Patterned solid state growth of barium titanate crystals

Science.gov (United States)

Ugorek, Michael Stephen

An understanding of microstructure evolution in ceramic materials, including single crystal development and abnormal/enhanced grain growth should enable more controlled final ceramic element structures. In this study, two different approaches were used to control single crystal development in a patterned array. These two methods are: (1) patterned solid state growth in BaTiO 3 ceramics, and (2) metal-mediated single crystal growth in BaTiO 3. With the patterned solid state growth technique, optical photolithography was used to pattern dopants as well as [001] and [110] BaTiO3 single crystal template arrays with a 1000 microm line pattern array with 1000 microm spacings. These patterns were subsequently used to control the matrix grain growth evolution and single crystal development in BaTiO3. It was shown that the growth kinetics can be controlled by a small initial grain size, atmosphere conditions, and the introduction of a dopant at selective areas/interfaces. By using a PO2 of 1x10-5 atm during high temperature heat treatment, the matrix coarsening has been limited (to roughly 2 times the initial grain size), while retaining single crystal boundary motion up to 0.5 mm during growth for dwell times up to 9 h at 1300°C. The longitudinal and lateral growth rates were optimized at 10--15 microm/h at 1300°C in a PO2 of 1x10 -5 atm for single crystal growth with limited matrix coarsening. Using these conditions, a patterned microstructure in BaTiO3 was obtained. With the metal-mediated single crystal growth technique, a novel approach for fabricating 2-2 single crystal/polymer composites with a kerf texture development were studied using both [001] and [110] BaTiO3 single crystals templates. By using a PO 2 of 1x10-11 atm during high temperature heat treatment, matrix coarsening was limited while enabling single crystal boundary motion up to 0.35 mm during growth between 1250°C and 1300°C with growth rates ˜ 3--4 microm/h for both single crystal orientations. By

Characterization, dielectric and electrical behaviour of BaTiO3 ...

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Administrator

of λ = 0⋅1542 nm, for crystal structure determination. Scherrer's equation and ... ion, releasing one molecule of propanol and one molecule of triethanolamine in .... The OH, CO2 and CO3 peaks were reduced in the sam- ple of BaTiO3 when ...

Multiphase nanodomains in a strained BaTiO3 film on a GdScO3 substrate

Science.gov (United States)

Kobayashi, Shunsuke; Inoue, Kazutoshi; Kato, Takeharu; Ikuhara, Yuichi; Yamamoto, Takahisa

2018-02-01

Controlling the crystal structure of ferroelectric materials via epitaxial strain, which is a well-known technique in strain engineering, can lead to the formation of unique domain structures generating non-intrinsic phenomena such as electronic conductivity, photovoltages, and enhanced piezoelectric characteristics. Strained BaTiO3 films are promising ferroelectric materials as theoretical modeling predicts that different domain morphologies can introduce additional properties not observed in conventional BaTiO3 ceramics. To rationally design materials for practical application, a thorough understanding of the formation mechanisms and stabilities of different domain structures in strained BaTiO3 films is required. However, there have been very few experimental reports on this topic, and details about the domain structures in strained BaTiO3 films are currently lacking. In this paper, we report multiphase nanodomains in a strained BaTiO3 film deposited on an orthorhombic GdScO3 substrate. The phase-transition behavior of the strained BaTiO3 film reveals that it contains multiple phases at room temperature; the film first undergoes a phase-transition upon heating at around 550 K, and then a paraelectric phase forms at temperatures above 690 K. A picometer-scale analysis of the Ti ion displacements, using an advanced scanning transmission electron microscopy technique, is used to characterize the complex multiphase nanodomains, providing useful insights into the control of domain structures in BaTiO3 films by applying epitaxial strain.

Microwave-Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of High-Purity Nb Doped BaTiO3 Nanocrystals

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

A. Khanfekr

2014-01-01

Full Text Available The synthesis of Nb doped BaTiO3 has been investigated under Microwave-Hydrothermal (MH conditions in the temperature of 150°C for only 2 h using C16H36O4Ti, BaH2O2.8H2O and NbCl5 as Ba, Ti and  Nb sources, respectively.  Typical experiments performed on MH processing have not yet reported for Nb doped BaTiO3.  In the MH process, the formation of high purity nano tetragonal Nb-BaTiO3 was strongly enhanced. New hydrothermal method was used instead of the previous solid state reaction for the BaTiO3±Nb2O3 system. The new method uses high pressure to create nano dimension particles in a lower time and temperature. In case of the phase evolution studies, the XRD pattern measurements and Raman spectroscopy were performed. TEM and FE-SEM images were taken for the detailed analysis of the particle size, surface and morphology.  Synthesis of Nb doped BaTiO3 with the Microwave-hydrothermal provides an advantage of fast crystallization and reduced crystal size when compared to existing methods.

Hydrothermal growth of highly textured BaTiO3 films composed of nanowires

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhou Zhi; Tang Haixiong; Sodano, Henry A; Lin Yirong

2013-01-01

Textured barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ) films are attracting immense research interest due to their lead-free composition and excellent piezoelectric and dielectric properties. Most synthesis methods for these films require a high temperature, leading to the formation of a secondary phase and an overall decrease in the electrical properties of the ceramic. In order to alleviate these issues, a novel fabrication method is introduced by transferring oriented rutile TiO 2 nanowires to a textured BaTiO 3 film at temperatures below 160 °C. The microstructure and thickness of the fabricated BaTiO 3 films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and the crystal structure and degree of orientation were evaluated by x-ray diffraction patterns using the Lotgering method. It is shown that the thickness of the BaTiO 3 film can be controlled by the length of TiO 2 nanowire array template, and the degree of orientation of the textured BaTiO 3 films is highly dependent on the film thickness; the crystallographic orientation has been measured to reach up to 87%. The relative dielectric constant (ε r = 1300) and ferroelectric properties (P r = 2.7 μC cm −2 , E c = 4.0 kV mm −1 ) of the textured BaTiO 3 films were also characterized to demonstrate their potential application in sensors, random access memory, and micro-electromechanical systems. (paper)

Size Tunable Synthesis of Highly Crystalline BaTiO3 Nanoparticles using Salt-Assisted Spray Pyrolysis

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Itoh, Yoshifumi; Lenggoro, I. Wuled; Okuyama, Kikuo; Maedler, Lutz; Pratsinis, Sotiris E.

2003-01-01

Highly crystalline, dense BaTiO 3 nanoparticles in a size range from 30 to 360nm with a narrow size distribution (σ g = 1.2-1.4) were prepared at various synthesis temperatures using a salt-assisted spray pyrolysis (SASP) method without the need for post-annealing. The effect of synthesis temperature on particle size, crystallinity and surface morphology of the nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning/transmission electron microscopy. The nature of the crystalline structure was analyzed by Rietveld refinement and Raman spectroscopy. The particle size decreased with decreasing operation temperature. The crystal phase was transformed from tetragonal to cubic at a particles size of about 50nm at room temperature. SASP can be used to produce high weight fraction of tetragonal BaTiO 3 nanoparticles down to 64nm in a single step

Oxygen-vacancy defects on BaTiO3 (001) surface: a quantum chemical study

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Duque, Carlos; Stashans, Arvids

2003-01-01

A quantum-chemical study of technologically important BaTiO 3 crystal and oxygen-vacancy defects on its (001) surface is reported in the present work. The computations are made using a quantum-chemical method developed for periodic systems (crystals), which is based on the Hartree-Fock theory. The atomic rearrangement due to the surface creation is obtained for a pure BaTiO 3 by means of the periodic large unit cell (LUC) model and using an automated geometry optimisation procedure. The same technique is employed to study the electronic and structural properties of the material due to the presence of an O vacancy and F centre (two electrons trapped in an oxygen vacancy). The computations are carried out for both cubic and tetragonal lattices

Reflectance of Co- and Nb-doped BaTiO3 for photon energies from 1.8 to 70 eV

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Goudonnet, J.P.; Godefroy, G.; Inagaki, T.; Moretti, P.; Williams, M.W.; Arakawa, E.T.

1985-01-01

The reflectance spectra of Co- and Nb-doped BaTiO 3 crystals have been measured for photon energies from 1.8 to 70 eV. For both types of crystal, structures observed in the 1.8 to 2.3 eV range can be attributed to the presence of residual impurities. Between 2.3 and 3.2 eV the peaks in the reflectance of the Co-doped crystal are found to be of an acceptor charge transfer type. For Nb-doped crystals structures appear at the bottom of the conduction band. For energies larger than 3.2 eV the spectra are characteristic of pure BaTiO 3 crystals, in reasonable agreement with those determined by Baeuerle et al. and calculated by Michel-Calendini and Moretti. 15 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab

Deposition barium titanate (BaTiO3) doped lanthanum with chemical solution deposition

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Iriani, Y.; Nurhadi, N.; Jamaludin, A.

2016-01-01

Deposition of Barium Titanate (BaTiO 3 ) thin films used Chemical Solution Deposition (CSD) method and prepared with spin coater. BaTiO 3 is doped with lanthanum, 1%, 2%, and 3%. The thermal process use annealing temperature 900°C and holding time for 3 hours. The result of characterization with x-ray diffraction (XRD) equipment show that the addition of La 3+ doped on Barium Titanate caused the change of angle diffraction.The result of refine with GSAS software shows that lanthanum have been included in the structure of BaTiO 3 . Increasing mol dopant La 3+ cause lattice parameter and crystal volume become smaller. Characterization result using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) equipment show that grain size (grain size) become smaller with increasing mole dopant (x) La 3+ . The result of characterization using Sawyer Tower methods show that all the samples (Barium Titanante and Barium Titanate doped lanthanum) are ferroelectric material. Increasing of mole dopant La 3+ cause smaller coercive field and remanent polarization increases. (paper)

Ab Initio Calculations for the BaTiO3 (001) Surface Structure

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

XUE Xu-Yan; WANG Chun-Lei; ZHONG Wei-Lie

2004-01-01

@@ The ab initio method within the local density approximation is applied to calculate cubic BaTiO3 (001) surface relaxation and rumpling for two different terminations (BaO and TiO2). Our calculations demonstrate that cubic perovskite BaTiO3 crystals possess surface polarization, accompanied by the presence of the relevant electric field.We analyse their electronic structures (band structure, density of states and the electronic density redistribution with emphasis on the covalency effects). The results are also compared with that of the previous ab initio calculations. Considerable increases of Ti-O chemical bond covalency nearby the surface have been observed.The band gap reduces especially for the TiO2 termination.

Quantitative evaluation of the piezoelectric response of unpoled ferroelectric ceramics from elastic and dielectric measurements: Tetragonal BaTiO3

Science.gov (United States)

Cordero, F.

2018-03-01

A method is proposed for evaluating the potential piezoelectric response, that a ferroelectric material would exhibit after full poling, from elastic and dielectric measurements of the unpoled ceramic material. The method is based on the observation that the softening in a ferroelectric phase with respect to the paraelectric phase is of piezoelectric origin, and is tested on BaTiO3. The angular averages of the piezoelectric softening in unpoled ceramics are calculated for ferroelectric phases of different symmetries. The expression of the orientational average with the piezoelectric and dielectric constants of single crystal tetragonal BaTiO3 from the literature reproduces well the softening of the Young's modulus of unpoled ceramic BaTiO3, after a correction for the porosity. The agreement is good in the temperature region sufficiently far from the Curie temperature and from the transition to the orthorhombic phase, where the effect of fluctuations should be negligible, but deviations are found outside this region, and possible reasons for this are discussed. This validates the determination of the piezoelectric response by means of purely elastic measurements on unpoled samples. The method is indirect and, for quantitative assessments, requires the knowledge of the dielectric tensor. On the other hand, it does not require poling of the sample, and therefore is insensitive to inaccuracies from incomplete poling, and can even be used with materials that cannot be poled, for example, due to excessive electrical conductivity. While the proposed example of the Young's modulus of a ceramic provides an orientational average of all the single crystal piezoelectric constants, a Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy measurement of a single unpoled ceramic sample through the ferroelectric transition can in principle measure all the piezoelectric constants, together with the elastic ones.

Properties of TiO2 prepared by acid treatment of BaTiO3

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Okada, Kiyoshi; Yanagisawa, Tomoki; Kameshima, Yoshikazu; Nakajima, Akira

2007-01-01

TiO 3 powders were prepared by acid treatment of BaTiO 3 and their properties were investigated. The BaTiO 3 powder was subjected to HNO 3 in concentrations ranging from 10 -3 to 8 M at 90 deg. C for 0.5-6 h. Dissolution of BaTiO 3 and precipitation of TiO 2 occurred at acid concentrations of 2-5 M. BaTiO 3 dissolves completely to form a clear solution at reaction times of 0.5-1 h, but a rutile precipitate is formed after 2 h of acid treatment. By contrast, anatase is precipitated by adjusting the pH of the clear solution to 2-3 using NaOH or NH 4 OH solution. The rutile crystals were small and rod-shaped, consisting of many small coherent domains connected by grain boundaries with small inclination angles and edge dislocations, giving them a high specific surface area (S BET ). With increasing HNO 3 concentration, the S BET value increased from 100 to 170 m 2 /g while the crystallite size decreased from 25 to 11 nm. The anatase crystals obtained here were very small equi-axial particles with a smaller crystallite size than the rutile and S BET values of about 270 m 2 /g (higher than the rutile samples). The photocatalytic activity of these TiO 2 was determined from the decomposition rate of Methylene Blue under ultraviolet irradiation. Higher decomposition rates were obtained with larger crystallite sizes resulting from heat treatment. The maximum decomposition rates were obtained in samples heated at 500-600 deg. C. The photocatalytic activity of the TiO 2 was found to depend more strongly on the sample crystallite size than on S BET

Hydrothermal–galvanic couple synthesis of directionally oriented BaTiO3 thin films on TiN-coated substrates

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yang, Chia-Jung; Tsai, Di-You; Chan, Pei-Hsuan; Wu, Chu-Tsun; Lu, Fu-Hsing

2013-01-01

BaTiO 3 films were synthesized on TiN-coated Si substrate below 100 °C by a hydrothermal–galvanic couple technique in barium contained alkaline solutions. X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction results show that the BaTiO 3 thin films were directionally oriented grown on the TiN/Si substrates, i.e., (111) BaTiO 3 over (111) TiN. The surface morphologies revealed that BaTiO 3 nucleated and grew over the TiN surface with a single layer. From kinetic analyses, the growth rates of BaTiO 3 films prepared by the hydrothermal–galvanic couple technique were faster than a hydrothermal method. The galvanic effects were confirmed by investigating the induced currents and energies. The galvanic currents were generated and controlled by both the dissolution of TiN and the formation of BaTiO 3 . The output electric energies increased rapidly with the reaction time and leveled off at the full coverage of BaTiO 3 . - Highlights: • Cubic BaTiO 3 films are synthesized by a hydrothermal–galvanic couple method (HT–GC). • Growth rates of BaTiO 3 films made by HT–GC are faster than a hydrothermal method. • BaTiO 3 films are directionally oriented grown on the TiN/Si substrates. • Galvanic currents are controlled by dissolution of TiN and formation of BaTiO 3

Characterization and dielectric properties of BaTiO3 prepared from Ba(NO3)2-TiO2 mixture

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Othman, K.I.; Hassan, A.A.; Ali, M.E.; Abdelal, O.A.; Salah El Dien, F.E.; El-Raghy, S.M.; Abdel-Karim, R.

2012-01-01

BaTiO 3 powder was prepared through a solid-state reaction between the Ba(NO 3 ) 2 and TiO 2 . The thermal analysis and XRD techniques were used to study its formation. A single phase BaTiO 3 was formed after calcination at 600 degree C for 6 hrs. The dielectric properties of the sintered BaTiO 3 were determined in the temperature range from room temperature to 20 degree C at a frequency ranging from 500 Hz to 100 khz. The relative permittivity and the dielectric loss of the sintered pellets at 1 khz, measured at room temperature,were 1805 and 0.419 respectively.

Phase fragility and mechatronic reliability for Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3O3–PbTiO3 ferroelectric single crystals — A review

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

F. Fang

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Single crystals of (1-xPb(Mg1/3Nb2/3O3–xPbTiO3(PMN–xPT near their morphotropic phase boundaries (MPBs are under extensive investigations for their extraordinary high dielectric and piezoelectric behavior. Applications of those single crystals facilitated the breakthrough in ultrasonic transducer materials and devices. Ferroelectric materials are known to be fragile which often leads to various reliability failures in applications involving electric loadings. In a mechanical sense, the failure modes concern the fracture under an intensive electric field, and the fatigue crack propagation under an alternating electric field. In an electrical sense, the failure is exhibited by degenerated hysteresis loop by shrinking the remnant polarization and expanding the coercive field. All these modes degrade the performance for ferroelectric devices. As a departure from the tetragonal (T ferroelectric materials, exemplified by BaTiO3 and Pb(ZrTiO3, the domain structures of PMN–PT around the MPB are versatile and intricate, depending sensitively on the composition variation, orientation and previous loading history. In this review, the attention is mainly focused on three aspects. First, the phase fragility and multiphase coexistence are presented for both [100]- and [101]-oriented PMN–PT single crystals. Second, investigations on electric field-induced fatigue crack propagation are described, along with the orientation effect on the crack propagation behavior. Third, the inverse effects of the phase transition and fatigue crack growth on the polarization behavior, or the interaction between the mechanical and electrical degradations will be elucidated. The review aims for better understanding the underlying mechanism for the ultrahigh performance of the PMN–PT single crystals, to bridge the studies of ferroelectric materials from the mechanical and electrical senses, as well as to evaluate the reliability of PMN–PT single crystals under device

Wet routes of high purity BaTiO3 nanopowders

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wang Liqiu; Liu Liang; Xue Dongfeng; Kang Hongmin; Liu Changhou

2007-01-01

High purity BaTiO 3 nanopowders were prepared in wet routes through stearic acid gel (SAG) and acetic acid gel (AAG) techniques, respectively. BaTiO 3 samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and thermal gravimetric analysis. The present results indicate that both methods have a similar reaction process during calcination, while BaTiO 3 crystallites were initially formed at 550 deg. C by SAG and 800 deg. C by AAG. Both methods could produce BaTiO 3 powders with a cubic perovskite structure, while they had different grain size distributions within 25-50 nm for SAG and 50-80 nm for AAG. BaTiO 3 samples prepared by SAG had a lower agglomeration than those by AAG. SAG has shown many distinctive advantages in the preparation of high purity BaTiO 3 nanopowders, without Ba and Ti losses and hazardous wastes

Dynamics of ferroelectric nanodomains in BaTiO3 epitaxial thin films via piezoresponse force microscopy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Pertsev, N A; Petraru, A; Kohlstedt, H; Waser, R; Bdikin, I K; Kiselev, D; Kholkin, A L

2008-01-01

Ferroelectric nanodomains were created in BaTiO 3 thin films by applying a voltage to a sharp conducting tip of a scanning force microscope (SFM). The films were epitaxially grown on SrRuO 3 -covered (001)-oriented SrTiO 3 substrates by a high-pressure sputtering. They appeared to be single-crystalline with the (001) crystallographic orientation relative to the substrate. Using the piezoresponse mode of the SFM to detect the out-of-plane film polarization, the domain sizes were measured as a function of the applied writing voltage and the pulse time. It was found that the time dependence of the domain diameter in a 60 nm thick BaTiO 3 film deviates significantly from the logarithmic law observed earlier in Pb(Zr 0.2 Ti 0.8 )O 3 (PZT) films. At a given writing time, the domain size increases nonlinearly with increasing applied voltage, in contrast to the linear behavior reported earlier for PZT films and LiNbO 3 single crystals. The dynamics of domain growth is analyzed theoretically taking into account the strong inhomogeneity of the external electric field in the film and the influence of the bottom electrode. It is shown that the observed writing time and voltage dependences of the domain size can be explained by the domain-wall creep in the presence of random-bond disorder

Microstructure evolution and electrical characterization of Lanthanum doped Barium Titanate (BaTiO_3) ceramics

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Billah, Masum; Ahmed, A.; Rahman, Md. Miftaur; Mahbub, Rubbayat; Gafur, M. A.; Bashar, M. Shahriar

2016-01-01

In the current work, we investigated the structural and dielectric properties of Lanthanum oxide (La_2O_3) doped Barium Titanate (BaTiO_3) ceramics and established a correlation between them. Solid state sintering method was used to dope BaTiO_3 with 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 mole% La_2O_3 under different sintering parameters. The raw materials used were La_2O_3 nano powder of ~80 nm grain size and 99.995% purity and BaTiO_3 nano powder of 100 nm grain size and 99.99% purity. Grain size distribution and morphology of fracture surface of sintered pellets were examined by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope and X-Ray Diffraction analysis was conducted to confirm the formation of desired crystal structure. The research result reveal that grain size and electrical properties of BaTiO_3 ceramic significantly enhanced for small amount of doping (up to 0.5 mole% La_2O_3) and then decreased with increasing doping concentration. Desired grain growth (0.80-1.3 µm) and high densification (<90% theoretical density) were found by proper combination of temperature, sintering parameters and doping concentration. We found the resultant stable value of dielectric constant was 10000-12000 at 100-300 Hz in the temperature range of 30°-50° C for 0.5 mole% La_2O_3 with corresponding shift of curie temperature around 30° C. So overall this research showed that proper La"3"+ concentration can control the grain size, increase density, lower curie temperature and hence significantly improve the electrical properties of BaTiO_3 ceramics.

Dielectric enhancement of BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices with embedded Ni nanocrystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Xiong Zhengwei; Sun Weiguo; Wang Xuemin; Jiang Fan; Wu Weidong

2012-01-01

Highlights: ► The BaTiO 3 /SrTiO 3 superlattices with embedded Ni NCs were successfully fabricated by L-MBE. ► The influence with the various concentrations of Ni nanocrystals embedded in BaTiO 3 /SrTiO 3 superlattices was also discussed. ► The BaTiO 3 /SrTiO 3 superlattices with lower concentration of embedded Ni NCs had higher permittivity and dielectric loss compared with the pure BaTiO 3 /SrTiO 3 superlattices. ► The dielectric enhancement of BaTiO 3 /SrTiO 3 superlattices with embedded Ni NCs was proposed to explained by Drude quasi-free-electron theory. - Abstract: The self-organized Ni nanocrystals (NCs) were embedded in BaTiO 3 /SrTiO 3 superlattices using laser molecular beam epitaxy (L-MBE). The stress of the composite films was increased with the increasing concentration of embedded Ni NCs, as investigation in stress calculation. The influence with the various concentrations of Ni NCs embedded in BaTiO 3 /SrTiO 3 superlattices was also discussed. The internal stress of the films was too strong to epitaxial growth of BaTiO 3 /SrTiO 3 superlattices. Compared with the pure BaTiO 3 /SrTiO 3 superlattices, the BaTiO 3 /SrTiO 3 superlattices with lower concentration of embedded Ni NCs had higher permittivity and dielectric loss. Furthermore, the dielectric enhancement of BaTiO 3 /SrTiO 3 superlattices with embedded Ni NCs was proposed to explained by Drude quasi-free-electron theory.

Structural and magnetic properties of single-crystalline Co-doped barium titanate nanoparticles

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Liu Hongxue; Cao Baobao; O'Connor, Charles J.

2010-01-01

Undoped and Co-doped BaTiO 3 nanoparticles were synthesized by a one-step sol-precipitation method. For all the samples, X-ray diffraction showed characteristic diffraction lines for BaTiO 3 without the indication of secondary phases. High-resolution transition electron microscopy images showed that BaTiO 3 nanoparticles exhibit the nature of single-crystal. Magnetometry revealed that all the Co-doped BaTiO 3 samples show paramagnetic behaviors and Co ions in BaTiO 3 are present as isolated paramagnetic centers. This is contrasted to several reported cases of ferromagnetism in Co-doped BaTiO 3 .

Production of BaTiO3 nanoparticles through the sol-gel route using humic substances from river water

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lima, C.H.S.; Lima, S.S.S.; Gomes, M.A.; Novaes, S.M.V.; Macedo, Z.S.

2016-01-01

A new route of synthesis, low cost and low environmental impact, has been developed for the production of barium titanate (BaTiO3). This material is widely used in the electronics industry due to its dielectric properties, ferroelectric and piezoelectric. Its crystal structure of perovskite type also has the ability to host dopants of different sizes, allowing a wide variety of ions is accommodated in BaTiO3 structure. The synthesis route proposed in this paper explores the complexation capacity of natural organic matter (NOM). Parameters such as concentration, pH and calcination temperature were investigated during production, with the aim of developing a simple, efficient and low energy cost procedure. Samples produced with concentration 0.5 g / ml showed a single phase after calcination at 1200 °C for 5 h. The crystallite size was estimated by Scherrer equation around 28 nm and the particle size, determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM-FEG) was from 80 to 180nm order. The sample produced also presented heterogeneous morphology with spherical particles, rods and needles. (author)

Highly piezoelectric BaTiO3 nanorod bundle arrays using epitaxially grown TiO2 nanomaterials.

Science.gov (United States)

Jang, Seon-Min; Yang, Su Chul

2018-06-08

Low-dimensional piezoelectric nanostructures such as nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires, nanoribbons and nanosheets have been developed for potential applications as energy harvesters, tunable sensors, functional transducers and low-power actuators. In this study, lead-free BaTiO 3 nanorod bundle arrays (NBA) with highly piezoelectric properties were successfully synthesized on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate via a two-step process consisting of TiO 2 epitaxial growth and BaTiO 3 conversion. Through the TiO 2 epitaxial growth on FTO substrate, (001) oriented TiO 2 nanostructures formed vertically-aligned NBA with a bundle diameter of 80 nm and an aspect ratio of six. In particular, chemical etching of the TiO 2 NBA was conducted to enlarge the surface area for effective Ba 2+ ion diffusion during the perovskite conversion process from TiO 2 to BaTiO 3 . The final structure of perovskite BaTiO 3 NBA was found to exhibit a feasible piezoelectric response of 3.56 nm with a clear phase change of 180° from the single BaTiO 3 bundle, by point piezoelectric forced microscopy (PFM) analysis. Consequently, highly piezoelectric NBA could be a promising nanostructure for various nanoscale electronic devices.

Highly piezoelectric BaTiO3 nanorod bundle arrays using epitaxially grown TiO2 nanomaterials

Science.gov (United States)

Jang, Seon-Min; Yang, Su Chul

2018-06-01

Low-dimensional piezoelectric nanostructures such as nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires, nanoribbons and nanosheets have been developed for potential applications as energy harvesters, tunable sensors, functional transducers and low-power actuators. In this study, lead-free BaTiO 3 nanorod bundle arrays (NBA) with highly piezoelectric properties were successfully synthesized on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate via a two-step process consisting of TiO2 epitaxial growth and BaTiO3 conversion. Through the TiO2 epitaxial growth on FTO substrate, (001) oriented TiO2 nanostructures formed vertically-aligned NBA with a bundle diameter of 80 nm and an aspect ratio of six. In particular, chemical etching of the TiO2 NBA was conducted to enlarge the surface area for effective Ba2+ ion diffusion during the perovskite conversion process from TiO2 to BaTiO3. The final structure of perovskite BaTiO3 NBA was found to exhibit a feasible piezoelectric response of 3.56 nm with a clear phase change of 180° from the single BaTiO3 bundle, by point piezoelectric forced microscopy (PFM) analysis. Consequently, highly piezoelectric NBA could be a promising nanostructure for various nanoscale electronic devices.

Growth of BaTiO3-PVDF composite thick films by using aerosol deposition

Science.gov (United States)

Cho, Sung Hwan; Yoon, Young Joon

2016-01-01

Barium titanate (BaTiO3)-polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composite thick films were grown by using aerosol deposition at room temperature with BaTiO3 and PVDF powders. To produce a uniform composition in ceramic and polymer composite films, which show a substantial difference in specific gravity, we used PVDF-coated BaTiO3 powders as the starting materials. An examination of the microstructure confirmed that the BaTiO3 were well distributed in the PVDF matrix in the form of a 0 - 3 compound. The crystallite size in the BaTiO3-PVDF composite thick films was 5 ˜ 50 times higher than that in pure BaTiO3 thick films. PVDF plays a role in suppressing the fragmentation of BaTiO3 powder during the aerosol deposition process and in controlling the relative permittivity.

Synthesis of BaTiO3 nanoparticles from TiO2-coated BaCO3 particles derived using a wet-chemical method

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Yuuki Mochizuki

2014-03-01

Full Text Available BaCO3 particles coated with amorphous TiO2 precursor are prepared by a wet chemical method to produce BaTiO3 nanoparticles at low temperatures. Subsequently, we investigate the formation behavior of BaTiO3 particles and the particle growth behavior when the precursor is subjected to heat treatment. The state of the amorphous TiO2 coating on the surface of BaCO3 particles depends on the concentration of NH4HCO3, and the optimum concentration is found to be in the range 0.5–1.0 M. Thermogravimetric curves of the BaCO3 particles coated with the TiO2 precursor, prepared from BaCO3 particles of various sizes, show BaTiO3 formation occurring mainly at 550–650 °C in the case of fine BaCO3 particles. However, as evidenced from the curves, the temperature of formation of BaTiO3 shifts to higher values with an increase in the size of the BaCO3 particles. The average particle size of single phase BaTiO3 at heat-treatment temperature of 650–900 °C is observed to be in the range 60–250 nm.

Strain and electric field mediated manipulation of magnetism in La_(_1_-_x_)Sr_xMnO_3/BaTiO_3 heterostructures

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Schmitz, Markus

2016-01-01

Heterostructures of ferromagnetic La_1_-_xSr_xMnO_3 (LSMO) and ferroelectric BaTiO_3 (BTO) were produced and investigated for their structural and magnetic properties. The combination of these ferroic properties can lead to an artificial multiferroic. Special emphasis was given to the manipulation of magnetic properties by applying electric fields. A magneto-electric coupling could be observed in the heterostructures under investigation. Epitaxial LSMO thin films were grown on BTO substrates using a state-of-the-art oxide molecular beam epitaxy (OMBE) and a high oxygen sputtering system (HOPSS). Stoichiometric La_1_-_xSr_xMnO_3 films with doping levels of x=0.5 and x=0.3 were produced. The film quality in terms of roughness and crystalline structure was confirmed by X-ray scattering methods. The presence of structural domains in the BaTiO_3 single crystal substrate, whose proportion could be altered due to the application of electric fields, was shown by X-ray diffraction. Tensile strain is induced into the epitaxial La_1_-_xSr_xMnO_3 films in the whole temperature range under investigation. The magnetization of LSMO alteres by the variation of strain induced into the film, generated by the different structural phases of single crystal BaTiO_3 substrates. The magnetization shows sharp steps at the structural phase transition temperatures of BTO. The evaluation of magnetic hysteresis loops reveals a change of the magnetic anisotropy of LSMO for each structural phase of BTO, but also within the orthorhombic phase. Special focus was given to the manipulation of magnetic properties by the application of electric fields. A newly established measurement option was used to determine the magnetic response to an applied electric field as a function of temperature and magnetic field. The electrically induced modification of the magnetization is profound near the structural phase transition temperatures. Electrical hysteresis loops give a detailed view on the influence of the

Microstructural properties of BaTiO3 ceramics and thin films

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fundora C, A.; Portelles, J.J.; Siqueiros, J.M.

2000-01-01

A microstructural study of BaTiO 3 ceramics obtained by the conventional ceramic method is presented. Targets were produced to grow BaTiO 3 thin films by pulsed laser deposition on Pt/Ti/Si (100) substrates. X-ray diffraction, Auger Electron Spectroscopy, X-ray Photon Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy were used to study the properties of the BaTiO 3 ceramic samples and thin films, as deposited and after an annealing process. (Author)

Pulse-based electron spin transient nutation measurement of BaTiO3 fine particle: Identification of controversial signal around g = 2.00

Science.gov (United States)

Sawai, Takatoshi; Yamaguchi, Yoji; Kitamura, Noriko; Date, Tomotsugu; Konishi, Shinya; Taga, Kazuya; Tanaka, Katsuhisa

2018-05-01

Two dimensional pulse-based electron spin transient nutation (2D-ESTN) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for determining the spin quantum number and has been applied to BaTiO3 fine powder in order to identify the origin of the continuous wave electron spin resonance (CW-ESR) signal around g = 2.00. The signal is frequently observed in BaTiO3 ceramics, and the correlation between the signal intensity and positive temperature coefficient of resistivity (PTCR) properties has been reported to date. The CW-ESR spectrum of BaTiO3 fine particles synthesized by the sol-gel method shows a typical asymmetric signal at g = 2.004. The 2D-ESTN measurements of the sample clearly reveal that the signal belongs to the S = 5/2 high spin state, indicating that the signal is not due to a point defect as suggested by a number of researchers but rather to a transition metal ion. Our elemental analysis, as well as previous studies, indicates that the origin of the g = 2.004 signal is due to the presence of an Fe3+ impurity. The D value (second-order fine structure parameter) reveals that the origin of the signal is an Fe3+ center with distant charge compensation. In addition, we show a peculiar temperature dependence of the CW-ESR spectrum, suggesting that the phase transition behavior of a BaTiO3 fine particle is quite different from that of a bulk single crystal. Our identification does not contradict a vacancy-mediated mechanism for PTCR. However, it is incorrect to use the signal at g = 2.00 as evidence to support the vacancy-mediated mechanism.

First-principles calculations on thermodynamic properties of BaTiO3 rhombohedral phase.

Science.gov (United States)

Bandura, Andrei V; Evarestov, Robert A

2012-07-05

The calculations based on the linear combination of atomic orbitals have been performed for the low-temperature phase of BaTiO(3) crystal. Structural and electronic properties, as well as phonon frequencies were obtained using hybrid PBE0 exchange-correlation functional. The calculated frequencies and total energies at different volumes have been used to determine the equation of state and thermal contribution to the Helmholtz free energy within the quasiharmonic approximation. For the first time, the bulk modulus, volume thermal expansion coefficient, heat capacity, and Grüneisen parameters in BaTiO(3) rhombohedral phase have been estimated at zero pressure and temperatures form 0 to 200 K, based on the results of first-principles calculations. Empirical equation has been proposed to reproduce the temperature dependence of the calculated quantities. The agreement between the theoretical and experimental thermodynamic properties was found to be satisfactory. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Effect of lithium doping in BaTiO3 ceramics for vibration sensor application

Science.gov (United States)

Praveen, E.; Murugan, S.; Jayakumar, K.

2018-04-01

Phase pure undoped and Lithium doped BaTiO3 particles have been synthesized by high temperature solid-state reaction method. Substitution of Lithium at the Ba2+ site in BaTiO3 lattice has been investigated. The structural, vibrational, electrical and mechanical characterization have been carried out. The poled samples were used as a sensing element for the detection of mechanical oscillations and the presence of 80 Hz pulse in the output spectrum manifest the response of the sensor element to the applied mechanical stress. In comparison with pure BaTiO3 the sensitivity of Li doped BaTiO3 is 14 times greater than the pure BaTiO3. This confirms that Li doped BaTiO3 could be an efficient candidate for the functionalization of vibration sensors in space application.

Self-Organized Ni Nanocrystal Embedded in BaTiO3 Epitaxial Film

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ge FF

2010-01-01

Full Text Available Abstract Ni nanocrystals (NCs were embedded in BaTiO3 epitaxial films using the laser molecular beam epitaxy. The processes involving the self-organization of Ni NCs and the epitaxial growth of BaTiO3 were discussed. With the in situ monitoring of reflection high-energy electron diffraction, the nanocomposite films were engineered controllably by the fine alternation of the self-organization of Ni NCs and the epitaxial growth of BaTiO3. The transmission electron microscopy and the X-ray diffraction characterization confirmed that the composite film consists of the Ni NCs layers alternating with the (001/(100-oriented epitaxial BaTiO3 separation layers.

Structural and electrical properties of Barium Titanate (BaTiO3 and Neodymium doped BaTiO3 (Ba0.995Nd0.005TiO3

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Tuan Sulong Tuan Amirah

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Barium titanate (BaTiO3 and Neodymium (Nd doped BaTiO3 with composition Ba0.995Nd0.005TiO3 were prepared using conventional solid state reaction method to study the dielectric properties of materials. Pure phase samples were found at final heating temperature of 1400°C for overnight. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals the changes in the lattice parameter and unit cell volume of the pure perovskite tetragonal structure with space group (P4mm. Electrical analysis is carried out to investigate the dielectric properties, conductivity behaviour and dielectric loss of BaTiO3 and Ba0.995Nd0.005TiO3. Ba0.995Nd0.005TiO3 have a broaden dielectric peaks with high permittivity of 8000 and reasonably low loss tan δ which is about 0.004 (1 kHz.

Local geometric and electronic structures and origin of magnetism in Co-doped BaTiO3 multiferroics

Science.gov (United States)

Phan, The-Long; Thang, P. D.; Ho, T. A.; Manh, T. V.; Thanh, Tran Dang; Lam, V. D.; Dang, N. T.; Yu, S. C.

2015-05-01

We have prepared polycrystalline samples BaTi1-xCoxO3 (x = 0-0.1) by solid-state reaction. X-ray diffraction and Raman-scattering studies reveal the phase separation in crystal structure as changing Co-doping content (x). The samples with x = 0-0.01 are single phase in a tetragonal structure. At higher doping contents (x > 0.01), there is the formation and development of a secondary hexagonal phase. Magnetization measurements at room temperature indicate a coexistence of paramagnetic and weak-ferromagnetic behaviors in BaTi1-xCoxO3 samples with x > 0, while pure BaTiO3 is diamagnetic. Both these properties increase with increasing x. Analyses of X-ray absorption spectra recorded from BaTi1-xCoxO3 for the Co and Ti K-edges indicate the presence of Co2+ and Co3+ ions. They locate in the Ti4+ site of the tetragonal and hexagonal BaTiO3 structures. Particularly, there is a shift of oxidation state from Co2+ to Co3+ when Co-doping content increases. We believe that the paramagnetic nature in BaTi1-xCoxO3 samples is due to isolated Co2+ and Co3+ centers. The addition of Co3+ ions enhances the paramagnetic behavior. Meanwhile, the origin of ferromagnetism is due to lattice defects, which is less influenced by the changes caused by the variation in concentration of Co2+ and Co3+ ions.

CH3NH3PbCl3 Single Crystals: Inverse Temperature Crystallization and Visible-Blind UV-Photodetector

KAUST Repository

Maculan, Giacomo

2015-09-02

Single crystals of hybrid perovskites have shown remarkably improved physical properties compared to their polycrystalline film counterparts, underscoring their importance in the further development of advanced semiconductor devices. Here we present a new method of sizeable CH3NH3PbCl3 single crystal growth based on retrograde solubility behavior of hybrid perovskites. We show, for the first time, the energy band structure, charge-carrier recombination and transport properties of single crystal CH3NH3PbCl3. The chloride-based perovskite crystals exhibit trap-state density, charge carriers concentration, mobility and diffusion length comparable with the best quality crystals of methylammonium lead iodide or bromide perovskites reported so far. The high quality of the crystal along with its suitable optical bandgap enabled us to design and build an efficient visible-blind UV-photodetector, demonstrating the potential of this material to be employed in optoelectronic applications.

HRTEM analysis on nanocrystalline BaTiO3 and PbTiO3: size effects on ferroelectric phase transition temperature

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bursill, L.A.; Jiang, B.; Peng, J.L.; Zhong, W.L.; Zhang, P.L.

1997-01-01

High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopic studies of nanocrystaline particles of BaTiO 3 and PbTiO 3 are reported. There are characteristic differences observed for BaTiO 3 prepared using sol gel (SG) and steric acid gel (SAG) methods. The former exhibit a critical size below which there is no paraelectric/ferroelectric phase transition, whereas BaTiO 3 prepared via the SAG route remained cubic for all conditions. The SAG preparations always showed chemical intergrowth defects whereas the SG preparations were single phase. Atomic resolution images of both varieties showed interesting surface steps and surface relaxations/reconstructions of some facets. Nanocrystalline PbTiO 3 prepared by the SG route remains tetragonal, albeit with decreasing c/a ratio, down to 25nm diameter. HRTEM observations of nanocrystalline PbTiO 3 are also presented. X-ray diffraction, dielectric and Raman scattering measurements also demonstrate pronounced size effects. The relationship between the observed nanostructures and size effects on the physical properties is discussed. 6 refs., 1 tab., 6 figs

CH3NH3PbCl3 Single Crystals: Inverse Temperature Crystallization and Visible-Blind UV-Photodetector

KAUST Repository

Maculan, Giacomo; Sheikh, Arif D.; Abdelhady, Ahmed L.; Saidaminov, Makhsud I.; Haque, Mohammed; Banavoth, Murali; Alarousu, Erkki; Mohammed, Omar F.; Wu, Tao; Bakr, Osman

2015-01-01

a new method of sizeable CH3NH3PbCl3 single crystal growth based on retrograde solubility behavior of hybrid perovskites. We show, for the first time, the energy band structure, charge-carrier recombination and transport properties of single crystal

La-doped BaTiO3 heterostructures: Compensating the polarization discontinuity

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

D. P. Kumah

2013-12-01

Full Text Available We demonstrate a route to manipulate the polarization and internal electric field of a complex oxide heterostructure using a layering sequence based on the LaAlO3-SrTiO3 interface. By combining sensitive atomic-level mapping of the structure using direct x-ray phase-retrieval methods with theoretical modeling of the electrostatic charge and polarization, we have devised a novel single-domain polar heterostructure. We find that ionic rearrangement results in strain and free energy minimization, and eliminates the polarization discontinuity leading to a two-fold increase of the spontaneous polarization towards the surface of an ultra-thin single-domain BaTiO3 film.

BaTiO3-based nanolayers and nanotubes: first-principles calculations.

Science.gov (United States)

Evarestov, Robert A; Bandura, Andrei V; Kuruch, Dmitrii D

2013-01-30

The first-principles calculations using hybrid exchange-correlation functional and localized atomic basis set are performed for BaTiO(3) (BTO) nanolayers and nanotubes (NTs) with the structure optimization. Both the cubic and the ferroelectric BTO phases are used for the nanolayers and NTs modeling. It follows from the calculations that nanolayers of the different ferroelectric BTO phases have the practically identical surface energies and are more stable than nanolayers of the cubic phase. Thin nanosheets composed of three or more dense layers of (0 1 0) and (0 1 1[overline]) faces preserve the ferroelectric displacements inherent to the initial bulk phase. The structure and stability of BTO single-wall NTs depends on the original bulk crystal phase and a wall thickness. The majority of the considered NTs with the low formation and strain energies has the mirror plane perpendicular to the tube axis and therefore cannot exhibit ferroelectricity. The NTs folded from (0 1 1[overline]) layers may show antiferroelectric arrangement of Ti-O bonds. Comparison of stability of the BTO-based and SrTiO(3)-based NTs shows that the former are more stable than the latter. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Conduction Mechanisms in Multiferroic Multilayer BaTiO3/NiFe2O4/BaTiO3 Memristors

Science.gov (United States)

Samardzic, N.; Bajac, B.; Srdic, V. V.; Stojanovic, G. M.

2017-10-01

Memristive devices and materials are extensively studied as they offer diverse properties and applications in digital, analog and bio-inspired circuits. In this paper, we present an important class of memristors, multiferroic memristors, which are composed of multiferroic multilayer BaTiO3/NiFe2O4/BaTiO3 thin films, fabricated by a spin-coating deposition technique on platinized Si wafers. This cost-effective device shows symmetric and reproducible current-voltage characteristics for the actuating voltage amplitude of ±10 V. The origin of the conduction mechanism was investigated by measuring the electrical response in different voltage and temperature conditions. The results indicate the existence of two mechanisms: thermionic emission and Fowler-Nordheim tunnelling, which alternate with actuating voltage amplitude and operating temperature.

Two steps hydrothermal growth and characterisations of BaTiO3 films composed of nanowires

Science.gov (United States)

Zawawi, Che Zaheerah Najeehah Che Mohd; Salleh, Shahril; Oon Jew, Lee; Tufail Chaudhary, Kashif; Helmi, Mohamad; Safwan Aziz, Muhammad; Haider, Zuhaib; Ali, Jalil

2018-05-01

Barium titanate (BaTiO3) films composed of nanowires have gained considerable research interest due to their lead-free composition and strong energy conversion efficiency. BaTiO3 films can be developed with a simple two steps hydrothermal reactions, which are low cost effective. In this research, BaTiO3 films were fabricated on titanium foil through two steps hydrothermal method namely, the growth of TiO2 and followed by BaTiO3 films. The structural evolutions and the dielectric properties of the films were investigated as well. The structural evolutions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and BaTiO3 nanowires were characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. First step of hydrothermal reaction, TiO2 nanowires were prepared in varied temperatures of 160 °C, 200 °C and 250 °C respectively. Second step of hydrothermal reaction was performed to produce a layer of BaTiO3 films.

Growth and self-assembly of BaTiO3 nanocubes for resistive switching memory cells

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chu, Dewei; Lin, Xi; Younis, Adnan; Li, Chang Ming; Dang, Feng; Li, Sean

2014-01-01

In this work, the self-assembled BaTiO 3 nanocubes based resistive switching memory capacitors are fabricated with hydrothermal and drop-coating approaches. The device exhibits excellent bipolar resistance switching characteristics with ON/OFF ratio of 58–70, better reliability and stability over various polycrystalline BaTiO 3 nanostructures. It is believed that the inter cube junctions is responsible for such a switching behaviour and it can be described by the filament model. The effect of film thickness on switching ratio (ON/OFF) was also investigated in details. - Graphical abstract: This work describes a novel resistive switching memory cell based on self-assembled BaTiO 3 nanocubes. - Highlights: • BaTiO 3 nanocubes were prepared by one step facile hydrothermal method. • Self-assembled BaTiO 3 nanocubes thin films were obtained by drop-coating approach. • The BaTiO 3 nanocubes show excellent resistive switching properties for memory applications

Strong and anisotropic magnetoelectricity in composites of magnetostrictive Ni and solid-state grown lead-free piezoelectric BZT–BCT single crystals

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Haribabu Palneedi

2017-03-01

Full Text Available Aimed at developing lead-free magnetoelectric (ME composites with performances as good as lead (Pb-based ones, this study employed (001 and (011 oriented 82BaTiO3-10BaZrO3-8CaTiO3 (BZT–BCT piezoelectric single crystals, fabricated by the cost-effective solid-state single crystal growth (SSCG method, in combination with inexpensive, magnetostrictive base metal Nickel (Ni. The off-resonance, direct ME coupling in the prepared Ni/BZT–BCT/Ni laminate composites was found to be strongly dependent on the crystallographic orientation of the BZT–BCT single crystals, as well as the applied magnetic field direction. Larger and anisotropic ME voltage coefficients were observed for the composite made using the (011 oriented BZT–BCT single crystal. The optimized ME coupling of 1 V/cm Oe was obtained from the Ni/(011 BZT–BCT single crystal/Ni composite, in the d32 mode of the single crystal, when a magnetic field was applied along its [100] direction. This performance is similar to that reported for the Ni/Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3O3-Pb(Zr,TiO3 (PMN–PZT single crystal/Ni, but larger than that obtained from the Ni/Pb(Zr,TiO3 ceramic/Ni composites. The results of this work demonstrate that the use of lead-free piezoelectric single crystals with special orientations permits the selection of desired anisotropic properties, enabling the realization of customized ME effects in composites.

Highly constrained ferroelectric [BaTiO3](1−x)Λ/[BaZrO3]xΛ superlattices: X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Belhadi, J.; El Marssi, M.; Gagou, Y.; El Mendili, Y.; Bouyanfif, H.; Yuzyuk, Yu. I.; Raevski, I. P.; Wolfman, J.

2014-01-01

We report an x-ray diffraction (XRD) and a Raman-scattering investigation of ferroelectric/paraelectric superlattices [BaTiO 3 ] (1−x)Λ /[BaZrO 3 ] xΛ for which the composition varied, 0.15 ≤ x ≤ 0.85, while the superlattice (SL) modulation period Λ was kept constant at about 100 Å. The samples were epitaxially grown by pulsed laser deposition on MgO substrates buffered with La 0.5 Sr 0.5 CoO 3 . Based on the XRD analysis and on polarized Raman spectra, we have showed that the large strain in SLs induced ferroelectricity in BaZrO 3 (BZ) for all SLs, a material that is paraelectric in the bulk form at any temperature and in the single film. The induced polar axis in BZ layers is perpendicular to the plane of substrate while BaTiO 3 (BT) layers exhibit in-plane polar orientation. Raman spectroscopy revealed a lattice ordering in SLs due to the misfit strain generated by the large lattice mismatch between the alternating BZ and BT layers. This strain induced a huge upward frequency of the lowest E(1TO) soft mode from 60 cm −1 in the BT single film to 215 cm −1 in the SL with x = 0.85. These results show that in spite of relatively large periodicity of SLs, they are highly constrained and the variation of BZ ratio allowed modifying strains between layers. The temperature dependence of the Raman spectra for BT 0.3Λ /BZ 0.7Λ and BT 0.7Λ /BZ 0.3Λ samples revealed giant shift of the ferroelectric phase transition. The phase transition temperature was found to be upshifted by about 300 °C with respect to BT single crystal.

Synthesis and luminescence properties of BaTiO3:RE (RE = Gd , Dy ...

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

thermoluminescence (TL) properties of BaTiO3 samples doped with Gd3+, Dy3+, Tb3+ and Lu3+ were investigated. ... electron microscope using an accelerating voltage of 20 kV. .... doping of 1% mole Gd3+ ion into the BaTiO3 compound.

Effects of Nb and Sr doping on crystal structure of epitaxial BaTiO3 thin films on MgO substrates

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kim, Yongsam; Chen, Chunhua; Saiki, Atsushi; Wakiya, Naoki; Shinozaki, Kazuo; Mizutani, Nobuyasu

2002-01-01

Niobium (Nb) and strontium (Sr) doped barium titanate (BT) films were deposited by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering with Nb and Sr doped BT ceramic targets, respectively. The effect of Nb and Sr doping on the crystal structure of epitaxial BaTiO 3 thin films on MgO substrates was investigated. The crystal structure of the films was examined using the reciprocal space mapping measurement. All the films exhibit a cube-on-cube relation with respect to the substrates. As the amount of doped Sr increased, both of the in-plane and out-of-plane lattice constants of Sr doped BT films slowly approached the BT bulk values. On the other hand, the lattice constants of Nb doped BT films were rapidly coming close to the bulk values. These indicated that the lattices of doped BT films were relaxed as the amount of doped elements increased. In addition, Nb doping had greater influence on the relaxation of the films than Sr doping for the same content of dopant. (author)

Orthorhombic strontium titanate in BaTiO sub 3 -SrTiO sub 3 superlattices

CERN Document Server

Rios, S; Jiang, A Q; Scott, J F; Lü, H; Chen, Z

2003-01-01

It has been suggested by several authors that SrTiO sub 3 layers in SrTiO sub 3 -BaTiO sub 3 superlattices should be tetragonal and ferroelectric at ambient temperatures, like the BaTiO sub 3 layers, rather than cubic, as in bulk SrTiO sub 3 , and that free-energy minimization requires continuity of the polarization direction. A recent ab initio calculation constrained solutions to this structure. Surprisingly, our x-ray study shows that the SrTiO sub 3 layers are orthorhombic with 0.03% in-plane strain, with the BaTiO sub 3 c-axis matching the SrTiO sub 3 a- and b-axis better than the c-axis; strain energy overcomes the cost in electrostatic energy. (letter to the editor)

Effects of ultrasonication and conventional mechanical homogenization processes on the structures and dielectric properties of BaTiO3 ceramics.

Science.gov (United States)

Akbas, Hatice Zehra; Aydin, Zeki; Yilmaz, Onur; Turgut, Selvin

2017-01-01

The effects of the homogenization process on the structures and dielectric properties of pure and Nb-doped BaTiO 3 ceramics have been investigated using an ultrasonic homogenization and conventional mechanical methods. The reagents were homogenized using an ultrasonic processor with high-intensity ultrasonic waves and using a compact mixer-shaker. The components and crystal types of the powders were determined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The complex permittivity (ε ' , ε″) and AC conductivity (σ') of the samples were analyzed in a wide frequency range of 20Hz to 2MHz at room temperature. The structures and dielectric properties of pure and Nb-doped BaTiO 3 ceramics strongly depend on the homogenization process in a solid-state reaction method. Using an ultrasonic processor with high-intensity ultrasonic waves based on acoustic cavitation phenomena can make a significant improvement in producing high-purity BaTiO 3 ceramics without carbonate impurities with a small dielectric loss. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Growth of Ga2O3 single crystal

OpenAIRE

龍見, 雅美; 小池, 裕之; 市木, 伸明; Tatsumi, Masami; Koike, Hiroyuki; Ichiki, Nobuaki

2010-01-01

Single crystals of β-Ga2O3 for substrates of GaN LED were grown by Floating Zone(FZ) method. The transparent single crystals of 5-6 mm in diameter were reproducibly obtained by applying necking procedure and the preferential growth direction was . Many cracks were induced along the cleavage plane of (100) in slicing process, which is related to thermal stress and the growth direction. However, this preliminary growth experiments suggested that β-Ga2O3 single crystal is promising as a substrat...

Microstructure and dielectric parameters of epitaxial SrRuO3/BaTiO3/SrRuO3 heterostructures

Science.gov (United States)

Boikov, Yu. A.; Claeson, T.

2001-05-01

Epitaxial films of ferroelectric barium titanate are desirable in a number of applications but their properties are inferior to those of bulk material. Relations between microstructure and dielectric properties may give better understanding of limitations. Trilayer heterostructures SrRuO3/BaTiO3/SrRuO3 were grown by laser ablation on (100)LaAlO3 and (100)MgO substrates. The BaTiO3 layer was granular in structure. When grown on (100)SrRuO3/(100)LaAlO3, it was preferentially a-axis oriented due to tensile mechanical stress. Using (100)MgO as a substrate, on the other hand, produced a mixture of about equal value of a-axis and c-axis oriented grains of BaTiO3. The dielectric permittivity, ɛ, of the BaTiO3 layer was almost twice as large, at T>200 K and f=100 kHz, for the LaAlO3 substrate as compared to the MgO one. Its maximum value (ɛ/ɛ0≈6200) depended on temperature of growth, grain size, and electric field and compares well with optimal values commonly used for ceramic material. The maximum in the ɛ(T) shifted from about 370 to 320 K when the grain size in the BaTiO3 film decreased from 100 to 40 nm. At T300 K, hysteresis loops in polarization versus electric field were roughly symmetric. The BaTiO3 films grown on (100)SrRuO3/(100)MgO exhibit the largest remnant polarizations and coercive fields in the temperature range 100-380 K.

On stoichiometry and intermixing at the spinel/perovskite interface in CoFe2O4/BaTiO3 thin films.

Science.gov (United States)

Tileli, Vasiliki; Duchamp, Martial; Axelsson, Anna-Karin; Valant, Matjaz; Dunin-Borkowski, Rafal E; Alford, Neil McN

2015-01-07

The performance of complex oxide heterostructures depends primarily on the interfacial coupling of the two component structures. This interface character inherently varies with the synthesis method and conditions used since even small composition variations can alter the electronic, ferroelectric, or magnetic functional properties of the system. The focus of this article is placed on the interface character of a pulsed laser deposited CoFe2O4/BaTiO3 thin film. Using a range of state-of-the-art transmission electron microscopy methodologies, the roles of substrate morphology, interface stoichiometry, and cation intermixing are determined on the atomic level. The results reveal a surprisingly uneven BaTiO3 substrate surface formed after the film deposition and Fe atom incorporation in the top few monolayers inside the unit cell of the BaTiO3 crystal. Towards the CoFe2O4 side, a disordered region extending several nanometers from the interface was revealed and both Ba and Ti from the substrate were found to diffuse into the spinel layer. The analysis also shows that within this somehow incompatible composite interface, a different phase is formed corresponding to the compound Ba2Fe3Ti5O15, which belongs to the ilmenite crystal structure of FeTiO3 type. The results suggest a chemical activity between these two oxides, which could lead to the synthesis of complex engineered interfaces.

Synthesis of BaTiO3 powder from barium titanyl oxalate (BTO ...

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Unknown

the synthesis of BaTiO3 from the mixture of barium car- bonate and titanium dioxide employing microwave heat- ing. They observed that hypostoichiometric TiO2 (TiO2–x) reacted with BaCO3 in the presence of microwave field at temperature as low as 350°C to give the mixture of hexa- gonal and tetragonal forms of BaTiO3 ...

Positron annihilation lifetime study of positive temperature coefficient BaTiO3 samples

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ling Chen; Mingkang Teng; Guanghou Wang; Xiaoyun Li; Tianchang Lu

1989-01-01

In order to investigate the doped vacancies in BaTiO 3 samples as well as their influence on the positive temperature coefficient (PTC) the positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy was applied. Two groups of BaTiO 3 samples with BaO excess were prepared by doping different concentrations of La 2 O 3 and Nb 2 O 5 , respectively in the range from 0.1 to 3 at%. A third group of samples of two Sb-doped PTC BaTiO 3 semiconductors with excess BaO or TiO 2 were studied by the aid of positron technique before and after being reduced. It is shown that the positron lifetime parameters are sensitive to changes in the vacancy concentration in BaTiO 3 ceramics near the 0.1 mol% region. But they are almost unchanged during reduction processing; the resistivity of samples changed by one to two orders of magnitude through the reduction. It can be concluded that the PTC effect is due to oxygen on the grain boundary rather than vacancies, and that the Heywang-Jonker model is more reasonable

Dynamic Displacement Disorder of Cubic BaTiO3

Science.gov (United States)

Paściak, M.; Welberry, T. R.; Kulda, J.; Leoni, S.; Hlinka, J.

2018-04-01

The three-dimensional distribution of the x-ray diffuse scattering intensity of BaTiO3 has been recorded in a synchrotron experiment and simultaneously computed using molecular dynamics simulations of a shell model. Together, these have allowed the details of the disorder in paraelectric BaTiO3 to be clarified. The narrow sheets of diffuse scattering, related to the famous anisotropic longitudinal correlations of Ti ions, are shown to be caused by the overdamped anharmonic soft phonon branch. This finding demonstrates that the occurrence of narrow sheets of diffuse scattering agrees with a displacive picture of the cubic phase of this textbook ferroelectric material. The presented methodology allows one to go beyond the harmonic approximation in the analysis of phonons and phonon-related scattering.

Syntheses of nanocrystalline BaTiO3 and their optical properties

Science.gov (United States)

Yu, J.; Chu, J.; Zhang, M.

Stoichiometric and titanium-excess nanocrystalline barium titanates were synthesized using a hydrothermal process at various hydrothermal temperatures and with further heat treatment at 500 °C and 900 °C. Owing to the different process conditions, the excess titanium exists in different states and configurations within the nanocrystalline BaTiO3 matrix; this was demonstrated by X-ray diffraction, Raman scattering, and photoluminescence. In these nanocrystalline BaTiO3, the 590, 571, 543 and 694 nm light emission bands were observed; mechanisms leading to such emissions were also discussed.

Nucleation control and inhibition of BaTiO3 films using hydrothermal-electrochemical method

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Escobar, Ivan; Silva, Carmen; Silva, Eric; Vargas, Tomas; Fuenzalida, Victor

1999-01-01

The microstructure of BaTiO 3 films on titanium by the hydrothermal-electrochemical method was investigated using a three electrode high pressure electrochemical cell in a 0.2 M Ba(OH) 2 electrolyte at 150 0 C. The spontaneous initial linked to pure hydrothermal BaTiO 3 formation can be inhibited by cathodically protecting titanium electrode since its immersion in the electrolyte. The application of initial nucleation pulses of varying the cathodic potentials affected the grain size of the deposit. It is suggested that the formation of a titanium oxide layers is a necessary step previous to the nucleation of BaTiO 3

Spin-Coating and Characterization of Multiferroic MFe2O4 (M=Co, Ni) / BaTiO3 Bilayers

Science.gov (United States)

Quandt, Norman; Roth, Robert; Syrowatka, Frank; Steimecke, Matthias; Ebbinghaus, Stefan G.

2016-01-01

Bilayer films of MFe2O4 (M=Co, Ni) and BaTiO3 were prepared by spin coating of N,N-dimethylformamide/acetic acid solutions on platinum coated silicon wafers. Five coating steps were applied to get the desired thickness of 150 nm for both the ferrite and perovskite layer. XRD, IR and Raman spectroscopy revealed the formation of phase-pure ferrite spinels and BaTiO3. Smooth surfaces with roughnesses in the order of 3 to 5 nm were found in AFM investigations. Saturation magnetization of 347 emu cm-3 for the CoFe2O4/BaTiO3 and 188 emu cm-3 for the NiFe2O4/BaTiO3 bilayer, respectively were found. For the CoFe2O4/BaTiO3 bilayer a strong magnetic anisotropy was observed with coercivity fields of 5.1 kOe and 3.3 kOe (applied magnetic field perpendicular and parallel to film surface), while for the NiFe2O4/BaTiO3 bilayer this effect is less pronounced. Saturated polarization hysteresis loops prove the presence of ferroelectricity in both systems.

Optical properties of GaS:Ho3+ and GaS:Tm3+ single crystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jin, Moon-Seog; Kim, Chang-Dae; Kim, Wha-Tek

2004-01-01

GaS:Ho 3+ and GaS:Tm 3+ single crystals were grown by using the chemical transport reaction method. We measured the optical absorption, the infra-red absorption, and the photoluminescence spectra of the single crystals. The direct and the indirect energy band gaps of the single crystals at 13 K were identified. Infra-red absorption peaks at 6 K appeared in the single crystals. Broad emission bands at 6 K were observed at 464 nm and 580 nm for GaS:Ho 3+ and 462 nm and 581 nm for GaS:Tm 3+ . These broad emission bands were identified as originating from donor-acceptor pair recombinations. Sharp emission peak groups were observed near 435 nm, 495 nm, and 660 nm for GaS:Ho 3+ and near 672 nm for GaS:Tm 3+ . These sharp emission peak groups were identified as being due to the electron transitions between the energy levels of Ho 3+ and Tm 3+ . Especially, white photoluminescence was obtained in the GaS:Ho 3+ single crystal.

Study of radiation damage in BaTiO3, using Molecular-dynamics simulations

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gonzalez, E.; Abreu, Y.; Cruz, C. M.; Pinnera, I.; Leyva, A.

2015-01-01

Molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations were used to calculate atomic displacement probability curves along main crystallographic directions in BaTiO 3 perovskite. A primary knock-on atom (PKA) with a energy range between 10 to 300 eV in principal crystallographic directions at 300 K was introduced. For each sublattice, the simulation was repeated from different initial conditions to estimate the variation in the defect formation process. The formation of Frenkel pairs vary considerably with crystallographic direction and sublattice. Major quantity oxygen defects were found for all the simulated crystallographic directions. Threshold displacement energies are calculated for each atomic specie in the BaTiO 3 material. Also simulations with SRIM code, modeling + Mn implantation in a BaTiO 3 target, at 250 keV were made. (Author)

Influence of Impurities on the Luminescence of Er3+ Doped BaTiO3 Nanophosphors

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G. D. Webler

2014-01-01

Full Text Available The influence of the presence of barium carbonate (BaCO3 phase on the luminescence properties of barium titanate nanocrystals (BaTiO3 powders was investigated. Structural and optical characterizations of erbium (Er3+ doped BaTiO3 synthesized by the sol-emulsion-gel were performed. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction, we identified the presence of impurities related to BaCO3 and quantified its fraction. It was observed that the presence of BaCO3 phase, even at low levels, depletes significantly the infrared-to-visible upconverted luminescence efficiency of the produced nanopowders.

Crystal structure, dielectric, ferroelectric and energy storage properties of La-doped BaTiO3 semiconducting ceramics

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Venkata Sreenivas Puli

2015-09-01

Full Text Available Polycrystalline La-doped BaTiO3 (Ba(1-xLax\tTiO3 [x=0,0.0005,0.001,0.003] ceramics (denoted as BTO,BLT1,BLT2,BLT3 were synthesized by conventional solid-state reaction method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD, scanning electron microscopy (SEM, and Raman spectroscopy. XRD and Raman spectra revealed single-phase tetragonal perovskite crystalline structure. Well-saturated polarization–electric field (P–E hysteresis loops were observed with the measurement frequency of 50 Hz at room temperature and confirmed ferroelectric nature of these ceramics and a high recoverable electrical energy storage density of 0.350 J/cm3 with energy efficiency (n∼9%, which is useful in energy storage capacitor applications. Dielectric studies revealed anomalies around 415–420 K and near the Curie temperature. The latter is attributed to the ferroelectric to paraelectric phase transition. Better dielectric performances were obtained for La-doped samples sintered at 1350°C for 4 h. Grain growth is inhibited with lanthanum (La incorporation into the BTO lattice. Room temperature semiconducting behavior with positive temperature coefficient of resistivity (PTCR behavior at TC is attributed to electron compensation mechanism.

Magnetostriction of Hexagonal HoMnO3 and YMnO3 Single Crystals

Science.gov (United States)

Pavlovskii, N. S.; Dubrovskii, A. A.; Nikitin, S. E.; Semenov, S. V.; Terent'ev, K. Yu.; Shaikhutdinov, K. A.

2018-03-01

We report on the magnetostriction of hexagonal HoMnO3 and YMnO3 single crystals in a wide range of applied magnetic fields (up to H = 14 T) at all possible combinations of the mutual orientations of magnetic field H and magnetostriction Δ L/L. The measured Δ L/L( H, T) data agree well with the magnetic phase diagram of the HoMnO3 single crystal reported previously by other authors. It is shown that the nonmonotonic behavior of magnetostriction of the HoMnO3 crystal is caused by the Ho3+ ion; the magnetic moment of the Mn3+ ion parallel to the hexagonal crystal axis. The anomalies established from the magnetostriction measurements of HoMnO3 are consistent with the phase diagram of these compounds. For the isostructural YMnO3 single crystal with a nonmagnetic rare-earth ion, the Δ L/L( H, T) dependences are described well by a conventional quadratic law in a wide temperature range (4-100 K). In addition, the magnetostriction effect is qualitatively estimated with regard to the effect of the crystal electric field on the holmium ion.

The effects of additive on microstructure and electrical properties of batio3 ceramics

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Paunović Vesna V.

2004-01-01

Full Text Available In this paper comparative investigations of microstructure and dielectric properties of BaTiO3 ceramics doped with 1.0 wt% of Nb2O5, MnCO3 and CaZrO3 have been done. BaTiO3 samples were prepared using conventional method of solid state sintering at 13000C for two hours. Two distinguish micro structural regions can be observed in sample doped with Nb2O5. The first one, with a very small grained microstructure and the other one, with a rod like grains. In MnCO3 and CaZrO3 doped ceramics the uniform microstructure is formed with average grain size about 0.5- 2µm and 3-5µm respectively. The highest value of dielectric permittivity at room temperature and the greatest change of permittivity in function of temperature were observed in MnCO3/BaTiO3. In all investigated samples dielectric constant after initially large value at low frequency attains a constant value at f = 6kHz. A dissipation factor is independent of frequency greater than 10 kHz and, depending of systems, lies in the range from 0.035 to 0.25. At temperatures above Curie temperatures, the permittivity of all investigated samples follows a Curie- Weiss law. A slight shift of Curie temperature to the lower temperatures, in respect of Curie temperature for undoped BaTiO3, was observed in all investigated samples.

Evolution from successive phase transitions to "morphotropic phase boundary" in BaTiO3-based ferroelectrics

Science.gov (United States)

Zhou, Chao; Ke, Xiaoqin; Yao, Yonggang; Yang, Sen; Ji, Yuanchao; Liu, Wenfeng; Yang, Yaodong; Zhang, Lixue; Hao, Yanshuang; Ren, Shuai; Zhang, Le; Ren, Xiaobing

2018-04-01

Obtaining superior physical properties for ferroic materials by manipulating the phase transitions is a key concern in solid state physics. Here, we investigated the dielectric permittivity, piezoelectric coefficient d33, storage modulus, and crystal symmetry of (1-x)Ba(Ti0.8Zr0.2)O3-x(Ba1-yCay)TiO3 (BZT-xBCyT) systems to demonstrate the gradual evolution process from successive phase transitions in BaTiO3 to the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) regime in BZT-xBC0.3T. Furthermore, we analysed with a Landau-type theoretical model to show that the high field-sensitive response (dielectric permittivity) originates from a small polarization anisotropy and low energy barrier at the quadruple point. Together, the intermediate orthorhombic phase regime and the tetragonal-orthorhombic and orthorhombic-rhombohedral phase boundaries constitute the MPB. Our work not only reconciles the arguments regarding whether the structural state around the MPB corresponds to a single-phase regime or a multiple-phase-coexistence regime but also suggests an effective method to design high-performance functional ferroic materials by tailoring the successive phase transitions.

Factors influencing formation of highly dispersed BaTiO3 nanospheres with uniform sizes in static hydrothermal synthesis

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gao, Jiabing; Shi, Haiyue; Dong, Huina; Zhang, Rui; Chen, Deliang

2015-01-01

Highly dispersed BaTiO 3 nanospheres with uniform sizes have important applications in micro/nanoscale functional devices. To achieve well-dispersed spherical BaTiO 3 nanocrystals, we carried out as reported in this paper the systematic investigation on the factors that influence the formation of BaTiO 3 nanospheres by the static hydrothermal process, including the NaOH concentrations [NaOH], molar Ba/Ti ratios (R Ba/Ti ), hydrothermal temperatures, and durations, with an emphasis on understanding the related mechanisms. Barium nitrate and TiO 2 sols derived from tetrabutyl titanate were used as the starting materials. The as-synthesized BaTiO 3 samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis, and FT-IR spectra. The highly dispersed BaTiO 3 nanospheres (76 ± 13 nm) were achieved under the optimum hydrothermal conditions at 200 °C for 10 h: [NaOH] = 2.0 mol L −1 and R Ba/Ti  = 1.5. Higher NaOH concentrations, higher Ba/Ti ratios, higher hydrothermal temperatures, and longer hydrothermal durations are favorable in forming BaTiO 3 nanospheres with larger fractions of tetragonal phase and higher yields; but too long hydrothermal durations resulted in abnormal growth and reduced the uniformity in particle sizes. The possible formation mechanisms for BaTiO 3 nanocrystals under the static hydrothermal conditions were investigated

Thickness dependent charge transport in ferroelectric BaTiO3 heterojunctions

Science.gov (United States)

Singh, Pooja; Rout, P. K.; Singh, Manju; Rakshit, R. K.; Dogra, Anjana

2015-09-01

We have investigated the effect of ferroelectric barium titanate (BaTiO3) film thickness on the charge transport mechanism in pulsed laser deposited epitaxial metal-ferroelectric semiconductor junctions. The current (I)-voltage (V) measurements across the junctions comprising of 20-500 nm thick BaTiO3 and conducting bottom electrode (Nb: SrTiO3 substrate or La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 buffer layer) demonstrate the space charge limited conduction. Further analysis indicates a reduction in the ratio of free to trapped carriers with increasing thickness in spite of decreasing trap density. Such behaviour arises the deepening of the shallow trap levels (I-V curves implies a bipolar resistive switching behaviour, which can be explained in terms of charge trapping and de-trapping process.

THE APPLICATION OF STEREOLOGY METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE NUMBER OF 3D BaTiO3 – CERAMIC GRAINS CONTACT SURFACES

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Vojislav V Mitić

2011-05-01

Full Text Available Methods of stereological study are of great importance for structural research of electronic ceramic materials including BaTiO3-ceramic materials. The broad application of ceramics, based on barium-titanate, in advanced electronics nowadays demands a constant research of its structure, that through the correlation structureproperties, a fundamental in the basic materials properties prognosis triad (technology-structure-properties, leads to further prognosis and properties design of these ceramics. Microstructure properties of BaTiO3- ceramic material, expressed in grains' boundary contact, are of basic importance for electric properties of this material, particularly the capacity. In this paper, a significant step towards establishing control under capacitive properties of BaTiO3-ceramics is being done by estimating the number of grains contact surfaces. Defining an efficient stereology method for estimating the number of BaTiO3-ceramic grains contact surfaces, we have started from a mathematical model of mutual grains distribution in the prescribed volume of BaTiO3-ceramic sample. Since the real microstructure morphology of BaTiO3-ceramics is in some way disordered, spherical shaped grains, using computer-modelling methods, are approximated by polyhedra with a great number of small convex polygons. By dividing the volume of BaTiO3-ceramic sample with the definite number of parallel planes, according to a given pace, into the intersection plane a certain number of grains contact surfaces are identified. According to quantitative estimation of 2D stereological parameters the modelled 3D internal microstructure is obtained. Experiments were made by using the scanning electronic microscopy (SEM method with the ceramic samples prepared under pressing pressures up to 150 MPa and sintering temperature up to 1370°C while the obtained microphotographs were used as a base of confirming the validity of presented stereology method. This paper, by applying

Complementary resistive switching in BaTiO3/NiO bilayer with opposite switching polarities

Science.gov (United States)

Li, Shuo; Wei, Xianhua; Lei, Yao; Yuan, Xincai; Zeng, Huizhong

2016-12-01

Resistive switching behaviors have been investigated in the Au/BaTiO3/NiO/Pt structure by stacking the two elements with different switching types. The conducting atomic force microscope measurements on BaTiO3 thin films and NiO thin films suggest that with the same active resistive switching region, the switching polarities in the two semiconductors are opposite to each other. It is in agreement with the bipolar hysteresis I-V curves with opposite switching polarities for single-layer devices. The bilayer devices show complementary resistive switching (CRS) without electroforming and unipolar resistive switching (URS) after electroforming. The coexistence of CRS and URS is mainly ascribed to the co-effect of electric field and Joule heating mechanisms, indicating that changeable of resistance in this device is dominated by the redistribution of oxygen vacancies in BaTiO3 and the formation, disruption, restoration of conducting filaments in NiO. CRS in bilayer with opposite switching polarities is effective to solve the sneak current without the introduction of any selector elements or an additional metal electrode.

Nanocomposites of ferroelectric polymers with surface-hydroxylated BaTiO 3 nanoparticles for energy storage applications

KAUST Repository

Almadhoun, Mahmoud Nassar Mahmoud

2012-01-01

A facile surface hydroxylation treatment using hydrogen peroxide to modify the surface of BaTiO 3 nanofillers dispersed in a ferroelectric copolymer host has been investigated. We demonstrate that the surface functionalization of the BaTiO 3 nanofillers (<100 nm) with hydroxyl groups results in as much as two orders of magnitude reduction in the leakage current of nanocomposite thin-film capacitors. This reduction is observed concurrently with the enhancement of the effective permittivity and breakdown strength of the thin-film nanocomposites. Surface modified BaTiO 3 particles display better dispersion within the polymer matrix, resulting in enhanced relative permittivity and reduced dielectric loss. The dielectric behavior of the nanocomposite films containing up to 30 vol.% BaTiO 3 agreed well with the Bruggeman model. These results demonstrate the potential of facile surface hydroxylation of nanoparticles towards the fabrication of higher energy-density nanocomposites. © 2012 The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Flow method for rapid production of Batio3 nanoparticles in supercritical water

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Atashfaraz, M.; Shariati-Niassar, M.; Ohara, Satoshi; Takami, S.; Umetsu, M.; Naka, T.; Adschiri, T.

2006-01-01

Fine BaTiO 3 nanoparticles were obtained by hydrothermal synthesis under supercritical conditions with batch and flow type experimental methods. Mixture of barium hydroxide and titanium oxide starting solution was treated in the supercritical wafer at 400 d eg C and 30 MPa. The size of nanoparticles synthesized in the flow type experiment was smaller than that in the batch type. Rapid heating in a flow, reactor is effective to synthesize smaller size and narrower particle size distribution for the BaTiO 3 , nanoparticles. The mechanism for this result was discussed based on the solubility of titanium oxide

Growth and characterization of Sm3+ doped cerium oxalate single crystals

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Minu Mary C

2016-07-01

Full Text Available Single crystals of Sm3+ doped cerium oxalate decahydrate were synthesized using single diffusion gel technique and the conditions influencing the size, morphology, nucleation density and quality of the crystals were optimized. Highly transparent single crystals of average size 3 mm × 2 mm × 1 mm with well-defined hexagonal morphology were grown during a time period of two weeks. X-ray powder diffraction analysis revealed that the grown crystals crystallize in the monoclinic system with space group P21/c as identical with the pure cerium oxalate. The various functional groups of the oxalate ligand and the water of crystallization were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The photoluminescence spectrum of the Sm3+ doped cerium oxalate indicated that the Sm3+ ions are optically active in the cerium oxalate matrix. The crystal has a strong and efficient orange red emission with a wavelength peak at 595 nm and hence can be effectively used for optical amplification. Microhardness measurements of the crystal revealed that they belong to the soft material category.

Band-offsets at BaTiO3/Cu2O heterojunction and enhanced photoelectrochemical response: theory and experiment(Conference Presentation)

Science.gov (United States)

Sharma, Dipika; Satsangi, Vibha R.; Dass Kaura, Sahab; Shrivastav, Rohit; Waghmare, Umesh V.

2016-10-01

Band-offsets at BaTiO3/Cu2O heterojunction and enhanced photoelectrochemical response: theory and experiment Dipika Sharmaa, Vibha R. Satsangib, Rohit Shrivastava, Umesh V. Waghmarec, Sahab Dassa aDepartment of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra-282 110 (India) bDepartment of Physics and Computer Sciences, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra-282 110 (India) cTheoretical Sciences Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore-560 064 (India) * Phone: +91-9219695960. Fax: +91-562-2801226. E-mail: drsahabdas@gmail.com. Study on photoelectrochemical activity of pristine BaTiO3, Cu2O and BaTiO3/Cu2O heterojunction has been carried out using DFT based band offsets and charge carriers effective mass calculations and their experimental verification. The results of DFT calculations show that BaTiO3 and Cu2O have staggered type band alignment after the heterojunction formation and high mobility of electrons in Cu2O as compared to the electrons in BaTiO3. Staggered type band edges alignment and high mobility of electrons and holes improved the separation of photo-generated charge carriers in BaTiO3/Cu2O heterojunction. To validate the theoretical results experiments were carried out on pristine BaTiO3, Cu2O and BaTiO3/Cu2O heterojunction with varying thickness of Cu2O. All samples were characterized by X- Ray Diffractometer, SEM and UV-Vis spectrometry. Nanostructured thin films of pristine BaTiO3, Cu2O and BaTiO3/Cu2O heterojunction were used as photoelectrode in the photoelectrochemical cell for water splitting reaction. Maximum photocurrent density of 1.44 mA/cm2 at 0.90 V/SCE was exhibited by 442 nm thick BaTiO3/Cu2O heterojunction photoelectrode Increased photocurrent density and enhanced photoconversion efficiency, exhibited by the heterojunction may be attributed to improved conductivity and enhanced separation of the photogenerated carriers at the BaTiO3/Cu2O interface. The experimental results and first

BiI{sub 3} single crystal for room-temperature gamma ray detectors

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Saito, T., E-mail: saito.tatsuya125@canon.co.jp [Frontier Research Center, Canon Inc., 3-30-2, Shimomaruko, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 146-8501 (Japan); Iwasaki, T. [Frontier Research Center, Canon Inc., 3-30-2, Shimomaruko, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 146-8501 (Japan); Kurosawa, S.; Yoshikawa, A. [Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577 (Japan); New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, 6-6-10 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579 (Japan); Den, T. [Frontier Research Center, Canon Inc., 3-30-2, Shimomaruko, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 146-8501 (Japan)

2016-01-11

BiI{sub 3} single crystals were grown by the physical vapor transport method. The repeated sublimation of the starting material reduced impurities in the BiI{sub 3} single crystal to sub-ppm levels. The detector was fabricated by depositing Au electrodes on both surfaces of the 100-μm-thick BiI{sub 3} single crystal platelet. The resistivity of the BiI{sub 3} single crystal was increased by post-annealing in an iodine atmosphere (ρ=1.6×10{sup 11} Ω cm). Pulse height spectroscopy measurements showed clear peaks in the energy spectrum of alpha particles or gamma rays. It was estimated that the mobility-lifetime product was μ{sub e}τ{sub e}=3.4–8.5×10{sup −6} cm{sup 2}/V and the electron–hole pair creation energy was 5.8 eV. Our results show that BiI{sub 3} single crystals are promising candidates for detectors used in radiographic imaging or gamma ray spectroscopy.

Lattice effects in YVO3 single crystal

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Marquina, C; Sikora, M; Ibarra, MR; Nugroho, AA; Palstra, TTM

In this paper we report on the lattice effects in the Mott insulator yttrium orthovanadate (YVO3). Linear thermal expansion and magnetostriction experiments have been performed on a single crystal, in the temperature range from 5 K to room temperature. The YVO3 orders antiferromagnetically at T-N =

Síntesis de polvos de BaTiO3 por mecanoquímica

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Villaquirán Raigoza, C. F.

2002-02-01

Full Text Available The barium titanato, BaTiO3, is one of the electronic ceramics with more history of technological application in the industry of the ceramic capacitores. The actual technological demands, and the high quality required for the electronic devices, have driven to new alternatives of prosecution of these materials and to optimize the traditional techniques of raw materials synthesis it prevails. An alternative synthesis is to use the mechanical energy to modify the physiochemical properties of the dispersed system and to favor the obtaining of powders of BaTiO3. In this work the results are indicated obtained when using mechanical activation, physicochemistry, in the obtaining of the BaTiO3. It has been analyzed the effect of the time of mill and the nature of the precursor of the titanium on the transformation of phases in the samples during the thermal treatment to that are subjected. X-ray diffraction, DRX, was used to study the phases evolution and infrared spectroscopy, FTIR, to determine the functional groups present in the samples.El titanato de bario, BaTiO3, es uno de los cerámicos electrónicos con mayor historia de aplicación tecnológica en la industria de los capacitores cerámicos. Las demandas tecnológicas actuales, y la alta calidad requerida para los dispositivos electrónicos, han conducido a nuevas alternativas de procesamiento de estos materiales y a optimizar las técnicas tradicionales de síntesis de materia prima. Una alternativa de síntesis es utilizar la energía mecánica para modificar las propiedades fisicoquímicas del sistema disperso y favorecer la obtención de polvos de BaTiO3. En este trabajo se indican los resultados obtenidos al utilizar activación mecánica, mecanoquímica, en la obtención del BaTiO3. Se ha analizado el efecto del tiempo de molienda y la naturaleza del precursor del titanio sobre la transformación de fases que experimentan las muestras durante el tratamiento térmico a que son sometidas

Crystal orientation dependence of the optical bandgap of (1 - x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 single crystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wan Xinming; Zhao Xiangyong; Chan, H.L.W.; Choy, C.L.; Luo Haosu

2005-01-01

The transmission spectra of rhombohedral 0.71Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -0.29PbTiO 3 (PMN-0.29PT) and tetragonal PMN-0.38PT single crystals were obtained in the main crystallographic directions , and . The absorption coefficients were computed and the optical bandgaps were calculated in both direct and indirect transitions. The energy of phonons contributing in the indirect transition was also calculated. For PMN-0.38PT single crystal in all the three directions, the values of direct bandgaps E gd are all slightly lower than those of PMN-0.29PT single crystal, while the indirect bandgaps E gi are all higher. For different crystallographic directions, the values of E gi for -direction are lower compared with and directions, both for PMN-0.29PT and PMN-0.38PT single crystals. Some discussions about the B-site cation d-orbits and the O-anion 2p orbits that determine the basic energy level of the single crystals are presented. The optical transition mechanism was also discussed

Lateral electric-field control of giant magnetoresistance in Co/Cu/Fe/BaTiO3 multiferroic heterostructure

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Savitha Pillai, S.; Kojima, H.; Itoh, M.; Taniyama, T.

2015-01-01

We report lateral electric-field-driven sizable changes in the magnetoresistance of Co/Cu/Fe tri-layered wires on BaTiO 3 single crystal. While the observed change is marginal in the tetragonal phase of BaTiO 3 , it reaches over 40% in the orthorhombic and rhombohedral phases with an electric field of 66 kV/cm. We attribute it to possible electric-field-induced variations of the spin-dependent electronic structures, i.e., spin polarization, of the Fe via interfacial strain transfer from BaTiO 3 . The contrasting results for the different phases of BaTiO 3 are discussed, associated with the distinct aspects of the ferroelectric polarization switching processes in each phase

Lateral electric-field control of giant magnetoresistance in Co/Cu/Fe/BaTiO3 multiferroic heterostructure

Science.gov (United States)

Savitha Pillai, S.; Kojima, H.; Itoh, M.; Taniyama, T.

2015-08-01

We report lateral electric-field-driven sizable changes in the magnetoresistance of Co/Cu/Fe tri-layered wires on BaTiO3 single crystal. While the observed change is marginal in the tetragonal phase of BaTiO3, it reaches over 40% in the orthorhombic and rhombohedral phases with an electric field of 66 kV/cm. We attribute it to possible electric-field-induced variations of the spin-dependent electronic structures, i.e., spin polarization, of the Fe via interfacial strain transfer from BaTiO3. The contrasting results for the different phases of BaTiO3 are discussed, associated with the distinct aspects of the ferroelectric polarization switching processes in each phase.

Direct Observation of Surface Potential Distribution in Insulation Resistance Degraded Acceptor-Doped BaTiO3 Multilayered Ceramic Capacitors

Science.gov (United States)

Hong, Kootak; Lee, Tae Hyung; Suh, Jun Min; Park, Jae-Sung; Kwon, Hyung-Soon; Choi, Jaeho; Jang, Ho Won

2018-05-01

Insulation resistance (IR) degradation in BaTiO3 is a key issue for developing miniaturized multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) with high capacity. Despite rapid progress in BaTiO3-based MLCCs, the mechanism of IR degradation is still controversial. In this study, we demonstrate the Al doping effect on IR degradation behavior of BaTiO3 MLCCs by electrical measurements and scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM). As the Al doping concentration in BaTiO3 increases, IR degradation of MLCCs seems to be suppressed from electrical characterization results. However, SKPM results reveal that the conductive regions near the cathode become lager with Al doping after IR degradation. The formation of conducting regions is attributed to the migration of oxygen vacancies, which is the origin of IR degradation in BaTiO3, in dielectric layers. These results imply that acceptor doping in BaTiO3 solely cannot suppress the IR degradation in MLCC even though less asymmetric IR characteristics and IR degradation in MLCCs with higher Al doping concentration are observed from electrical characterization. Our results strongly suggest that observing the surface potential distribution in IR degraded dielectric layers using SKPM is an effective method to unravel the mechanism of IR degradation in MLCCs.

Fabrication of BaTiO3/Ni composite particles and their electro-magneto responsive properties

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lu, Yaping; Gao, Lingxiang; Wang, Lijuan; Xie, Zunyuan; Gao, Meixiang; Zhang, Weiqiang

2017-01-01

Graphical abstract: The spherical BaTiO 3 /Ni particles with excellent structure were made by one-step method through fixing the metal Ni(0) reduced by a specific reducing agent (N 2 H 4 ·H 2 O) on the surface of the BaTiO 3 particles with grain diameter of ∼500 nm. BaTiO 3 /Ni particle has double responses of electric and magnetic field simultaneously. Consequentially, coating magnetic metal on BT particle is proposed an effective method to prepare novel electro-magneto responsive particles and one basis of electro-magneto responsive elastomers. - Highlights: • The BaTiO 3 /Ni composite particles were fabricated. • The content of Ni(0) in nickel sheath is 70.2%. • The BaTiO 3 /Ni particles have double responses of electric and magnetic field. - Abstract: BaTiO 3 (BT)/Ni composite particles were made by one-step method through agglomerating the metal Ni(0) nanoparticles reduced by a specific reducing agent (N 2 H 4 ·H 2 O) on the surface of BT sphere with diameter of ∼500 nm. The BT/Ni composite particles were characterized by the means of scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In BT/Ni particles, pure BT spherical particle was coated with Ni nanoparticles agglomerated on its surface. The average thickness of the Ni sheath was ∼30 nm and the content of Ni(0) and Ni (II) in the sheath were 70.2% and 29.8%, respectively. The responsive effects of BT/Ni particles filled in hydrogel elastomer were investigated by the viscoelastic properties. The results indicate that the BT/Ni particles exhibit electro and magneto coordinated responsive properties (E = 1 kV/mm, H = 0.1 T/mm), which is superior to BT particles with individual electro response.

Enhancement of polarization property of silane-modified BaTiO3 nanoparticles and its effect in increasing dielectric property of epoxy/BaTiO3 nanocomposites

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Thi Tuyet Mai Phan

2016-03-01

Full Text Available The surface modification of synthesized nano-BaTiO3 particles was carried out using γ-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane (γ-APS in an ethanol/water solution. The modified particles were characterized by FTIR, TGA, surface charge analysis, and by dielectric constant measurement. The silane molecules were attached to the surface of BaTiO3 particles through SiOBaTiO3 bonds. The γ-APS grafted on BaTiO3 made the dielectric constant of the particles increase at frequencies ≥0.3 kHz in a wide range of temperature (25 °C–140 °C, due to the presence of NH2 groups. The dependence of the polarization vs. electrical field was measured in order to elucidate the dielectric behavior of the silane treated BaTiO3 in comparison to untreated BaTiO3. The nanocomposite based on epoxy resin containing BaTiO3 nanoparticles untreated and treated with γ-APS was also prepared and characterized. The results indicated that the γ-APS-modified BaTiO3 surfaces significantly enhanced the dielectric property of the nanocomposite.

Fabrication and electrical investigations of Pb-doped BaTiO_3 ceramics

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sareecha, N.; Shah, W.A.; Maqsood, A.; Anis-ur-Rehman, M.; Latif Mirza, M.

2017-01-01

Electrical properties of Pb doped BaTiO_3; PBT are investigated in the wide range of temperatures (40–700 °C) at 1 kHz frequency. PBT ceramics were fabricated through solid state sintering method. Pre fired BaTiO_3 prepared with Ba/Ti molar ratio of 0.98 was doped with PbCO_3 (<1 mole %). XRD patterns indicated perovskite phase with tetragonal structures (P4mm). Morphological studies (SEM) revealed grain development with increasing lead contents. With lead doping and its variation, Curie temperature (T_C) was shifted from 120 to 200 °C with broad dielectric constant peaks and dielectric anomalies with relaxor behavior were observed. Resistivity decreased with increasing temperature, all specimens showed semiconductor behavior with negative temperature coefficient of resistivity (NTCR) characteristics. Mobility of electrons increased with thermal activation due to hopping of charge carriers from one site to another. Ohmic conductivities and associated activation energies were evaluated by impedance spectroscopy. Conductivity followed the Arrhenius law with E_a = 1.187–1.169 eV which can be attributed to the ionic conduction owning to doubly ionized oxygen vacancies. Well-defined hysteresis P-E loops measured at room temperature depicted ferroelectric properties of the materials. - Graphical abstract: Temperature dependence of dielectric constant (Ɛ′) and resistivity (ρ) for pure and Pb-doped BaTiO_3 ceramics at 1 k Hz frequency. - Highlights: • Pb-doped BaTiO_3ceramics were fabricated through solid state sintering. • Electrical properties were studied at the temperatures 40–700 °C at 1 kHz. • Specimens showed negative temperature coefficient of resistivity characteristics. • Conductivity followed the Arrhenius law with E_a = 1.187–1.169 eV. • Ionic conduction was supposed to be responsible for conduction process.

Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3O3–PbTiO3 single crystal and device development

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

L. C. Lim

2014-01-01

Full Text Available This paper describes recent device developments with relaxor ferroelectric Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3O3–PbTiO3 (PZN–PT single crystals carried out at Microfine Materials Technologies Pte. Ltd, Singapore. Promising [011]-poled transverse cuts of PZN–PT single crystals and the results on the effect of electric field and axial compressive stress on the rhombohedral-to-orthorhombic (R–O phase transformation behavior of such cuts are presented and discussed. The single crystal devices described include a compact low-frequency broadband power-efficient underwater tonpilz projector, high sensitivity shear accelerometers and acoustic vector sensors (AVS. The unique characteristics offered by these PZN–PT single crystal devices are highlighted, which serve as examples of new-generation piezoelectric devices and systems for a wide range of demanding applications.

Commensurability oscillations in NdBa2Cu3Oy single crystals

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

gated by angular dependent magnetization in very pure twinned and twin-free NdBa2 Cu3 Oy single ... The layered structure and the c-axis coherence length, ξc ≈ 4 ˚A, smaller than the lattice ... The high quality of both crystals is demonstrated by ... Commensurability oscillations in NdBa2Cu3Oy single crystals. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Electrical properties of (1 0 0)-predominant BaTiO3 films derived from alkoxide solutions of two concentrations

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Guo Yiping; Suzuki, Kazuyuki; Nishizawa, Kaori; Miki, Takeshi; Kato, Kazumi

2006-01-01

Lead-free piezoelectric films with thickness larger than 1 μm integrated on silicon substrates have been receiving considerable attention because of environmental concerns and their potential applications in microelectromechanical systems. We demonstrate that, by chemical solution deposition, it is possible to process (1 0 0)-predominant 1 μm BaTiO 3 films on LaNiO 3 /Pt/TiO x /SiO 2 /Si substrates using thinner high-crystallinity columnar BaTiO 3 films as buffer layers. We point out that this kind of buffer layer prepared with a lower concentration solution on the surface of an LaNiO 3 /Pt electrode is effective in enhancing the crystallinity and orientation degree of final BaTiO 3 films prepared with a higher concentration solution. The 1 μm BaTiO 3 films show good dielectric and insulating characteristics against an applied field, and the conduction current shows Schottky emission behavior at modest voltage and space-charge-limited behavior at higher voltage. We also demonstrate that the (1 0 0)-predominant 1 μm BaTiO 3 films have excellent piezoelectric properties: piezoelectric coefficients d 33 higher than 50 pm/V have been determined for the bare films using atomic force microscopy, which are comparable to those of Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 films. These results indicate that the (1 0 0)-predominant BaTiO 3 films should be promising candidates for microelectromechanical systems applications

Strain-mediated magnetic response in La0.67Sr0.33MnO3/SrTiO3/La0.67Sr0.33MnO3/BaTiO3 structure

Science.gov (United States)

Swain, Anupama; Komatsu, Katsuyoshi; Itoh, Mitsuru; Taniyama, Tomoyasu; Gorige, Venkataiah

2018-05-01

Electric field controlled magnetism is an exciting area of condensed matter physics to explore the device applications at ultra-low power consumption compared to the conventional current controlled or magnetic field controlled devices. In this study, an attempt was made to demonstrate electric field controlled magnetoresistance (MR) in a tri-layer structure consisting of La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (LSMO) (40 nm)/SrTiO3 (10 nm)/LSMO (10 nm) grown on a 500-μm-thick BaTiO3 (001) (BTO) single crystal substrate by pulsed laser deposition technique. Epitaxial growth of the trilayer structure was confirmed by x-ray diffraction measurements. Jumps observed in the temperature-dependent magnetization curve at around the structural phase transitions of BTO ensure the strain-mediated magnetoelectric coupling between LSMO and BTO layers. A significant change in MR of this structure in applied electric fields does not show any polarity dependence. The findings are related to the lattice strain-mediated magnetoelectric coupling in ferromagnetic LSMO/ferroelectric BTO heterostructures.

Ajuste teórico de las curvas PTCR de BaTiO3 dopado con niobio

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Castro, M. S.

2002-02-01

Full Text Available In this work, a theoretical fitting to the experimental PTCR effect in slightly Nb-doped BaTiO3 from the Heywang-Jonker model is simulated. Besides, a qualitative approach was used to evaluate the GBBL characteristics of strongly Nb - doped BaTiO3. In both cases, a link between the electrical properties and the defect profile developed in these based - BaTiO3 ceramics was established. From the results, good agreement between experimental and calculated results was obtained for the PTCR ceramics. Asmall increment in Nb2O5 concentration leads to an increasing in the concentration of occupied acceptor states, the energy of the surface state and also the barrier height. In these cases, microstructural observations shown an important grain growth with average grain size between 10 and 100μm. EPR results clearly indicate low concentration of cationic vacancies for these materials. This phenomenon is associated to a charge-compensation mechanism in slightly-doped BaTiO3, that result in a semiconducting behaviour. On the other hand, the electrical behaviour of strongly–doped BaTiO3 moves away from the PTCR effect, and the material becomes insulating with noticeable GBBL characteristics. In this case, microstructural observations along defect structure analysis encourage the hypothesis in which barium vacancies act as acceptor at grain boundaries and play and important role in restricting grain growth of Nb2O5-BaTiO3 ceramics.En este trabajo se determinó la influencia de la concentración de Nb2O5 sobre el comportamiento PTCR de cerámicos basados en BaTiO3. Por otra parte, se estudió el impacto de una gran concentración del dopante sobre el comportamiento GBBL del BaTiO3. En ambos casos, se estableció una relación entre las propiedades eléctricas observadas y la estructura de defectos iónicos desarrollada. La aplicación del modelo de Heywang-Jonker permite el ajuste teórico de las curvas de resistividad – temperatura de los cerámicos PTCR

Blue luminescence in Tm3+-doped KGd(WO4)2 single crystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gueell, F.; Mateos, X.; Gavalda, Jna.; Sole, R.; Aguilo, M.; Diaz, F.; Massons, J.

2004-01-01

Up-conversion blue emissions of trivalent thulium ions in monoclinic KGd(WO 4 ) 2 single crystals at 454 and 479 nm are reported for a single pump laser source at 688 nm. We grew thulium-doped KGd(WO 4 ) 2 single crystals at several concentrations from 0.1% to 10%. We recorded a polarized optical absorption spectrum for the 3 F 2 + 3 F 3 energy levels of thulium at room temperature and low temperature (6 K). From the low temperature emission spectra we determined the splitting of the 3 H 6 ground state. The blue emissions are characterized as a function of the dopant concentration and temperature from 10 K to room temperature. To our knowledge, this is the first time that sequential two-photon excitation process (STEP) generated blue emissions in thulium-doped single crystals with a single excitation wavelength

Synthesis and structural characterization of bulk Sb2Te3 single crystal

Science.gov (United States)

Sultana, Rabia; Gahtori, Bhasker; Meena, R. S.; Awana, V. P. S.

2018-05-01

We report the growth and characterization of bulk Sb2Te3 single crystal synthesized by the self flux method via solid state reaction route from high temperature melt (850˚C) and slow cooling (2˚C/hour) of constituent elements. The single crystal X-ray diffraction pattern showed the 00l alignment and the high crystalline nature of the resultant sample. The rietveld fitted room temperature powder XRD revealed the phase purity and rhombohedral structure of the synthesized crystal. The formation and analysis of unit cell structure further verified the rhombohedral structure composed of three quintuple layers stacked one over the other. The SEM image showed the layered directional growth of the synthesized crystal carried out using the ZEISS-EVOMA-10 scanning electron microscope The electrical resistivity measurement was carried out using the conventional four-probe method on a quantum design Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS). The temperature dependent electrical resistivity plot for studied Sb2Te3 single crystal depicts metallic behaviour in the absence of any applied magnetic field. The synthesis as well as the structural characterization of as grown Sb2Te3 single crystal is reported and discussed in the present letter.

Effects of A-site nonstoichiometry on oxide ion conduction in 0.94Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–0.06BaTiO3 ceramics

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Sasiporn Prasertpalichat

2016-06-01

Full Text Available Lead free 0.94(Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–0.06BaTiO3 ceramics were prepared by conventional solid-state mixed oxide route with the A-site stoichiometry modified to incorporate donor-doping (through Bi-excess and acceptor-doping (through Na-excess. Both stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric ceramics exhibited a single perovskite phase with pseudo-cubic symmetry. A significant improvement in the dielectric properties was observed in Bi-excess compositions and a deterioration in the dielectric properties was observed in Na-excess compositions. Impedance spectroscopy was utilized to analyze the effects of A-site nonstoichiometry on conduction mechanisms. Compositions with Bi-excess resulted in an electrically homogeneous microstructure with an increase in resistivity by ∼3–4 orders of magnitude and an associated activation energy of 1.57eV which was close to half of the optical bandgap. In contrast, an electrically heterogeneous microstructure was observed in both the stoichiometric and Na-excess compositions. In addition, the Na-excess compositions exhibited low resistivities (ρ∼103Ω-cm with characteristic peaks in the impedance data comparable to the recent observations of oxide ion conduction in (Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3. Long term annealing studies were also conducted at 800∘C to identify changes in crystal structure and electrical properties. The results of this study demonstrates that the dielectric and electrical properties of 0.94(Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–0.06BaTiO3 ceramics are very sensitive to Bi/Na stoichiometry.

Interface control in BaTiO3 based supercapacitors

Science.gov (United States)

Maglione, Mario; Elissalde, Catherine; Chung, U.-Chan

2010-03-01

Core shell BaTiO3 based particles sintered using advanced processes provide a high control of grain boundaries in bulk composites. As a result, supercapacitor behavior was evidenced which came from the balance between inner grain conductivity and grain boundary dielectric barrier. Thanks to the core-shell structure of the starting particles, improved control of the effective dielectric parameters can be achieved.

Ferroelectric BaTiO3 thin films on Ti substrate fabricated using pulsed-laser deposition.

Science.gov (United States)

He, J; Jiang, J C; Liu, J; Collins, G; Chen, C L; Lin, B; Giurgiutiu, V; Guo, R Y; Bhalla, A; Meletis, E I

2010-09-01

We report on the fabrication of ferroelectric BaTiO3 thin films on titanium substrates using pulsed laser deposition and their microstructures and properties. Electron microscopy studies reveal that BaTiO3 films are composed of crystalline assemblage of nanopillars with average cross sections from 100 nm to 200 nm. The BaTiO3 films have good interface structures and strong adhesion with respect to Ti substrates by forming a rutile TiO2 intermediate layer with a gradient microstructure. The room temperature ferroelectric polarization measurements show that the as-deposited BTO films possess nearly the same spontaneous polarization as the bulk BTO ceramics indicating formation of ferroelectric domains in the films. Successful fabrication of such ferroelectric films on Ti has significant importance for the development of new applications such as structural health monitoring spanning from aerospace to civil infrastructure. The work can be extended to integrate other ferroelectric oxide films with various promising properties to monitor the structural health of materials.

Zn2+ in-situ substitution behavior during the formation of BaTiO3 coatings from plasma-sprayed powders collected in liquid nitrogen

Science.gov (United States)

Liu, Zhe; Xing, Zhiguo; Wang, Haidou; Xue, Zifan; Chen, Shuying; Cui, Xiufang; Jin, Guo

2018-04-01

The dielectric performance of BaTiO3 ceramic coatings is enhanced significantly by the addition of ZnO. In this study, the maximum relative permittivity value (εr ≈ 923) was measured in BaTiO3 coatings with ZnO added at 6 wt%. The Curie temperature (Tc) was in the range of 111 °C-121 °C for all of the ZnO-modified BaTiO3 coatings. Tc shifted to low temperatures as the ZnO content increased. Detailed analyses were performed to determine the phase composition and optical band gaps of powders collected in liquid nitrogen, which showed that the Zn2+ ions were incorporated into the BaTiO3 lattice where they substituted into the Ti4+ sites, and the composite powders (BaTiO3 + 6 wt% ZnO) tolerated high temperatures in the plasma beam. In addition, some residual Zn accumulated in the grain boundary in the form of ZnO. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy showed that the substitution led to changes in the compositional and structural properties. The red shift in the optical band gap of BaTiO3 indicated that the ZnTi'' defects caused by the dopants acted as carriers in the doped BaTiO3 coatings.

Linear electro-optical properties of tetragonal BaTiO 3

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Linear optical susceptibility and clamped linear electro-optical tensor coefficients of tetragonal BaTiO3 are calculated using a formalism based on bond charge theory. Calculated values are in close agreement with experimental data. The covalent Ti–O bonds constituting distorted TiO6 octahedral groups are found to be ...

Large-scale single-crystal growth of (CH3)2NH2CuCl3 for neutron scattering experiments

Science.gov (United States)

Park, Garam; Oh, In-Hwan; Park, J. M. Sungil; Park, Seong-Hun; Hong, Chang Seop; Lee, Kwang-Sei

2016-05-01

Neutron scattering studies on low-dimensional quantum spin systems require large-size single-crystals. Single-crystals of (CH3)2NH2CuCl3 showing low-dimensional magnetic behaviors were grown by a slow solvent evaporation method in a two-solvent system at different temperature settings. The best results were obtained for the bilayer solution of methanol and isopropanol with a molar ratio of 2:1 at 35 °C. The quality of the obtained single-crystals was tested by powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction and single-crystal neutron diffraction. In addition, to confirm structural phase transitions (SPTs), thermal analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction at 300 K and 175 K, respectively, were conducted, confirming the presence of a SPT at Tup=288 K on heating and Tdown=285 K on cooling.

Plastic deformation of Ni3Nb single crystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hagihara, Kouji; Nakano, Takayoshi; Umakoshi, Yukichi

1999-01-01

Temperature dependence of yield stress and operative slip system in Ni 3 Nb single crystals with the D0 a structure was investigated in comparison with that in an analogous L1 2 structure. Compression tests were performed at temperatures between 20 C and 1,200 C for specimens with loading axes perpendicular to (110), (331) and (270). (010)[100] slip was operative for three orientations, while (010)[001] slip for (331) and [211] twin for (270) orientations were observed, depending on deformation temperature. The critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) for the (010)[100] slip anomaly increased with increasing temperature showing a maximum peak between 400 C and 800 C depending on crystal orientation. The CRSS showed orientation dependence and no significant strain rate dependence in the temperature range for anomalous strengthening. The [100] dislocations with a screw character were aligned on the straight when the anomalous strengthening occurred. The anomalous strengthening mechanism for (010)[100] slip in Ni 3 Nb single crystals is discussed on the basis of a cross slip model which has been widely accepted for some L1 2 -type compounds

Morphology controlled ultrafine BaTiO3 based PVDF-HFP ...

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

21

... for real applications. Kew Words: Polygonal, Barium Titanate, Hydrothermal, Dielectric and Sensor. 1. 2 ... structure and can be tuned further by substituting various dopants (Sr, Ca and Zr). .... Modified BaTiO3 induces less displacement of Ti and O ions along c- axis and .... sputter coated on both sides with gold. The films ...

Lattice effects in HoVo(3) single crystal

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Sikora, M.; Marquina, C.; Ibarra, M. R.; Nugroho, A. A.; Palstra, T. T. M.

We report the study of lattice effects in the Mott insulator HoVO3 performed by means of linear thermal expansion on a single crystal in the temperature range 10-290 K. The holmium orthovanadate HoVO3 reveals gradual orbital ordering (OO) below T-OO = 200K and orders antiferromagnetically at T-N =

Thermal analysis of formation of nano-crystalline BaTiO3 using Ba(NO32 and TiO2

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Md. Jawed Ansaree

2015-12-01

Full Text Available The reaction of Ba(NO32 with TiO2 was studied by thermogravimetric (TG and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC techniques up to 1000 °C and in nitrogen atmosphere. It was found that the formation of BaTiO3 takes place above 600 °C and that precursor mixing time and heating rate have no effect on the reaction temperature. BaTiO3 powder was prepared by calcination of Ba(NO32 and TiO2 precursor mixture at 800 °C for 8 h. X-ray diffraction analysis of the synthesized BaTiO3 confirmed the formation of tetragonal phase with lattice parameters a = 3.9950±0.0003 Å and c = 4.0318±0.0004 Å. Thermal analysis of the synthesized BaTiO3 powder showed weight loss within temperature range 40–1000 °C of only 0.40%. This small amount of weight loss was connected with some impurity phase, and identified as BaCO3 using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR technique.

Tunable bandgap in hybrid perovskite CH3NH3Pb(Br3−yXy single crystals and photodetector applications

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

L. Wang

2016-04-01

Full Text Available We report the synthesis of CH3NH3Pb(Br3−yXy (X=Cl and I single crystals via a stepwise temperature control approach. High-quality CH3NH3Pb(Br3−yXy crystals with a tunable bandgap from 1.92eV to 2.53eV have been prepared successfully in this way. And further experiments revealed the influence of halogen content and preparation temperature on the structural and optical properties of these crystals. It is observed that chlorine can lower the critical nucleation energy, which results in crystallizing at lower temperature with the chlorine content increasing, while the nucleation energy increases slowly with increasing iodine content. Moreover, in contrast to Frank–van der Merwe growth with low heating rate, high heating rate leads to a mass of small size single crystals and Stranski-Krastanov growth. The single crystals with tunable band gap and impressive characteristics enable us to fabricate high performance photodetectors for different wavelengths.

Structural evolution of Ba8Ti3Nb4O24 from BaTiO3 using a series of Ba(Ti1−5xNb4x)O3 solid solutions

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Barrientos Hernández, F.R.; Lira Hernández, I.A.; Gómez Yáñez, C.; Arenas Flores, A.; Cabrera Sierra, R.; Pérez Labra, M.

2014-01-01

Highlights: • The evolution phase Ba 8 Ti 3 Nb 4 O 24 was obtained through the mechanism Ba(Ti 1-5x Nb 4x )O 3 . • Addition of niobium can accelerate grain growth of BaTiO 3 ceramics. • Ba 8 Ti 3 Nb 4 O 24 presents a dielectric loss of 0.0035 and permittivity value of 54.6. • Electrical measurements showed that Nb 5+ content drops Curie temperature. • Samples with x ⩾ 0.0625 shows an insulating behavior. -- Abstract: In this work, the structural evolution of hexagonal phase Ba 8 Ti 3 Nb 4 O 24 by adding Nb 2 O 5 to perovskite structure of BaTiO 3 was investigated. The compositions Ba(Ti 1-5x Nb 4x )O 3 ceramics, with 0.00025 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.125 were prepared by the conventional solid state route in air atmosphere, the powders precursors, BaTiO 3 , BaCO 3 and Nb 2 O 5 , were mixed in stoichiometric proportions and ground in a ball mill using alumina balls and acetone. The mixed powders were calcined at temperatures up to 1500 °C. The phase transformation of Ba 8 Ti 3 Nb 4 O 24 from BaTiO 3 was studied by DRX, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, electrical measurements (relative permittivity and P–E hysteresis loops); Rietveld’s refinement was used to structurally characterize the samples. For the devices obtained capacitance was measured at 1 kHz; with these values we calculated the relative permittivity. The samples show typical P–E hysteresis loops at room temperature accompanied by saturation polarization (Ps) and remnant polarization (Pr). The DRX and Rietveld’s refinement results show x ⩽ 0.01 has a ferroelectric behavior. When the doped level is increased x ⩾ 0.02, a peak displacement is observed, this is due to the phase transformation of tetragonal to cubic into the unit cell. Finally, with x = 0.125 the crystal structure transforms to the characteristic hexagonal phase Ba 8 Ti 3 Nb 4 O 24 which resonates at microwave frequencies

Highly uniform bipolar resistive switching characteristics in TiO2/BaTiO3/TiO2 multilayer

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ma, W. J.; Zhang, X. Y.; Wang, Ying; Zheng, Yue; Lin, S. P.; Luo, J. M.; Wang, B.; Li, Z. X.

2013-01-01

Nanoscale multilayer structure TiO 2 /BaTiO 3 /TiO 2 has been fabricated on Pt/Ti/SiO 2 /Si substrate by chemical solution deposition method. Highly uniform bipolar resistive switching (BRS) characteristics have been observed in Pt/TiO 2 /BaTiO 3 /TiO 2 /Pt cells. Analysis of the current-voltage relationship demonstrates that the space-charge-limited current conduction controlled by the localized oxygen vacancies should be important to the resistive switching behavior. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results indicated that oxygen vacancies in TiO 2 play a crucial role in the resistive switching phenomenon and the introduced TiO 2 /BaTiO 3 interfaces result in the high uniformity of bipolar resistive switching characteristics

Luminescent Properties of Surface Functionalized BaTiO3 Embedded in Poly(methyl methacrylate)

Science.gov (United States)

Requena, Sebastian; Lacoul, Srijan; Strzhemechny, Yuri M.

2014-01-01

As-received BaTiO3 nanopowders of average grain sizes 50 nm and 100 nm were functionalized by (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and mixed with poly(methyl methacrylate)/toluene solution. The nanocomposite solution was spin coated on Si substrates to form thin films. The photoluminescence spectrum of the pure powder was composed of a bandgap emission at 3.0 eV and multiple bands centered about 2.5 eV. Surface functionalization of the BaTiO3 powder via APTES increases overall luminescence at room temperature while only enhancing bandgap emission at low-temperature. Polymer coating of the functionalized nanoparticles significantly enhances bandgap emissions while decreasing emissions associated with near-surface lattice distortions at 2.5 eV. PMID:28788468

Luminescent Properties of Surface Functionalized BaTiO3 Embedded in Poly(methyl methacrylate

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sebastian Requena

2014-01-01

Full Text Available As-received BaTiO3 nanopowders of average grain sizes 50 nm and 100 nm were functionalized by (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES and mixed with poly(methyl methacrylate/toluene solution. The nanocomposite solution was spin coated on Si substrates to form thin films. The photoluminescence spectrum of the pure powder was composed of a bandgap emission at 3.0 eV and multiple bands centered about 2.5 eV. Surface functionalization of the BaTiO3 powder via APTES increases overall luminescence at room temperature while only enhancing bandgap emission at low-temperature. Polymer coating of the functionalized nanoparticles significantly enhances bandgap emissions while decreasing emissions associated with near-surface lattice distortions at 2.5 eV.

BaTiO3–P(VDF-HFP) nanocomposite dielectrics—Influence of surface modification and dispersion additives

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ehrhardt, Claudia; Fettkenhauer, Christian; Glenneberg, Jens; Münchgesang, Wolfram; Pientschke, Christoph; Großmann, Thomas; Zenkner, Mandy; Wagner, Gerald; Leipner, Hartmut S.; Buchsteiner, Alexandra; Diestelhorst, Martin; Lemm, Sebastian; Beige, Horst; Ebbinghaus, Stefan G.

2013-01-01

Highlights: • Polymer composites were prepared using a sol–gel synthesized BaTiO 3 . • BaTiO 3 surface hydroxyle groups act as linkers for surfactant molecules. • The effect of chemical adjustment between surfactant and polymer host is studied. • A positive effect of an additional dispersant was found. • Dielectric properties of the resulting composite films are presented. -- Abstract: We report on BaTiO 3 –polymer composites as dielectrics for film capacitors. BaTiO 3 was synthesized by a sol–gel soft-chemistry method leading to spherical nanoparticles with a high degree of surface hydroxyl groups which turned out to be important for the bonding of surfactant molecules. As surfactants, n-octylphosphonic acid and 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl phosphonic acid were used to inhibit particle agglomeration and to improve the wetting behaviour with the polymer. The phosphonic acid-coated BaTiO 3 nanoparticles were dispersed in solutions of poly(vinylidefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene). Composite films were prepared by the spin-coating technique. A systematic study was performed on the influence of varying oxide fractions, different surfactants and the effect of additional dispersion aids such as sodium dodecyl sulphate or BYK-W 9010 on the quality and dielectric properties of the films obtained. The chemical adjustment of the 2,3,4,5,6-pentaflourobenzyl phosphonic acid within the fluorinated organic host form a more uniform particle distribution and increase relative permittivity of the resulting composite material compared to the unflourinated surfactant. Additionally, an enhancement of the relative permittivity can be realized by adding of dispersants. These two components can increase the relative permittivity by factor 5 compared to the pure polymer material

Oxygen 1s excitation and tetragonal distortion from core-hole effect in BaTiO3

Science.gov (United States)

Bugnet, Matthieu; Radtke, Guillaume; Botton, Gianluigi A.

2013-11-01

The accurate description of the O 1s excitation in BaTiO3 has been elusive so far. In this Rapid Communication, the electronic structure and the high-resolution electron energy-loss near-edge structures of the O K edge in tetragonal BaTiO3 are investigated using first-principles calculations. The results demonstrate a clear correlation between the broadening of the lower energy fine structure and the anisotropic effects induced by the core-hole potential, which are directly related to the structural distortion occurring in tetragonal BaTiO3. Moreover, we show that a significant improvement of the description of higher-lying structures can be obtained when correcting the energy position of the Ba 4f states. This demonstrates that the O 1s spectrum can be a very effective probe of the distortion and changes in the local electronic structure, and be used as a sensitive tool for studying new materials and ferroelectric transitions.

Spontaneous and stimulated emission in Sm3+-doped YAl3(BO3)4 single crystal

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ryba-Romanowski, Witold; Lisiecki, Radosław; Beregi, Elena; Martín, I.R.

2015-01-01

Single crystals of YAl 3 (BO 3 ) 4 doped with trivalent samarium were grown by the top-seeded high temperature solution method and their absorption and emission spectra were investigated. Optical pumping into prominent absorption band around 405 nm feeds the 4 G 5/2 metastable level giving rise to intense visible luminescence distributed in several spectral lines with the most intense line around 600 nm characterized by a branching ratio of 0.42 and peak emission cross section of 0.25×10 −20 cm 2 . Optical amplification at 600 nm with a gain coefficient of 2.9 cm −1 was achieved during a pump-and-probe experiment. - Highlights: • YAB:Sm crystal grown by the top-seeded high temperature solution method. • Spectroscopic qualities relevant for visible laser operation. • YAB:Sm single crystal used in a pump-and-probe experiment. • Optical amplification properties of samarium doped YAl 3 (BO 3 ) 4

Magneto electric effects in BaTiO3-CoFe2O4 bulk composites

Science.gov (United States)

Agarwal, Shivani; Caltun, O. F.; Sreenivas, K.

2012-11-01

Influence of a static magnetic field (HDC) on the hysteresis and remanence in the longitudinal and transverse magneto electric voltage coefficients (MEVC) observed in [BaTiO3]1-x-[CoFe2O4]x bulk composites are analyzed. Remanence in MEVC at zero bias (HDC=0) is stronger in the transverse configuration over the longitudinal case. The observed hysteretic behavior in MEVC vs. HDC is correlated with the changes observed in the magnetostriction characteristics (λ and dλ/dH) reported for [BaTiO3]1-x-[CoFe2O4]x bulk composites.

Ellipsometric studies of ErMnO₃ single crystals

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Babonas, G.-J.; Grivel, Jean-Claude; Reza, A.

2007-01-01

Ellipsometric studies of ErMnO3 single crystals have been carried out in the spectral range of 1-5 eV by means of photometric ellipsometers. Experimental ellipsometric data were analysed in the uniaxial crystal model. For the first time, the components of dielectric function of ErMnO3 were...

Room temperature exchange bias in SmFeO_3 single crystal

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wang, Xiaoxiong; Cheng, Xiangyi; Gao, Shang; Song, Junda; Ruan, Keqing; Li, Xiaoguang

2016-01-01

Exchange bias phenomenon is generally ascribed to the unidirectional magnetic shift along the field axes at interface of two magnetic materials. Room temperature exchange bias is found in SmFeO_3 single crystal. The behavior after different cooling procedure is regular, and the training behavior is attributed to the athermal training and its pinning origin is attributed to the antiferromagnetic clusters. Its being single phase and occurring at room temperature make it an appropriate candidate for application. - Graphical abstract: Room temperature exchange bias was found in oxide single crystal. Highlights: • Room temperature exchange bias has been discovered in single-crystalline SmFeO_3. • Its pinning origin is attributed to the antiferromagnetic clusters. • Its being single phase and occurring at room temperature make it an appropriate candidate for application.

Electric double layer transistors with ferroelectric BaTiO3 channels

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Ito, M.; Matsubara, Y.; Kozuka, Y.; Takahashi, K. S.; Kagawa, F.; Ye, J. T.; Iwasa, Y.; Ueno, K.; Tokura, Y.; Kawasaki, M.

2014-01-01

We report the surface conduction of a BaTiO3 thin film using electric double layer transistor (EDLT) structure. A transistor operation was observed at 220 K with an on/off ratio exceeding 10(5), demonstrating that ionic liquid gating is effective to induce carriers at the surface of ferroelectric

Enhanced output performance of a lead-free nanocomposite generator using BaTiO3 nanoparticles and nanowires filler

Science.gov (United States)

Baek, Changyeon; Yun, Jong Hyuk; Wang, Hee Seung; Wang, Ji Eun; Park, Hyeonbin; Park, Kwi-Il; Kim, Do Kyung

2018-01-01

Flexible nanocomposite generators based on piezoelectric nanoparticles (NPs)-polymeric matrix have been attracted attention as the energy harvesting device converted the electricity from the mechanical deformations. To enhance the piezo-potential difference introduced inside the piezoelectric nanocomposite, one-dimensional nanostructures such as CNTs, copper nanorods, and Ag nanowires (NWs) should be used inevitably as a dispersing agent for achieving well-distributed piezoelectric nanoparticles in an elastomer. These non-piezoelectric additives showed versatile roles; however, their toxicity to living organism has been an obstacle to realize the bio-eco-friendly flexible energy harvesters. Replacing them with piezoelectric NWs with non-toxic can be a challengeable approach to achieve not only the original purposes of additives but also the improvement of output performance. Here, we synthesized well-crystallized BaTiO3 spherical and acicular NPs via a simple hydrothermal reaction and the two-step hydrothermal reactions, respectively and produced piezoelectric nanocomposite made of piezoelectric BaTiO3 NPs and NWs without toxic dispersion enhancers. Output performance of the fabricated flexible energy harvesters with varying the composition of NPs and NWs were investigated by the well-optimized measurement system during the periodical bending and unbending. A nanocomposite-based energy harvester with 4:1 wt ratio generated the maximum open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current of 60 V and 1.1 μA, respectively.

Surface structures and dielectric response of ultrafine BaTiO3 particles

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jiang, B.; Peng, J.L.; Bursill, L.A.

1998-01-01

Characteristic differences are observed for the dielectric response and microstructures of BaTiO 3 nanoscale fine powders prepared using sol gel (SG) and steric acid gel (SAG) methods. The former exhibit a critical size below which there is no paraelectric/ferroelectric phase transition whereas BaTiO 3 prepared via the SAG route remained cubic for all conditions. Atomic resolution images of both varieties showed a high density of interesting surface steps and facets. Computer simulated images of surface structure models showed that the outer (100) surface was typically a BaO layer and that at corners and ledges the steps are typically finished with Ba+2 ions; i.e. the surfaces and steps are Ba-rich. Otherwise the surfaces were typically clean and free of amorphous layers. The relationship between the observed surfaces structures and theoretical models for size effects on the dielectric properties is discussed. (authors)

Crystallographic Investigations into Properties of Acentric Hybrid Perovskite Single Crystals NH(CH3)3SnX3(X = Cl, Br)

KAUST Repository

Dang, Yangyang

2016-10-11

The hybrid perovskites with special optoelectronic properties have attracted more attention to the scientific and industrial applications. However, because of the toxicity and instability of lead complexes, there is interest in finding a nontoxic substitute for the lead in the halides perovskites and solving the ambiguous crystal structures and phase transition of NH(CH3)3SnX3 (X = Cl, Br). Here, we report the bulk crystal growths and different crystal morphologies of orthorhombic hybrid perovskites NH(CH3)3SnX3 (X = Cl, Br) in an ambient atmosphere by bottom-seeded solution growth (BSSG) method. More importantly, detailed structural determination and refinements, phase transition, band gap, band structure calculations, nonlinear optical (NLO) properties, XPS, thermal properties, and stability of NH(CH3)3SnX3 (X = Cl, Br) single crystals are demonstrated. NH(CH3)3SnCl3 single crystal undergoes reversible structural transformation from orthorhombic space group Cmc21 (no. 36) to monoclinic space group Cc (no. 9) and NH(CH3)3SnBr3 belongs to the orthorhombic space group Pna21 (no. 33) by DSC, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and temperature-dependent SHG measurements, which clarify the former results. These results should pave the way for further studies of these materials in optoelectronics.

Electrical transport across nanometric SrTiO3 and BaTiO3 barriers in conducting/insulator/conducting junctions

Science.gov (United States)

Navarro, H.; Sirena, M.; González Sutter, J.; Troiani, H. E.; del Corro, P. G.; Granell, P.; Golmar, F.; Haberkorn, N.

2018-01-01

We report the electrical transport properties of conducting/insulator/conducting heterostructures by studying current-voltage IV curves at room temperature. The measurements were obtained on tunnel junctions with different areas (900, 400 and 100 μm2) using a conducting atomic force microscope. Trilayers with GdBa2Cu3O7 (GBCO) as the bottom electrode, SrTiO3 or BaTiO3 (thicknesses between 1.6 and 4 nm) as the insulator barrier, and GBCO or Nb as the top electrode were grown by DC sputtering on (100) SrTiO3 substrates For SrTiO3 and BaTiO3 barriers, asymmetric IV curves at positive and negative polarization can be obtained using electrodes with different work function. In addition, hysteretic IV curves are obtained for BaTiO3 barriers, which can be ascribed to a combined effect of the FE reversal switching polarization and an oxygen vacancy migration. For GBCO/BaTiO3/GBCO heterostructures, the IV curves correspond to that expected for asymmetric interfaces, which indicates that the disorder affects differently the properties at the bottom and top interfaces. Our results show the role of the interface disorder on the electrical transport of conducting/insulator/conduction heterostructures, which is relevant for different applications, going from resistive switching memories (at room temperature) to Josephson junctions (at low temperatures).

Crystal-field analysis of U3+ ions in K2LaX5 (X=Cl, Br or I) single crystals

Science.gov (United States)

Karbowiak, M.; Edelstein, N.; Gajek, Z.; Drożdżyński, J.

1998-11-01

An analysis of low temperature absorption spectra of U3+ ions doped in K2LaX5 (X=Cl, Br or I) single crystals is reported. The energy levels of the U3+ ion in the single crystals were assigned and fitted to a semiempirical Hamiltonian representing the combined atomic and crystal-field interactions at the Cs symmetry site. An analysis of the nephelauxetic effect and crystal-field splittings in the series of compounds is also reported.

Phase stabilization in plasma sprayed BaTiO3

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Ctibor, Pavel; Seiner, Hanuš; Sedláček, J.; Pala, Zdeněk; Vaněk, Přemysl

2013-01-01

Roč. 39, č. 5 (2013), s. 5039-5048 ISSN 0272-8842 R&D Projects: GA ČR(CZ) GA101/09/0702 Institutional support: RVO:61389021 ; RVO:61388998 ; RVO:68378271 Keywords : Spectroscopy * BaTiO3 * Plasma spraying * Spark plasma sintering Subject RIV: JH - Ceramics, Fire-Resistant Materials and Glass; BJ - Thermodynamics (UT-L); JH - Ceramics, Fire-Resistant Materials and Glass (FZU-D) Impact factor: 2.086, year: 2013 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272884212013582

Aging characteristics of 0.7Pb(Mg{sub 1/3}Nb{sub 2/3})O{sub 3}-0.3PbTiO{sub 3} single crystals with different crystal orientations

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Liu, Xing [Changzhou University, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou (China); Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Function Material and Device, Shanghai (China); Wu, Dun; Fang, Bijun [Changzhou University, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou (China); Ding, Jianning [Changzhou University, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou (China); Jiangsu University, School of Material Science and Engineering, Zhenjiang (China); Li, Xiaobing; Zhao, Xiangyong; Luo, Haosu [Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Function Material and Device, Shanghai (China); Ko, Jae-Hyeon [Hallym University, Department of Physics, Chuncheon (Korea, Republic of); Ahn, Chang Won [University of Ulsan, Department of Physics and EHSRC, Ulsan (Korea, Republic of)

2015-06-15

In this work, the time and temperature dependence of the piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties of the 0.7Pb(Mg{sub 1/3}Nb{sub 2/3})O{sub 3}-0.3PbTiO{sub 3} (0.7PMN-0.3PT) single crystals were investigated in order to search for an effective method to improve their properties further. The piezoelectric properties of the [001]-, [110]- and [111]-oriented 0.7PMN-0.3PT single crystals exhibit excellent time stability during the 2-month room-temperature aging process. The re-poling process leads to the improvement of piezoelectric constant d{sub 33} for the [001]-, [110]- and [111]-oriented 0.7PMN-0.3PT single crystals, while the values of electromechanical coupling coefficient k{sub t} change little. During the thermal aging, the values of the measured d{sub 33}, calculated converse piezoelectric constant d{sub 33}{sup *}, maximum strain S{sub max}% and longitudinal electrostrictive coefficient Q of the [001]-, [110]- and [111]-oriented crystal plates increase gradually before the ferroelectric phase transition temperatures (T{sub FPT}, T{sub R-M}, T{sub R-O} and T{sub R-T}) and then decline continuously. The increase in these values before the T{sub FPT} is a result of the phase instability. In general, the [001]- and [110]-oriented 0.7PMN-0.3PT single crystals exhibit large piezoelectricity, excellent time stability and relatively high thermal stability between 20 and 80 C, which is favorable to the piezoelectric applications. (orig.)

Single crystal growth of yttrium calcium oxy borate (YCOB) crystals by flux technique and their characterization. CP-3.5

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Arun Kumar, R.; Senthilkumar, M.; Dhanasekaran, R.

2007-01-01

Yttrium calcium oxy borate single crystals were grown by the flux technique for the first time. Polycrystalline YCOB material was prepared by solid state reaction method. Single crystals of YCOB were grown using boron-tri-oxide flux. Several transparent single crystals of dimensions 10 x 5 x 5 mm 3 were obtained. The grown crystals were characterized by powder XRD and UV- VIS-NIR studies. The results of powder XRD confirm the crystalline structure of YCOB. The UV- VIS-NIR transmission spectrum reveals that the crystal is highly transparent (above 75%) from ultraviolet (220 nm) to near IR regions enabling it as a suitable candidate for high power UV applications

Large rotating magnetocaloric effect in ErAlO3 single crystal

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

X. Q. Zhang

2017-05-01

Full Text Available Magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of ErAlO3 single crystal were investigated. Magnetization of ErAlO3 shows obvious anisotropy when magnetic field is applied along the a, b and c axes, which leads to large anisotropic magnetic entropy change. In particular, large rotating field entropy change from the b to c axis within the bc plane is obtained and reaches 9.7 J/kg K at 14 K in a field of 5 T. This suggests the possibility of using ErAlO3 single crystal for magnetic refrigerators by rotating its magnetization vector rather than moving it in and out of the magnet.

Magnetic order of Nd5Pb3 single crystals

Science.gov (United States)

Yan, J.-Q.; Ochi, M.; Cao, H. B.; Saparov, B.; Cheng, J.-G.; Uwatoko, Y.; Arita, R.; Sales, B. C.; Mandrus, D. G.

2018-04-01

We report millimeter-sized Nd5Pb3 single crystals grown out of a Nd-Co flux. We experimentally study the magnetic order of Nd5Pb3 single crystals by measuring the anisotropic magnetic properties, electrical resistivity under high pressure up to 8 GPa, specific heat, and neutron single crystal diffraction. Two successive magnetic orders are observed at T N1  =  44 K and T N2  =  8 K. The magnetic cells can be described with a propagation vector k=(0.5, 0, 0) . Cooling below T N1, Nd1 and Nd3 order forming ferromagnetic stripes along the b-axis, and the ferromagnetic stripes are coupled antiferromagnetically along the a-axis for the k=(0.5, 0, 0) magnetic domain. Cooling below T N2, Nd2 orders antiferromagnetically to nearby Nd3 ions. All ordered moments align along the crystallographic c-axis. The magnetic order at T N1 is accompanied by a quick drop of electrical resistivity upon cooling and a lambda-type anomaly in the temperature dependence of specific heat. At T N2, no anomaly was observed in electrical resistivity but there is a weak feature in specific heat. The resistivity measurements under hydrostatic pressures up to 8 GPa suggest a possible phase transition around 6 GPa. Our first-principles band structure calculations show that Nd5Pb3 has the same electronic structure as does Y5Si3 which has been reported to be a one-dimensional electride with anionic electrons that do not belong to any atom. Our study suggests that R 5Pb3 (R  =  rare earth) can be a materials playground for the study of magnetic electrides. This deserves further study after experimental confirmation of the presence of anionic electrons.

Preparation and characterization of self-assembled percolative BaTiO3–CoFe2O4 nanocomposites via magnetron co-sputtering

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Qian Yang

2014-04-01

Full Text Available BaTiO3–CoFe2O4 composite films were prepared on (100 SrTiO3 substrates by using a radio-frequency magnetron co-sputtering method at 750 °C. These films contained highly (001-oriented crystalline phases of perovskite BaTiO3 and spinel CoFe2O4, which can form a self-assembled nanostructure with BaTiO3 well-dispersed into CoFe2O4 under optimized sputtering conditions. A prominent dielectric percolation behavior was observed in the self-assembled nanocomposite. Compared with pure BaTiO3 films sputtered under similar conditions, the nanocomposite film showed higher dielectric constants and lower dielectric losses together with a dramatically suppressed frequency dispersion. This dielectric percolation phenomenon can be explained by the 'micro-capacitor' model, which was supported by measurement results of the electric polarization and leakage current.

Low-leakage superconducting tunnel junctions with a single-crystal Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} barrier

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Oh, S [National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 (United States); Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 (United States); Cicak, K; Osborn, K D; Simmonds, R W; Pappas, D P [National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 (United States); McDermott, R; Cooper, K B; Steffen, M; Martinis, J M [University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 (United States)

2005-10-01

We have developed a two-step growth scheme for single-crystal Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} tunnel barriers. The barriers are epitaxially grown on single-crystal rhenium (Re) base electrodes that are grown epitaxially on a sapphire substrate, while polycrystalline Al is used as the top electrode. We show that by first growing an amorphous aluminium (Al) oxide layer at room temperature and crystallizing it at a high temperature in oxygen environment, a morphologically intact single-crystal Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} layer is obtained. Tunnel junctions fabricated from these trilayers show very low subgap leakage current. This single-crystal Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} junction may open a new venue for coherent quantum devices.

Synthesis and growth of single crystals of PrCl3

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Pei, Jen Shieh.

1984-01-01

An efficient method for growth of high optical quality single crystals of PrCl 3 . The method consists in careful drying of the hydrated chloride, PrCl 3 . 7H 2 O, with a protective atmosphere of anhydrous HCl and Ar. A subsequent growth was done by the zone melting technique. The hydrated chloride had prepared from dissolution of the oxide Pr 6 O 11 in hydrochloric acid. The grown crystals had characterized fluorescence and x-ray diffraction measurements. (Author) [pt

Grain-size effects on thermal properties of BaTiO3 ceramics

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Administrator

decreasing grain size. Furthermore, the Curie temperature shifts to lower temperature with decreasing grain size. Keywords. Nanocrystalline ceramics; thermal properties; size effect. 1. Introduction. BaTiO3 has been widely used in the electronic industry for its high dielectric constant and low losses above room temperature ...

Synthesis and single crystal growth of perovskite semiconductor CsPbBr3

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Mingzhi; Zheng, Zhiping; Fu, Qiuyun; Chen, Zheng; He, Jianle; Zhang, Sen; Chen, Cheng; Luo, Wei

2018-02-01

As a typical representative of all-inorganic lead halide perovskites, cesium lead bromine (CsPbBr3) has attracted significant attention in recent years. The direct band gap semiconductor CsPbBr3 has a wide band gap of 2.25 eV and high average atomic number (Cs: 55, Pb: 82 and Br: 35), which meet most of the requirements for detection of X- and γ-ray radiation, such as high attenuation, high resistivity, and significant photoconductivity response. However, the growth of large volume CsPbBr3 single crystals remains a challenge. In this paper, the synthesis of CsPbBr3 polycrystalline powders by a chemical co-precipitation method was investigated and the optimum synthesis conditions were obtained. A large CsPbBr3 single crystal of 8 mm diameter and 60 mm length was obtained by a creative electronic dynamic gradient (EDG) method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and X-ray rocking curve showed that the CsPbBr3 crystal preferentially oriented in the (1 1 0) direction and had a low dislocation density and small residual stress in the crystal. The IR and UV-Vis transmittance and temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectra showed the crystal had a good basic optical performance. The almost linear current-voltage (I-V) curves implied good ohmic contact between the electrodes and crystal surfaces. The resistivity of the crystal was calculated 109-1010 Ω cm. The above results showed that the quality of the obtained crystal had met the demand of optoelectronic applications.

Magnetic behavior of La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 / BaTiO3 bilayers

Science.gov (United States)

Ordonez, John E.; Gomez, Maria E.; Lopera, Wilson; Marin, Lorena; Pardo, Jose A.; Morellon, Luis; Algarabel, Pedro; Prieto, Pedro

2013-03-01

We have grown ferroelectric BaTiO3(BTO) and ferromagnetic La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 (LCMO) onto (001) SrTiO3 and Nb:SrTiO3 by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) at pure oxygen atmosphere, and a substrate temperature of 820° C, seeking for a multiferroic behavior in this structure. From x-ray diffraction (XRD) we found lattice parameter aBTO=4.068 Å, and aLCMO=3.804 Å, for each individual layer. In the BTO/LCMO bilayer, (002)-Bragg peak for BTO maintain its position whereas (002) LCMO peak shift to lower Bragg angle indicating a strained LCMO film. Magnetization measurements reveal an increase in the Curie temperature from 170 K to 220 K for the bilayer when LCMO (t = 47 nm) is deposited on BTO (t=52 nm) film, while depositing the BTO (50 nm) above LCMO (48 nm) the Curie temperature remains at values close to that obtained for a LCMO single layer (~175 K), deposited under identical growth parameters This work has been supported by Instituto de Nanociencias de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain, ``El Patrimonio Autónomo Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento para CT&I FJC'' COLCIENCIAS-CENM Contract RC 275-2011 and Research Project COLCIENCIAS-UNIVALLE.

Phonon anomalies in optical spectra of LiNbO3 single crystals

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

ANDREJA VALCIC

2004-06-01

Full Text Available LiNbO3 single crystals were grown by the Czochralski technique in an air atmosphere. The critical crystal diameter Dc = 1.5 cm and the critical rate of rotation wc = 35 rpm were calculated by equations from the hydrodynamics of the melt. The domain inversion was carried out at 1430 K using a 3.75 V/cm electric field for 10 min. The obtained crystals were cut, polished and etched to determine the presence of dislocations and single domain structures. The optical properties were studied by infrared and Raman spectroscopy as a function of temperature. With decreasing temperature, an atypical behaviour of the phonon modes could be seen in the ferroelectrics LiNbO3. The obtained results are discussed and compared with published data.

Giant anisotropy of magnetocaloric effect in TbMnO3 single crystals

Science.gov (United States)

Jin, Jin-Ling; Zhang, Xiang-Qun; Li, Guo-Ke; Cheng, Zhao-Hua; Zheng, Lin; Lu, Yi

2011-05-01

The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) in TbMnO3 single crystals was investigated by isothermal magnetization curves for the ab plane at low temperatures. Large magnetic entropy change, ΔSM = -18.0 J/kg K, and the refrigerant capacity, RC = 390.7 J/kg, are achieved near the ordering temperature of Tb3+ moment (TNTb) under 70 kOe along the a axis. Furthermore, the TbMnO3 single crystal exhibits a giant MCE anisotropy. The difference of ΔSMand RC between the a and b axes is field and temperature dependent, which reaches maximum values of 11.4 J/kg K and 304.1 J/kg, respectively. By taking magnetocrystalline anisotropy into account, the rotating ΔSMwithin the ab plane can be well simulated, indicating that the anisotropy of ΔSMis directly contributed from the magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Our finding for giant MCE anisotropy in TbMnO3 single crystals explores the possibility of using this material for magnetic refrigerators by rotating its magnetization vector rather than moving it in and out of the magnet.

Optical characteristics of BaGa2S4:Ho3+ and BaGa2Se4:Ho3+ single crystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Choe, Sung-Hyu; Jin, Moon-Seog; Kim, Wha-Tek

2005-01-01

BaGa 2 S 4 , BaGa 2 S 4 :Ho 3+ , BaGa 2 Se 4 , and BaGa 2 Se 4 :Ho 3+ single crystals were grown by using the chemical transport reaction method. The optical energy gaps of the single crystals were investigated in the temperature region from 11 K to 300 K. The temperature dependence of the optical energy gap was well fitted by the Varshni equation. Two broad emission bands were observed in the photoluminescence spectra of the single crystals. These bands were attributed to donor-acceptor pair recombinations. Sharp emission peaks were observed in the BaGa 2 S 4 :Ho 3+ and the BaGa 2 Se 4 :Ho 3+ single crystals and were assigned to radiation recombination between split Stark levels of Ho 3+ .

Crystal Growth of Ca3Nb(Ga1−xAlx3Si2O14 Piezoelectric Single Crystals with Various Al Concentrations

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Yuui Yokota

2015-08-01

Full Text Available Ca3Nb(Ga1−xAlx3Si2O14 (CNGAS single crystals with various Al concentrations were grown by a micro-pulling-down (µ-PD method and their crystal structures, chemical compositions, crystallinities were investigated. CNGAS crystals with x = 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 indicated a single phase of langasite-type structure without any secondary phases. In contrast, the crystals with x = 0.8 and 1 included some secondary phases in addition to the langasite-type phase. Lattice parameters, a- and c-axes lengths, of the langasite-type phase systematically decreased with an increase of Al concentration. The results of chemical composition analysis revealed that the actual Al concentrations in as-grown crystals were almost consistent with the nominal compositions. In addition, there was no large segregation of each cation along the growth direction.

Critical behavior of the spontaneous polarization and the dielectric susceptibility close to the cubic-tetragonal transition in BaTiO3

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

H. Yurtseven

2015-09-01

Full Text Available Using Landau mean field model, the spontaneous polarization and the dielectric susceptibility are analyzed as functions of temperature and pressure close to the cubic–tetragonal (ferroelectric–paraelectric transition in BaTiO3. From the analysis of the dielectric susceptibility and the spontaneous polarization, the critical exponents are deduced in the classical and quantum limits for BaTiO3. From the critical behavior of the dielectric susceptibility, the spontaneous polarization can be described for the ferroelectric–paraelectric (cubic to tetragonal transition between 4 and 8 GPa at constant temperatures of 0 to 200 K in BaTiO3 within the Landau mean field model given here.

An EPMA study on KNbO3 and NaNbO3 single crystals - potential reference materials for quantitative microanalysis

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Samardzzija, Z.; Bernik, S.; Malic, B.; Ceh, M.; Marinenko, R.B.

2004-01-01

Single crystals of KNbO 3 and NaNbO 3 were selected from the limited number of suitable alkali compounds that are available and evaluated as possible reference materials for the electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA) of alkaline niobates with a composition described by the general formula K 1-x Na x NbO 3 . The EPMA study verified that KNbO 3 and NaNbO 3 single crystals are stable under the electron beam and compositionally homogeneous. A quantitative microanalysis confirmed the composition of pure KNbO 3 , while the NaNbO 3 crystal contained 0.3 mass fraction % of Ca. A significant improvement in the accuracy of the quantitative EPMA of polycrystalline potassium-sodium niobates was achieved using these single crystals as standards. The crystals can also be useful as reference materials for the analysis of sodium and potassium in other materials. (author)

Controlled Confinement of Half-metallic 2D Electron Gas in BaTiO3/Ba2FeReO6/BaTiO3 Heterostructures: A First-principles Study

Science.gov (United States)

Saha-Dasgupta, Tanusri; Baidya, Santu; Waghmare, Umesh; Paramekanti, Arun

Using density functional theory calculations, we establish that the half-metallicity of bulk Ba2FeReO6 survives down i to 1 nm thickness in BaTiO3/Ba2FeReO6/BaTiO3 heterostructures grown along the (001) and (111) directions. The confinement of the two-dimensional (2D) electron gas in this quantum well structure arises from the suppressed hybridization between Re/Fe d states and unoccupied Ti d states, and it is further strengthened by polar fields for the (111) direction. This mechanism, distinct from the polar catastrophe, leads to an order of magnitude stronger confinement of the 2D electron gas than that at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface. We further show low-energy bands of (111) heterostructure display nontrivial topological character. Our work opens up the possibility of realizing ultra-thin spintronic devices. Journal Ref: Phys. Rev. B 92, 161106(R) (2015) S.B. and T.S.D thank Department of Science and Technology, India for the support through Thematic Unit of Excellence. AP was supported by NSERC (Canada).

Nitrogen induced ferromagnetism in Cobalt doped BaTiO3

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Chandrima Mitra

2012-09-01

Full Text Available The electronic structure and magnetism of Cobalt doped BaTiO3 (BaTi1−xCoxO3 is investigated. Substitutional Nitrogen on an Oxygen site is found to play an important role in inducing net magnetic moments in the system. The presence of a Nitrogen atom as nearest neighbour to a Cobalt atom is crucial in producing spin splitting of both the Nitrogen and Cobalt states thereby introducing a net local magnetic moment. The introduction of Nitrogen is further found to enhance ferromagnetic interactions between Cobalt atoms.

Variable-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of tetragonal and cubic perovskite-type barium titanate phases.

Science.gov (United States)

Nakatani, Tomotaka; Yoshiasa, Akira; Nakatsuka, Akihiko; Hiratoko, Tatsuya; Mashimo, Tsutomu; Okube, Maki; Sasaki, Satoshi

2016-02-01

A variable-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of a synthetic BaTiO3 perovskite has been performed over the temperature range 298-778 K. A transition from a tetragonal (P4mm) to a cubic (Pm3m) phase has been revealed near 413 K. In the non-centrosymmetric P4mm symmetry group, both Ti and O atoms are displaced along the c-axis in opposite directions with regard to the Ba position fixed at the origin, so that Ti(4+) and Ba(2+) cations occupy off-center positions in the TiO6 and BaO12 polyhedra, respectively. Smooth temperature-dependent changes of the atomic coordinates become discontinuous with the phase transition. Our observations imply that the cations remain off-center even in the high-temperature cubic phase. The temperature dependence of the mean-square displacements of Ti in the cubic phase includes a significant static component which means that Ti atoms are statistically distributed in the off-center positions.

Scintillation activity in an unirradiated single crystal of 3-hydroxyxanthine

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cooke, D.W.; Jahan, M.S.; Alexander, C. Jr.

1976-01-01

A method of growing single crystals (approximately 4mm long) of 3-hydroxyxanthine is described. Observed scintillations occurring in an unirradiated single crystal of this potent oncogen as the temperature is lowered from 300 to 90 K are shown. It was found that these scintillations occur upon heating or cooling and do not diminish in activity as the number of heating and cooling cycles increase. It was found that a short duration u.v. exposure would terminate the scintillation activity and various attempts (such as annealing and pressure changes) to rejuvenate them were unsuccessful. With these observations in mind speculation is made concerning the mechanisms associated with the production of purine N-oxide derivatives. (U.K.)

A multistep single-crystal-to-single-crystal bromodiacetylene dimerization

Science.gov (United States)

Hoheisel, Tobias N.; Schrettl, Stephen; Marty, Roman; Todorova, Tanya K.; Corminboeuf, Clémence; Sienkiewicz, Andrzej; Scopelliti, Rosario; Schweizer, W. Bernd; Frauenrath, Holger

2013-04-01

Packing constraints and precise placement of functional groups are the reason that organic molecules in the crystalline state often display unusual physical or chemical properties not observed in solution. Here we report a single-crystal-to-single-crystal dimerization of a bromodiacetylene that involves unusually large atom displacements as well as the cleavage and formation of several bonds. Density functional theory computations support a mechanism in which the dimerization is initiated by a [2 + 1] photocycloaddition favoured by the nature of carbon-carbon short contacts in the crystal structure. The reaction proceeded up to the theoretical degree of conversion without loss of crystallinity, and it was also performed on a preparative scale with good yield. Moreover, it represents the first synthetic pathway to (E)-1,2-dibromo-1,2-diethynylethenes, which could serve as synthetic intermediates for the preparation of molecular carbon scaffolds. Our findings both extend the scope of single-crystal-to-single-crystal reactions and highlight their potential as a synthetic tool for complex transformations.

Lattice effects in HoVo3 single crystal

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sikora, M.; Marquina, C.; Ibarra, M.R.; Nugroho, A.A.; Palstra, T.T.M.

2007-01-01

We report the study of lattice effects in the Mott insulator HoVO 3 performed by means of linear thermal expansion on a single crystal in the temperature range 10-290 K. The holmium orthovanadate HoVO 3 reveals gradual orbital ordering (OO) below T OO =200 K and orders antiferromagnetically at T N =113 K. A first-order structural phase transition takes place at T S ∼38 K, which is probably accompanied by change of the OO type and hence the type of antiferromagnetic spin ordering

Synthesis and Single Crystal X-Ray Structure Determination of 3,3',5 ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Single crystal structure determination at 100 K revealed needle-like crystals in an orthorhombic crystal system. The asymmetric unit of the cell consists of an isolated chloride ion, one half of a tetrahedral [MnCl4]2- anion, a [H2Me4bpz]2+ dication and one half of a molecule of water. Keywords: Crystal Engineering, Hydrogen ...

Confinement stabilises single crystal vaterite rods.

OpenAIRE

Schenk, AS; Albarracin, EJ; Kim, YY; Ihli, J; Meldrum, FC

2014-01-01

Single-crystals of vaterite, the least-stable anhydrous polymorph of CaCO3, are rare in biogenic and synthetic systems. We here describe the synthesis of high aspect ratio single crystal vaterite rods under additive-free conditions by precipitating CaCO3 within the cylindrical pores of track-etch membranes.

Crystal growth and scintillation properties of Pr-doped SrI2 single crystals

Science.gov (United States)

Yokota, Yuui; Ito, Tomoki; Yoshino, Masao; Yamaji, Akihiro; Ohashi, Yuji; Kurosawa, Shunsuke; Kamada, Kei; Yoshikawa, Akira

2018-04-01

Pr-doped SrI2 (Pr:SrI2) single crystals with various Pr concentrations were grown by the halide-micro-pulling-down (H-μ-PD) method, and the scintillation properties were investigated. Pr1%:SrI2 single crystal with high transparency could be grown by the H-μ-PD method while Pr2, 3 and 5%:SrI2 single crystals included some cracks and opaque parts. In the photoluminescence spectrum of the Pr1%:SrI2 single crystal, an emission peak originated from the Pr3+ ion was observed around 435 nm while the radioluminescence spectra showed an emission peak around 535 nm for the undoped SrI2 and Pr:SrI2 single crystals. Light yields of Pr1, 2, 3 and 5%:SrI2 single crystals under γ-ray irradiation were 7700, 8700, 7200 and 6700 photons/MeV, respectively. Decay times of Pr1 and 2%:SrI2 single crystals under γ-ray irradiation were 55.9 and 35.0 ns of the fast decay component, and 435 and 408 ns of the slow decay component, respectively.

Growth and characterization of lead-free (K,Na)NbO3-based piezoelectric single crystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Liu, Hairui

2016-01-01

Lead-free piezoelectric materials have received increasing attention in the last decade, driven by environmental issues and health concerns. Of considerable interest is the (K,Na)NbO 3 (KNN)-based system, which possesses a relatively high Curie temperature and good piezoelectric properties. Abundant publications on KNN-based polycrystalline ceramics increased the interest in studying their single-crystalline form, based on two major concerns. The first concern refers to the negative role of grain interactions on the electromechanical response. The second concern deals with domain engineering. The relationship between external electric field direction, crystallographic orientation, and spontaneous polarization vectors for a specific structure can be more readily established in single crystals and thus offers a pathway for an in-depth understanding of fundamental mechanism and potential applications. The exciting enhancement of both piezoelectric and ferroelectric response in lead-based single crystals also encourages the further exploration of KNN-based piezoelectric crystals, as they possess the same perovskite structure. The main goal of this thesis is to find possible approaches for improved electromechanical properties in KNN-based piezoelectric single crystals. In Chapter 2, the current development of KNN-based single crystals as piezoelectrics is reviewed, following a short introduction of fundamental knowledge on piezoelectrics and ferroelectrics. Both submerged-seed solution growth and top-seeded solution growth techniques were employed to produce single crystals, as described detailed in Chapter 3. Emphasis is subsequently placed on issues of the crystal growth process, effective methods to enhance electrical properties, and crystallographic orientation-dependent electrical properties in Li-, Ta-, and/or Sb-substituted KNN single crystals. The main conclusions from the crystal growth aspect are presented in Chapter 4 and can be summarized as follows: (i

Calcul théorique de l’hystérésis thermique de BaTiO3 pur et dopé au fer

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Aattar, M.; Khatib, D.; Noheda, B.

1999-01-01

Theory of thermal hysteresis of pure and iron doped BaTiO3. The value of the thermal hysteresis of pure and iron doped BaTiO3 was calculated using an effective field model taking into account dipolar and quadripolar interactions. The calculation is performed using a self-consistent method. The

Ferroelectric InMnO{sub 3}: Growth of single crystals, structure and high-temperature phase transitions

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bekheet, Maged F., E-mail: maged.bekheet@ceramics.tu-berlin.de [Fachbereich Material‐ und Geowissenschaften, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287 Darmstadt (Germany); Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe / Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften und -technologien, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin (Germany); Svoboda, Ingrid; Liu, Na [Fachbereich Material‐ und Geowissenschaften, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287 Darmstadt (Germany); Bayarjargal, Lkhamsuren [Institut für Geowissenschaften, Goethe-Universität, Altenhöferallee 1, d-60438 Frankfurt a.M. (Germany); Irran, Elisabeth [Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17, Juni 135, 10623 Berlin (Germany); Dietz, Christian; Stark, Robert W.; Riedel, Ralf [Fachbereich Material‐ und Geowissenschaften, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287 Darmstadt (Germany); Gurlo, Aleksander [Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe / Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften und -technologien, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin (Germany)

2016-09-15

To understand the origin of the ferroelectricity in InMnO{sub 3}, single crystals with average size of 1 mm were grown in PbF{sub 2} flux at 950 °C. The results of single crystal X-ray diffraction, second harmonic generation and piezoresponse force microscopy studies of high-quality InMnO{sub 3} single crystals reveal that the room-temperature state in this material is ferroelectric with P6{sub 3}cm symmetry. The polar InMnO{sub 3} specimen undergoes a reversible phase transition from non-centrosymmetric P6{sub 3}cm structure to a centrosymmetric P6{sub 3}/mmc structure at 700 °C as confirmed by the in situ high-temperature Raman spectroscopic and synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments. - Graphical abstract: Piezoresponse fore microscopy (PFM) studies of high quality InMnO{sub 3} single crystal revealed that the room-temperature state of this material is ferroelectric with a clear cloverleaf pattern corresponding to six antiphase ferroelectric domains with alternating polarization ±P{sub z}. Display Omitted - Highlights: • InMnO{sub 3} single crystals with average size of 1 mm were grown in PbF{sub 2} flux at 950 °C. • The room-temperature state of InMnO{sub 3} is ferroelectric with polar P6{sub 3}cm structure. • PolarInMnO{sub 3} reversibly transforms to a centrosymmetric P6{sub 3}/mmc structure above 700 °C.

Self-templated synthesis of single-crystal and single-domain ferroelectric nanoplates

KAUST Repository

Chao, Chunying; Ren, Zhaohui; Zhu, Yihan; Xiao, Zhen; Liu, Zhenya; Xú , Gang; Mai, Jiangquan; Li, Xiang; Shen, Ge; Han, Gaorong

2012-01-01

Free-standing single-crystal PbTiO 3 nanoplates (see picture) were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. A "self-templated" crystal growth is presumed to lead to the formation of the PbTiO 3 nanoplates, which have ferroelectric single

Distributed Feedback Laser Based on Single Crystal Perovskite

Science.gov (United States)

Sun, Shang; Xiao, Shumin; Song, Qinghai

2017-06-01

We demonstrate a single crystal perovskite based, with grating-structured photoresist on top, highly polarized distributed feedback laser. A lower laser threshold than the Fabry-Perot mode lasers from the same single crystal CH3NH3PbBr3 microplate was obtained. Single crystal CH3NH3PbBr3 microplates was synthesized with one-step solution processed precipitation method. Once the photoresist on top of the microplate was patterned with electron beam, the device was realized. This one-step fabrication process utilized the advantage of single crystal to the greatest extend. The ultra-low defect density in single crystalline microplate offer an opportunity for lower threshold lasing action compare with poly-crystal perovskite films. In the experiment, the lasing action based on the distributed feedback grating design was found with lower threshold and higher intensity than the Fabry-Perot mode lasers supported by the flat facets of the same microplate.

Magnetocaloric properties of the hexagonal HoMnO{sub 3} single crystal revisited

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Balli, M., E-mail: Mohamed.balli@Usherbrooke.ca [Regroupement québécois sur les matériaux de pointe, Département de physique, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1K 2R1 (Canada); Roberge, B.; Vermette, J.; Jandl, S. [Regroupement québécois sur les matériaux de pointe, Département de physique, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1K 2R1 (Canada); Fournier, P. [Regroupement québécois sur les matériaux de pointe, Département de physique, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1K 2R1 (Canada); Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1Z8 (Canada); Gospodinov, M.M. [Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia 1184 (Bulgaria)

2015-12-01

Magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of the hexagonal HoMnO{sub 3} single crystal have been revisited. It was found that the magnetocaloric effect shown by HoMnO{sub 3} strongly depends on the crystal orientation in respect to the applied magnetic field. Consequently, a large thermal effect can be induced by spinning the single crystal HoMnO{sub 3} around the a (or b) axis in a constant magnetic field instead of the conventional magnetization–demagnetization process. Under 7 T, the maximum rotating entropy change was evaluated to be about 8 J/kg K. The associated adiabatic temperature change reaches a value of about 5 K. These values are comparable to those of the other oxides exhibiting a large rotating magnetocaloric effect. The presence of both conventional and rotating thermal effects makes the hexagonal HoMnO{sub 3} more interesting from a practical point of view.

Synthesis and Single Crystal Structures of Substituted-1,3-Selenazol-2-amines

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Guoxiong Hua

2016-12-01

Full Text Available The synthesis and X-ray single crystal structures of a series of new 4-substituted-1,3-selenazol-2-amines is reported. The efficient preparation of these compounds was carried out by two-component cyclization of the selenoureas with equimolar amounts of α-haloketones. The selenoureas were obtained from the reaction of Woollins’ reagent with cyanamides, followed by hydrolysis with water. All new compounds have been characterized by IR spectroscopy, multi-NMR (1H, 13C, 77Se spectroscopy, accurate mass measurement and single crystal X-ray structure analysis.

Influence of Bias on the Friction Imaging of Ferroelectric Domains in Single Crystal Barium Titanate Energy Storage Materials

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Lan Chen

2014-01-01

Full Text Available The friction imaging of newlycleaved surface domains of single crystal BaTiO3 energy storage materials under both positive and negative voltage bias is investigated by scanning force microscope. When the bias was applied and reversed, three regions with different brightness and contrast in friction image indicated different response to the biases: the friction image of domain A displayed a great change in brightness while domains B and C displayed only a very small change. Possible mechanisms of the interesting phenomena originating from different static force between different charged tip and the periodical array of surface charges inside the inplane domains were proposed. These results provide a new method for the determination of the polarization direction for the domain parallel to the surface and may be useful in the investigation of ferroelectric energy storage materials, especially the relationship between the polarization direction of domain and the bias.

Single crystalline Co3O4 nanocrystals exposed with different crystal planes for Li-O2 batteries.

Science.gov (United States)

Su, Dawei; Dou, Shixue; Wang, Guoxiu

2014-08-29

Single crystalline Co3O4 nanocrystals exposed with different crystal planes were synthesised, including cubic Co3O4 nanocrystals enclosed by {100} crystal planes, pseudo octahedral Co3O4 enclosed by {100} and {110} crystal planes, Co3O4 nanosheets exposed by {110} crystal planes, hexagonal Co3O4 nanoplatelets exposed with {111} crystal planes, and Co3O4 nanolaminar exposed with {112} crystal planes. Well single crystalline features of these Co3O4 nanocrystals were confirmed by FESEM and HRTEM analyses. The electrochemical performance for Li-O2 batteries shows that Co3O4 nanocrystals can significantly reduce the discharge-charge over-potential via the effect on the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). From the comparison on their catalytic performances, we found that the essential factor to promote the oxygen evolution reactions is the surface crystal planes of Co3O4 nanocrystals, namely, crystal planes-dependent process. The correlation between different Co3O4 crystal planes and their effect on reducing charge-discharge over-potential was established: {100} < {110} < {112} < {111}.

Local manifestations of a static magnetoelectric effect in nanostructured BaTiO3-BaFe12O9 composite multiferroics

Science.gov (United States)

Trivedi, Harsh; Shvartsman, Vladimir V.; Lupascu, Doru C.; Medeiros, Marco S. A.; Pullar, Robert C.; Kholkin, Andrei L.; Zelenovskiy, Pavel; Sosnovskikh, Andrey; Shur, Vladimir Ya.

2015-02-01

A study on magnetoelectric phenomena in the barium titanate-barium hexaferrite (BaTiO3-BaFe12O19) composite system, using high resolution techniques including switching spectroscopy piezoresponse force microscopy (SSPFM) and spatially resolved confocal Raman microscopy (CRM), is presented. It is found that both the local piezoelectric coefficient and polarization switching parameters change on the application of an external magnetic field. The latter effect is rationalized by the influence of magnetostrictive stress on the domain dynamics. Processing of the Raman spectral data using principal component analysis (PCA) and self-modelling curve resolution (SMCR) allowed us to achieve high resolution phase distribution maps along with separation of average and localized spectral components. A significant effect of the magnetic field on the Raman spectra of the BaTiO3 phase has been revealed. The observed changes are comparable with the classical pressure dependent studies on BaTiO3, confirming the strain mediated character of the magnetoelectric coupling in the studied composites.

Preparation of TiC single crystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Scheerer, B.; Fink, J.; Reichardt, W.

1975-07-01

TiC single crystals were prepared by vertical zone melting for measurements of the phonon dispersion by inelastic neutron scattering. The influence of the starting material and of the growing conditions on the growth of the crystal were studied. The crystals were characterized by chemical methods, EMX and neutron diffraction. It was possible to grow single crystals with a volume of up to 0.6 cm 3 and mosaic spread of less then 0.4 0 . (orig.) [de

Single crystal growth, magnetic and thermal properties of perovskite YFe{sub 0.6}Mn{sub 0.4}O{sub 3} single crystal

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Xie, Tao [School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418 (China); Synthetio Single Crystal Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Ceramic, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050 (China); Key Laboratory of Transparent and Opto-functional Inorganic Materials, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050 (China); Shen, Hui, E-mail: hshen@sit.edu.cn [School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418 (China); Zhao, Xiangyang; Man, Peiwen [Synthetio Single Crystal Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Ceramic, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050 (China); Key Laboratory of Transparent and Opto-functional Inorganic Materials, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050 (China); Wu, Anhua, E-mail: wuanhua@mail.sic.ac.cn [Synthetio Single Crystal Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Ceramic, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050 (China); Key Laboratory of Transparent and Opto-functional Inorganic Materials, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050 (China); Su, Liangbi [Synthetio Single Crystal Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Ceramic, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050 (China); Key Laboratory of Transparent and Opto-functional Inorganic Materials, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050 (China); Xu, Jiayue, E-mail: xujiayue@sit.edu.cn [School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418 (China)

2016-11-01

High quality YFe{sub 0.6}Mn{sub 0.4}O{sub 3} single crystal was grown by floating zone technique using a four-mirror-image-furnace under flowing air. Powder X-ray diffraction gives well evidence that the specimen has an orthorhombic structure, with space group Pbnm. Temperature dependence of the magnetizations of YFe{sub 0.6}Mn{sub 0.4}O{sub 3} single crystal were studied under ZFC and FC modes in the temperature range from 5 K to 400 K. A clear spin reorientation transition behavior (Γ{sub 4}→Γ{sub 1}) is observed in the temperature range of 322–316 K, due to the substitution of Mn at the Fe site of YFeO{sub 3}. Its Néel temperature is around 385 K. Moreover, the spin reorientation is verified by the change of magnetic hysteresis loops of the sample along [001] axis in the temperature range of 50–385 K. The thermal properties of the sample were measured by the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) from 300 K to 500 K, which also clearly appear anomaly in the spin reorientation region. - Highlights: • High quality YFe{sub 0.6}Mn{sub 0.4}O{sub 3} single crystal was grown by floating zone technique. • The thermal properties appear anomaly in the spin reorientation region. • A clear spin reorientation transition behavior (Γ{sub 4}→Γ{sub 1}) is observed in the temperature range of 322–316 K, due to the substitution of Mn at the Fe site of YFeO{sub 3}.

Relaxor-PT Single Crystal Piezoelectric Sensors

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Xiaoning Jiang

2014-07-01

Full Text Available Relaxor-PbTiO3 piezoelectric single crystals have been widely used in a broad range of electromechanical devices, including piezoelectric sensors, actuators, and transducers. This paper reviews the unique properties of these single crystals for piezoelectric sensors. Design, fabrication and characterization of various relaxor-PT single crystal piezoelectric sensors and their applications are presented and compared with their piezoelectric ceramic counterparts. Newly applicable fields and future trends of relaxor-PT sensors are also suggested in this review paper.

Magnetic susceptibility of LaxCe1-xF3 single crystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Paradowski, M.L.; Pacyna, A.W.; Bombik, A.; Korczak, W.; Korczak, S.Z.

2000-01-01

The magnetic susceptibility of La x Ce 1-x F 3 single crystals, for 0 eff and paramagnetic Curie temperature θ p have been obtained, using the Curie-Weiss law in the temperature range 100-300 K. The interconfiguration excited energy E ex , the spin-fluctuation temperature T sf , and the g-values, corresponding to three Kramers doublets in the 2 F 5/2 ground multiplet of Ce 3+ ion in La x Ce 1-x F 3 have been determined, using quantum theory of paramagnetic susceptibility. The mixed-valent and crystal field effects influence significantly the g-values. The effect of the dilution of the paramagnetic Ce 3+ ions with diamagnetic La 3+ ions is also discussed

UV-laser-light-controlled photoluminescence of metal oxide nanoparticles in different gas atmospheres: BaTiO3, SrTiO3 and HfO2

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mochizuki, Shosuke; Saito, Takashi; Yoshida, Kaori

2012-01-01

The photoluminescence (PL) enhancement has been studied at room temperature using various specimen atmospheres (O 2 gas, CO 2 gas, CO 2 -H 2 mixture gas, Ar-H 2 mixture gas and vacuum) under 325 nm laser light irradiation on various metal oxides. Of them, the results obtained for BaTiO 3 nanocrystals, SrTiO 3 ones and HfO 2 powder crystal are given in the present paper. Their PL were considerably increased in intensity by irradiation of 325 nm laser light in CO 2 gas and CO 2 -H 2 mixture gas. The cause of the PL intensity enhancements is discussed in the light of the exciton theory, the defect chemistry and the photocatalytic theory. The results may be applied for the utilization of greenhouse gas (CO 2 ) and the optical sensor for CO 2 gas.

Electrically Anisotropic Layered Perovskite Single Crystal

KAUST Repository

Li, Ting-You

2016-01-01

-23). However, the difficulty in growing large-sized LOIHPs single crystal with superior electrical properties limits their practical applications. Here, we report a method to grow the centimeter-scaled LOIHP single crystal of [(HOC2H4NH3)2PbI4], demonstrating

Tl{sub 10}Hg{sub 3}Cl{sub 16}: Single crystal growth, electronic structure and piezoelectric properties

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Khyzhun, O.Y., E-mail: khyzhun@ipms.kiev.ua [Frantsevych Institute for Problems of Materials Science, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 3 Krzhyzhanivsky Street, 03142 Kyiv (Ukraine); Piasecki, M. [Institute of Physics, J.Dlugosz University Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa PL-42-217 (Poland); Kityk, I.V. [Electrical Engineering Department, Częstochowa University Technology, Armii Krajowej 17, PL-42-200 Częstochowa (Poland); Luzhnyi, I. [Frantsevych Institute for Problems of Materials Science, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 3 Krzhyzhanivsky Street, 03142 Kyiv (Ukraine); Fedorchuk, A.O. [Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Lviv National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies, 50 Pekarska Street, 79010 Lviv (Ukraine); Fochuk, P.M. [Yuriy Fed’kovych Chernivtsi National University, 2 Kotziubynskoho Street, 58012 Chernivtsi (Ukraine); Levkovets, S.I. [Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Lesya Ukrainka Eastern European National University, 13 Voli Avenue, 43025 Lutsk (Ukraine); Karpets, M.V. [Frantsevych Institute for Problems of Materials Science, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 3 Krzhyzhanivsky Street, 03142 Kyiv (Ukraine); Parasyuk, O.V. [Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Lesya Ukrainka Eastern European National University, 13 Voli Avenue, 43025 Lutsk (Ukraine)

2016-10-15

Single crystal of the ternary halide Tl{sub 10}Hg{sub 3}Cl{sub 16} was grown using Bridgman-Stockbarger method. For the Tl{sub 10}Hg{sub 3}Cl{sub 16} crystal, we have measured X-ray photoelectron spectra for both pristine and Ar{sup +} ion-bombarded surfaces and additionally investigated photoinduced piezoelectricity. Our data indicate that the Tl{sub 10}Hg{sub 3}Cl{sub 16} single crystal surface is very sensitive with respect to Ar{sup +} ion-bombardment. In particular, Ar{sup +} ion-bombardment with energy of 3.0 keV over 5 min at an ion current density of 14 μA/cm{sup 2} causes significant changes of the elemental stoichiometry of the Tl{sub 10}Hg{sub 3}Cl{sub 16} surface resulting in an abrupt decrease of the mercury content in the top surface layers of the studied single crystal. As a result of the treatment, the mercury content becomes nil in the top surface layers. In addition, the present XPS measurements allow for concluding about very low hygroscopicity of the Tl{sub 10}Hg{sub 3}Cl{sub 16} single crystal surface. The property is extremely important for the crystal handling in optoelectronic or nano-electronic devices working at ambient conditions. The photoinduced piezoelectricity has been explored for Tl{sub 10}Hg{sub 3}Cl{sub 16} depending on nitrogen (λ=371 nm) laser power density and temperature. - Graphical abstract: As-grown single crystal boule of Tl{sub 10}Hg{sub 3}Cl{sub 16}; dependence of the effective piezoelecric coefficient d{sub 33} versus the photoinducing nitrogen laser power density, I, at different temperatures, T; and packing of the polyhedra of halide atoms around Hg atoms in the Tl{sub 10}Hg{sub 3}Cl{sub 16} structure. - Highlights: • High-quality Tl{sub 10}Hg{sub 3}Cl{sub 16} single crystal has been grown by Bridgman-Stockbarger method. • Electronic structure of Tl{sub 10}Hg{sub 3}Cl{sub 16} is studied by the XPS method. • Tl{sub 10}Hg{sub 3}Cl{sub 16} single crystal surface is sensitive with respect to Ar{sup +} ion

Temperature induced Spin Switching in SmFeO3 Single Crystal

Science.gov (United States)

Cao, Shixun; Zhao, Huazhi; Kang, Baojuan; Zhang, Jincang; Ren, Wei

2014-08-01

The prospect of controlling the magnetization (M) of a material is of great importance from the viewpoints of fundamental physics and future applications of emerging spintronics. A class of rare-earth orthoferrites RFeO3 (R is rare-earth element) materials exhibit striking physical properties of spin switching and magnetization reversal induced by temperature and/or applied magnetic field. Furthermore, due to the novel magnetic, magneto-optic and multiferroic properties etc., RFeO3 materials are attracting more and more interests in recent years. We have prepared and investigated a prototype of RFeO3 materials, namely SmFeO3 single-crystal. And we report magnetic measurements upon both field cooling (FC) and zero-field cooling (ZFC) of the sample, as a function of temperature and applied magnetic field. The central findings of this study include that the magnetization of single-crystal SmFeO3 can be switched by temperature, and tuning the magnitude of applied magnetic field allows us to realize such spin switching even at room temperature.

Calculation of strained BaTiO3 with different exchange correlation functionals examined with criterion by Ginzburg-Landau theory, uncovering expressions by crystallographic parameters

Science.gov (United States)

Watanabe, Yukio

2018-05-01

In the calculations of tetragonal BaTiO3, some exchange-correlation (XC) energy functionals such as local density approximation (LDA) have shown good agreement with experiments at room temperature (RT), e.g., spontaneous polarization (PS), and superiority compared with other XC functionals. This is due to the error compensation of the RT effect and, hence, will be ineffective in the heavily strained case such as domain boundaries. Here, ferroelectrics under large strain at RT are approximated as those at 0 K because the strain effect surpasses the RT effects. To find effective XC energy functionals for strained BaTiO3, we propose a new comparison, i.e., a criterion. This criterion is the properties at 0 K given by the Ginzburg-Landau (GL) theory because GL theory is a thermodynamic description of experiments working under the same symmetry-constraints as ab initio calculations. With this criterion, we examine LDA, generalized gradient approximations (GGA), meta-GGA, meta-GGA + local correlation potential (U), and hybrid functionals, which reveals the high accuracy of some XC functionals superior to XC functionals that have been regarded as accurate. This result is examined directly by the calculations of homogenously strained tetragonal BaTiO3, confirming the validity of the new criterion. In addition, the data points of theoretical PS vs. certain crystallographic parameters calculated with different XC functionals are found to lie on a single curve, despite their wide variations. Regarding these theoretical data points as corresponding to the experimental results, analytical expressions of the local PS using crystallographic parameters are uncovered. These expressions show the primary origin of BaTiO3 ferroelectricity as oxygen displacements. Elastic compliance and electrostrictive coefficients are estimated. For the comparison of strained results, we show that the effective critical temperature TC under strain 1000 K from an approximate method combining ab initio

Synthesis, structural characterization and dielectric properties of Nb doped BaTiO3/SiO2 core–shell heterostructure

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cernea, M.; Vasile, B.S.; Boni, A.; Iuga, A.

2014-01-01

Highlights: • Optimal parameters for preparation by sol–gel of core–shell (BT-Nb 0.005 )/SiO 2 are presented in this paper. • Single crystalline BT-Nb 0.005 /SiO 2 core–shell composite with ∼34 nm shell thick was prepared. • The core–shell ceramic exhibits good dielectric properties and ferroelectric characteristics. -- Abstract: Perovskite complex ceramic oxides, BaTiO 3 doped with 0.5 mol%Nb 2 O 5 and then nanocoated with SiO 2 (abbreviated as BT-Nb 0.005 /SiO 2 ) was successful prepared using conventional sol–gel processing. Phase composition, particle morphology, structure, and electric properties of BT-Nb 0.005 core and BT-Nb 0.005 /SiO 2 core–shell were examined and compared, using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and, dielectric and ferroelectric measurements. Core–shell composite with well-defined perovskite tetragonal phase of BaTiO 3 was achieved. Furthermore, single crystalline BT-Nb 0.005 /SiO 2 core–nanoshell heterostructure with ∼34 nm shell thick was prepared, which is a novelty in ferroelectrics field. The ferroelectric quality of BT-Nb 0.005 has suffered an alteration when the (BT-Nb 0.005 )/SiO 2 core–shell heterostructure was realized. One-dimensional BT-Nb 0.005 /SiO 2 core–shell heterostructure exhibits an improvement of dielectric losses and a decrease of dielectric constant, compared to uncoated BT-Nb 0.005 . The (BT-Nb 0.005 )/SiO 2 core–shell material could be interesting for application in the composite capacitors

BaTiO3 thick fi lms obtained by tape casting from powders prepared by the oxalate route

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Adelina Ianculescu

2009-06-01

Full Text Available BaTiO3 powders were prepared by co-precipitation via oxalate route. The size, morphology and particle size distribution of the oxalate powders have been optimized by the control of different synthesis parameters during the precipitation reaction (nature of salts, concentration of different solutions, aging time. The single phase BaTiO3 oxide particles were obtained after a thermal decomposition of the as-synthesized powders at 850°C for 4 hours under air atmosphere. Oxide powders with a suitable specifi c surface area were selected in order to obtain thick fi lms by the tape casting technique. The microstructure and dielectric properties of the thick films varied obviously depending on the deposition-calcination-sintering cycle used. A double depositioncalcination cycle followed by sintering, as well as a two step deposition-calcination-sintering procedure was used in order to improve the compactness and therefore, the dielectric behaviour. A higher dielectric constant value (~ 750 and lower dielectric losses (~ 2 % were achieved at room temperature and at 1 kHz frequency for the dense, double-deposited fi lm obtained after two deposition-calcination-sintering cycles. For this film, a superior value of the dielectric constant (~ 1100, almost frequency independent in the frequency range of 100 Hz – 10 kHz was gained also at the ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition temperature of 130°C.

Properties of single crystal beta''-aluminas

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bates, J.B.; Brown, G.M.; Kaneda, T.; Brundage, W.E.; Wang, J.C.; Engstrom, H.

1979-01-01

Large single crystals of sodium beta''-alumina were grown by slow evaporation of Na 2 O at 1690 0 C from a mixture of Na 2 CO 3 , MgO, and Al 2 O 3 . Polarized Raman measurements were made on the Na β'' single crystals and on single crystals of Li, K, Rb, and Ag β'' prepared by ion exchange of Na β''. The low frequency Raman spectra of Na, K, Rb, and Ag β'' contained four or more bands due to vibrations of the mobile cations. These results were analyzed by assuming the spectra to be due to the normal modes of a defect cluster consisting of a cation vacancy surrounded by three cations. From model calculations, the Raman band of Na β'' at 33 cm -1 is assigned to the attempt mode for diffusion of Na + ions. The structure of a Ag β'' single crystal was investigated by neutron diffraction, and 20% of the Ag + ion sites were found to be vacant

Effect of BaTiO3 Nanopowder Concentration on Rheological Behaviour of Ceramic Inkjet Inks

Science.gov (United States)

Kyrpal, R.; Dulina, I.; Ragulya, A.

2015-04-01

The relationship between rheological properties of ceramic inkjet inks based on BaTiO3 nanopowder and solid phase concentration has been investigated. In the ink volume takes place the formation periodic colloidal structures (PCS). The determining factor of structure formation is powder-dispersant ratio. Structural constitution of in the system with the low pigment concentration represented as PCS2, that contains solid particles in deflocculated that stabilized by the presence of adsorption-solvate layers. Dilatant structure formation for such inks explained by constrained conditions of the interaction. Samples with high BaTiO3 concentration have been classified as PKS1. Dilatant properties of the PKS1 resulted in particles rearrangement under the influence of the flow. In the region of some values powder-dispersant ratio take place conversation PKS2 to PKS1 and ink structure transformation from monodisperse to aggregate state.

Crystal growth and mechanical hardness of In{sub 2}Se{sub 2.7}Sb{sub 0.3} single crystal

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Patel, Piyush, E-mail: piyush-patel130@yahoo.com; Vyas, S. M., E-mail: s-m-vyas-gu@hotmail.com; Patel, Vimal; Pavagadhi, Himanshu [Department of Physics, School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India-380009 (India); Solanki, Mitesh [panditdindayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar. Gujarat (India); Jani, Maunik P. [BITS Edu Campus, Varnama, Vadodara, Gujarat (India)

2015-08-28

The III-VI compound semiconductors is important for the fabrication of ionizing radiation detectors, solid-state electrodes, and photosensitive heterostructures, solar cell and ionic batteries. In this paper, In{sub 2}Se{sub 2.7} Sb{sub 0.3} single crystals were grown by the Bridgman method with temperature gradient of 60 °C/cm and the growth velocity 0.5cm/hr. The as-grown crystals were examined under the optical microscope for surface study, a various growth features observed on top free surface of the single crystal which is predominant of layers growth mechanism. The lattice parameters of as-grown crystal was determined by the XRD analysis. A Vickers’ projection microscope were used for the study of microhardness on the as-cleaved, cold-worked and annealed samples of the crystals, the results were discussed, and reported in detail.

Growth and characterization of lead-free (K,Na)NbO{sub 3}-based piezoelectric single crystals

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Liu, Hairui

2016-10-19

Lead-free piezoelectric materials have received increasing attention in the last decade, driven by environmental issues and health concerns. Of considerable interest is the (K,Na)NbO{sub 3} (KNN)-based system, which possesses a relatively high Curie temperature and good piezoelectric properties. Abundant publications on KNN-based polycrystalline ceramics increased the interest in studying their single-crystalline form, based on two major concerns. The first concern refers to the negative role of grain interactions on the electromechanical response. The second concern deals with domain engineering. The relationship between external electric field direction, crystallographic orientation, and spontaneous polarization vectors for a specific structure can be more readily established in single crystals and thus offers a pathway for an in-depth understanding of fundamental mechanism and potential applications. The exciting enhancement of both piezoelectric and ferroelectric response in lead-based single crystals also encourages the further exploration of KNN-based piezoelectric crystals, as they possess the same perovskite structure. The main goal of this thesis is to find possible approaches for improved electromechanical properties in KNN-based piezoelectric single crystals. In Chapter 2, the current development of KNN-based single crystals as piezoelectrics is reviewed, following a short introduction of fundamental knowledge on piezoelectrics and ferroelectrics. Both submerged-seed solution growth and top-seeded solution growth techniques were employed to produce single crystals, as described detailed in Chapter 3. Emphasis is subsequently placed on issues of the crystal growth process, effective methods to enhance electrical properties, and crystallographic orientation-dependent electrical properties in Li-, Ta-, and/or Sb-substituted KNN single crystals. The main conclusions from the crystal growth aspect are presented in Chapter 4 and can be summarized as follows

Thickness-dependent photovoltaic effects in miscut Nb-doped SrTiO3 single crystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yue Zengji; Zhao Kun; Zhao Songqing; Lu Zhiqing; Li Xiaoming; Ni Hao; Wang Aijun

2010-01-01

The photovoltaic effects of Nb-doped SrTiO 3 single crystals with different thicknesses were investigated under the illumination of ultraviolet pulsed lasers. The peak photovoltage increased and then decreased quickly with the decrease in crystal thickness, and a maximum photovoltage occurred for the 180 μm-thick crystal. The photovoltaic response time decreased monotonically with decreasing crystal thickness. The present results suggested the promising potential of reducing crystal thickness in high sensitivity detectors with fast response.

Determination of temperature-dependent thermal conductivity of a BaSnO{sub 3−δ} single crystal by using the 3ω method

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kim, Hyung Joon; Kim, Tai Hoon; Lee, Woong-Jhae; Chai, Yisheng; Kim, Jae Wook; Jwa, Yeon Jae; Chung, Sukhwan; Kim, Seon Joong; Sohn, Egon [Center for Novel States of Complex Materials Research, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747 (Korea, Republic of); Institute of Applied Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747 (Korea, Republic of); Lee, Seung Min [Hanbeam Corporation Ltd, Iui-dong 906-5, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do (Korea, Republic of); Choi, Ki-Young [Center for Novel States of Complex Materials Research, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747 (Korea, Republic of); Institute of Applied Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747 (Korea, Republic of); Kim, Kee Hoon, E-mail: khkim@phya.snu.ac.kr [Center for Novel States of Complex Materials Research, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747 (Korea, Republic of); Institute of Applied Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747 (Korea, Republic of)

2014-06-01

Highlights: • This is the first report about thermal conductivity of BaSnO{sub 3−δ} single crystals. • We report the successful κ measurement of the crystals by employing the 3ω method. • The BaSnO{sub 3−δ} single crystal can be a good perovskite substrate with high κ. • We found that phonons mainly contribute to the heat transport in BaSnO{sub 3−δ}. - Abstract: The single crystal of the electron doped BaSnO{sub 3−δ} system has been recently found to have high electrical mobility (up to 320 cm{sup 2} V{sup −1} s{sup −1}) at room temperature and excellent oxygen stability. Although thermal conductivity (κ) of the BaSnO{sub 3−δ} single crystal is an important physical quantity, the κ measurement by the conventional DC method has been difficult due to the limited crystal size. Herein, we report the first measurement of κ by using the 3ω method from ∼20 to 300 K in the oxygen deficient BaSnO{sub 3−δ} single crystal with carrier concentration of ∼10{sup 18} cm{sup −3}. We found that κ is proportional to T{sup −1} above 50 K, indicating that phonons mainly contribute to the heat transport. Moreover, the electronic contribution is determined as ∼4% of the measured κ from the Wiedemann–Franz law. The κ value is 0.132 W cm{sup −1} K{sup −1} at room temperature and is increased progressively at lower temperatures, becoming overall larger than that of the SrTiO{sub 3} single crystal. Our results thus point out that BaSnO{sub 3−δ} can be a good substrate for growing transparent electronic thin films with the perovskite structure.

Structure and properties of plasma sprayed BaTiO3 coatings after thermal posttreatment

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Ctibor, Pavel; Sedláček, J.; Pala, Zdeněk

2015-01-01

Roč. 41, č. 6 (2015), s. 7453-7460 ISSN 0272-8842 Institutional support: RVO:61389021 Keywords : Electrical properties * BaTiO3 * Plasma spraying * Annealing * Microstructure Subject RIV: JH - Ceramics, Fire-Resistant Materials and Glass Impact factor: 2.758, year: 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.02.065

Anisotropic and excellent magnetocaloric properties of La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 single crystal with anomalous magnetization

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Debnath, J.C.; Zeng, R.; Kim, J.H.; Chen, D.P.; Dou, S.X.

2012-01-01

Highlights: ► ΔS M shows a very large reversibility value at low field. ► The single crystal exhibits anisotropy in the MCE. ► La 0.7 Ca 0.3 MnO 3 is weakly itinerant ferromagnetic. ► No hysteresis loss is observed. - Abstract: Magnetic properties and the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) have been investigated in La 0.7 Ca 0.3 MnO 3 single crystal with applied field along both the ab-plane and the c-direction. Due to the magnetocrystalline anisotropy, the crystal exhibits anisotropy in the MCE. Upon application of a 5 T field, the magnetic entropy changes (ΔS M ), reaching values of 7.668 J/(kg K) and 6.412 J/(kg K) for both the ab-plane and the c-direction, respectively. A magnetic entropy change of 3.3 J/(kg K) was achieved for a magnetic field change of 1.5 T at the Curie temperature, T C = 245 K. Due to the absence of grains in the single crystal, the ΔS M distribution here is much more uniform than for gadolinium (Gd) and other polycrystalline manganites, which is desirable for an Ericsson-cycle magnetic refrigerator. For a field change of 5 T, the relative cooling power, RCP, reached 358.17 J/kg, while the maximum adiabatic temperature change of 5.33 K and a magnetoresistance (MR) ratio of 507.88% at T C were observed. We analysed the magnetization of La 0.7 Ca 0.3 MnO 3 single crystal at T C and estimated several parameters of spin fluctuation on the basis of a self-consistent renormalization theory of spin fluctuations, with reciprocal susceptibility above T C . We found that the magnetic property of La 0.7 Ca 0.3 MnO 3 is weakly itinerant ferromagnetic. A large reversible MCE and no hysteresis loss with a considerable value of refrigerant capacity indicate that La 0.7 Ca 0.3 MnO 3 single crystal is a potential candidate as a magnetic refrigerant.

Single-crystal growth of ceria-based materials

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ulbrich, Gregor

2015-01-01

In this work it could be shown that Skull-Melting is a suitable method for growing ceria single crystals. Twenty different ceria-based single crystals could be manufactured. It was possible to dope ceria single crystals with Gd, Sm, Y, Zr, Ti, Ta, and Pr in different concentrations. Also co-doping with the named metals was realized. However, there remain some problems for growing ceria-based single crystals by Skull-Melting. As ignition metal zirconium was used because no ceria-based material works well. For that reason all single crystals show small zirconium contamination. Another problem is the formation of oxygen by the heat-induced reduction of ceria during the melting process. Because of that the skull of sintered material is often destroyed by gas pressure. This problem had to be solved individually for every single crystal. The obtained single crystals were characterized using different methods. To ensure the single crystal character the y were examined by Laue diffraction. All manufactured crystals are single crystals. Also powder diffraction patterns of the milled and oxidized samples were measured. For the determination of symmetry and metric the structural parameters were analyzed by the Rietveld method. All synthesized materials crystallize in space group Fm-3m known from calcium fluoride. The cubic lattice parameter a was determined for all crystals. In the case of series with different cerium and zirconium concentrations a linear correlation between cerium content and cubic lattice parameter was detected. The elemental composition was determined by WDX. All crystals show a homogeneous elemental distribution. The oxygen content was calculated because the WDX method isn't useful for determination.

Frequency tunability of solid-core photonic crystal fibers filled with nanoparticle-doped liquid crystals

OpenAIRE

Scolari, Lara; Gauza, Sebastian; Xianyu, Haiqing; Zhai, Lei; Eskildsen, Lars; Alkeskjold, Thomas Tanggaard; Wu, Shin-Tson; Bjarklev, Anders Overgaard

2009-01-01

We infiltrate liquid crystals doped with BaTiO3 nanoparticles in a photonic crystal fiber and compare the measured transmission spectrum with the one achieved without dopant. New interesting features, such as frequency modulation response of the device and a transmission spectrum with tunable attenuation on the short wavelength side of the widest bandgap, suggest a potential application of this device as a tunable all-in-fiber gain equalization filter with an adjustable slope. The tunability ...

Single crystal growth and characterization of kagomé-lattice shandites Co3Sn2-xInxS2

Science.gov (United States)

Kassem, Mohamed A.; Tabata, Yoshikazu; Waki, Takeshi; Nakamura, Hiroyuki

2015-09-01

Single crystals of the shandite-type half metallic ferromagnet Co3Sn2S2, and its In-substituted compounds, Co3Sn2-xInxS2 (0crystals. Single crystals of the two end members, Co3Sn2S2 and Co3In2S2, and solid solutions with low In concentrations (x≤0.35) were grown out of Sn and In self flux. Solid solution single crystals with higher In concentrations were grown out of Sn, In and Pb mixture flux. Grown crystals were characterized using the powder x-ray diffraction, wavelength-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and magnetization measurements. The shandite structure with R3¯m symmetry was confirmed and crystal structure parameters of the obtained plate-shaped hexagonal crystals were refined using the Rietveld analysis. Magnetization measurements show suppression of the ferromagnetic ordering, observed in Co3Sn2S2, by In-substitution as reported for polycrystalline samples. The obtained crystals are useful to study anisotropy in magnetic and transport properties and further interesting magnetotransport properties of the layered compounds.

Paramagnetic resonance of LaGaO3: Mn single crystals grown by floating zone melting

Science.gov (United States)

Vazhenin, V. A.; Potapov, A. P.; Artyomov, M. Yu.; Salosin, M. A.; Fokin, A. V.; Gil'mutdinov, I. F.; Mukhamedshin, I. R.

2016-02-01

The EPR spectrum of Mn-doped lanthanum gallate single crystals grown by floating zone melting with optical heating has been studied. In contrast to the crystals grown according to the Czochralski method, no manganese is found in these crystals even after high-temperature annealing in air. The spectral characteristics of Fe3+ and Gd3+ centers in crystals prepared by various methods have been compared in the rhombohedral phase, and the fourth-rank nondiagonal parameters of the Fe3+ trigonal centers have been determined, as well.

Flux Growth of Highly Crystalline Photocatalytic BaTiO3 Particle Layers on Porous Titanium Sponge Substrate and Insights into the Formation Mechanism

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Q.; Li, B.

2017-09-01

A unique architecture of idiomorphic and highly crystalline BaTiO3 particle layers directly grown on a porous titanium sponge substrate was successfully achieved for the first time using a facile molten salt method at a relatively low temperature of 700 °C. Specifically, the low-melting KCl-NaCl eutectic salts and barium hydroxide octahydrate were employed as the reaction medium and barium source, respectively. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry were used to characterize the structure, morphology and optical property of the obtained samples. The results revealed that the flux-grown tetragonal BaTiO3 products had well-defined and uniform morphology with an average size of 300 nm and a band gap of ∼3.16 eV. Based on XRD, EDS, SEM, and TEM, the possible formation mechanism responsible for the well-developed architecture of BaTiO3 particle layers was proposed and discussed. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity of the flux-grown BaTiO3 products for organic pollutant degradation under simulated sunlight irradiation was also investigated.

High-quality bulk hybrid perovskite single crystals within minutes by inverse temperature crystallization

KAUST Repository

Saidaminov, Makhsud I.

2015-07-06

Single crystals of methylammonium lead trihalide perovskites (MAPbX3; MA=CH3NH3+, X=Br− or I−) have shown remarkably low trap density and charge transport properties; however, growth of such high-quality semiconductors is a time-consuming process. Here we present a rapid crystal growth process to obtain MAPbX3 single crystals, an order of magnitude faster than previous reports. The process is based on our observation of the substantial decrease of MAPbX3 solubility, in certain solvents, at elevated temperatures. The crystals can be both size- and shape-controlled by manipulating the different crystallization parameters. Despite the rapidity of the method, the grown crystals exhibit transport properties and trap densities comparable to the highest quality MAPbX3 reported to date. The phenomenon of inverse or retrograde solubility and its correlated inverse temperature crystallization strategy present a major step forward for advancing the field on perovskite crystallization.

Reduced energy loss in poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanocomposites by filling with a small loading of core-shell structured BaTiO3/SiO2 nanofibers

Science.gov (United States)

Liu, Shaohui; Xue, Shuangxi; Shen, Bo; Zhai, Jiwei

2015-07-01

Homogeneous ceramic-polymer nanocomposites consisting of core-shell structured BaTiO3/SiO2 nanofibers and a p oly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) polymer matrix have been prepared. The correlation between the energy discharged density and interfacial polarization is studied in PVDF nanocomposites by the measurements of the discharge performance and impedance spectroscopy. According to the results of dielectric constant, breakdown strength, and complex impedance analysis, coating SiO2 layers on the surface of BaTiO3 nanofibers can block the movement of charge carriers through the nanocomposites by playing a shielding role on the charge-rich inter layer, which resulted in weak Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars interfacial polarization and thus reduces the energy loss and improved the energy discharged density of the nanocomposites. The energy discharged density in the nanocomposite with 2.5 vol. % BaTiO3/SiO2 core-shell nanofibers is 6.28 J/cm3 at 3.3 MV/cm, which is over 11.94% higher than that of nanocomposite with BaTiO3 nanofibers at the same electric field.

Piezoelectric properties of electrospun nanofibers of BaTiO3; Propiedades piezoeletricas de nanofibras eletrofiadas de BaTiO3

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Carvalho, L.F.R.M.; Melo, G.F.; Goncalves, A.M.; Eiras, J.A.; Bretas, R.E.S., E-mail: bretas@ufscar.br [Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos (UFSCar), SP (Brazil)

2016-07-01

BaTiO3 nanofibers were produced by the electrospinning method from a mixture of a solution of the precursors Ba (CH{sub 3}COO){sub 2} and [(CH{sub 3}){sub 2}CHO]{sub 4}Ti in acetic acid and a solution of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) in ethanol. A voltage of 10 kV and a working distance of 4.6 cm were used for the electrospinning, at controlled room temperature and humidity of 21 °C and 60% respectively. Nanofibers as spun were dried in air on an air-circulating oven at 100 °C for one hour to remove residual solvent and were subsequently calcined at 750 °C during 2 h. The morphology, crystallographic structure and piezoelectric properties of the nanofibers were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray angle (WAXS) and Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM), respectively. The average diameter of the nanofibers was 414 nm with an aspect ratio of 40. By PFM, there was strong evidence that the nanofibers had piezoelectric activity. (author)

Single crystal growth and nonlinear optical properties of Nd3+ doped STGS crystal for self-frequency-doubling application

Science.gov (United States)

Chen, Feifei; Wang, Lijuan; Wang, Xinle; Cheng, Xiufeng; Yu, Fapeng; Wang, Zhengping; Zhao, Xian

2017-11-01

The self-frequency-doubling crystal is an important kind of multi-functional crystal materials. In this work, Nd3+ doped Sr3TaGa3Si2O14 (Nd:STGS) single crystals were successfully grown by using Czochralski pulling method, in addition, the nonlinear and laser-frequency-doubling properties of Nd:STGS crystals were studied. The continuous-wave laser at 1064 nm was demonstrated along different physical axes, where the maximum output power was obtained to be 295 mW for the Z-cut samples, much higher than the Y-cut (242 mW) and X-cut (217 mW) samples. Based on the measured refractive indexes, the phase matching directions were discussed and determined for type I (42.5°, 30°) and type II (69.5°, 0°) crystal cuts. As expected, self-frequency-doubling green laser at 529 nm was achieved with output powers being around 16 mW and 12 mW for type I and type II configurations, respectively.

Synthesis of Mesoporous Single Crystal Co(OH)2 Nanoplate and Its Topotactic Conversion to Dual-Pore Mesoporous Single Crystal Co3O4.

Science.gov (United States)

Jia, Bao-Rui; Qin, Ming-Li; Li, Shu-Mei; Zhang, Zi-Li; Lu, Hui-Feng; Chen, Peng-Qi; Wu, Hao-Yang; Lu, Xin; Zhang, Lin; Qu, Xuan-Hui

2016-06-22

A new class of mesoporous single crystalline (MSC) material, Co(OH)2 nanoplates, is synthesized by a soft template method, and it is topotactically converted to dual-pore MSC Co3O4. Most mesoporous materials derived from the soft template method are reported to be amorphous or polycrystallined; however, in our synthesis, Co(OH)2 seeds grow to form single crystals, with amphiphilic block copolymer F127 colloids as the pore producer. The single-crystalline nature of material can be kept during the conversion from Co(OH)2 to Co3O4, and special dual-pore MSC Co3O4 nanoplates can be obtained. As the anode of lithium-ion batteries, such dual-pore MSC Co3O4 nanoplates possess exceedingly high capacity as well as long cyclic performance (730 mAh g(-1) at 1 A g(-1) after the 350th cycle). The superior performance is because of the unique hierarchical mesoporous structure, which could significantly improve Li(+) diffusion kinetics, and the exposed highly active (111) crystal planes are in favor of the conversion reaction in the charge/discharge cycles.

Origin of thermally stable ferroelectricity in a porous barium titanate thin film synthesized through block copolymer templating

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Norihiro Suzuki

2017-07-01

Full Text Available A porous barium titanate (BaTiO3 thin film was chemically synthesized using a surfactant-assisted sol-gel method in which micelles of amphipathic diblock copolymers served as structure-directing agents. In the Raman spectrum of the porous BaTiO3 thin film, a peak corresponding to the ferroelectric tetragonal phase was observed at around 710 cm−1, and it remained stable at much higher temperature than the Curie temperature of bulk single-crystal BaTiO3 (∼130 °C. Measurements revealed that the ferroelectricity of the BaTiO3 thin film has high thermal stability. By analyzing high-resolution transmission electron microscope images of the BaTiO3 thin film by the fast Fourier transform mapping method, the spatial distribution of stress in the BaTiO3 framework was clearly visualized. Careful analysis also indicated that the porosity in the BaTiO3 thin film introduced anisotropic compressive stress, which deformed the crystals. The resulting elongated unit cell caused further displacement of the Ti4+ cation from the center of the lattice. This displacement increased the electric dipole moment of the BaTiO3 thin film, effectively enhancing its ferro(piezoelectricity.

Facile Low Temperature Hydrothermal Synthesis of BaTiO3 Nanoparticles Studied by In Situ X-ray Diffraction

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ola G. Grendal

2018-06-01

Full Text Available Ferroelectric materials are crucial for today’s technological society and nanostructured ferroelectric materials are important for the downscaling of devices. Controlled and reproducible synthesis of these materials are, therefore, of immense importance. Hydrothermal synthesis is a well-established synthesis route, with a large parameter space for optimization, but a better understanding of nucleation and growth mechanisms is needed for full utilization and control. Here we use in situ X-ray diffraction to follow the nucleation and growth of BaTiO3 formed by hydrothermal synthesis using two different titanium precursors, an amorphous titania precipitate slurry and a Ti-citric acid complex solution. Sequential Rietveld refinement was used to extract the time dependency of lattice parameters, crystallite size, strain, and atomic displacement parameters. Phase pure BaTiO3 nanoparticles, 10–15 nm in size, were successfully synthesized at different temperatures (100, 125, and 150 °C from both precursors after reaction times, ranging from a few seconds to several hours. The two precursors resulted in phase pure BaTiO3 with similar final crystallite size. Finally, two different growth mechanisms were revealed, where the effect of surfactants present during hydrothermal synthesis is discussed as one of the key parameters.

Pyroelectric Study on Dipolar Alignment in 0.69Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.31PbTiO3 Single Crystals

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

ZHAO Liang; SHEN Ming-Rong; CAO Wen-Wu

2012-01-01

Pyroelectric measurements are conducted during zero-Geld heating in [001], [110] and [111] poled 0.69Pb(Mg1/3 Nb2/3)O3-0.31PbTiO3 single crystals. Compared to the room-temperature-poled samples, the crystals poled by using the Rield cooling method show broad but well recognizable pyroelectric current peaks near 190℃, which is much higher than the Curie point (126℃) of the crystal. We propose that this peak of the crystals poled by field-cooling above the Curie point is ascribed to the order-disorder transition of the dipoles in polar nano-regions formed at the Burns temperature.%Pyroelectric measurements are conducted during zero-field heating in [001],[110] and [111] poled 0.69Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.31PbTiO3 single crystals.Compared to the room-temperature-poled samples,the crystals poled by using the field cooling method show broad but well recognizable pyroelectric current peaks near 190℃,which is much higher than the Curie point (126℃) of the crystal.We propose that this peak of the crystals poled by field-cooling above the Curie point is ascribed to the order-disorder transition of the dipoles in polar nano-regions formed at the Burns temperature.

Raman selection rules and tensor elements for PMN-0.3PT single crystal

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ge, Wanyin; Zhu, Wenliang; Pezzotti, Giuseppe

2009-01-01

Selection rules were put forward theoretically and Raman tensor elements experimentally determined for PMN-0.3PT single-crystal. Such a body of information was then employed to evaluate local domain orientation in a relaxor-based PMN-0.3PT material by means of polarized microprobe Raman spectroscopy. The dependence of Raman spectra upon crystal rotation under different polarized probe configurations was experimentally confirmed by collecting the intensity variation of selected Raman modes on Euler's angle rotation in a poled single-crystal. The periodicity of relative Raman intensity of selected Raman bands revealed symmetry properties. Upon exploiting such properties and with the knowledge of the Raman tensor elements from the A g and E g vibrational modes, a viable path becomes available to determine domain texture in relaxor-based PMN-PT materials with high spatial resolution. (copyright 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim) (orig.)

Estudio del perfil de defectos y de las propiedades eléctricas de BaTiO3 dopado con Nb y La

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Castro, M. S.

2002-02-01

Full Text Available The aim of this work is to study the impact of two different and typical donor –dopants; Nb2O5 and La2O3, on the electrical properties of BaTiO3. Besides, the influence of Nb5+ and La3+ on the charge compensation mechanism was evaluated. On this way, it was determined that, the defect structure is not only affected by the dopant ion but also by its concentration. Amount of dopant also affects the electrical properties of BaTiO3 ceramics. In fact, for low Nb2O5 or La2O3 concentration, electronic compensation prevails, leading to a low – resistive material with an important PTCR effect. By EPR an increases in the oxygen vacancies with a low lanthanum addition was determined. This phenomenon could be associated to the lanthanum acceptor behavior. On the other hand, high dopant concentration leads to a high – resistive material showing GBBL characteristics. In this case, a high content of double – ionized barium vacancies able to trap electrons, and a thin glassy – phase film covering the BaTiO3 grains lead to a high – resistive material. This phenomenon encourages the hypothesis in which barium vacancies act as acceptor centers at the grain boundaries in BaTiO3 ceramics.En este trabajo, se estudia el impacto de la adición de Nb2O5 o La2O3 sobre las propiedades eléctricas de cerámicos basados en BaTiO3. Asimismo, se estudia la influencia de estos dos típicos dopantes en los mecanismos de compensación de cargas. En este sentido, se ha determinado que la estructura de defectos en el BaTiO3 no sólo se encuentra afectada por el tipo de dopante sino tambien por su concentración. En efecto, para bajas concentraciones de Nb2O5 o La2O3, predomina un mecanismo de compensación de cargas por generación de electrones. Sin embargo, los resultados de EPR muestran que la adición de una pequeña cantidad de La2O3 produce un notable incremento en la concentración de vacantes de oxígeno respecto del BaTiO3 sin dopar. Este fenómeno podr

Growth and electrical properties of (Mn,F) co-doped 0.92Pb(Zn 1/3Nb 2/3)O 3-0.08PbTiO 3 single crystal

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Shujun; Lebrun, Laurent; Randall, Clive A.; Shrout, Thomas R.

2004-06-01

The growth and characterization of (Mn,F) doped Pb(Zn 1/3Nb 2/3)O 3-PbTiO 3 (PZNT) single crystals are reported in this paper. The typical single crystal obtained is up to 30 mm size with dark brown color. The crystal lattice parameters of doped PZNT crystal are slightly decreased compared to the pure one. The room temperature dielectric permittivity along direction is about 6000, which is lower than that of the pure PZNT8 because of the dopants. The Curie temperature of the doped crystal is about 180°C while the ferroelectric phase transition temperature is around 100°C, which are higher than those of the pure PZNT8 single crystal. The remnant polarization and coercive field of oriented doped crystal measured at 1 Hz and 10 kV/cm field are about 27 μC/cm 2 and 4.2 kV/cm, respectively. The room temperature mechanical quality factor is ˜300. Piezoelectric coefficient of oriented doped crystal is higher than 3500 pC/N and the longitudinal electromechanical coupling factor is larger than 93%. The piezoelectric properties of doped PZNT single crystal with temperature and orientations are also reported in this paper. The valence state of the manganese dopant was determined by electron spin resonance, indicating no Mn 4+ in the crystals, suggesting the valence of manganese ions in PZNT crystals may be 2+, which acts as a hardener, stabilizes the domain wall and pins the domain wall motion, on the other hand, the dopant will enter Ti 4+ position, shifting the crystal composition to higher PT content.

Inhomogeneous ferrimagnetic-like behavior in Gd2/3Ca1/3MnO3 single crystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Haberkorn, N.; Larregola, S.; Franco, D.; Nieva, G.

2009-01-01

We present a study of the magnetic properties of Gd 2/3 Ca 1/3 MnO 3 single crystals at low temperatures, showing that this material behaves as an inhomogeneous ferrimagnet. In addition to small saturation magnetization at 5 K, we have found history dependent effects in the magnetization and the presence of exchange bias. These features are compatible with microscopic phase separation in the clean Gd 2/3 Ca 1/3 MnO 3 system studied

Effect of double layer thickness on magnetoelectric coupling in multiferroic BaTiO3-Bi0.95Gd0.05FeO3 multilayers

Science.gov (United States)

Hohenberger, S.; Lazenka, V.; Temst, K.; Selle, S.; Patzig, C.; Höche, T.; Grundmann, M.; Lorenz, M.

2018-05-01

The effect of double-layer thickness and partial substitution of Bi3+ by Gd3+ is demonstrated for multiferroic BaTiO3–BiFeO3 2–2 heterostructures. Multilayers of 15 double layers of BaTiO3 and Bi0.95Gd0.05FeO3 were deposited onto (0 0 1) oriented SrTiO3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition with various double layer thicknesses. X-ray diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopy investigations revealed a systematic strain tuning with layer thickness via coherently strained interfaces. The multilayers show increasingly enhanced magnetoelectric coupling with reduced double layer thickness. The maximum magnetoelectric coupling coefficient was measured to be as high as 50.8 V cm‑1 Oe‑1 in 0 T DC bias magnetic field at room temperature, and 54.9 V cm‑1 Oe‑1 above 3 T for the sample with the thinnest double layer thickness of 22.5 nm. This enhancement is accompanied by progressively increasing perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and compressive out-of-plane strain. To understand the origin of the enhanced magnetoelectric coupling in such multilayers, the temperature and magnetic field dependency of is discussed. The magnetoelectric performance of the Gd3+ substituted samples is found to be slightly enhanced when compared to unsubstituted BaTiO3–BiFeO3 multilayers of comparable double-layer thickness.

Growth from the melt of high-quality In2O3 and Ga2O3 single crystals

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fornari, Roberto; Galazka, Zbigniew; Uecker, Reinhard; Irmscher, Klaus [Leibniz Institute for Crystal Growth, Max-Born-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin (Germany)

2013-07-01

Because of their interesting properties semiconducting oxides, in particular Ga{sub 2}O{sub 3} In{sub 2}O{sub 3}, have recently received much attention. However, as they were deposited as films on hetero-substrates their quality was quite poor. The growth of high-quality bulk Ga{sub 2}O{sub 3} and In{sub 2}O{sub 3} and manufacture of the corresponding substrates can allow the deposition of high-quality epilayers with lower residual carrier density and fewer extended defects. For this reason IKZ has undertaken an effort to grow large single crystals of these oxide compounds from the melt. Transparent semiconducting Ga{sub 2}O{sub 3} single crystals with diameter of about 20 mm and 50-60 mm long were grown by the Czochralski method along the b-axis, using an Iridium crucible and a dynamic protective atmosphere to minimize the dissociation of Ga{sub 2}O{sub 3} melt and ingot. In the case of In{sub 2}O{sub 3} the Czochralski technique is not applicable and it was necessary to develop a novel melt growth method. This new method indeed supplied crystals from which oriented substrates could be prepared. In this presentation the melt growth of Ga{sub 2}O{sub 3} and In{sub 2}O{sub 3} single crystals will be reviewed. An important feature of both materials is given by their strong sensitivity to thermal processing: the free carrier concentration and the absorption spectra drastically vary as a function of annealing temperature, duration and ambient. The possible causes are discussed.

Modulated magnetic structure of an inhomogeneous stressed single crystal FeBO3

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sharipiv, M.Z.; Dzhuraev, D.R.; Sokolov, B.Yu.; Kurbanov, M.

2010-01-01

With the help of low-symmetry mechanical stresses, we induced an additional spatially inhomogeneous anisotropy in the basal plane of a single crystal FeBO 3 . By the magnetooptical method, we study the effect of an inhomogeneous magnetic anisotropy on the magnetic state of this easy-plane weak ferromagnetic. It is established that, at the magnetization of inhomogeneously stressed FeBO 3 in the basal plane near some separated direction, the crystal transits from the homogeneous state into a spatially modulated magnetic state. The latter can be represented in the form of a static spin wave, in which a local vector of ferromagnetism oscillates near the direction of the mean magnetization of a crystal, by remaining in the basal plane.

A first-principles study of phase transitions in ultrathin films of BaTiO 3

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

We determine the effects of film thickness, epitaxial strain and the nature of electrodes on ferroelectric phase transitions in ultrathin films of BaTiO3 using a first-principles effective Hamiltonian in classical molecular dynamics simulations. We present results for polarization and dielectric properties as a function of temperature ...

Growth of single crystals of BaFe12O19 by solid state crystal growth

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fisher, John G.; Sun, Hengyang; Kook, Young-Geun; Kim, Joon-Seong; Le, Phan Gia

2016-01-01

Single crystals of BaFe 12 O 19 are grown for the first time by solid state crystal growth. Seed crystals of BaFe 12 O 19 are buried in BaFe 12 O 19 +1 wt% BaCO 3 powder, which are then pressed into pellets containing the seed crystals. During sintering, single crystals of BaFe 12 O 19 up to ∼130 μm thick in the c-axis direction grow on the seed crystals by consuming grains from the surrounding polycrystalline matrix. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis shows that the single crystal and the surrounding polycrystalline matrix have the same chemical composition. Micro-Raman scattering shows the single crystal to have the BaFe 12 O 19 structure. The optimum growth temperature is found to be 1200 °C. The single crystal growth behavior is explained using the mixed control theory of grain growth. - Highlights: • Single crystals of BaFe 12 O 19 are grown by solid state crystal growth. • A single crystal up to ∼130 μm thick (c-axis direction) grows on the seed crystal. • The single crystal and surrounding ceramic matrix have similar composition. • Micro-Raman scattering shows the single crystal has the BaFe 12 O 19 structure.

Scintillation characteristics of LiB3O5 and β-BaB2O4 single crystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nazarenko, B.P.; Pedash, V.Yu.; Shekhovtsov, A.N.; Tarasov, V.A.; Zelenskaya, O.V.

2006-01-01

LiB 3 O 5 and β-BaB 2 O 4 single crystals have been grown by the top seeded solution growth technique. The optical characteristics and scintillation parameters of the grown single crystals have been tested and discussed

Crystal growth and piezoelectric properties of Ca3Ta(Ga0.9Sc0.1)3Si2O14 bulk single crystal

Science.gov (United States)

Igarashi, Yu; Yokota, Yuui; Ohashi, Yuji; Inoue, Kenji; Yamaji, Akihiro; Shoji, Yasuhiro; Kamada, Kei; Kurosawa, Shunsuke; Yoshikawa, Akira

2018-03-01

Ca3Ta(Ga0.9Sc0.1)3Si2O14 langasite-type single crystal with a diameter of 1 in. was grown by Czochralski (Cz) method. Obtained crystal had good crystallinity and its lattice constants exceeded those of Ca3TaGa3Si2O14 (CTGS) according to the X-ray analysis. A crack-free specimen cut from the grown crystal was used for the measurements of dielectric constant ε11T/ε0, electromechanical coupling factor k12, and piezoelectric constant d11. The accuracies of these measurements were better than those for the crystal grown by micro-pulling-down (μ-PD) method. Substitution of Ga with Sc resulted modification of these constants in the directions opposite to those observed after partial substitution of Ga (of CTGS) with Al. This suggests that increase of |d14| was most probably associated with enlargement of average size of the Ga sites. The crystal reported here had greater dimensions as compared to analogous crystals grown by the μ-PD method. As a result, accuracy of determination of acoustic constants of this material may be improved.

single crystals

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

2018-05-18

May 18, 2018 ... Abstract. 4-Nitrobenzoic acid (4-NBA) single crystals were studied for their linear and nonlinear optical ... studies on the proper growth, linear and nonlinear optical ..... between the optic axes and optic sign of the biaxial crystal.

Hybrid chitosan–Pluronic F-127 films with BaTiO3:Co nanoparticles: Synthesis and properties

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fuentes, S.; Dubo, J.; Barraza, N.; González, R.; Veloso, E.

2015-01-01

In this study, magnetic BaTiO 3 :Co (BT:Co) nanoparticles prepared using a combined sol–gel–hydrothermal technique were dispersed in a chitosan/Pluronic F-127 solution (QO/Pl) to obtain a nanocomposite hybrid films. Nanoparticles and hybrid films were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and alternating gradient magnetometry (AGM). Experimental results indicated that the BT:Co nanoparticles were encapsulated in the QO/Pl hybrid films and that the magnetic properties of the QO/Pl/BT:Co nanocomposites are similar to the naked BT:Co nanoparticles. Results indicate that Co doping produces an enhancement in the ferromagnetic behavior of the BT nanoparticle. The coating restricts this enhancement only to low-fields, leaving the diamagnetic behavior of BT at high-fields. Magnetically stable sizes (PSD) were obtained at 3% Co doping for both naked nanoparticles and hybrid films. These show an increased magnetic memory capacity and a softer magnetic hardness with respect to non-doped BT nanoparticles. - Highlights: • We described the synthesis of magnetic BaTiO 3 :Co dispersed in chitosan (QO)/Pluronic F-127 (Pl) solution by sonication to obtain nanocomposite hybrid films. • We describe the physical and magnetic properties of BaTiO 3 :Co nanoparticles and QO/Pl/BT:Co hybrid films. • The magnetic properties are defines by the presence of magnetic domains. These magnetic domains are close related with the amount of Co in the host lattice. • The prepared phases could be considered as multifunctional materials, with magnetic and ferri-electrical properties, with potential uses in the design of devices

Single crystal growth, characterization and high-pressure Raman spectroscopy of impurity-free magnesite (MgCO3)

Science.gov (United States)

Liang, Wen; Li, Zeming; Yin, Yuan; Li, Rui; Chen, Lin; He, Yu; Dong, Haini; Dai, Lidong; Li, Heping

2018-05-01

The understanding of the physical and chemical properties of magnesite (MgCO3) under deep-mantle conditions is highly important to capture the essence of deep-carbon storage in Earth's interior. To develop standard rating scales, the impurity-free magnesite single crystal, paying particular attention to the case of avoiding adverse impacts of Ca2+, Fe2+, and Mn2+ impurities in natural magnesite, is undoubtedly necessary for all research of magnesite, including crystalline structural phase transitions, anisotropic elasticity and conductivity, and equation of state (EoS). Thus, a high-quality single crystal of impurity-free magnesite was grown successfully for the first time using the self-flux method under high pressure-temperature conditions. The size of the magnesite single crystal, observed in a plane-polarized microscope, exceeds 200 μm, and the crystal exhibits a rhombohedral structure to cleave along the (101) plane. In addition, its composition of Mg0.999 ± 0.001CO3 was quantified through electron probing analysis. The structural property was investigated by means of single crystal X-ray diffraction and the unit cell dimensions obtained in the rhombohedral symmetry of the R\\bar {3}c space group are a = 4.6255 (3) and c = 14.987 (2), and the final R = 0.0243 for 718 reflections. High-pressure Raman spectroscopy of the magnesite single crystal was performed up to 27 GPa at ambient temperature. All Raman active bands, ν i, without any splitting increased almost linearly with increasing pressure. In combination with the high-pressure Raman results {{d/ν _i}}{{{d}P}} and the bulk modulus K T (103 GPa) reported from magnesite EoS studies, the mode Grüneisen parameters (1.49, 1.40, 0.26, and 0.27) of each vibration ( T, L, ν 4, and ν 1) were calculated.

Photoluminescence and lasing properties of MAPbBr3 single crystals grown from solution

Science.gov (United States)

Aryal, Sandip; Lafalce, Evan; Zhang, Chuang; Zhai, Yaxin; Vardeny, Z. Valy

Recent studies of solution-grown single crystals of inorganic-organic hybrid lead-trihalide perovskites have suggested that surface traps may play a significant role in their photophysics. We study electron-hole recombination in single crystal MAPbBr3 through such trap states using cw photoluminescence (PL) and ps transient photoinduced absorption (PA) spectroscopies. By varying the depth of the collecting optics we examined the contributions from surface and bulk radiative recombination. We found a surface dominated PL band at the band-edge that is similar to that observed from polycrystalline thin films, as well as a weaker red-shifted emission band that originates from the bulk crystal. The two PL bands are distinguished in their temperature, excitation intensity and polarization dependencies, as well as their ps dynamics. Additionally, amplified spontaneous emission and crystal-related cavity lasing modes were observed in the same spectral range as the PL band assigned to the surface recombination. This work was funded by AFOSR through MURI Grant RA 9550-14-1-0037.

Optical and electrical properties of ZrSe3 single crystals grown by chemical vapour transport technique

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Patel, Kaushik; Prajapati, Jagdish; Vaidya, Rajiv; Patel, S.G.

2005-01-01

Single crystals of the lamellar compound, ZrSe 3 , were grown by chemical vapour transport technique using iodine as a transporting agent. The grown crystals were characterized with the help of energy dispersive analysis by X-ray (EDAX), which gave confirmation about the stoichiometry. The optical band gap measurement of as grown crystals was carried out with the help of optical absorption spectra in the range 700-1450 nm. The indirect as well as direct band gap of ZrSe 3 were found to be 1.1 eV and 1.47 eV, respectively. The resistivity of the as grown crystals was measured using van der Pauw method. The Hall parameters of the grown crystals were determined at room temperature from Hall effect measurements. Electrical resistivity measurements were performed on this crystal in the temperature range 303-423 K. The crystals were found to exhibit semiconducting nature in this range. The activation energy and anisotropy measurements were carried out for this crystal. Pressure dependence of electrical resistance was studied using Bridgman opposed anvils set up up to 8 GPa. The semiconducting nature of ZrSe 3 single crystal was inferred from the graph of resistance vs pressure. The results obtained are discussed in detail. (author)

Microstructural and dielectrical characterization of Ho doped BaTiO3 ceramics

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marjanović Miloš

2014-01-01

Full Text Available The Ho doped BaTiO3 ceramics, with different Ho2O3 content, ranging from 0.01 to 1.0 wt % Ho, were investigated regarding their microstructural and dielectric characteristics. Doped BaTiO3 were prepared using conventional solid state reaction and sintered at 1380°C for four hours. SEM analysis of Ho/BaTiO3 doped ceramics showed that the low doped samples exhibit mainly fairly uniform and homogeneous microstructure with the grain size ranged from 20-40 μm. In the samples with the higher dopant concentration the abnormal grain growth is inhibited and the grain size ranged between 2-10 μm. Measurements of dielectric properties were carried out as a function of temperature up to 180 °C at different frequencies. The samples doped with 0.01wt % of Ho, exhibit the high value of dielectric permittivity (εr = 2160 at room temperature. A nearly flat permittivity-response was obtained in specimens with higher additive content. Using a Curie-Weiss law and modified Curie-Weiss law the Curie constant (C, Curie temperature (Tc and a critical exponent of nonlinearity (g were calculated. The Curie temperature of doped samples were ranged from 128 to 130°C. The Curie constant for all series of samples decrease with increase of dopant concentration and the lowest values were observed on samples doped with 0.01 wt % of holmium. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. OI 172057: Directed synthesis, structure and properties of multifunctional materials i br. TR 32026

Single crystals of the anisotropic Kagome staircase compounds Ni3V2O8 and Co3V2O8

OpenAIRE

Balakrishnan, G.; Petrenko, O. A.; Lees, M. R.; Paul, D. McK.

2004-01-01

Compounds with a Kagome type lattice are known to exhibit magnetic frustration. Large single crystals of two compounds Ni3V2O8 and Co3V2O8, which are variants of a Kagome net lattice, have been grown successfully by the floating zone technique using an optical image furnace. The single crystals are of high quality and exhibit intriguing magnetic properties.

Multiferroic properties of BiFeO3/BaTiO3 multilayered thin films

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sharma, Savita; Tomar, Monika; Kumar, Ashok; Puri, Nitin K.; Gupta, Vinay

2014-01-01

Multilayered structures of multiferroic BiFeO 3 (BFO) and ferroelectric BaTiO 3 (BTO) have been fabricated using pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Ferromagnetic and ferroelectric properties of the multilayered system (BFO/BTO) have been investigated. It could be inferred that the magnetization increases with the incorporation of BTO buffer layer, which indicates a coupling between the ferroelectric and ferromagnetic orders. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements performed on the prepared multiferroic samples show that the magnetization is significantly increased (M s =56.88 emu/cm 3 ) for the multilayer system with more number of layers (four) keeping the total thickness of the multilayered system constant (350 nm) meanwhile maintaining the sufficiently enhanced ferroelectric properties (P r =29.68 µC/cm 2 )

Optical energy gaps and photoluminescence peaks of BaGa2S4:Er3+ and BaGa2Se4:Er3+ single crystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Choe, Sung-Hyu; Jin, Moon-Seog; Kim, Wha-Tek

2005-01-01

BaGa 2 S 4 :Er 3+ and BaGa 2 Se 4 :Er 3+ single crystals were grown by using the chemical transport reaction method. The optical energy gaps of the BaGa 2 S 4 :Er 3+ and the BaGa 2 Se 4 :Er 3+ single crystals were found to be 4.045 eV and 3.073 eV, respectively, at 11 K. The temperature dependence of the optical energy gap was well fitted by the Varshni equation. Sharp emission peaks were observed in the photoluminescence spectra of the single crystals and assigned to radiation recombination between split Stark levels of the Er 3+ ion.

Growth of Yb3+-doped Y2O3 single crystal rods by the micro-pulling-down method

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mun, J.H.; Novoselov, A.; Yoshikawa, A.; Boulon, G.; Fukuda, T.

2005-01-01

The rare-earth sesquioxides (RE 2 O 3 , RE = Lu, Y and Sc) are very promising host crystals for advanced laser diode (LD)-pumped Yb 3+ -doped solid-state lasers due to unusual combination, almost unique of favourable structural, thermal and spectroscopic properties which are described. In spite of these favourable properties, the bulk single crystal growth technology for the rare-earth sesquioxides has not been established yet. The extremely high melting temperature at around 2400 deg. C has prevented it. However, we shall show that yttrium oxide crystals (Yb x Y 1-x ) 2 O 3 , x = 0.0, 0.005, 0.05, 0.08 and 0.15 of cylindrical shape as laser rods with 4.2 mm in diameter and 15-20 mm in length have been grown from rhenium crucibles by the micro-pulling-down method. The crystal quality characterisation of undoped Y 2 O 3 crystal was determined using X-ray rocking curve (XRC) analysis. Yb were homogeneously distributed in Y 2 O 3 host crystal

Magnetic, transport, and optical properties of Ca0.85Eu0.15MnO3 single crystal

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Naumov, S.V.; Loshkareva, N.N.; Mostovshchikova, E.V.; Solin, N.I.; Korolev, A.V.; Arbuzova, T.I.; Telegin, S.V.; Patrakov, E.I.

2013-01-01

Magnetic, transport and optical properties of the Ca 0.85 Eu 0.15 MnO 3 single crystal are studied and discussed in comparison with the properties of polycrystalline sample. The magnetic data show existence the two magnetic phase transitions under cooling: the transition near 150 K occurs from the paramagnetic orthorhombic to C-type antiferromagnetic monoclinic phase with the charge/orbital ordering in some part of the crystal; and at 90 K the transition from the paramagnetic to G-type antiferromagnetic phase takes place in another part of the crystal with the orthorhombic structure. The magnetoresistance of the Ca 0.85 Eu 0.15 MnO 3 single crystal has features at temperatures of these phase transitions. Differences in the properties of single crystal and polycrystalline sample with the same content of Eu are associated with the ordering of oxygen vacancies that appear under the crystal growth. The reflection spectra in infrared range confirm the existence of the electron conductivity in a narrow band at room temperature.

Understanding the peculiarities of the piezoelectric effect in macro-porous BaTiO3.

Science.gov (United States)

Roscow, James I; Topolov, Vitaly Yu; Bowen, Christopher R; Taylor, John; Panich, Anatoly E

2016-01-01

This work demonstrates the potential of porous BaTiO 3 for piezoelectric sensor and energy-harvesting applications by manufacture of materials, detailed characterisation and application of new models. Ferroelectric macro-porous BaTiO 3 ceramics for piezoelectric applications are manufactured for a range of relative densities, α  = 0.30-0.95, using the burned out polymer spheres method. The piezoelectric activity and relevant parameters for specific applications are interpreted by developing two models: a model of a 3-0 composite and a 'composite in composite' model. The appropriate ranges of relative density for the application of these models to accurately predict piezoelectric properties are examined. The two models are extended to take into account the effect of 90° domain-wall mobility within ceramic grains on the piezoelectric coefficients [Formula: see text]. It is shown that porous ferroelectrics provide a novel route to form materials with large piezoelectric anisotropy [Formula: see text] at 0.20 ≤ α ≤ 0.45 and achieve a high squared figure of merit [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]. The modelling approach allows a detailed analysis of the relationships between the properties of the monolithic and porous materials for the design of porous structures with optimum properties.

Electrically Anisotropic Layered Perovskite Single Crystal

KAUST Repository

Li, Ting-You

2016-04-01

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs), which are promising materials for electronic and optoelectronic applications (1-10), have made into layered organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites (LOIHPs). These LOIHPs have been applied to thin-film transistors, solar cells and tunable wavelength phosphors (11-18). It is known that devices fabricated with single crystal exhibit the superior performance, which makes the growth of large-sized single crystals critical for future device applications (19-23). However, the difficulty in growing large-sized LOIHPs single crystal with superior electrical properties limits their practical applications. Here, we report a method to grow the centimeter-scaled LOIHP single crystal of [(HOC2H4NH3)2PbI4], demonstrating the potentials in mass production. After that, we reveal anisotropic electrical and optoelectronic properties which proved the carrier propagating along inorganic framework. The carrier mobility of in-inorganic-plane (in-plane) devices shows the average value of 45 cm2 V–1 s–1 which is about 100 times greater than the record of LOIHP devices (15), showing the importance of single crystal in device application. Moreover, the LOIHP single crystals show its ultra-short carrier lifetime of 42.7 ps and photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PLQE) of 25.4 %. We expect this report to be a start of LOIHPs for advanced applications in which the anisotropic properties are needed (24-25), and meets the demand of high-speed applications and fast-response applications.

The spectroscopy investigation of ZnWO{sub 4}:Tm{sup 3+} single crystal

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Yang Fugui, E-mail: ruopiao@fjirsm.ac.cn [Department of Electronic Information Science, Fujian Jiangxia University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108 (China); Tu Chaoyang [Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 (China)

2012-09-15

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The spectroscopy and refractive index of single crystal ZnWO{sub 4}:Tm{sup 3+} are investigated systematically. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The Judd-Ofelt parameters are obtained. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The gain cross sections at {approx}2 {mu}m are estimated by reciprocity method (RM). Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The laser operation at {approx}2 {mu}m is discussed. - Abstract: The single crystal ZnWO{sub 4}:Tm{sup 3+} has been grown by Czochralski method. The XRD, refractive index, absorption and fluorescence spectra are measured. The Judd-Ofelt parameters{Omega}{sub 2}, {Omega}{sub 4}, {Omega}{sub 6} are obtained to be 6.3 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -20}, 1.3 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -20}, 1.4 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -20} cm{sup 2}, respectively. The fluorescence decay time of the {sup 3}H{sub 4} level is measured to be 0.113 ms and the quantum efficiency is 57%. The gain cross sections corresponding to {sup 3}F{sub 4}{yields}{sup 3}H{sub 6} transition at {approx}2 {mu}m are estimated by the reciprocity method (RM). The strong gain at {approx}2 {mu}m indicates that the ZnWO{sub 4}:Tm{sup 3+} crystal is a promising laser host for {approx}2 {mu}m laser.

Scintillation and optical properties of Ce{sup 3+}-doped CaGdAl{sub 3}O{sub 7} single crystals

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mori, Masaki, E-mail: masaki.mori.mz4@ms.naist.jp [Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma-shi, Nara 630-0192 (Japan); Nakauchi, Daisuke; Okada, Go [Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma-shi, Nara 630-0192 (Japan); Fujimoto, Yutaka [Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579 (Japan); Kawaguchi, Noriaki [Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma-shi, Nara 630-0192 (Japan); Koshimizu, Masanori [Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579 (Japan); Yanagida, Takayuki [Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma-shi, Nara 630-0192 (Japan)

2017-06-15

The single crystals of 0, 0.6, 1, 1.6 and 2 mol% Ce doped CaGdAl{sub 3}O{sub 7} (Ce:CGAM) were grown by the Floating Zone method, and investigated on photoluminescence (PL) and scintillation properties. In the PL spectra, a broad emission appeared over 380–500 nm under 280 and 360 nm excitations with the quantum yield of 33.8–38.8%. Under a vacuum ultraviolet excitation (90 nm) using a synchrotron source, non-doped CGAM single crystal showed broad emissions over 250–650 nm. The PL decay time profiles followed a monotonic exponential decay with a decay time constant of around 33 ns. The scintillation spectra were similar to those of PL. All of the samples exhibited a clear photoabsorption peak and Compton edge in the pulse height spectra measured under {sup 137}Cs γ-ray irradiation, and the absolute scintillation light yield (LY) was highest for the 2% Ce-doped sample with the value of 3300±300 ph/MeV. The scintillation decay profiles were approximated by a third order exponential decay function, and the extracted decay time of Ce{sup 3+} emission component was around 36–44 ns. Among all the samples, 2%Ce:CGAM single crystal sample showed the best afterglow level as a scintillator under X-ray irradiation. - Highlights: •Ce{sup 3+}-doped CaGdAl{sub 3}O{sub 7} single crystals were synthesized by the FZ method. •Optical and scintillation properties of Ce{sup 3+}-doped CaGdAl{sub 3}O{sub 7} were investigated. •Photoabsorption peak in a pulse height spectrum was clearly observed under γ-rays.

Growth of single crystals of BaFe12O19 by solid state crystal growth

Science.gov (United States)

Fisher, John G.; Sun, Hengyang; Kook, Young-Geun; Kim, Joon-Seong; Le, Phan Gia

2016-10-01

Single crystals of BaFe12O19 are grown for the first time by solid state crystal growth. Seed crystals of BaFe12O19 are buried in BaFe12O19+1 wt% BaCO3 powder, which are then pressed into pellets containing the seed crystals. During sintering, single crystals of BaFe12O19 up to ∼130 μm thick in the c-axis direction grow on the seed crystals by consuming grains from the surrounding polycrystalline matrix. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis shows that the single crystal and the surrounding polycrystalline matrix have the same chemical composition. Micro-Raman scattering shows the single crystal to have the BaFe12O19 structure. The optimum growth temperature is found to be 1200 °C. The single crystal growth behavior is explained using the mixed control theory of grain growth.

Growth and luminescent properties of Yb3+--doped oxide single crystals for scintillator application

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yoshikawa, A.; Ogino, H.; Shim, J.B.; Nikl, M.; Solovieva, N.; Fukuda, T.

2004-01-01

Rod-shaped (Lu 1-x Yb x ) 3 Al 5 O 12 with x=0.05, 0.15, 0.30 and (Y 1-x Yb x )AlO 3 with x=0.05, 0.10, 0.30 single crystals were grown by the micro-pulling-down method. Edge-defined film-fed growth method was used to prepare (Y 0.9 Yb 0.1 )VO 4 crystal, while Ca 8 (La 1.98 Yb 0.02 )(PO 4 ) 6 O 2 crystal was grown by the Czochralski method. Luminescence of these crystals was studied with main attention paid to the charge transfer emission of Yb 3+ . Temperature tuned decay times in the time scale of units--tens of nanosecond was measured as a feature possibly interesting for an application in scintillation detectors in positron emission tomography

The new single crystal diffractometer SC3

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Schefer, J.; Koch, M.; Keller, P.; Fischer, S.; Thut, R.

1996-01-01

Single crystal diffraction is a powerful method for the determination of precise structure parameters, superlattices, stress. Neutron single crystal diffraction gives additionally to X-rays information on magnetic structures, both commensurate and incommensurate, hydrogen positions, hydrogen bonding behavior and accurate bondlengths, e.g. important in cuprates. The method is therefore especially powerful if combined with X-ray diffraction results. The new instrument at SINQ has been designed for inorganic materials and is positioned at a thermal beam tube, pointing on a water scatterer. This scatterer is presently operating with H 2 O at ambient temperature, but a change to another medium at different temperature is possible. The instrument will be equipped with three area detectors, moving at fixed difference in 2Θ. each detector may be individually moved around a vertical circle (tilting angle γ), allowing to use not only 4-circle geometry in the temperature range from 1.5 to 380 K, but also any equipment from a dilution refrigerator (7 mK) to a heavy magnet. A high temperature furnace for 4-circle geometry is foreseen as a future option. (author) 6 figs., 1 tab., 7 refs

The new single crystal diffractometer SC3

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schefer, J; Koch, M; Keller, P; Fischer, S; Thut, R [Lab. for Neutron Scattering ETH Zurich, Zurich (Switzerland) and Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen (Switzerland)

1996-11-01

Single crystal diffraction is a powerful method for the determination of precise structure parameters, superlattices, stress. Neutron single crystal diffraction gives additionally to X-rays information on magnetic structures, both commensurate and incommensurate, hydrogen positions, hydrogen bonding behavior and accurate bondlengths, e.g. important in cuprates. The method is therefore especially powerful if combined with X-ray diffraction results. The new instrument at SINQ has been designed for inorganic materials and is positioned at a thermal beam tube, pointing on a water scatterer. This scatterer is presently operating with H{sub 2}O at ambient temperature, but a change to another medium at different temperature is possible. The instrument will be equipped with three area detectors, moving at fixed difference in 2{Theta}. each detector may be individually moved around a vertical circle (tilting angle {gamma}), allowing to use not only 4-circle geometry in the temperature range from 1.5 to 380 K, but also any equipment from a dilution refrigerator (7 mK) to a heavy magnet. A high temperature furnace for 4-circle geometry is foreseen as a future option. (author) 6 figs., 1 tab., 7 refs.

Crystal growth, spectral and laser properties of Nd:LSAT single crystal

Science.gov (United States)

Hu, P. C.; Yin, J. G.; Zhao, C. C.; Gong, J.; He, X. M.; Zhang, L. H.; Liang, X. Y.; Hang, Y.

2011-10-01

Nd:(La, Sr)(Al, Ta)O3 (Nd:LSAT) crystal was grown by the Czochralski method. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of Nd:LSAT crystal at room temperature were investigated. With a fiber-coupled diode laser as pump source, the continuous-wave (CW) laser action of Nd:LSAT crystal was demonstrated. The result of diode-pumped laser operation of Nd:LSAT crystal single crystal is reported for what is to our knowledge the first time. The maximum output power at 1064 nm was obtained to be 165 mW under the incident pump power of 3 W, with the slope efficiency 10.9%.

Optical properties of BaTiO3 nanoparticles and silver nanoprisms in polymer host matrices

Science.gov (United States)

Requena, Sebastian

Nanocomposites are materials comprised of a host matrix, such as glass or polymer, with embedded nanoparticles. Embedding nanoparticles into the host makes it possible to create materials with properties that are distinctly unique from those of their host and nanoparticle constituents. Nanocomposites can have superior mechanical, thermal, and optical properties compared to their host materials. We characterized the photoluminescent properties of BaTiO3 polymer nanocomposites and the effects of chemically modifying the nanoparticles surface on said properties. BaTiO3 nanopowders of average grain sizes 50 nm and 100 nm were functionalized by (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (3APTS) and mixed with poly(methyl methacrylate)/toluene solution. The nanocomposites films morphology and chemical structure were studied via AFM and FTIR. The photoluminescence spectrum of the pure nanoparticles was composed of an emission at ˜3.0 eV and multiple bands centered at ˜2.5 eV. Surface functionalization of the BaTiO3 nanoparticles via 3APTS increased overall luminescence at room temperature while only enhancing the ˜3.0 eV emission at low-temperature. On the other hand, polymer coating of the functionalized nanoparticles significantly enhances ˜3.0 eV emissions while decreasing emissions associated with near-surface lattice distortions at ˜2.5 eV. Chemical modification of the surface with 3APTS and PMMA presents a pathway to tune and control the photoluminescent properties of BTO nanoparticles. We also present optical studies of two different size distributions of silver triangular nanoprisms, one with a dipole resonance at ˜520 nm and the other with a dipole resonance at ˜650 nm, placed in different media. The silver nanoprisms were embedded in a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer matrix and oriented by stretching the polymer/nanoprism nanocomposite films. We observe significantly increased linear dichroism in the region associated with the plasmonic in-plane dipole mode upon

Self-templated synthesis of single-crystal and single-domain ferroelectric nanoplates

KAUST Repository

Chao, Chunying

2012-08-15

Free-standing single-crystal PbTiO 3 nanoplates (see picture) were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. A "self-templated" crystal growth is presumed to lead to the formation of the PbTiO 3 nanoplates, which have ferroelectric single-domain structures, whose polarization areas can be manipulated by writing and reading. The nanoplates are also effective catalysts for the oxidation of carbon monoxide. © 2012 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Substantial enhancement of energy storage capability in polymer nanocomposites by encapsulation of BaTiO3 NWs with variable shell thickness.

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Guanyao; Huang, Yanhui; Wang, Yuxin; Jiang, Pingkai; Huang, Xingyi

2017-08-09

Dielectric polymer nanocomposites have received keen interest due to their potential application in energy storage. Nevertheless, the large contrast in dielectric constant between the polymer and nanofillers usually results in a significant decrease of breakdown strength of the nanocomposites, which is unfavorable for enhancing energy storage capability. Herein, BaTiO 3 nanowires (NWs) encapsulated by TiO 2 shells of variable thickness were utilized to fabricate dielectric polymer nanocomposites. Compared with nanocomposites with bare BaTiO 3 NWs, significantly enhanced energy storage capability was achieved for nanocomposites with TiO 2 encapsulated BaTiO 3 NWs. For instance, an ultrahigh energy density of 9.53 J cm -3 at 440 MV m -1 could be obtained for nanocomposites comprising core-shell structured nanowires, much higher than that of nanocomposites with 5 wt% raw ones (5.60 J cm -3 at 360 MV m -1 ). The discharged energy density of the proposed nanocomposites with 5 wt% mTiO 2 @BaTiO 3 -1 NWs at 440 MV m -1 seems to rival or exceed those of some previously reported nanocomposites (mostly comprising core-shell structured nanofillers). More notably, this study revealed that the energy storage capability of the nanocomposites can be tailored by the TiO 2 shell thickness. Finite element simulations were employed to analyze the electric field distribution in the nanocomposites. The enhanced energy storage capability should be mainly attributed to the smoother gradient of dielectric constant between the nanofillers and polymer matrix, which alleviated the electric field concentration and leakage current in the polymer matrix. The methods and results herein offer a feasible approach to construct high-energy-density polymer nanocomposites with core-shell structured nanowires.

Crystal structure investigations of ZrAsxSey (x>y, x+y≤2) by single crystal neutron diffraction at 300 K, 25 K and 2.3 K

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Niewa, Rainer; Czulucki, Andreas; Schmidt, Marcus; Auffermann, Gudrun; Cichorek, Tomasz; Meven, Martin; Pedersen, Bjoern; Steglich, Frank; Kniep, Ruediger

2010-01-01

Large single crystals of ZrAs x Se y (x>y, x+y≤2, PbFCl type of structure, space group P4/nmm) were grown by Chemical Transport. Structural details were studied by single crystal neutron diffraction techniques at various temperatures. One single crystal specimen with chemical composition ZrAs 1.595(3) Se 0.393(1) was studied at ambient temperature (R1=5.10 %, wR2=13.18 %), and a second crystal with composition ZrAs 1.420(3) Se 0.560(1) was investigated at 25 K (R1=2.70%, wR2=5.70 %) and 2.3 K (R1=2.30 %, wR2=4.70 %), respectively. The chemical compositions of the crystals under investigation were determined by wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The quantification of trace elements was carried out by Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. According to the crystal structure refinements the crystallographic 2a site is occupied by As, together with a significant amount of vacancies. One of the 2c sites is fully occupied by As and Se (random distribution). With respect to the fractional coordinates of the atoms, the crystal structure determinations based on the data obtained at 25.0 K and 2.3 K did not show significant deviations from ambient temperature results. The temperature dependence of the displacement parameters indicates a static displacement of As on the 2a sites (located on the (0 0 1) planes) for all temperatures. No indications for any occupation of interstitial sites or the presence of vacancies on the Zr (2a) site were found. - Graphical abstract: Large single crystals of ZrAs x Se y grown by Chemical Transport to study structural details as the As-Se order scheme by single crystal neutron diffraction.

Single-crystal perovskite CH3NH3PbBr3 prepared by cast capping method for light-emitting diodes

Science.gov (United States)

Nguyen, Van-Cao; Katsuki, Hiroyuki; Sasaki, Fumio; Yanagi, Hisao

2018-04-01

In this study, electroluminescence from single crystals of CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite is explored. The cast capping method was applied to fabricate simple devices with an ITO/CH3NH3PbBr3/ITO structure. The devices showed a low operation voltage of 2 V and a pure green luminescence with full width at half maximum of ∼20 nm. However, the emission occurring at the crystal edges demonstrated blinking with a subsecond time interval, which is similar to the previously reported photoluminescence behavior of nanocrystal perovskites. This electroluminescence blinking may provide new insight into the recombination processes depending on the carrier traps and defects of emission layers in perovskite light-emitting devices.

Ho2O3 additive effects on BaTiO3 ceramics microstructure and dielectric properties

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Paunović Vesna

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Doped BaTiO3-ceramics is very interesting for their application as PTCR resistors, multilayer ceramic capacitors, thermal sensors etc. Ho doped BaTiO3 ceramics, with different Ho2O3 content, ranging from 0.01 to 1.0 wt% Ho, were investigated regarding their microstructural and dielectric characteristics. The samples were prepared by the conventional solid state reaction and sintered at 1320° and 1380°C in an air atmosphere for 4 hours. The grain size and microstructure characteristics for various samples and their phase composition was carried out using a scanning electron microscope (SEM equipped with EDS system. SEM analysis of Ho/BaTiO3 doped ceramics showed that in samples doped with a rare-earth ions low level, the grain size ranged from 20-30μm, while with the higher dopant concentration the abnormal grain growth is inhibited and the grain size ranged between 2- 10μm. Dielectric measurements were carried out as a function of temperature up to 180°C. The low doped samples sintered at 1380°C, display the high value of dielectric permittivity at room temperature, 2400 for 0.01Ho/BaTiO3. A nearly flat permittivity-response was obtained in specimens with higher additive content. Using a Curie-Weiss low and modified Curie-Weiss low the Curie constant (C, Curie temperature (Tc and a critical exponent of nonlinearity (γ were calculated. The obtained value of γ pointed out that the specimens have almost sharp phase transition. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 172057: Directed synthesis, structure and properties of multifunctional materials

Compensation mechanisms at high temperature in Y-doped BaTiO3

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Paredes-Olguín, M.; Lira-Hernández, I.A.; Gómez-Yáñez, C.; Espino-Cortés, F.P.

2013-01-01

Samples of BaTiO 3 with different concentrations of Y were synthesized from powders. The mixtures of powders were pressed and sintered at 1500 °C for 1 h. Two groups of samples were processed, one satisfying Ba/(Ti+Y) 3+ occupies the Ti 4+ lattice sites. The conductivity behavior as a function of Y concentration suggests that the compensation mechanisms are hole and oxygen vacancies. Due to the presence of charge carriers in the material, high values for the dielectric constant and dielectric loss were observed. Analysis of the microstructure showed that the average grain size decreases as the Y concentration is increased.

Solvent-induced controllable synthesis, single-crystal to single-crystal transformation and encapsulation of Alq3 for modulated luminescence in (4,8)-connected metal-organic frameworks.

Science.gov (United States)

Lan, Ya-Qian; Jiang, Hai-Long; Li, Shun-Li; Xu, Qiang

2012-07-16

In this work, for the first time, we have systematically demonstrated that solvent plays crucial roles in both controllable synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their structural transformation process. With solvent as the only variable, five new MOFs with different structures have been constructed, in which one MOF undergoes solvent-induced single-crystal to single-crystal (SCSC) transformation that involves not only solvent exchange but also the cleavage and formation of coordination bonds. Particularly, a significant crystallographic change has been realized through an unprecedented three-step SCSC transformation process. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the obtained MOF could be an excellent host for chromophores such as Alq3 for modulated luminescent properties.

Synthesis of flower-like BaTiO3/Fe3O4 hierarchically structured particles and their electrorheological and magnetic properties.

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Baoxiang; Yin, Yichao; Liu, Chenjie; Yu, Shoushan; Chen, Kezheng

2013-07-21

Flower-like BaTiO3/Fe3O4 hierarchically structured particles composed of nano-scale structures on micro-scale materials were synthesized by a simple solvothermal approach and characterized by the means of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), magnetic testing and rotary viscometer. The influences on the morphology and structure of solvothermal times, type and amount of surfactant, EG : H2O ratio, etc. were studied. Magnetic testing results show that the samples have strong magnetism and they exhibit superparamagnetic behavior, as evidenced by no coercivity and the remanence at room temperature, due to their very small sizes, observed on the M-H loop. The saturation magnetization (M(s)) value can achieve 18.3 emu g(-1). The electrorheological (ER) effect was investigated using a suspension of the flower-like BaTiO3/Fe3O4 hierarchically structured particles dispersed in silicone oil. We can observe a slight shear-thinning behavior of shear viscosity at a low shear rate region even at zero applied electric field and a Newtonian fluid behavior at high shear rate regions.

Preparation of metastable bcc permalloy epitaxial thin films on GaAs(011)B3 single-crystal substrates

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ohtake, Mitsuru; Higuchi, Jumpei; Yabuhara, Osamu; Kirino, Fumiyoshi; Futamoto, Masaaki

2011-01-01

Permalloy (Py) single-crystal films with bcc structure were obtained on GaAs(011) B3 single-crystal substrates by ultra high vacuum rf magnetron sputtering. The film growth and the detailed film structures were investigated by refection high energy electron diffraction and pole figure X-ray diffraction. bcc-Py films epitaxially grow on the substrates in the orientation relationship of Py(011)[011-bar] bcc || GaAs(011)[011-bar] B3 . The lattice constant of bcc-Py film is determined to be a = 0.291 nm. With increasing the film thickness, parts of the bcc crystal transform into more stable fcc structure by atomic displacement parallel to the bcc{011} close-packed planes. The resulting film thus consists of a mixture of bcc and fcc crystals. The phase transformation mechanism is discussed based on the experimental results. The in-plane magnetization properties reflecting the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of bcc-Py crystal are observed for the Py films grown on GaAs(011) B3 substrates.

Conformación de termistores utilizando polvos de BaTiO3 sintetizados por el método pechini

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Claudia P. Fernández Perdomo

2010-05-01

Full Text Available El titanato de bario, BaTiO3, es un compuesto de gran interés en el ámbito de la electrocerámica, ya que se utiliza en la fabricación de condensadores, transductores piezoeléctricos y dispositivos resistivos con coeficiente positivo de temperatura (PTCR, así como en la manufactura de piroeléctricos y dispositivos optoelectrónicos, entre otros dispositivos. La mayoría de estos componentes son conformados con polvos cerámicos de elevada pureza y tamaño de partícula adecuado. Esto exige estructurar métodos de síntesis que garanticen es- tos requerimientos. En este trabajo se sintetizaron polvos cerámicos de BaTiO3 por el método de precursor polimérico (Pechini, obteniéndose una materia prima muy pura y con pequeño tamaño de partícula. Los polvos obtenidos se caracterizaron utilizando análisis térmico (ATD/TG, difracción de rayos X (DRX y calorimetría diferencial de barrido (DSC. Los resultados indican que en las muestras tratadas a 650 °C la única fase cristalina presente es el BaTiO3 cúbico y a 1.100 °C la tetragonal, con una relación c/a < 1.007. Las muestras tratadas a 1.100 °C presentaron una transición ferroeléctrica a paraeléctrica a una temperatura de T ≈ 123 °C. Los polvos cerámicos de BaTiO3 tetragonal fueron prensados uniaxialmente y posteriormente sinterizados a 1.200 °C durante 2 horas. Estas muestras se caracterizaron eléctricamente, obteniéndose curvas de resistencia eléctrica en función de la temperatura (R-T, evidenciándose en ellas su comportamiento termistor tipo PTCR. Además, se midió la variación de la corriente-voltaje (I-V a diferentes temperaturas.

Attenuation of thermal neutrons by an imperfect single crystal

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Naguib, K.; Adib, M. [National Research Centre, Cairo (Egypt). Reactor and Neutron Physics Dept.

1996-06-14

A semi-empirical formula is given which allows one to calculate the total thermal cross section of an imperfect single crystal as a function of crystal constants, temperature and neutron energy E, in the energy range between 3 meV and 10 eV. The formula also includes the contribution of the parasitic Bragg scattering to the total cross section that takes into account the crystal mosaic spread value and its orientation with respect to the neutron beam direction. A computer program (ISCANF) was developed to calculate the total attenuation of neutrons using the proposed formula. The ISCANF program was applied to investigate the neutron attenuation through a copper single crystal. The calculated values of the neutron transmission through the imperfect copper single crystal were fitted to the measured ones in the energy range 3-40 meV at different crystal orientations. The result of fitting shows that use of the computer program ISCANF allows one to predict the behaviour of the total cross section of an imperfect copper single crystal for the whole energy range. (author).

Attenuation of thermal neutrons by an imperfect single crystal

Science.gov (United States)

Naguib, K.; Adib, M.

1996-06-01

A semi-empirical formula is given which allows one to calculate the total thermal cross section of an imperfect single crystal as a function of crystal constants, temperature and neutron energy E, in the energy range between 3 meV and 10 eV. The formula also includes the contribution of the parasitic Bragg scattering to the total cross section that takes into account the crystal mosaic spread value and its orientation with respect to the neutron beam direction. A computer program (ISCANF) was developed to calculate the total attenuation of neutrons using the proposed formula. The ISCANF program was applied to investigate the neutron attenuation through a copper single crystal. The calculated values of the neutron transmission through the imperfect copper single crystal were fitted to the measured ones in the energy range 3 - 40 meV at different crystal orientations. The result of fitting shows that use of the computer program ISCANF allows one to predict the behaviour of the total cross section of an imperfect copper single crystal for the whole energy range.

Ultra-fast scintillation properties of β-Ga2O3 single crystals grown by Floating Zone method

Science.gov (United States)

He, Nuotian; Tang, Huili; Liu, Bo; Zhu, Zhichao; Li, Qiu; Guo, Chao; Gu, Mu; Xu, Jun; Liu, Jinliang; Xu, Mengxuan; Chen, Liang; Ouyang, Xiaoping

2018-04-01

In this investigation, β-Ga2O3 single crystals were grown by the Floating Zone method. At room temperature, the X-ray excited emission spectrum includes ultraviolet and blue emission bands. The scintillation light output is comparable to the commercial BGO scintillator. The scintillation decay times are composed of the dominant ultra-fast component of 0.368 ns and a small amount of slightly slow components of 8.2 and 182 ns. Such fast component is superior to most commercial inorganic scintillators. In contrast to most semiconductor crystals prepared by solution method such as ZnO, β-Ga2O3 single crystals can be grown by traditional melt-growth method. Thus we can easily obtain large bulk crystals and mass production.

Effects of Reaction Medium on the Phase Synthesis and Particle Size Evolution of BaTiO3

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Stawski, Thomasz M.; Veldhuis, Sjoerd A.; Göbel, Ole; ten Elshof, Johan E.; Blank, David H.A.

2010-01-01

The low-temperature alkoxide–hydroxide precipitation synthesis of nanosized crystalline barium titanate (BaTiO3) in nonaqueous media is presented. In this report, we show the influence of the reaction medium on the nature of the product by investigating the reaction of titanium (IV) isopropoxide

Regio-Regular Oligo and Poly(3-hexyl thiophene): Precise Structural Markers from the Vibrational Spectra of Oligomer Single Crystals.

KAUST Repository

Brambilla, Luigi; Tommasini, Matteo; Botiz, Ioan; Rahimi, Khosrow; Agumba, John O.; Stingelin, Natalie; Zerbi, Giuseppe

2014-01-01

, namely, amorphous, semicrystalline, polycrystalline and single crystal. We have based our analysis on the spectra of the (3HT)8 single crystal (whose structure has been determined by selected area electron diffraction) taken as reference

Principles of crystallization, and methods of single crystal growth

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chacra, T.

2010-01-01

Most of single crystals (monocrystals), have distinguished optical, electrical, or magnetic properties, which make from single crystals, key elements in most of technical modern devices, as they may be used as lenses, Prisms, or grating sin optical devises, or Filters in X-Ray and spectrographic devices, or conductors and semiconductors in electronic, and computer industries. Furthermore, Single crystals are used in transducer devices. Moreover, they are indispensable elements in Laser and Maser emission technology.Crystal Growth Technology (CGT), has started, and developed in the international Universities and scientific institutions, aiming at some of single crystals, which may have significant properties and industrial applications, that can attract the attention of international crystal growth centers, to adopt the industrial production and marketing of such crystals. Unfortunately, Arab universities generally, and Syrian universities specifically, do not give even the minimum interest, to this field of Science.The purpose of this work is to attract the attention of Crystallographers, Physicists and Chemists in the Arab universities and research centers to the importance of crystal growth, and to work on, in the first stage to establish simple, uncomplicated laboratories for the growth of single crystal. Such laboratories can be supplied with equipment, which are partly available or can be manufactured in the local market. Many references (Articles, Papers, Diagrams, etc..) has been studied, to conclude the most important theoretical principles of Phase transitions,especially of crystallization. The conclusions of this study, are summarized in three Principles; Thermodynamic-, Morphologic-, and Kinetic-Principles. The study is completed by a brief description of the main single crystal growth methods with sketches, of equipment used in each method, which can be considered as primary designs for the equipment, of a new crystal growth laboratory. (author)

Application of positron age-momentum correlation measurements to the study of defects in inorganic materials

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tanigawa, S.; Kishimoto, Y.; Tsuda, N.

1982-01-01

The two parameter correlation measurements between the positron age and the momentum of annihilating pairs were applied to the study of defects in plastically deformed MgO and Al 2 O 3 single crystals, nonstoichiometric sintered BaTiO 3 samples and irradiated NaCl single crystals. The results in MgO, Al 2 O 3 and BaTiO 3 showed the bell shape dependence of lifetimes on momentum indicating that the behavior of positrons in these materials can be well described by the simple trapping model with the condition that all positrons are initially in a free Bloch state. On the other hand, the X-ray irradiation of NaCl crystals produced a complicated dependence of lifetime momentum indicating the presence of positronium in this material. (Auth.)

Gold nanoparticles decorated on BaTiO3 as photocatalyst: effect of SPR and ferroelectricity

Science.gov (United States)

Miao, Zhilei; Chen, Lei; Wang, Rui; Yuan, Rongchun; Zhou, Fang; Lv, Pengfei; Zhang, Xiuyun; Wang, Qiang

2018-02-01

BaTiO3(BTO) powders with cubic(C) and tetragonal(T) crystalline structures were prepared by sol-gel method followed by calcination at different temperatures, and they were decorated with gold nanoparticles(AuNPs) to form Au-T-BTO and Au-C-BTO respectively. All the samples (C-BTO, T-BTO, Au-C-BTO and Au-T-BTO) were used as photo-catalysts for the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB). Au-T-BTO exhibits the highest photocatalytic activity due to thecombined effect of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and the ferroelectricity of the tetragonalphase BTO. The light absorption peaks at 500 to 600 nm verify the presence of SPR effect from Au NPs. Based on density functional theory (DFC) within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) approach, it was demonstrated that the tetragonal phase BaTiO3 shows a spontaneous polarization with the calculated value of 0.34 C m-2, which is absent in thecubic phase. The internal space charge layer in tetragonal phase BTO enhances the separation of photoexcited carriers due to the spontaneous ferroelectric polarization, which also benefits photocatalytic activities.

Induced Ti magnetization at La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 and BaTiO3 interfaces

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Yaohua Liu

2016-04-01

Full Text Available In artificial multiferroics hybrids consisting of ferromagnetic La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO and ferroelectric BaTiO3 epitaxial layers, net Ti moments are found from polarized resonant soft x-ray reflectivity and absorption. The Ti dichroic reflectivity follows the Mn signal during the magnetization reversal, indicating exchange coupling between the Ti and Mn ions. However, the Ti dichroic reflectivity shows stronger temperature dependence than the Mn dichroic signal. Besides a reduced ferromagnetic exchange coupling in the interfacial LSMO layer, this may also be attributed to a weak Ti-Mn exchange coupling that is insufficient to overcome the thermal energy at elevated temperatures.

Guided Wave Propagation in a Gold Electrode Film on a Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3−33%PbTiO3 Ferroelectric Single Crystal Substrate

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Huang Nai-Xing; LÜ Tian-Quan; Zhang Rui; Wang Yu-Ling; Cao Wen-Wu

2014-01-01

Dispersion relations of Love mode acoustic guided waves propagation in Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 −33%PbTiO 3 (PMN-0.33 PT) single crystal with a gold electrode film are calculated. There is no cross coupling among Love wave modes, which is conducive to eliminating the cross interference between modes. The general formula is derived to precisely measure the thickness of the electrode. More acoustic energy would be concentrated inside the electrode with the increase of film thickness for a given frequency. Compared with the PZT-5 ceramic, [001] c poled PMN-33%PT single crystal has a slower attenuation of the amplitude of the acoustic guided wave. Therefore, single crystal is extremely suitable for making low loss acoustic wave devices with a high operating frequency

The crystal structure and luminescence quenching of poly- and single-crystalline KYW{sub 2}O{sub 8}:Tb{sup 3+}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schwung, Sebastian [Fachbereich Chemieingenieurwesen, Fachhochschule Münster, Stegerwaldstraße 39, 48565 Steinfurt (Germany); Rytz, Daniel, E-mail: rytz@fee-io.de [Forschungsinstitut für mineralische und metallische Werkstoffe-Edelsteine/ Edelmetalle-GmbH (FEE), Struthstraße 2, 55743 Idar-Oberstein (Germany); Heying, Birgit; Rodewald, Ute Ch.; Niehaus, Oliver [Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 30 48149 Münster (Germany); Enseling, David [Fachbereich Chemieingenieurwesen, Fachhochschule Münster, Stegerwaldstraße 39, 48565 Steinfurt (Germany); Jüstel, Thomas, E-mail: tj@fh-muenster.de [Fachbereich Chemieingenieurwesen, Fachhochschule Münster, Stegerwaldstraße 39, 48565 Steinfurt (Germany); Pöttgen, Rainer, E-mail: pottgen@uni-muenster.de [Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 30 48149 Münster (Germany)

2015-10-15

Terbium-substituted KYW{sub 2}O{sub 8} single crystals of high optical quality were grown by the top seeded solution growth technique. The degree of yttrium–terbium mixed occupancy was determined for two samples through structure refinements on the basis of single crystal X-ray diffractometer data. Temperature dependent magnetic susceptibility data underline the paramagnetic nature of terbium doped crystals. No magnetic ordering is evident down to 2 K. Luminescence measurements yield the typical excitation and emission spectra as expected for Tb{sup 3+} activated materials. The decay time of Tb{sup 3+} decreases linearly with the Tb{sup 3+} concentration, while the excess of thermal quenching does not change significantly. At about 405 K the decay time is reduced by roughly 50% relative to the low-temperature value, both for the powders as for the single crystals. - Highlights: • Single crystalline and powder series of K(Y,Tb)W{sub 2}O{sub 8.} • Refined XRD data of high quality crystals. • Linear decrease of the decay time with Tb{sup 3+} content.

Resistive switching behavior in single crystal SrTiO{sub 3} annealed by laser

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pan, Xinqiang [State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054 (China); Shuai, Yao, E-mail: yshuai@uestc.edu.cn [State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054 (China); Collaboration Innovation Center of Electronic Materials and Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054 (China); Wu, Chuangui, E-mail: cgwu@uestc.edu.cn [State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054 (China); Collaboration Innovation Center of Electronic Materials and Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054 (China); Luo, Wenbo [State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054 (China); Collaboration Innovation Center of Electronic Materials and Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054 (China); Sun, Xiangyu [State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054 (China); Yuan, Ye; Zhou, Shengqiang [Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, D-01328 Dresden (Germany); Ou, Xin [State Key Laboratory of Functional Material for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050 (China); Zhang, Wanli [State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054 (China); Collaboration Innovation Center of Electronic Materials and Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054 (China)

2016-12-15

Highlights: • Laser annealing was used to introduce oxygen vacancies into the single crystal SrTiO{sub 3}. • The effect of laser annealing with different fluence on the single crystal SrTiO{sub 3} was systematically studied. • The concentration of oxygen vacancies can be tuned by changing the fluence of laser. • Resistive switching behavior was observed in the sample with relatively high laser fluence after an electro-forming process. - Abstract: Single crystal SrTiO{sub 3} (STO) wafers were annealed by XeCl laser (λ = 308 nm) with different fluences of 0.4 J/cm{sup 2}, 0.6 J/cm{sup 2} and 0.8 J/cm{sup 2}, respectively. Ti/Pt electrodes were sputtered on the surface of STO wafer to form co-planar capacitor-like structures of Pt/Ti/STO/Ti/Pt. Current-Voltage measurements show that the leakage current is enhanced by increasing laser fluence. Resistive switching behavior is only observed in the sample annealed by laser with relatively high fluence after an electro-forming process. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements indicate that the amount of oxygen vacancies increases with the increase of laser fluence. This work indicates resistive switching appears when enough oxygen vacancies are generated by the laser, which form conductive filaments under an external electric field.

Scintillation properties of Er-doped Y3Al5O12 single crystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yamaji, Akihiro; Ogino, Hiraku; Fujimoto, Yutaka; Suzuki, Akira; Yanagida, Takayuki; Yokota, Yuui; Kurosawa, Shunsuke; Yoshikawa, Akira

2013-01-01

Er-doped Y 3 Al 5 O 12 single crystals with different Er concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 10, 30, and 50% were grown by the micro-pulling down method. There were several absorption lines due to the Er 3+ 4f-4f transitions in the transmittance spectra and these lines correspond to the transitions from the ground state of 4 I 15/2 to the excited states. The photo- and radio-luminescence spectra showed Er 3+ 4f-4f emissions. Relative light yield under 5.5 MeV alpha-ray irradiation of Er 0.1%:Y 3 Al 5 O 12 was estimated to be 63% of that of Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 . -- Highlights: •Er doped Y 3 Al 5 O 12 single crystal scintillators were grown with different Er concentrations. •Optical properties associated with 4f-4f transition were evaluated. •Radio luminescence spectra measurements were performed under 5.5 MeV alpha-ray irradiation. •The highest light yield was estimated to be 63% of that of Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 under 5.5 MeV alpha-ray irradiation

Growth and magnetooptical properties of anisotropic TbF3 single crystals

Science.gov (United States)

Valiev, Uygun V.; Karimov, Denis N.; Burdick, Gary W.; Rakhimov, Rakhim; Pelenovich, Vasiliy O.; Fu, Dejun

2017-06-01

This paper investigates the Faraday effect and absorption and luminescence spectra of single-crystal TbF3 measured at 90 K and 300 K. The optical-quality single-phase TbF3 crystals (structural type β-YF3) were grown by the Bridgman technique. Faraday rotation angles were measured at remagnetization along the [100] crystallographic axis. Low temperature optical measurements were carried out along the [100] axis. "Quasi-doublet" sublevels with energy at 0 cm-1, 65 cm-1, and 190 cm-1, and also a singlet sublevel with energy at 114 cm-1 located in the ground 7F6 multiplet were determined from the low temperature luminescence spectra. The Van-Vleck behavior of the magnetic susceptibility χb can be satisfactorily explained by the magnetic mixing of wave functions belonging to the ground and first excited "quasi-doublet" sublevels at 0 and 65 cm-1, respectively. Analysis of the oscillation dependences of the rotation angle showed that the value of the natural birefringence (Δn ≈ 0.0186) remains nearly constant within the wavelength and temperature ranges under investigation. As the temperature decreases, we find significant increases in the oscillation amplitude of the rotation angle and in the Verdet constant V. The spectral dependences V(χ) are linear throughout the temperature range. The magnetooptical activity of TbF3 can be explained by means of the spin- and parity-allowed electric-dipole 4f → 5d transitions in the Tb3+ ions.

DETERMINATION OF VICKERS MICROHARDNESS IN β-Ga2O3 SINGLE CRYSTALS GROWN FROM THEIR OWN MELT

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L. I. Guzilova

2015-05-01

Full Text Available The results of microhardness measurements of β-Ga2O3 single crystals for (001 crystallographic face are reported. The crystals were grown by the free crystallization with the "Garnet-2M" equipment. Microhardness values ​​ were determined by the Vickers method at varying loads. A four-sided diamond pyramid was used as an indenter. The average value of gallium oxide microhardness was equal to 8.91 GPa. We have carried out comparison of the values ​​obtained with the microhardness for the other wide bandgap semiconductors - epitaxial GaN layers grown on 6H-SiC and GaP layers grown on GaP:S. The findings are usable for machining process development of β-Ga2O3 single crystal substrates. In particular, silicon carbide and electrocorundum may be recommended for β-Ga2O3 machine processing.

Scattering Study of Conductive-Dielectric Nano/Micro-Grained Single Crystals Based on Poly(ethylene glycol, Poly(3-hexyl thiophene and Polyaniline

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Samira Agbolaghi

2017-12-01

Full Text Available Two types of rod-coil block copolymers including poly(3-hexylthiophene-block-poly(ethylene glycol (P3HT-b-PEG and PEG-block-polyaniline (PANI were synthesized using Grignard metathesis polymerization, Suzuki coupling, and interfacial polymerization. Afterward, two types of single crystals were grown by self-seeding methodology to investigate the coily and rod blocks in grafted brushes and ordered crystalline configurations. The conductive P3HT fibrillar single crystals covered by the dielectric coily PEG oligomers were grown from toluene, xylene, and anisole, and characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM and grazing wide angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS. Longer P3HT backbones resulted in folding, whereas shorter ones had a high tendency towards backbone lamination. The effective factors on folding of long P3HT backbones in the single crystal structures were the solvent quality and crystallization temperature. Better solvents due to decelerating the growth condition led to a higher number of foldings. Via increasing the crystallization temperature, the system decreased the folding number to maintain its stability. Poorer solvents also reflected a higher stacking in hexyl side chain and π-π stacking directions. The dielectric lamellar PEG single crystals sandwiched between the PANI nanorods were grown from amyl acetate, and analyzed using the interface distribution function (IDF of SAXS and AFM. The molecular weights of PANI and PEG blocks and crystallization temperature were focused while studying the grown single crystals.

Crystal growth and scintillation properties of Er-doped Lu3Al5O12 single crystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sugiyama, Makoto; Fujimoto, Yutaka; Yanagida, Takayuki; Totsuka, Daisuke; Kurosawa, Shunsuke; Futami, Yoshisuke; Yokota, Yuui; Chani, Valery; Yoshikawa, Akira

2012-01-01

Er-doped Lu 3 Al 5 O 12 (Er:LuAG) single crystalline scintillators with different Er concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 3% were grown by the micro-pulling-down (μ-PD) method. The grown crystals were composed of single-phase material, as demonstrated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The radioluminescence spectra measured under 241 Am α-ray excitation indicated host emission at approximately 350 nm and Er 3+ 4f-4f emissions. According to the pulse height spectra recorded under γ-ray irradiation, the 0.5% Er:LuAG exhibited the highest peak channel among the samples. The γ-ray excited decay time profiles were well fitted by the two-component exponential approximation (0.8 μs and 6-10 μs).

Perovskite single crystals and thin films for optoelectronic devices (Conference Presentation)

Science.gov (United States)

Li, Gang; Han, Qifeng; Yang, Yang; Bae, Sang-Hoon; Sun, Pengyu

2016-09-01

Hybrid organolead trihalide perovskite (OTP) solar cells have developed as a promising candidate in photovoltaics due to their excellent properties including a direct bandgap, strong absorption coefficient, long carrier lifetime, and high mobility. Most recently, formamidinium (NH2CH=NH2+ or FA) lead iodide (FAPbI3) has attracted significant attention due to several advantages: (1) the larger organic FA cation can replace the MA cation and form a more symmetric crystal structure, (2) the smaller bandgap of FAPbI3 allows for near infrared (NIR) absorption, and (3) FAPbI3 has an elevated decomposition temperature and thus potential to improve stability. Single crystals provide an excellent model system to study the intrinsic electrical and optical properties of these materials due to their high purity, which is particularly important to understand the limits of these materials. In this work, we report the growth of large ( 5 millimeter size) single crystal FAPbI3 using a novel liquid based crystallization method. The single crystal FAPbI3 demonstrated a δ-phase to α-phase transition with a color change from yellow to black when heated to 185°C within approximately two minutes. The crystal structures of the two phases were identified and the PL emission peak of the α-phase FAPbI3 (820 nm) shows clear red-shift compared to the FAPbI3 thin film (805 nm). The FAPbI3 single crystal shows a long carrier lifetime of 484 ns, a high carrier mobility of 4.4 cm2·V-1·s-1, and even more interestingly a conductivity of 1.1 × 10-7(ohm·cm)-1, which is approximately one order of magnitude higher than that of the MAPbI3 single crystal. Finally, high performance photoconductivity type photodetectors were successfully demonstrated using the single crystal FAPbI3.

High Performance Relaxor-Based Ferroelectric Single Crystals for Ultrasonic Transducer Applications

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Yan Chen

2014-07-01

Full Text Available Relaxor-based ferroelectric single crystals Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT have drawn much attention in the ferroelectric field because of their excellent piezoelectric properties and high electromechanical coupling coefficients (d33~2000 pC/N, kt~60% near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB. Ternary Pb(In1/2Nb1/2O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3O3-PbTiO3 (PIN-PMN-PT single crystals also possess outstanding performance comparable with PMN-PT single crystals, but have higher phase transition temperatures (rhombohedral to tetragonal Trt, and tetragonal to cubic Tc and larger coercive field Ec. Therefore, these relaxor-based single crystals have been extensively employed for ultrasonic transducer applications. In this paper, an overview of our work and perspectives on using PMN-PT and PIN-PMN-PT single crystals for ultrasonic transducer applications is presented. Various types of single-element ultrasonic transducers, including endoscopic transducers, intravascular transducers, high-frequency and high-temperature transducers fabricated using the PMN-PT and PIN-PMN-PT crystals and their 2-2 and 1-3 composites are reported. Besides, the fabrication and characterization of the array transducers, such as phased array, cylindrical shaped linear array, high-temperature linear array, radial endoscopic array, and annular array, are also addressed.

Piezoelectric properties of electrospun nanofibers of BaTiO3

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Carvalho, L.F.R.M.; Melo, G.F.; Goncalves, A.M.; Eiras, J.A.; Bretas, R.E.S.

2016-01-01

BaTiO3 nanofibers were produced by the electrospinning method from a mixture of a solution of the precursors Ba (CH_3COO)_2 and [(CH_3)_2CHO]_4Ti in acetic acid and a solution of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) in ethanol. A voltage of 10 kV and a working distance of 4.6 cm were used for the electrospinning, at controlled room temperature and humidity of 21 °C and 60% respectively. Nanofibers as spun were dried in air on an air-circulating oven at 100 °C for one hour to remove residual solvent and were subsequently calcined at 750 °C during 2 h. The morphology, crystallographic structure and piezoelectric properties of the nanofibers were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray angle (WAXS) and Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM), respectively. The average diameter of the nanofibers was 414 nm with an aspect ratio of 40. By PFM, there was strong evidence that the nanofibers had piezoelectric activity. (author)

Structural, morphological and Raman studies on hybridized PVDF/BaTiO3 nanocomposites

Science.gov (United States)

Rajamanickam, N.; Jayakumar, K.; Ramachandran, K.

2017-05-01

Hybridized nanocomposites of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and nano - barium titanate (BaTiO3) were prepared using the solution casting method for different concentrations of nano-BaTiO3 and were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The flower like structure for morphology was observed in SEM. Raman analysis showed that the modified BaTiO3 particles, due to higher specific surfaces, induce, predominantly, the crystallization of the electrically active β-phase of PVDF, while the initial micron size particles induce the formation of the most common but non-polar α-crystal form.

Optical characteristics of BaGa{sub 2}S{sub 4}:Ho{sup 3+} and BaGa{sub 2}Se{sub 4}:Ho{sup 3+} single crystals

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Choe, Sung-Hyu [Chosun University, Kwangju (Korea, Republic of); Jin, Moon-Seog [Dongshin University, Naju (Korea, Republic of); Kim, Wha-Tek [Chonnam National University, Kwangju (Korea, Republic of)

2005-11-15

BaGa{sub 2}S{sub 4}, BaGa{sub 2}S{sub 4}:Ho{sup 3+}, BaGa{sub 2}Se{sub 4}, and BaGa{sub 2}Se{sub 4}:Ho{sup 3+} single crystals were grown by using the chemical transport reaction method. The optical energy gaps of the single crystals were investigated in the temperature region from 11 K to 300 K. The temperature dependence of the optical energy gap was well fitted by the Varshni equation. Two broad emission bands were observed in the photoluminescence spectra of the single crystals. These bands were attributed to donor-acceptor pair recombinations. Sharp emission peaks were observed in the BaGa{sub 2}S{sub 4}:Ho{sup 3+} and the BaGa{sub 2}Se{sub 4}:Ho{sup 3+} single crystals and were assigned to radiation recombination between split Stark levels of Ho{sup 3+}.

Peak effect in untwinned YBa 2Cu 3O 7-δ single crystals

Science.gov (United States)

D'Anna, G.; André, M.-O.; Indenbom, M. V.; Benoit, W.

1994-12-01

We report on the observation of a weak effect of the critical current density in untwinned YBa 2Cu 3O 7-δ single crystals of different purity, using a low frequency torsion pendulum. We construct the peak effect line and the irreversibility line.

Reversible air-induced optical and electrical modulation of methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) single crystals

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Huotian; Liu, Yiting; Lu, Haizhou; Deng, Wan; Yang, Kang; Deng, Zunyi; Zhang, Xingmin; Yuan, Sijian; Wang, Jiao; Niu, Jiaxin; Zhang, Xiaolei; Jin, Qingyuan; Feng, Hongjian; Zhan, Yiqiang; Zheng, Lirong

2017-09-01

The photoluminescence (PL) variations of organic-inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites in different atmospheres are well documented, while the fundamental mechanism still lacks comprehensive understandings. This study reports the reversible optical and electrical properties of methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3 or CH3NH3PbBr3) single crystals caused by air infiltration. With the change in the surrounding atmosphere from air to vacuum, the PL intensity of perovskite single crystals decreases, while the conductivity increases. By means of first-principles computational studies, the shallow trap states are considered as key elements in PL and conductivity changes. These results have important implications for the characterization and application of organic-inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites in vacuum.

Defect characterization of Ga4Se3S layered single crystals by ...

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Trapping centres in undoped Ga 4 Se 3 S single crystals grown by Bridgman method were characterized for the first time by thermoluminescence (TL) measurements carried out in the low temperature range of 15−300 K. After illuminating the sample with blue light (∼470 nm) at 15 K, TL glow curve exhibited one peak ...

Enhanced actuation performance of piezoelectric fiber composites induced by incorporated BaTiO3 nanoparticles in epoxy resin

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wu, Mingliang; Yuan, Xi; Luo, Hang; Chen, Haiyan; Chen, Chao; Zhou, Kechao; Zhang, Dou

2017-01-01

Piezoelectric fiber composites (PFCs) have attracted much interest owing to their flexibility and toughness compared with conventional monolithic piezoceramic wafers. The free strain values and actuation property of PFCs strongly depend on the active electric field applied in Pb(Zr 1−x Ti x )O 3 (PZT) fibers. Reducing the dielectric constant mismatch between PZT fiber and the assembling epoxy resin would greatly increase the active electric field in PZT fiber. Therefore, BaTiO 3 (BT) nanoparticles were introduced into the epoxy resin to enhance the dielectric constant. Homogeneous dispersion of BT nanoparticles and tight adhesion with the epoxy resin were achieved through a surface modification by dopamine. The maximum dielectric constant of dopamine modified BT/epoxy (BT@Dop/epoxy) nanocomposites was 10.38 with 12 wt% BT@Dop content at 1 kHz. The maximum free strain of PFCs reached 1820 ppm with 6 wt% BT@Dop content, while PFCs assembled by pure epoxy showed 790 ppm at the same processing condition. The tip displacement of cantilever beam actuated by PFCs reached the peak of 19 mm at the resonance frequency with 6 wt% BT@Dop, which was improved by 90% comparing to PFCs with pure epoxy. - Highlights: • The effect of dielectric mismatch on effective electric field in piezoceramic fibers was explained by a model. • The dispersibility and adhesion of BaTiO 3 nanoparticles in epoxy was improved by the dopamine modification. • The actuation performance increased firstly and then decreased with adding BaTiO 3 nanoparticles. • The maximum free strain and displacement of cantilever beam were up to 1820 ppm and 19 mm, respectively.

Influence of domain on grain size effects of the dielectric properties of BaTiO3 nanoceramics and nanoparticles

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fang Chao; Chen Liangyan; Zhou Dongxiang

2013-01-01

The dielectric property of BaTiO 3 nanoparticles and nanoceramics has been studied on the basis of Ginsburg-Landau-Devonshire thermodynamic theory. In this paper, considering nanodomains, Landau coefficients have been written as a function of grain size, and the dielectric constant of the material has been calculated at a variety of temperatures and grain size. The results indicate that with decreasing grain size, the dielectric peak decreases. The two lower dielectric peaks of the orthorhombic-rhombohedral phase and tetragonal-orthorhombic phase move to higher temperature, while cubic-tetragonal phase dielectric peak moves to lower temperature. The dielectric constant of BaTiO 3 ceramics decreases with decreasing grain size. The dielectric constant peak at room temperature is at the grain size which is larger than the critical grain size 17-30 nm. The calculated result is consistent with the experimental data.

Inkjet printing of single-crystal films.

Science.gov (United States)

Minemawari, Hiromi; Yamada, Toshikazu; Matsui, Hiroyuki; Tsutsumi, Jun'ya; Haas, Simon; Chiba, Ryosuke; Kumai, Reiji; Hasegawa, Tatsuo

2011-07-13

The use of single crystals has been fundamental to the development of semiconductor microelectronics and solid-state science. Whether based on inorganic or organic materials, the devices that show the highest performance rely on single-crystal interfaces, with their nearly perfect translational symmetry and exceptionally high chemical purity. Attention has recently been focused on developing simple ways of producing electronic devices by means of printing technologies. 'Printed electronics' is being explored for the manufacture of large-area and flexible electronic devices by the patterned application of functional inks containing soluble or dispersed semiconducting materials. However, because of the strong self-organizing tendency of the deposited materials, the production of semiconducting thin films of high crystallinity (indispensable for realizing high carrier mobility) may be incompatible with conventional printing processes. Here we develop a method that combines the technique of antisolvent crystallization with inkjet printing to produce organic semiconducting thin films of high crystallinity. Specifically, we show that mixing fine droplets of an antisolvent and a solution of an active semiconducting component within a confined area on an amorphous substrate can trigger the controlled formation of exceptionally uniform single-crystal or polycrystalline thin films that grow at the liquid-air interfaces. Using this approach, we have printed single crystals of the organic semiconductor 2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (C(8)-BTBT) (ref. 15), yielding thin-film transistors with average carrier mobilities as high as 16.4 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1). This printing technique constitutes a major step towards the use of high-performance single-crystal semiconductor devices for large-area and flexible electronics applications.

Synthesis, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of two-dimensional divalent metal glutarate/dipyridylamine coordination polymers, with a single crystal-to-single crystal transformation in the copper derivative

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Montney, Matthew R.; Supkowski, Ronald M.; Staples, Richard J.; LaDuca, Robert L.

2009-01-01

Hydrothermal reaction of divalent metal chlorides with glutaric acid and 4,4'-dipyridylamine (dpa) has afforded an isostructural family of coordination polymers with formulation [M(glu)(dpa)] n (M=Co (1), Ni (2), Cu (3); glu=glutarate). Square pyramidal coordination is seen in 1-3, with semi-ligation of a sixth donor to produce a '5+1' extended coordination sphere. Neighboring metal atoms are linked into 1D [M(glu)] n neutral chains through chelating/monodentate bridging glutarate moieties with a syn-anti binding mode, and semi-chelation of the pendant carboxylate oxygen. These chains further connect into 2D layers through dipodal dpa ligands. Neighboring layers stack into the pseudo 3D crystal structure of 1-3 through supramolecular hydrogen bonding between dpa amine units and the semi-chelated glutarate oxygen atoms. The variable temperature magnetic behavior of 1-3 was explored and modeled as infinite 1D Heisenberg chains. Notably, complex 3 undergoes a thermally induced single crystal-to-single crystal transformation between centric and acentric space groups, with a conformationally disordered unilayer structure at 293 K and an ordered bilayer structure at 173 K. All materials were further characterized via infrared spectroscopy and elemental and thermogravimetric analyses. - Graphical abstract: The coordination polymers [M(glu)(dpa)] n (M=Co (1), Ni (2), Cu (3); glu=glutarate, dpa=4,4'-dipyridylamine) exhibit 2D layer structures based on 1D [M(glu)] n chains linked through dpa tethers. Antiferromagnetic coupling is observed for 2 and 3, while ferromagnetism is predominant in 1. Compound 3 undergoes a thermally induced single crystal-to-single crystal transformation from an acentric to a centrosymmetric space group

Single crystal and optical ceramic multicomponent garnet scintillators: A comparative study

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wu, Yuntao; Luo, Zhaohua; Jiang, Haochuan; Meng, Fang; Koschan, Merry; Melcher, Charles L.

2015-01-01

Multicomponent garnet materials can be made in optical ceramic as well as single crystal form due to their cubic crystal structure. In this work, high-quality Gd 3 Ga 3 Al 2 O 12 :0.2 at% Ce (GGAG:Ce) single crystal and (Gd,Lu) 3 Ga 3 Al 2 O 12 :1 at% Ce (GLuGAG:Ce) optical ceramics were fabricated by the Czochralski method and a combination of hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) and annealing treatment, respectively. Under optical and X-ray excitation, the GLuGAG:Ce optical ceramic exhibits a broad Ce 3+ transition emission centered at 550 nm, while the emission peak of the GGAG:Ce single crystal is centered at 540 nm. A self-absorption effect in GLuGAG:Ce optical ceramic results in this red-shift of the Ce 3+ emission peak compared to that in the GGAG:Ce single crystal. The light yield under 662 keV γ-ray excitation was 45,000±2500 photons/MeV and 48,200±2410 photons/MeV for the GGAG:Ce single crystal and GLuGAG:Ce optical ceramic, respectively. An energy resolution of 7.1% for 662 keV γ-rays was achieved in the GLuGAG:Ce optical ceramic with a Hamamatsu R6231 PMT, which is superior to the value of 7.6% for a GGAG:Ce single crystal. Scintillation decay time measurements under 137 Cs irradiation show two exponential decay components of 58 ns (47%) and 504 ns (53%) for the GGAG:Ce single crystal, and 84 ns (76%) and 148 ns (24%) for the GLuGAG:Ce optical ceramic. The afterglow level after X-ray cutoff in the GLuGAG:Ce optical ceramic is at least one order of magnitude lower than in the GGAG:Ce single crystal. - Highlights: • GGAG:Ce single crystal and GLuGAG:Ce optical ceramics were fabricated. • The light yield of both ceramic and crystal G(Lu)GAG:Ce reached the level of 45,000 photons/MeV. • GLuGAG:Ce optical ceramic showed a better energy resolution of 7.1% for 662 keV. • GLuGAG:Ce ceramics exhibited lower afterglow level than that of GGAG:Ce single crystals. • The possible optimization strategies for multicomponent aluminate garnets are discussed

Caracterización eléctrica y microestructural de cerámicas densificadas de BaTiO3 obtenido por pechini

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Rivera, E.

2010-12-01

Full Text Available The barium titanate BaTiO3 is a material of great technological interest due to their dielectric properties. The functionality of this mixed oxide is mainly determined by its structure. Different synthesis methods have been used to improve the electrical response of BaTiO3. In this work BaTiO3 powders were synthesized using the polymeric precursor method, Pechini, obtaining the compound at 650 ° C, with uniform nanometric particle size (~ 20nm. The nature of the synthesized powders was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC. The results indicate that the crystalline phase present in the sample treated at 650 ° C is cubic and at 1100 ° C is tetragonal, with a relation c/a ≈ 1.007. The samples sinterized at 1100 ° C showed a ferroelectric-paraelectric transition at a temperature of T . 123ºC. The ceramic powders of barium titanate tetragonal, pressed and densified, was electrical characterizing with curves current-voltage (I-V at different temperatures. Additionally, we measured the change in electrical resistance versus temperature (R-T and we tested the behavior thermistor (PTCR of the material for different pressures. Also the electric response of the material with the variation of the frequency, for different temperatures, was measured.El titanato de bario BaTiO3 es un compuesto de gran interés tecnológico debido a sus propiedades dieléctricas. La funcionalidad de este oxido mixto está determinada, principalmente, por su estructura. Diferentes métodos de síntesis se han utilizado para mejorar la respuesta eléctrica del BaTiO3. En el presente trabajo se sintetizaron polvos de BaTiO3 utilizando el método de precursor polimérico, Pechini, obteniéndose el compuesto a una temperatura de 650 °C, con un tamaño de partícula nanométrico (~20nm y uniforme. La naturaleza de los polvos sintetizados se analizo utilizando difracción de rayos X (DRX y calorimetría diferencial de barrido (DSC

Single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation and solvochromic luminescence of a dinuclear gold(I)-(aza-[18]crown-6)dithiocarbamate compound.

Science.gov (United States)

Tzeng, Biing-Chiau; Chao, An

2015-01-26

The treatment of [AuCl(SMe2 )] with an equimolar amount of NaO5 NCS2 (O5 NCS2 =(aza-[18]crown-6)dithiocarbamate) in CH3 CN gave [Au2 (O5 NCS2 )2 ]⋅2 CH3 CN (2⋅2 CH3 CN), and its crystal structure displays a dinuclear gold(I)-azacrown ether ring and an intermolecular gold(I)⋅⋅⋅gold(I) contact of 2.8355(3) Å in crystal lattices. It is noted that two other single crystals of 2⋅tert-butylbenzene⋅H2 O and 2⋅0.5 m-xylene can be successfully obtained from a single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) transformation process by immersing single crystals of 2⋅2 CH3 CN in the respective solvents, and both also show intermolecular gold(I)⋅⋅⋅gold(I) contacts of 2.9420(5) and 2.890(2)-2.902(2) Å, respectively. Significantly, the emissions of all three 2⋅solvates are well correlated with their respective intermolecular gold(I)⋅⋅⋅gold(I) contacts, where such contacts increase with 2⋅2 CH3 CN (2.8355(3) Å)energies increase with 2⋅2 CH3 CN (602 nm)<2⋅0.5 m-xylene (583 nm)<2⋅tert-butylbenzene⋅H2 O (546 nm) as well. In this regard, we further examine the solvochromic luminescence for some other aromatics, and finally their emissions are within 546-602 nm. Obviously, the above results are mostly ascribed to the occurrence of intermolecular gold(I)⋅⋅⋅gold(I) contacts in 2⋅solvates, which are induced by the presence of various solvates in the solid state, as a key role to be responsible for their solvochromic luminescence. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Anelastic anomalies and negative Poisson's ratio in tetragonal BaTiO3 ceramics

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dong Liang; Stone, Donald S.; Lakes, Roderic S.

2010-01-01

Anelastic anomalies (sharp variations in modulus and damping with temperature) were observed in tetragonal BaTiO 3 via broadband viscoelastic spectroscopy after aging at 50 deg. C for 15 h. The effect was most pronounced under electrical short circuit condition, at low frequency and under small excitation strain (10 -6 ). Softening in bulk modulus and negative Poisson's ratio were observed near 60 deg. C. Effects are attributed to an oxygen vacancy mechanism. A relaxational model cannot account for sharp response at smaller strains. Heterogeneity of negative stiffness is considered as a cause.

Growth of (CH 3) 2NH 2CuCl 3 single crystals using evaporation method with different temperatures and solvents

Science.gov (United States)

Chen, L. M.; Tao, W.; Zhao, Z. Y.; Li, Q. J.; Ke, W. P.; Wang, X. M.; Liu, X. G.; Fan, C.; Sun, X. F.

2010-10-01

The bulk single crystals of low-dimensional magnet (CH 3) 2NH 2CuCl 3 (DMACuCl 3 or MCCL) are grown by a slow evaporation method with different kinds of solvents, different degrees of super-saturation of solution and different temperatures of solution, respectively. Among three kinds of solvent, methanol, alcohol and water, alcohol is found to be the best one for growing MCCL crystals because of its structural similarity to the raw materials and suitable evaporation rate. The best growth temperature is in the vicinity of 35 °C. The problem of the crystals deliquescing in air has been solved through recrystallization process. The crystals are characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, specific heat and magnetic susceptibility.

Structure and magnetic properties of flux grown single crystals of Co3-xFexSn2S2 shandites

Science.gov (United States)

Kassem, Mohamed A.; Tabata, Yoshikazu; Waki, Takeshi; Nakamura, Hiroyuki

2016-01-01

We report a successful single crystal growth of the shandite-type half-metallic ferromagnet Co3Sn2S2, and its Fe-substituted compounds, Co3-xFexSn2S2, by employing the flux method. Although Fe3Sn2S2 is unstable phase, we found that using the self Sn flux enables us to obtain single phase crystals up to x=0.53. The chemical composition of the grown plate-shaped single crystals was examined using wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The shandite structure with R 3 ̅m symmetry was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction and the crystal structure parameters were refined using the Rietveld method. Magnetization measurements show suppression of the ferromagnetic order upon Fe-substitution , as well as in other substituted systems such as In- and Ni-substituted Co3Sn2S2. The almost identical magnetic phase diagrams of the Fe- and In-substituted compounds indicate that the electron number is dominantly significant to the magnetism in the Co-based shandite.

Magnetic phase transitions in Er7Rh3 studied on single crystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tsutaoka, Takanori; Obata, Keisuke; Cheyvuth, Seng; Koyama, Keiichi

2014-01-01

Highlights: • Magnetic and electrical properties of Er 7 Rh 3 were studied on single crystals. • The magnetic phase diagram along the c-axis was constructed. • The field-induced magnetic transitions in Er 7 Rh 3 can be explained by the magnetic structure with two magnetic propagation vectors. • The anomalies of electrical resistivity can also be described by the magnetic structure in Er 7 Rh 3 . - Abstract: Magnetic phase transitions in Er 7 Rh 3 with the Th 7 Fe 3 type hexagonal structure have been studied on single crystals by measuring magnetization, magnetic susceptibility and electrical resistivity. Er 7 Rh 3 possesses antiferromagnetic state below T N = 13 K. In the ordered state, the two successive magnetic transitions at T t1 = 6.2 K and T t2 = 4.5 K were observed. Several field-induced magnetic transitions were also observed along the a- and c-axes below T N ; magnetic field H – temperature T phase diagram along the c-axis was constructed. The field-induced magnetic transitions in Er 7 Rh 3 can be explained by the magnetic structure with two magnetic propagation vectors which were derived by the previous neutron diffraction studies. Electrical resistivity shows humps just below the magnetic transition temperatures, T N and T t1 due to the super-zone gap formation at the Fermi level; these anomalies can also be described by the magnetic structure changes in Er 7 Rh 3

Crystal growth and characterization of new semiorganic nonlinear optical single crystals

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kulshrestha, Shobha, E-mail: shobha011986@gmail.com; Shrivastava, A. K., E-mail: ashwaniaks@rediffmail.com [School of Studies in Physics, Jiwaji University Gwalior (M.P.) – 474 011 (India)

2016-05-06

An organic material of a L-histidine monohydrochloride single crystal was grown in a distilled water solution using the slow evaporation method at 40–45°C. The grown crystal was transparent and colourless, with a size of about 20 × 9 × 5 mm{sup 3}, obtained within a period of 21 days. The solubility of grown crystals have found out at various temperatures. The UV-visible transmittance studies show that the grown crystals have wide optical transparency in the entire visible region It is observed that the crystal has transparency window from 255nm to 700nm and its energy gap (Eg) found to be is 3.1eV. The grown crystal was subjected to powder X-ray diffraction analysis, confirming that the orthorhombic crystalline nature of the crystal. To identify the surface morphology, the as grown crystal was subjected to FE-SEM technique. The chemical composition of the grown crystal was estimated by Energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The optical behaviour of the grown crystal was analyzed by PL study.

Twinning processes in Cu-Al-Ni martensite single crystals investigated by neutron single crystal diffraction method

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Molnar, P.; Sittner, P.; Novak, V.; Lukas, P.

2008-01-01

A neutron single crystal diffraction method for inspecting the quality of martensite single crystals is introduced. True interface-free martensite single crystals are indispensable for, e.g. measurement of elastic constants of phases by ultrasonic techniques. The neutron diffraction method was used to detect and distinguish the presence of individual lattice correspondence variants of the 2H orthorhombic martensite phase in Cu-Al-Ni as well as to follow the activity of twinning processes during the deformation test on the martensite variant single crystals. When preparing the martensite single variant prism-shaped crystals by compression deformation method, typically a small fraction of second unwanted martensitic variant (compound twin) remains in the prism samples. Due to the very low stress (∼1 MPa) for the compound twinning in many shape memory alloys, it is quite difficult not only to deplete the martensite prisms of all internal interfaces but mainly to keep them in the martensite single variant state for a long time needed for further investigations

Synthesis of a mesoporous single crystal Ga2O3 nanoplate with improved photoluminescence and high sensitivity in detecting CO.

Science.gov (United States)

Yan, Shicheng; Wan, Lijuan; Li, Zhaosheng; Zhou, Yong; Zou, Zhigang

2010-09-14

A new approach is proposed to synthesize a mesoporous single crystal Ga(2)O(3) nanoplate by heating a single crystal nanoplate of GaOOH, which involves an ion exchange between KGaO(2) and CH(3)COOH at room temperature for the formation of GaOOH and pseudomorphic and topotactic phase transformation from GaOOH to Ga(2)O(3).

Czochralski growth and optical properties of Li 6Gd 1-xEu x(BO 3) 3 ( x=0-1) single crystals

Science.gov (United States)

Yavetskiy, R. P.; Dolzhenkova, E. F.; Dubovik, M. F.; Korshikova, T. I.; Tolmachev, A. V.

2005-04-01

It was shown that a continuous series of Li 6Gd 1-xEu x(BO 3) 3 solid solutions exist within the whole concentration range ( x=0-1). Li 6Gd 1-xEu x(BO 3) 3 ( x=0-0.03; 1) single crystals up to 25 mm in length and up to 20 mm in diameter have been grown by the Czochralski method. The structural perfection of the crystals has been estimated from etch patterns and XPA analysis results. The optical absorption and thermally stimulated luminescence of the grown crystals has been studied.

Doping with lead of single crystals of solid solutions of Sbsub(1,5)Bisub(0,5)Tlsub(3)-Bisub(2)Sesub(3)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Abrikosov, N.Kh.; Ivanova, L.D.; Polikarpova, N.V.; Galechyan, M.G.

1984-01-01

By the Czochralski method with liquid phase additional feeding single crystals of solid solutions of the Sbsub(1.5)Bisub(0.5)Tesub(3)-Bisub(2)Sesub(3) system with 0, 10 and 15 mol.% of Bi 2 Se 3 content doped with lead up to 1.37 at/cm 3 are grown. Lead content in crystals and alloys is determined by the atom-abmethod using the scale of standard solutions. It has been found that the effective coefficient of lead distribution in investigated solutions is approximately 0.5. It is shown that lead addition leads to increase of electric conductivity and heat conductivity and decrease of thermoelectric coeffcient at the expense of current carriers concentration growth, the lead in crystals of solid solutions of the Sbsub(1.5)Bisub(0.5)Tesub(3)-Bisub(2)Sesub(3) system being a single charge acceptor

Highly polarized single-c-domain single-crystal Pb(Mn,Nb)O(3)-PZT thin films.

Science.gov (United States)

Wasa, Kiyotaka; Adachi, Hideaki; Nishida, Ken; Yamamoto, Takashi; Matsushima, Tomoaki; Kanno, Isaku; Kotera, Hidetoshi

2012-01-01

In-plane unstrained single-c-domain/single-crystal thin films of PZT-based ternary ferroelectric perovskite, ξPb(Mn,Nb)O3-(1 - ξ)PZT, were grown on SrRuO(3)/Pt/MgO substrates using magnetron sputtering followed by quenching. The sputtered unstrained thin films exhibit unique ferroelectric properties: high coercive field, Ec > 180 kV/cm, large remanent polarization, P(r) = 100 μC/cm(2), small relative dielectric constants, ε* = 100 to 150, high Curie temperature, Tc = ~600 °C, and bulk-like large transverse piezoelectric constants, e31,f = -12.0 C/m(2) for PZT(48/52) at ξ = 0.06. The unstrained thin films are an ideal structure to extract the bulk ferroelectric properties. Their micro-structures and ferroelectric properties are discussed in relation to the potential applications for piezoelectric MEMS. © 2012 IEEE

Quantitative analysis of UV excitation bands for red emissions in Pr3+-doped CaTiO3, SrTiO3 and BaTiO3 phosphors by peak fitting

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fujiwara, Rei; Sano, Hiroyuki; Shimizu, Mikio; Kuwabara, Makoto

2009-01-01

A quantitative spectral analysis of the ultraviolet (UV) broad excitation bands, which are located in the range 300-400 nm, for red emissions at around 610 nm in Pr-doped CaTiO 3 , SrTiO 3 :Al and BaTiO 3 :Mg phosphors has been carried out using a peak fitting technique. The obtained results demonstrate that the UV broad band of CaTiO 3 :Pr consists of four primary excitation bands centered around 330, 335, 365 and 380 nm and those of both SrTiO 3 :Al and BaTiO 3 :Mg consist of three primary bands centered around 310, 345 and 370 nm. Based on the behavior patterns and the values of the respective primary excitation bands' parameters, i.e. center gravity (λ top ), maximum height (I max ) and full-width at half-maximum (FWHM), the UV-to-red relaxation processes in these titanate phosphors can be explained to be essentially the same, except for the existence of an additional relaxation pathway via electron-trap states in CaTiO 3 :Pr, which gives a characteristic shape of its UV excitation spectrum in the wavelength range of >360 nm

Magnetic properties of the tetragonal RCuGa{sub 3} (R=Pr, Nd and Gd) single crystals

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nagalakshmi, R., E-mail: nagaphys@yahoo.com [Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 6200015 (India); Kulkarni, Ruta; Dhar, S.K.; Thamizhavel, A. [DCMPMS, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005 (India); Krishnakumar, V. [Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem 636011 (India); Reiffers, Marian; Čurlík, Ivan [Institute of Experimental Physics, Watsonova 47, SK-040 01 Kosice (Slovakia); Department of Physics, University of Presov, 17 Novembra 1, SK-080 01 (Slovakia); Hagemann, Hans; Lovy, Dominique [Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva (Switzerland); Nallamuthu, S. [Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 6200015 (India)

2015-07-15

Single crystals of tetragonal RCuGa{sub 3} (R=La, Pr, Nd and Gd), with BaNiSn{sub 3} type structure (space group I4 mm), have been grown by high temperature solution growth technique using Ga as flux. Their magnetic properties were determined by heat capacity and the measurement of magnetization and electrical resistivity along [100] and [001] directions. Except LaCuGa{sub 3}, the compounds order magnetically. PrCuGa{sub 3} undergoes a ferromagnetic transition with Curie temperature of 4.6 K. NdCuGa{sub 3} shows a bulk magnetic transition at 3.3 K. The data on GdCuGa{sub 3} indicate combined characteristics of spin glass and antiferromagnetic behavior at low temperatures. From the Schottky heat capacity data the crystal electric field level energy spectra have been determined. Further we have performed temperature dependent measurements of electron spin resonance (ESR) on GdCuGa{sub 3} between 11 K and room temperature. The ESR data indicate an enhancement of magnetic fluctuations associated with spin reorientation and both homogeneous and inhomogeneous thermal broadening of the linewidth. - Highlights: • RCuGa{sub 3} (R=La, Pr, Nd and Gd) single crystals were grown by flux technique. • The compounds exhibit long range magnetic ordering. • Crystal electric field levels have been derived from Schottky heat capacity. • Electron spin resonance (ESR) studies of GdCuGa{sub 3} are also discussed.

Crystal growth, optical properties, and laser operation of Yb3+-doped NYW single crystal

Science.gov (United States)

Cheng, Y.; Xu, X. D.; Yang, X. B.; Xin, Z.; Cao, D. H.; Xu, J.

2009-11-01

Laser crystal Yb3+-doped NaY(WO4)2 (Yb:NYW) with excellent quality has been grown by Czochralski technique. The rocking curves from (400) plane of as-grown Yb:NYW crystal was measured and the full-width value at half-maximum was 19.92″. The effective segregation coefficients were measured by the X-ray fluorescence method. The polarized absorption spectra and the fluorescence spectra of Yb:NYW crystal were measured at room temperature. The fluorescence decay lifetime of Yb3+ ion in NYW crystal has been investigated. The spectroscopic parameters of Yb:NYW crystal are calculated and compared with those of Yb:YAG crystal. A continuous wave output power of 3.06 W at 1031 nm was obtained with a slope efficiency of 42% by use of diode pumping.

Growth of (CH$_3$)$_2$NH$_2$CuCl$_3$ single crystals using evaporation method with different temperatures and solvents

OpenAIRE

Chen, L. M.; Tao, W.; Zhao, Z. Y.; Li, Q. J.; Ke, W. P.; Wang, X. M.; Liu, X. G.; Fan, C.; Sun, X. F.

2013-01-01

The bulk single crystals of of low-dimensional magnet (CH$_3$)$_2$NH$_2$CuCl$_3$ (DMACuCl$_3$ or MCCL) are grown by a slow evaporation method with different kinds of solvents, different degrees of super-saturation of solution and different temperatures of solution, respectively. Among three kinds of solvent, methanol, alcohol and water, alcohol is found to be the best one for growing MCCL crystals because of its structural similarity to the raw materials and suitable evaporation rate. The bes...

Resistance to {gamma} irradiation of LaBr{sub 3}:Ce and LaCl{sub 3}:Ce single crystals

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Normand, S. [CEA-Recherche Technologique, DETECS/SSTM CE Saclay F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette Cedex (France)]. E-mail: stephane.normand@cea.fr; Iltis, A. [Saint-Gobain Crystals, 104 Route de Larchant, 77140 St Pierre les Nemours (France); Bernard, F. [Saint-Gobain Crystals, 104 Route de Larchant, 77140 St Pierre les Nemours (France); Domenech, T. [CEA-Recherche Technologique, DETECS/SSTM CE Saclay F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette Cedex (France); Delacour, P. [CEA-Recherche Technologique, DETECS/SSTM CE Saclay F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette Cedex (France)

2007-03-11

LaBr{sub 3}:Ce (Brillance 380) and LaCl{sub 3}:Ce (Brillance 350) both exhibit a very good energy resolution and energy linearity response. They are also more sensitive to {gamma}-rays than NaI(Tl) detectors, due to their higher density. The aim of this work is to determine the behaviour of those new single crystals in comparison with NaI(Tl) under severe {gamma}-ray irradiation. Therefore we have irradiated three 25 by 25 mm cylinder crystals encapsulated in air-tight aluminium housing with {sup 60}Co beam. Crystals were tested as stand-alone material not to test the impact of radiation to our photomultiplier tube (PMT). Only encapsulated crystals (alone, without PMTs) were irradiated during several periods to achieve the final 3.4 kGy integrated dose. Intermediate measurements of {sup 137}Cs spectrum were done in order to evaluate the impact of the dose on the studied crystal performances. The radiation hardness of LaBr{sub 3}:Ce and LaCl{sub 3}:Ce was then compared to NaI(Tl). We show in this paper that up to 3.4 kGy no permanent modification of the energy resolution nor colour change is observed for LaBr{sub 3}:Ce and LaCl{sub 3}:Ce crystals. The light output also seems quite stable. This is in stark contrast with the behaviour of NaI:Tl which exhibits continuously decreasing light output, colour change and worsening of energy resolution for doses above 5 Gy.

Low Leakage Superconducting Tunnel Junctions with a Single Crystal Al2O3 Barrier

Science.gov (United States)

2016-03-30

10-6 Torr ). In this low-pressure oxygen environment, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) study shows that while oxidation of the base layer is...three layers were grown in situ in an ultra high vacuum (UHV) system with a nominal base pressure of ~1×10-10 Torr . First, a 120~150 nm thick...high-temperature annealing in order to crystallize the amorphous AlOx into a single-crystal Al2O3. After the sample was cooled to room temperature

Single crystal study of antiferromagnetic CePd3Al9

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Baumbach, R E; Scott, B L; Ronning, F; Thompson, J D; Bauer, E D

2014-01-01

Single crystal x-ray diffraction, magnetic susceptibility (M), heat capacity (C), and electrical resistivity (ρ) measurements are reported for specimens of the new tetragonal compound CePd 3 Al 9 , which forms in a new structure type. X-ray diffraction measurements reveal that the nearest neighbor Ce–Ce distances are large (d Ce–Ce  = 5.272 Å), suggesting that this compound may be described as a stoichiometric dilute Kondo lattice. Thermodynamic and transport measurements reveal antiferromagnetic order near T N  = 0.9 K. The ordered ground state emerges from a lattice of localized Ce ions that are weakly hybridized with the conduction electrons, as revealed by the moderate electronic coefficient of the specific heat γ ≈ 45 mJ mol −1  K −2 (extrapolated from above T N ) and the lack of evidence for Kondo coherence in the magnetic susceptibility and electrical resistivity. The application of a magnetic field initially suppresses the magnetic order at a rate of −0.04 K kOe −1 , but Zeeman splitting of the doublet ground state produces a nonmagnetic singlet before T N reaches zero. The data additionally reveal that chemical/structural disorder plays an important role, as evidenced by results from single crystal x-ray diffraction, the broadness of the peak at T N in the heat capacity, and the small residual resistivity ratio RRR = ρ 300 K /ρ 0  = 1.3. (paper)

Barium Titanate Photonic Crystal Electro-Optic Modulators for Telecommunication and Data Network Applications

Science.gov (United States)

Girouard, Peter D.

found to increase with both applied electrical dc bias and with film thickness. A record low 0.39V ˙ cm (0.45V ˙ cm) voltage-length product was measured for barium titanate modulators operating at telecommunication wavelengths on a device with 5 ?m electrode gap spacing on a 500nm thick film modulated at a frequency of 100 Hz (1 MHz). This measured voltage-length product is more than a factor of 5 lower than that reported for state-of-the-art silicon conventional waveguide modulators. The electro-optical characterization of BaTiO3 films revealed a trade-off that exists for traveling wave BaTiO3 modulators: lower voltages are obtained in thicker film devices with narrow electrode gap spacing while larger bandwidths are obtained in thinner film devices with wider electrode gap spacing. These findings were supported by calculations of the film thickness dependent half-wave voltage and electro-optic bandwidth. In order to demonstrate modulators having simultaneously low voltage operation and high electro-optic bandwidth, photonic crystal waveguide modulators with large group index were investigated through theory and experiment. The theory for slow light phase delay in linear optical materials was extended for second order nonlinear optical materials. This theory was incorporated into a detailed model for predicting photonic crystal modulator performance in terms of voltage-length product and electro-optic bandwidth. Modeling shows that barium titanate photonic crystal modulators with sub-millimeter length, sub-volt operation, and greater than 40 GHz electro-optic bandwidth are achievable in a single device. Two types of photonic crystal waveguides (PC) on BaTiO3 films were designed, fabricated, and characterized: waveguides with hexagonal lattice symmetry and waveguides with hexagonal symmetry having a line defect oriented in the direction of light propagation. Excellent agreement was obtained between the simulated and measured transmission for hexagonal lattice PC

Preparation of metastable bcc permalloy epitaxial thin films on GaAs(011){sub B3} single-crystal substrates

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ohtake, Mitsuru, E-mail: ohtake@futamoto.elect.chuo-u.ac.jp [Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551 (Japan); Higuchi, Jumpei; Yabuhara, Osamu [Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551 (Japan); Kirino, Fumiyoshi [Graduate School of Fine Arts, Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music, 12-8 Ueno-koen, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110-8714 (Japan); Futamoto, Masaaki [Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551 (Japan)

2011-09-30

Permalloy (Py) single-crystal films with bcc structure were obtained on GaAs(011){sub B3} single-crystal substrates by ultra high vacuum rf magnetron sputtering. The film growth and the detailed film structures were investigated by refection high energy electron diffraction and pole figure X-ray diffraction. bcc-Py films epitaxially grow on the substrates in the orientation relationship of Py(011)[011-bar]{sub bcc} || GaAs(011)[011-bar]{sub B3}. The lattice constant of bcc-Py film is determined to be a = 0.291 nm. With increasing the film thickness, parts of the bcc crystal transform into more stable fcc structure by atomic displacement parallel to the bcc{l_brace}011{r_brace} close-packed planes. The resulting film thus consists of a mixture of bcc and fcc crystals. The phase transformation mechanism is discussed based on the experimental results. The in-plane magnetization properties reflecting the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of bcc-Py crystal are observed for the Py films grown on GaAs(011){sub B3} substrates.

Electron paramagnetic resonance of gamma irradiated (CH3)3NHClO4 and CH3NH3ClO4 single crystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yavuz, Metin; Koeksal, Fevzi

1999-01-01

Gamma irradiation damage centers in (CH 3 ) 3 NHClO 4 and CH 3 NH 3 ClO 4 single crystals have been investigated at room temperature by the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique. It has been found that γ-irradiation produces the (CH 3 ) 3 N + radical in the first, and NH + 3 and ClO 3 radicals in the second compound. The EPR parameters of the observed radicals have been determined and discussed

Development of n- and p-type Doped Perovskite Single Crystals Using Solid-State Single Crystal Growth (SSCG) Technique

Science.gov (United States)

2017-10-09

for AGG should be minimal. For this purpose, the seeds for AGG may also be provided externally. This process is called the solid-state single...bonding process . Figure 31 shows (a) the growth of one large single crystal from one small single crystal seed as well as (b) the growth of one...one bi-crystal seed : One large bi-crystal can be grown from one small bi-crystal by SSCG process . Fig. 32. Diffusion bonding process for

Rise and fall of ferromagnetism in O-irradiated Al2O3 single crystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Li, Qiang; Xu, Juping; Liu, Jiandang; Du, Huaijiang; Ye, Bangjiao

2015-01-01

In dilute magnetic semiconductors studies, sapphire was usually used as non-magnetic substrate for films. We observed weak ferromagnetic component in Al 2 O 3 single crystal substrate, and excluded the possibility of ferromagnetic contaminations carefully by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The ferromagnetism rise and fall during the process of annealing-oxygen irradiation-annealing of the sapphire. The ferromagnetic changes are consistent with Al-vacancy related defects detected by positron annihilation spectroscopy. With first-principle calculations, we confirm that Al-vacancy can introduce magnetic moment for 3 μB in Al 2 O 3 crystal and form stable V Al -V Al ferromagnetic coupling at room temperature

Evolución Microestructural de Materiales Cerámicos de BaTiO3 Dopados con Antimonio

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Villegas, M.

1999-10-01

Full Text Available Ceramic materials based on BaTiO3 modified with small amounts of antimony show interesting electric properties which make them valuable for electronic industry. These properties depend on the microestructure of the material, which is controlled by both the dopant concentration and the doping process. The aim of the present work is to study the microstructure development of Sb-doped BaTiO3 materials for concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.6 mol%. Doping was carried out following two different methods, the traditional mixing of oxides and surface doping starting from Sb(O(CH3CH33. Materials sintered between 1300-1400ºC show quite different microstructure. For surface doped materials, a Sb2O3 concentration of 0.05 mol % leads to well densified matrials with homogeneous fine-grained microstructure. On the other hand, the traditional oxide doped materials show exaggerated grain growth.Los materiales cerámicos basados en titanato de bario con pequeñas cantidades de antimonio, exhiben interesantes propiedades que hacen posible su aplicación en la fabricación de dispositivos electrónicos. Estas propiedades dependen de la microestructura final del material, que está a su vez condicionada por la concentración de dopante y la vía utilizada para su incorporación. En este trabajo se estudia la evolución microestructural de materiales de BaTiO3 dopados con Sb en concentraciones entre 0.05 y 0.60 % mol. El dopado se ha realizado por la vía clásica a partir de Sb2O3 y mediante el proceso de dopado en superficie a partir de Sb(O(CH3CH33. Los materiales sinterizados en el intervalo de temperaturas comprendido entre 1300 y 1400ºC, muestran una microestructura bien diferenciada. Para los materiales dopados en superficie, una concentración equivalente de 0.05 % mol de Sb2O3 permite obtener materiales con elevada densidad y microestructura homogénea con tamaño de grano controlado. En el caso del material dopado por la vía clásica se observa

Photoresponse of CsPbBr3 and Cs4PbBr6 Perovskite Single Crystals.

Science.gov (United States)

Cha, Ji-Hyun; Han, Jae Hoon; Yin, Wenping; Park, Cheolwoo; Park, Yongmin; Ahn, Tae Kyu; Cho, Jeong Ho; Jung, Duk-Young

2017-02-02

High-quality and millimeter-sized perovskite single crystals of CsPbBr 3 and Cs 4 PbBr 6 were prepared in organic solvents and studied for correlation between photocurrent generation and photoluminescence (PL) emission. The CsPbBr 3 crystals, which have a 3D perovskite structure, showed a highly sensitive photoresponse and poor PL signal. In contrast, Cs 4 PbBr 6 crystals, which have a 0D perovskite structure, exhibited more than 1 order of magnitude higher PL intensity than CsPbBr 3 , which generated an ultralow photoresponse under illumination. Their contrasting optoelectrical characteristics were attributed to different exciton binding energies, induced by coordination geometry of the [PbBr 6 ] 4- octahedron sublattices. This work correlated the local structures of lead in the primitive perovskite and its derivatives to PL spectra as well as photoconductivity.

Polarized Raman scattering in single crystals of Nd0.7Sr0.3MnO3

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

2. Experimental. The single crystal was grown in an infrared image furnace by the floating zone technique. Raman measurements were performed in the spectral .... [3] C Xiong, Q Li, H L Ju, S N Mao, L Senapati, X X Xi, R L Green and T Venkatesan, Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 1427 (1995). [4] N H Nam, R Mathieu, P Nordblad, N V ...

Highly Efficient LiYF4:Yb(3+), Er(3+) Upconversion Single Crystal under Solar Cell Spectrum Excitation and Photovoltaic Application.

Science.gov (United States)

Chen, Xu; Xu, Wen; Song, Hongwei; Chen, Cong; Xia, Haiping; Zhu, Yongsheng; Zhou, Donglei; Cui, Shaobo; Dai, Qilin; Zhang, Jiazhong

2016-04-13

Luminescent upconversion is a promising way to harvest near-infrared (NIR) sunlight and transforms it into visible light that can be directly absorbed by active materials of solar cells and improve their power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, it is still a great challenge to effectively improve the PCE of solar cells with the assistance of upconversion. In this work, we demonstrate the application of the transparent LiYF4:Yb(3+), Er(3+) single crystal as an independent luminescent upconverter to improve the PCE of perovskite solar cells. The LiYF4:Yb(3+), Er(3+) single crystal is prepared by an improved Bridgman method, and its internal quantum efficiency approached to 5.72% under 6.2 W cm(-2) 980 nm excitation. The power-dependent upconversion luminescence indicated that under the excitation of simulated sunlight the (4)F(9/2)-(4)I(15/2) red emission originally results from the cooperation of a 1540 nm photon and a 980 nm photon. Furthermore, when the single crystal is placed in front of the perovskite solar cells, the PCE is enhanced by 7.9% under the irradiation of simulated sunlight by 7-8 solar constants. This work implies the upconverter not only can serve as proof of principle for improving PCE of solar cells but also is helpful to practical application.

Synthesis and electrical properties of BaBiO3 and high resistivity BaTiO3–BaBiO3 ceramics

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Nitish Kumar

2016-12-01

Full Text Available Ceramics of the composition BaBiO3 (BB were sintered in oxygen to obtain a single phase with monoclinic I2/m symmetry as suggested by high-resolution X-ray diffraction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the presence of bismuth in two valence states — 3+ and 5+. Optical spectroscopy showed presence of a direct bandgap at ∼ 2.2eV and a possible indirect bandgap at ∼ 0.9eV. This combined with determination of the activation energy for conduction of 0.25eV, as obtained from ac impedance spectroscopy, suggested that a polaron-mediated conduction mechanism was prevalent in BB. The BB ceramics were crushed, mixed with BaTiO3 (BT, and sintered to obtain BT–BB solid solutions. All the ceramics had tetragonal symmetry and exhibited a normal ferroelectric-like dielectric response. Using ac impedance and optical spectroscopy, it was shown that resistivity values of BT–BB were orders of magnitude higher than BT or BB alone, indicating a change in the fundamental defect equilibrium conditions. A shift in the site occupancy of Bi to the A-site is proposed to be the mechanism for the increased electrical resistivity.

Light emission from organic single crystals operated by electrolyte doping

Science.gov (United States)

Matsuki, Keiichiro; Sakanoue, Tomo; Yomogida, Yohei; Hotta, Shu; Takenobu, Taishi

2018-03-01

Light-emitting devices based on electrolytes, such as light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) and electric double-layer transistors (EDLTs), are solution-processable devices with a very simple structure. Therefore, it is necessary to apply this device structure into highly fluorescent organic materials for future printed applications. However, owing to compatibility problems between electrolytes and organic crystals, electrolyte-based single-crystal light-emitting devices have not yet been demonstrated. Here, we report on light-emitting devices based on organic single crystals and electrolytes. As the fluorescent materials, α,ω-bis(biphenylyl)terthiophene (BP3T) and 5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene (rubrene) single crystals were selected. Using ionic liquids as electrolytes, we observed clear light emission from BP3T LECs and rubrene EDLTs.

Morphology and kinetics of polymorphic transformations in K{sub 0.965}Rb{sub 0.035}NO{sub 3} single crystals

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nasirov, V. I.; Bairamov, R. B., E-mail: bayramov.razim@mail.ru; Nasirov, E. V. [Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Institute of Physics (Azerbaijan)

2015-12-15

Polymorphic transformations in K{sub 0.965}Rb{sub 0.035}NO{sub 3} single crystals have been investigated by optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The equilibrium temperature between modifications II and III of the crystal studied is determined to be T = 452 ± 0.5 K. It is found that polymorphic transformations are of the single crystal ↔ single crystal type and occur with the formation and growth of nuclei of new crystals in matrix ones at II ↔ III transformations. An empirical dependence of the growth rate of modification III on temperature is established in the form ϑ = ϑ = (–0.478ΔT + 0.712ΔT{sup 2}–0.00041ΔT{sup 3}) × 10{sup –2} cm/s (ΔT = T{sub tr}–T{sub 0}, where T{sub tr} is the transformation temperature and T{sub 0} is the equilibrium temperature)

Structural characterization of Li1.2v3o8 insertion electrodes by single-crystal x-ray-diffraction

CSIR Research Space (South Africa)

De Picciotto, LA

1993-08-01

Full Text Available The crystal structures of Li1.2V3O8 and a lithiated product Li4.0V3O8 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The structure refinement of Li1.2V308 confirms that of Li1+xV3O8(x almost-equal-to 0) reported by Wadsley thirty...

Optical Second Harmonic Generation in the BaTiO3 phase of magnetically aligned multiferroic nanofibers

Science.gov (United States)

Gasperi, Katia

Multiferroic materials enable the exploration of electrical control of magnetic properties and vice versa. Their increasing interest is especially due to their potential applications in the industry of information storage. Thanks to recent progress in nanotechnology, they have also been found to have many other applications such as transducers and sensors, and they already occupy a unique place in the biomedical field. The objective of this project is to study multiferroic nanofibers made of cobalt ferrite CoFe2O 4 (CFO) and barium titanate BaTiO3 (BTO) with a specific focus in the characterization of the ferroelectric phase. We researched the state of knowledge concerning the size effects on phase transition for nanoparticles and polycrystals BTO. The ferroelectric phase transition of BTO occurs when it changes from a tetragonal (anisotropic) crystal structure to a cubic (isotropic) structure. This change suggests that optical second harmonic generation (SHG) is a good measurement technique for monitoring the phase transition of the BTO half of the nanofibers. We designed and prepared a temperature dependent SHG experiment on magnetically aligned fibers in transmission with the possibility to investigate the polarization dependence of the signal. We also prepared interdigital electrodes on glass for the future study of the fibers in an external electric field.

Magnetic, transport, and optical properties of Ca{sub 0.85}Eu{sub 0.15}MnO{sub 3} single crystal

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Naumov, S.V., E-mail: naumov@imp.uran.ru [Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch of RAS, Kovalevskaya Street 18, Ekaterinburg 620990 (Russian Federation); Loshkareva, N.N.; Mostovshchikova, E.V.; Solin, N.I.; Korolev, A.V.; Arbuzova, T.I.; Telegin, S.V.; Patrakov, E.I. [Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch of RAS, Kovalevskaya Street 18, Ekaterinburg 620990 (Russian Federation)

2013-01-01

Magnetic, transport and optical properties of the Ca{sub 0.85}Eu{sub 0.15}MnO{sub 3} single crystal are studied and discussed in comparison with the properties of polycrystalline sample. The magnetic data show existence the two magnetic phase transitions under cooling: the transition near 150 K occurs from the paramagnetic orthorhombic to C-type antiferromagnetic monoclinic phase with the charge/orbital ordering in some part of the crystal; and at 90 K the transition from the paramagnetic to G-type antiferromagnetic phase takes place in another part of the crystal with the orthorhombic structure. The magnetoresistance of the Ca{sub 0.85}Eu{sub 0.15}MnO{sub 3} single crystal has features at temperatures of these phase transitions. Differences in the properties of single crystal and polycrystalline sample with the same content of Eu are associated with the ordering of oxygen vacancies that appear under the crystal growth. The reflection spectra in infrared range confirm the existence of the electron conductivity in a narrow band at room temperature.

Passive Fe2+ : ZnSe single-crystal Q switch for 3-mu m lasers

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Voronov, AA; Kozlovskii, [No Value; Korostelin, YV; Podmar'kov, YP; Polushkin, VG; Frolov, MP

Passive Q-switching of 3-mu m lasers with the help of a Fe2+ : ZnSe single crystal is demonstrated. The 6-mJ, 50-ns giant pulses are obtained from a 2.9364-mu m Er : YAG laser by using this passive Q switch.

Colour centre-free perovskite single crystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Petit, Pierre-Olivier; Petit, Johan; Goldner, Philippe; Viana, Bruno

2009-01-01

Yb 3+ :YAlO 3 (YAP) and Yb 3+ :GdAlO 3 (GAP) are interesting 1 μm high-power laser media thanks to their very good thermo-mechanical properties. However, as-grown perovskite single crystals exhibit colour centres. Parasitic thermal load generated by these centres is deleterious for high-power laser action and can lead to crystal damages. Moreover these defects decrease Yb 3+ lifetime. They are related to trapped holes on the oxygen network. In the present work, several schemes to remove colour centres are presented. Attention is focused on cerium codoping, thermal annealing under reducing atmosphere and growth of non-stoechiometric compounds.

Aggregate linear properties of ferroelectric ceramics and polycrystalline thin films: Calculation by the method of effective piezoelectric medium

Science.gov (United States)

Pertsev, N. A.; Zembilgotov, A. G.; Waser, R.

1998-08-01

The effective dielectric, piezoelectric, and elastic constants of polycrystalline ferroelectric materials are calculated from single-crystal data by an advanced method of effective medium, which takes into account the piezoelectric interactions between grains in full measure. For bulk BaTiO3 and PbTiO3 polarized ceramics, the dependences of material constants on the remanent polarization are reported. Dielectric and elastic constants are computed also for unpolarized c- and a-textured ferroelectric thin films deposited on cubic or amorphous substrates. It is found that the dielectric properties of BaTiO3 and PbTiO3 polycrystalline thin films strongly depend on the type of crystal texture. The influence of two-dimensional clamping by the substrate on the dielectric and piezoelectric responses of polarized films is described quantitatively and shown to be especially important for the piezoelectric charge coefficient of BaTiO3 films.

The crystal structure and twinning of neodymium gallium perovskite single crystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ubizskii, S.B.; Vasylechko, L.O.; Savytskii, D.I.; Matkovskii, A.O.; Syvorotka, I.M.

1994-01-01

By means of X-ray structure analysis, the crystal structure of neodymium gallium perovskite (NGP) single crystals (NdGaO 3 ) being used as a substrate for HTSC film epitaxy has been refined and the position of atoms has been determined. The possibility of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-x film epitaxy on the plane (110) of NGP crystal as well as its advantages and pitfalls are analysed from structural data. The twinning types in the NGP crystal were established. The twinning structure of NGP substrates is found to be stable up to a temperature of 1173 K, as differentiated from the LaGaO 3 and LaAlO 3 substrates. It is intimated that the twinning in the NGP substrates oriented as (001) can result in creation of 90 degrees twin bonds in a film, and in the case of (110)-oriented plates it is possible to ignore the twinning presence in substrate completely. (author)

Magnetoelectric coupling in multiferroic BaTiO3-CoFe2O4 composite nanofibers via electrospinning

Science.gov (United States)

Fu, Bi; Lu, Ruie; Gao, Kun; Yang, Yaodong; Wang, Yaping

2015-07-01

Magnetoelectric (ME) coupling in Pb-based multiferroic composites has been widely investigated due to the excellent piezoelectric property of lead zirconate titanate (PZT). In this letter, we report a strategy to create a hybrid Pb-free ferroelectric and ferromagnetic material and detect its ME coupling at the nanoscale. Hybrid Pb-free multiferroic BaTiO3-CoFe2O4 (BTO-CFO) composite nanofibers (NFs) were generated by sol-gel electrospinning. The perovskite structure of BTO and the spinel structure of CFO nanograins were homogenously distributed in the composite NFs and verified by bright-field transmission electron microscopy observations along the perovskite [111] zone axis. Multiferroicity was confirmed by amplitude-voltage butterfly curves and magnetic hysteresis loops. ME coupling was observed in terms of a singularity on a dM/dT curve at the ferroelectric Curie temperature (TC) of BaTiO3. The lateral ME coefficient was investigated by the evolution of the piezoresponse under an external magnetic field of 1000 Oe and was estimated to be α31 =0.78× 104 \\text{mV cm}-1 \\text{Oe}-1 . These findings could enable the creation of nanoscale Pb-free multiferroic composite devices.

Direct detection of cysteine using functionalized BaTiO3 nanoparticles film based self-powered biosensor.

Science.gov (United States)

Selvarajan, Sophia; Alluri, Nagamalleswara Rao; Chandrasekhar, Arunkumar; Kim, Sang-Jae

2017-05-15

Simple, novel, and direct detection of clinically important biomolecules have continuous demand among scientific community as well as in market. Here, we report the first direct detection and facile fabrication of a cysteine-responsive, film-based, self-powered device. NH 2 functionalized BaTiO 3 nanoparticles (BT-NH 2 NPs) suspended in a three-dimensional matrix of an agarose (Ag) film, were used for cysteine detection. BaTiO 3 nanoparticles (BT NPs) semiconducting as well as piezoelectric properties were harnessed in this study. The changes in surface charge properties of the film with respect to cysteine concentrations were determined using a current-voltage (I-V) technique. The current response increased with cysteine concentration (linear concentration range=10µM-1mM). Based on the properties of the composite (BT/Ag), we created a self-powered cysteine sensor in which the output voltage from a piezoelectric nanogenerator was used to drive the sensor. The potential drop across the sensor was measured as a function of cysteine concentrations. Real-time analysis of sensor performance was carried out on urine samples by non-invasive method. This novel sensor demonstrated good selectivity, linear concentration range and detection limit of 10µM; acceptable for routine analysis. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Pinning-to-barrier crossover in YBa2Cu3O7-δ single crystals

Science.gov (United States)

Indenbom, M. V.; van der Beek, C. J.; Berseth, V.; Konczykowski, M.; Holtzberg, F.; Benoit, W.

1996-03-01

The behaviour of magnetic flux in high purity untwinned YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) single crystals is visualised by means of the magneto-optical technique. It is observed that after zero field-cooling at high temperatures near T c , flux penetrates directly to the sample center over a flux free edge area, in contrast to the usual Bean-like flux penetration from the edges. This fact clearly shows that volume pinning becomes negligible compared with the edge barrier. The role of the recently rediscovered geometrical barrier in the crystal magnetisation is discussed.

Reversible Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Structural Transformation in a Mixed-Ligand 2D Layered Metal-Organic Framework: Structural Characterization and Sorption Study

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Chih-Chieh Wang

2017-12-01

Full Text Available A 3D supramolecular network, [Cd(bipy(C4O4(H2O2]·3H2O (1 (bipy = 4,4′-bipyridine and C4O42− = dianion of H2C4O4, constructed by mixed-ligand two-dimensional (2D metal-organic frameworks (MOFs has been reported and structurally determined by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method and characterized by other physicochemical methods. In 1, the C4O42− and bipy both act as bridging ligands connecting the Cd(II ions to form a 2D layered MOF, which are then extended to a 3D supramolecular network via the mutually parallel and interpenetrating arrangements among the 2D-layered MOFs. Compound 1 shows a two-step dehydration process with weight losses of 11.0% and 7.3%, corresponding to the weight-loss of three guest and two coordinated water molecules, respectively, and exhibits an interesting reversible single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC structural transformation upon de-hydration and re-hydration for guest water molecules. The SCSC structural transformation have been demonstrated and monitored by single-crystal and X-ray powder diffraction, and thermogravimetic analysis studies.

Optically stimulated luminescence of Tb{sup 3+}/Sm{sup 3+} doubly doped K{sub 2}YF{sub 5} single crystals

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Camargo, L.; Marcazzo, J.; Santiago, M.; Caselli, E. [Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisica Arroyo Seco, Gral. Pinto 399, B7000GHG, Tandil (Argentina); Khaidukov, N. M., E-mail: jmarcass@exa.unicen.edu.ar [Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, RAS, Leninskii Prospekt 31, 119991 Moscow (Russian Federation)

2014-08-15

In this work optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) properties of K{sub 2}YF{sub 5} crystals doubly doped with Tb{sup 3+} and Sm{sup 3+} ions have been investigated for the first time. OSL responses for different dopant concentration and for optical stimulation with different wavelengths have been analyzed for each compound. Dosimetric properties of the most efficient composition, namely, K{sub 2}YF{sub 5}:1.0 at.% Tb{sup 3+}; 1.0 at.% Sm{sup 3+}, have been studied. Finally, the possible application of this single crystal as OSL dosimeter has been evaluated. (Author)

Synthesis, electronic transport and optical properties of Si:α-Fe2O3 single crystals

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Rettie, A.J.E.; Chemelewski, W.D.; Wygant, B.R.; Lindemuth, J.; Lin, J.F.; Eisenberg, D.; Brauer, C.S.; Johnson, T.J.; Beiswenger, T.N.; Ash, R.D.; Li, X.; Zhou, J.; Mullins, C.B.

2016-01-01

We report the synthesis of silicon-doped hematite (Si:alpha-Fe2O3) single crystals via chemical vapor transport, with Si incorporation on the order of 1019 cm(-3). The conductivity, Seebeck and Hall effect were measured in the basal plane between 200 and 400 K. Distinct differences in electron

Sonochemically assisted hollow/solid BaTiO3:Dy3+ microspheres and their applications in effective detection of latent fingerprints and lip prints

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

M. Dhanalakshmi

2017-03-01

Full Text Available Nanostructured materials find potential benefits for surface-based science such as latent fingerprints (LFPs and lip print detection on porous and non-porous surfaces. To encounter the drawbacks viz. low sensitivity, high background hindrance, complicated procedure and high toxicity associated with traditional fluorescent powders were resolved by using hollow/solid BaTiO3:Dy3+ (1–5 mol % microspheres. The visualization of LFPs stained by the optimized BaTiO3:Dy3+ (2 mol % hollow/solid microspheres exhibits well-defined ridge patterns with high sensitivity, low background hindrance, high efficiency and low toxicity on various surfaces. The powder X-ray diffraction results revealed the body centered cubic phase of the prepared samples. The emission spectra exhibit intensive peaks at ∼480, 575, and 637 nm, which were attributed to transitions 4F9/2→6HJ (J = 15/2, 13/2, 11/2 of Dy3+ ions, respectively. Surface morphologies were extensively studied with different sonication times and concentrations of the used barbituric acid. The Commission International De I-Eclairage (CIE and Correlated Color Temperature (CCT analyses revealed that the present phosphor is highly useful for the fabrication of white light emitting diodes.

Elaboration and characterization of a KCl single crystal doped with nanocrystals of a Sb2O3 semiconductor

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bouhdjer, L.; Addala, S.; Halimi, O.; Boudine, B.; Sebais, M.; Chala, A.

2013-01-01

Undoped and doped KCl single crystals have been successfully elaborated via the Czochralski (Cz) method. The effects of dopant Sb 2 O 3 nanocrystals on structural and optical properties were investigated by a number of techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) analysis, UV-visible and photoluminescence (PL) spectrophotometers. An XRD pattern of KCl:Sb 2 O 3 reveals that the Sb 2 O 3 nanocrystals are in the well-crystalline orthorhombic phase. The broadening of diffraction peaks indicated the presence of a Sb 2 O 3 semiconductor in the nanometer size regime. The shift of absorption and PL peaks is observed near 334 nm and 360 nm respectively due to the quantum confinement effect in Sb 2 O 3 nanocrystals. Particle sizes calculated from XRD studies agree fairly well with those estimated from optical studies. An SEM image of the surface KCl:Sb 2 O 3 single crystal shows large quasi-spherical of Sb 2 O 3 crystallites scattered on the surface. The elemental analysis from EDAX demonstrates that the KCl:Sb 2 O 3 single crystal is slightly rich in oxygen and a source of excessive quantities of oxygen is discussed. (semiconductor materials)

Two convenient low-temperature routes to single crystals of plutonium dioxide

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Meredith, Nathan A. [Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 (United States); Wang, Shuao; Diwu, Juan [School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and School of Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 (China); Albrecht-Schmitt, Thomas E., E-mail: talbrechtschmitt@gmail.com [Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306 (United States)

2014-11-15

Highlights: • Two low-temperature routes to the growth single crystals of plutonium dioxide. • Safer methods of preparing PuO{sub 2} single crystals that do not involve solid-state synthetic techniques. • Solvothermal crystal growth of plutonium dioxide. - Abstract: During the solvothermal synthesis of a low-dimensional borate, KB{sub 5}O{sub 7}(OH){sub 2}⋅2H{sub 2}O, in the presence of Pu(III), single crystals of plutonium dioxide unexpectedly formed. Single crystals of PuO{sub 2} also formed during the hydrothermal synthesis of another borate, Na{sub 2}B{sub 5}O{sub 8}(OH)⋅2H{sub 2}O, in the presence of Pu(III). The reactions were conducted at 170 °C and 150 °C, respectively, which are much lower temperature than previously reported preparations of crystalline PuO{sub 2}. Yellow–green crystals with a tablet habit were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and solid-state UV–vis–NIR absorption spectroscopy. The crystal structure was solved by direct methods with R{sub 1} = 1.26% for 19 unique observed reflections. PuO{sub 2} is cubic, space group Fm3{sup ‾}m, and adopts the fluorite structure type. The lattice parameter was determined to be a = 5.421(5) Å giving a volume of 159.3(2) Å{sup 3}. The absorption spectrum is consistent with Pu(IV)

Controllable synthesis of rice-shape Alq3 nanoparticles with single crystal structure

Science.gov (United States)

Xie, Wanfeng; Fan, Jihui; Song, Hui; Jiang, Feng; Yuan, Huimin; Wei, Zhixian; Ji, Ziwu; Pang, Zhiyong; Han, Shenghao

2016-10-01

We report the controllable growth of rice-shape nanoparticles of Alq3 by an extremely facile self-assembly approach. Possible mechanisms have been proposed to interpret the formation and controlled process of the single crystal nanoparticles. The field-emission performances (turn-on field 7 V μm-1, maximum current density 2.9 mA cm-2) indicate the potential application on miniaturized nano-optoelectronics devices of Alq3-based. This facile method can potentially be used for the controlled synthesis of other functional complexes and organic nanostructures.

Laser excited fluorescence spectrum of Ho3+:SrF2 single crystal

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lal, Bansi; Ramachandra Rao, D.

1980-01-01

The fluorescence spectrum of Ho 3+ : SrF 2 single crystal excited by the various lines of an Ar + laser, is reported. The three fluorescence groups recorded in the region 5300-7700 A, correspond to the transitions from ( 5 F 4 , 5 S 2 ) to 5 I 8 , 5 F 5 to 5 I 8 , 5 F 3 to 5 I 7 and ( 5 F 4 , 5 S 2 ) to 5 I 7 . Marked changes in the total integrated intensity of the various fluorescence groups with the change in the exciting wavelength are observed. (author)

Synthesis, crystal growth and characterization of bioactive material: 2- Amino-1H-benzimidazolium pyridine-3-carboxylate single crystal- a proton transfer molecular complex

Science.gov (United States)

Fathima, K. Saiadali; Kavitha, P.; Anitha, K.

2017-09-01

The 1:1 molecular adducts 2- Amino-1H-benzimidazolium pyridine-3-carboxylate (2ABPC) was synthesized and grown as single crystal where 2-aminobenzimidazole (ABI) acts as a donor and nicotinic acid (NA) acts as an acceptor. The presence of proton and carbon were predicted using 1H and 13C NMR spectral analysis. The molecular structure of the crystal was elucidated by subjecting the grown crystals to the single crystal x-ray diffraction analysis and was refined by full matrix least-squares method to R = 0.038 for 2469 reflections. The vibrational modes of functional group have been studied using FTIR and Raman spectroscopic analysis. The UV-Vis spectrum exhibited a visible band at 246 nm for 2ABPC due to the nicotinate anion of the molecule. Further, the antimicrobial activity of 2ABPC complex against B. subtilis, klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas eruginos and E. coli pathogens was investigated. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for this crystal was obtained using UV spectrometer against MRSA pathogen. It was found that the benzimidazole with aminogroup at position 2 increases the general antimicrobial activities of 2ABPC crystal.

Structure of single-chain single crystals of isotactic polystyrene and their radiation resistance

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bu Haishan; Cao Jie; Xu Shengyong; Zhang Ze

1997-01-01

The structure of the single-chain single crystals of isotactic polystyrene (i-PS) was investigated by electron diffraction (ED) and high resolution electron microscopy (HREM). The nano-scale single-chain single crystals were found to be very stable to electron irradiation. According to the unit cell of i-PS crystals, the reflection rings in ED pattern and the lattice fringes in HREM images could be indexed, but the lower-index diffractions were not found. It is proposed that the single-chain single crystals are very small, thus secondary electrons may be allowed to escape and radiation damage is highly reduced, and that there are less lower-index lattice planes in the single-chain single crystals to provide sufficient diffraction intensity for recording. HREM images can be achieved at room temperature in the case of single-chain single crystals because of its stability to electron irradiation, therefore, this might be a novel experimental approach to the study of crystal structure of macromolecules

Preparation of a Non-Polar ZnO Film on a Single-Crystal NdGaO3 Substrate by the RF Sputtering Method

Science.gov (United States)

Kashiwaba, Y.; Tanaka, Y.; Sakuma, M.; Abe, T.; Imai, Y.; Kawasaki, K.; Nakagawa, A.; Niikura, I.; Kashiwaba, Y.; Osada, H.

2018-04-01

Preparation of non-polar ZnO ( 11\\overline{2} 0 ) films on single-crystal NdGaO3 (NGO) (001) substrates was successfully achieved by the radio frequency (RF) sputtering method. Orientation, deposition rate, and surface roughness of ZnO films strongly depend on the working pressure. Characteristics of ZnO films deposited on single-crystal NGO (001) substrates were compared with those of ZnO films deposited on single-crystal sapphire ( 01\\overline{1} 2 ) substrates. An x-ray diffraction peak of the ZnO ( 11\\overline{2} 0 ) plane was observed on ZnO films deposited on single-crystal NGO (001) substrates under working pressure of less than 0.5 Pa. On the other hand, uniaxially oriented ZnO ( 11\\overline{2} 0 ) films on single-crystal sapphire ( 01\\overline{1} 2 ) substrates were observed under working pressure of 0.1 Pa. The mechanism by which the diffraction angle of the ZnO ( 11\\overline{2} 0 ) plane on single-crystal NGO (001) substrates was shifted is discussed on the basis of anisotropic stress of lattice mismatch. The deposition rate of ZnO films decreased with an increase in working pressure, and the deposition rate on single-crystal NGO (001) substrates was larger than that on single-crystal sapphire ( 01\\overline{1} 2 ) substrates. Root mean square (RMS) roughness of ZnO films increased with an increase in working pressure, and RMS roughness of ZnO films on single-crystal NGO (001) substrates was smaller than that of ZnO films on single-crystal sapphire ( 01\\overline{1} 2 ) substrates even though the film thickness on single-crystal NGO (001) substrates was greater than that on sapphire substrates. It is thought that a single-crystal NGO (001) substrate is useful for deposition of non-polar ZnO ( 11\\overline{2} 0 ) films.

Polarization-switching dynamics and microstructures of ferroelectric (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 single crystals

Science.gov (United States)

Yanai, Ken; Onozuka, Hiroaki; Kitanaka, Yuuki; Noguchi, Yuji; Miyayama, Masaru; Moriyoshi, Chikako; Kuroiwa, Yoshihiro; Kurushima, Kousuke; Mori, Shigeo

2013-04-01

Single crystals of ferroelectric (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 were successfully grown by using the top-seeded solution growth method at a high oxygen pressure of 0.9 MPa and their polarization switching dynamics along the c direction and their domain structures were investigated. Piezoelectric force microscope (PFM) observations show that BNT crystals poled along the c direction. had 71-degree domains in which the spontaneous polarization ( P s ) vector was opposite to the direction of the poling electric field. Synchrotron-radiation single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses and PFM observations revealed that the polarization switching in the BNT crystals along the c direction was achieved by a 71-degree rotation of the P s vector.

Iron single crystal growth from a lithium-rich melt

Science.gov (United States)

Fix, M.; Schumann, H.; Jantz, S. G.; Breitner, F. A.; Leineweber, A.; Jesche, A.

2018-03-01

α -Fe single crystals of rhombic dodecahedral habit were grown from a Li84N12Fe∼3 melt. Crystals of several millimeter along a side form at temperatures around T ≈ 800 ° C. Upon further cooling the growth competes with the formation of Fe-doped Li3N. The b.c.c. structure and good sample quality of α -Fe single crystals were confirmed by X-ray and electron diffraction as well as magnetization measurements and chemical analysis. A nitrogen concentration of 90 ppm was detected by means of carrier gas hot extraction. Scanning electron microscopy did not reveal any sign of iron nitride precipitates.

Growth and characterization of nonlinear optical single crystals: bis ...

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Administrator

molecules have received great attention for NLO applica- tions. However ... Figure 3. Single crystals of bis(cyclohexylammonium) terephthalate (crystal a) and cyclohexylammo- .... from ground state to higher energy states.17 Optical window ...

Relaxor-based ferroelectric single crystals: growth, domain engineering, characterization and applications

Science.gov (United States)

Sun, Enwei; Cao, Wenwu

2014-01-01

In the past decade, domain engineered relaxor-PT ferroelectric single crystals, including (1-x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 (PMN-PT), (1-x)Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 (PZN-PT) and (1-x-y)Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-yPb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 (PIN-PMN-PT), with compositions near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) have triggered a revolution in electromechanical devices owing to their giant piezoelectric properties and ultra-high electromechanical coupling factors. Compared to traditional PbZr1-xTixO3 (PZT) ceramics, the piezoelectric coefficient d33 is increased by a factor of 5 and the electromechanical coupling factor k33 is increased from 90%. Many emerging rich physical phenomena, such as charged domain walls, multi-phase coexistence, domain pattern symmetries, etc., have posed challenging fundamental questions for scientists. The superior electromechanical properties of these domain engineered single crystals have prompted the design of a new generation electromechanical devices, including sensors, transducers, actuators and other electromechanical devices, with greatly improved performance. It took less than 7 years from the discovery of larger size PMN-PT single crystals to the commercial production of the high-end ultrasonic imaging probe “PureWave”. The speed of development is unprecedented, and the research collaboration between academia and industrial engineers on this topic is truly intriguing. It is also exciting to see that these relaxor-PT single crystals are being used to replace traditional PZT piezoceramics in many new fields outside of medical imaging. The new ternary PIN-PMN-PT single crystals, particularly the ones with Mn-doping, have laid a solid foundation for innovations in high power acoustic projectors and ultrasonic motors, hinting another revolution in underwater SONARs and miniature actuation devices. This article intends to provide a comprehensive review on the development of relaxor-PT single crystals, spanning material discovery, crystal growth

Effect of mechanical milling on barium titanate (BaTiO3) perovskite

Science.gov (United States)

Singh, Rajan Kumar; Sanodia, Sagar; Jain, Neha; Kumar, Ranveer

2018-05-01

Commercial Barium Titanate BaTiO3 (BT) is milled by planetary ball mill in acetone medium using stainless steel bowl & ball for different hours. BT is an important perovskite oxide with structure ABO3. BT has applications in electro-optic devices, energy storing devices such as photovoltaic cells, thermistors, multiceramic capacitors & DRAMs etc. BT is non-toxic & environment friendly ceramic with high dielectric and piezoelectric property so it can be used as the substitute of PZT & PbTiO3. Here, we have investigated the effect of milling time and temperature on particle size and phase transition of BT powder. We used use Raman spectroscopy for studying the spectra of BT; XRD is used for structural study. Intensity (height) of Raman spectra and XRD spectra continuously decrease with increasing the milling hours and width if these spectra increases which indicates, decrease in BT size.

Nd-doped Lu3Al5O12 single-crystal scintillator for X-ray imaging

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sugiyama, Makoto; Fujimoto, Yutaka; Yanagida, Takayuki; Totsuka, Daisuke; Chani, Valery; Yokota, Yuui; Yoshikawa, Akira

2013-01-01

The optical and scintillation properties of Nd-doped Lu 3 Al 5 O 12 (Nd:LuAG) crystals grown by the Czochralski (Cz) method were examined under X-ray excitation. Their applicability for X-ray imaging was also inspected. The radioluminescence spectrum induced by X-rays showed a broad host emission and sharp Nd 3+ 4f–4f emission peaks in the UV to visible wavelengths. The light output current of the Nd:LuAG was 85% of that of a standard CdWO 4 X-ray scintillator. The afterglow value measured 20 ms after X-ray irradiation was 1.5%. An X-ray radiographic image was successfully obtained using the Nd:LuAG scintillator coupled with the charge coupled device (CCD) photodetector. -- Highlights: ► The Nd:LuAG single crystal was produced to perform X-ray imaging test. ► The sample exhibited the 85% light output current of the standard CdWO 4 . ► The afterglow intensity of the sample was very high compared with the CdWO 4 . ► The X-ray radiographic image was obtained from the Nd:LuAG single crystal

Nb3Sn single crystals, polycrystals and multifilamentary wires: common and different features in the magnetic response

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Adesso, M G; Uglietti, D; Fluekiger, R; Polichetti, M; Pace, S

2006-01-01

The magnetic response of different Nb 3 Sn samples has been investigated studying the temperature dependence of both the 1st and 3rd harmonics of the AC magnetic susceptibility, in presence of a DC field up to 19 T. In single crystal and in polycrystalline samples, the occurrence of a Peak Effect was observed within DC magnetic fields ranging from 3 T to about 13 T. It corresponds to a transition in the vortex lattice between the Bragg Glass phase and a disordered phase. This transition has been also detected at higher magnetic fields in both the samples, thanks to the 3rd harmonics measurements. In contrast to single crystals and polycrystals, no Peak Effect and no indications about the Bragg/disordered phase transition have been detected in the analysed multifilamentary wires

Characterization of Bi4Ge3O12 single crystal by impedance spectroscopy

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Zélia Soares Macedo

2003-12-01

Full Text Available Bi4Ge3O12 (bismuth germanate - BGO single crystals were produced by the Czochralski technique and their electrical and dielectric properties were investigated by impedance spectroscopy. The isothermal ac measurements were performed for temperatures from room temperature up to 750 °C, but only the data taken above 500 °C presented a complete semicircle in the complex impedance diagrams. Experimental data were fitted to a parallel RC equivalent circuit, and the electrical conductivity was obtained from the resistivity values. Conductivity values from 5.4 × 10(9 to 4.3 × 10-7 S/cm were found in the temperature range of 500 to 750 °C. This electrical conductivity is thermally activated, following the Arrhenius law with an apparent activation energy of (1.41 ± 0.04 eV. The dielectric properties of BGO single crystal were also studied for the same temperature interval. Permittivity values of 20 ± 2 for frequencies higher than 10³ Hz and a low-frequency dispersion were observed. Both electric and dielectric behavior of BGO are typical of systems in which the conduction mechanism dominates the dielectric response.

Study of thermochemically reduced and electron-irradiated LiNbO3 single crystals by positron annihilation and optical absorption measurements

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Pareja, R.; Gonzalez, R.; Pedrosa, M.A.

1984-01-01

Irradiation of LiNbO 3 single crystals using Van de Graaff electrons with an energy of 1.5 MeV introduces an optical absorption band similar to that observed in thermochemically reduced samples. As-grown, reduced, or irradiated crystals show single-component positron lifetime spectra with an average decay time of 234 ps. (author)

Multiferroic behavior on nanometric La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 / BaTiO3 bilayers

Science.gov (United States)

Prieto, Pedro; Ordoñez, John Edward; Gomez, Maria Elena; Lopera, Wilson

2014-03-01

We have deposited bilayers of the FM La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 and FE BaTiO3 as a route to design systems with artificial magnetoelectric coupling on LCMO/BTO/Nb:STO system. We maintain a fixed magnetic layer thickness (tLCMO = 48 nm) and varying the thickness of the ferroelectric layer (tBTO = 20, 50, 100 nm). We analyze the influence of the thickness ratio (tBTO/ tLCMO) in electrical and magnetic properties of manganite. From X-ray diffraction analysis we observed that the samples grew textured. Magnetization and transport measurements indicate a possible multiferroic behavior in the bilayer. We found an increase in the Curie and metal-insulator transition temperature in the bilayer in comparison with those for LCMO (48nm)/STO. Hysteresis loops on bilayers show ferromagnetic behavior. This work has been supported by the ``El Patrimonio Autónomo Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento para CT&I FJC'' Colciencias-CENM Research Projects: No. 1106-48-925531 and CI7917-CC 10510 contract 0002-2013 COLCIENCIAS-UNIVALLE.

Single Crystal Growth of Pure Co3+ Oxidation State Material LaSrCoO4

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Hanjie Guo

2016-08-01

Full Text Available We report on the single crystal growth of the single-layer perovskite cobaltate LaSrCoO4 that was grown by the optical floating zone method using high oxygen pressures. Phase purity and single crystallinity were confirmed by X-ray diffraction techniques. The pure Co3+ oxidation state was confirmed by X-ray absorbtion spectroscopy measurements. A transition to a spin glass state is observed at ∼7 K in magnetic susceptibility and specific heat measurements.

Growth and characterization of isotopically enriched 70Ge and 74Ge single crystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Itoh, K.

1992-10-01

Isotopically enriched 70 Ge and 74 Ge single crystals were successfully gown by a newly developed vertical Bridgman method. The system allows us to reliably grow high purity Ge single crystals of approximately 1 cm 3 volume. To our knowledge, we have grown the first 70 Ge single crystal. The electrically active chemical impurity concentration for both crystals was found to be ∼2 x cm -3 which is two order of magnitude better that of 74 Ge crystals previously grown by two different groups. Isotopic enrichment of the 70 Ge and the 74 Ge crystals is 96.3% and 96.8%, respectively. The residual chemical impurities present in both crystals were identified as phosphorus, copper, aluminum, and indium. A wide variety of experiments which take advantage of the isotopic purity of our crystals are discussed