use in the Mexican industrial sector; Tendencias del uso de la energia en el sector industrial mexicano

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sheinbaum, C. [UNAM, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico); Jauregui, I. [CONAE, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

1995-12-31

This paper presents an analysis of the trends of the energy use for the industry in Mexico. For the various industrial branches (mining, construction, chemical, sugar, cement, paper and cellulose and glass) the changes in energy intensity (measured as the use of the energy divided by the aggregated value) and in the participation of the same in the industrial Internal Gross Product are presented. This is developed by means of the analysis of Laspeyress exchange indexes. It is found that in most of the industrial branches a reduction of the energy density has been originated. The reasons for the falling of this indicator are structural and of technological change nature, depending on the industrial branch. Nevertheless the classical analysis of the Laspeyress indexes is not sufficient to explain the changes occurred in the energy intensity in the Mexican industry for the last years. [Espanol] Este articulo presenta un analisis de las tendencias del uso de la energia para la industria en Mexico. Para las diversas ramas industriales (mineria, construccion, quimica, azucar, cemento, papel y celulosa y vidrio) se presentan los cambios en la intensidad energetica (medida como uso de la energia entre valor agregado) y en la participacion de las mismas en el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) industrial. Esto se desarrolla por medio del analisis de indices de cambio de Laspeyress. Se encuentra que en la mayoria de las ramas industriales hubo una disminucion en la intensidad energetica. Las razones de la caida de este indicador son estructurales y de cambio tecnologico dependiendo de la rama industrial. Sin embargo el analisis clasico de los indices de Laspeyress es insuficiente para explicar los cambios ocurridos en la intensidad energetica de la industria mexicana para los ultimos anos.

Trends in the energy use in the Mexican industrial sector; Tendencias del uso de la energia en el sector industrial mexicano

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sheinbaum, C [UNAM, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico); Jauregui, I [CONAE, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

1996-12-31

This paper presents an analysis of the trends of the energy use for the industry in Mexico. For the various industrial branches (mining, construction, chemical, sugar, cement, paper and cellulose and glass) the changes in energy intensity (measured as the use of the energy divided by the aggregated value) and in the participation of the same in the industrial Internal Gross Product are presented. This is developed by means of the analysis of Laspeyress exchange indexes. It is found that in most of the industrial branches a reduction of the energy density has been originated. The reasons for the falling of this indicator are structural and of technological change nature, depending on the industrial branch. Nevertheless the classical analysis of the Laspeyress indexes is not sufficient to explain the changes occurred in the energy intensity in the Mexican industry for the last years. [Espanol] Este articulo presenta un analisis de las tendencias del uso de la energia para la industria en Mexico. Para las diversas ramas industriales (mineria, construccion, quimica, azucar, cemento, papel y celulosa y vidrio) se presentan los cambios en la intensidad energetica (medida como uso de la energia entre valor agregado) y en la participacion de las mismas en el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) industrial. Esto se desarrolla por medio del analisis de indices de cambio de Laspeyress. Se encuentra que en la mayoria de las ramas industriales hubo una disminucion en la intensidad energetica. Las razones de la caida de este indicador son estructurales y de cambio tecnologico dependiendo de la rama industrial. Sin embargo el analisis clasico de los indices de Laspeyress es insuficiente para explicar los cambios ocurridos en la intensidad energetica de la industria mexicana para los ultimos anos.

Analisis Harmonisa Inverter PWM Satu Fasa

OpenAIRE

Rejeki Simanjorang

2008-01-01

Pada tesis ini dianalisis harmonisa inverter PWM satu fasa. Inverter PWM satu fasa yang akan ditinjau adalah inverter satu fasa jembatan penuh (konvensional) dan inverter komposit. Analisis difokuskan pada penentuan pola penyaklaran yang optimum agar pembangkitan harmonisa dan switching losses inverter rendah. Untuk menentukan pola penyaklaran optimum maka dilakukan analisis yang berbasis pada rangkaian ekivalen harmonisa inverter satu fasa. Dengan menggunakan pola penyaklaran optimum, kedua ...

Prevention of radioactivity in steel. Necessity of an international co-operation between industry and government

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Amedro, G.

1999-01-01

European steel companies will not melt radioactive contaminated scrap, even if it would be allowed to do so by legislation and proposed clearance levels. Scrap delivering companies as well as steel producing companies are well armed with scrap charge control. Additional control during steelmaking is given by analysing a crude steel sample of each heat. Regulations regarding health criteria are available on national and European level (RP43 and RP89) but are not usable in practice for the control of scrap. Problems which are at present left to be solved by each site equipped with a means of detection cover principally the following areas: Definition and detection of abnormal radioactivity without identification of the radioactive element; Common definition of alarm thresholds by suppliers and customers; Emergency isolation measures for suspect vehicles (e.g. immediate return or quarantine), notably involving illicit material from a third country; Identification, isolation, handling and destination of discovered radioactive products; Financing of associated costs; Public relations; Preventive actions. It seems to be necessary to produce a benchmark for the activity level in finished steel to determine the actual level of 'normal radioactivity' in the European steel pool. A comparison of the actual state of the art in the European steel industry due to the measures already taken would be useful. The present situation can only be efficiently improved by action in common. Industry has made large investments in detection equipment and in staff training. It has now practical experience. Additional regulatory provisions and appropriate logistical means are now awaited from government, i.e. concerning technical know-how and expertise, properly adapted equipment and in certain cases financial intervention. European directives should not constitute an impediment and should, if necessary, be adapted to needs. When the situation is clarified, future regular checks will be an

ANALISIS PENYEBAB BANJIR KALI JUANA

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Teguh Marhendi

2017-04-01

Full Text Available Kali Juana yang berada di Kabupaten Pati dan Kudus serta sebagian kecil di Kabupaten Grobogan dan Blora, merupakan kawasan banjir. Kejadian banjir di Kali Juana, sudah menjadi rutinitas setiap musim hujan.Dari Januari sampai bulan Mei 2016tercatat terjadi 11 kejadian banjir dibeberapa wilayah, seperti Kecamatan Kaliwungu, Undaan dan Mejobo (Kab. Kudus serta Pati, Margorejo dan Juwana (Kab. Pati. Kali Juana merupakan bifurkasi Kali Serang pada Pintu Wilalung, yang berfungsi sebagai pintu pengatur banjir (dibangun pada zaman Belanda tahun 1918, melalui Kali Babalan menuju ke Kali Juana. Tulisan inidimaksudkan untuk menganalisis penyebab kejadian banjir di Kali Juana. Analisis dilakukan dengan melakukan kajani dan analisis hujan serta mekanisme aliran. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kondisi Kali Juana dari pertemuan Kali Logung di pintu Wilalung sampai hilir telah mengalami pendangkalan akibat kemiringan dasar atau topografi yang landai, dan mengakibatkan mudah terjadi sedimentasi sehingga mengurangi kapasitas pengaliran. Hal ini menyebabkan luapan banjir sering menggenangi wilayah Kabupaten Kudus dan Pati.

Analisi matematica

CERN Document Server

Canuto, Claudio

2014-01-01

Il presente testo intende essere di supporto ad un secondo insegnamento di Analisi Matematica in quei corsi di studio (quali ad esempio Ingegneria, Informatica, Fisica) in cui lo strumento matematico parte significativa della formazione dell'allievo. I concetti e i metodi fondamentali del calcolo differenziale ed integrale in più variabili, le serie di funzioni e le equazioni differenziali ordinarie sono presentati con l'obiettivo primario di addestrare lo studente ad un loro uso operativo, ma critico. L'impostazione didattica dell'opera ricalca quella usata nel testo parallelo di Analisi Matematica I. La modalità di presentazione degli argomenti ne permette un uso flessibile e modulare. Lo stile adottato privilegia la chiarezza e la linearità dell'esposizione. Il testo organizzato su due livelli di lettura. Uno, più essenziale, permette allo studente di cogliere i concetti indispensabili della materia, di familiarizzarsi con le relative tecniche di calcolo e di trovare le giustificazioni dei principali r...

Effluent Treatment Technologies in the Iron and Steel Industry - A State of the Art Review.

Science.gov (United States)

Das, Pallabi; Mondal, Gautam C; Singh, Siddharth; Singh, Abhay K; Prasad, Bably; Singh, Krishna K

2018-05-01

  Iron and steel industry is the principal driving force propelling economic and technological growth of a nation. However, since its inception this industry is associated with widespread environmental pollution and enormous water consumption. Different units of a steel plant discharge effluents loaded with toxic, hazardous pollutants, and unutilized components which necessitates mitigation. In this paper, pollutant removal efficiency, effluent volume product quality, and economic feasibility of existing treatments are studied vis-à-vis their merits, demerits, and innovations to access their shortcomings which can be overcome with new technology to identify future research directions. While conventional methods are inadequate for complete remediation and water reclamation, the potential of advanced treatments, like membrane separation, remains relatively untapped. It is concluded that integrated systems combining membrane separation with chemical treatments can guarantee a high degree of contaminant removal, reusability of effluents concurrently leading to process intensification ensuring ecofriendliness and commercial viability.

Characterization of naturally occurring radioactive materials and Cobald-60 contaminated ferrous scraps from steel industries

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chao, H.E.; Chiu, H.S.; Hunga, J.Y.; His, H.W.; Chen, Y.B.

2002-01-01

Since the occurrence of radioactively contaminated rebar incident in 1992, steel industries in Taiwan were encouraged by Atomic Energy Council (AEC) to install portal monitor to detect the abnormal radiation in shipments of metal scrap feed. From 1994 through 1999, there were 53 discoveries of radioactivity in ferrous scraps by steel companies. These include 15 orphan radioactive sources, 16 cobalt-60 contaminated rebars, 20 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) contaminated scraps, and two unknowns. Most NORM-contaminated scraps were from abroad. The NORM and cobalt-60 contaminated scraps were taken from the steel mills and analyzed in laboratory. The analytical results of scales and sludge sampled from NORM-contaminated scraps combining with the circumstantial evidences indicate that five possible industrial processes may be involved. They are oil production and treatment, heavy mineral sand benefication and rare earth processing, copper mining and processing, recovery of ammonium chloride by lime adsorption in Ammonium-soda process, and tailing of uranium enrichment process. The cobalt-60 activity and trace elements concentrations of contaminated rebars confirm that all of them were produced domestically in the period from Oct. 1982 to Jan. 1983, when the cobalt-60 sources were lost and entered the electric arc furnace to produce the contaminated rebars. (author)

Feasibility study of utilizing solar furnace technology in steel making industry

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Abbaspoursani, K. [The Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Takestan Islamic Azad University (Iran, Islamic Republic of)], Email: a.abbaspour@tiau.ac.ir; Tofigh, A.A.; Nahang Toudeshki, S.; Hadadian, A. [Department of Energy, Materials and Energy Research Center (Iran, Islamic Republic of)], Email: Ali.A.Tofigh@gmail.com, email: toudeshki@hotmail.com, email: Arash.Hadadian@gmail.com; Farahmandpour, B. [Iranian Fuel Conservation company (Iran, Islamic Republic of)], Email: farahmandpour@gmail.com

2011-07-01

In Iran, the casting industry consumes 33.6% of electricity production, and most of this electricity is used in the melting process. Currently, scrap preheating is done using electric arc furnaces and the aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of replacing electric arc furnaces with solar furnaces. The performance of solar furnaces in the Iran Alloy Steel Company under Yazd climate conditions was studied. It was found that the solar irradiation time and solar insulation are sufficient to operate a solar furnace with the capacity to preheat 250 thousand tons per year of scrap to 500 degrees celsius. Results showed that such a furnace would decrease energy consumption by 40 GWh per year and that it would take 5 years to return the investment. This study demonstrated that operating a solar furnace in the Iran Alloy Steel Company under Yazd climate conditions is feasible and would result in economic and environmental benefits.

Analisis Risiko Pajanan PM2,5 di Udara Ambien Siang Hari terhadap Masyarakat di Kawasan Industri Semen

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Randy Novirsa

2012-11-01

Full Text Available Salah satu dampak negatif industri pabrik semen terhadap kesehatan masyarakat adalah peningkatan risiko penyakit saluran pernapasan. Risiko tersebut banyak disebabkan oleh pajanan partikulat di udara, khususnya partikulat berukuran di bawah 2,5 mikron (PM2,5. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis risiko pajanan PM2,5 di udara ambien siang hari pada masyarakat di kawasan industri semen. Risiko dihitung dengan metode Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan berdasarkan metode Louvar yang menghasilkan nilai Intake pajanan yang diterima individu per hari berdasarkan nilai konsentrasi pajanan, pola aktivitas individu, dan nilai antropometri. Konsentrasi PM2,5 di lingkungan diukur pada 10 titik dengan radius 500 meter antartitik dari pusat pabrik, sedangkan pola aktivitas dan nilai antropometri diukur dengan menggunakan kuesioner pada 92 responden dewasa di kawasan pabrik. Hasil perhitungan risiko yang diterima seumur hidup (lifetime menunjukkan terdapat tiga area berisiko dengan nilai RQ > 1, yaitu Ring 2 (500 – 1.000 m, Ring 4 (1.500 – 2.000 m, dan Ring 5 (2.000 – 2.500 m. Daerah paling aman yang dapat dihuni oleh masyarakat di kawasan industri semen adalah di atas 2,5 km dari pusat industri dengan konsentrasi paling aman 0,028 mg/m3. Kata kunci: Industri semen, infeksi saluran pernapasan, partikulat PM2,5 Abstract One of the negative impacts of cement industry to public health is an increased risk of respiratory disease. These risks are caused by exposure to particulate matter in air, especially fine particulate matter which is smaller than 2,5 microns (PM2,5. This study aimed to analyze the risks of PM2,5 exposure in ambien air at noon on people around cement industry. Risk was calculated using Environmental Health Risk Analysis Method that generates value of individual exposure intake received per day. This value was generated based on the concentration of exposure, individual activity patterns, and anthropometric values. PM2,5 concentrations

The Importance of Workplace Learning for Trade Unions: A Study of the Steel Industry

Science.gov (United States)

Stroud, Dean; Fairbrother, Peter

2008-01-01

This paper is concerned with the relationship between trade unions and learning in the workplace, particularly in relation to the enhancement of worker employability profiles. With the restructuring and modernising of the European steel industry as its context, this paper argues that the organisational and structural features of a sector have a…

78 FR 11090 - Steel Import Monitoring and Analysis System

Science.gov (United States)

2013-02-15

... tariffs on these steel imports and providing the steel industry time to restructure. The monitoring system... submissions were received from a coalition of eight steel trade groups (referred to as the ``industry''), a... that helps the industry to closely monitor steel imports. The comments are summarized below. The three...

Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Opportunities for the U.S. Iron and Steel Industry An ENERGY STAR(R) Guide for Energy and Plant Managers

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Worrell, Ernst; Blinde, Paul; Neelis, Maarten; Blomen, Eliane; Masanet, Eric

2010-10-21

Energy is an important cost factor in the U.S iron and steel industry. Energy efficiency improvement is an important way to reduce these costs and to increase predictable earnings, especially in times of high energy price volatility. There are a variety of opportunities available at individual plants in the U.S. iron and steel industry to reduce energy consumption in a cost-effective manner. This Energy Guide discusses energy efficiency practices and energy-efficient technologies that can be implemented at the component, process, facility, and organizational levels. A discussion of the structure, production trends, energy consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions of the iron and steel industry is provided along with a description of the major process technologies used within the industry. Next, a wide variety of energy efficiency measures are described. Many measure descriptions include expected savings in energy and energy-related costs, based on case study data from real-world applications in the steel and related industries worldwide. Typical measure payback periods and references to further information in the technical literature are also provided, when available. The information in this Energy Guide is intended to help energy and plant managers in the U.S. iron and steel industry reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in a cost-effective manner while maintaining the quality of products manufactured. Further research on the economics of all measures?and on their applicability to different production practices?is needed to assess their cost effectiveness at individual plants.

Application of Industrial XRF Coating Thickness Analyzer for Phosphate Coating Thickness on Steel

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Aleksandr Sokolov

2018-03-01

Full Text Available The results of industrial application of an online X-ray fluorescence coating thickness analyzer for measuring the thickness of phosphate coatings on moving steel strips are considered in the article. The target range of coating thickness to be measured is from tens to hundreds of mg/m2 in a measurement time of 10 s. The measurement accuracy observed during long-duration factory acceptance test was 10–15%. The coating thickness analyzer consists of two XRF gauges, mounted above and below the steel strip and capable of moving across the moving strip system for their suspension and relocation and electronic control unit. Fully automated software was developed to automatically and continuously (24/7 control both gauges, scanning both sides of the steel strip, and develop and test methods for measuring new coatings. It allows performing offline storage and retrieval of the measurement results, remotely controlling the analyzer components and measurement modes from a control room. The developed XRF coating thickness analyzer can also be used for real-time measurement of other types of coatings, both metallic and non-metallic.

The Steel and Shipbuilding Industries of South Korea: Rising East Asia and Globalization

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Kyoung-ho Shin

2015-08-01

Full Text Available In this paper, we focus on the roles of the steel and shipbuilding industries as generative sectors in Korea’s rapid economic ascent. We argue that a world-systems analysis focusing on these generative sectors provides a more complete understanding of Korea’s rapid economic ascent than do other theoretical models. We outline the similarities between this case and those analyzed by Bunker and Ciccantell (2005, 2007 both in terms of the central role of generative sectors in raw materials and transport industries and how the creation and growth of these two industrial sectors shaped institutional patterns and the broader economic ascent of South Korea and East Asia. Even though South Korea has not and may never become a challenger for global hegemony, its rapid ascent has helped reshape East Asia and the capitalist world-economy. We use the model of generative sectors to analyze the critical industries that underlay and shaped South Korea’s ascent from a low wage, light industry base to a world leader in electronics, automobiles, and other advanced industries.

Quality and energetic evaluation of the charcoal made of babassu nut residues used in the steel industry

OpenAIRE

Protásio, Thiago de Paula; Trugilho, Paulo Fernando; Mirmehdi, Seyedmohammad; Silva, Marcela Gomes da

2014-01-01

Brazil is the only country in the world that uses large scale charcoal in steel-making blast furnaces. Meantime, the monoculture plantations of Eucalyptus are not able to meet the demand for charcoal from the steel industries.Therefore, research is necessary, in order to use lignocellulosic residues for the production of charcoal with technological properties which are suitable for the reduction of iron ore. Given the above, the objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of charcoal ...

Assessment of heavy metal pollution and human health risk in urban soils of steel industrial city (Anshan), Liaoning, Northeast China.

Science.gov (United States)

Qing, Xiao; Yutong, Zong; Shenggao, Lu

2015-10-01

The purpose of this study was to determine the concentrations and health risk of heavy metals in urban soils from a steel industrial district in China. A total of 115 topsoil samples from Anshan city, Liaoning, Northeast China were collected and analyzed for Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ni. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo), pollution index (PI), and potential ecological risk index (PER) were calculated to assess the pollution level in soils. The hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk (RI) were used to assess human health risk of heavy metals. The average concentration of Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ni were 69.9, 0.86, 45.1, 213, 52.3, and 33.5mg/kg, respectively. The Igeo and PI values of heavy metals were in the descending order of Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb>Ni>Cr. Higher Igeo value for Cd in soil indicated that Cd pollution was moderate. Pollution index indicated that urban soils were moderate to highly polluted by Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb. The spatial distribution maps of heavy metals revealed that steel industrial district was the contamination hotspots. Principal component analysis (PCA) and matrix cluster analysis classified heavy metals into two groups, indicating common industrial sources for Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd. Matrix cluster analysis classified the sampling sites into four groups. Sampling sites within steel industrial district showed much higher concentrations of heavy metals compared to the rest of sampling sites, indicating significant contamination introduced by steel industry on soils. The health risk assessment indicated that non-carcinogenic values were below the threshold values. The hazard index (HI) for children and adult has a descending order of Cr>Pb>Cd>Cu>Ni>Zn. Carcinogenic risks due to Cr, Cd, and Ni in urban soils were within acceptable range for adult. Carcinogenic risk value of Cr for children is slightly higher than the threshold value, indicating that children are facing slight threat of Cr. These results provide basic information of heavy metal pollution control

Achieving a Carbon Neutral Society without Industry Contraction in the Five Major Steel Producing Countries

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Kyunsuk Choi

2016-05-01

Full Text Available This study analyzed the direct and indirect CO2 emissions of the energy-intensive basic metals industry, in particular steels, using the distributions of various energy sources, including coal/peat, oil, and electricity, from an input–output table. An analysis of five major steel producing countries indicated that direct CO2 emissions increased 1.4-fold and that indirect CO2 emissions increased by more than two-fold between 1995 and 2010. The elasticity of the CO2 emissions and the total energy costs indicated that Korea, Japan, and Germany are sensitive to energy sources from the electric power industry, whereas China and the US are more sensitive to energy sources pertaining to the coal and oil industry. Using the available forest area and photosynthesis, the potential neutralization ability of CO2 was estimated using the eco-CO2 index. The US yielded the highest CO2 neutralization ability of 66.1%, whereas Korea yielded a CO2 neutralization ability of 15%. Future trends of the 2030 eco-CO2 index revealed China and Korea will rapidly lose their neutralization ability resulting in a net negative neutralization ability if left unabated. The significant decline in the eco-CO2 index for the basic metals industry may be inhibited by utilizing bamboo wood charcoal for pulverized coal injection (PCI in the steelmaking process.

Penentuan Tipologi Pengembangan Industri Batik dalam Upaya Pengembangan Ekonomi Lokal di Kabupaten Pamekasan

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Wilda Al Aluf

2015-12-01

Full Text Available Abstrak—Industri batik merupakan potensi lokal Kabupaten Pamekasan yang dapat menjadi penggerak perekonomian untuk mengurangi kemiskinan di Kabupaten Pamekasan memiliki permasalahan pada aspek sistem produksi, infrastruktur dan kelembagaan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan tipologi industri batik di Kabupaten Pamekasan. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan industri batik berdasarkan preferensi pengrajin dan analisis Hierarchical Cluster untuk mengetahui tipologi industri batik di Kabupaten Pamekasan. Hasil akhir penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 3 tipologi industri batik, yaitu 1 Tipologi 1 terdiri dari Desa Klampar, Toket, Larangan Badung dan Angsanah dengan penghambat perkembangan industri adalah variabel pada faktor kelembagaan; 2 Tipologi 2 terdiri dari Desa Candi Burung, Panaan, Kowel, Waru Barat, dengan  penghambat perkembangan industri batik adalah variabel pada faktor kelembagaan dan sistem produksi; 3 Tipologi 3 terdiri dari Desa Rang Perang Daya, Rek Kerek, Banyupelle, Pagendingan dan Pegantenan, dimana penghambat perkembangan industri adalah variabel pada faktor sistem produksi, infrastruktur dan kelembagaan

A comprehensive emission inventory of multiple air pollutants from iron and steel industry in China: Temporal trends and spatial variation characteristics.

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Kun; Tian, Hezhong; Hua, Shenbing; Zhu, Chuanyong; Gao, Jiajia; Xue, Yifeng; Hao, Jiming; Wang, Yong; Zhou, Junrui

2016-07-15

China has become the largest producer of iron and steel throughout the world since 1996. However, as an energy-and-pollution intensive manufacturing sector, a detailed comprehensive emission inventory of air pollutants for iron and steel industry of China is still not available. To obtain and better understand the temporal trends and spatial variation characteristics of typical hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) emissions from iron and steel production in China, a comprehensive emission inventory of multiple air pollutants, including size segregated particulate matter (TSP/PM10/PM2.5), gaseous pollutants (SO2, NOx, CO), heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Ni etc.), as well as the more dangerous PCDD/Fs, is established with the unit-based annual activity, specific dynamic emission factors for the historical period of 1978-2011, and the future potential trends till to 2050 are forecasted by using scenario analysis. Our results show that emissions of gaseous pollutants and particulate matter have experienced a gradual increase tendency since 2000, while emissions of priority-controlled heavy metals (Hg, Pb, As, Cd, Cr, and Ni) have exhibited a short-term fluctuation during the period of 1990 to 2005. With regard to the spatial distribution of HAPs emissions in base year 2011, Bohai economic circle is identified as the top emission intensity region where iron and steel smelting plants are densely built; within iron and steel industry, blast furnaces contribute the majority of PM emissions, sinter plants account for most of gaseous pollutants and the majority of PCDD/Fs, whereas steel making processes are responsible for the majority of heavy metal emissions. Moreover, comparisons of future emission trends under three scenarios indicate that advanced technologies and integrated whole process management strategies are in great need to further diminish various hazardous air pollutants from iron and steel industry in the future. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights

ANALISIS VARIABILITAS CURAH HUJAN DAN SUHU DI BALI

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ogi Setiawan

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan yang terdiri dari pulau-pulau besar dan kecil menjadi sangat rentan terhadap dampak perubahan iklim. Salah satu pulau yang juga rentan terhadap perubahan iklim adalah pulau Bali. Dampak potensial adanya perubahan iklim adalah perubahan pola hujan, peningkatan suhuudaradankenaikanpermukaanlaut. Sektoryangakanmenerimadampakperubahaniklimdengan serius adalah sektor kehutanan dan pertanian. Untuk mendukung upaya mitigasi dan adaptasi maka diperlukan informasi perubahan iklim yang terjadi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui variabilitas iklim di Bali. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis kecenderungan curah hujan, analisis perubahan suhu udara, analisis perubahan tipe iklim dan analisis pergeseran bulan basah, lembab dan kering. Data hujan yang digunakan adalah data hujan dari GPCC (1961-1998 dan BMKG Bali (19992008, sedangkan data suhu berasal dari BMKG Bali (2004-2008. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa di pulau Bali secara umum sudah mengalami perubahan iklim. Tipe iklim berdasarkan Schmidt-Ferguson mengalami perubahan dari relatif basah menjadi agak kering. Suhu udara rata-rata bulanan serta curah hujan bulanan dan tahunan memiliki kecenderungan yang semakin meningkat. Bulan basah dan bulan kering telah mengalami pergeseran dan perubahan jumlahnya. Dampak perubahan iklim terhadap ekosistem hutan di Bali belum diketahui dengan pasti, namun terdapat beberapa implikasi perubahan iklim terhadap sektor kehutanan diantaranya kebakaran hutan dan perubahan jadwal penanaman.

It was the demonstration of industrial steel production capacity ferritic-martensitic Spanish ASTURFER scale demand ITER

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Coto, R.; Serrano, M.; Moran, A.; Rodriguez, D.; Artimez, J. A.; Belzunce, J.; Sedano, L.

2013-01-01

Reduced Activation Ferritic-Martensitic (RAFM) structural steels are considered as candidate materials with notable possibilities to be incorporated to fusion reactor ITER, nowadays under construction, and future fusion reactor DEMO, involving a notable forecasting of supply materials, with a considerable limitation due to the few number of furnishes currently on the market. The manufacture at an industrial scale of the ASTURFER steel, developed at laboratory scale by ITMA Materials Technology and the Structural Materials Division of the Technology Division of CIEMAT would be a significant business opportunity for steelwork companies.

ANALISIS POSITIONING RESTORAN CEPAT SAJI

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Osa Omar Sharif

2017-04-01

Full Text Available Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti positioning restoran cepat saji McDonald's, Kentucky Fried Chicken, California Fried Chicken, A&W, dan Texas Chicken. Penelitian dilakukan di Kota Bandung dengan mengambil sebanyak 400 responden. Analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis multidimensional scaling, analisis memberikan gambaran positioning dari restoran cepat saji yang ditampilkan dalam perceptual map. Restoran cepat saji yang memiliki layanan paling baik adalah McD dan yang memiliki layanan paling buruk adalah CFC. Restoran cepat saji yang memiliki rasa makanan paling enak adalah McD dan yang memiliki rasa makanan tidak enak adalah CFC. KFC dinilai paling ideal karena selalu berhasil menduduki peringkat satu dan dua jika dilihat dari sudut pandang restoran cepat saji yang lain. Pesaing terdekat McD adalah KFC. McD mendapatkan ranking pertama dari segi atribut layanan, kebersihan, variasi makanan, dan rasa makanan. Dengan posisi seperti ini McD seharusnya tetap menjaga kualitas layanan, kebersihan, variasi makanan, dan rasa makanan agar konsumen tetap memilih untuk datang ke McD. KFC sebaiknya tetap menjaga suasana yang membuat konsumen nyaman akan suasana di dalam atau diluar restoran

Rietveld and impedance analysis of cold and hot rolled duplex and lean duplex steels for application in paper and pulp industry

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Esteves, Luiza; Lins, Vanessa de Freitas Cunha, E-mail: luizaeq@yahoo.com.br [Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil). Departamento de Engenharia Quimica; Paiva, Paulo Renato Perdigao [Centro Federal de Educacao Tecnologica de Minas Gerais (CEFET), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil); Viana, Adolfo Kalergis do Nascimento [APERAM South America, Timoteo, MG (Brazil)

2017-01-15

In this study, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld Refinement were performed to identify and quantify the ferrite and austenite phase of cold and hot rolled duplex stainless steels (UNS S31803) and lean duplex stainless steels (UNS S32304). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was applied to evaluate the chemical behavior of duplex and lean duplex stainless steels in white, green, and black liquors of paper and pulp industry. Rietveld analysis results showed a higher austenite content than the standard limit for duplex steels in the hot rolled condition. The hot rolling condition plays a major role in improving corrosion resistance in white liquor mainly for the lean duplex steel. (author)

Rietveld and impedance analysis of cold and hot rolled duplex and lean duplex steels for application in paper and pulp industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Esteves, Luiza; Lins, Vanessa de Freitas Cunha; Viana, Adolfo Kalergis do Nascimento

2017-01-01

In this study, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld Refinement were performed to identify and quantify the ferrite and austenite phase of cold and hot rolled duplex stainless steels (UNS S31803) and lean duplex stainless steels (UNS S32304). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was applied to evaluate the chemical behavior of duplex and lean duplex stainless steels in white, green, and black liquors of paper and pulp industry. Rietveld analysis results showed a higher austenite content than the standard limit for duplex steels in the hot rolled condition. The hot rolling condition plays a major role in improving corrosion resistance in white liquor mainly for the lean duplex steel. (author)

Radiological impact on the UK population of industries which use or produce materials containing enhanced levels of naturally occurring radionuclides. Part II: the steel production industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Crockett, G.M.; Smith, K.R.; Oatway, W.B.; Mobbs, S.F.

2003-01-01

This report contains an assessment of the radiological impact on the UK population of the steel production industry within the UK. The radiological impact of the primary industry, the waste streams produced and the use of by-product slag have been considered. Individual doses from atmospheric releases from ail currently operating integrated steel plants in the UK are less than 10 μSv y -1 for all age groups. The per caput dose rate in the UK population from 500 years of continuous steel production at the current levels is estimated to be 0.1 μSv y -1 . Estimated maximum doses to workers at the steel production plant, landfill workers, and workers manufacturing and using building materials containing slag were generally less than 20 μSv y -1 . The estimated radon concentrations in buildings constructed from concrete containing slag depend upon the radon emanation fraction assumed for the material. Experimental data in this area is sparse, and thus a range was considered. The estimated radon concentrations in buildings constructed from concrete containing slag ranged between 7.0 and 10.8 Bq m -3 , compared with 9.9 Bq m -3 when slag-free concrete is assumed. The estimated dose from radon exposure ranges between 363 μSv y -1 and 559 μSv y -1 , compared with 510 μSv y -1 when slag-free concrete is used. The estimated external dose to an individual in a house constructed using concrete containing slag is 790 μSv y -1 compared with 758 μSv y -1 for slag-free concrete. The overall effect of the use of the slag in building materials therefore ranges between a reduction in dose of 115 μSv y -1 and an increase of 81 μSv y -1 . Other scenarios involving exposure of members of the public to slag resulted in doses of less than 5 μSv y -1 . The estimated peak individual risk from landfill disposal of steel industry waste is less than approximately 1 10 -8 y -1 . Currently, radiological controls on the operation of steel production sites are confined to the

Energy efficiency and CO_2 mitigation potential of the Turkish iron and steel industry using the LEAP (long-range energy alternatives planning) system

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ates, Seyithan A.

2015-01-01

With the assistance of the LEAP (long-range energy alternatives planning) energy modeling tool, this study explores the energy efficiency and CO_2 emission reduction potential of the iron and steel industry in Turkey. With a share of 35%, the steel and iron industry is considered as the most energy-consuming sector in Turkey. The study explores that the energy intensity rate can be lowered by 13%, 38% and 51% in SEI (slow-speed energy efficiency improvement), AEI (accelerating energy efficiency improvement) and CPT (cleaner production and technology scenario) scenarios, respectively. Particularly the projected aggregated energy savings of the scenarios CPT and AES are very promising with saving rates of 33.7% and 23% respectively. Compared to baseline scenarios, energy efficiency improvements correspond to economic potential of 0.1 billion dollars for SEI, 1.25 dollars for AEI and 1.8 billion dollars for CPT scenarios annually. Concerning GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions, in 2030 the iron and steel industry in Turkey is estimated to produce 34.9 MtCO_2 in BAU (business-as-usual scenario), 32.5 MtCO_2 in SEI, 24.6 MtCO_2 in AEI and 14.5 MtCO_2 in CPT a scenario which corresponds to savings of 9%–39%. The study reveals that energy consumption and GHG emissions of the iron and steel industry can be lowered significantly if the necessary measures are implemented. It is expected that this study will fill knowledge gaps pertaining to energy efficiency potential in Turkish energy intensive industries and help stakeholders in energy intensive industries to realize the potential for energy efficiency and GHG mitigation. - Highlights: • This paper explores energy efficiency potential of iron and Steel industry in Turkey. • We applied the LEAP modeling to forecast future developments. • Four different scenarios have been developed for the LEAP modeling. • There is a huge potential for energy efficiency and mitigation of GHG emissions.

Selective surface oxidation and segregation upon short term annealing of model alloys and industrial steel grades

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Swaminathan, S.

2007-07-01

Segregation and selective oxidation phenomena of minor alloying elements during annealing of steel sheets lead to the formation of bare spots after hot-dip galvanizing. This thesis highlights the influence of annealing conditions and the effect of alloying elements on the selective oxidation in model alloys and some industrial steel grades. Model alloys of binary (Fe-2Si, Fe-2Mn, Fe-0.8Cr), ternary (Fe-2Mn-2Si, Fe-2Mn-0.8Cr, Fe-1Mn-0.8Cr, Fe-1Si-0.8Cr, Fe-2Si-0.8Cr) and quarternary (Fe-2Mn-2Si-0.8Cr) systems were studied. In the case of steels, standard grade interstitial free (IF) steels and experimental grade tensile strength 1000 MPa steel were investigated. All specimens were annealed at 820 C in N{sub 2}-5%H{sub 2} gas atmospheres with the wide range of dew points (i.e. -80 to 0 C). The surface chemistry after annealing and its wettability with liquid Zn have been correlated as a function of dew points by simulating the hot-dip galvanizing process at laboratory scale. (orig.)

IDENTIFIKASI MISKONSEPSI SISWA SMP PADA KONSEP FOTOSINTESIS MELALUI ANALISIS GAMBAR

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Devi Ariandini

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi miskonsepsi siswa dengan analisis menggambar. Tiga puluh empat siswa di kelas 8 di sekolah menengah pertama digunakan sebagai subyek dalam penelitian ini. Teknik sampel menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Data yang diperlukan untuk penelitian ini dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner, menggambar analisis rubrik, dan wawancara. Identifikasi Kesalahpahaman ditentukan dengan menggambar siswa berdasarkan menggambar kriteria klasifikasi oleh Kose (2008. Siswa diperintahkan untuk menarik tentang konsep fotosintesis setelah proses pembelajaran. Gambar siswa dianalisis dengan rubrik dan setelah itu mereka diwawancarai. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak semua tingkat kriteria menggambar dari tingkat 1 sampai 5 diidentifikasi. Dari hasil analisa, gambar paling banyak ditemukan adalah pada tingkat 4. Gambar pada tingkat 4 dikategorikan sebagai gambar lengkap konsep fotosintesis dan tidak ada kesalahpahaman ditemukan. Berdasarkan gambar mereka, ada siswa 2,9% diidentifikasi yang diselenggarakan kesalahpahaman. Ada perbedaan jumlah siswa yang diadakan kesalahpahaman antara gambar hasil analisis dan hasil wawancara. Dari hasil wawancara, ada siswa 35,2% dimiliki kesalahpahaman, lebih dari menggambar hasil analisis. Ini berarti bahwa identifikasi kesalahpahaman melalui analisis gambar tidak efektif. Kesalahpahaman siswa yang paling sering terjadi pada konsep fotosintesis adalah tempat berlangsungnya fotosintesis. Faktor yang membuat kesalahpahaman siswa yaitu karena siswa itu sendiri dan lingkungannya. Kata Kunci: fotosintesis, kesalahpahaman, konsep, menggambar analisis

Development of Next Generation Heating System for Scale Free Steel Reheating

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Dr. Arvind C. Thekdi

2011-01-27

The work carried out under this project includes development and design of components, controls, and economic modeling tools that would enable the steel industry to reduce energy intensity through reduction of scale formation during the steel reheating process. Application of scale free reheating offers savings in energy used for production of steel that is lost as scale, and increase in product yield for the global steel industry. The technology can be applied to a new furnace application as well as retrofit design for conversion of existing steel reheating furnaces. The development work has resulted in the knowledge base that will enable the steel industry and steel forging industry us to reheat steel with 75% to 95% reduction in scale formation and associated energy savings during the reheating process. Scale reduction also results in additional energy savings associated with higher yield from reheat furnaces. Energy used for steel production ranges from 9 MM Btu/ton to 16.6 MM Btu/ton or the industry average of approximately 13 MM Btu/ton. Hence, reduction in scale at reheating stage would represent a substantial energy reduction for the steel industry. Potential energy savings for the US steel industry could be in excess of 25 Trillion Btu/year when the technology is applied to all reheating processes. The development work has resulted in new design of reheating process and the required burners and control systems that would allow use of this technology for steel reheating in steel as well as steel forging industries.

Diffusion of energy efficient technologies in the German steel industry and their impact on energy consumption

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Arens, M.; Worrell, E.

2014-01-01

We try to understand the role of technological change and diffusion of energy efficient technologies in order to explain the trend of energy intensity developments in the German steel industry. We selected six key energy efficient technologies and collected data to derive their diffusion since their

Analisis Usaha Industri Advertising di Kota Pekanbaru

OpenAIRE

Aqualo, Nobel; Indrawati, Toti; Setiawan, Fery

2014-01-01

Advertising industry has a good prospects when compared with the past and the present. This research is done for look at the feasibility of the advertising industry with Break Even Point analysis. This study consists of 48 advertising industry existing Pekanbaru in 2012. As for the resulting product is silk screening, billboard, banner, and advertismenrt (web line advertising). The results of the study showed that the total production which is derived from business advertising to average prod...

[Carpal tunnel syndrome and steel industry].

Science.gov (United States)

Caciari, T; Rosati, M V; Casale, T; Sancini, A; Giubilati, R; De Sio, S; Suppi, A; Tomei, G; Santoro, L; Scala, B; Nardone, N; Tomei, F

2013-01-01

The carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common working pathology. The CTS diagnosis is not so easy because neurophysiological investigations are necessary. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the working risks and the presence of CTS signs using a focused anamnestic and clinical procedure. We evaluated the working risks of CTS in a population of 65 male workers of a steel industry (average age 25.1 and seniority 2.82), performing 5 different tasks. The Borg Scale was used to evaluate the subjective muscle effort. Diurnal paresthesia (V1FG), nocturnal paresthesia (V1FN), hypersensitivity (V1IS), hypostenia (V1IT) were considered. We identified three main working risks repetitiveness of single actions, static and prolonged posture of the truck, muscle effort. 21.5% of the workers showed at least one of the three symptoms;13.8% showed one or more symptoms; the clinical objectivity was observed in 18.5%. A relation between V1FG, V1FN, clinical objective linked to the workers age of the task 1 (p =0.035) is showed. To prevent CTS, the use of the Borg Scale associated with identification of the risks and with the anamenstic-clinical investigation is useful to discriminate people at risk of CTS.

Scenario analysis on CO2 emissions reduction potential in China's iron and steel industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wang Ke; Wang Can; Lu Xuedu; Chen Jining

2007-01-01

The international climate community has begun to assess a range of possible options for strengthening the international climate change effort after 2012. Analysis of the potential for sector-based emissions reduction and relevant mitigation options will provide the necessary background information for the debate. In order to assess the CO 2 abatement potential of China's steel industry, a model was developed using LEAP software to generate 3 different CO 2 emission scenarios for the industry from 2000 to 2030. The abatement potentials of different scenarios were compared, and their respective feasibilities were assessed according to the cost information. High priority abatement measures were then identified. The results show that the average CO 2 abatement per year in the Recent Policy scenario and in the New Policy scenario, compared with the reference scenario, are 51 and 107 million tons, respectively. The corresponding total incremental costs are 9.34 and 80.95 billion dollars. It is concluded that there is great potential for CO 2 abatement in China's steel industry. Adjusting the structure of the industry and technological advancement will play an important role in emissions reduction. Successful implementation of current sustainable development policies and measures will result in CO 2 abatement at a low cost. However, to achieve higher levels of abatement, the cost will increase dramatically. In the near future, specific energy conservation technologies such as dry coke quenching, exhaust gas and heat recovery equipment will be of great significance. However, taking a long term perspective, emissions reduction will rely more on the adjustment of production processes and the application of more modern large scale plants. Advanced blast furnace technology will inevitably play an important role

Precaution against radioactive contamination of steel products in Germany

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ewers, E.; Schulz-Klemp, V.; Steffen, R.

1999-01-01

Regulations for handling of radioactive materials in Germany. Engagement of the Germany Iron and Steel Institute (VDEh) since the end of the eighties and measures taken. Level of radioactivity in uncontaminated steel products. Agreements between steel industry and scrap supplying industry as well as terms of delivery. Actual status of equipment for detection of radioactivity in the German steel plants. Demands of steel users for clean steel. (author)

Global carbon benefits of material substitution in passenger cars until 2050 and the impact on the steel and aluminum industries.

Science.gov (United States)

Modaresi, Roja; Pauliuk, Stefan; Løvik, Amund N; Müller, Daniel B

2014-09-16

Light-weighting of passenger cars using high-strength steel or aluminum is a common emissions mitigation strategy. We provide a first estimate of the global impact of light-weighting by material substitution on GHG emissions from passenger cars and the steel and aluminum industries until 2050. We develop a dynamic stock model of the global car fleet and combine it with a dynamic MFA of the associated steel, aluminum, and energy supply industries. We propose four scenarios for substitution of conventional steel with high-strength steel and aluminum at different rates over the period 2010-2050. We show that light-weighting of passenger cars can become a "gigaton solution": Between 2010 and 2050, persistent light-weighting of passenger cars can, under optimal conditions, lead to cumulative GHG emissions savings of 9-18 gigatons CO2-eq compared to development business-as-usual. Annual savings can be up to 1 gigaton per year. After 2030, enhanced material recycling can lead to further reductions: closed-loop metal recycling in the automotive sector may reduce cumulative emissions by another 4-6 gigatons CO2-eq. The effectiveness of emissions mitigation by material substitution significantly depends on how the recycling system evolves. At present, policies focusing on tailpipe emissions and life cycle assessments of individual cars do not consider this important effect.

DAYA SAING DAN MODEL PEMASARAN SENTRA INDUSTRI USAHA KERAJINAN SANGKAR BURUNG PERKUTUT

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Diah Arum Savitri

2014-09-01

Full Text Available ABSTRACTThe objectives of this study were 1 analyzing the competitiveness, 2 analyzing the market size, 3 analyzing marketing strategies’ priorities and alternatives to improve the competitiveness of industry center of dove cage in Dawuhan Mangli Village, Jember Regency. The method used in this study was descriptive analysis. The analysis tools used in this study were Porter’s Diamond Theory, BCG (Boston Consulting Group, SWOT and AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process. Competitiveness analysis using diamond theory of Porter showed that industry center of dove cage handicraft in Dawuhan Mangli Village, Jember Regency is still weak. There are 9 components that have weaknesses while other 7 components have strengths. Market growth rate and relative market share formulated on BCG diagram are in the position of Question Marks, which means that the business has the opportunity to grow and expand but needs sufficient cash flow in order to increase its relative market. Based on SWOT and AHP analysis were obtained 7 marketing strategies with their priorities scales including: strengthening the capital, PSBP group formation, education and training, warehouse and workshop building, institutional formation of marketing and raw materials, increasing promotion, improving the quality and diversification of products. To enhance the industrial competitiveness of dove cage industry, development activities through strengthening the marketing and raw materials institution should be done.Keywords: competitiveness, marketing strategy, dove cage ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah 1 menganalisis daya saing, 2 menganalisis market size, 3 merumuskan prioritas strategi pemasaran untuk sentra industri usaha kerajinan sangkar burung perkutut di Desa Dawuhan Mangli, Kabupaten Jember. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif. Analisis yang digunakan adalah Porter’s Diamond Theory, analisis BCG (Boston Consulting Group, SWOT, dan AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process

Carpal tunnel syndrome in the Turkish steel industry.

Science.gov (United States)

Gedizlioglu, Muhtesem; Arpaci, Esra; Cevher, Demet; Ce, Pinar; Kulan, Can Ahmet; Colak, Ilhan; Duzgun, Baran

2008-05-01

Certain occupations are reported to be associated with a high risk for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). In this study, we investigated the development of CTS in iron-steel industry workers. Subjects were recruited from a factory of 650 workers and assessed by means of history, physical examination and electrophysiological testing. Seventy-nine subjects from the factory and 53 healthy controls with occupations unrelated to heavy physical work were assessed. None of the worker group had electrophysiological evidence of CTS. One subject in the control group has electrophysiological evidence of CTS. In the worker group, all sensory nerve conduction velocities and ulnar nerve action potential amplitudes in both hands and distal motor latencies were statistically different. In our study, among a group of heavy labourers, no cases of CTS were detected. However, all electrophysiologic parameters of workers were different from controls. Our results point to a diffuse, but subclinical injury of peripheral nerves under heavy physical work conditions, instead of a local effect such as CTS.

MODEL PENGEMBANGAN INDUSTRI KECIL KONVEKSI MELALUI APIK (ASOSIASI PENGRAJIN INDUSTRI KONVEKSI DI DESA TRITUNGGAL KECAMATAN BABAT KABUPATEN LAMONGAN JAWA TIMUR

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Nurulia Azizah

2014-10-01

Full Text Available Abstrak ___________________________________________________________________ Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui profil, kekuatan kelemahan, peluang, ancaman, dan strategi pengembangan industri kecil konveksi melalui APIK dalam peran dan keefektifan kinerjanya. Secara praktis adalah dapat menambah informasi dan bahan masukan bagi pengusaha konveksi dan pemerintah untuk mengembangkan usaha industri kecil konveksi di Desa Tritunggal Kecamatan Babat Kabupaten Lamongan.Populasi dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 43 pengusaha industri kecil konveksi. Variabel dalam penelitian industri kecil menengah ini adalah profil dan peran APIK, serta strategi pengembangan industri kecil konveksi. Metode pengumpulan data melalui observasi dan angket. Analisis data menggunakan adalah analisis deskriptif, uji  t-paired, dan analisis SWOT.Hasil penelitian (1 Profil pengusaha industri kecil konveksi sebagian besar mereka adalah masyarakat menengah kebawah yang tidak mempunyai modal dan aset (2 APIK berperan sebagai wadah bagi pengusaha untuk mengembangkan industri kecil konveksi. (3 APIK memberikan andil pada industri kecil konveksi dapat dilihat dari rata-rata nilai modal, tenaga kerja, produk, teknologi, dan pasar pada konveksi sesudah adanya APIK lebih tinggi daripada sebelumnya. (4 Kekuatan yaitu letaknya yang strategis. Kelemahan yaitu keterbatasan modal. Peluang yaitu masih luasnya daerah pemasaran yang tersedia serta dukungan dan perhatian dari pemerintah melalui APIK. Sedangkan Ancaman yaitu persaingan merebut pasar semakin ketat. (5 Pada analisis SWOT strategi yang digunakan adalah mencari alternative bahan baku, meningkatkan potensi SDM, meningkatkan promosi, dan meningkatkan kreativitas.Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah APIK dapat membantu dalam perkembangan sentra industri kecil konveksi. Saran yang dapat diberikan adalah pemerintah, APIK dan pengusaha sebaiknya saling mendukung agar industri kecil konveksi dapat lebih mudah berkembang dalam era

Analisis Tingkat Kepentingan Dan Kinerja Layanan Automated Teller Machine (Atm) Bank Mandiri

OpenAIRE

Setiawati, Lenny; Sugiharto, Toto

2008-01-01

Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menganalisis tingkat kepentingan dan kinerja layananATM Bank Mandiri. Analisis Servqual yang terdiri atas dimensi tangible, realibility,responsiveness, assurance,dan empathy digunakan untuk menganalisis kinerjalayanan ATM. Sementara itu, Customer Satisfaction Index dan ImportancePerformance Analysis yang terdiri atas analisis kuadran dan analisis kesenjangandigunakan untuk menginvestigasi kepuasan pelanggan dan untuk mengidentifikasikandimensi layanan yang kiner...

ANALISIS SPASIAL KEJADIAN DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE BERDASARKAN KEPADATAN PENDUDUK

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Agcrista Permata Kusuma

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Abstrak Puskesmas Kedungmundu merupakan wilayah endemis DBD dengan kasus yang tinggi. Diperlukan upaya dalam menentukan kebijakan strategi pengendalian vektor secara efektif dan efisien. Analisis spasial dalam SIG dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui pola penyebaran dan daerah potensi penularan DBD. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif analitik menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan sampel wilayah memperhatikan proporsi sampel dengan jumlah sampel 146 responden. Pengambilan titik koordinat menggunakan GPS. Analisis data menggunakan analisis univariat dan analisis spasial. Hasil perhitungan statistik spasial ANN diperoleh nilai Z-score = -11,054 terdapat pola spasial kasus DBD di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Kedungmundu. Nilai ANN = 0,52 < 1, artinya pola penyebaran kejadian DBD yang terjadi adalah berkerumun. Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini sebaran kasus DBD memiliki keterkaitan secara spasial dengan kepadatan penduduk. Abstract Kedungmundu PHC is an endemich region with a high case. Be required to determine policy of vector control strategies effectively and efficiently. Spatial analsys in GIS can be used to determine the pattern of distribution and areas of DHF potential transmission. The type this research was analysis descriptive with cross sectional approach. The sampling technique used a sample area of attention to the proportion of the sample with 146 respondents of total sample. Capturing the coordinates used GPS. Data analisys used univariat and spatial analisys. Result of ANN obtained a Z-score= -11,054, there was a spatial pattern of dengue cases in Kedungmundu PHC. ANN value = 0,52 < 1, it meant that the pattern of DHF distribution was clustered. The conclution of this research was DHF distribution cases has spatial correlation with density population.

ANALISIS KESELAMATAN TERMOHIDROLIK BULK SHIELDING REAKTOR KARTINI

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Azizul Khakim

2015-10-01

Full Text Available ABSTRAK ANALISIS KESELAMATAN TERMOHIDROLIK BULK SHIELDING REAKTOR KARTINI. Bulk shielding merupakan fasilitas yang terintegrasi dengan reaktor Kartini yang berfungsi sebagai penyimpanan sementara bahan bakar bekas. Fasilitas ini merupakan fasilitas yang termasuk dalam struktur, sistem dan komponen (SSK yang penting bagi keselamatan. Salah satu fungsi keselamatan dari sistem penanganan dan penyimpanan bahan bakar adalah mencegah kecelakaan kekritisan yang tak terkendali dan membatasi naiknya temperatur bahan bakar. Analisis keselamatan paling kurang harus mencakup analisis keselamatan dari sisi neutronik dan termo hidrolik Bulk shielding. Analisis termo hidrolik ditujukan untuk memastikan perpindahan panas dan proses pendinginan bahan bakar bekas berjalan baik dan tidak terjadi akumulasi panas yang mengancam integritas bahan bakar. Code tervalidasi PARET/ANL digunakan untuk analisis pendinginan dengan mode konveksi alam. Hasil perhitungan menunjukkan bahwa mode pendinginan konvekasi alam cukup memadai dalam mendinginkan panas sisa tanpa mengakibatkan kenaikan temperatur bahan bakar yang signifikan. Kata kunci: Bulk shielding, bahan bakar bekas, konveksi alam, PARET.   ABSTRACT THERMAL HYDRAULIC SAFETY ANALYSIS OF BULK SHIELDING KARTINI REACTOR. Bulk shielding is an integrated facility to Kartini reactor which is used for temporary spent fuels storage. The facility is one of the structures, systems and components (SSCs important to safety. Among the safety functions of fuel handling and storage are to prevent any uncontrolable criticality accidents and to limit the fuel temperature increase. Safety analyses should, at least, cover neutronic and thermal hydraulic calculations of the bulk shielding. Thermal hydraulic analyses were intended to ensure that heat removal and the process of the spent fuels cooling takes place adequately and no heat accumulation that challenges the fuel integrity. Validated code, PARET/ANL was used for analysing the

Analisis Semiotik Sajak Bulang Cahaya

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Junaidi Junaidi

2014-11-01

Full Text Available Penelitian ini bertujuan menggali makna tanda yang terdapat dalam sajak Bulang Cahaya karya Rida K Liamsi. Untuk menggali makna itu, pendekatan analisis semiotik Roland Barthes digunakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sajak ini berisi tanda-tanda bersumber dari kosa kata Melayu lama. Sajak ini juga berisi simbol-simbol yang berkaitan dengan kehidupan orang Melayu. Penggunaan kata-kata Melayu lama dan simbol Melayu memperkuat setting Melayu dalam sajak ini. Analisis makna menunjukkan bahwa seseorang merasakan kedukaan sangat mendalam ketika cintanya harus berakhir, tetapi ia terus merasakan kerinduan dengan kekasihnya yang telah pergi. Mitos cinta yang terdapat dalam pusinya adalah orang tahu bahwa putus cinta itu menyakitkan tetapi orang tetap saja jatuh cinta.

Ergonomic prevention of musculoskeletal disorders of maintenance workers in the steel industry : Guidelines for the optimum working height of selected maintenance operations

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Dul, J.; Bolijn, A.J.; Delleman, N.J.; Hildebrandt, V.H.

1991-01-01

In the steel industry musculoskeletal disorders are important determinants of sickness and absenteeism. Prevention of biomechanical risk is therefore important, both for industry and the workers themselves. In this research project, ergonomic guidelines have been developed to reduce high

The efficacy of radiant heat controls on workers' heat stress around the blast furnace of a steel industry.

Science.gov (United States)

Giahi, Omid; Darvishi, Ebrahim; Aliabadi, Mohsen; Khoubi, Jamshid

2015-01-01

Workers' exposure to excessive heat in molten industries is mainly due to radiant heat from hot sources. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of radiant heat controls on workers heat stress around a typical blast furnace. Two main interventions were applied for reducing radiant heat around the blast furnace of a steel industry located in western Iran. These included using a heat absorbing system in the furnace body and installing reflective aluminum barrier in the main workstation. Heat stress indexes were measured before and after each intervention using the digital WBGT-meter. The results showed MRT and WBGT indexes decreased by 20 °C and 3.9 °C, respectively after using heat absorbing system and also decreased by 18.6 °C and 2.5 °C, respectively after installing a reflective barrier. These indexes decrease by 26.5 °C and 5.2 °C, respectively due to the simultaneous application of the two interventions which were statistically significant (p steel industries.

Voluntary agreements for increasing energy-efficiency in industry: Case study of a pilot project with the steel industry in Shandong Province, China

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Price, Lynn; Worrell, Ernst; Sinton, Jonathan; Yun, Jiang

2003-03-01

China faces a significant challenge in the years ahead to continue to provide essential materials and products for a rapidly-growing economy while addressing pressing environmental concerns. China's industrial sector is heavily dependent on the country's abundant, yet polluting, coal resources. While tremendous energy conservation and environmental protection achievements were realized in the industrial sector in the past, there remains a great gulf between the China's level of energy efficiency and that of the advanced countries of the world. Internationally, significant energy efficiency improvement in the industrial sector has been realized in a number of countries using an innovative policy mechanism called Voluntary Agreements. This paper describes international experience with Voluntary Agreements in the industrial sector as well as the development of a pilot program to test the use of such agreements with two steel mills in Shandong Province, China.

Credentialism, National Targets, and the Learning Society: Perspectives on Educational Attainment in the UK Steel Industry.

Science.gov (United States)

Fuller, Alison; Unwin, Lorna

1999-01-01

The UK's National Learning Targets for Education and Training, embracing 11- to 21-year-olds, adults, and employers, promote a credentialist approach to economic and social development. This article shows how the steel industry measures up. Using qualifications-based targets as a proxy for adult workforce capability is misguided. (Contains 40…

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN INDUSTRI KECIL CARICA

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Adi Permadi

2015-03-01

Full Text Available Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana profil industri kecil carica di Kabupaten Wonosobo serta untuk mengetahui strategi pengembangan apa yang bisa digunakan. Variabel yang diteliti adalah profil industri yang meliputi sumber daya manusia, permodalan, teknologi, dan pemasaran. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah metode analisis deskriptif dan analisis SWOT. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa profil industri kecil carica di Kabupaten Wonosobo pada tahun 2014 ada 15 unit usaha. Ada beberapa prioritas strategi pengembangan yaang dilakukaan yaitu strategi SO dengan meningkatkan kualitas SDM, memanfaatkan tenaga kerja dari daerah sekitar, dan mengoptimalkan lokasi industri yang strategis. Strategi WO menyiapkan stok produk carica, mengoptimalkan produk carica, dan mengoptimalkan pelatihan dari dinas terkait. Strategi ST dengan meningkatkan kualitas ciri khas produk carica,peranan pemerintah dalam hal mengantisipasi bencana longsor di Dieng, dan melakukan inovasi produk carica. Strategi WT dengan meningkatkan kemampuan manajerial pengusaha, menaikkan harga jual produk carica, dan pada musim kemarau diganti dengan produk makanan komoditas Kabupaten Wonosobo. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, strategi yang diterapkan dalam kondisi ini adalah mendukung kebijakan yang agresif, yaitu industri kecil carica di Kabupaten Wonosobo dapat bersaing dengan produk olahan makanan jenis lainnya dari berbagai daerah dengan cara menjaga dan meningkatkan kualitas produk carica yang dihasilkan.The purpose of this study to find out the profiles of carica industries in Wonosobo regency and to determine what is the development strategy can be used. The variables in this research belongs to human resources, capital, technology, and marketing. Data analysis method used is descriptive analysis method and SWOT analysis. Based on the results of this study showed that small industrial profiles carica in Wonosobo regency in 2014 there were 15 business

Technologically enhanced 210Pb and 210Po in iron and steel industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Khater, Ashraf E.M.; Bakr, Wafaa F.

2011-01-01

Iron and steel manufacture has been ranked as the largest industrial source of environmental contamination in the USA; the wastes generated in their production processes contain heavy elements that can be a source of contamination, and natural radionuclides that can produce an occupational and/or public radiological impact. In this work the potential occupational effective dose rate (μSv/y) due to inhalation in four integrated steel-making factories from Egypt has been evaluated, by assuming a well defined scenario and with basis in the 210 Pb and 210 Po activity concentrations determined in ore and wastes collected in the aforementioned factories. Activity concentrations, in Bq/kg, of 210 Pb and 210 Po, and leachable Pb and Fe were measured using gamma-ray spectrometry based on HPGe detector, alpha particle spectrometry based on PIPS detector, and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Levels of 210 Pb and 210 Po in the range of 210 Pb and 210 Po radionuclides. → Both radionuclides are enriched through the thermal processes. → For radiation dose assessment inhalation would be the main route of exposure.

Membandingkan Tingkat Kemiripan Rekaman Voice Changer Menggunakan Analisis Pitch, Formant dan Spectogram

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Ahmad Subki

2018-02-01

Full Text Available Audio forensik merupakan salah satu ilmu yang mnyandingkan antara ilmu pengetahuan dan metode ilmiah dalam proses analisis rekaman suara untuk membantu dan mendukung pengungkapan suatu tindak kejahatan yang diperlukan dalam proses persidangan. Undang-undang ITE No.19 Tahun 2016 menyebutkan bahwa rekaman suara merupakan salah satu alat bukti digital yang sah dan dapat digunakan sebagai penguat dakwaan. Rekaman suara yang merupakan barang bukti digital sangatlah mudah dan rentan dimanipulasi, baik secara sengaja maupun tidak disengaja. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisis terkait tingkat kemiripan antara rekaman suara voice changer dengan rekaman suara asli menggunakan analisis pitch, formant dan spectogram, rekaman suara yang dianalisis ada dua jenis rekaman suara yaitu suara laki-laki dan suara perempuan. Rekaman suara voice changer  dan rekaman suara asli, diekstrak menggunakan tools praat kemudian informasi yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan analisis statistik pitch, formant dan spectrogrammenggunakan tools gnumeric. Penelitian ini menghasilkan bahwa analisis rekaman suara voice changer dengan rekaman suara asli dapat menggunakan analisis statistik pitch, formant dan spectrogram, rekaman suara voice changer A memiliki tingkat kemiripan yang paling tinggi dengan rekaman suara asli pada posisi low pitch, sedangkan voice changer yang lain lebih sulit untuk diidentifikasi.

Applications of controlled thermonuclear reactor (CTR) fusion power in the steel industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jordan, R.K.; Steinberg, M.

1975-03-01

A review of the process and economics of basic steel production is presented for the purpose of indicating where CTR fusion energy may be applicable. The present conventional air blown blast furnace produces a relatively low Btu value top gas with limited usefulness. The industry consumes relatively large amounts of natural gas for reheating ingots, plates, etc. A concept is presented wherein oxygen is used in the blast furnace which would double the capacity of the furnace and produce a rich carbon monoxide gas stream useful as synthesis gas for methanol and ammonia production. A CTR supplying high energy radiation in a blanket would disproportionate carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide and oxygen which could be used at high temperatures in the blast furnace in place of an oxygen supply stream. Coke would be used in this scheme. In a second scheme the oxygen is separated from the disproportioned CO 2 stream and CO is used in a direct reduction furnace which is followed by an electric furnace to refine the reduced product. Other schemes include iron ore reduction with electrolytic hydrogen and the use of thermal energy for reforming coal with steam or CO 2 for production of reducing gas. The electrosmelting of scrap metal using CTR power could become an important operation in the future. A complex of steel, fertilizer, fuel and chemical production is presented. Steel capacity and power requirement data are presented and projected to the year 2020. (U.S.)

USULAN STRATEGI UNTUK MENINGKATKAN DAYA SAING PRODUK MEBEL ROTAN SINGLE CHAIR DENGAN ANALISIS RANTAI NILAI (Studi Kasus : Klaster Mebel Rotan Kab. Cirebon

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Ary Arvianto

2013-06-01

Full Text Available Industri mebel rotan merupakan salah satu andalan sektor industri di Indonesia dimana sentra pengolahan rotan terbesar adalah di Kabupaten Cirebon, Jawa Barat. Namun, terdapat beberapa kendala dalam industri mebel rotan di Cirebon ini diantaranya semakin ketatnya persaingan antar produsen dunia dan kebijakan pemerintah memperbolehkan ekspor rotan yang menyebabkan keuntungan di pihak negara pesaing Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan suatu strategi untuk meningkatkan daya saing  produk rotan di pasar dunia. Strategi ini dapat diperoleh dengan melakukan analisis value chain. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis rantai nilai produk mebel rotan dan mendapatkan strategi kompetitif yang tepat untuk diterapkan oleh setiap pelaku rantai nilai. Metode yang dilakukan adalah analisis finansial, analisis SWOT, analisis Competitiveness Diamond, dan analisis Critical Success Factor (CSF. Objek penelitian adalah perusahaan-perusahaan yang merupakan anggota dari Asosiasi Pengusaha Mebel Indonesia (ASMINDO Cirebon yang memproduksi mebel rotan single chair. Dari hasil pengolahan data dan analisis diperoleh hasil bahwa strategi yang dapat diterapkan di pihak supplier dalam hal ini pengumpul adalah mendirikan anak perusahaan di tempat tersedia bahan baku dan melakukan merger dengan perusahaan. Strategi yang dapat diterapkan di pihak perusahaan adalah menerapkan upah tenaga kerja per unit produk yang dihasilkan, pengalokasian dana untuk promosi, memprioritaskan buyer langganan, sharing informasi dan inovasi dengan buyer, memiliki fleksibilitas yang tinggi dalam hal kualitas dan harga, bekerjasama dengan asosiasi dan pemerintah dalam kegiatan pameran, dan melakukan merger dengan perusahaan lain ataupun dengan supplier. Sedangkan strategi yang dapat diterapkan di pihak buyer dalam hal ini wholeseller adalah menurunkan harga produk, memaksimalkan promosi dan menjaga hubungan baik dengan perusahaan yang sudah menjadi kepercayaan. Kata Kunci: mebel rotan, value

Reducing the energy consumption and CO2 emissions of energy intensive industries through decision support systems – An example of application to the steel industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Porzio, Giacomo Filippo; Fornai, Barbara; Amato, Alessandro; Matarese, Nicola; Vannucci, Marco; Chiappelli, Lisa; Colla, Valentina

2013-01-01

Highlights: • We describe an application of decision-support system to iron and steel industries. • The realised tool is useful in monitoring energy and CO 2 performances of the plant. • Key processes are modelled through flowsheeting approach and included in the tool. • A mathematical optimisation model for the process gas management has been realised. • Implementation of the tool can help reducing plant costs and environmental impact. - Abstract: The management of process industries is becoming in the recent years more and more challenging, given the stringent environmental policies as well as raising energy costs and the always-present drive for profit. A way to help plant decision makers in their daily choices is to refer to decision-support tools, which can give advice on the best practices on how to operate a plant in order to reduce the energy consumption and the CO 2 emissions keeping at the same time the costs under control. Such an approach can be useful in a variety of industries, particularly the most energy-intensive ones such as iron and steel industries. In this paper, an approach to the realisation of a software system, which allows to generate internal reports on the plant performances, as well as to simulate the plant behaviour in different scenarios, is described. The main production processes (coke plant, blast furnace, steel shop, hot rolling mill) are described and simulated focusing on the prediction of products flow rates and composition, energy consumption and GHGs (Greenhouse Gases) emissions in different operating conditions. The importance of a correct management of the CO 2 within the plant is underlined, particularly with regard to the new EU Emission Trading System, which will be based on European benchmarks. The software tool is illustrated and a case study is included, which focuses on the simultaneous minimisation of the CO 2 emissions and maximisation of the profit through an optimised management of the by-product gases

Identifiksi Sebaran Litologi berdasarkan Analisis Data Resistivitas di Gunung Wungkal

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Nurul Dzakiya

2017-05-01

Full Text Available Analisis data untuk mengidentifikasi sebaran litologi yang memiliki potensi bahan galian industri di Daerah Gunung Wungkal Yogyakarta dengan menggunakan metode resistivitas dan survei geologi permukaan telah dilakukan. Hasil korelasi kedua data tersebut menunjukkan sebaran litologi merupakan pelapukan intrusi batuan beku yang kemudian menghasilkan material lempung (6,0-10 m, lempung pasiran (11-30 m dan lapukan batuan diorit (30-55 m yang berada di kedalaman berbeda. Ketebalan batuan di permukaan sekitar 225-231 meter berdasarkan penampang peta geologi dengan arah sebaran dari Barat Laut hingga Tenggara. Proses pelapukan dan alterasi di daerah ini intensif (alterasi argilik dengan jenis morfologi perbukitan intrusi terdenudasi dan dataran Alluvial.

Assessing potential forest and steel inter-industry residue utilisation by sequential chemical extraction

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Makela, M.

2012-10-15

Traditional process industries in Finland and abroad are facing an emerging waste disposal problem due recent regulatory development which has increased the costs of landfill disposal and difficulty in acquiring new sites. For large manufacturers, such as the forest and ferrous metals industries, symbiotic cooperation of formerly separate industrial sectors could enable the utilisation waste-labeled residues in manufacturing novel residue-derived materials suitable for replacing commercial virgin alternatives. Such efforts would allow transforming the current linear resource use and disposal models to more cyclical ones and thus attain savings in valuable materials and energy resources. The work described in this thesis was aimed at utilising forest and carbon steel industry residues in the experimental manufacture of novel residue-derived materials technically and environmentally suitable for amending agricultural or forest soil properties. Single and sequential chemical extractions were used to compare the pseudo-total concentrations of trace elements in the manufactured amendment samples to relevant Finnish statutory limit values for the use of fertilizer products and to assess respective potential availability under natural conditions. In addition, the quality of analytical work and the suitability of sequential extraction in the analysis of an industrial solid sample were respectively evaluated through the analysis of a certified reference material and by X-ray diffraction of parallel sequential extraction residues. According to the acquired data, the incorporation of both forest and steel industry residues, such as fly ashes, lime wastes, green liquor dregs, sludges and slags, led to amendment liming capacities (34.9-38.3%, Ca equiv., d.w.) comparable to relevant commercial alternatives. Only the first experimental samples showed increased concentrations of pseudo-total cadmium and chromium, of which the latter was specified as the trivalent Cr(III). Based on

Respiratory illness and air pollution from the steel industry: the case of Piquiá de Baixo, Brazil (Preliminary report).

Science.gov (United States)

Valenti, Carla; Pozzi, Paolo; Busia, Alessandra; Mazza, Roberto; Bossi, Paolo; De Marco, Cinzia; Ruprecht, Ario Alberto; Borgini, Alessandro; Boffi, Roberto

2016-01-01

This report is based on an independent study carried out by medical professionals of the Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (National Cancer Institute) in Milan, Italy, and  aimed to assess the incidence of respiratory diseases in a Brazilian community (Piquiá de Baixo, in the city of Açailandia) exposed to extreme air pollution in connection to a local steel manufacturing plant. The study has the objective to contribute to the existing literature on the health risks associated with fine particle pollution (PM2.5) due to steel production with data from Brazil. The study is based on a cross-sectional sample of the resident population of Piquiá de Baixo age 16 or over consisting of 220 people. We collected data about the health conditions of participant subjects in two ways: a) medical history questionnaires and b) clinical assessment of respiratory function through spirometry testing. The results were evaluated based on comparative studies. According to the spirometric tests performed, 28 % of the sample population suffers from respiratory pathologies (for the most part of restrictive rather than obstructive nature). This incidence rate is between six and two times higher than those reported in similar studies carried out in other countries (which range between 4.6 and 14.5 %). In addition, the incidence rate is also significantly high in light of the fact that our sample population did not include the category of subjects most at risk for pulmonary disorders in connection to air pollution caused by the Piquiá steel processing complex: in other words, men and women employed in the steel mills or in connection with their industrial cycle (as many as 434 Piquiá residents age 16 and over were unable to participate to our study due to "work-related reasons"). In light of the above considerations, we believe that our findings contribute to the existing literature on the correlation between pulmonary disease and air pollution in industrialized areas

Influence of titanium on the tempering structure of austenitic steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ghuezaiel, M.J.

1985-10-01

The microstructure of titanium-stabilized and initially deformed (approximately 20%) austenitic stainless steels used in structures of fast neutrons reactors has been studied after one hour duration annealings (500 0 C) by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, microhardness and transmission electron microscopy. The studied alloys were either of industrial type CND 17-13 (0.23 to 0.45 wt% Ti) or pure steels (18% Cr, 14% Ni, 0 or 0.3 wt% Ti). During tempering, the pure steels presented some restauration before recristallization. In the industrial steels, only recristallization occurred, and this only in the most deformed steel. Precipitation does not occur in the titanium-free pure steel. In industrial steels, many intermetallic phases are formed when recristallization starts [fr

Studing the Influence of Six Main Industrial Losses on Overall Equipment Effectiveness in Cold Rolling Unit of Mobarakeh Steel Complex

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seyed Akbar Nilipour Tabatabaei

2011-03-01

Full Text Available Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE is a key indicator and a basis for evaluating the effectiveness of equipments as well as assessing the effectiveness of the Total Productive Maintenance (TPM system. This indicator together with overall equipment performance can be used in production lines such as steel production. The aim of this article is to study the influence of six main industrial losses on the OEE indicator . For this purpose, the OEE has been calculated in the cold rolling production lines of Mobarakeh Steel Complex the gap between production lines and the global industrial standards has been studied the causes of production system inefficiency has been investigated and the effectiveness of TPM system, equipments' bottlenecks and the influence of the main industry losses on OEE have been studied. The findings imply that the influence of the variation of availability and performance rates on OEE is high, while the influence of the variation of quality rate on OEE is not considerable.

Integrated technology selection for energy conservation and PAHs control in iron and steel industry: Methodology and case study

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Li, Li; Lu, Yonglong; Shi, Yajuan; Wang, Tieyu; Luo, Wei; Gosens, Jorrit; Chen, Peng; Li, Haiqian

2013-01-01

Energy conservation and PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) control are two challenges for the iron and steel industry, especially where the industry has developed at high speed. How to select appropriate technologies to improve energy efficiency and control pollution from PAHs simultaneously is encountered by both the researchers and the decision makers. This study sets up a framework on technology selection and combination which integrates technology assessment, multiple objective programming and scenario analysis. It can predict proper technology combination for different emission controls, energy conservation targets and desired levels of production. An iron and steel factory in Southwestern China is cited as a case. It is shown that stricter PAHs control will drive the transformation from process control technology to alternative smelting technology. In low PAHs limit, 25% energy reduction is a threshold. Before inclusion of a restraint on energy consumption at 25% reduction, PAHs emission is the key limiting factor for the technology selection; while after inclusion of this restraint, energy consumption becomes the key limiting factor. The desired level of production will also influence the technology selection. This study can help decision makers to select appropriate technologies to meet the PAHs control objectives and energy conservation strategies in energy-intensive industries. - Highlights: ► We predict technical strategy for energy and PAHs reduction in iron and steel mill. ► With low PAHs control objectives, process control technologies are preferable. ► With medium and high PAHs control goals, alternative smelting technology is dominate. ► In low PAHs control objective, 25% energy reduction is a threshold

Integrated process for the removal of emulsified oils from effluents in the steel industry

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Benito, J.M.; Rios, G.; Gutierrez, B.; Pazos, C.; Coca, J.

1999-11-01

Emulsified oils contained in aqueous effluents from cold-rolling mills of the steel industry can be effectively removed via an integrated process consisting of a coagulation/flocculation stage followed by ultrafiltration of the resulting aqueous phase. The effects of CaCl{sub 2}, NaOH, and lime on the stability of different industrial effluents were studied in the coagulation experiments. The flocculants tested were inorganic prehydrolyzed aluminum salts and quaternary polyamines. Ultrafiltration of the aqueous phase from the coagulation/flocculation stage was carried out in a stirred cell using Amicon PM30 and XM300 organic membranes. Permeate fluxes were measured for industrial effluents to which the indicated coagulants and flocculants had been added. Oil concentrations in the permeate were 75% lower than the limits established by all European Union countries. Complete regeneration of the membrane was accomplished with an aqueous solution of a commercial detergent.

The Effects of The Industrial Cryogenic Process on The Wear Behaviours of AISI D2 Cold Work Tool Steels

OpenAIRE

Ersöz, Enes; Ovalı, İsmail

2018-01-01

In this study, industrial cryogenic process afterconventional heat treatment process for various holding time was applied toAISI D2 (DIN 1.2379) cold work tool steel. The effects of the industrialcryogenic process on the wear behavior was investigated. In the wear test 5,10and 15 N forces were carried out to all group specimens at a constant shearrate (3,16 m/s) and three different wear distances. Experimental results showthat cryogenic processing of AISI D2 cold work tool steels have a signi...

Characterization of scraps produced by the industrial laser cutting of steels

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mercader, R. C. [Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Departamento de Fisica, IFLP-CCT-La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas (Argentina); Marchetti, S. G., E-mail: march@quimica.unlp.edu.ar; Bengoa, J. F. [CINDECA. Fac. Cs. Exactas, UNLP-CICPBA-CCT-CONICET (Argentina); Punte, G. [Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Departamento de Fisica, IFLP-CCT-La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas (Argentina); Cabanillas, E. D. [Comision Nacional, de Energia Atomica, CONICET and Departamento de Combustibles Nucleares (Argentina)

2010-01-15

We have studied some properties relevant for technological applications of the debris produced by industrial laser cutting of steels. The investigated material is made up of spheroidal particles, hollow and solid, which get oxidized over the cutting process, and that we have reduced afterwards in a H{sub 2} atmosphere. The samples, before and after the reduction, were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, specific surface area and Moessbauer spectroscopy. We have found that, after the reduction treatment, the shape remains unchanged but that the chemical composition and the physical properties of the external and internal surface structures are modified. In particular, the specific surface area of the material increased by one order of magnitude.

ANALISIS PENERAPAN 8 STANDAR NASIONAL PENDIDIKAN PADA SMP NEGERI 2 DOLOPO KABUPATEN MADIUN

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Luki Eko Cahyono

2015-10-01

Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian Deskriptif Kualitatif. Jenis penelitian adalah studi kasus. Data yang digunakan adalah data Primer. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara dan dokumentasi. Teknik keabsahan data adalah Triangulasi Sumber dan teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah pendekatan Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, dan Threats (Analisis SWOT. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah (1 Hasil analisis Strenght (Kekuatan adalah sekolah sudah merencanakan, melaksanakan dan mengevaluasi sebagian besar indikator dalam pemenuhan Standar Nasional Pendidikan sehingga meningkatkan mutu pendidikan sekolah. (2 Hasil analisis Weakness (kelemahan adalah keterbatasan anggaran dana dan sumber daya manusia baik peserta didik, pendidik, maupun tenaga kependidikan dalam pemenuhan seluruh unsur Standar Nasional Pendidikan. (3 Hasil analisis Opportunities (peluang adalah Pemberian workshop dan pelatihan kepada pendidik dan tenaga kependidikan meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan sekolah, dan perencanaan, pelaksanaan pembiayaan serta evaluasi penganggaran yang baik memberikan dampak positif terhadap semua unsur operasional sekolah maupun sarana prasarana sekolah. (4 Hasil analisis Threats (Tantangan adalah perencanaan, sosialisasi, pelaksanaan dan evaluasi serta tindak lanjut yang tidak dijalankan dengan manajemen yang baik dalam upaya pemenuhan Standar Nasional Pendidikan akan menghambat peningkatan kualitas pendidikan sekolah. (5 Hasil penerapan Standar Nasional Pendidikan pada SMP Negeri 2 Dolopo menggunakan analisis SWOT menunjukkan bahwa Kekuatan lebih besar daripada Kelemahan dan Peluang lebih besar dari Ancaman, yang berarti Standar Nasional Pendidikan telah terpenuhi dan menghasilkan Akreditasi Sekolah nilai A.

[Measurement of chemical agents in metallurgy field: electric steel plant].

Science.gov (United States)

Cottica, D; Grignani, E; Ghitti, R; Festa, D; Apostoli, P

2012-01-01

The steel industry maintains its important position in the context of the Italian production involving thousands of workers. The iron and steel processes are divided into primary steel industry, production of intermediate minerals, and secondary steel, scrap from the production of semi-finished industrial and consumer sector (metal inserted into components and metal used for dissipative uses, primarily coatings) and industrial waste. The paper presents the results of environmental monitoring carried out in some electric steel plant for the measurement of airborne chemicals that characterize the occupational exposure of workers employed in particular area like electric oven, to treatment outside the furnace, continuous casting area. For the sampling of the pollutants were used both personal and in fixed positions samplers. The pollutants measured are those typical of steel processes inhalable dust, metals, respirable dust, crystalline silica, but also Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs).

Micro-Abrasion Wear Resistance of Borided 316L Stainless Steel and AISI 1018 Steel

Science.gov (United States)

Reséndiz-Calderon, C. D.; Rodríguez-Castro, G. A.; Meneses-Amador, A.; Campos-Silva, I. E.; Andraca-Adame, J.; Palomar-Pardavé, M. E.; Gallardo-Hernández, E. A.

2017-11-01

The 316L stainless steel has high corrosion resistance but low tribological performance. In different industrial sectors (biomedical, chemical, petrochemical, and nuclear engineering), improvement upon wear resistance of 316L stainless steel components using accessible and inexpensive methods is critical. The AISI 1018 steel is widely used in industry, but its tribological performance is not the best among steels. Therefore, in this study the behavior of the borided 316L stainless steel and 1018 steel is evaluated under micro-abrasion wear. The boriding was carried out at 1223 K over 6 h of exposure time, resulting in a biphase layer composed of FeB/Fe2B phases. In order to evaluate Fe2B phase with no influence from FeB phase, AISI 1018 steel samples were borided at 1273 K for over 20 min and then diffusion annealed at 1273 K over 2 h to obtain a Fe2B mono-phase layer. Micro-abrasion wear resistance was evaluated by a commercial micro-abrasion testing rig using a mix of F-1200 SiC particles with deionized water as abrasive slurry. The obtained wear rates for FeB and Fe2B phases and for the 316L stainless steel were compared. Wear resistance of 316L stainless steel increases after boriding. The wear mechanisms for both phases and for the stainless steel were identified. Also, transient conditions for rolling and grooving abrasion were determined for the FeB and Fe2B phases.

Occupational noise-induced hearing loss in Indian steel industry workers: an exploratory study.

Science.gov (United States)

Singh, Lakhwinder Pal; Bhardwaj, Arvind; Deepak, Kishore Kumar

2013-04-01

The present study focused on exploring the current level of hearing protection and subsequently determined the prevalence of occupational noise-induced hearing loss among casting and forging industry workers. The casting and forging industry provides employment to a significant portion of the population. The level of hearing protection was assessed through questionnaire survey of 572 workers. Out of these workers, 165 and another control group of 57 participants were assessed by formal audiometry. Audiometric tests were conducted at frequencies of 1.0 KHz to 8.0 KHz.The occurrence of hearing loss was determined on the basis of a hearing threshold level with a low fence of 25 dB. Student's test and ANOVA were used to compare the various groups; a p value steel industry are highly exposed to occupational noise. The majority of workers are not protected from noise-induced hearing loss. There is a need to provide special ear protectors for workers engaged in forging. A complete hearing protection program, including training, audiometry, job rotation, and the use of hearing protection devices, needs to be introduced.

Penentuan Tipologi Pengembangan Industri Batik dalam Upaya Pengembangan Ekonomi Lokal di Kabupaten Pamekasan

OpenAIRE

Aluf, Wilda Al; Santoso, Eko Budi

2015-01-01

Abstrak—Industri batik merupakan potensi lokal Kabupaten Pamekasan yang dapat menjadi penggerak perekonomian untuk mengurangi kemiskinan di Kabupaten Pamekasan memiliki permasalahan pada aspek sistem produksi, infrastruktur dan kelembagaan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan tipologi industri batik di Kabupaten Pamekasan. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan industri batik berda...

Corrosion of steels in sour gas environments

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Twigg, R.J.

1984-03-01

This report presents a study on the effects of sour gas environments on steels. Emphasis is placed on alloys commonly used in the heavy water, sour gas and refining industries. In addition, 'high strength, low alloy' steels, known as 'oil country tubular goods', are included. Reference is made to the effects of hydrogen sulphide environments on austenitic steels and on certain specialty steels. Theories of hydrogen-related cracking mechanisms are outlined with emphasis placed on sulphide stress cracking and hydrogen induced cracking in carbon and low alloy steels. Methods of controlling sulphide stress cracking and hydrogen induced cracking are addressed separately. Case histories from the heavy water, refining, and sour gas industries are used to illustrate operating experience and failure mechanisms. Finally, recommendations, based largely on the author's industrial experience, are made with respect to quality assurance and inspection requirements for sour service components. Only published literature was surveyed. Abstracts were made of all references, reviewing the major sources in detail

Perbandingan Karakteristik Lempung Kasongan dan Godean Sebagai Bahan Baku Industri Gerabah Kasongan

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Tri Winarno

2016-07-01

Full Text Available Kasongan adalah salah satu sentra industri keramik dan gerabah di Yogyakarta yang terletak di Desa Bangunjiwo, Kecamatan Kasihan, Kabupaten Bantul. Pada saat ini industri keramik dan gerabah Kasongan mengalami kesulitan bahan baku lempung dikarenakan cadangan lempung di Desa Bangunjiwo yang selama ini digunakan semakin berkurang jumlahnya. Berdasarkan studi pustaka diketahui bahwa di Godean terdapat cadangan lempung, sehingga perlu diteliti apakah bisa digunakan sebagai bahan baku dalam industri keramik dan gerabah. Metode yang digunakan untuk menguji karakteristik lempung tersebut adalah dengan analisis XRD, XRF, analisis tingkat kecerahan, analisis ukuran butir dan pengujian pembuatan gerabah dari lempung tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan mineral lempung penyusun lempung Bangunjiwo adalah kaolinit dan haloisit, sedangkan di Godean terususun atas kaolinit, haloisit dan smektit. Dalam pengujian pembuatan gerabah dengan lempung dari kedua daerah tersebut menunjukkan perbedaan hasil, dimana lempung dari Godean menghasilkan gerabah yang tidak menyerupai ciri khas gerabah Kasongan yang berwarna merah terang. Dengan demikian lempung dari Godean tidak bisa digunakan sebagai pengganti bahan baku industri gerabah Kasongan. [Title: The Characteristic Comparison of Kasongan Clay and Godean Clay as Raw Material in Kasongan pottery Industry] Kasongan is the center of ceramics and pottery industry in Yogyakarta,located in Bangunjiwo village, Kasihan District, Bantul Regency. Nowadays, the ceramics and pottery industry is difficult to find the raw material because of the decrease of the Bangunjiwo clay deposit. Based on literature review, there are clay deposits found in Godean which can be observed their characteristics as basic commodity in the ceramics and pottery industry. The methods apllied in this research are XRD and XRF analysis,brightness analysis, grain size analysis and making pottery from those clays.The result of the research shows that the

Analisis Potensi Ledakan dan Kebakaran Primary Reformer sebagai Unit Proses Produksi Amonia di PT. X

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Resti Ayu Lestari

2016-12-01

Full Text Available Peningkatan industri pupuk di dunia berimplikasi pada peningkatan jumlah industri amonia. Amonia memegang peranan penting pada proses produksi pupuk dalam hal penyediaan nitrogen. Proses pembuatan amonia melibatkan bahan baku berupa gas alam yang bersifat flammable dengan temperatur dan tekanan yang tinggi dalam setiap tahapan prosesnya. Primary reformer merupakan salah satu peralatan proses dalam produksi amonia dengan temperatur dan tekanan paling tinggi serta paling berisiko mengalami kegagalan yang dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya kebakaran/ledakan. Primary reformer berperan sebagai salah satu tahapan pemurnian gas alam dengan hasil berupa karbon monoksida. Identifikasi bahaya pada unit primary reformer dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Fault Tree Analysis (FTA. Hasil analisis FTA menghasilkan bahwa sumber bahaya dari ledakan primary reformer dapat ditinjau dari faktor teknis dan faktor non teknis. Faktor non teknis menyumbang 74% dari penyebab terjadinya ledakan/kebakaran pada primary reformer. Hasil analisis risiko ledakan/kebakaran pada primary reformer dilakukan dengan menggunakan Dow’s Fire & Explosion Index  dengan hasil radius area dampak adalah 51 meter. Nilai kerugian finansial mencapai US$ 23.640.285 dengan kerugian hari kerja minimal adalah 138 hari. Perangkat lunak Arial Location of Hazardous Atmospheres menghasilkan radius ledakan dengan dampak terkecil yaitu dapat memecahkan kaca jendela/pintu (0,5 psi adalah 73 m dari primary reformer. Radius ledakan dengan kekuatan ledakan 1 psi (meruntuhkan rumah/perkantoran adalah 48 m dari primary reformer.

Treatment of Industrial Liquid Waste of Steel Plating by Coagulation-Flocculation Using Sodium Biphosphate

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Subiarto; Herlan Martono

2007-01-01

Research about treatment of industrial liquid waste of steel plating by coagulation-flocculation using sodium biphosphate have been conducted. The purpose of the treatment was the content reduction of Cr, Ni, and Cu in the liquid waste, so that produced effluent with Cr, Ni, and Cu content until they laid under mutual standard. The variables studied in this process were the solution pH, the coagulant/waste volume comparison, the speed of the fast stirring, and the time of the fast stirring. Optimum separation efficiency on coagulation-flocculation process of liquid waste of steel plating using sodium biphosphate at the condition of solution ph 9, coagulant/waste volume comparation 1.50, the speed of the fast stirring 400 rpm, and the time of fast stirring is 5 minute. Low stirring was conducted at 60 rpm for 60 minute. The yields of optimum separation efficiency in this condition were 99.48 % for Cr, 99.51 % for Ni, and 99.03 % for Cu. (author)

Characterization of alonized steel used in the oil industry; Caracterizacao de acos alonizados utilizados na industria do petroleo

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cortes Paredes, Ramon; D' Oliveira, Ana Sofia C.M.; Capra, Andre [Parana Univ., Curitiba, PR (Brazil). Dept. de Engenharia Mecanica]. E-mails: ramon@demec.ufpr.br; sofmat@demec.ufpr.br; capra@demec.ufpr.br

2001-07-01

The problems and the damages caused by the corrosion in the production and refining of the oil are enormous. In the process of refining it is present among other substances, naphtenic gas where the character of the corrosive attack is significantly aggressive. The deterioration provoked by hydrogen is the most harmful deterioration in an oil refinery. There are several publications that certify eht excellent protection conferred to the steel in industrial atmosphere given by aluminum coating. This covering represents a pure ideal compromise between the passive protection and the active protection. Moreover, the presence of a metal to metal layer (Fe/Al) in the zone between aluminum and steel, obtained by additional thermal heat treatment, represents an additional protective barrier, in particular against the diffusion of hydrogen in the steel in environments that contains naphtenic gas ou sulfide acid. In industrial scale, tubes are manufactured through the process of alonizing and it is already used in the Presidente Getulio Vargas Refinery - REPAR, PR, Brazil. The process require a heat treatment to allow the diffusion of aluminum in the tube in order to form the Fe/Al intermetallic, which presents recognized resistance to the sulfurous corrosive environment in the oil refining. This was the motivation for the characterization of these alonized steel in order to determine what types of intermetallic are formed. Test samples have been prepared and optic and electronic microscopy examinations was varied out. The studied alonized surface showed enhanced hardness and additionally, it was observed that the aluminum diffusion permits the formation of a different types of Fe/Al. It was also found the presence of aluminum without the formation of intermetallic. (author)

An acoustic emission study of martensitic and bainitic transformations in carbon steel

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Van Bohemen, S.M.C.

2004-01-01

Steel is one of the most commonly used materials today, especially in industrial sectors such as ship building and the automotive industry. In order to meet the requirements for steel applications, new multi-phase steels are being developed. The microstructure of these steels consists of a variety

Identifying the origins of local atmospheric deposition in the steel industry basin of Luxembourg using the chemical and isotopic composition of the lichen Xanthoria parietina.

Science.gov (United States)

Hissler, Christophe; Stille, Peter; Krein, Andreas; Geagea, Majdi Lahd; Perrone, Thierry; Probst, Jean-Luc; Hoffmann, Lucien

2008-11-01

Trace metal atmospheric contamination was assessed in one of the oldest European industrial sites of steel production situated in the southern part of the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg. Using elemental ratios as well as Pb, Sr, and Nd isotopic compositions as tracers, we found preliminary results concerning the trace metal enrichment and the chemical/isotopic signatures of the most important emission sources using the lichen Xanthoria parietina sampled at 15 sites along a SW-NE transect. The concentrations of these elements decreased with increasing distance from the historical and actual steel-work areas. The combination of the different tracers (major elements, Rare Earth Element ratios, Pb, Sr and Nd isotopes) enabled us to distinguish between three principal sources: the historical steel production (old tailings corresponding to blast-furnace residues), the present steel production (industrial sites with arc electric furnace units) and the regional background (baseline) components. Other anthropogenic sources including a waste incinerator and major roads had only weak impacts on lichen chemistry and isotopic ratios. The correlation between the Sr and Nd isotope ratios indicated that the Sr-Nd isotope systems represented useful tools to trace atmospheric emissions of factories using scrap metal for steel production.

What would be the effects of a carbon tax in Japan: an historic analysis of subsidies and fuel pricing on the iron & steel, chemical, and machinery industries

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Takako Wakiyama

2016-06-01

Full Text Available This study examines how a carbon tax could affect industrial-related carbon dioxide (CO2 emissions in Japan. Rather than forecasting the effects of a tax, the paper employs a time-series autoregressive moving average (ARMA model to determine how past subsidies and fuel price changes affected investments in energy and carbon intensity in Japan’s iron & steel, chemical, and machinery industries from 1993 to 2004. The results suggest the impacts varied greatly across industries. In the iron & steel industry, subsidies and price changes produced negligible effects on investments in energy and carbon intensity. This may be because existing iron & steel technologies have long lifetimes and substantial replacement costs. It may also be because the few large companies dominating the industry were relatively immune to subsidy provisions and pricing changes. In the chemical industry, subsidies and fuel prices gave rise to investments that improved carbon and energy intensity. This may be because the industry has relatively higher operation costs that could be cut easily given financial incentives. In the machinery industry, two of three fuel price changes (oil and gas, but not subsidy provisions, yielded improvements in carbon and energy intensity. This may reflect the heterogeneity of companies and products comprising the industry. Overall, the study underscores that policymakers need to tailor the rates and revenue recycling provisions of a carbon tax to an industry’s unique features to stimulate CO2 reductions.

Lean duplex stainless steels-The role of molybdenum in pitting corrosion of concrete reinforcement studied with industrial and laboratory castings

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mesquita, T.J. [LEPMI, UMR5279CNRS, Grenoble INP, Universite de Savoie, Universite Joseph Fourier, BP 75, 38402 St Martin d' Heres (France); CRU Ugitech, Av Paul Girod 73400 Ugine (France); Chauveau, E.; Mantel, M. [CRU Ugitech, Av Paul Girod 73400 Ugine (France); Kinsman, N. [International Molybdenum Association, IMOA W4 4JE London (United Kingdom); Roche, V. [LEPMI, UMR5279CNRS, Grenoble INP, Universite de Savoie, Universite Joseph Fourier, BP 75, 38402 St Martin d' Heres (France); Nogueira, R.P., E-mail: ricardo.nogueira@grenoble-inp.fr [LEPMI, UMR5279CNRS, Grenoble INP, Universite de Savoie, Universite Joseph Fourier, BP 75, 38402 St Martin d' Heres (France)

2012-02-15

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Mo influence on corrosion of DSS was studied with industrial and laboratory heats. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Beneficial effect of Mo was associated with ferrite corrosion resistance. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Mo-species in the alkaline solution did not improve pit resistance. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Mo role in DSS under alkaline conditions was ascribed to its presence in oxide film. - Abstract: The influence of Mo addition on pitting corrosion resistance of lean duplex stainless steels is not clearly understood in alkaline chloride conditions even if this element is widely recognized to increase corrosion resistance in acidic and neutral environments. This work aims to study the effect of Mo on pitting corrosion of lean duplex stainless steels in synthetic concrete pore solutions simulating degraded concrete. Results are discussed with respect to the influence of Mo on pitting potential for two industrial alloys in chloride rich and carbonated solution simulating concrete pore environments. To establish the real effect of Mo addition on lean duplex corrosion and passivation properties, two specific laboratory lean duplex alloys, for which the only difference is strictly the Mo content, are also studied. Mo presented a strong positive influence on the pitting corrosion resistance of industrial and laboratory lean duplex stainless steels in all studied chloride-rich solutions, but its effect is as less pronounced as the pH increases. In presence of Mo, pitting initiates and propagates preferentially in the austenitic phase at high temperature.

Automated Steel Cleanliness Analysis Tool (ASCAT)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gary Casuccio (RJ Lee Group); Michael Potter (RJ Lee Group); Fred Schwerer (RJ Lee Group); Dr. Richard J. Fruehan (Carnegie Mellon University); Dr. Scott Story (US Steel)

2005-12-30

cleanliness; slab, billet or bloom disposition; and alloy development. Additional benefits of ASCAT include the identification of inclusions that tend to clog nozzles or interact with refractory materials. Several papers outlining the benefits of the ASCAT have been presented and published in the literature. The paper entitled ''Inclusion Analysis to Predict Casting Behavior'' was awarded the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Medal in 2004 for special merit and importance to the steel industry. The ASCAT represents a quantum leap in inclusion analysis and will allow steel producers to evaluate the quality of steel and implement appropriate process improvements. In terms of performance, the ASCAT (1) allows for accurate classification of inclusions by chemistry and morphological parameters, (2) can characterize hundreds of inclusions within minutes, (3) is easy to use (does not require experts), (4) is robust, and (5) has excellent image quality for conventional SEM investigations (e.g., the ASCAT can be utilized as a dual use instrument). In summary, the ASCAT will significantly advance the tools of the industry and addresses an urgent and broadly recognized need of the steel industry. Commercialization of the ASCAT will focus on (1) a sales strategy that leverages our Industry Partners; (2) use of ''technical selling'' through papers and seminars; (3) leveraging RJ Lee Group's consulting services, and packaging of the product with a extensive consulting and training program; (4) partnering with established SEM distributors; (5) establishing relationships with professional organizations associated with the steel industry; and (6) an individualized plant by plant direct sales program.

Automated Steel Cleanliness Analysis Tool (ASCAT)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gary Casuccio; Michael Potter; Fred Schwerer; Richard J. Fruehan; Dr. Scott Story

2005-01-01

or bloom disposition; and alloy development. Additional benefits of ASCAT include the identification of inclusions that tend to clog nozzles or interact with refractory materials. Several papers outlining the benefits of the ASCAT have been presented and published in the literature. The paper entitled ''Inclusion Analysis to Predict Casting Behavior'' was awarded the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Medal in 2004 for special merit and importance to the steel industry. The ASCAT represents a quantum leap in inclusion analysis and will allow steel producers to evaluate the quality of steel and implement appropriate process improvements. In terms of performance, the ASCAT (1) allows for accurate classification of inclusions by chemistry and morphological parameters, (2) can characterize hundreds of inclusions within minutes, (3) is easy to use (does not require experts), (4) is robust, and (5) has excellent image quality for conventional SEM investigations (e.g., the ASCAT can be utilized as a dual use instrument). In summary, the ASCAT will significantly advance the tools of the industry and addresses an urgent and broadly recognized need of the steel industry. Commercialization of the ASCAT will focus on (1) a sales strategy that leverages our Industry Partners; (2) use of ''technical selling'' through papers and seminars; (3) leveraging RJ Lee Group's consulting services, and packaging of the product with a extensive consulting and training program; (4) partnering with established SEM distributors; (5) establishing relationships with professional organizations associated with the steel industry; and (6) an individualized plant by plant direct sales program

Radiotracers in Swedish Steel Industry

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Eriksson, I.; Erwall, L. G. [Isotope Techniques Laboratory, Stockholm (Sweden); Nyquist, O. [Surahammars Bruks AB, Surahammar (Sweden)

1967-06-15

Recent tracer investigations in Swedish steel plants have mainly dealt with problems concerning uon-metallic inclusions, slag weight determination and - labelling of special steel qualities for identification. Suspected inclusion sources, such as furnace slag, ladle-bottom mortar and some brick materials as stopper, nozzle.and channel bricks have been labelled radioactively in different ways. The labelling technique has been studied for the different systems and a new method was developed for brick materials. This includes vacuum impregnation with an aqueous solution of the inactive tracer, reheating to 1300 Degree-Sign C and neutron-irradiation in a reactor. A sufficiently homogeneous labelling of the material was obtained in this way. The tracer used was terbium, which was added as the nitrate and then decomposed to oxide during the heating process. The oxide is strongly bound to the ceramic material. The number of radioactive inclusions was determined by.autoradiography, and related to the total number pf inclusions, obtained by visual slag-counting, to give the percentage of inclusions originating from the labelled object. Some investigations have been made using simultaneous labelling of two or more sources. It seems to be difficult, however, to measure separately more than two tracers: one short-lived (e.g. 140La) and one long-lived (e.g. {sup 160}Tb). The slag weight determinations were made using the isotope dilution technique with {sup 131}Ba and {sup 140}La as tracers. A difference in slag weight is sometimes obtained. An attempt is made to explain these deviations. The material transport through a blast furnace has been followed by using a piece of graphite, labelled with {sup 140}La{sub 2}O{sub 3}, and measuring the radiation intensity outside the furnace walls and in the tuyere. Studies have been made to determine suitable radiotracers for labelling of steel for subsequent identification. Up to three different isotopes can be used simultaneously

Zinc toxicity among galvanization workers in the iron and steel industry.

Science.gov (United States)

El Safty, Amal; El Mahgoub, Khalid; Helal, Sawsan; Abdel Maksoud, Neveen

2008-10-01

Galvanization is the process of coating steel or cast iron pieces with zinc, allowing complete protection against corrosion. The ultimate goal of this work was to assess the effect of occupational exposure to zinc in the galvanization process on different metals in the human body and to detect the association between zinc exposure and its effect on the respiratory system. This study was conducted in 111 subjects in one of the major companies in the iron and steel industry. There were 61 subjects (workers) who were involved in the galvanization process. Fifty adult men were chosen as a matched reference group from other departments of the company. All workers were interviewed using a special questionnaire on occupational history and chest diseases. Ventilatory functions and chest X rays were assessed in all examined workers. Also, complete blood counts were performed, and serum zinc, iron, copper, calcium, and magnesium levels were tested. This study illustrated the relation between zinc exposure in the galvanization process and high zinc levels among exposed workers, which was associated with a high prevalence rate of metal fume fever (MFF) and low blood copper and calcium levels. There was no statistically significant difference between the exposed and control groups with regards to the magnesium level. No long-term effect of metals exposure was detected on ventilatory functions or chest X rays among the exposed workers.

Life after Steel

Science.gov (United States)

Mangan, Katherine

2013-01-01

Bobby Curran grew up in a working-class neighborhood in Baltimore, finished high school, and followed his grandfather's steel-toed bootprints straight to Sparrows Point, a 3,000-acre sprawl of industry on the Chesapeake Bay. College was not part of the plan. A gritty but well-paying job at the RG Steel plant was Mr. Curran's ticket to a secure…

Analisis Industri Bisnis Jasa Online Ride Sharing di Indonesia

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Berto Mulia Wibawa

2018-03-01

Full Text Available Analysis of Online Ride Sharing Business Industry in IndonesiaInnovation in transportation sector with sharing economy principal has create new service sector which is named online ride sharing service. There are a lot of online ride-sharing service players in Indonesia such as Go-Jek, Grab, and Uber. Nowadays, government also have rules on changing the condition of online ride-sharing. Therefore, industry analysis is needed to be analyze further to know the industry attractiveness of the online-ride sharing service. This study aims to analyze the level of attractiveness in online ride-sharing industry in Indonesia. This study used descriptive-explorative method on identifying Porter’s Five Forces as tools in industry analysis. Data collection is using ghost interview method to the selected driver. The conclusion is online-ride sharing industry in Indonesia is quite attractive to be developed in the future because the number of customers has not reached the maximum point, moreover the industry may offer a very diverse product differentiationDOI: 10.15408/ess.v8i1.5739

A Tale of Wootz Steel

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

manufacture of steel in south India by a crucible process at ... indicates that the production of wootz steel was almost on an industrial scale in ... in an Age of Design marked by ... The Russian Anasoff also studied the process of manufacturing.

Analisis Strategi Peningkatan Produksi Mebel di Sentra Industri Kayu

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Yunida Sofiana

2011-04-01

Full Text Available In the latest couple years, both public and private sectors are doing some efforts and innovations to promote several arts and furniture in Indonesia; through media, cooperation program and exhibitions all over the world. However, this is not effective enough to increase furniture production to better level, especially regarding micro central industry. The micro central industry, especially wood central industry in several areas in Java, mostly has stagnant condition in both local and international. Based on the research in wood central industry in Java, there are factors as the effects: the scarcity and quality of wood material, technology dominance of limited woods, less innovation in designing, unintegrated promotion and marketing and also less strategic planning from the government to develop minor industry. This needs to be analysed according to the condition and need of minor central industry. 

Corrosion Mechanism of Low-Carbon Steel in Industrial Water and Adsorption Thermodynamics in the Presence of Some Plant Extracts

Science.gov (United States)

Badiea, A. M.; Mohana, K. N.

2009-12-01

The effects of radish leaves and black cumin as plant extracts on the corrosion behavior of low-carbon steel in industrial water in the temperature range of 30 to 80 °C and velocity range of 1.44 to 2.02 m s-1 using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and mass loss measurements have been investigated. The inhibition efficiency increased with increasing concentration of the plant extracts up to a critical value but it slightly decreased with increasing temperature. Inhibition efficiency values obtained from mass loss and potentiodynamic data were in reasonable agreement. Potentiodynamic polarization clearly indicated that radish leaves and black cumin extracts acted as anodic inhibitors. The adsorption behavior was found to obey the Flory-Huggins isotherm model. The associated activation parameters and thermodynamic data of adsorption were evaluated and discussed. The results show that radish leaves and black cumin could serve as effective inhibitors for low-carbon steel in industrial water media, with black cumin providing better protection than radish leaves.

In-line metallurgical process control in the steel industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wanin, M.

1993-01-01

The steel products manufacturing involves a long line of complex processes: liquid metal elaboration, solidification, hot and cold transformation by rolling surface protection by coating. The Process Control aims at improving global productivity and quality of the resulting products by optimizing each elementary process as well as management of tools or workshops interfaces. Complex processes, involving generally many variables, require for their control more or less sophisticated models. These process models are either analytical when physical and thermodynamical mechanisms are known or statistical or knowledge based, according to circumstances. In any case, it is necessary to have a reliable and precise instrumentation to adjust undetermined parameters during model development and to be able to take into account external parameters variability during current working. This instrumentation concerns both running of machines and testing of manufactured materials under harsh environment conditions of Iron and Steel industry: temperature, dusts, steam, electromagnetic interferences, vibrations, .. . In this context, in-line Non Destructive Testing methods contribute efficienly because they may give directly and in real time products characteristics, integrating both drifts of machines and sensors due to their ageing and the abnormal spread of material entering the process. These methods induce the development of sophisticated inspection equipments whose strategic significance is such that their failure to operate can require production shutdown. The paper gives some representative examples of improvement of the accuracy of an in-line measurement or controlling of elementary processes or processes interfaces: temperature measurement by infrared pyrometry, thickness profile determination by X-ray array sensor, recrystallization control in continuous by X-ray and ultrasonic methods, automatic detection and indentification of surface defects by optics, cracks detection on

An outlook into energy consumption in large scale industries in India: The cases of steel, aluminium and cement

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dutta, Monica; Mukherjee, Saptarshi

2010-01-01

All the growth-oriented sectors in a developing economy consume enormous energy in their production processes. Steel, aluminium and cement are the key manufacturing industries in India which provide inputs to various other sectors such as construction, transportation, power transmission, etc. As a result, their demand is consistently rising. These industries are heavily energy-intensive and use raw materials such as iron ore, coal, electricity, steam, and fuel oil, whose supply can act as severe production constraints over a period of time and can hinder sustainable development. Hence it becomes imperative for these industries to continuously innovate more energy efficient techniques. This paper makes a foray into the energy demand for these industries and explores the potential of any future reduction in their energy consumption. The paper offers a projection scenario for 2001-2031 (based on the MARKAL Modeling exercise for India) for possible catching up in reduction in energy consumptions in these sectors under alternative situations. The analysis suggests the existence of some plausible energy efficiency enhancing techniques in these industries. Exploring these options will definitely ensure cost effectiveness and competitiveness of these three key sectors in the global market. -- Research highlights: →Energy reduction potential exists in Indian steel, aluminium and cement sectors and can go up to 8%, 17% and 6% respectively in these sectors in 2031 if appropriate energy saving technologies are introduced and implemented. →In aluminium industry energy reduction potential is huge in fabrication stage in the production process and extensive improvement can be done in terms of energy efficiency in this stage. Cogeneration of power through waste heat recovery, change in norms in standard to take advantage of producing composite cements using more than one industrial waste, like both fly ash and slag are important required changes in Indian cement sector. �

Technologically enhanced 210Pb and 210Po in iron and steel industry.

Science.gov (United States)

Khater, Ashraf E M; Bakr, Wafaa F

2011-05-01

Iron and steel manufacture has been ranked as the largest industrial source of environmental contamination in the USA; the wastes generated in their production processes contain heavy elements that can be a source of contamination, and natural radionuclides that can produce an occupational and/or public radiological impact. In this work the potential occupational effective dose rate (μSv/y) due to inhalation in four integrated steel-making factories from Egypt has been evaluated, by assuming a well defined scenario and with basis in the (210)Pb and (210)Po activity concentrations determined in ore and wastes collected in the aforementioned factories. Activity concentrations, in Bq/kg, of (210)Pb and (210)Po, and leachable Pb and Fe were measured using gamma-ray spectrometry based on HPGe detector, alpha particle spectrometry based on PIPS detector, and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Levels of (210)Pb and (210)Po in the range of

Assessment of air quality in and around a steel industry with direct reduction iron route.

Science.gov (United States)

Jena, Pradip K; Behera, Dillip K; Mishra, C S K; Mohanty, Saswat K

2011-10-01

The coal based Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) route for secondary steel production is now a preferred choice in India. Steel making is invariably associated with emission of air pollutants into the environment. Air quality monitoring was carried out in Winter, Summer and Rainy seasons of 2008 in eight monitoring stations in the work zone and five stations in the residential zone of an Integrated Steel Industry located in Orissa state, India. Four air quality parameters i.e. SPM, RSPM, SO2 and NO2 were monitored. Mean SPM and RSPM values were found to be significantly high (p < 0.01) at stations nearer to source in both work zone and residential zone .The highest average SPM and RSPM values in the work zone recorded were 4869 microg/m3 and 1420 microg/m3 and in the residential zone 294 microg/m3 and 198 microg/m3 respectively. No significant difference in the SO2 and NO2 levels was observed between the work and residential zones. In general, the values of air pollutants were highest in Winter followed by Summer and Rainy season. SPM and RSPM values exceeded the National Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in both the residential and work zones.

Analisis Karaterisasi Konsentrasi dan Komposisi Partikulat Udara (Studi Case : Surabaya

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Eka Fithriani Ahmad

2016-12-01

Full Text Available Abstrak Pencemaran udara merupakan dampak yang sangat merugikan, tidak hanya bagi manusia tetapi juga akan berdampak buruk bagi ekosistem hewan dan tumbuhan. Pada penelitian ini akan mengkaji pencemaran udara dari Oktober 2012 hingga Februari 2014 melalui penelitian konsentrasi dan komposisi dari partikulat udara dengan ukuran PM 2.5. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentuan sumber asal pencemaran di Surabaya sehingga dapat dijadikan referensi berbasis ilmiah sebagai langkah untuk membuat keputusan dan kebijakan yang tepat dalam menanggulangi dampak pencemaran. Metode pengolahan data dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan menggunakan analisis reseptor modeling yaitu Positif Matrix Factorization (PMF untuk mengetahui sumber asal pencemaran. Hasil pengukuran yang diperoleh pada konsentrasi PM 2,5 adalah 15.05 μg/m3 sehingga telah melebihi baku mutu tahunan yang telah ditetapkan PP 41 tahun 1999, USEPA, maupun WHO. Dalam partikulat terdapat konsentrasi black carbon (BC sebesar 3.20 μg/m3 dan unsur Pb dengan konsentrasi 0.28 μg/m3 yang telah melebihi nilai baku mutu USEPA. Sedangkan hasil analisis reseptor modeling di dapatkan sumber asal polutan berasal dari biomass, vehicle, soil, industri Pb, industri Zn dan indutri Fe. Kata kunci: Partikulat mater 2.5, black carbon, Pb, positive matrix factorization, Surabaya   Abstract Air pollution is a very adverse impact, not only for humans but also the ecosystem of plants and animals. This research examine air pollution from October 2012 until February 2014 through the research of concentration and composition of airborne particulates with a size of PM 2.5 μm. This study aims to determine the origin and location of pollution sources in Surabaya so that it can be used as scientific reference as a step to make the right decisions and policies in tackling the impact of pollution. Data processing method in this research used analysis of receptor modeling that is Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF to determine

Innovative technologies for greenhouse gas emission reduction in steel production

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D. Burchart-Korol

2016-01-01

Full Text Available The main goal of the study was to present the most significant technological innovations aiming at reduction of greenhouse gas emission in steel production. Reduction of greenhouse gas and dust pollution is a very important aspect in the iron and steel industry. New solutions are constantly being searched for to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG. The article presents the most recent innovative technologies which may be applied in the steel industry in order to limit the emission of GHG. The significance of CCS (CO2 Capture and Storage and CCU (CO2 Capture and Utilization in the steel industry are also discussed.

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI UNDERPRICING SAHAM PADA PENAWARAN SAHAM PERDANA DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA

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Reza Widhar Pahlevi

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Penelitian empiris ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Reputasi Underwriter, Reputasi Auditor, Persentase Saham yang ditawarkan ke Publik, Financial Leverage, Profitabilitas (ROA, Profitabilitas (NPM, Current Ratio, Ukuran Perusahaan, Umur Perusahaan, dan Jenis Industri terhadap Underpricing saham pada penawaran saham perdana di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2000-2012. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, pengujian secara parsial menunjukkan variabelvariabel Reputasi Underwriter, Reputasi Auditor, Persentase Saham yang ditawarkan ke Publik, dan Jenis Industri tidak mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap Underpricing, Variabel Financial Leverage berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Underpricing. Sedangkan Variabel Profitabilitas (ROA, Profitabilitas (NPM, Current Ratio, Ukuran Perusahaan, dan Umur Perusahaan berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap Underpricing saham pada penawaran saham perdana di Bursa Efek Indonesia.Kata kunci : Initial Public Offering, Initial Return dan Underpricing

Analisis dan Desain BI-Dashboard Monitoring Realisasi Daftar Isian Pelaksanaan Anggaran (DIPA pada Kantor Pelayanan Perbendaharaan Negara (KPPN

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ernestina Rahmanasari

2013-09-01

Full Text Available Transaksi keuangan badan pemerintahan tingkat daerah dipertanggungjawabkan kepada Kementrian Keuangan melalui Kantor Pelayanan Perbendaharaan Negara (KPPNsetiap bulan dalam bentuk Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Pusat (LKPP. Laporan Keuangan, didukung dengan teknologi Business Intelligence(BI dashboarddapat dimanfaatkan sebagai data-driven decision support system yang mendorong performa kinerja. Analisis dan desainterhadap pembuatan BI dashboard menunjukkanbagaimana Laporan Keuangan dapat digunakan untuk monitoring realisasi penyerapan dana DIPA dan kinerja instansi secara tepat waktu dan interaktif.Analisis terdiri dari analisis Indikator Kinerja Utama (IKU dan analisis Laporan Keuangan. IKUpada analisis dan desain ini mencakup ketercapaian estimasi dengan penerimaan, ketercapaian pagu dengan belanja, ketepatan waktu pengiriman rekonsiliasi oleh instansi, validasi, akurasi, dan ketepatan data. Desain terdiri dari katalog dashboard, alur analisis, sumber data, desain User-Interface, dan desain objek dashboard. Sedangkan dashboard yang dirancang menggunakan aplikasi Vera sebagai Enterprise System, mengakses basis data MySQL, dan menampilkan data dengan teknologi data-driven business-intelligence Qlikview. Desain aplikasi yang telah dibuat akan menampilkan 4 (empat Tab yaitu: Dashboard utama, Analisis, Monitoring, dan Laporan

Semiotika Teks: Sebuah Pendekatan Analisis Teks

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Yasraf Amir Piliang

2004-12-01

tanda-tanda yang membentuk apa yang disebut sebagai ‘teks’. Analisis teks, menurut Roland Barthes, akan menghasilkan makna denotatif, yakni makna tanda yang bersifat eksplisit, dan makna konotatif, yaitu makna tanda lapis kedua yang bersifat implisit.

Microfinanza: analisi d’impatto di un programma in India

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Tommaso Rondinella

2005-03-01

Full Text Available L’analisi d’impatto dei programmi di microfinanza è uno strumento utile sia per migliorare i servizi offerti sia per garantire ai donatori che il denaro concesso sia utilizzato per programmi efficaci nell’alleviare la povertà. Il presente lavoro è costituito da due parti: la prima è dedicata all’analisi d’impatto, la seconda all’analisi empirica sul campo. L’indagine è stata condotta attraverso l’utilizzo di uno strumento in grado di dare una indicazione chiara dei cambiamenti avvenuti nelle condizioni di vita dei beneficiari e con il pregio di essere applicabile a costi molto ridotti. I risultati ottenuti mostrano in che misura l’accesso al credito cambi le condizioni di vita dei più poveri inducendo consistenti aumenti del reddito familiare, dei risparmi, della diversificazione delle attività produttive e del consumo di cibo. Inoltre si osserva, all’interno dei nuclei familiari, un miglioramento della condizione femminile chiaramente dipendente dalla partecipazione al programma di microcredito

Development of nuclear grade stainless steels at KCSSL

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Balachandran, G.; Dhere, M.; Mahadik, A.; Hinge, N.M.; Balasubramanian, V.

2011-01-01

Kalyani Carpenter Special Steels Ltd is an alloy steel plant, where a variety of alloy steel grades are produced for automotive, defence, nuclear and aerospace applications. The plant has developed expertise in processing of several alloy steel grades of superior quality that meets stringent specifications. Primary steel is processed through a combination of electric arc furnace, ladle furnace and vacuum degassing where stringent control over dephosphorisation, desulphurization, deoxidation is effected to get a refined high quality steel. The molten steel is cast through continuous casting of slabs or ingot casting. In grades specific to nuclear application, the primary cast products are further subjected to electroslag remelting to achieve further freedom from inclusions and to achieve a favourable solidification grain structure, which ultimately improve the hot workability of the alloy steel. Appropriate choice of slag and operating parameters are needed for realising the required ingot quality. The present study would examine the processing and quality aspects of some important grades of steels used in nuclear industry namely ferritic 9Cr-1Mo steel, martensitic stainless steels 403, 410, precipitation hardenable 17-4 PH stainless steel and austenitic 321, 316LN stainless steel, which were made and supplied for applications to Indian nuclear industry. The expertise developed in processing the steels in terms of melting, heat treatment and their relationship to structural features and mechanical properties would be highlighted. (author)

TUGAS DAN WEWENANG PUSAT PELAPORAN DAN ANALISIS TRANSAKSI KEUANGAN (PPATK DALAM PEMBERANTASAN TINDAK PIDANA PENCUCIAN UANG

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Johari Johari

2014-03-01

Full Text Available Tugas dan wewenang Pusat Pelaporan dan Analisis Transaksi Keuangan (PPATK terdapat di dalam Pasal 26 dan Pasal 27 Undang-Undang No. 25 Tahun 2003 tentang Tindak Pencucian Uang. Berdasarkan ketentuan tersebut, tugas dan wewenang PPATK tersebut bertujuan untuk mendeteksi terjadinya tindak pidana pencucian uang, dan membantu penegakan hukum yang berkaitan dengan pencucian uang, termasuk tindak pidana asal yang melahirkannya (predicate offences. Namun, Peranan PPATK akan berjalan secara efektif apabila aparat penegak hukum seperti Kepolisian, Kejaksaan, Pengadilan, Bea dan Cukai, para regulator seperti Bank Indonesia, Departemen Keuangan, Badan Pengawas Pasar Modal serta Penyedia Jasa Keuangan, industri perbankan, asuransi, perusahaan pembiayaan, dana pensiun, perusahaan efek, pengelola reksadana, media massa, masyarakat bekerjasama secara terorganisir dan terpadu dalam pemberantasan tindak pencucian uang di Indonesia. Dengan kewenangan yang dimilikinya, PPATK dapat mengejar hasil dari kejahatan, apabila hasil kejahatan tersebut dapat dikejar dan disita maka negara dengan sendirinya akan mengurangi tindak kejahatan itu sendiri. Kata kunci : Pencucian uang, tindak pidana pencucian uang (money laundering, kejahatan terorganisir, dan Pusat Pelaporan dan Analisis Transaksi Keuangan (PPATK.

Stainless steel reinforcement for durability in concrete structures

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cochrane, D.J.

1998-01-01

Stainless steels and concrete are materials which the nuclear industry, more than any other, has given special attention to over the years. It is the intention of this paper to inform congress about developments outside the nuclear industry, in the use of stainless steel as reinforcement (rebar) in concrete structures. It is left to individual engineers within the industry to assess the implications of this information to applications with which they will be familiar. (author)

ANALISIS KINERJA KEUANGAN PERUSAHAAN PT. ASURANSI JIWASRAYA (PERSERO) CABANG SULAWESI SELATAN

OpenAIRE

ARIANTY, ASTRI

2012-01-01

ANALISIS KINERJA KEUANGAN PERUSAHAAN PT. ASURANSI JIWASRAYA (PERSERO) CABANG SULAWESI SELATAN COMPANY FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS PT. INSURANCE JIWASRAYA (LIMITED) SOUTH BRANCH SULAWESI Astri Arianty Prof. Dr. H. Muhammad Ali, SE., M.S Drs. Armayah Sida, M.Si Analisis terhadap kinerja keuangan perusahaan sangat penting dilakukan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana tingkat pencapaian yang telah diperoleh perusahaan sebagaimana tujuan perusahaan dalam menjalankan proses produk...

Epitaxial growth of zinc on ferritic steel under high current density electroplating conditions

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Greul, Thomas; Comenda, Christian; Preis, Karl; Gerdenitsch, Johann; Sagl, Raffaela; Hassel, Achim Walter

2013-01-01

Highlights: •EBSD of electroplated Zn on Fe or steel was performed. •Zn grows epitaxially on electropolished ferritic steel following Burger's orientation relation. •Surface deformation of steel leads to multiple electroplated zinc grains with random orientation. •Zn grows epitaxially even on industrial surfaces with little surface deformation. •Multiple zinc grains on one steel grain can show identical orientation relations. -- Abstract: The dependence of the crystal orientation of electrodeposited zinc of the grain orientation on ferritic steel substrate at high current density deposition (400 mA cm −2 ) during a pulse-plating process was investigated by means of EBSD (electron backscatter diffraction) measurements. EBSD-mappings of surface and cross-sections were performed on samples with different surface preparations. Furthermore an industrial sample was investigated to compare lab-coated samples with the industrial process. The epitaxial growth of zinc is mainly dependent on the condition of the steel grains. Deformation of steel grains leads to random orientation while zinc grows epitaxially on non-deformed steel grains even on industrial surfaces

An intervention for noise control of blast furnace in steel industry.

Science.gov (United States)

Golmohammadi, Rostam; Giahi, Omid; Aliabadi, Mohsen; Darvishi, Ebrahim

2014-01-01

Noise pollution is currently a major health risk factor for workers in industries. The aim of this study was to investigate noise pollution and implement a control intervention plan for blast furnace in a steel industry. The measurement of sound pressure level (SPL) along with frequency analysis was done with the sound-level-meter Cell-450. Personal noise exposure was performed using dosimeter TES-1345 calibrated with CEL-282. Before planning noise controls, acoustic insulation properties of the furnace control unit and workers' rest room were assessed. Control room and workers' rest room were redesigned in order to improve acoustical condition. The SPL before intervention around the Blast Furnace was 90.3 dB (L) and its dominant frequency was 4000 Hz. Besides, noise transmission loss of the control and rest rooms were 10.3 dB and 4.2 dB, respectively. After intervention, noise reduction rates in the control and rest rooms were 27.4 dB and 27.7 dB, respectively. The workers' noise dose before and after the intervention was 240% and less than 100%, respectively. Improvement the workroom acoustic conditions through noise insulation can be considered effective method for preventing workers exposure to harmful noise.

Discussion of Environmental Problem and Study of Environmental Impact on Steel Industry in China

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

无

2002-01-01

The environmental conditions in steel industry were discussed in detail. It was also pointed out that it was necessary to reduce the quantity of waste generated and discharged by improving the raw material, energy structure and consumption rate, and reinforcing the waste control and management. At the same time, the relevant mathematical models of environmental impact were set up on the basis of raw material consumption, energy consumption and waste generation and discharge in different technical routes of steelmaking. The result showed that the production route of DR-iron clearly has more environmental advantages over that of BF-hot metal.

MERGER FOR MONOPOLY: THE FORMATION OF U.S. STEEL

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Charles S. Reback

2007-01-01

Full Text Available Scholars have posited three reasons as to why U.S. Steel Corporation was formed: to swindle the public, to monopolize the steel industry, or to become a more efficient firm. The evidence from a stock market event study shows that from its inception, U.S. Steel was viewed as a monopolistic competitor. The stock prices of component and competing firms reacted positively to the announcement of the company’s formation. This is consistent with the theory that U.S. Steel was formed to monopolize the domestic steel industry, inconsistent with the theory that U.S. Steel was formed to become a more efficient firm, and inconsistent with the theory that US. Steel was formed in order to sell overpriced stock to an unsuspecting public. These results confirm Stigler’s conclusions in his classic paper “The Dominant Firm and the Inverted Umbrella,” despite that paper’s empirical flaws. Further, this conclusion is supported by much of the recent literature on U:S. Steel.

Stainless steel fabrications: past and present

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Daniels, R.

1986-01-01

The paper deals with stainless steel fabrications of Fairey Engineering Company for the nuclear industry. The manufacture of stainless steel containers for Magnox and Advanced Gas Cooled Reactors, flexible fabrication facility, and welding development, are all briefly described. (U.K.)

Analysis of the specific consumption of energy and of carbon specific emissions of the mexican Iron and steel industry; Analisis del consumo especifico de energia y de las emisiones especificas de carbono de la industria siderurgica mexicana

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ozawa, L; Sheinbaum, C [Instituto de Ingenieria de la UNAM, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

1999-07-01

From 1970 to 1995, the specific consumption of energy of the Mexican iron and steel industry diminished in 16.2%, and the specific carbon emissions in 21.8%. In order to analyze the factors that favored these diminutions, the specific energy consumption in structural changes and improvements in energy efficiency were segregated; whereas the specific carbon emissions were segregated in structural changes, improvements of energy efficiency, changes in the factors of carbon emissions and in the fuel mixture in the iron and steel industry as well as in the electricity generation. It was observed that the diminution in the specific consumption as well as in the specific carbon emissions were mainly due to technological improvements in the manufacture of the steel: the complete substitution of the open hearth furnaces and a comprehensive penetration of the continuous casting. In spite of these improvements in energy efficiency and to the gradual substitution of coke by natural gas when increasing the production of iron by direct reduction. Though, the emission factor of the electricity was increased due to a greater participation of the fossil plants in 1995 in comparison with 1970. The indicators of energy efficiency of this industry with other countries were compared taking into account their own structure. Finally recommendations are made of measures for energy saving. [Spanish] De 1970 a 1995, el consumo especifico de energia de la industria siderurgica mexicana disminuyo en un 16.2%, y las emisiones especificas de carbono en un 21.8%. Para analizar los factores que favorecieron dichas disminuciones, se desagrego el consumo especifico de energia en cambios estructurales y en mejoras de eficiencia energetica; mientras que las emisiones especificas de carbono se desagregaron en cambios estructurales, mejoras de eficiencia energetica, cambios en los factores de emision de carbono y en la mezcla de combustibles tanto de la industria siderurgica como en la generacion de

Experiences on modernization of steel production plants in countries which metallurgy industry is in reconversion process; Experiencias en la modernizacion de acerias en paises en reconversion de su industria siderurgica

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Palacios, Jose M. [Bilbao Univ. (Spain). Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales; Munoz, Jon

1986-12-31

The Spanish experience on modernization of its metal industry, mainly steel production sector, under a strong structural exchange, face the Europe Common Market and the metal industry crisis are discussed. Economical and technological aspects of those exchanges, the measures applied, development of new technologies, innovations presented on the sector of electric arc furnace, increase of productivity, main steps present on modern steel production sector, are also analysed. 7 figs., 5 tabs., 7 refs

ANALISIS ATRIBUT-ATRIBUT YANG MEMPENGARUHI TINGKAT KEPUASAN PELANGGAN TELEPON RUMAH (FIXED WIRELINE MENGGUNAKAN METODE ANALISIS DISKRIMINAN (STUDI KASUS DI PT. TELKOM KANDATEL SEMARANG

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Diana Puspita Sari

2012-02-01

Full Text Available PT Telkom memiliki misi untuk memberikan layanan One Stop Infocom dengan kualitas prima dan harga kompetitif. Kenyataannya, PT. Telkom Kandatel Semarang mengalami penurunan pendapatan. Semakin berkembangnya layanan jasa fixed wireless yang lebih mudah dan murah, menyebabkan penurunan pemakaian jasa fixed wireline. Dengan konsumen melakukan pembelian pertama pada suatu produk tertentu dengan harga terjangkau, kualitas terjamin, maka konsumen akan kembali membeli produk tersebut, dan dampaknya dari fenomena ini adalah kepuasan pelanggan (customer satisfaction terhadap produk tertentu karena telah memberikan kepuasan dan terjaminnya kualitas, walaupun banyak pesaing lain.  Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini membahas dan melakukan analisis kepuasan pelanggan fixed wireline PT. Telkom Kandatel Semarang, menggunakan variabel kepuasan pelanggan untuk dikelompokkan menjadi tiga tingkatan yaitu pelanggan yang sangat puas, puas, dan tidak puas dengan menggunakan analisis klaster, kemudian dilakukan analisis variabel 4P Customer Relationship Management (CRM menggunakan analisis diskriminan, sehingga diketahui atribut yang mempengaruhi tingkat kepuasan pelanggan agar PT. Telkom Kandatel Semarang dapat terus mempertahankan dan meningkatkan kepuasan pelanggan dengan berusaha memenuhi kebutuhan dan keinginan pelanggan dengan maksud kepuasan pelanggan tidak menurun agar dapat meningkatkan intensitas pemakaian fixed wireline. Kata kunci : analisis klaster, analisis diskriminan, kepuasan pelanggan, fixed wireline      PT Telkom has a mission to provide a One Stop Infocom services with excellent quality and competitive price. In fact, PT. Telkom Semarang Kandatel income decreased. The growing fixed wireless service is easier and cheaper, causes a decrease in the use of fixed wireline services.With the first consumer purchase a given product at an affordable price, guaranteed quality, then consumers will buy the product again, and the impact of this phenomenon is

Steel and biodiversity: a promising alliance

Science.gov (United States)

Peters, Klaus; Colla, Valentina; Moonen, Anna Camilla; Branca, Teresa Annunziata; Moretto, Deny Del; Ragaglini, Giorgio; Delmiro, Vanesa Maria Menendez; Romaniello, Lea; Carler, Sophie; Hodges, Jennifer; Bullock, Matthew; Malfa, Enrico

2018-06-01

The term "Biodiversity" derives from a contraction of "biological diversity" and commonly refers to a measure of the variety of organisms, which are present in different ecosystems, by considering genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation within an area, biome, or planet. Biodiversity is receiving an ever-increasing attention at many levels of European society as well as from many industrial sectors, and a variety of actions are being put in place in order to protect, preserve and increase it. The present paper provides examples of the capabilities and potentials of the steel sector with respect to biodiversity. In effect, steel is a valuable and fundamental structural material in order to develop measures and systems for protection of biodiversity. On the other hand, biodiversity can represent for the steel industry not only a heritage to preserve, but, through its functional traits, it can become an opportunity, offering an ecosystem's perspective to all industrial companies. In the paper, steel relevant topics and applications are analyzed leading to the conclusion that biodiversity should be exploited and can play a role with potentially relevant benefits both for the company and for local communities. Sustainability and Ecodesign of processes, products and services

PENCEMARAN UDARA DI RUANG PROSES PEMBATIKAN INDUSTRI RUMAH TANGGA BATIK: STUDI KASUS INDUSTRI RUMAH TANGGA BATIK DI KAMPUNG TAMAN KOTAMADYA YOGYAKARTA (Indoor Air Polution in batik-Making Workrooms of Batik Home Industry:Case Study of Batik Home

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Darmiyanti Darmiyanti

2003-03-01

Full Text Available ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi konsentrasi karbon monoksida, karbon dioksida, sulfur dioksida, suhu, kelembaban dan bau ruang kerja pembuatan batik sebagai akibat dari proses pembuatan batik dalam lingkungan kerja. Studi kasus dilakukan di industri rumahan (home indyustry di kampung Taman Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini dilakukan dari bulan desember 1999 sampai januari 2000. Pengukuran parameter dilakukan dalam 2 rumah industri batik yang masing-masing menggunakan satu dan tiga kompor sebagai pemanas. Metode analisis data adalah analisis times series dan analisis grafis. Konsentrasi karbon monoksida berkisar antara 2,00-8,66 ppm, karbondioksida berkisar antara 372,498-472,885 ppm. Sulfurdioksida berkisara antara 0,00028-0,00268 ppm. Temperatur berkisar antara 29 oC-34 oC, sedangkan kelembaban berkisar antara 50,5 %-67%. Penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa ruang kerja batik telah terkontaminasi karbon monoksida yang beresiko terhadap kesehatan para pekerja. Ruang kerja pembuatan batik tidak nyaman.   ABSTRACT This research aims to investigate the concentrations of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, temperature, humidity and smells batik-making workrooms as a result of the batik-making process on work environments. A case-study of home industries was conducted in Kampung Taman Yogyakarta Municipal City. The research was conducted from December 1999 to January 2000. Measurement of parameters under investigation was carried out in two batik home industries, each of which used stove and there stove as heaters. Methods of analyzing the data were time series analysis, and graphics analysis. The concentration of carbon monoxide in batik-making workrooms ranges between 2.00 ppm and 8.66 ppm carbon dioxide ranged between 372.498 ppm and 473.885 ppm. Sulfur dioxide ranged vetweeb0.00028 ppm and 0.00268 ppm. Temperature ranged between 29oC and 34oC. Humidity ranged from 50.5% to 67%.The research indicated that batik masking

Japan steel mill perspective

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Murase, K. [Kobe Steel Ltd., Tokyo (Japan)

2004-07-01

The international and Japan's steel industry, the coking coal market, and Japan's expectations from Canada's coal industry are discussed. Japan's steel mills are operating at full capacity. Crude steel production for the first half of 2004 was 55.8 million tons. The steel mills are profitable, but costs are high, and there are difficulties with procuring raw materials. Japan is trying to enhance the quality of coke, in order to achieve higher productivity in the production of pig iron. Economic growth is rising disproportionately in the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, and China), with a large increase in coking coal demand from China. On the supply side, there are several projects underway in Australia and Canada to increase production. These include new developments by Elk Valley Coal Corporation, Grande Cache Coal, Western Canadian Coal, and Northern Energy and Mining in Canada. The Elga Mine in the far eastern part of Russia is under development. But the market is expected to remain tight for some time. Japan envisions Canadian coal producers will provide a stable coal supply, expansion of production and infrastructure capabilities, and stabilization of price. 16 slides/overheads are included.

GRAPHITIZED STEELS IN MACHINE-BUILDING

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

I. V. Akimov

2010-01-01

Full Text Available It is shown that graphitized steels in some cases due to its intermediate disposition by structure and characteristics among low-carbon steels and cast irons, can provide the necessary combination of characteristics of construction material and consequently to increase safety and durability of details of metallurgical and machinebuilding industry machines.

Iron and steel industry and non-ferrous metal production - the electrical energy consumption and energy efficiency

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Blazhev, Blagoja; Sofeski, Slobodan

2002-01-01

Companies of iron and steel industry and non-ferrous metal production are the largest individual consumers of electricity and other forms of energy. This paper presents the electricity consumption in the last twenty-year period as well as data for their contribution in creating the gross domestic product (GDP) and engagement of labor force in the country. For some of the companies there is data for energy efficiency (kWh/t i.e. MJ/t) in last five years. (Original)

ANALISIS KOMPARATIF DAN EKSPLORATIF TERHADAP KUALITAS PELAYANAN BANK SYARIAH DAN BANK KONVENSIONAL DI KOTA PEKALONGAN

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Nalim Nalim

2015-12-01

Full Text Available Abstract: For the last ten years, the focus for sharia trading industry has shifted from emphasising on price to service quality. Some of the reasons for this are: the rise of banking industry rivalry, stable business environment, more challenges faces, modern technology and the increasing number of service provider systems. Additionally, within the global market, the service quality has become more prominent in surviving the banking industry. Furthermore, the service quality also influences customers' satisfactory level. For these reasons, I am interested in researching further about service quality in banking industry. This study aims at (1 finding out factors that influence customers' banking choice (sharia and conventional banks, finding out service index comparison between sharia and conventional banks, and finding out the service quality difference between sharia and conventional banks. The instrument used to compare the service quality was SERVQUAL. The data was descriptively analysed and comparatively analysed using T-test. Descriptive analysis was employed to find out the emerging patterns within the data while the T-test was utilised to analyse the correlation among variables in the questionnaire. The result of the study indicated that there were four components (tangibleness, assurance, reliability and empathy of the service quality which ranked the highest, scoring 3.69. The similar result of highest score of tangibleness, scoring 3.65, was also indicated for conventional bank. Additionally, the result of the study also indicated that sharia bank scored higher in terms of its quality on the point of 3.53, while conventional bank was on the point of 3.50. Abstrak: Sejak sepuluh tahun terakhir, fokus strategis layanan industri ritel perbankan telah mengalami pergeseran dari harga (price menuju kepada kualitas pelayanan (service quality. Alasannya adalah karena munculnya persaingan, tantangan yang berat, lingkungan bisnis yang stabil

Financial Management: Emergency Steel Loan Guarantee Program

National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

2001-01-01

In a February 1, 2001 letter, you expressed concerns about repayments of federally guaranteed loans by borrowers under the Emergency Steel Loan Guarantee Program and the effect of the program on the U.S. steel industry...

Economic statistics for the mining and metallurgical industries: 1990. Statistique economique des industries extractives et metallurgiques annee 1990

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rzonzef, L.

1991-01-01

Provides economic statistics for the Belgian mining and metallurgical industries in 1990. The review is divided into 4 parts: the extractive industries (including an analysis of the coal market and mines, quarries and associated industries); coke and briquette making; metallurgy (i.e. blast furnaces, steel making, rolling mills and manpower and materials consumption in the steel industry); and the extraction of sand from the Belgian continental shelf. 17 tabs.

Pembuatan Dan Analisis Exciter Generator Rf Untuk Siklotron Proton Decy-13

OpenAIRE

Prajitno, Prajitno

2011-01-01

PEMBUATAN DAN ANALISIS EXCITER GENERATOR RF UNTUK SIKLOTRON PROTON DECY-13.Telah dilakukan analisis dan pembuatan exciter generator RF untuk siklotron proton 13MeV. Generator RFakan digunakan sebagai sumber tegangan pemercepat bolak-Balik siklotron DECY-13 rancangan PTAPBBATAN.Berdasarkan dokumen rancangan dasar yang telah dibuat siklotron Decy-13 akan menggunakanmedan magnet 1,275 Tesla, sehingga frekuensi generator RF bila menggunakan harmonik keempat adalah77,667 MHz. Salah satu teknik pem...

The Industrial Photography and the Steel Company Archive of Puerto de Sagunto: Representation, Power and Identity (1944-1976

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Esteban Torres

2015-01-01

Full Text Available This article makes a contribution on photo - documentary archives in the steel industry as a source of knowledge and sociological tool. It deals with the case of documentary photo archive Altos Hornos de Vizcaya and Altos Hornos del Mediterráneo in Sagunto (Puerto between 1944 and 1976. The article discusses the need to analyze the role of company photographers and his role as "rapporteurs" of labor and social discourse of the company. We analyze the photographic archive as "artifact of power" with a narrative structure and autonomous with functionality within the industrial process related to the generation of a structure of symbolic and identity discourses.

Using logarithmic mean Divisia index to analyze changes in energy use and carbon dioxide emissions in Mexico's iron and steel industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sheinbaum, Claudia; Ozawa, Leticia; Castillo, Daniel

2010-01-01

Using international comparisons and Log mean Divisia index, this paper analyzes energy and CO 2 emission trends of Mexico's iron and steel industry during the period 1970-2006, examining CO 2 emissions related to energy use and production process. The decomposition analysis is based on the structure/efficiency analysis for international comparisons, considering industrial structure and the best available technology. Results show that for the period 1970-2006, activity drove up primary energy use by 227% instead of the actual 133%, while structure and efficiency effects drove it down by 5% and by 90% respectively. The important improvement in Mexican iron and steel primary energy efficiency reduced the gap between best international practice and actual primary energy consumption from 103% in 1970 to only 15% in 2006. CO 2 emissions from fuel consumption and production process increased by 134%, and in addition to structure and efficiency, fuel share effect also drove down emissions by 4.2% in the entire period.

Testing new tribo-systems for sheet metal forming of advanced high strength steels and stainless steels

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Bay, Niels; Ceron, Ermanno

2014-01-01

of a methodology for off-line testing of new tribo-systems for advanced high strength steels and stainless steels. The methodology is presented and applied to an industrial case, where different tribo-systems are tested. A universal sheet tribotester has been developed, which can run automatically repetitive......Testing of new tribo-systems in sheet metal forming has become an important issue due to new legislation, which forces industry to replace current, hazardous lubricants. The present paper summarizes the work done in a recent PhD project at the Technical University of Denmark on the development...

Practical uses of galvanized steel in electric utility applications

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bueche, D.G.

1995-01-01

Steel corrosion has been shown to be a major problem for the electric utility industry. Galvanizing has been shown to prevent or substantially slow steel corrosion. This paper describes the galvanizing process, discusses the properties associated with the galvanized coating, and demonstrates galvanizing's durability in specific, real world applications in the electric utility industry

A review of temperature measurement in the steel reheat furnace

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Martocci, A.P.; Mihalow, F.A.

1985-01-01

The incentive for conducting research and development on reheat furnaces is substantial; the domestic steel industry spent approximately one billion dollars on fuel in reheat furnaces in 1981. Bethlehem Steel Corp. spent /145 million of that total, and neither figure includes fuel consumed in soaking pits or annealing furnaces. If the authors set a goal to save 10% of these annual fuel costs, that translates into /100 million for the domestic steel industry and /14.5 million for Bethlehem Steel. These large sums of money are significant incentives. The purpose of this paper is to review the historical heating practices and equipment at steel reheat furnaces along with current practices and instrumentation

Co-benefits of energy efficiency improvement and air pollution abatement in the Chinese iron and steel industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhang, Shaohui; Worrell, Ernst; Crijns-Graus, Wina; Wagner, Fabian; Cofala, Janusz

2014-01-01

In 2010, China was responsible for 45% of global steel production, while consuming 15.8 EJ of final energy and emitting 1344 Mt CO 2eq , 8.4 Mt of PM (particulate matter) emissions, and 5.3 Mt of SO 2 emissions. In this paper we analyse the co-benefits of implementing energy efficiency measures that jointly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants, in comparison to applying only air pollution control (end-of-pipe technology). For this purpose we construct ECSC (energy conservation supply curves) that contain potentials and costs of energy efficiency measures and implement these in the GAINS (greenhouse gas and air pollution interactions and synergies) model. Findings show that the technical energy saving potential for the Chinese iron and steel industry for 2030 is around 5.7 EJ. This is equivalent to 28% of reference energy use in 2030. The emissions mitigation of GHGs (greenhouse gases) and air pollutants in BAEEM S 3 scenario would be reduce 27% CO 2 eq, 3% of PM, and 22% of SO 2 , compared to the BL scenario in 2030. Investments and cost savings were calculated for different scenarios, showing that energy efficiency investments will result in significant reductions in air pollution control costs. Hence, Energy efficiency measures should be integrated in air quality policy in China. - Highlights: • Implementation rates of 56 EEMs (energy efficiency measures) are quantified in China's Iron and steel industry. • Energy Supply Cost Curve was implemented in the GAINS (greenhouse gas and air pollution interactions and synergies) model. • The contribution of energy efficiency measure on the process level was estimated. • There are large co-benefits of improving energy efficiency and reducing emissions. • EEMs (energy efficiency measures) would lead to huge reductions in air pollution

Help for the Steel Industry

Science.gov (United States)

1991-01-01

A collaboration between NASA Lewis Research Center (LRC) and Gladwin Engineering resulted in the adaptation of aerospace high temperature metal technology to the continuous casting of steel. The continuous process is more efficient because it takes less time and labor. A high temperature material, once used on the X-15 research plane, was applied to metal rollers by a LRC developed spraying technique. Lewis Research Center also supplied mold prototype of metal composites, reducing erosion and promoting thermal conductivity. Rollers that previously cracked due to thermal fatigue, lasted longer. Gladwin's sales have increased, and additional NASA-developed innovations are anticipated.

Analisis Aliran Daya Berbasis Injeksi Arus dalam Bentuk Vektor

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ahmad Wira Satriawan

2017-11-01

Full Text Available Tulisan ini memaparkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan untuk membandingkan metode analisis aliran daya berbasis injeksi arus dalam bentuk vektor dengan format polar dan rektangular. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memperoleh metode analisa aliran daya dengan perhitungan yang lebih cepat dan akurat, serta iterasi yang lebih sedikit. Metode iterasi Newton Raphson diadopsi dalam penelitian ini dan bahasa pemrograman Python serta library komputasinya digunakan. Analisis terhadap karakteristik konvergensi dari kedua format dilakukan pada IEEE 14-bus Test System. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh hasil bahwa format rektangular lebih unggul dibandingkan format polar untuk kasus yang diteliti.

Energy-efficient technology in the iron and steel industry: Simulation of new technology adoption with items

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Roop, J.M.

1997-01-01

The Industrial Technology and Energy Modeling System (ITEMS)(referred to as ISTUM in Jaccard and Roop, 1990) is an end-use industrial modeling system that is technology based. Because it includes technologies in the process description of industry, it is possible to introduce new technologies to determine, based on economic and performance data, how rapidly these new technologies will penetrate the market (Hyman and Roop, 1996). As these new technologies penetrate the market, energy savings and, possibly, emissions reductions occur that can be tracked with the model as well. This report documents the use of ITEMS to investigate the impact of three new technologies under development with funding from the Department of Energy's Office of Industrial Technologies (OIT), that apply to the iron and steel industry. While the results of this application are interesting, this exercise points out how important it is to understand how the technologies work and how they make a difference. This report shows that ITEMS can be a useful tool in estimating market penetration of new technologies and the resulting energy savings, but these results are only as reliable as the data. If the model is to be used to compare technologies, the technical data concerning these technologies must be collected using the same set of assumptions and with the same vision of what characterizes a technology. While an effort has been made to understand how these technologies work, there is no assurance that the data used for this analysis were, indeed, collected using the same vision and the same set of assumptions. The report is organized into five additional sections. The next provides a brief overview of ITEMS and describes how the technical information about OIT projects is used in the model. The third section describes the three technologies that were introduced into ITEMS and reports the relevant data for those projects. The fourth section describes the iron and steel industry, as characterized

Comparative estimation of weld-ability of medium-alloy steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Makarov, Eh.L.; Laz'ko, V.E.

1977-01-01

Weldability of various industrial steels has been investigated as affected by mutual presence of carbon and alloying elements in a wide range of concentrations. Mechanical properties and technological strength of medium alloyed steel welded joints have been compared. Technological strength parameters have been found to sharply decrease with increasing carbon content, the decrease depending on the alloying system. Resistance to hot and cold cracking is somewhat decreased by nickel and increased by molibdenum and tungsten. The best mechanical properties are displayed by steels of the Kh2GSNVM type. Industrial evidence on argon arc welding of different constructions made of steels 1.5-20 mm thick is compared to laboratory results. Accordingly, the high strength steels are divided into three groups, i.e. those manifesting good, satisfactory and poor weldability

ANALISIS TINGKAT PERSAINGAN INDUSTRI PERBANKAN DI INDONESIA

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

romauli manurung

2016-09-01

Full Text Available This study aimed to analyze the structure of the banking industry and the level of competition of banking institutions in Indonesia. In measuring and analyzing the model used Panzar-Rosse built on indicators of competition, called H-Stats, which provide a quantitative assessment of the competitive nature of the market. H-statistics calculated from equation reduction in revenue and the size of the total revenue elasticity with respect to changes in input factor prices. Panzar and Rosse show that with certain assumptions, comparison of the static nature of the type of the equation provides a replacement for the overall level of competition prevailing in the market. By using secondary data issued by Bank Indonesia (BI, this study used pooled the data (data panel is to combine data from year 2010 to 2014 on 9 banking institutions. The results showed that the level of competition in the Indonesian banking industry generally contain the elements of nature and the nature of the market monopoly of perfect competition or are in a situation of monopolistic competition (monopolistic competitions

SISTEM IMPLEMENTASI RENCANA AKSI KEBIJAKAN PENGEMBANGAN INDUSTRI HILIR KELAPA SAWIT DI INDONESIA

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Syekh Farhan Robbani

2015-07-01

tahun 2010 untuk mendukung tujuan tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa implementasi rencana aksi kebijakan pengembangan industri hilir kelapa sawit dan memilih prioritas rencana aksi yang diutamakan dalam Permenperin no 13 Tahun 2010. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian terdahulu, wawancara mendalam dan kuisioner dari ahli atau praktsi, selanjutnya dianalisis menggunakan analisis proses jaringan (ANP. Hasil penelitian menunjukan implementasi rencana aksi kebijakan pengembangan industri hilir kelapa sawit perlu memprioritaskan perbaikan proses infrastruktur dan investasi. khususnya ketersediaan fasilitas umum meliputi jalan raya, pembangkit listrik dan pengelolaan air bersih serta mendukung kebijakan pro-investasi. Peran terpenting pemangku kepentingan adalah peran pemerintah pusat yang menjadi fasilitator bagi pengembangan industri, khususnya terkait kebijakan dan sistem pendukungnya.  Rekomendasi utama pengembangan industri hilir kelapa sawit adalah memperbaiki sistem pendukung dalam proses pembangunan infrastruktur dan investasi seperti kebijakan pembebasan lahan, kebijakan pajak investasi, skema pembiayaan dan kerjasama pembangunan antara BUMN dan swasta. Kata kunci: analisis proses jaringan (ANP, industri hilir kelapa sawit, analisis implementasi kebijakan

PENGARUH PRAKTIK KERJA INDUSTRI DAN LINGKUNGAN KELUARGA TERHADAP MOTIVASI BERWIRAUSAHA SISWA KELAS XII PEMASARAN SMK NEGERI 2 SEMARANG

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sodikin

2014-06-01

Full Text Available Motivasi siswa untuk menjadi seorang wirausaha dipengaruhi oleh praktik kerja industri dan lingkungan keluarga. Permasalahan penelitian ini adalah: sebesar besar pengaruh praktik kerja industri dan lingkungan keluarga terhadap motivasi berwirausaha siswa baik secara parsial maupun simultan. Populasi dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 99 siswa yang terdiri dari kelas XII Pemasaran SMK Negeri 2 Semarang, karena merupakan penelitian populasi sehingga semua populasi dijadikan sampel penelitian. Variabel yang diteliti yaitu variabel praktik kerja industri, lingkungan keluarga dan motivasi berwirausaha. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan angket dan dokumentasi. Analisis data menggunakan analisis deskripsi persentase dan analisis regresi berganda. Hasil penelitian uji regresi menunjukkan hasil uji parsial untuk praktik kerja industri diperoleh thitung sebesar 4,847 dengan signifikansi 0,000 dan lingkungan keluarga diperoleh thitung sebesar 3,182 dengan signifikansi 0,002 berarti H0 ditolak dan Ha1, Ha2, Ha3 diterima. Besarnya pengaruh secara parsial untuk variabel praktik kerja industri sebesar 19,62% dan lingkungan keluarga sebesar 9,55%, secara simultan sebesar 44%. Student motivation to become an entrepreneur is influenced by industry work practices and family environment. The problems of this research are: the influence of industry work practices and family environment against entrepreneurial motivation either partially or simultaneously. The population in this study is composed of 99 students of class XII SMK N 2 Semarang Marketing, as a research population so that all the population made research sample. The variables studied were industry work practices, family environment and entrepreneurial motivation. Methods of data collection using questionnaire and documentation. Data analysis using descriptive analysis and multiple regression analysis percentage. Results of regression studies showed partial test results obtained for industrial work practices

ANALISIS CLUSTER K-MEANS DALAM PENGELOMPOKAN KEMAMPUAN MAHASISWA

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

B. Poerwanto

2016-12-01

Full Text Available Abstract. Cluster Analysis, K-Means Algorithm, Student Classification. This study aims to classify students based on learning outcomes for subject the basic of statistics (DDS, which is measured based on attendance, task, midterm (UTS, and final exams (UAS to further used to evaluate learning for subjects that require analysis of quantitative . This study uses k-means cluster analysis to classify the students into three groups based on learning outcomes. After grouped, there are 3 people in the low category, 27 in the medium category and over 70% in the high category.Abstrak. Analisis Cluster K-Means dalam Pengelompokan Kemampuan Mahasiswa. Pene-litian ini bertujuan untuk mengelompokkan mahasiswa berdasarkan hasil belajar mata kuliah dasar-dasar statistika (DDS yang diukur berdasarkan variabel nilai kehadiran, tugas, ujian tengah semester (UTS, dan ujian akhir semester (UAS untuk selanjutnya digunakan untuk mengevaluasi pembelajaran untuk mata kuliah yang membutuhkan kemampuan analisis kuantititatif yang baik. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis cluster k-means dalam mengelompokkan mahasiswa ke dalam tiga kelompok berdasarkan hasil belajarnya. Seteleh dikelompokkan, terdapat 3 orang yang masuk pada kategori rendah, 27 orang pada kategori sedang dan lebih dari 70% pada kategori tinggi.Kata Kunci: Cluster Analysis, K-Means Algoritma, Klasifikasi Mahasiswa, Universitas Cokroaminoto Palopo

Klasifikasi Kecamatan Berdasarkan Nilai Akhir SMA/MA di Kabupaten Aceh Selatan Menggunakan Analisis Diskriminan

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Fitriana A.R.

2015-11-01

Full Text Available Analisis diskriminan merupakan bagian dari analisis peubah ganda. Analisis diskriminan digunakan untuk memodelkan variabel tak bebas yang bersifat kualitatif dengan variabel bebas yang bersifat kuantitatif. Pada penelitian ini, analisis diskriminan lebih dari dua kelompok diterapkan pada data nilai akhir SMA/MA di Kabupaten Aceh Selatan yang bertujuan untuk mendapatkan model untuk pengklasifikasian kecamatan. Pengklasifikasian ini bertujuan untuk melihat perbedaan kualitas siswa SMA/MA yang berada di masing-masing kecamatan Kabupaten Aceh Selatan berdasarkan data nilai akhir. Variabel tak bebas yang digunakan berupa klasifikasi kecamatan berdasarkan rata-rata jumlah nilai akhir SMA/MA yang berada di masing-masing kecamatan yang dibentuk dengan K-Means Cluster. Sedangkan variabel bebas yang digunakan adalah data rata-rata nilai akhir SMA/MA untuk setiap mata pelajaran yang diujiankan pada masing-masing jurusan setiap kecamatan. Model yang didapatkan adalah dua model diskriminan untuk jurusan IPA dan IPS.

ALTERNATIVE SOURCE APPORTIONMENT IN THE SURROUNDING REGION OF A LARGE STEEL INDUSTRY APPLYING Tillandsia usneoides AS BIOMONITOR

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Laura Benevides dos Santos

Full Text Available From the beginning of its operation, this large steel industrial complex in the Santa Cruz Industrial District, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with an annual capacity of 5 million tons, has been at the center of controversy related to its atmospheric emissions. Since the air filter used for its routine air particulate monitoring network is not appropriate for a source apportionment study, biomonitoring was tested as an alternative way to carry out this evaluation. Thus, the bromeliad species Tillandsia usneoides was used as a bioindicator in the Santa Cruz Industrial District, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Six samplings were performed over a period of approximately one year. The results showed that the sampling point located inside the industrial complex presented higher elemental concentration values for all samples. Among the quantifiable elements found in the biomonitor samples, iron seems to be the element that best represents the emissions from the steelwork complex, which was corroborated based on the analysis of dust jar samples collected inside the complex area.

Proceedings of the eleventh international conference on high nitrogen steels and interstitial alloys: souvenir

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2012-01-01

Stainless steels serve a multitude of applications from brightly polished consumer products to machinery and equipment for challenging industrial environments. Improvements of mechanical and corrosion properties of stainless steels and a whole spectrum of steels for high pressure and high temperature applications, necessitated development of new elegant class of High Nitrogen Steels (HNS). Presently high nitrogen steels occupy a centre stage in many strategic industries like power, oil and gas and infrastructure etc. In nuclear industry, in the demanding environments of fuel reprocessing and waste managing plants HNS can find possible applications. Already nitrogen alloyed stainless steel has found its niche as structural material of Fast Breeder Reactors and Advanced Heavy Water Reactor in India. Nitrogen is also an important alloying element in the new generation ferritic steels meant for high temperature applications. Papers relevant to INIS are indexed separately

The rational use of energy in industrial refrigeration equipment through the appropriate selection of the refrigerant fluid as the working substance; Uso racional de la energia en equipos de refrigeracion industrial mediante la eleccion apropiada del refrigerante como sustancia de trabajo

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Reyes Z, Jesus [Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo, Mexico, D. F. (Mexico)

1994-12-31

This paper presents an analysis for diminishing the energy consumption in the industrial refrigeration equipment through the appropriate selection of the refrigerant fluid. The analysis shows the safety levels and the refrigerant toxicity, the construction advantages of the equipment, as well as the ecological impact derived from its utilization. By means of the liquid injection and the compression of the gas in two stages, a capacity increase is achieved and an energy demand reduction for the installation. Finally, an economical analysis is presented, comprising the equipment cost, operation, maintenance, consumption cost of the utilized fluids, etc. Demonstrating the selection of the working fluid employed. This analysis was made considering the PETROLEOS MEXICANOS installations. Nevertheless, this application can be adopted in any industrial installation for the rational energy use. Additionally the main advantages for the use of the proposed systems are shown, saving fuel expenses and increasing the thermal efficiency and diminishing the air pollution. [Espanol] Este trabajo presenta un analisis para disminuir el consumo de energia en los equipos de refrigeracion industrial mediante la seleccion apropiada del refrigerante. El analisis muestra los niveles de seguridad y toxicidad del refrigerante, las ventajas constructivas del equipo, asi como el impacto ecologico derivado de su empleo. Por la inyeccion de liquido y la compresion del gas en dos etapas, se logra un aumento de capacidad de enfriamiento y disminucion de la energia demandada por la instalacion. Finalmente un analisis economico se presenta, involucrando los gastos del equipo, operacion, mantenimiento, costos de consumos de fluidos utilizados, etc. Que demuestran la seleccion del fluido de trabajo utilizado. Este analisis fue hecho tomando en cuenta las instalaciones de Petroleos Mexicanos. No obstante, esta aplicacion puede ser adaptada en cualquier instalacion industrial para un uso racional de los

Development of ferritic steels for steam generators of fast breeder reactors

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nguyen-Thanh; Vigneron, G.; Vanderschaeghe, A.

1988-01-01

STEIN INDUSTRIE, a manufacturer of equipment for the conventional and nuclear power industry, has built up expertise in the use of Cr-Mo steels used at high temperatures. The main ferritic steels developed were 10 CD 9-10 (AFNOR), Z10 CDNb V 9-2 (AFNOR), X 20 Cr Mo V 12-1 (DIN) and ASTM Grade 9.1. For the fast breeder reactor system, STEIN INDUSTRIE proposes the use of these steels in the construction of steam generators. The wide programme of development undertaken by STEIN INDUSTRIE is aimed at the following main subjects: - characterization of materials - welding and bending tests - studies of special junctions. This article reports the results obtained

Current status and recent research achievements in ferritic/martensitic steels

Science.gov (United States)

Tavassoli, A.-A. F.; Diegele, E.; Lindau, R.; Luzginova, N.; Tanigawa, H.

2014-12-01

When the austenitic stainless steel 316L(N) was selected for ITER, it was well known that it would not be suitable for DEMO and fusion reactors due to its irradiation swelling at high doses. A parallel programme to ITER collaboration already had been put in place, under an IEA fusion materials implementing agreement for the development of a low activation ferritic/martensitic steel, known for their excellent high dose irradiation swelling resistance. After extensive screening tests on different compositions of Fe-Cr alloys, the chromium range was narrowed to 7-9% and the first RAFM was industrially produced in Japan (F82H: Fe-8%Cr-2%W-TaV). All IEA partners tested this steel and contributed to its maturity. In parallel several other RAFM steels were produced in other countries. From those experiences and also for improving neutron efficiency and corrosion resistance, European Union opted for a higher chromium lower tungsten grade, Fe-9%Cr-1%W-TaV steel (Eurofer), and in 1997 ordered the first industrial heats. Other industrial heats have been produced since and characterised in different states, including irradiated up to 80 dpa. China, India, Russia, Korea and US have also produced their grades of RAFM steels, contributing to overall maturity of these steels. This paper reviews the work done on RAFM steels by the fusion materials community over the past 30 years, in particular on the Eurofer steel and its design code qualification for RCC-MRx.

Current status and recent research achievements in ferritic/martensitic steels

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Tavassoli, A.-A.F., E-mail: farhad.tavassoli@cea.fr [Commissariat à l' Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, CEA/DEN/DANS/DMN, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette (France); Diegele, E., E-mail: eberhard.diegele@kit.edu [Karlsruhe Institut of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe (Germany); Lindau, R., E-mail: rainer.lindau@kit.edu [Karlsruhe Institut of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe (Germany); Luzginova, N., E-mail: Natalia.Luzginova@gmail.com [NRG-Petten, 1755 ZG Petten (Netherlands); Tanigawa, H., E-mail: tanigawa.hiroyasu@jaea.go.jp [Japan Atomic Energy Authority (JAEA), Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1195 (Japan)

2014-12-15

When the austenitic stainless steel 316L(N) was selected for ITER, it was well known that it would not be suitable for DEMO and fusion reactors due to its irradiation swelling at high doses. A parallel programme to ITER collaboration already had been put in place, under an IEA fusion materials implementing agreement for the development of a low activation ferritic/martensitic steel, known for their excellent high dose irradiation swelling resistance. After extensive screening tests on different compositions of Fe–Cr alloys, the chromium range was narrowed to 7–9% and the first RAFM was industrially produced in Japan (F82H: Fe–8%Cr–2%W–TaV). All IEA partners tested this steel and contributed to its maturity. In parallel several other RAFM steels were produced in other countries. From those experiences and also for improving neutron efficiency and corrosion resistance, European Union opted for a higher chromium lower tungsten grade, Fe–9%Cr–1%W–TaV steel (Eurofer), and in 1997 ordered the first industrial heats. Other industrial heats have been produced since and characterised in different states, including irradiated up to 80 dpa. China, India, Russia, Korea and US have also produced their grades of RAFM steels, contributing to overall maturity of these steels. This paper reviews the work done on RAFM steels by the fusion materials community over the past 30 years, in particular on the Eurofer steel and its design code qualification for RCC-MRx.

Presentation of the 'Atlas hot workability in steels'

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Merlone, G.F.; Nunez Pettinari, S.I.; Ruzzante, J.E.

1993-01-01

The Atlas summarizes the experience of almost two decades of applied research in the siderurgical industry (IAS-CNEA joint agreements), by means of hot torsion test to evaluate the hot workability in steels through ductility properties and the formation strength. It has a technical prologue, from the abundant specific bibliography, and diagrams of about 40 steels of domestic manufacturing. The information is of industrial application as well as metallurgical research. (Author)

PENGUKURAN KINERJA PERUSAHAAN PT. HADJI KALLA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN ANALISIS ECONOMIC VALUE ADDED

OpenAIRE

2013-01-01

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kinerja Economic Value Added (EVA) yang dicapai oleh perusahaan PT. Hadji Kalla, sedangkan metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis perkembangan Economic Value Added (EVA), Net Operating Profit After Tax (NOPAT) dan The purpose of this study was to determine the performance of the Economic Value Added (EVA), which is achieved by the company PT. Hadji Kalla...

Utilizing steel slag in environmental application - An overview

Science.gov (United States)

Lim, J. W.; Chew, L. H.; Choong, T. S. Y.; Tezara, C.; Yazdi, M. H.

2016-06-01

Steel slags are generated as waste material or byproduct every day from steel making industries.The potential environmental issues which are related with the slag dump or reprocessing for metal recovery are generally being focused in the research. However the chemistry and mineralogy of slag depends on metallurgical process which is able to determine whether the steel slag can be the reusable products or not. Nowadays, steel slag are well characterized by using several methods, such as X-ray Diffraction, ICP-OES, leaching test and many more. About the industrial application, it is mainly reused as aggregate for road construction, as armour stones for hydraulic engineering constructions and as fertilizers for agricultural purposes. To ensure the quality of steel slag for the end usage, several test methods are developed for evaluating the technical properties of steel slag, especially volume stability and environmental behaviour. In order to determine its environmental behaviour, leaching tests have been developed. The focus of this paper however is on those applications that directly affect environmental issues including remediation, and mitigation of activities that negatively impact the environment.

Business diversification in blast furnace steel makers. Koro kakusha no takakuka no jokyo

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

1991-11-01

Scenarios are presented for the current business diversification and future business developments by the three Japanese blast furnace steel makers (Kawasaki Steel, Kobe Steel and Shin Nippon Steel). The conceptions for their advancement into the 2lst century are more or less similar. The business diversification commenced for Kawasaki Steel in 1985, Kobe Steel in 1989 and Shin Nippon Steel in 1987, all taking a pattern of tree-like development into related businesses starting from the basic industry. Their new businesses may be summarized generically as: electronics industry (LSI, silicon, electronic devices, information and communication); new material related business (ferrite, ceramics, metal powder, metal foils); chemical business (plastics, etc.); engineerings (architecture, urban andregional developments, etc.); and service business (system network development, lease business, real estate, leisure business, etc.). Endeavors are made also on full-scale entity into tertiary industries, and amenity field. M A and joint venture businesses are attempted in wide scale and positive manners also in overseas countries. 6 fige., 4 tads.

High - speed steel for precise cased tools

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Karwiarz, J.; Mazur, A.

2001-01-01

The test results of high-vanadium high - speed steel (SWV9) for precise casted tools are presented. The face -milling cutters of NFCa80A type have been tested in industrial operating conditions. An average life - time of SWV9 steel tools was 3-10 times longer compare to the conventional high - speed milling cutters. Metallography of SWB9 precise casted steel revealed beneficial for tool properties distribution of primary vanadium carbides in the steel matrix. Presented results should be a good argument for wide application of high - vanadium high - speed steel for precise casted tools. (author)

Overview of Steel Slag Application and Utilization

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Lim J.W.

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Significant quantities of steel slag are generated as waste material or byproduct every day from steel industries. Slag is produced from different types of furnaces with different operating conditions. Slag contains Ferrous Oxide, Calcium Oxide, Silica etc. Physical and chemical properties of slag are affected by different methods of slag solidification such as air cooled, steam, and injection of additives. Several material characterization methods, such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD, Scanned Electron Microscopy (SEM and Inductive Coupled Plasma (ICP-OES are used to determine elemental composition in the steel slag. Therefore, slags can become one of the promising materials in various applications such as in transportation industry, construction, cement production, waste water and water treatment. The various applications of steel slag indicate that it can be reused and utilized rather than being disposed to the landfill. This paper presents a review of its applications and utilization.

FY 1998 result report. Report on the results of the examinational research on the trend of technology development in the iron/steel industry; 1998 nendo seika hokokusho. Tekko sangyo no gijutsu kaihatsu doko nado ni kansuru chosa kenkyu seika hokokusho

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

1999-03-01

The trend of the technology development in the Japanese iron/steel industry was compared with those in foreign countries and surveyed to increase the international competitive strength. From the viewpoints of technology, industry and goods, the iron/steel field was characterized based on the statistic data, and especially automobile use steel materials were selected such as cold rolling high tension steel sheet, surface treated steel sheet, and bearing sheet. The analysis of factors of competitive superiority was conducted, and the following were presented: measures for process continuation, and measures taken from the age of equipment and cost indexes. The paper also surveyed the trend of pig iron making/steel making technology in Asia. The present international technical competitiveness in the iron/steel industry in Japan, especially of automobile use steel sheet, is very high. This is because of the well-functioned demand-oriented development, and also as a result of the mutually influentially conducted equipment development such as process continuation and development of new goods, supposing the iron/steel continuous process and reduction in impurities. However, fears are the stagnation in the recent technical development strength and the saturation of new equipment. Moreover, the further heightening is needed of the international cost competitive strength of general-purpose products. (NEDO)

Hegelian Steel

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kjær, Poul F.

2015-01-01

Even in our globalized world the notion of national economies remain incredibly strong, just as a considerable part of the literature on transnational governance and globalization continue to rely on a zero-sum perspective concerning the relationship between the national and the transnational. De...... of the European steel industry....

77 FR 37712 - High Pressure Steel Cylinders From China

Science.gov (United States)

2012-06-22

...), that an industry in the United States is materially injured by reason of imports of high pressure steel... preliminary determinations by Commerce that imports of high pressure steel cylinders from China were... Publication 4328 (June 2012), entitled High Pressure Steel Cylinders from China: Investigation Nos. 701-TA-480...

An overview of the recovery of acid from spent acidic solutions from steel and electroplating industries.

Science.gov (United States)

Agrawal, Archana; Sahu, K K

2009-11-15

Every metal and metallurgical industry is associated with the generation of waste, which may be a solid, liquid or gaseous in nature. Their impacts on the ecological bodies are noticeable due to their complex and hazardous nature affecting the living and non-living environment which is an alarming issue to the environmentalist. The increasingly stringent regulations regarding the discharge of acid and metal into the environment, and the increasing stress upon the recycling/reuse of these effluents after proper treatment have focused the interest of the research community on the development of new approaches for the recovery of acid and metals from industrial wastes. This paper is a critical review on the acidic waste streams generated from steel and electroplating industries particularly from waste pickle liquor and spent bleed streams. Various aspects on the generation of these streams and the methods used for their treatment either for the recovery of acid for reuse or disposal are being dealt with. Major stress is laid upon the hydrometallurgical methods such as solvent extraction.

Analisis Kinerja Cooling Tower 8330 Ct01 Pada Water Treatment Plant-2 PT Krakatau Steel (Persero). Tbk

OpenAIRE

Siallagan, Hutriadi Pratama

2017-01-01

Pada proses produksi baja sangat erat kaitannya dengan pendinginan baik untuk proses pendinginan baja maupun pendinginan mesin-mesin produksi supaya terhindar dari over heat sehingga dapat bekerja dengan optimal. Pada PT Krakatau Steel menggunakan beberapa sistem pendingin salah satunya adalah sistem pendingin cooling tower 8330 CT 01. Sistem pendingin tersebut digunakan untuk menunjang proses produksi dan juga pendinginanan mesin produksi khusunya pada Slab Steel Plant (SSP), dengan peran ya...

Industrial processes inventory. Sector 2

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1994-01-01

The work objective is to conduct a greenhouse gas emission inventory of the industrial processes in Lebanon for the year 1994. The Lebanese industry has emitted 1924.063 Gg (1.924.063 tons) of Carbon dioxide CO 2 ; 0.0003 Gg (0.3 tons) of carbon monoxide CO; 0.01112 Gg of nitrogen oxide NO; 273.888 tons of non-methane volatile organic compounds and 3.382 Gg (3.382 tons) of sulphur dioxide SO 2 . The cement industry is the major source of CO 2 emissions among the industrial processes in Lebanon. The cement industry is responsible for 76.1% of the total emissions followed by the iron and steel industry which produces 21.68% of the total CO 2 emissions from industrial processes. The NMVOC emissions are mainly produced by the use of asphalt for road paving (98.5% of total emissions by industry) followed by the food and beverage industry (1.2%). The emissions of sulphur dioxide SO 2 come from three industrial sources: the first come from the production of sulphuric acid (69.9% of total industrial emissions), the second from the cement industry (26.4% of total industrial emissions) and the third from the iron and steel mills (3.7% of total industrial emissions). Figures are presented to show the percentage distribution of various industrial sources contributions to CO 2 , NMVOC and SO 2 emissions in Lebanon. Carbon monoxide CO emissions in the industrial sector are very small. The major source is iron and steel mills and the minor source is asphalt-roofing production

PENGEMBANGAN UNIT USAHA INDUSTRI KECIL MELALUI METODE PEMETAAN DAN “NEED ASSESSMENT”

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

F Fafurida

2015-12-01

Full Text Available Mapping industry and need assessement are the first steps for developing the industrial sector. This study aims to describe the performance of the industry, prepare the map of industrial development potency and identify the need assessement on industries in Sub Gunungpati. The data was obtained from the survey by spreading questionnaires and Focus Group Discussion (FGD. The descriptive statistical analysis is used in this study. The result shows that there are 12 types of industries in the Village Gunungpati. However, most of these industries do not have a good management of the business eventhough they have been running their industries for a long time. It can be seen from several aspects, such as accounting and finance, production and marketing. Every type of industry has different condition and distribution. There is only one type of industry which form a large cluster; it is the industries that produce red bricks in Ngrembel. Finally, the result of need assessment shows that trainings on administrative records, financial report, innovation on production machines, packaging, marketing, obtaining raw materials, waste management are needed to increase the business capacity. Pemetaan industri dan need assessement merupakan langkah awal dalam pengembangan sektor industri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan performance industri, menyusun peta potensi pengembangan industri dan mengidentifikasi need assessement pada industri-industri di Kelurahan Gunungpati. Data diperoleh dari metode survey dengan kuisioner dan Focus Group Discussion (FGD. Analisis yang dilakukan adalah analisis deskriptif statistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada 12 jenis industri di Kelurahan Gunungpati. Meski sudah berdiri lama, mayoritas industri- industri tersebut belum memiliki manajemen pengelolaan usaha yang baik. Ini dapat dilihat dari beberapa aspek, antara lain aspek pembukuan dan keuangan, produksi dan pemasaran. Setiap jenis industri memiliki kondisi dan

Efficient Use of Water Resources in the Steel Industry

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Valentina Colla

2017-11-01

Full Text Available In the steel sector water management aims at improving the sustainability of the production cycle, resulting in resource efficiency benefits and in reduced water demand and costs. To be reused, water needs to be cooled and desalinized to avoid salt concentration in water circulation systems. The presented work includes two case studies carried out in an integrated steelmaking plant, respectively, to evaluate the possible implementation of ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis to reduce salt concentration in water streams and to investigate, through modelling and simulation, a process integration solution to improve water efficiency. Results showed that most salts are removed by reverse osmosis and that its coupling with ultrafiltration allows obtaining very high quality water; reuse of desalinated wastewater resulted in being more suitable and economically viable than its discharge. Moreover, modelling and simulation showed that the considered blowdown could be reused without significant changes in the receiving water network area. The industrial implementation of water recovery solutions can lead to a decrease of fresh water consumption, effluent discharge, and to improvement of product quality and equipment service life. The considered desalination technologies are transferable and easily implementable, and modelling and simulation are very useful in order to evaluate process modifications before real implementation.

ANALISIS HARGA POKOK PRODUKSI DAN PENERAPAN TARGET COSTING PADA UD WAJUKU MAKASSAR

OpenAIRE

-, CHAIDIR HAFID

2017-01-01

ABSTRAK Analisis Harga Pokok Produksi dan Penerapan Target Costing pada UD Wajuku Makassar The Analysis of The Cost of Goods Manufactured and Implementation of Target Costing in UD Wajuku Makassar Chaidir Hafid Asri Usman Syahrir Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perhitungan harga pokok produksi baju kaos polos sebelum dan setelah penerapan metode target costing pada UD Wajuku Makassar. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah dokumentasi. Metode analisis dat...

CHARACTERIZATION OF NEW TOOL STEEL FOR ALUMINUM EXTRUSION DIES

OpenAIRE

José Britti Bacalhau; Fernanda Moreno Rodrigues; Rafael Agnelli Mesquita

2014-01-01

Aluminum extrusion dies are an important segment of application on industrial tools steels, which are manufactured in steels based on AISI H13 steel. The main properties of steels applied to extrusion dies are: wear resistance, impact resistance and tempering resistance. The present work discusses the characteristics of a newly developed hot work steel to be used on aluminum extrusion dies. The effects of Cr and Mo contents with respect to tempering resistance and the Al addition ...

How We Used NASA Lunar Set in Planetary Material Science Analog Studies on Lunar Basalts and Breccias with Industrial Materials of Steels and Ceramics

Science.gov (United States)

Berczi, S.; Cech, V.; Jozsa, S.; Szakmany, G.; Fabriczy, A.; Foldi, T.; Varga, T.

2005-01-01

Analog studies play important role in space materials education. Various aspects of analogies are used in our courses. In this year two main rock types of NASA Lunar Set were used in analog studies in respect of processes and textures with selected industrial material samples. For breccias and basalts on the lunar side, ceramics and steels were found as analogs on the industrial side. Their processing steps were identified on the basis of their textures both in lunar and in industrial groups of materials.

It was the demonstration of industrial steel production capacity ferritic-martensitic Spanish ASTURFER scale demand ITER; Hacia la demostracion de capacidad de produccion industrial del acero ferritico-martensitico espanol ASTURFER a escala de demanda ITER

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Coto, R.; Serrano, M.; Moran, A.; Rodriguez, D.; Artimez, J. A.; Belzunce, J.; Sedano, L.

2013-07-01

Reduced Activation Ferritic-Martensitic (RAFM) structural steels are considered as candidate materials with notable possibilities to be incorporated to fusion reactor ITER, nowadays under construction, and future fusion reactor DEMO, involving a notable forecasting of supply materials, with a considerable limitation due to the few number of furnishes currently on the market. The manufacture at an industrial scale of the ASTURFER steel, developed at laboratory scale by ITMA Materials Technology and the Structural Materials Division of the Technology Division of CIEMAT would be a significant business opportunity for steelwork companies.

Menemukan Strategi Pengembangan Kawasan Industri Melalui Analisis Sektor Unggulan Kota Binjai

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Dessy Eresina Pinem

2016-04-01

Full Text Available Manufacturing industry is a leading sector that has potentials for promoting rapid growth in a region. The growth that relies on the industrial sector is driven by the sales of production, employment, and other multiplier effects so that many districts or cities in North Sumatra are eager to developing this sector. The types of industry that can be developed are supposed to be appropriate to the industry potentials and local resources in order to boost an optimal growth in the region. In the spatial planning (RTRW of Binjai City 2011 - 2030, the North Binjai District designated as an industrial area. The type of industry which is planned to be developed is a high-tech industry. However, the problem is whether the type specified in the RTRW is suitable to the potentials of local resources? This paper aims to find out the suitable industry to be developed in compliance with the local potentials, especially in the North Binjai District. The analyses applied are LQ, shift share and SWOT to discover the potentials and advantages of the city in comparison to those industries endorsed in the RTRW. The results show that the industrial sector is neither the leading nor potential sector in Binjai. Meanwhile, the results of LQ and shift share analyses show that the sector with the potentials to be developed in Binjai is the construction sector, finance, and services. The similarity to the RTRW policy is only in the service sector. It shows that the service sector can be developed while the computer industry, multimedia, publishing, and printing mismatch the local potentials. However, if the government still wants to develop the industrial sector in North Binjai, there should be diversification strategies to promoting the leading sectors such as building materials and mining industries.

Analisis Komoditi Unggulan Subsektor Tanaman Pangan di Sumatera Utara Tahun 2010 – 2014

OpenAIRE

Sinaga, Terry Praganda

2016-01-01

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perkembangan produksi komoditi tanaman pangan selama periode tersebut sehingga dapat menganalisis komoditi subsektor tanaman pangan yang menjadi unggulan di Sumatera Utara. Komoditi unggulan tersebut juga dijabarkan untuk setiap kabupatem/kota yang ada di Sumatera Utara. Metode yang digunakan yaitu secara Convenience Sampling, dan metode analisis data dengan menggunakan analisis Location Quotient. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan ba...

Tribological behavior of a new green industrial lubricant for stamping operations - Application to Stainless Steels

Science.gov (United States)

Buteri, A.; Borgeot, M.; Roizard, X.; Lallemand, F.; Melot, J.-M.; Morand, L.

2016-11-01

Thanks to a fruitful collaboration between different academic and industrial research entities, a new green lubricant solution AFULudine has been developed for stamping operations in substitution to the usual mineral oils, with the idea and the wish to combine different essential properties such as a low environmental impact and ease-of-use according to the market needs and the more and more restrictive environmental legislation (e.g. REACH). Based on the Self-Assembled-Monolayer (SAM) principle and so, on a perfect control of the chemical reaction between the solution and the substrate (grafting of molecules onto the surface), AFULudine offers an efficient technical answer for improving stamping processes. The present study, focused on stainless steel stampings (comparison between a 441-1.4509 grade and a 304-1.4301 grade), investigates the performances of this new green industrial lubricant at different levels: from laboratory tests to industrial conditions through the production of hundreds of parts. Additional results coming from tests made on a rotational pin- on-disk tribometer will allow us to appreciate and retrieve more local information about the tribofilm creation during sliding. Moreover, the comparison with different mineral oils currently used at industrial scale, will strengthen the AFULudine performances. Indeed, this new solution usually outperforms a majority of such oils whatever their viscosity and their own composition: formulation, content of extreme pressure additives (Cl, S, P)...

Evaluation of workability and strength of green concrete using waste steel scrap

Science.gov (United States)

Neeraja, D.; Arshad, Shaik Mohammed; Nawaz Nadaf, Alisha K.; Reddy, Mani Kumar

2017-11-01

This project works on the study of workability and mechanical properties of concrete using waste steel scrap from the lathe industry. Lathe industries produce waste steel scrap from the lathe machines. In this study, an attempt is made to use this waste in concrete, as accumulation of waste steel scrap cause disposal problem. Tests like compressive test, split tensile test, NDT test (UPV test) were conducted to determine the impact of steel scrap in concrete. The percentages of steel scrap considered in the study were 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% respectively by volume of concrete, 7 day, 28 days test were conducted to find out strength of steel scrap concrete. It is observed that split tensile strength of steel scrap concrete is increased slightly. Split tensile strength of Steel scrap concrete is found to be maximum with volume fraction of 2.0% steel scrap. The steel scrap gives good result in split tensile strength of concrete. From the study concluded that steel scrap can be used in concrete to reduce brittleness of concrete to some extent.

Impacts of market-based climate change policy on the U.S. iron and steel industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ruth, M.; Amato, A.; Davidsdottir, B.

2000-01-01

This article presents an assessment of the impacts that policy-induced increases in cost of energy or carbon may have on energy use and emission profiles of the US iron and steel industry. Time series data and engineering information are combined within a dynamic computer model to endogenously specify changes in technologies, fuel mix, and production processes. Results indicate that energy taxes shift production to electric arc furnaces and reduce total energy use more than policies that raise costs of carbon. However, both energy taxes and costs of carbon will result in a similar decrease in carbon emissions when compared to the absence of those policies

Analisis Permintaan Energi Listrik Pada Industri Mebel Di Kota Pekanbaru

OpenAIRE

', Permansyah; Chalid, Nursiah; ', Taryono

2015-01-01

This study aims to determine the effect of the furniture industry costumers and the value of production of the electric energy demand in the furniture industry in Pekanbaru and to determine the most dominant variable affecting the demand for electrical energy on the furniture industry in the City of Pekanbaru, Riau. The analysis of the data used in this research is quantitative deskriptive model of multiple linear regression model. Result of this study were obtained from questioner (primary) ...

Utilization of steel, pulp and paper industry solid residues in forest soil amendment: relevant physicochemical properties and heavy metal availability.

Science.gov (United States)

Mäkelä, Mikko; Watkins, Gary; Pöykiö, Risto; Nurmesniemi, Hannu; Dahl, Olli

2012-03-15

Industrial residue application to soil was investigated by integrating granulated blast furnace or converter steel slag with residues from the pulp and paper industry in various formulations. Specimen analysis included relevant physicochemical properties, total element concentrations (HCl+HNO3 digestion, USEPA 3051) and chemical speciation of chosen heavy metals (CH3COOH, NH2OH·HCl and H2O2+H2O2+CH3COONH4, the BCR method). Produced matrices showed liming effects comparable to commercial ground limestone and included significant quantities of soluble vital nutrients. The use of converter steel slag, however, led to significant increases in the total concentrations of Cr and V. Subsequently, total Cr was attested to occur as Cr(III) by Na2CO3+NaOH digestion followed by IC UV/VIS-PCR (USEPA 3060A). Additionally, 80.6% of the total concentration of Cr (370 mg kg(-1), d.w.) occurred in the residual fraction. However, 46.0% of the total concentration of V (2470 mg kg(-1), d.w.) occurred in the easily reduced fraction indicating potential bioavailability. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Physics and Industrial Development - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Physics and Industrial Development

Science.gov (United States)

Gazzinelli, R.; Moreira, R. L.; Rodrigues, W. N.

1997-04-01

The Table of Contents for the full book PDF is as follows: * Preface * Sponsors * Committees * Opening Lecture * Relations between Science and Industry in Brazil * Technological Change and Economic Development * Science and Economic Development * Recent Technological Change and Industrial Dynamics * Technology and Economic Development: Suitability of the Institutional System of Minais Gerais * Bridging the Gap * Transfer of Scientific Results into Industry: A Controversial Problem in Central and Eastern Europe * Bridging the Gap Between Basic Research and Industrial Development at the J. STEFAN Institute * Liquid Crystals: A Case Study of the Interaction Between Science and Application * Role of Physics in the Modern Industrialization Process of Korea * Research in Industry * A Theoretical Physicist's 21-Year Experience in the Argentine Industry * Four Characters in Search of a Profession * Status and Prospects for the Use of Renewable Sources of Energy in Minas Gerais State-Brazil * University-Industry Cooperation I * Development and Industrialization of Fiber Optics Metrology Equipment * Finnish Experiences on University-Industry Collaboration in Materials Science and Physical Metallurgy * A Conceptual Framework for Understanding the Interaction between Academic Research and Industry * Technological Modernization of the Alkaline Cooking Process for the Production of Masa and Tortilla * The Fapergs Program on University Versus Private Enterprise * Integral Development Centers: Tying Mexican Industry With the National Polytechnic Institute * Materials Characterization and Applied Physics * Imaging Manganese Sulfide Inclusions in Grain Oriented Silicon Steels * Electrical Resistivity Changes Associated to Static Strain Aging in High Carbon Steel * PVD Hard Coatings for Wear Applications * Scanning Acoustic Microscopy: Application to Porous Materials * Indentation Testing of Thennal Sprayed WC-Co * Applications of Capillary Electrophoresis with Laserinduced

Prevalence of undiagnosed cardiovascular risk factors and 10-year CVD risk in male steel industry workers.

Science.gov (United States)

Gray, Benjamin J; Bracken, Richard M; Turner, Daniel; Morgan, Kerry; Mellalieu, Stephen D; Thomas, Michael; Williams, Sally P; Williams, Meurig; Rice, Sam; Stephens, Jeffrey W

2014-05-01

To assess the prevalence of undiagnosed cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a cohort of male steelworkers in South Wales, UK. Male steel industry workers (n = 221) with no prior diagnosis of CVD or diabetes accepted a CVD risk assessment within the work environment. Demographic, anthropometric, family, and medical histories were all recorded and capillary blood samples obtained. The 10-year CVD risk was predicted using the QRISK2-2012 algorithm. Up to 81.5% of workers were either overweight or obese. More than 20% of workers were found to have diastolic hypertension, high total cholesterol, and/or a total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio of six or more. Over one quarter of workers assessed had an increased 10-year CVD risk. Despite a physically demanding occupation, risk assessment in the workplace uncovered significant occult factors in CVD risk in a sample of male heavy industry workers.

Identification and determination of the contribution of iron-steel manufacturing industry to sediment-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a large shallow lake of eastern China.

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Liu; Bai, Ya-Shu; Wang, Ji-Zhong; Peng, Shu-Chuan; Chen, Tian-Hu; Yin, Da-Qiang

2016-11-01

Seventeen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds were determined in surface sediments collected from the Chaohu Lake (a large shallow lake in eastern China) and its tributaries. Both diagnostic ratios and a receptor model (positive matrix factorization, PMF) were applied to identify and determine the contribution of a local iron-steel manufacturing plant located in the Nanfei River (NFR) to the Chaohu Lake basin. The results show that sites located in the downstream of the steel plant contained concentrations of 17 PAH (Σ 17 PAH) approximately two orders of magnitudes higher than those from other sites. Five factors were identified by the PMF model, including industrial waste, wood/biomass burning, diagenetic origin, domestic coal combustion, and industrial combustion. Our findings suggest that sediments in the downstream of the plant and in the western part of the Chaohu Lake were predominantly affected by industrial coal combustion. A mixture of pyrolytic origins impacted urban sediments in the upstream of the plant, whereas diagenetic origins along with coal and biomass burning were suggested to influence the eastern part and rural tributaries of the lake. To assess the potential ecological risk and toxicity caused by the iron-steel plant, sediment toxicity was evaluated by the PMF model, sediment quality guideline, and toxic equivalent factors. All of the three approaches suggested PAH accumulation in the NFR sediments could produce significant adverse ecological effects and half of the sediment toxicity in the NFR may be attributed to the emissions from the iron-steel plant. Some rural locations also exhibited PAH concentrations above probable effects, most likely contributed by wood/biomass burning.

Mechanical System Analysis of C-Frame for Steel Plate Thickness Gauge

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sri Sudadiyo

2007-01-01

Nuclear base instrument is not only applied in the area of research such as medical and agriculture sciences, but also in the field of industry especially for thickness gauge. To the present at the steel industry, the gauge that is applied to cut plate thickness using infra-red ray method, it cannot result in accurately data. To solve that case, it is developed a thickness gauge of steel plate by using gamma ray method that it is named C-Frame. This thickness gauge is hoped that it could control in cutting the steel plate by on-line, accurate, and safe, therefore, it could socialize the advanced technology in the nuclear field to support the production process in domestic industries (national industries). The present study yields the calculations of mechanical system of that C-Frame including structure, detector support, source container of radioisotope, and transmission system, be also computed by running Professional Microsoft Fortran Version 5.10, NISA-II program, and AutoCAD program. From the obtained results could be known that the design meets the requirement, so that could be employed properly to measure the thickness of plate in the steel industries. (author)

A sustainability assessment system for Chinese iron and steel firms

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Long, Yunguang; Pan, Jieyi; Farooq, Sami

2016-01-01

from financial and sustainability reports of four leading Chinese iron and steel firms. The proposed sustainable assessment system is envisaged to help Chinese iron and steel firms to objectively investigate their sustainability performance, provide clear and effective information to decision makers......The environmental impact of the Chinese iron and steel industry is huge due to its high consumption of ore, coal and energy, and water and air pollution. It is important not only for China but also for the rest of the world that the Chinese iron and steel industry becomes more sustainable....... A sustainable assessment indicator system is an important tool to support that development. Currently, however, a sustainable assessment system, specifically designed to match the characteristics of Chinese iron and steel firms, is not available. In this paper such a system is proposed and evaluated using data...

Analisis Beban Kerja untuk Menentukan Jumlah Optimal Karyawan dan Pemetaan Kompetensi Karyawan Berdasar Pada Job Description (Studi Kasus : Jurusan Teknik Industri, ITS, Surabaya

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Raras Mayang Arsi

2012-09-01

Full Text Available Beban kerja yang harus ditanggung dalam suatu unit organisasi erat kaitannya dengan efisiensi dan efektivitas suatu perusahaan. Hal ini dikarenakan beban kerja tersebut termasuk pada pengaturan sumber daya manusia yang merupakan sumber daya penting dalam perusahaan. Banyak cara yang dapat dilakukan dalam hal efisiensi sumber daya manusia, antara lain adalah dengan lebih mengoptimalkan jumlah karyawan agar melakukan aktivitas secara tepat. ITS Surabaya, sebagai salah satu perguruan tinggi terkemuka di Indonesia, juga tidak lepas dari permasalahan beban kerja ini. Adanya empat kali perubahan statuta dan penyesuaian mengenai Organisai Tata Kelola (OTK, membuat pihak ITS harus melakukan reformasi birokrasi dan reformasi organisai untuk mengembangkan ITS kedepannya. Hal ini berdampak pada banyaknya perubahan job description yang dilakukan oleh bidang-bidang yang ada di ITS, termasuk yang menjadi objek penelitian ini yaitu Jurusan Teknik Industri ITS, sehingga beban kerja yang ditanggung oleh setiap karyawan di setiap bidang tidak sesuai dengan jumlah karyawan pada bidang itu sendiri. Oleh karena itu diperlukan suatu analisis pengukuran beban kerja untuk menentukan jumlah optimal karyawan yang seharusnya dibutuhkan oleh setiap bidang. Pada penelitian ini nantinya, yang akan digunakan adalah metode perhitungan beban tugas per jabatan sesuai dengan KEP/75/M.PAN/7/2004 dan NASA-TLX.

Performance of an effectively integrated biomass multi-stage gasification system and a steel industry heat treatment furnace

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gunarathne, Duleeka Sandamali; Mellin, Pelle; Yang, Weihong; Pettersson, Magnus; Ljunggren, Rolf

2016-01-01

Highlights: • Multi-stage biomass gasification is integrated with steel heat treatment furnace. • Fossil fuel derived CO_2 emission is eliminated by replacing natural gas with syngas. • The integrated system uses waste heat from the furnace for biomass gasification. • Up to 13% increment of the gasifier system energy efficiency is observed. • Fuel switching results in 10% lower flue gas loss and improved furnace efficiency. - Abstract: The challenges of replacing fossil fuel with renewable energy in steel industry furnaces include not only reducing CO_2 emissions but also increasing the system energy efficiency. In this work, a multi-stage gasification system is chosen for the integration with a heat treatment furnace in the steel powder industry to recover different rank/temperature waste heat back to the biomass gasification system, resulting higher system energy efficiency. A system model based on Aspen Plus was developed for the proposed integrated system considering all steps, including biomass drying, pyrolysis, gasification and the combustion of syngas in the furnace. Both low temperature (up to 400 °C) and high temperature (up to 700 °C) heat recovery possibilities were analysed in terms of energy efficiency by optimizing the biomass pretreatment temperature. The required process conditions of the furnace can be achieved by using syngas. No major changes to the furnace, combustion technology or flue gas handling system are necessary for this fuel switching. Only a slight revamp of the burner system and a new waste heat recovery system from the flue gases are required. Both the furnace efficiency and gasifier system efficiency are improved by integration with the waste heat recovery. The heat recovery from the hot furnace flue gas for biomass drying and steam superheating is the most promising option from an energy efficiency point of view. This option recovers two thirds of the available waste heat, according to the pinch analysis performed

Banking the Furnace: Restructuring of the Steel Industry in Eight Countries.

Science.gov (United States)

Bain, Trevor

A study examined how the cross-national differences in the social contract among managers, unions, and government influenced adjustment strategies in steel. The restructuring process in eight major steel-producing countries was studied to determine who bore the costs of restructuring--employers, employees, or government--and which industrial…

APLIKASI METODE-METODE AGGLOMERATIVE DALAM ANALISIS KLASTER PADA DATA TINGKAT POLUSI UDARA

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Dewi Rachmatin

2014-09-01

Full Text Available ABSTRAK   Analisis Klaster merupakan analisis pengelompokkan data yang mengelompokkan data berdasarkan informasi yang ditemukan pada data. Tujuan dari analisis klaster adalah agar objek-objek di dalam satu kelompok memiliki kesamaan satu sama lain sedangkan dengan objek-objek yang berbeda kelompok memiliki perbedaan. Analisis klaster dibagi menjadi dua metode yaitu metode hirarki dan metode non-hirarki. Metode hirarki dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu metode agglomerative (pemusatan dan metode divisive (penyebaran. Metode-metode yang termasuk dalam metode agglomerative adalah Single Linkage Method, Complete Linkage Method, Average Linkage Method, Ward’s Method, Centroid Method dan Median Method. Pada artikel ini dibahas metode-metode agglomerative tersebut yang diterapkan pada data tingkat polusi udara. Masing-masing metode tersebut memberikan jumlah klaster yang berbeda.   Kata Kunci : Analisis Klaster, Single Linkage Method, Complete Linkage Method, Average Linkage Method, Ward’s Method, Centroid Method dan Median Method.     ABSTRACT Cluster analysis is an analysis of the data classification based on information found in the data.The objective of cluster analysis is that the objects in the group have in common with each other, while the different objects have different groups. Cluster analysis is divided into two methods : the method of non-hierarchical and hierarchical methods.Hierarchical method is divided into two methods, namely agglomerative methods (concentration and divisive methods (deployment. The methods included in the agglomerative method is Single Linkage Method, Complete Linkage Method, Average Linkage Method, Ward 's Method, Method and Median Centroid Method. In this article discussed the agglomerative methods were applied to the data rate of air pollution. Each of these methods provides a different number of clusters.   Keywords: Cluster Analysis , Single Linkage Method, Complete Linkage Method, Average Linkage Method, Ward

Coopetition in the steel industry − analysis of coopetition relations in the value net

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

W. Sroka

2013-01-01

Full Text Available The paper presents some of the problems relating to the coopetition relations in the steel industry. Coopetition is one of the key issues relating to the inter-organizational cooperation in recent years. On one hand, companies are working together and sharing the effects of uncertainty arising from the environment, and on the other hand they compete with each other in other areas, remaining competitors. In other words, they must reconcile each aspect of competition and cooperation, which is particularly important in case of cooperation involving more than two partners. Coopetition is a relatively new phenomenon, however it is growing very rapidly, and companies which are able to utilize this concept effectively can gain a coopetitive advantage over their competitors.

ANALISIS SISTEM ANTRIAN TRANSPORTASI BUSWAY DI HALTE PULOGADUNG DAN DUKUH ATAS

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Umi Marfuah

2015-02-01

Full Text Available Salah satu daerah Jakarta yang memiliki tingkat mobilitas yang cukup sibuk yaitu di daerah Pulogadung yang merupakan kawasan industri dan di daerah Dukuh Atas sekitar Sudirman, yang merupakan kawasan perkantoran di pusat kota. Minat masyarakat akan transportasi busway sebagai sarana transportasi umum dalam kegiatan hari – harinya sangat besar. Hal tersebut menyebabkan meningkatnya jumlah pengguna busway setiap tahunnya, namun Unit Pengelola Transjakarta Busway belum dapat memaksimalkan pelayanan yang dapat diberikan sehingga terjadi penumpukkan penumpang pada halte Pulogadung dan Dukuh Atas, terutama pada hari – hari  kerja di jam sibuk. Penelitian ini didasari pada perbaikan sistem antrian yang ada pada saat ini, sehingga didapatkan solusi untuk mengatasi masalah antrian pada kedua halte tersebut dengan efisien waktu pelayanan sebesar 13%. Model antrian yang digunakan yaitu Single Phase-Single Channel dengan analisis perbaikaanya disimulasikan dengan Promodel.   Kata kunci : Sistem, Antrian, Promodel.

ANALISIS DAYA SAING EKSPOR SEKTOR UNGGULAN DI JAWA TENGAH

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Wiwit Santi Wahyuningsih

2017-06-01

Full Text Available Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi industri unggulan yang ada di Jawa Tengah, dan kemudian industri unggulan tersebut diidentifikasi mana saja yang mempunyai daya saing ekspor. Penelitian ini menggunakan data PDRB Jawa Tengah dan PDB Tahun 2010-2015, Tabel Input Output Jawa Tengah Tahun 2013, serta data Ekspor-Impor Jawa Tengah Tahun 1997-2015. Data tersebut diperoleh dari data sekunder, yaitu dengan memanfaatkan data yang telah tersedia pada instansi terkait. Penelitian ini mengunakan alat analisis Indeks Daya Penyebaran (IDP, Indeks Derajat Kepekaan (IDK dan Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA. Dari hasil IDP dan IDK terdapat 9 industri unggulan di Jawa Tengah yaitu industri pengolahan dan pengawetan ikan, industri minyak dan lemak, industri penggilingan padi, industri tepung terigu dan tepung lainnya, industri makanan ternak, industri pemintalan, industri tekstil, industri kayu dan bahan bangunan dari kayu, serta industri karet dan barang dari karet. Tetapi dari 9 industri unggulan tersebut yang memiliki daya saing ekspor tinggi hanya ada 3 industri yaitu industri dengan IDP>1, IDK>1 dan RCA>1 yang meliputi industri pemintalan, industri tekstil, dan industri kayu dan bahan bangunan dari kayu. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa sektor industri yang dapat diandalkan untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi melalui ekspor dan memiliki daya saing ekspor yang sangat bagus serta memilki harga jual tinggi yaitu hanya industri pemintalan, industri tekstil, dan industri kayu dan bahan bangunan dari kayu. Maka dari itu sebaiknya kebijakan pemerintah lebih ditekankan pada sektor hulu dan sektor hilir dari industri-industri tersebut. This research’s aim is to identify the leading manufactures in central Java then identify which of those industries have the export competitiveness. This study used data of Central Java’s Gross Domestic Regional Product (GDRP and Gross National Product (GNP on 2010-2015, Input Output Table on 2013, as

Internal and External Oxidation of Manganese in Advanced High Strength Steels

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Aghaei Lashgari, V.

2014-01-01

Advanced high strength steels (AHSS) have been used extensively in the automotive industries. The main characteristic of these steels is combination of high strength and enhanced formability that makes them very attractive for automotive application. However, the major drawback of these steels is

Stainless steel in contact with food and bevarage

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sveto Cvetkovski

2012-12-01

Full Text Available Stainless steels are probably the most important materials in the food and beverage industries. The main reason for such broad implementation of stainless steel in contact with food are excellent properties which they possess such as corrosion resistance, resistance to high and low temperatures, very good mechanical and physical properties, aesthetic appeal, inertness of surface, durability, easy cleaning and recycling. Low thermal conductivity of these steels produces steeper temperature coefficient provoking an increased distortion, shrinkage and stresses compared with carbon steel.

ANALISIS STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN INDUSTRI JAMU TRADISIONAL DI KABUPATEN BANGKALAN - MADURA

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Risa Dewi Munica

2017-09-01

Full Text Available Data of Disperindag Bangkalan Regency (2015, shows that Bangkalan Regency has 20 herbal medicine industries. After doing research survey there are some herbal medicine industries that have been inactive, so that this research is conducted to find out alternative strategy that can be used as an effort to develop herbal medicine industry in Bangkalan Regency. This research used analysis of internal environment (IFE and external (EFE, External-internal matrix (IE, SWOT and QSPM matrix (Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix. There are 16 internal factors and 11 external factors. As for alternative strategy there are 5 alternatives obtained from SWOT matrix and IE matrix. In the QSPM matrix, the priority of strategy is 1. Maintain and improve product quality, 2. Increase promotional activities and expand the marketing area,3. Improving relationships with government and other agencies, 4. Maintain company image, and 5. Develop cooperation with other industries outside the region

Risk analysis; Analisis de riesgos

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Baron, J H; Nunez McLeod, J; Rivera, S S [Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza (Argentina). Instituto de Capacitacion Especial y Desarrollo de Ingenieria Asistida por Computadora (CEDIAC)

1997-07-01

This book contains a selection of research works performed in the CEDIAC Institute (Cuyo National University) in the area of Risk Analysis, with specific orientations to the subjects of uncertainty and sensitivity studies, software reliability, severe accident modeling, etc. This volume presents important material for all those researches who want to have an insight in the risk analysis field, as a tool to solution several problems frequently found in the engineering and applied sciences field, as well as for the academic teachers who want to keep up to date, including the new developments and improvements continuously arising in this field. [Spanish] Este libro contiene una seleccion de trabajos de investigacion realizados dentro del Instituto de Capacitacion Especial y Desarrollo de la Ingenieria Asistida por Computadora en el area del analisis de riesgos, con una orientacion hacia el estudio de incertidumbres y sensibilidad, confiabilidad de software, modelacion de accidentes severos, etc. Este volumen recoge un material de indudable importancia e interes para todos aquellos investigadores y profesionales que desean incursionar en este campo del analisis de riesgos como herramienta para la solucion de problemas frecuentemente encontrados en la ingenieria y las ciencias aplicadas, asi como para los academicos que desean mantenerse al dia, conociendo los nuevos desarrollos y tecnicas que constantemente aparecen en su area.

Comparison of the hot-stamped boron-alloyed steel and the warm-stamped medium-Mn steel on microstructure and mechanical properties

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Li, Xiaodong; Chang, Ying; Wang, Cunyu; Hu, Ping; Dong, Han

2017-01-01

The application of high strength steels (HSS) for automotive structural parts is an effective way to realize lightweight and enhance safety. Therefore, improvements in mechanical properties of HSS are needed. In the present study, the warm stamping process of the third generation automotive medium-Mn steel was discussed, the characteristics of martensitic transformation were investigated, as well as the microstructure and mechanical properties were analyzed, compared to the popular hot-stamped 22MnB5 steel in the automotive industry. The results are indicated as follows. Firstly, the quenching rate of the medium-Mn steel can be selected in a wide range based on its CCT curves, which is beneficial to the control of forming process. Secondly, the influence of stamping temperature and pressure on the M s temperature of the medium-Mn steel is not obvious and can be neglected, which is favorable to the even distribution of martensitic microstructure and mechanical properties. Thirdly, the phenomenon of decarbonization is hardly found on the surface of the warm-stamped medium-Mn steel, and the ultra-fine-grained microstructure is found inside the medium-Mn steel after warm stamping. Besides, the warm-stamped medium-Mn steel holds the better comprehensive properties, such as a lower yield ratio, higher total elongation and higher tear toughness than the hot-stamped 22MnB5 steel. Furthermore, an actual warm-stamped B-pillar of medium-Mn steel is stamped and ultra-fine-grained martensitic microstructure is obtained. The mechanical properties are evenly distributed. As a result, this paper proves that the warm-stamped medium-Mn steel part can meet the requirements of lightweight and crash safety, and is promising for the industrial production of automotive structural parts.

Comparison of the hot-stamped boron-alloyed steel and the warm-stamped medium-Mn steel on microstructure and mechanical properties

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Li, Xiaodong [School of Automotive Engineering, State Key Lab of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024 (China); Chang, Ying, E-mail: yingc@dlut.edu.cn [School of Automotive Engineering, State Key Lab of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024 (China); Wang, Cunyu [East China Branch of Central Iron & Steel Research Institute (CISRI), Beijing 100081 (China); Hu, Ping [School of Automotive Engineering, State Key Lab of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024 (China); Dong, Han [East China Branch of Central Iron & Steel Research Institute (CISRI), Beijing 100081 (China)

2017-01-02

The application of high strength steels (HSS) for automotive structural parts is an effective way to realize lightweight and enhance safety. Therefore, improvements in mechanical properties of HSS are needed. In the present study, the warm stamping process of the third generation automotive medium-Mn steel was discussed, the characteristics of martensitic transformation were investigated, as well as the microstructure and mechanical properties were analyzed, compared to the popular hot-stamped 22MnB5 steel in the automotive industry. The results are indicated as follows. Firstly, the quenching rate of the medium-Mn steel can be selected in a wide range based on its CCT curves, which is beneficial to the control of forming process. Secondly, the influence of stamping temperature and pressure on the M{sub s} temperature of the medium-Mn steel is not obvious and can be neglected, which is favorable to the even distribution of martensitic microstructure and mechanical properties. Thirdly, the phenomenon of decarbonization is hardly found on the surface of the warm-stamped medium-Mn steel, and the ultra-fine-grained microstructure is found inside the medium-Mn steel after warm stamping. Besides, the warm-stamped medium-Mn steel holds the better comprehensive properties, such as a lower yield ratio, higher total elongation and higher tear toughness than the hot-stamped 22MnB5 steel. Furthermore, an actual warm-stamped B-pillar of medium-Mn steel is stamped and ultra-fine-grained martensitic microstructure is obtained. The mechanical properties are evenly distributed. As a result, this paper proves that the warm-stamped medium-Mn steel part can meet the requirements of lightweight and crash safety, and is promising for the industrial production of automotive structural parts.

Analisis Korelasi Kanonik Hubungan Perilaku Pemimpin dan Motivasi Kerja Karyawan

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

I Gusti Ayu Made Srinadi

2014-06-01

Full Text Available Kualitas pemimpin merupakan penentu keberhasilan organisasi yang dipimpin. Hubungan antara pemimpin dengan karyawannya merupakan hubungan saling ketergantungan yang umumnya tidak seimbang. Dalam proses interaksi yang terjadi antara pemimpin dan karyawan, berlangsung proses saling memengaruhi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari hubungan perilaku pemimpin terhadap motivasi kerja karyawan dengan menggunakan analisis korelasi kanonik. Pengujian dengan menggunakan analisis korelasi kanonik menunjukkan bahwa perilaku pemimpin dengan motivasi karyawan memiliki keeratan hubungan dengan nilai korelasi kanonik sebesar 0,9058533. Faktor perilaku pemimpin yang paling tinggi berkorelasi dengan motivasi kerja karyawan di McDonald’s Kuta Beach adalah faktor kemampuan mengarahkan dan menghadapi karyawan dengan nilai korelasi yaitu sebesar 0,7619707.

Analisis Korelasi Kanonik Hubungan Perilaku Pemimpin dan Motivasi Kerja Karyawan

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

I Gusti Ayu Made Srinadi

2015-04-01

Full Text Available Kualitas pemimpin merupakan penentu keberhasilan organisasi yang dipimpin. Hubungan antara pemimpin dengan karyawannya merupakan hubungan saling ketergantungan yang umumnya tidak seimbang. Dalam proses interaksi yang terjadi antara pemimpin dan karyawan, berlangsung proses saling memengaruhi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari hubungan perilaku pemimpin terhadap motivasi kerja karyawan dengan menggunakan analisis korelasi kanonik. Pengujian dengan menggunakan analisis korelasi kanonik menunjukkan bahwa perilaku pemimpin dengan motivasi karyawan memiliki keeratan hubungan dengan nilai korelasi kanonik sebesar 0,9058533. Faktor perilaku pemimpin yang paling tinggi berkorelasi dengan motivasi kerja karyawan di McDonald’s Kuta Beach adalah faktor kemampuan mengarahkan dan menghadapi karyawan dengan nilai korelasi yaitu sebesar 0,7619707.

Effect of Ni on the corrosion resistance of bridge steel in a simulated hot and humid coastal-industrial atmosphere

Science.gov (United States)

Li, Dong-liang; Fu, Gui-qin; Zhu, Miao-yong; Li, Qing; Yin, Cheng-xiang

2018-03-01

The corrosion resistance of weathering bridge steels containing conventional contents of Ni (0.20wt%, 0.42wt%, 1.50wt%) and a higher content of Ni (3.55wt%) in a simulated hot and humid coastal-industrial atmosphere was investigated by corrosion depth loss, scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical methods. The results showed that, with increasing Ni content, the mechanical properties of the bridge steel were markedly improved, the welding parameters were satisfactory at room temperature, and the corrosion resistance was enhanced. When the Ni content was low (≤0.42wt%), the crystallization process of the corrosion products was substantially promoted, enhancing the stability of the rust layer. When the Ni content was higher ( 3.55wt%), the corrosion reaction of the steel quickly reached a balance, because the initial rapid corrosion induced the formation of a protective rust layer in the early stage. Simultaneously, NiO and NiFe2O2 were generated in large quantities; they not only formed a stable, compact, and continuous oxide protective layer, but also strongly inhibited the transformation process of the corrosion products. This inhibition reduced the structural changes in the rust layer, thereby enhancing the protection. However, when the Ni content ranged from 0.42wt% to 1.50wt%, the corrosion resistance of the bridge steel increased only slightly.

PEMBUATAN SUMBER RADIASI GAMMA 137Cs DENGAN AKTIVITAS 20 mCi DARI PEB U3Si2-Al PASCA IRADIASI DALAM CONTAINER STAINLESS STEEL

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Aslina Br. Ginting

2016-03-01

-g. Hasil analisis dengan spektrometer-g diperoleh aktivitas padatan 137Cs-zeolit sebesar 20 mCi. Untuk menjadi sumber radiasi gamma 137Cs, padatan 137Cs-zeolit dengan aktivitas 20 mCi dikemas dengan cara memasukkan ke dalam inner-outer capsule terbuat dari stainless steel yang telah dirancang sebelumnya. Container stainless steel diproses menjadi sumber radiasi gamma tertutup (shield source untuk selanjutnya disertifikasi oleh PTKMR-BATAN sebagai lembaga kalibtrator bahan radioaktif di BATAN. Kata kunci: Larutan proses PEB U3Si2-Al, radioaktif gamma, isotop 137Cs, penukar kation, zeolit Lampung dan container. ABSTRACT MANUCFACTURING OF 137Cs GAMMA RAY SOURCE WITH ACTIVITY 20 mCi FROM PEB U3Si2-Al POST IRRADIATION IN STAINLESS STEEL CONTAINER. In the post-irradiation examination of fuel element plate (PEB U3Si2-Al, a solution of high activity as a result of testing nuclear fuel stored in hotcell with enough volume. The solution can not be discarded as waste because it still contains fission isotop such as137Cs, uranium and transuranium, which has a long half life and dangerous for the environment. This can help the industry in order to fulfill the needs of a radioactive source in Indonesia, because until now 137Cs isotope is derived from foreign industries. In addition, the procurement and transportation of isotopes 137Cs require stringent requirements, because they have toget permission from the National Nuclear Energy Agency (BAPETEN, thus causing the price of high activity 137Cs isotopes becomes expensive to Indonesia. For these reasons, BATAN as nuclear R&D institutions in Indonesia need to study make isotopes 137Cs gamma radiation source, which is contained in the waste from spent fuel test results U3Si2-Al. Isotope 137Cs can be used very widely, such as in the analysis of environmental samples, the oil and gas industry, construction, radiography, fisheries, hospitals, and mining. Making isotope 137Cs gamma radiation source starting from the collection of waste from

A comprehensive review on cold work of AISI D2 tool steel

Science.gov (United States)

Abdul Rahim, Mohd Aidil Shah bin; Minhat, Mohamad bin; Hussein, Nur Izan Syahriah Binti; Salleh, Mohd Shukor bin

2017-11-01

As a common material in mould and die application, AISI D2 cold work tool steel has proven to be a promising chosen material in the industries. However, challenges remain in using AISI D2 through a modified version with a considerable progress having been made in recent years. This paper provides a critical review of the original as-cast AISI D2 cold work tool steel up to the modified version. The main purpose is to develop an understanding of current modified tool steel trend; the machinability of AISI D2 (drilling, milling, turning, grinding and EDM/WEDM; and the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of these cold work tool steels due to the presence of alloy materials in the steel matrix. The doping of rare earth alloy element, new steel fabrication processes, significant process parameter in machinability and surface treatment shows that there have been few empirical investigations into these cold work tool steel alloys. This study has discovered that cold work tool steel will remain to be explored in order to survive in the steel industries.

Investigation of the effect of occupational noise exposure on blood pressure and heart rate of steel industry workers.

Science.gov (United States)

Zamanian, Zahra; Rostami, Reza; Hasanzadeh, Jafar; Hashemi, Hassan

2013-01-01

This study aimed to investigate the effect of noise exposure on blood pressure and heart rate of steel industry workers. In the present cross-sectional study, 50 workers were selected from a steel company in Fars province, Iran, and exposed to 85, 95, and 105 dB noise levels for 5 minutes. The participants' blood pressure and heart rate were measured using Beurer BC16 pulse meter both before and after the exposure. The study results showed no significant difference in blood pressure and heart rate before and after the exposure. However, the workers' systolic blood pressure had increased compared to before the exposure; of course, the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Besides, although the subjects' heart rate had reduced in comparison to before the exposure, the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). No significant change was observed in blood pressure and heart rate after acute exposure to 85, 95, and 105 dB noise levels.

Clean Cast Steel Technology, Phase IV

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Charles E. Bates

2003-02-24

The objective of the Clean Cast Steel Technology Program was to improve casting product quality by removing or minimizing oxide defects and to allow the production of higher integrity castings for high speed machining lines. Previous research has concentrated on macro-inclusions that break, chip, or crack machine tool cutters and drills and cause immediate shutdown of the machining lines. The overall goal of the project is to reduce the amount of surface macro-inclusions and improve the machinability of steel castings. Macro-inclusions and improve the machinability of steel castings. Macro-inclusions have been identified by industrial sponsors as a major barrier to improving the quality and marketability of steel castings.

ANALISIS KELAYAKAN FINANSIAL PROYEK NARROWNECK PRESS AND BLOW UNTUK PROSES PRODUKSIBOTOL MINUMAN BERENERGI DI PT. ABC

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Toni MT Munthe

2015-08-01

Full Text Available PT. ABC merupakan salah satu pabrik yang memproduksi botol kemasan kaca. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui layak atau tidaknya rencana investasi pada proyek Narrow Neck Press and Blow secara finansial di PT. ABC pada periode bulan April 2014 hingga bulan Juni 2014. Analisis kelayakan finansial proyek Narrow Neck Press and Blow, menggunakan metode analisis Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, Payback Period dan Sensitivity Analysis. Perbedaan antara nilai sekarang dari semua kas masuk dengan nilai sekarang dari semua kas keluar dari suatu proyek atau suatu investasi diperoleh dengan metode NPV, sedangkan untuk mencari tingkat bunga yang menyamakan nilai sekarang dari aliran kas bersih dan investasi diperoleh dengan metode IRR. Metode analisis yang dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui berapa lamakah waktu yang diperlukan untuk menutup dana yang dikeluarkan untuk suatu proyek dapat diperoleh dengan metode Payback Period. Setelah itu, dilakukan pengujian menggunakan sensitivitas analisis untuk mengetahui tingkat sensitivitas untuk tiap-tiap parameter terhadap persentase kenaikan dan penurunan. Dari hasil analisis data diperoleh nilai NPV sebesar Rp. 1.179.728.649.900,06, nilai IRR sebesar 56,36% dan periode pengembalian terletak pada 2 tahun 2 bulan 9 hari. Dengan menggunakan analisis sensitivitas dapat diketahui bahwa proyek ini sangat sensitif terhadap penurunan volume produksi. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan, titik impas akan dicapai apabila volume produksi 213.403.267 unit per tahun atau 88,92% dari volume produksi awal. Nilai ini menunjukkan bahwa apabila volume produksi pada suatu periode mengalami penurunan lebih dari 11,08% dari volume produksi awal, maka investasi tersebut akan merugikan.

Failures on stainless steel components

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Haenninen, H.

1994-01-01

Economic losses due to failure mainly by corrosion in process and nuclear industries are considered. In these industries the characteristics of different forms of corrosion and their economic effects are fairly well known and, especially, in nuclear industry the assessment of corrosion related costs has been comprehensive. In both industries the economic losses resulting from environmentally enhanced cracking of stainless steel components and the accompanying failures and outages have been considerable, owing as much to the frequency as the unpredictability of such occurrences. (orig.)

Medium carbon vanadium steels for closed die forging

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jeszensky, Gabor; Plaut, Ronald Lesley

1993-01-01

This work analyses the medium carbon micro alloyed vanadium potential for closed die forged production. The steels reach the mechanical resistance requests during cooling after forging, eliminating the subsequent thermal treatment. Those steels also present good fatigue resistance and machinability. The industrial scale experiments are also reported

The Analisis Sentimen Sosial Media Twitter Dengan Algoritma Machine Learning Menggunakan Software R

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Jaka Aulia Pratama

2017-10-01

Full Text Available Media sosial adalah wadah untuk mengungkapkan opini terhadap suatu topik tertentu. Ketersediaan informasi dan opini dari para pengguna media sosial merupakan kumpulan dokumen data berupa teks yang amat sangat besar dan berguna untuk kepentingan penelitian maupun membuat suatu keputusan bagi pihak – pihak tertentu. Text Mining bisa didefinisikan sebagai proses penggalian informasi di mana pengguna berinteraksi dengan kumpulan dokumen dari waktu ke waktu dengan menggunakan suatu alat analisis. Analisis sentimen atau Opinion Mining adalah salah satu studi di bidang komputasi yang berhubungan dengan kasus publik mengenai opini, penilaian, sikap, dan emosi. Penelitian ini akan menggunakan metode Machine Learning pada analisis sentimen pengguna layanan jejaring sosial Twitter terhadap Donald Trump dan Barack Obama dalam 20000 tweets. Nilai akurasi metode Machine Learning yang diperoleh cukup tinggi yaitu 87.52% untuk Data Training dan 87.4% untuk Data Testing.

How To Collaborate through the Ups and Downs in Our Economy? A Successful College/Cegep/Employer/Union Partnership in the Steel Industry. An Association of Canadian Community Colleges Sponsored Sectoral Case Study.

Science.gov (United States)

Bergeron, Francine; Nakitsas, George

This study reviews the relationship that has been established in the steel industry between the Canadian Steel Trade and Employment Congress (CSTEC) and education/training institutions called upon to provide steelworker job training and development programs. It describes the forces that brought the parties together and the difficulties in forming…

Biomonitoring of genotoxic exposure among stainless steel welders

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Knudsen, Lisbeth E.; Boisen, T; Christensen, J M

1992-01-01

A biosurvey in the Danish metal industry measured the genotoxic exposure from stainless steel welding. The study comprised measurements of chromosomal aberrations (CA), sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE), unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in peripheral lymphocytes and serum immunoglobulin G. Environm......A biosurvey in the Danish metal industry measured the genotoxic exposure from stainless steel welding. The study comprised measurements of chromosomal aberrations (CA), sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE), unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in peripheral lymphocytes and serum immunoglobulin G....... A higher frequency of chromosomal aberrations, classified as translocations, double minutes, exchanges and rings, was observed in stainless steel welders than in non-welders. SCE was lower in welders working with both MMA and TIG welding than in reference persons. N-Acetoxy-N-acetylaminofluorene (NA...... lymphocytes in exposed persons compared with non-exposed are suggested. MMA welding gave the highest exposure to chromium, an increased number of chromosomal aberrations and a decrease in SCE when compared with TIG welding. Consequently improvements in the occupational practice of stainless steel welding...

Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis methodology in a level-I PSA (Probabilistic Safety Assessment); Analisis de incertidumbres y sensibilidad aen un APS (Analisis Probabilistico de Seguridad) nivel-I

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nunez McLeod, J E; Rivera, S S [Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza (Argentina). Instituto de Capacitacion Especial y Desarrollo de Ingenieria Asistida por Computadora (CEDIAC)

1997-07-01

This work presents a methodology for sensitivity and uncertainty analysis, applicable to a probabilistic safety assessment level I. The work contents are: correct association of distributions to parameters, importance and qualification of expert opinions, generations of samples according to sample sizes, and study of the relationships among system variables and system response. A series of statistical-mathematical techniques are recommended along the development of the analysis methodology, as well different graphical visualization for the control of the study. (author) [Spanish] En este trabajo se presenta una metodologia de analisis de sensibilidad e incertidumbres, aplicable a un analisis probabilistico de seguridad (APS) de nivel I. En el cual se plantea: la adecuada asociacion de distribuciones a variables, la importancia y penalizacion de la opinion de expertos, la generacion de muestras y su tamano, y el estudio de las relaciones entre las variables del sistema y la respuesta de este. Ademas durante el desarrollo de la metodologia de analisis se recomiendan una serie de tecnicas estadistico-matematicas y tipos de visualizacion grafica para el control del estudio. (autor)

Hydrogen embrittlement of steels: study and prevention

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Brass, A.M.; Chene, J.; Coudreuse, L.

2000-01-01

Hydrogen embrittlement of steels is one of the important reason of rupture of pieces in the industry (nuclear, of petroleum..). Indeed, there are a lot of situations which can lead to the phenomenon of hydrogen embrittlement: introduction of hydrogen in the material during the elaboration or during transformation or implementation processes (heat treatments, welding); use of steels when hydrogen or hydrogenated gaseous mixtures are present; hydrogen produced by electrolytic reactions (surface treatments, cathodic protection). The hydrogen embrittlement can appear in different forms which depend of a lot of parameters: material (state, composition, microstructure..); surrounding medium (gas, aqueous medium, temperature..); condition of mechanical solicitation (static, dynamic, cyclic..). The industrial phenomena which appear during cases of hydrogen embrittlement are more particularly described here. Several methods of steels studies are proposed as well as some possible ways for the prevention of hydrogen embrittlement risks. (O.M.)

Processing and refinement of steel microstructure images for assisting in computerized heat treatment of plain carbon steel

Science.gov (United States)

Gupta, Shubhank; Panda, Aditi; Naskar, Ruchira; Mishra, Dinesh Kumar; Pal, Snehanshu

2017-11-01

Steels are alloys of iron and carbon, widely used in construction and other applications. The evolution of steel microstructure through various heat treatment processes is an important factor in controlling properties and performance of steel. Extensive experimentations have been performed to enhance the properties of steel by customizing heat treatment processes. However, experimental analyses are always associated with high resource requirements in terms of cost and time. As an alternative solution, we propose an image processing-based technique for refinement of raw plain carbon steel microstructure images, into a digital form, usable in experiments related to heat treatment processes of steel in diverse applications. The proposed work follows the conventional steps practiced by materials engineers in manual refinement of steel images; and it appropriately utilizes basic image processing techniques (including filtering, segmentation, opening, and clustering) to automate the whole process. The proposed refinement of steel microstructure images is aimed to enable computer-aided simulations of heat treatment of plain carbon steel, in a timely and cost-efficient manner; hence it is beneficial for the materials and metallurgy industry. Our experimental results prove the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed technique.

Solving process industry problems with specialty stainlesses

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Montrone, E.D.

1977-01-01

Substantial steel industry efforts have been devoted to improving the properties of stainless steels by changing the level of alloying elements. Rapid progress has produced materials to meet many of the diversified service conditions existing in process plants. The performance characteristics of seven stainless steels are compared. The emphasis is on steels which avoid the effects of corrosion. 4 figures, 3 tables

Historical-statistical analysis of energy consumption in energy management; Analisis historico-estadistico del consumo energetico en la administracion de energia

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Guizar Bejarano, Ruben [IMENOR (Mexico); Oven, Mark [RCG/Hagler, Bailly, Inc., Washington (United States)

1993-12-31

Traditionally the specific consumption of energy has been considered as the most adequate index to evaluate the efficiencies in the productive processes. Nevertheless, this index, in some instances is highly susceptible to suffer significant variations, due to factors such as equipment condition, raw materials quality, operational parameters, climate and production level. This last one definitely is the most important and requires a deeper analysis. In this presentation a methodology is developed to analyze the energy consumption as well as their specific energy consumption with respect to production. Enough historical data are utilized to allow for a statistical analysis. This study is of equal usefulness in an energy diagnosis, as in a management program of energy saving. In presenting the possibility of identifying potential energy saving, stands out the advantages of the analysis and the conclusions that can be derived from it. Through the actual data collected in several industries during the energy diagnosis, various possible results of the analysis are presented. Finally, how this type of analysis can be adapted to a more precise control of the energy consumption is described and be used as a base for establishing goals in energy efficiency in the long term. [Espanol] Tradicionalmente se ha considerado al consumo especifico de energia como el indice energetico mas adecuado para evaluar las eficiencias de los procesos productivos. Sin embargo, este indice es en ocasiones altamente susceptible a sufrir variaciones importantes, debido a factores como el estado de los equipos, la calidad de la materia prima, los parametros operativos, el clima, y el nivel de produccion. Este ultimo es decididamente el mas importante, y requiere un analisis mas profundo. En esta presentacion se desarrolla una metodologia para analizar tanto consumos de energia como consumos especificos de energia con respecto a la produccion. Se utilizan suficientes datos historicos para permitir

Historical-statistical analysis of energy consumption in energy management; Analisis historico-estadistico del consumo energetico en la administracion de energia

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Guizar Bejarano, Ruben [IMENOR (Mexico); Oven, Mark [RCG/Hagler, Bailly, Inc., Washington (United States)

1992-12-31

Traditionally the specific consumption of energy has been considered as the most adequate index to evaluate the efficiencies in the productive processes. Nevertheless, this index, in some instances is highly susceptible to suffer significant variations, due to factors such as equipment condition, raw materials quality, operational parameters, climate and production level. This last one definitely is the most important and requires a deeper analysis. In this presentation a methodology is developed to analyze the energy consumption as well as their specific energy consumption with respect to production. Enough historical data are utilized to allow for a statistical analysis. This study is of equal usefulness in an energy diagnosis, as in a management program of energy saving. In presenting the possibility of identifying potential energy saving, stands out the advantages of the analysis and the conclusions that can be derived from it. Through the actual data collected in several industries during the energy diagnosis, various possible results of the analysis are presented. Finally, how this type of analysis can be adapted to a more precise control of the energy consumption is described and be used as a base for establishing goals in energy efficiency in the long term. [Espanol] Tradicionalmente se ha considerado al consumo especifico de energia como el indice energetico mas adecuado para evaluar las eficiencias de los procesos productivos. Sin embargo, este indice es en ocasiones altamente susceptible a sufrir variaciones importantes, debido a factores como el estado de los equipos, la calidad de la materia prima, los parametros operativos, el clima, y el nivel de produccion. Este ultimo es decididamente el mas importante, y requiere un analisis mas profundo. En esta presentacion se desarrolla una metodologia para analizar tanto consumos de energia como consumos especificos de energia con respecto a la produccion. Se utilizan suficientes datos historicos para permitir

ANALISIS VARIABEL YANG MEMPENGARUHI EARNINGS PER SHARE PADA INDUSTRI FOOD AND BAVERAGES YANG GO PUBLIC DI BURSA EFEK JAKARTA

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

SUTEJO - -

2012-05-01

Full Text Available ABSTRAK Ide penelitian ini didasarkan pada kenyataan bahwa para investor bersedia melakukan investasi, kalau obyek investasi tersebut mampu menghasilkan keuntungan yang lebih tinggi dari obyek investasi lainya, sehingga perusahaan yang go public harus menarik bagi calon investor. Earnings per share merupakan salah satu indikator utama yang digunakan investor dalam melihat daya tarik suatu saham. Informasi ini akan bermanfaat bagi pengambilan keputusan di bidang keuangan pada industri food and baverages yang menjual sahamnya di Bursa Efek Jakarta. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi pengaruh variabel-variabel return on equity (X1, net sales (X2, current ratio (X3, debt to equity (X4, inventory turnover (X5, total assets turnover (X6, dan net profit margin (X7 terhadap earnings per share, baik secara simultan maupun secara partial. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengambil keseluruhan elemen populasi industri food and baverages yang go public di Bursa Efek Jakarta, mulai tahun 1992 sampai dengan tahun 1996 dengan rincian sebagai berikut: tahun 1992 berjumlah 9 perusahaan, tahun 1993 berjumlah 15 perusahaan, tahun 1994 berjumlah 19 perusahaan, tahun 1995 berjumlah 20 perusahaan dan tahun 1996 berjumlah 20 perusahaan. Analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis regresi berganda, dengan hasil sebagai berikut : Pertama, return on equity (X1, net sales (X2, current ratio (X3, debt to equity (X4, inventory turnover (X5, total assets turnover (X6, dan net profit margin (X7 secara simultan berpengaruh dalam menentukan variabilitas earnings per share. Kedua, diantara berbagai variabel bebas tersebut hanya inventory turnover (X5 yang tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan dalam menentukan variabilitas earnings per share, hal ini tentunya tidak terlepas dari kenyataan pada industri food and baverages di Indonesia, dimana untuk menjamin kelancaran dan kualitas bahan baku yang dibeli, perusahaan harus memberikan bantuan teknis

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN INDUSTRI KECIL TAS DI KECAMATAN JATI KABUPATEN KUDUS

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Rizal Arief Hidayat

2015-05-01

Full Text Available Abstrak ___________________________________________________________________ Strategi pengembangan usaha merupakan rencana yang menyeluruh dan terpadu mengenai upaya-upaya suatu industri yang diperlukan guna mengembangkan usahanya dalam rangka mencapai tujuan industri secara efektif dan efisien. Strategi pengembangan usaha juga merupakan upaya mengantisipasi masalah-masalah yang mungkin timbul di masa mendatang yang sulit dipastikan dan dapat memberikan arah kegiatan operasional bagi pelaksanaan kegiatan industri. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis kekuatan, kelemahan, peluang dan ancaman yang dimiliki industri kecil tas serta untuk merekomendasikan strategi pengembangan yang tepat digunakan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan skripsi ini adalah metode deskriptif terhadap 95 pengusaha tas. Variabel yang diteliti adalah permodalan, tenaga kerja, teknologi dan pemasaran. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah metode analisis deskriptif dan analisis SWOT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa industri kecil tas di Kecamatan Jati Kabupaten Kudus memiliki kekuatan yaitu kemudahan interaksi karena dibentuk sentra industri tas di Kecamatan Jati. Sedangkan kelemahan yang dimiliki adalah inovasi dan desain produk masih rendah. Peluang yang dimiliki adalah dekat dengan lokasi pasar. Sedangkan ancaman yang dimiliki adalah persaingan produk dari luar daerah baik nasional maupun internasional. Strategi pengembangan yang bisa diterapkan oleh industri kecil tas di Kecamatan Jati Kabupaten Kudus adalah strategi konsentrasi melalui integrasi horizontal atau stabil, artinya strategi untuk memperluas usaha dengan cara membangun di lokasi yang lain, dan meningkatkan jumlah produksi dan menambah jasa. Pada industri kecil tas di Kecamatan Jati dapat meningkatkan kualitas produk dan memperluas pasar dengan cara promosi dan mempublikasikan produknya. Selain itu menerapkan strategi yang lebih  defensive  yaitu  menghindari  kehilangan

Dynamic characteristics of automotive steel sheets

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

M. Mihaliková

2016-10-01

Full Text Available The aim of this experimental research was to perform an analysis of deformation characteristics on two different types of steel: IF steel, and micro-alloyed steel were used automotive industry. For that purpose changes of properties of these materials were carried out by static 10-3 · s-1 and dynamic 103 · s-1 strain rate assess its plastic properties. Vickers micro hardness test was carried out by the static and dynamic loading condition and describes different hardness distribution. The higher strain hardening of materials was obtained too that was confirmed by distribution of dislocations.

How physical modelling can improve Life Cycle Inventory accuracy and allow predictive LCA: an application to the steel industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mirgaux, O.; Ablitzer, D.; Iosif, A.M.

2009-01-01

Assessing traditional iron and steelmaking processes from an environmental point of view and developing breakthrough eco-efficient processes for the future are major challenges for the steel industry today. In the framework of the challenging European project ULCOS, which stands for Ultra Low CO 2 Steelmaking, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was chosen to assess breakthrough processes that could be part of the future iron and steel making landscape and to compare them to the reference classical integrated steel-mill. To carry out such a study we propose a new methodological concept which combines LCA thinking with physicochemical process modelling. Physicochemical models were developed for each processes of the classical integrated steelmaking route in order to generate the data required to draw the Life Cycle Inventory of the route. Such a method bypasses the traditional data collection and brings accuracy to the inventory by introducing rigorous mass and energy balances into the methodology. In addition it was shown that such an approach allows testing and assessing different operational practices of the processes in order to optimise the use of energy and the CO 2 emissions, which showed that it can be used as a powerful tool for eco-conception of processes. (authors)

High efficiency steel filters for nuclear air cleaning

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bergman, W.; Conner, J.; Larsen, G.; Lopez, R.; Turner, C.; Vahla, G.; Violet, C.; Williams, K.

1991-01-01

The authors have, in cooperation with industry, developed high-efficiency filters made from sintered stainless-steel fibers for use in several air-cleaning applications in the nuclear industry. These filters were developed to overcome the failure modes in present high-efficiently particulate air (HEPA) filters. HEPA filters are made from glass paper and glue, and they may fail when they get hot or wet and when they are overpressured. In developing steel filters, they first evaluated the commercially available stainless-steel filter media made from sintered powder and sintered fiber. The sintered-fiber media performed much better than sintered-powder media, and the best media had the smallest fiber diameter. Using the best media, prototype filters were then built for venting compressed gases and evaluated in their automated filter tester

Inhibition Effect of Deanol on Mild Steel Corrosion in Dilute ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

NICOLAAS

2014-06-23

Jun 23, 2014 ... allows for extensive use as the material of construction in petro- leum industries .... steel specimens was investigated after mass-loss analysis ..... Ogbuliec, Inhibition of pseudo-anaerobic corrosion of oil pipeline steel in ...

Fire-induced collapses of steel structures

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Dondera, Alexandru; Giuliani, Luisa

Single-story steel buildings such as car parks and industrial halls are often characterised by stiff beams and flexible columns and may experience an outward (sway) collapse during a fire, endangering people and properties outside the building. It is therefore a current interest of the research...... to investigate the collapse behaviour of single-story steel frames and identify relevant structural characteristics that influence the collapse mode. In this paper, a parametric study on the collapse a steel beam-column assembly with beam hinged connection and fixed column support is carried out under...... on the beam. By means of those tables, a simple method for the assessment and the countermeasure of unsafe collapse mode of single-story steel buildings can be derived....

Pitting and stress corrosion cracking of stainless steel

Science.gov (United States)

Saithala, Janardhan R.

An investigation has been performed to determine the pitting resistance of stainless steels and stress corrosion cracking of super duplex stainless steels in water containing chloride ions from 25 - 170°C. The steels studied are 12% Cr, FV520B, FV566, 304L, Uranus65, 2205, Ferallium Alloy 255, and Zeron 100. All these commercial materials used in very significant industrial applications and suffer from pitting and stress corrosion failures. The design of a new experimental setup using an autoclave enabled potentiodynamic polarisation experiments and slow strain rate tests in dilute environments to be conducted at elevated temperatures. The corrosion potentials were controlled using a three electrode cell with computer controlled potentiostat.The experimental programme to determine pitting potentials was designed to simulate the service conditions experienced in most industrial plants and develop mathematical model equations to help a design engineer in material selection decision. Stress corrosion resistance of recently developed Zeron100 was evaluated in dilute environments to propose a mechanism in chloride solutions at high' temperatures useful for the nuclear and power generation industry. Results have shown the significance of the composition of alloying elements across a wide range of stainless steels and its influence on pitting. Nitrogen and molybdenum added to modern duplex stainless steels was found to be unstable at higher temperatures. The fractographic results obtained using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) has given insight in the initiation of pitting in modem duplex and super duplex stainless steels. A mathematical model has been proposed to predict pitting in stainless steels based on the effect of environmental factors (temperature, chloride concentration, and chemical composition). An attempt has been made to identify the mechanism of SCC in Zeron100 super duplex stainless steel.The proposed empirical models have shown good correlation

Corrosion of stainless and carbon steels in molten mixtures of industrial nitrates

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Goods, S.H.; Bradshaw, R.W. [Sandia National Labs., Livermore, CA (United States); Prairie, M.R.; Chavez, J.M. [Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States)

1994-03-01

Corrosion behavior of two stainless steels and carbon steel in mixtures of NaNO{sub 3} and KNO{sub 3} was evaluated to determine if impurities found in commodity grades of alkali nitrates aggravate corrosivity as applicable to an advanced solar thermal energy system. Corrosion tests were conducted for 7000 hours with Types 304 and 316 stainless steels at 570C and A36 carbon steel at 316C in seven mixtures of NaNO{sub 3} and KNO{sub 3} containing variations in impurity concentrations. Corrosion tests were also conducted in a ternary mixture of NaNO{sub 3}, KNO{sub 3}, and Ca(NO{sub 3}){sub 2}. Corrosion rates were determined by descaled weight losses while oxidation products were examined by scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, and X-ray diffraction. The nitrate mixtures were periodically analyzed for changes in impurity concentrations and for soluble corrosion products.

Assessment of consolidation of oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic steels by spark plasma sintering: from laboratory scale to industrial products

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Boulnat, X.; Fabregue, D.; Perez, M.; Urvoy, S.; Hamon, D.; Carlan, Y. de

2014-01-01

Oxide dispersion strengthened steels are new generation alloys that are usually processed by hot isostatic pressing (HIP). In this study, spark plasma sintering (SPS) was studied as an alternative consolidation technique. The influence of the processing parameters on the microstructure was quantified. The homogeneity of the SPSed materials was characterised by electron microprobe and microhardness. A combination of limited grain growth and minimised porosity can be achieved on semi-industrial compact. Excellent tensile properties were obtained compared to the literature. (authors)

Analisis Kebijakan dan Efektivitas Organisasi

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Amir Syarifudin Kiwang

2015-05-01

Full Text Available Penerapan Peraturan Gubernur Nusa Tenggara Timur Nomor 8 Tahun 2011 tentang Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Unit Pelaksana Teknis Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Koperasi dan Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah pada Dinas Koperasi dan Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur adalah dalam rangka untuk meningkatkan efektivitas kerja organisasi pada UPT Diklat Koperasi dan UMKM. Penelitian ini berusaha untuk melihat dampak kebijakan organisasi terhadap efektivitas organisasi dengan menggunakan enam elemen variabel dari kebijakan dan praktik manajemen. Keenam elemen tersebut adalah penetapan tujuan strategis, pencarian dan pemanfaatan sumber daya, lingkungan prestasi, proses komunikasi, kepemimpinan dan pengambilan keputusan, serta adaptasi dan inovasi organisasi. Penelitian kualitatif ini menggunakan pendekatan studi kasus. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis data model Miles dan Huberman, yang terdiri atas reduksi data, display/penyajian data, dan kesimpulan/verifikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efektivitas organisasi pada UPT Diklat koperasi dan UMKM belum berjalan secara baik, hal ini dapat dilihat dari beberapa hal antara lain, belum adanya tenaga spesialisasi pengelola diklat dan tenaga khusus (sarjana di bidang perkoperasian dan kondisi lingkungan kerja (lingkungan prestasi pada UPT Diklat koperasi dan UMKM yang belum efektif. Penempatan pegawai juga belum tepat, mutasi ke UPT Diklat Koperasi dan UMKM tidak memperhatikan latar belakang pendidikan dan spesialisasi/keahlian pegawai sehingga membutuhkan waktu dalam proses penyesuaian serta menurunkan jumlah pelaksanaan diklat dikarenakan keterbatasan alokasi dana.

Long-term high temperature strength of 316FR steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Takahashi, Yukio

1995-01-01

As low-carbon medium-nitrogen type 316 stainless steel (316FR) was selected as a primary candidate for main structural material of a next fast reactor plant in Japan, its long-term high-temperature strength gains much interest from many organizations involved in design activities of the plant. Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), as a research organization for electric power industry in Japan, has been conducting a multi-year project under the sponsorship of Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) for studying the long-term high temperature strength of this steel. Data obtained by various strength tests, including short-time tensile, fatigue, creep and creep-fatigue tests for this steel are given in this paper. The results of study on creep-fatigue life prediction methods are also presented. It was found that modified ductility exhaustion method previously proposed by the author has satisfactory accuracy in creep-fatigue life estimation

ANALISIS PERIKANAN HUHATE DI PERAIRAN LARANTUKA, FLORES

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Mohamad Adha Akbar

2016-11-01

Full Text Available Informasi mengenai beberapa aspek perikanan huhate sangat diperlukan sebagai bahan untuk perencanaan pengelolaan perikanan yang berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Larantuka, Flores Timur pada tahun 2014 dengan tujuan untuk menganalisis perikanan huhate sebagai salah satu tulang punggung perikanan TCT. Kegiatan penelitian diprioritaskan pada analisis unit alat tangkap, daerah penangkapan, komposisi hasil tangkapan dan estimasi Total Faktor Produktivitas (TFP perikanan huhate. Basis data pengukuran adalah himpunan  data pendaratan dan observasi lapang. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa karakteristik armada terdiri dari kapal yang terbuat dari fibreglass dengan kisaran bobot kapal 6 - 30 GT. Daerah penangkapan di sekitar perairan Laut Sawu dan Laut Flores. Hasil tangkapan utama didominansi oleh cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis sebanyak 82%, juwana tuna (Thunnus spp. 17% dan tongkol (Auxis spp. 1% serta hasil tangkapan ikutan lemadang (Coryphaena hippurus dan marlin (Makaira spp. < 1%. Hasil analisis tangkapan per unit upaya (CPUE memberikan nilai rata-rata sebesar 1,1 ton/trip (0,4-1,7 ton/trip dengan nilai tertinggi terjadi pada Februari, sedangkan terendah terjadi pada Januari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara tren bulanan CPUE dan nilai TFP.

ANALISIS PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN PERMUKIMAN DI KABUPATEN SOPPENG

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Bakhrani Rauf

2016-08-01

Full Text Available Penelitian ini  bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pengelolaan lingkungan permukiman di Kabupaten Soppeng pada aspek: (1 penyediaan dan penanganan lahan terbuka hijau (open space; (2 penyediaan dan penanganan drainase; (3  penanganan sampah; (4 penyediaan dan penanganan pembuangan veses (septic tank. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan survei.  Sampel wailayah penelitian ini adalah satu RW di ibu kota kabupaten dan satu RW di desa yang dipilih dengan metode purpossive sampling,  yaitu RW yang sudah maju di ibu kota kabupaten dan RW yang tertinggal di desa. Responden sebanyak 50 kepala keluarga yakni masing-masing 25 kepala keuarga di setiap RW, dipilih dengan  systematic random sampling.  Teknik pengumpulan data yang dilakukan adalah melakukan observasi langsung dan dilengkapi dengan wawancara terhadap responden. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengelolaan lingkungan permukiman di Kabupaten Soppeng pada aspek: (1 ketersediaan dan penanganan lahan terbuka hijau (open space ditemukan belum memadai; (2 ketersediaan drainase (air kotor dan air hujan ditemukan belum memadai; (3 Penanganan sampahbelum memadai; dan (4 penanganan veses dan penyediaan septic tankbelum memadai.

Stainless steels and nuclear industry: last advanced progress

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Leveque, Robert; Saleil, Jean; Dhers, Jean

2013-01-01

70 participants have attended the colloquium in Saint Etienne last May 2013. 12 conferences have been presented and are summarized in this journal article. The different thema developed were: stainless steels in the different reactors, degradation by irradiation, evolution of manufacturing processes, innovative solutions and modeling of grain growth and control. (O.M.)

Chromium-Makes stainless steel stainless

Science.gov (United States)

Kropschot, S.J.; Doebrich, Jeff

2010-01-01

Chromium, a steely-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish and has a high melting point, is a silvery white, hard, and bright metal plating on steel and other material. Commonly known as chrome, it is one of the most important and indispensable industrial metals because of its hardness and resistance to corrosion. But it is used for more than the production of stainless steel and nonferrous alloys; it is also used to create pigments and chemicals used to process leather.

Study on Spheroidization and Related Heat Treatments of Medium Carbon Alloy Steels

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Harisha S. R.

2018-01-01

Full Text Available The importance of medium carbon steels as engineering materials is reflected by the fact that out of the vast majority of engineering grade ferrous alloys available and used in the market today, a large proportion of them are from the family of medium carbon steels. Typically medium carbon steels have a carbon range of 0.25 to 0.65% by weight, and a manganese content ranging from 0.060 to 1.65% by weight. Medium carbon steels are more resistive to cutting, welding and forming as compared to low carbon steels. From the last two decades a number of research scholars reported the use of verity of heat treatments to tailor the properties of medium carbon steels. Spheroidizing is the novel industrial heat treatment employed to improve formability and machinability of medium/high carbon low alloy steels. This exclusive study covers procedure, the effects and possible outcomes of various heat treatments on medium carbon steels. In the present work, other related heat treatments like annealing and special treatments for property alterations which serve as pretreatments for spheroidizing are also reviewed. Medium carbon steels with property alterations by various heat treatment processes are finding increased responsiveness in transportation, aerospace, space, underwater along with other variegated fields. Improved tribological and mechanical properties consisting of impact resistance, stiffness, abrasion and strength are the main reasons for the increased attention of these steels in various industries. In the present scenario for the consolidation of important aspects of various heat treatments and effects on mechanical properties of medium carbons steel, a review of different research papers has been attempted. This review may be used as a guide to provide practical data for heat treatment industry, especially as a tool to enhance workability and tool life.

Investigation on dissimilar laser welding of advanced high strength steel sheets for the automotive industry

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rossini, M., E-mail: matteo.rossini@unibz.it [Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano (Italy); Spena, P. Russo, E-mail: pasquale.russospena@unibz.it [Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano (Italy); Cortese, L., E-mail: luca.cortese@unibz.it [Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano (Italy); Matteis, P., E-mail: paolo.matteis@polito.it [Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino (Italy); Firrao, D., E-mail: donato.firrao@polito.it [Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino (Italy)

2015-03-25

To support the use of advanced high strength steels in car body design and fabrication, an investigation was carried out on dissimilar butt laser welding between TWinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels, Dual Phase (DP) steels, hot stamping boron (22MnB5) steels, and TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steels. The base materials and the weldments were fully characterized by means of metallography, microhardness, and tensile tests. Digital image analysis was also used to provide additional information on the local strain field in the joint during the tensile tests. Fractographic examination was finally performed on the fracture surfaces of the tensile samples. The dissimilar joints between the DP, 22MnB5, and TRIP steels exhibit good resistance properties. On the contrary, the dissimilar joints encompassing the TWIP steel exhibit poor mechanical strength and fail along the weld seam by intergranular fracture, probably due to presence of Mn segregations. Therefore, the laser welding of TWIP steel with other advanced high strength steels is not recommended without the use of proper metal fillers. Dissimilar laser welding of DP, TRIP and 22MnB5 combinations, on the contrary, can be a solution to assemble car body parts made of these steel grades.

Experimental study and calculation of boiling heat transfer on steel plates during runout table operation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Liu, Z.D.; Fraser, D.; Samarasekera, I.V.

2002-01-01

Within a hot strip steel mill, red hot steel is hot rolled into a long continuous slab that is led onto what is called the runout table. Temperatures of the steel at the beginning of this table are around 900 o C. Above and below the runout table are banks of water jets, sprays or water curtains that rapidly cool the steel slab. The heat transfer process itself may be considered one of the most complicated in the industrial world. The cooling process that occurs on the runout table is crucial and governs the final mechanical properties and flatness of a steel strip. However, very limited data of industrial conditions has been available and that which is available is poorly understood. To study heat transfer during runout table cooling, an industrial scale pilot runout table facility was constructed at the University of British Columbia (UBC). This paper describes the experimental details, data acquisition and data handling techniques for steel plates during water jet impingement cooling by one circular water jet from industrial headers. The effect of cooling water temperature and initial steel plate temperature as well as varying water jet diameters on heat transfer was systematically investigated. A two-dimensional finite element scheme based inverse heat conduction model was developed to calculate surface heat transfer coefficients along the impinging surface. Heat flux curves at the stagnation area were obtained for selected tests. A quantitative relationship between adjustable processing parameters and heat transfer coefficients along the impinging surface during runout table operation is discussed. The results of the study were used to upgrade an extensive process model developed at UBC. The model ties in the cooling rate and hence two dimensional temperature gradients to the resulting microstructure and final mechanical properties of the steel. This process model is widely used by major steel industries in Canada and the United States. (author)

Analisis Perbandingan Material Slab Beton Pada Perkerasan Apron Dengan Menggunakan Program Bantu Elemen Hingga

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Hendrawan Setyo Warsito

2016-04-01

Full Text Available Kekuatan slab beton sangat dipengaruhi oleh jenis material yang dipakai. Jenis material yang dimaksud adalah material beton dengan menggunakan PC (Portland Cement dan penggunaan geopolimer dalam komposisi campuran slab beton. Beton geopolimer merupakan beton yang ramah lingkungan. Permasalahan lain yang timbul adalah letak roda pesawat tidak selalu berada pada titik yang sama disuatu permukaan slab beton apron. Pada tugas akhir ini dimaksudkan untuk menganalisis suatu slab beton yang dibebani roda pesawat dengan campuran variasi material beton dan variasi letak roda pesawat pada slab beton dengan program bantu metode elemen hingga. Dengan data pergerakan pesawat, spesifikasi apron bandara Juanda kondisi eksisting. Dilakukan perhitungan tebal slab beton menggunakan software FAARFIELD dan diperoleh tebal slab beton sebesar 442,5 mm. Dari analisis program bantu elemen hingga dapat diperoleh tegangan pada slab beton yang ditimbulkan oleh pembebanan roda pesawat. Hasil validasi dari analisis tegangan menggunakan program bantu elemen hingga dengan analisis Westergaard yaitu memiliki nilai tegangan yang hampir sama pada ketebalan slab beton 450mm. Nilai tegangan tiap-tiap material beton menunjukan nilai tebal slab beton yang diijinkan untuk tipe pesawat tertentu. Dari analisis menggunakan program bantu elemen hingga tebal slab beton yang diijinkan untuk material slab beton PC yaitu sebesar 425mm. Sedangkan untuk material beton geopolimer yaitu sebesar  415 mm.

STRUKTUR DAN KINERJA INDUSTRI BESI DAN BAJA INDONESIA TIDAK SEKUAT DAN SEKOKOH NAMANYA

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P. Eko Prasetyo

2015-12-01

Full Text Available The existence of iron and steel industry occupy vital role in the development process and become strategically for the progress of a nation, because almost all metal equipment that are used by people made of steel. This research is aim to study structure and performance also competitive power of Indonesian national iron and steel industry that is below the note and not as firm as the name. This study endured by the way of literature research based from the primary data of BPS during the last five years that was since years 2004 until the beginning of year 2010. Based on the result of the research it is concluded that structure and performance of Indonesian iron and steel industry are still weak contradictive. The main reason that faced by this industry is the high import dependencies of raw material, especially at head steel industry. The low level of consumption per capita that at 33 kg per capita cannot be fulfilled by the level of national production that always under the level of the consumption, with the result that this lag must be fulfilled with import. The next consequence, national iron and industry are not become standalone and low at competition power, with the result that the problem of consumption that always be bigger than the production become more dependent at the condition of world iron and steel market. Because the lack of raw material, and the international price of raw material highly increased. In the other side, the chaos at the industry cannot be released from the uncertain policy of the government during the time, with the result that national iron and steel industry’s structure can’t stand alone and their competitive power are low. For that reason, investment policy to support this industry and local resource wielding are very strategic opportunity to build self-employment and performance of iron and steel industry competitive power including related industry and the lower atIndonesiarecently and the future. 

Nickel alloys and high-alloyed special stainless steels. Properties, manufacturing, applications. 4. compl. rev. ed.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Heubner, Ulrich; Kloewer, Jutta; Alves, Helena; Behrens, Rainer; Schindler, Claudius; Wahl, Volker; Wolf, Martin

2012-01-01

This book contains the following eight topics: 1. Nickel alloys and high-alloy special stainless steels - Material overview and metallurgical principles (U. Heubner); 2. Corrosion resistance of nickel alloys and high-alloy special stainless steels (U. Heubner); 3. Welding of nickel alloys and high-alloy special stainless steels (T. Hoffmann, M. Wolf); 4. High-temperature materials for industrial plant construction (J. Kloewer); 5. Nickel alloys and high-alloy special stainless steels as hot roll clad composites-a cost-effective alternative (C. Schindler); 6. Selected examples of the use of nickel alloys and high-alloy special stainless steels in chemical plants (H. Alves); 7. The use of nickel alloys and stainless steels in environmental engineering (V. Wahl); 8: Nickel alloys and high-alloy special stainless steels for the oil and gas industry (R. Behrens).

Comprehensive benefits analysis of steel structure modular residence based on the entropy evaluation

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Xiaoxiao; Wang, Li; Jiang, Pengming

2017-04-01

Steel structure modular residence is the outstanding residential industrialization. It has many advantages, such as the low whole cost, high resource recovery, a high degree of industrialization. This paper compares the comprehensive benefits of steel structural in modular buildings with prefabricated reinforced concrete residential from economic benefits, environmental benefits, social benefits and technical benefits by the method of entropy evaluation. Finally, it is concluded that the comprehensive benefits of steel structural in modular buildings is better than that of prefabricated reinforced concrete residential. The conclusion of this study will provide certain reference significance to the development of steel structural in modular buildings in China.

A STUDY OF IRON AND STEEL SECTOR IN INDIA

OpenAIRE

Chand, Sumit

2008-01-01

ABSTRACT The iron and steel manufacturing sector is one of the largest sectors in the world in terms of financial volume of trade, employment potential, development of ancillary and allied industries and geographical spread. Added to this is the fact that iron and steel is used as an input in almost all the industrial and manufacturing sectors and goods produced by them. As a result this sector attracts the maximum attention of almost all the countries of the world, whether being one of t...

Study of the instability of black slags from electric arc furnace steel industry

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Frías, M.

2002-09-01

Full Text Available In Spain, the steel manufacture produces important quantities of by-products, representing between 15 and 20 % of total steel production. Most by-products are deposited on open air spaces causing serious economical and environmental problems, internationally, different recycling wais are studied, being the main alternative for these by-products as recycled aggregate. The possibility of recycling these by-products in construction sector depends on its possible volume instability because of the presence of some undesirable compounds. In current paper, two different black slags from electric arc furnace steel industry were chemically characterized, paying attention to some well-known compounds by theirs expansion effects, such as: free CaO, free MgO, chlorides and sulphates. The analytical results carried out in the current research detected the presence of insignificant or null amounts of harmful compounds. Therefore, they should not have any negative incidence on phenomena of volume instability.

En España la fabricación de acero produce grandes cantidades de residuos industriales, las cuales representan entre el 15-20 % de la producción total de acero, en su mayor parte se depositan en vertederos, causando serios problemas económicos y medioambientales a todos los sectores implicados. A nivel internacional, se están estudiando diferentes vías de reutilización, siendo su uso principal como árido de reciclado. La posibilidad de reutilizar estos subproductos industriales en el sector de la construcción se basa en su posible inestabilidad volumétrica, debido a la presencia de ciertos compuestos no deseados. En este trabajo se caracterizan químicamente 2 escorias negras de horno de arco eléctrico con diferente procedencia y se cuantifican algunos de los principales compuestos conocidos por sus efectos expansivos, como: cal libre, magnesia libre, cloruros y sulfatos. Los resultados analíticos de estas dos escorias negras muestran

Analisis Model Penelusuran Backward Chaining dalam Mendeteksi Tingkat Kecanduan Game pada Anak

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Anastasya Latubessy

2017-10-01

Full Text Available Game addiction rate can be detected by applying expert system. This study developed a model of game addiction analysis using backward chaining. This model uses six types of game addiction behavior, among others, salience, euphoria, conflict, tolerance, withdrawal, relapse and reinstatement. Someone is said to be addicted to the game if it meets at least three types of game addiction behavior. Testing the validity of the model is done by testing the closeness of the agreement between the model analysis and expert analysis, resulting in a value of 0.78 which means having a strong agreement. Tingkat kecanduan game dapat dideteksi dengan mengaplikasikan sistem pakar. Penelitian ini mengembangkan model analisis tingkat kecanduan game menggunakan backward chaining. Model ini menggunakan enam jenis perilaku kecanduan game antara lain, salience, euphoria, conflict, tolerance, withdrawal, relapse dan reinstatement. Seseorang dikatakan kecanduan game jika memenuhi paling sedikit tiga jenis perilaku kecanduan game. Pengujian validitas model dilakukan dengan menguji keeratan kesepakatan antara analisis model dan analisis pakar, menghasilkan nilai 0,78 yang berarti memiliki keeratan kesepakatan kuat.

Medium carbon vanadium micro alloyed steels for drop forging

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jeszensky, Gabor; Plaut, Ronald Lesley

1992-01-01

Growing competitiveness of alternative manufacturing routes requires cost minimization in the production of drop forged components. The authors analyse the potential of medium carbon, vanadium microalloyed steels for drop forging. Laboratory and industrial experiments have been carried out emphasizing deformation and temperature cycles, strain rates and dwell times showing a typical processing path, associated mechanical properties and corresponding microstructures. The steels the required levels of mechanical properties on cooling after forging, eliminating subsequent heat treatment. The machinability of V-microalloyed steels is also improved when compared with plain medium carbon steels. (author)

Estetika Tari Minang dalam Kesenian Randai Analisis Tekstual-Kontekstual

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sri Rustiyanti

2013-03-01

Full Text Available ABSTRACT   This paper reveals textual and contextual Randai, among other things, an analysis of Gerak Ga­ lombang Randai, an analysis of the character of Anak Randai, and at the end of the study series, to reveal the values contained in Randai as a cultural reality, which in principle is an inseparable part of the existence of Minangkabau community as the cultural support. The variety of motion used in Gerak Galombang Randai is not only a decoration of the motion beauty (tangible, but it also can be translated, as well as a symbol or emblem that has educational meanings (intangible, and can be an example of the daily life of the indigenous Minangkabau society.   Keywords: Minang Dance aesthetic, Randai, textual­contextual analysis     ABSTRAK   Tulisan ini mengungkap teksual dan kontekstual Randai, di antaranya, analisis terhadap gerak galombang Randai, analisis karakter tokoh anak Randai, dan sebagai akhir dari rang- kaian penelitian ini, mengungkapkan nilai-nilai yang terdapat pada Randai sebagai realitas budaya, yang pada prinsipnya merupakan bagian yang tak dapat dipisahkan dari eksistensi masyarakat Minangkabau sebagai penyangga kebudayaan. Ragam gerak yang digunakan dalam gerak galombang Randai itu kiranya tidak hanya sekedar hiasan keindahan gerak be- laka (tangibel, namun ia dapat diterjemahkan, sekaligus merupakan simbol atau lambang yang bermakna  mendidik (intangibel, dan dapat   menjadi teladan dalam kehidupan se- hari-hari dalam masyarakat adat di Minangkabau.   Kata Kunci: estetika Tari Minang, Randai, analisis tekstual-kontekstual

A sustainability assessment system for Chinese iron and steel firms

OpenAIRE

Long, Yunguang; Pan, Jieyi; Farooq, Sami; Boer, Harry

2016-01-01

The environmental impact of the Chinese iron and steel industry is huge due to its high consumption of ore, coal and energy, and water and air pollution. It is important not only for China but also for the rest of the world that the Chinese iron and steel industry becomes more sustainable. A sustainable assessment indicator system is an important tool to support that development. Currently, however, a sustainable assessment system, specifically designed to match the characteristics of Chinese...

Investigation of the Effect of Occupational Noise Exposure on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate of Steel Industry Workers

Science.gov (United States)

Zamanian, Zahra; Rostami, Reza; Hasanzadeh, Jafar; Hashemi, Hassan

2013-01-01

Background and Objectives. This study aimed to investigate the effect of noise exposure on blood pressure and heart rate of steel industry workers. Materials and Methods. In the present cross-sectional study, 50 workers were selected from a steel company in Fars province, Iran, and exposed to 85, 95, and 105 dB noise levels for 5 minutes. The participants' blood pressure and heart rate were measured using Beurer BC16 pulse meter both before and after the exposure. Results. The study results showed no significant difference in blood pressure and heart rate before and after the exposure. However, the workers' systolic blood pressure had increased compared to before the exposure; of course, the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Besides, although the subjects' heart rate had reduced in comparison to before the exposure, the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion. No significant change was observed in blood pressure and heart rate after acute exposure to 85, 95, and 105 dB noise levels. PMID:23781252

Relative merits of duplex and austenitic stainless steels for applications in the oil and gas industry

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Johansson, Elisabeth; Wegrelius, Lena; Pettersson, Rachel [Outokumpu Stainless AB, Avesta (Sweden)

2012-07-01

The broad range of available stainless steel grades means that these materials can fulfil a wide variety of requirements within the oil and gas industry. The duplex grades have the advantage of higher strength than standard austenitic grades, while the superaustenitic grades provide a cost-effective alternative to nickel-base alloys in a number of cases. The paper presents the results of various types of laboratory testing to rank the grades in terms of resistance to pitting, crevice corrosion and stress corrosion cracking. Results from field testing in actual or simulated service conditions are discussed and a number of application examples, including process piping flexible, heat exchangers and topside equipment are presented. (author)

Ion-nitriding of austenitic stainless steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Pacheco, O.; Hertz, D.; Lebrun, J.P.; Michel, H.

1995-01-01

Although ion-nitriding is an extensively industrialized process enabling steel surfaces to be hardened by nitrogen diffusion, with a resulting increase in wear, seizure and fatigue resistance, its direct application to stainless steels, while enhancing their mechanical properties, also causes a marked degradation in their oxidation resistance. However, by adaption of the nitriding process, it is possible to maintain the improved wear resistant properties while retaining the oxidation resistance of the stainless steel. The controlled diffusion permits the growth of a nitrogen supersaturated austenite layer on parts made of stainless steel (AISI 304L and 316L) without chromium nitride precipitation. The diffusion layer remains stable during post heat treatments up to 650 F for 5,000 hrs and maintains a hardness of 900 HV. A very low and stable friction coefficient is achieved which provides good wear resistance against stainless steels under diverse conditions. Electrochemical and chemical tests in various media confirm the preservation of the stainless steel characteristics. An example of the application of this process is the treatment of Reactor Control Rod Cluster Assemblies (RCCAs) for Pressurized Water Nuclear Reactors

PENGARUH PENGALAMAN PRAKTIK KERJA INDUSTRI, MOTIVASI BERORGANISASI, DAN LOCUS OF CONTROL TERHADAP SOFT SKILLS SISWA SMK

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Silfia Pendri Nuryanti

2016-02-01

Full Text Available Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui adakah pengaruh pengalaman praktik kerja industri, motivasi berorganisassi dan locus of control terhadap soft skills siswa kelas XI di SMK PGRI 01 Semarang secara siimultan maupun parsial. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas XI di SMK PGRI 01 Semarang yang berjumlah 125 siswa dan sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh populasi yang berjumlah 125 siswa. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif persentase dan analisis regresi berganda. Hasil dari regresi ganda penelitian ini yaitu .. Ada pengaruh secara simultan sebesar 33,7%, sedangkan pengaruh secara parsial pengalaman praktik kerja industri sebesar 12,25%, motivasi berorganisasi sebesar 4,04% dan locus of control sebesar 4,7%. Kesimpulan penelitian ini yaitu ada pengaruh antara pengalaman praktik kerja industri, motivasi beroganisasi dan locus of control secara simultan maupun parsial. Saran dalam penelitian yaitu untuk siswa sebaiknya memanfaatkan kegiatan yang diberikan oleh sekolah dalam kegiatan praktik kerja industri dan ektrakurikuler dengan semaksimal mungkin dan kepada pihak sekolah untuk dapat pengembangan soft skills pada kegiatan ektrakurikuler diharapkan adanya reward atau penghargaan berupa tambahan mengenai penilaian yang diberikan kepada siswa sehingga siswa lebih termotivasi dalam kegiatan ektrakurikuler. This research has purpose to find out the presence of effects of industrial practice work, organizational motivation and locus of control toward the soft skills of grade XI students in SMK PGRI 01 Semarang simultaneously or partially.The population of the research is grade XI in SMK PGRI 01 Semarang and Sample in this research, which is the entire population 125 students. The data collected using questionnaire and documentations. The analyzing method used percentage descriptive analysis and double regression analysis.The result of double linier regression analysis in this research are

Welding of High-Strength Steels for Aircraft and Missile Applications

Science.gov (United States)

1959-10-12

the aircraft industry for years. The alloys that have been most widely used have been AISI 4130, 4140 , and 4340. However, only the AISI 4340 steel...MARTENSITIC STEELS ................. . .. . . . 6 AISI 4340 and AMS 6434 ..................... ....................... 7 Welding Procedures...metal. A survey of the procedures currently being used is presented. Low-Alloy Martensitic Steels AISI 4340, AMS 6434, XZOO, 300M, and 17-Z2AS all are

ANALISIS PERBAIKAN SISTEM PENTANAHAN TELEKOMUNIKASI

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Umar Umar

2015-04-01

Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah perbaikan sistem pentanahan site Kampung Baru dengan menggunakan konfigurasi single point connection window (SPCW, untuk mengamankan sistem telekomunikasi dari kebocoran arus dan petir serta imbasnya.  Perbaikan sistem pentanahan di site Kampung Baru menggunakan banyak elektroda yang membentuk persegi dikarenakan topografi tempat di sana yang memungkinkan dan efektif adalah menggunakan sistem tersebut. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dan perhitungan perbaikan sistem di site Kampung Baru, didapatkan nilai perhitungan sistem pentanahan adalah 1.34 Ohm serta pengukurannya 1.21-1.25 Ohm.

Technologies for decreasing the tap temperature to save energy in steel foundries

Science.gov (United States)

Biswas, Siddhartha

Steel foundries are one of the most energy intensive industries. The increasing concerns over volatile energy cost and carbon dioxide emission have pushed foundries to improve efficiency and hence decrease electrical energy consumption. Statistical analysis of industrial survey data was combined with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to investigate the best industrial practices and opportunities to improve energy efficiency. Reducing tap temperature was identified as one of the important ways of reducing energy consumption. Steel foundries typically tap at 1650-1800°C (3000-3300°F) which is 100-250°C (150-450°F) higher than the pouring temperature. The steel temperature is elevated to compensate for the temperature loss associated with tapping, holding and transporting the liquid steel from the furnace to the pouring floor. Based on experimental investigations and CFD modeling of heat losses during holding in the ladle for different foundry practices, a spreadsheet calculator has been developed to calculate the optimum tap temperature for the specific foundry practices which will eliminate unnecessary superheating. The calculated results were compared and validated with industrial measurements. Improving the lining refractory is one significant way of reducing heat losses during holding of the steel in ladle. Silica sand linings are being used in steel foundries as an inexpensive and convenient material for short holding times and small volumes. The possibilities of improvements of silica sand linings by the addition of lower density cenospheres (hollow spheres), a byproduct of coal fired power plants, was studied through property measurements and laboratory trials.

Faktor Penentu Pengembangan Industri Pengolahan Perikanan Di Kabupaten Sidoarjo melalui Pengembangan Ekonomi Lokal

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Sayyidatu Ulish Shofa

2015-12-01

Full Text Available Wilayah bagian timur Kabupaten Sidoarjo memiliki potensi pengembangan sub sektor perikanan, khususnya Kecamatan Candi, Sedati, Sidoarjo, Buduran, Jabon, dan Waru. Potensi tersebut belum didukung pengembangan industri pengolahan perikanan secara optimal sehingga belum dapat memberikan kesejahteraan bagi masyarakat. Industri pengolahan perikanan masih bersifat sederhana, marketshare terbatas, dan belum ada kemitraan usaha. Pendekatan pengembangan ekonomi lokal menjadi bentuk pengembangan yang cocok dalam permasalahan industri pengolahan perikanan di Kabupaten Sidoarjo. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan arahan pengembangan industri pengolahan perikanan di Kabupaten Sidoarjo melalui pengembangan ekonomi lokal. Pada penelitian ini akan dibahas mengenai faktor penentu pengembangan industri melalui teknik analisis konten dan CFA (Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 6 faktor penentu pengembangan industri pengolahan perikanan, yaitu sumberdaya, kelembagaan, ekonomi, pasar dan pemasaran, transportasi, serta sarana dan prasarana pendukung pengolahan perikanan.

Industrial sheet metals for nanocrystalline dye-sensitized solar cell structures

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Toivola, Minna; Ahlskog, Fredrik; Lund, Peter [Laboratory of Advanced Energy Systems, Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 4100, FIN-02015 TKK (Finland)

2006-11-06

Direct integration of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) onto industrial sheet metals has been studied. The stability of the metals, including zinc-coated and plain carbon steel, stainless steel and copper in a standard iodine electrolyte was investigated with soaking and encapsulation tests. Stainless and carbon steel showed sufficient stability and were used as the cell counter-electrodes, yielding cells with energy conversion efficiencies of 3.6% and 3.1%, respectively. A DSSC built on flexible steel substrates is a promising approach especially from the viewpoint of large-scale, cost-effective industrial manufacturing of the cells. (author)

Formation of Outburst Structure in Hot Dip Galvannealed Coatings on IF Steels

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Kollárová, M.

2007-01-01

Full Text Available Outburst structure in two industrially produced hot dip galvanized interstitial free steel sheets for automotive industry after additional annealing has been examined. Ti IF steel was found to form weak outburst structure in the early stage of annealing, followed by frontal growth of Fe-Zn phases during further heating. The high reactivity of this steel was confirmed by rapid G-phase formation. Under the same conditions, Ti-Nb-P IF steel exhibited frontal growth of Fe-Zn compounds without G-phase formation due to relatively high phosphorous content, which is known as inhibitor of Fe-Zn reaction, but simultaneously significant occurrence of undesired outburst structures was recorded. It was assumed that the phosphorous content was insufficient and/or ferrite grain was very fine.

Psychosocial Hazard Analysis in a Heterogeneous Workforce: Determinants of Work Stress in Blue- and White-Collar Workers of the European Steel Industry.

Science.gov (United States)

Metzler, Yannick Arnold; Bellingrath, Silja

2017-01-01

The European steel industry's workforce is highly heterogeneous and consists of various occupational groups, presumably facing different psychosocial stressors. The few existing studies on the subject mainly focused on physical constraints of blue-collar workers, whereas the supposable psychosocial workload received only little research attention. This is remarkable considering the challenges associated with statutory required risk assessment of psychosocial hazards. Valid measures of hazard analysis must account for various stressors and reliably identify them, also between occupational groups. The present study, based on a sample of blue- and white-collar workers ( N  = 124) from the European steel industry, aims to provide a first insight into psychosocial stressors and strain at work in this rarely researched industrial sector. Furthermore, two well-known theoretical roadmaps in job analysis are examined regarding their utility for risk assessment in heterogeneous workforces: the German standard version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ) and the short version of the effort-reward imbalance questionnaire. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that the COPSOQ was better suited to predict various strain indices in the present sample. Especially stressors relating to socioemotional aspects, such as work-privacy conflict, revealed a reasonable impact, indicating the need for comprehensive solutions at the organizational level instead of solutions focusing on single workplaces. To conclude, a broadly diversified and validated approach in psychosocial risk assessment is needed to adequately assess the variety of psychosocial factors at work and in different occupational groups.

Room acoustic analysis of blower unit and noise control plan in the typical steel industry

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

2013-02-01

Full Text Available Introduction: In the steel industry,air blowers used to supply compressed air are considered as sources of annoying noise. This study aims to acoustics analysis of theairblower workroomand sound source characteristics in order to present noise controlmeasuresinthe steel industry. .Material and Method: Measurement of noiselevel and its frequency analysis was performed usingsound levelmetermodelof CASELLA-Cell.450. Distribution of noise level in the investigated workroom in form of noise map was provided using Surfer software. In addition, acoustic analysis of workroom and control room was performed in view point of soundabsorption andinsulation. Redesignofdoor and window of controlroom and installation of soundabsorbing materialson theceiling of the workroom were proposed and the efficiency of these interventionswasestimated. .Result: The totalsound pressurelevelin the blower workroom was 95.4 dB(L and the dominant frequency was 2000Hz. Sound pressure level inside the room control was 80.1dB(A. The average absorption coefficient and reverberation time in the blower workroom was estimated equal to 0.082 Sab.m2 and 3.9 seconds respectively. These value in control room was 0.04 Sab.m2 and 3/4 seconds respectively. In control room, sound transmission loss between the two parts of the wall dividing was 13.7 dB(A. The average of noise dose in blower operators was 230%. With the installation of sound absorber on ceiling of workroom, average of absorption coefficient can increase to 0.33 Sab.m2 and sound transmission loss of the new designed door and window was estimated equal to 20dB. . Conclusion: The main cause of noise leakage in the control room was insufficient insulation properties of door and windows. By replacing the door and window and installation of sound absorbing on ceiling of workroom, the noise dose can reduce to 49.6%. New Improved door and window of control room can reduce noise dose to 69.65% solely.

The high efficiency steel filters for nuclear air cleaning

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bergman, W.; Larsen, G.; Lopez, R.; Williams, K.; Violet, C.

1990-08-01

We have, in cooperation with industry, developed high-efficiency filters made from sintered stainless-steel fibers for use in several air-cleaning applications in the nuclear industry. These filters were developed to overcome the failure modes in present high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters. HEPA filters are made from glass paper and glue, and they may fail when they get hot or wet and when they are overpressured. In developing our steel filters, we first evaluated the commercially available stainless-steel filter media made from sintered powder and sintered fiber. The sintered-fiber media performed much better than sintered-powder media, and the best media had the smallest fiber diameter. Using the best media, we then built prototype filters for venting compressed gases and evaluated them in our automated filter tester. 12 refs., 20 figs

Physical Modelling Of The Steel Flow In RH Apparatus

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Pieprzyca J.

2015-09-01

Full Text Available The efficiency of vacuum steel degassing using RH methods depends on many factors. One of the most important are hydrodynamic processes occurring in the ladle and vacuum chamber. It is always hard and expensive to determine the flow character and the way of steel mixing in industrial unit; thus in this case, methods of physical modelling are applied. The article presents the results of research carried out on the water physical model of RH apparatus concerning the influence of the flux value of inert gas introduced through the suck legs on hydrodynamic conditions of the process. Results of the research have visualization character and are presented graphically as a RTD curves. The main aim of such research is to optimize the industrial vacuum steel degassing process by means of RH method.

Enforcement Alert: U.S. EPA Encourages Iron and Steel Minimills to Self Audits to Address Noncompliance with Environmental Requirements; Nucor Corp. agrees to Control Practices; Provides Model for Industry

Science.gov (United States)

This is the enforcement alert for U.S. EPA Encourages Iron and Steel Minimills to Self Audits to Address Noncompliance with Environmental Requirements; Nucor Corp. agrees to Control Practices; Provides Model for Industry

ANALISIS DAYA SAING KEDELAI INDONESIA

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sarwono Sarwono

2014-09-01

Full Text Available RCA (Revealed Comparative Advantage index of soybean in Indonesia from 1983 up to 2013 is less than one, mostly. It means that the competitiveness of soybean in Indonesia is low. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors influence the soybean competitiveness. OLS (Ordinary Least Square was used as the analysis method. Hypotheses test based on that analysis model is not bias, so that, classic divergence test is needed. It is for getting the Best Linier Unbiased Estimator (BLUE appraisal. T statistic and F statistic were also applied. The result of this research shows that production and export have positive and significant influence. In addition, exchange rate and government policy do not influence the Indonesia soybean competitiveness.Indeks RCA (Revealed Comparative Advantage kedelai Indonesia dari tahun 1983-2013 kecenderungan bernilai kurang dari satu yang berarti daya saing kedelai Indonesia rendah.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi daya saing kedelai Indonesia.Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah Ordinary Least Square (OLS.Pengujian hipotesis berdasarkan model analisis tersebut tidak bias maka perlu dilakukan uji penyimpangan klasik yang tujuannya agar diperoleh penaksiran yang bersifat Best Linier Unbiased Estimator (BLUE.Pengujian statistik menggunakan uji t statistikdan uji f statistik.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa produksi dan ekspor berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap daya saing kedelai Indonesia. Nilai tukar rupiah dan kebijakan pemerintah tidak berpengaruh terhadap daya saing kedelai Indonesia.