Saharan dust contributions to PM10 and TSP levels in Southern and Eastern Spain

Science.gov (United States)

Rodríguez, S.; Querol, X.; Alastuey, A.; Kallos, G.; Kakaliagou, O.

The analysis of PM10 and TSP levels recorded in rural areas from Southern and Eastern Spain (1996-1999) shows that most of the PM10 and TSP peak events are simultaneously recorded at monitoring stations up to 1000 km apart. The study of the atmospheric dynamics by back-trajectory analysis and simulations with the SKIRON Forecast System show that these high PM10 and TSP events occur when high-dust Saharan air masses are transported over the Iberian Peninsula. In the January-June period, this dust transport is mainly caused by cyclonic activity over the West or South of Portugal, whereas in the summer period this is induced by anticyclonic activity over the East or Southeast Iberian Peninsula. Most of the Saharan intrusions which exert a major influence on the particulate levels occur from May to September (63%) and in January and October. In rural areas in Northeast Spain, where the PM10 annual mean is around 18 μg PM10 m -3, the Saharan dust accounts for 4-7 annual daily exceedances of the forthcoming PM10-EU limit value (50 μg PM10 m -3 daily mean). Higher PM10 background levels are recorded in Southern Spain (30 μg PM10 m -3 as annual mean for rural areas) and very similar values are recorded in industrial and urban areas. In rural areas in Southern Spain, the Saharan dust events accounts for 10-23 annual daily exceedances of the PM10 limit value, a high number when compared with the forthcoming EU standard, which states that the limit value cannot be exceeded more than 7 days per year. The proportion of Sahara-induced exceedances with respect to the total annual exceedances is discussed for rural, urban and industrial sites in Southern Spain.

Impact of the global economic crisis on metal levels in particulate matter (PM) at an urban area in the Cantabria Region (Northern Spain)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Arruti, A.; Fernandez-Olmo, I.; Irabien, A.

2011-01-01

Air pollution by particulate matter is well linked with anthropogenic activities; the global economic crisis that broke out in the last year may be a proper indicator of this close relationship. Some economic indicators show the regional effects of the crisis on the Cantabria Region. The present work aims to evaluate the impact of the economic crisis on PM10 levels and composition at the major city of the region, Santander. Some metals linked to anthropogenic activities were measured at Santander and studied by Positive Matrix Factorization; this statistical analysis allowed to identify three main factors: urban background, industrial and molybdenum-related factor. The main results show that the temporal trend of the levels of the industrial tracers found in the present study are well agree with the evolution of the studied economic indicators; nevertheless, the urban background tracers and PM10 concentration levels are not well correlated with the studied economic indicators. - Highlights: → The impact of the crisis is higher on the PM-bound metal levels than on the PM levels. → The crisis effects on the trace metal associated to the urban background are negligible. → The temporal trend of the industrial trace metals levels and the studied economic indicators is similar. → The crisis effects on the main industrial tracer levels in PM2.5 and PM10 are similar. - The study presents an evaluation of the economic crisis impact on PM levels and composition at a coastal urban area in the Region of Cantabria (Northern Spain).

Caracterización de las fuentes de financiación para el sector turismo en Santander (Colombia

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Luis Rubén Pérez Pinzón

2015-12-01

Full Text Available Estudio de las opciones, alternativas y limitaciones financieras que tienen los empresarios del sector turístico de Colombia, y en particular de Santander, para incrementar sus inversiones en infraestructura, productos y comunicaciones, y consigo ser más competitivos durante el próximo quinquenio. Los resultados que se presentan son producto de una investigación descriptiva realizada por el Semillero de Investigación en Turismo Alternativo y Sostenible de la Universidad Industrial de Santander, a partir del contraste estratégico y programático de las 56 organizaciones crediticias seleccionadas como muestra. La reflexión demuestra por qué uno de los principales problemas del sector turismo en Santander (Colombia es la falta de una efectiva, rápida y permanente financiación de los emprendimientos turísticos ante la falta de información por parte de los agentes del sector turismo y las restricciones de las entidades financieras públicas, privadas y mixtas.

Mineral resources of the southern half of Zone III Santander, Norte de Santander and Boyaca, Colombia

Science.gov (United States)

Ward, Dwight Edward; Goldsmith, Richard; Cruz, Bruna B.; Restrepo, Jaime; Hernan, A.

1970-01-01

The areas covered by this report lies in the eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes in the region around Bucaramanga. This part of the eastern Cordillera consists of a structurally complex core of metamorphic and igneous rocks of Precambrian to Mesozoic age, flanked to east and west by faulted and folded sedimentary strata of late Paleozoic to Tertiary age. Infaulted blocks of sedimentary rocks are locally present in the massif. Unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age, primarily terraced alluvium, are 10cally extensive in valleys on the flanks of the range. The crystalline central core of the range is called the Santander massif. In it are located the principal sold deposits and scattered deposits of copper, lead, zinc, and fluorite. The sedimentary rocks flanking the massif contain significant deposits of phosphate rock and gypsum, as well as other nonmetallic industrial minerals such as limestone, barite, glass sand, and coal. A belt of lead-zinc prospects in carbonate and sandstone beds of Cretaceous age on the east side of the range warrants further investigation. Gold and silver are the only important metallic minerals that have been produced in the Santander massif. Mining dates back to colonial and possibly to pre-colonial times and continues on a small scale at present. The California and Vetas district was the main area of investigation of metallic minerals during the present project. Results of geochemical sampling of stream sediments and assays of vein material indicate that the main potential of the area is in gold with lesser potentials in copper, lead, zinc, and silver. Mineralization of the district is probably younger than Early Cretaceous. Although no copper minerals have been mined elsewhere in the massif, small amounts of copper minerals in various rocks in scattered areas is revealed by green and blue stains of copper carbonates and sulfates. Deposits of greatest areal extent are in arkosic conglomeratic beds of the Giron Formation. These

New foot remains from the Gran Dolina-TD6 Early Pleistocene site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain).

Science.gov (United States)

Pablos, Adrián; Lorenzo, Carlos; Martínez, Ignacio; Bermúdez de Castro, José María; Martinón-Torres, María; Carbonell, Eudald; Arsuaga, Juan Luis

2012-10-01

This paper presents and describes new foot fossils from the species Homo antecessor, found in level TD6 of the site of Gran Dolina (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain). These new fossils consist of an almost complete left talus (ATD6-95) and the proximal three-quarters of a right fourth metatarsal (ATD6-124). The talus ATD6-95 is tentatively assigned to Hominin 10 of the TD6 sample, an adult male specimen with which the second metatarsal ATD6-70+107 (already published) is also tentatively associated. Analysis of these fossils and other postcranial remains has made possible to estimate a stature similar to those of the specimens from the Middle Pleistocene site of Sima de los Huesos (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain). The morphology of the TD6 metatarsals does not differ significantly from that of modern humans, Neanderthals and the specimens from Sima de los Huesos. Talus ATD6-95, however, differs from the rest of the comparative samples in being long and high, having a long and wide trochlea, and displaying a proportionally short neck. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Enfermedad de Chagas: correlación clínico-patológica. Serie de casos del Hospital Universitario de Santander - Departamento de Patología, Universidad Industrial de Santander Chagas disease: clinicopathologic correlation. Series of cases of the University Hospital of Santander - Department of Pathology, Universidad Industrial de Santander

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Julio C Mantilla

2011-10-01

Full Text Available La enfermedad de Chagas es un padecimiento que predomina en aquellas regiones del continente americano que combinan condiciones geográficas, climáticas y ecológicas para que el hombre, el Trypanosoma cruzi, sus reservorios y vectores, interactúen de manera ideal. Objetivo: presentar nueve casos de enfermedad de Chagas diagnosticados mediante autopsia en el Departamento de Patología de la Universidad Industrial de Santander entre 2002 y 2009, correlacionar los hallazgos pos-mortem con las manifestaciones clínicas y comparar los datos obtenidos con la información referida en la literatura mundial. Materiales y Métodos: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo en casos de autopsias realizadas en el Departamento de Patología de la Universidad Industrial de Santander entre el primero de enero de 2002 y el 30 de junio de 2009. Resultados: de un total de 756 autopsias, nueve (1,2% correspondieron a pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de enfermedad de Chagas: siete hombres y dos mujeres. El rango de edad osciló entre 14 meses y 56 años. De los casos analizados cinco correspondieron a la forma aguda, dos a la forma crónica y dos a un proceso de reactivación. Todos tenían compromiso cardíaco, uno compromiso del colon y uno compromiso encefálico. La causa de muerte se relacionó de manera directa con estas afecciones. Conclusión: en zonas endémicas, ante la presencia de manifestaciones cardíacas, es necesario considerar la enfermedad de Chagas con el fin de realizar un diagnóstico precoz y oportuno que permita identificar casos y establecer medidas de manejo específico enfocado de acuerdo con su condición.Chagas disease is a condition that prevails in those regions of the Americas that combine geographical, climatic and ecological conditions so that man,Trypanosoma cruzi, their reservoirs and vectors may ideally interact. Objective: to present nine cases of Chagas disease diagnosed by autopsy at the Department of Pathology, Universidad

Los orígenes de la Oficina-Laboratorio de Orientación y Selección Profesional de Santander (1924-1929). The origins of the Oficina-Laboratorio de Orientación y Selección Profesional of Santander (1924-1929)

OpenAIRE

Jaime Linares Fernández

2017-01-01

(SP), El desarrollo de la orientación profesional en Europa durante el primer cuarto del siglo XX tiene su correspondencia en la provincia de Santander con la ingente labor llevada a cabo por el maestro y periodista Jesús Revaque Garea, impulsor de la constitución del Instituto de Orientación Profesional de Santander, director de la Oficina-Laboratorio de Orientación y Selección Profesional creada tras la publicación del Estatuto de Formación Profesional de 1928 y divulgador desde el primer m...

Risk factors associated with Chagas disease in pregnant women in Santander, a highly endemic Colombian area.

Science.gov (United States)

Castellanos-Domínguez, Yeny Z; Cucunubá, Zulma M; Orozco, Luis C; Valencia-Hernández, Carlos A; León, Cielo M; Florez, Astrid C; Muñoz, Lyda; Pavía, Paula; Montilla, Marleny; Uribe, Luz Marina; García, Carlos; Ardila, William; Nicholls, Rubén Santiago; Puerta, Concepción J

2016-01-01

To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with Chagas disease in pregnant women in an endemic area of Santander, Colombia. Cross-sectional study included 23 municipalities of Santander, Colombia. Serological IFAT and ELISA tests were undertaken to detect IgG anti- Trypanosoma cruzi. A questionnaire was conducted for assessing the risk factors of each participant. Newborns were evaluated at birth and followed up to 1 year of age to determine congenital infection. An overall prevalence of 3.2% (95% CI 2.4-4.2) among 1518 pregnant women was detected. Prevalences by provinces were as follows: Guanentina: 6.0% (95% CI 4.1-8.5), García Rovira: 2.9% (95% CI: 1.5-4.8) and Comunera: 0.4% (0.4-2.3). The main risk factors identified were age >32 years old (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1-3.9); currently having a thatched roof (OR: 11.8; CI95% 2.2-63.2) and a thatched roof during childhood (OR: 3.0; 95% CI: 1.4-6.6); having below primary school education level (OR: 4.6; 95% CI: 2.2-9.5); and a history of a close contact with the vector (triatomine bugs) at least once during their lifetime (OR: 6.9; 95% CI: 3.7-12.9). No congenital cases were detected by parasitological or serological techniques. Prevalence of Chagas disease in pregnant women is a potential source of infection in this Colombian endemic area. The main risk factors associated with seropositivity were related to conditions favouring the contact with the vector. The results show that it is necessary to continue an active surveillance in order to offer diagnosis and treatment to mothers and their newborns in addition to screening to pregnant women from endemic areas. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

ANÁLISIS DE LA LOGÍSTICA DEL CARBÓN EN NORTE DE SANTANDER

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Jorge Enrique Rodríguez Guevara

2013-12-01

Full Text Available Dentro del análisis logístico de la cadena del carbón en Norte de Santander, se resaltar un informe inicial de la industria del carbón a nivel mundial, donde se describen las actividades que componen la cadena logística en Colombia, información que permitirá analizar cuál es el comportamiento del departamento norte de Santander con respecto a los principales departamentos de este sector minero a nivel nacional. El estudio muestra como las ventajas comparativas en cuanto a las reservas, aún no se desarrolla en el sector ventajas competitivas en materia de logística, que permita mitigar los efectos de los bajos precios internacionales del carbón, y el desarrollo de un clúster encadenado tanto con productores, proveedores, comercializadores, transportadores, sector público, que aporten a la cadena de creación y captura de valor en los mercados internacionales, y su aporte al desarrollo regional fronterizo.

El Conjuro: una práctica de cuidado cultural para la Leishmaniasis Cutánea Americana en Florián, Santander (Colombia The Pray: a cultural care practice for American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Florian, Santander (Colombia

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Celmira Laza Vásquez

2009-09-01

Full Text Available Justificación: La Leishmaniasis Cutánea Americana (LAC es una patología cutánea tropical endémica en Colombia, que en las últimas décadas ha recibido especial atención de los servicios nacionales de salud en cuanto al registro, atención básica y prevención entre otros, mejorando la epidemiología local y regional de esta dolencia en el país. Sin embargo, en el Departamento de Santander aún persiste un escaso conocimiento de las prácticas utilizadas por la población rural afectada en el cuidado cultural o genérico de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Describir las prácticas de cuidado, factores que determinan su uso y creencias culturales para la curación de la Leishmaniasis Cutánea Americana en la población rural del municipio de Florián-Santander (Colombia. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo descriptivo realizado en zona rural durante marzo de 2008, con la participaron pobladores y conjuradores de Florián Santander. La información se recolectó mediante entrevistas semi-estructuradas individuales, para realizar el posterior análisis de contenido. Resultados y conclusión: el Conjuro realizado por un Conjurador emergió como la práctica central de cuidado cultural, alrededor de la cual se realizan cuidados complementarios que incrementen la eficacia. La modesta situación socioeconómica, la deficiencia en infraestructura vial, la escasez de los medios de transporte, así como las creencias entorno al tratamiento médico con Glucantime®, se identificaron como los factores que ayudan a consolidar el Conjuro en la población rural como la práctica más utilizada para "sanar el encono".Justification: The American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is an endemic tropical cutaneous pathology in Colombia that during the last decade has received special attention from the national health services regarding the registry, basic attention and prevention among others, improving the local and regional epidemiology of this ailment in the country

2005-2014 trends of PM10 source contributions in an industrialized area of southern Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Li, Jiwei; Chen, Bing; de la Campa, Ana M Sánchez; Alastuey, Andrés; Querol, Xavier; de la Rosa, Jesus D

2018-05-01

Particulate matter with a diameter of 10 μm or less (PM10) using receptor modelling was determined at an urban (La Linea, LL) and an industrial area (Puente Mayorga, PMY) in Southern Spain with samples collected during 2005-2014. The concentrations of PM10 had been decreasing at both sites in three distinctive periods: 1) the initial PM10 levels approached or exceeded the Spain and EU PM10 annual guidelines of 40 μg/m 3 during 2005-2007 at LL and 2005-2009 at PMY; 2) then PM10 dropped by 25%-∼30 μg/m 3 during 2008-2011 at LL and during 2010-2011 at PMY; 3) since 2012, the PM10 concentrations gradually decreased to major elements. These PM components generally showed a decrease trend, in accord with the trend of PM10 reduction. A PMF model identified seven sources to PM10 contributions. Secondary sulfate, soil/urban/construction dust, and secondary nitrate showed significantly decreasing trends with reduction of 40-60% comparing to the initial levels. The road traffic contribution decreased by 14% from the first to third period. However, sea salt, oil combustion, and industrial metallurgical process had relative stable contributions. These source contribution changes are reasonably governed by the PM emission abatement actions implemented during the past decade, as well as the financial crisis, that accounted for a significant decrease of PM pollution in Southern Spain. We identified that the mitigation efforts on industry, fossil fuel combustion, and urban transportation during the past decade were successful for air quality improvement in a highly industrialized area in Southern Spain. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of the coal properties of Norte de Santander; Evaluacion de las propiedades de los carbones de Norte de Santander

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

1987-07-01

The Project Characterization of Coal of Norte de Santander, concluded in the second semester of 1986 with the presentation of the 4 final reports of the participant entities: Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Bogota, Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, Instituto de Investigaciones Technologicas (I.I.T.), and Instituto de Investigaciones geologico Mineras - INGEOMINAS. In each Institution some common aspects were worked - analytic part and other specific topics, that which believes the necessity to develop a study that unified the parts worked jointly with the elaboration of a new chart of data, and it allowed this way to assemble the analytic base with the studies of some technological properties and of benefit. Initially it is made a summary of the most excellent aspects in the Geology, mining and Commercialization of the Coal of the department and later on with reference to all the available analytic information, new data were obtained with base in averages among Institutions, checkups of differing results, correlate and discard of rusty samples. For the chemical and physicochemical analyses, the plastic properties, the petrographic results, the chemical analysis of the ashes, they were made statistical and correlative new treatment discriminating against the different sectors and formations inside the area (the Formation Catatumbo was excepted). For the analyses more used as range indicators and others of quality were carried out three-dimensional graphic that summarize in a visual form the variation of the parameter through the study area and the sectors inside this being obtained the iso-values curves equally. The study of some properties of the coal related with technological processes like coking, liquefaction and of benefit they supplement the analytic characterization being able to obtain several practical conclusions as for the use of these coal and remarking some concrete problems to solve with the objective of improving the quality of the

Modelos estimados de análisis de supervivencia para el tiempo de permanencia de los estudiantes de la Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander

OpenAIRE

Mawency Vergel Ortega; José Joaquín Martínez Lozano; Eduardo Ibargüen Mondragón

2016-01-01

The article shows factors associated with college desertion. The survival analysis technique allowed to perform a study with students from different programs at the Francisco de Paula Santander University, considering the events: semester, abandonment, punishment, punishment - abandonment. Using the Kaplan-Meier estimator [1], the survival function for each event of interest was estimated and desertion models whose variables were significant at 10% using the semi-parametric met...

[Occupation-, transportation- and leisure-related physical activity: gender inequalities in Santander, Colombia].

Science.gov (United States)

Hormiga-Sánchez, Claudia M; Alzate-Posada, Martha L; Borrell, Carme; Palència, Laia; Rodríguez-Villamizar, Laura A; Otero-Wandurraga, Johanna A

2016-04-01

Objectives To estimate the prevalence of occupation-, transportation- and leisure-related physical activity, its compliance with recommendations, and to explore its association with demographic and socioeconomic variables in men and women of the Department of Santander (Colombia). Methods The sample consisted of 2421 people between 15 and 64 years of age, participants in the Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases of Santander cross-sectional study, developed in 2010. The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire was used for data collection. Age-adjusted prevalence ratios were calculated and multivariate analysis models were built by sex using robust Poisson regression. Results The prevalence of occupational and leisure physical activity and compliance with recommendations were lower in women. Sexual division of labor and a low socioeconomic level negatively influenced physical activity in women, limiting the possibility of practice of those principally engaged in unpaid work at home. Young or single men and those living in higher socioeconomic areas were more likely to practice physical activity in leisure time and meet recommendations. Conclusion Physical activity surveillance and related public policies should take into account the inequalities between the practice of men and women related to their socioeconomic conditions and the sexual division of labor.

Estudio geológico - geotécnico del subsuelo urbano de la ciudad de Santander

OpenAIRE

García Herrera, Guillermo

2013-01-01

La presente memoria constituye el Trabajo Fin de Máster del Máster en Recursos Geológicos e Ingeniería Geológica de la Universidad de Oviedo, que aborda el estudio geológico-geotécnico del subsuelo urbano de la ciudad de Santander.

The participation of the Santander History Center in the centenary of the death of the "Condor of the Andes": Bucaramanga (1930

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Gabriel Samacá Alonso

2014-07-01

Full Text Available The Santander History Center began operations on July 20, 1929 as the body responsible for organizing the centennial commemoration of Bolivar's death in 1930. As the first major activity, local intellectuals decided to engage fully in the organization of the event in order to place the name of Santander and its heroes in the national context. As a result of their participation, the Center won local and national recognition as a socializing space dedicated to cultivate the regional past due to this national-scale event and set the foundations to develop other commemorations in the thirties and forties.

A Note on the Application of the Extended Bernoulli Equation

Science.gov (United States)

1999-02-01

SANTANDER SPAIN DEPARTMENTO DE QUIMICA FISICA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS QUIMICAS UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID V G BAONZA M TARAVTLLO M CACERAS...UNIVERSIDAD DE OVIEDO FACULTAD DE QUIMICA DEPARTMENTO DE QUIMICA FISICA Y ANALITICA E FRANCISCO AVENIDA JULIAN CLAVERIA S/N 33006 - OVIEDO SPAIN

Tuberculosis genitourinaria: Reporte de 9 casos en el Hospital Universitario de Santander, Colombia, 2003-2008 Genitourinary tuberculosis: A report of 9 cases in Santander University Hospital, Colombia, 2003-2008

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Julio Cesar Mantilla Hernández

2009-08-01

Full Text Available Introducción: La tuberculosis constituye aún un problema de salud pública en el mundo, el cual se agrava por la pandemia del SIDA. La tuberculosis extrapulmonar puede comprometer cualquier órgano, siendo el sistema genitourinario uno de los más afectados, por lo cual es importante conocer su magnitud en cada institución. Objetivos: Caracterizar la tuberculosis genitourinaria desde el punto de vista epidemiológico, clínico y paraclínico de los pacientes en los cuales la enfermedad constituyó la causa básica de muerte y su compromiso genitourinario fue un hallazgo principal de autopsia. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo realizado entre el 2003 y el 2008 mediante revisión de los protocolos de autopsias efectuadas en el Departamento de Patología de la Universidad Industrial de Santander, de los pacientes que fallecieron a causa de tuberculosis en el Hospital Universitario de Santander, Colombia. Resultados: Se encontraron 9 casos, con rango de edad entre 20 y 66 años, de los cuales 8 correspondían a hombres y 5 se asociaron con síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida. Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes fueron los síntomas constitucionales, seguido de los respiratorios, los urinarios, el dolor lumbar y los testiculares. El diagnóstico se realizó a través de los hallazgos anatomopatológicos durante la autopsia. Conclusiones: La tuberculosis genitourinaria es una forma severa de tuberculosis extra pulmonar, que por la poca especificidad del cuadro clínico, tiene un índice de sospecha bajo, lo que resulta inconveniente, ya que no permite diagnóstico oportuno, ni tratamiento adecuado para prevenir daños severos irreversibles. Salud UIS 2009; 41: 181-196Introduction: Tuberculosis continues to be a serious public health problem worldwide, which increases with AIDS pandemic. Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis can compromise any organ, genitourinary system being one of the most affected therefore it is important to

Hydrometric characterization of the clays used in the manufacture of ceramic products in Ocaña, Norte de Santander

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Ricardo Andrés García León

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Introduction: Currently in Ocaña, Norte de Santander exists a great variety of natural deposits that can be used to manufacture products of masonry as they are blocks, tiles, bricks, tiles, among others; But the manufacturing companies obtain a lot of waste due to the lack of technological analysis of the raw material to forecast the behavior of the ceramic pastes and to improve the quality of the final product. Objective: In the present work the physical characterization by hydrometry of the clays used in one of the companies dedicated to the manufacture of H-10 blocks in Ocaña, Norte de Santander, was carried out. Methodology: The development of the research was carried out by performing physical tests on samples of clays with which the percentages of sands, silts, and clays were determined; Which were located in the Winkler diagram to identify the types of existing clays according to their texture and the type of product that can be made to be able to formulate a paste of ceramic material. Results: The results obtained show that the clays currently used by the company are in the minimum indexes for the elaboration of blocks, reason why the addition of other clays with which the adequate level of quality with which they comply the requirements established by current standards. Conclusions: It is indispensable to characterize the clays to optimize the production pulp and to avoid imperfections in the final product (Block H-10, thus evidently improving the environmental and economic resources of the company.

Aplicación de la enfermería basada en la evidencia en los currículos de pregrado de enfermería en Santander, Colombia

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Raquel Céspedes Pinto

2015-05-01

Full Text Available Introducción: La Enfermería Basada en la Evidencia (EBE, es un movimiento que motiva la investigación y el estudio constante, para incluir la evidencia científica en las decisiones clínicas y de salud. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las competencias y componentes disciplinares de la EBE  utilizada en la enseñanza del cuidado en los currículos de los programas de pregrado en enfermería de Santander. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio exploratorio cuantitativo en 69 docentes del área de cuidado y 37 currículos de enfermería de cuatro universidades de Santander. Se diseñaron dos formularios para la recolección de datos, uno para los docentes con 21 ítems para identificar los componentes y competencias utilizadas para la enseñanza del cuidado  y otro para las asignaturas con 12 ítems derivados de dichas dimensiones. Resultados: En la implementación de la EBE en la práctica con los estudiantes para orientar el cuidado, existe diversidad en el empleo que de ésta se hace en las competencias, componentes disciplinares y su desarrollo en las instituciones. Discusión: El estudio mostró que la capacidad de analizar críticamente sobresale como una de las competencias que se fomenta en el estudiante cuando se utiliza la enfermería basada en la evidencia y que las bases de datos de apoyo a la EBE son mínimamente relacionadas en los currículos de las asignaturas de los programas, Conclusiones: Las competencias y conocimientos que requieren los estudiantes de enfermería, para enfrentar el ejercicio de su profesión, aún no se ven sustentadas en las ventajas que puede desarrollar el uso de la enfermería basada en la evidencia, como estrategia para tomar las mejores decisiones en el cuidado de los pacientes.Cómo citar este artículo: Céspedes R. Aplicación de la enfermería basada en la evidencia en los currículos de pregrado de enfermería en Santander, Colombia. Rev Cuid. 2015; 6(1: 900-5. http://dx.doi.org/10

Escrever, contar, guardar: o diário de Santander no exílio europeu (1829-1832

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Libertad Borges Bittencourt

2013-12-01

Full Text Available O propósito deste artigo é examinar o diário do general granadino Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840, um dos líderes da independência da Colômbia, escrito na primeira metade do século XIX. Dentre as temáticas que ele privilegia em seus escritos, optei por destacar suas reflexões sobre a situação política da Colômbia, bem como suas considerações sobre Bolívar. Os dois generais se desentenderam quanto ao modelo de governo a ser estabelecido nas regiões libertas do jugo espanhol, e esse dissenso levou à acusação de traição, prisão e condenação de Santander à morte. A pena foi comutada por Bolívar, substituída pelo exílio na Europa, e essa experiência como desterrado é narrada em seu diário.

Evaluation of the coal properties of Norte de Santander

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1987-07-01

The Project Characterization of Coal of Norte de Santander, concluded in the second semester of 1986 with the presentation of the 4 final reports of the participant entities: Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Bogota, Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, Instituto de Investigaciones Technologicas (I.I.T.), and Instituto de Investigaciones geologico Mineras - INGEOMINAS. In each Institution some common aspects were worked - analytic part and other specific topics, that which believes the necessity to develop a study that unified the parts worked jointly with the elaboration of a new chart of data, and it allowed this way to assemble the analytic base with the studies of some technological properties and of benefit. Initially it is made a summary of the most excellent aspects in the Geology, mining and Commercialization of the Coal of the department and later on with reference to all the available analytic information, new data were obtained with base in averages among Institutions, checkups of differing results, correlate and discard of rusty samples. For the chemical and physicochemical analyses, the plastic properties, the petrographic results, the chemical analysis of the ashes, they were made statistical and correlative new treatment discriminating against the different sectors and formations inside the area (the Formation Catatumbo was excepted). For the analyses more used as range indicators and others of quality were carried out three-dimensional graphic that summarize in a visual form the variation of the parameter through the study area and the sectors inside this being obtained the iso-values curves equally. The study of some properties of the coal related with technological processes like coking, liquefaction and of benefit they supplement the analytic characterization being able to obtain several practical conclusions as for the use of these coal and remarking some concrete problems to solve with the objective of improving the quality of the

Riesgo ergonómico en empresas artesanales del sector de la manufactura, Santander. Colombia Ergonomic risk craft enterprises manufacturing sector, Santander. Colombia

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Claudia Patricia Ardila Jaimes

2013-03-01

Full Text Available Introducción: Es importante reconocer que algunas profesiones del ramo de la manufactura no tienen de manera estandarizada programas en ergonomía, por lo tanto se requiere reconocer dichas limitaciones, las cuales podrían desencadenar en patologías musculares, altos índices de ausentismo y disminución en la productividad. Objetivos: Determinar el perfil de riesgo ergonómico de las empresas artesanales de tabaco y joyería de la región de Santander, Colombia en el año 2010. Materiales y métodos: Se trató de un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal donde la población encuestada fueron empresas del sector de la manufactura de los sub-sectores artesanales tabacalero y joyero. La unidad de análisis principal fue la empresa. Se diligenció un instrumento que identificaba rasgos de la cultura ergonómica de las empresas. Resultados: Se encuestaron 15 empresas tabacaleras y 10 joyeras. Las empresas no cuentan con políticas en salud ocupacional en 73% para el sector tabaco y en 80% para el sector joyero. En ambos sectores la repetitividad fue el factor ergonómico más prevalente con 80% y 36,4% respectivamente. A su vez, 60% de las empresas del tabaco tienen establecido la elaboración de rediseño de puesto de trabajo, en relación al 10% presentado por las empresas joyeras, finalmente en ambos sectores se encontró un porcentaje no superior al 13% sobre realización de capacitaciones sobre control de riesgos ergonómicos a sus trabajadores. Conclusiones: El perfil de riesgo ergonómico en el sector tabacalero y joyero artesanal se muestra incipiente, considerando estar influenciado por factores como desconocimiento del tema y falta de compromiso gerencial en la implementación de programas que ayuden a minimizar las enfermedades derivadas de las actividades que se desarrollan en cada uno de los sectores.Introduction: It is important to recognize that some professions the manufacturing industry have no standardized way in ergonomics

Movilidad estudiantil en la subregión fronteriza Táchira-Norte de Santander

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Jorge Matajira

2011-06-01

Full Text Available Este trabajo muestra los resultados del proyecto “Movilidad estudiantil en la subregión fronteriza Táchira - Norte de Santander: Hacia la construcción de una política pública educativa”, financiado por la Escuela Superior de Administración Pública ESAP. La problemática de la investigación indaga la movilidad estudiantil que por múltiples factores, afecta y vulnera el derecho a la educación en esta área geográfica. El objetivo propuesto busca comprender la dinámica de la movilidad estudiantil en el eje Táchira-Norte de Santander, para generar propuestas que fortalezcan una política educativa fundamentada en la condición de frontera y de integración binacional. La investigación muestra un diagnóstico, a partir de una metodología cuanticualitativa, con fuentes estadísticas, institucionales y trabajo de campo. Entre los hallazgos está, el uso consuetudinario de la doble identidad, como medio para saltar los requerimientos oficiales de inmigración, y acceder así a la educación, hecho que posteriormente se convierte en obstáculo de la misma movilidad estudiantil.

Preliminary checklist of the vascular flora of the Sub-Andean forest at Cuchilla El Fara (Santander-Colombia)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Medina, Ruth; Reina, Miriam; Herrera, Edna; Avila, Fabio Andres; Chaparro, Omar; Cortes B, Rocio

2010-01-01

A preliminary checklist of the vascular flora of the sub-Andean forest of the Cuchilla El Fara is present ed. El Fara is located at the Guantiva - La Rusia - Iguaque biological corridor, in the municipalities of Charala, Gambita, and Suaita (Santander-Colombia). Information on habit, local altitudinal range, and collection number is recorded for each species. A total of 409 species of vascular plants included in 226 genera, and 105 families were recorded. The families with the highest number of genera were Rubiaceae (18), Asteraceae (10), Melastomataceae (10), Orchidaceae (10), Euphorbiaceae (8), Arecaceae (7) and Fabaceae (7). At specific level, the best represented families were Rubiaceae (33), Melastomataceae (28), Lauraceae (21), Asteraceae (17), Araceae (17), Orchidaceae (17) and Gesneriaceae (15). The affinities of the flora with other Neotropical sub-Andean forests are discussed. Finally, species of all IUCN threat categories are highlighted so that the information presented here can make a contribution to restoration and conservation programs.

Mutagenic and genotoxic activity of particulate matter MP2,5, in Pamplona, North Santander, Colombia

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Martínez Montañez, Mónica Liseth

2012-10-01

Full Text Available Objective: To study the mutagenic and genotoxic activities of particulate material (MP2,5 collected in Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia.Materials and methods: MP2,5 was monitored by means of a Partisol 2025 sequential air sampler with Plus Palmflex quartz filters. The latter were subjected to two extraction procedures: Soxhlet extraction using dichloromethane-acetone; and ultrasonic extraction using dichloromethane, acetone and dichloromethane/ acetone mix. The mutagenic and genotoxic activities were determined for each extract.Results: This is the first study conducted in Colombia that reports the mutagenic and genotoxic activities associated with particulate matter (MP2,5 taken from vehicular emissions in Pamplona, Norte de Santander. The mutagenic assay determined by the Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 showed a high direct mutagenic activity in the analyzed extracts. On the other hand, the genotoxic activity, determined by means of the comet assay, was high too.Conclusion: Particulate material (MP2,5 present in air samples in Pamplona (northeastern Colombia is a risk factor for the exposed population because it can directly induce mutations and also cause genotoxic damage.

Evaluation of the social-environmental impacts associated with the production of panela in Santander (Colombia

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Martha Melizza Ordoñez-Díaz,

2017-05-01

Full Text Available Panela (jaggery or non-centrifuged sugar is a natural food product characterized by its high nutritional value and sweetening power. In the department of Santander, Colombia, the transfor-mation of sugarcane juice into jaggery is carried out mainly in handcrafted sugar mills, which generate a permanent source of employment for rural families. However, according to the results obtained in this study, it should be mentioned that under the current conditions of artisanal production, this agricultural activity involves great physical effort and considerable risk to the workers` health. In addition, it causes significant negative environmental impacts during the production process, standing out changes in the atmospheric composition, microclimatic changes, and pollution of water resources. In order to contribute to the sustainability of the jaggery- production sector in the department of Santander, a qualitative diagnosis of biotic, abiotic and anthropological impacts generated by the production of artisanal jaggery are presented. The current situation of the national jaggery industry and the production process, from cutting sugarcane to the packaging of the final product are described. Identified impacts are characterized and some recommendations to achieve environmentally sustainable production process are provided.

Automatização de Tarefas em VBA: Projeto no Santander Totta

OpenAIRE

Santos, Joana Filipa de Nóbrega

2015-01-01

Projeto apresentado para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Sistemas de Informação Organizacionais Este projeto foi desenvolvido no Santander Totta, mais propriamente na Divisão de Controlo de Custos (DCC) que faz parte da Direção de Controlo de Gestão (DCG) com o intuito de automatizar tarefas repetitivas. O projeto permitiu à mestranda elaborar um relatório com o objetivo de concluir o Mestrado em Sistemas de Informação Organizacionais (MSIO), possi...

Aspectos del dengue investigados en Santander

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Ruth Martínez

2004-03-01

Full Text Available

10.5pt; font-family: Arial">Entre 1998 y 2003 se registraron en Colombia 256,831 casos de dengue (22,834 de dengue hemorrágico DH de los cuales 41,325 (36% fueron en Santander (3,265 DH (1,2. En este período ocurrieron brotes en 1998 y 2001 observándose incremento de casos severos en el segundo (2. Por otro lado, existen inconvenientes con el diagnóstico que dificultan el manejo clínico oportuno y la vigilancia epidemiológica. Como consecuencia, los siguientes aspectos han sido investigados:

10.5pt; font-family: Arial">1 Contribución de la circulación de los serotipos/genotipos al incremento del dengue hemorrágico, considerando que la entrada o emergencia de éstos se han asociado con epidemias (3. Entre 1998 y 2004 se hicieron 1,180 intentos de aislamiento viral en células C6/36 (4, detectándose los 4 serotipos. El DEN-2 se aisló todos los años con mayor frecuencia durante los brotes (43% y 40% de los cepas; el DEN-1 se detectó entre 1998 y 2001, siendo el prevalente en el primer brote (57%, pero el menos en el segundo (4%; el DEN-3 se detectó en el brote del 2001 con similar frecuencia al DEN-2 (36%, por primera vez en Colombia luego de 23 años ausente, y fue el prevalerte entre 2002-2004 (92% de los aislados, aunque en estos años no se reportó incremento del DH (2; el DEN-4 se aisló solo en el 2000 (27% y en el brote del 2001 (20%. El genotipo de cada serotipo se identificó por análisis de RSS-PCR (5,6. Se encontraron el subtipo A (ó III, C (ó I y B (ó II de los serotipos 2, 1 y 4, similares a los que están circulando en países de América y oriundos del Asia. Los DEN-3 fueron del subtipo C (ó III iguales al virus que entró en América en 1994 oriundo de Sri-Lanka, India. Los genotipos del 2 y 3 encontrados en Santander producen con mayor frecuencia DH (3,7.

10.5pt; font

Perfil de la demanda de servicios médicos en el Departamento de Santander, 2001-2007

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Rafael Antonio Viana Barceló, Mag

2010-01-01

Full Text Available En el presente documento se estudian las principales características de la demanda de servicios médicos en el Departamento de Santander. Para ello, se realiza un análisis descriptivo de las particularidades de la población del Departamento que demanda el servicio según afiliación, género, edad, ente otros. Los datos utilizados para elestudio, provienen básicamente de dos fuentes: el Registro Individual de Prestación de Servicios (RIPS y las proyecciones de población 2005-2020, total departamentales y municipales, por sexo y gruposquinquenales de edad del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas - DANE. La unidad de análisis del presente estudio la constituyen los registros y no la población; la información disponible no permite centrar la atención sobre las personas atendidas. Los resultados indican que es necesario incorporar criterios que tengan enconsideración aspectos como género, niñez o tercera edad, en el diseño de las políticas públicas de salud. De igual manera, es importante considerar los interrogantes de financiación de la red de salud de Santander, si se considera que en los últimos años las características de la consulta médica indican una mayor presión sobre el uso de losrecursos asignados en el sector.______________________________________________________________________This paper explores the main characteristics of the demand for medical consultations in the department of Santander. To do this, performing a descriptive analysis of the characteristics of the population that demands the service department as affiliation, gender, age, body others. The data used for the study come primarily from two sources:the individual record or health services (RIPS and population projections from 2005 to 2020, departmental and municipal total, by sex and five year age groups from the National Bureau of Statistics - DANE. The unit of analysis in this study was the records and not thepopulation, the

Cost-effectiveness analysis of 5-fluorouracil 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% in the treatment of actinic keratosis in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Nieves, Diana; Puig-Peiró, Ruth; Ferrándiz, Carlos; Plazas, Maria Josep; Brosa, Max

2015-06-01

The aim of this study is to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis of 5-fluorouracil 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% (5-FU/SA) in the treatment of isolated hyperkeratotic actinic keratosis lesions in Spain. An analytical decision-making model was constructed to compare whether 5-FU/SA was a cost-effective option compared with cryotherapy from the perspective of the Spanish National Health System with a time horizon of 6 months. Costs were expressed in 2014 euros. The cost of patients with hyperkeratotic actinic keratosis treated with 5-FU/SA or cryotherapy was €266 and €285, respectively. 5-FU/SA was associated with higher rates of treatment success and, consequently, more quality-adjusted life years, than cryotherapy. Therefore, 5-FU/SA was the dominant treatment, as it was associated with a lower treatment cost and greater effectiveness than cryotherapy. Economically, 5-FU/SA was a dominant option compared with cryotherapy in the treatment of isolated hyperkeratotic actinic keratosis lesions in Spain.

Situación demográfica y epidemiológica de los adultos mayores. Santander. 1964 – 2011 / Demographic and Epidemiological Situation of Elderly People. Santander. 1964 – 2011 / Situação demográfica e epidemiológica das pessoas idosas. Santander. 1964 – 2011

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Ana Luz Loaiza-Valencia, MSc.

2015-07-01

Full Text Available Introducción: El envejecimiento poblacional ocurre en todo el mundo, como resultado de la disminución de las tasas de fecundidad, natalidad, mortalidad y aumento en la esperanza de vida. Junto con el resultado natural del envejecimiento ocurren circunstancias como el incremento de la carga de enfermedad, representado en padecimientos crónicos, degenerativos y discapacitantes. Objetivo: Describir la situación demográfica y epidemiológica de los adultos mayores del departamento de Santander entre 1964 y 2020, y la información de morbilidad del año 2011. Metodología: Se utilizaron los censos y proyecciones de población, e indicadores demográficos entre 1964 y 2020, defunciones no fetales por lugar de residencia, y Registros individuales de prestación de servicios de salud (RIPS del año 2011. Se realizó análisis descriptivo con base en las variables sexo, edad, diagnóstico de consulta y causa básica de muerte. Resultados: La población santandereana muestra un constante aumento en su número pero a un ritmo menor que décadas atrás. Las tasas de fecundidad y natalidad han venido en descenso, y se proyecta que la tasa de mortalidad empezará a incrementarse de nuevo, así mismo la esperanza de vida tiene un comportamiento ascendente. En el año 2015 habrá 251,136 personas de 60 y más años, el 44% serán hombres frente al 56% de mujeres. Conclusiones: Las tasas de natalidad y fecundidad se proyectan al descenso. Por el contrario la tasa bruta de mortalidad se incrementó a partir del 2010 y se proyecta que continúe en esta dirección hasta estabilizarse. La esperanza de vida al nacer es mayor para las mujeres que para los hombres, estos datos ratifican el fenómeno de la feminización del envejecimiento. La situación de la morbilidad es de carácter agudo, y crónico y de enfermedades no transmisibles. [Loaiza Valencia AL. Situación demográfica y epidemiológica de los adultos mayores. Santander. 1964 – 2011. MedUNAB 2015

Mutagenic and genotoxic activity of particulate matter MP2,5, in Pamplona, North Santander, Colombia

OpenAIRE

Martínez Montañez, Mónica Liseth; Meléndez Gélvez, Iván; Quijano Parra, Alfonso

2012-01-01

Objective: To study the mutagenic and genotoxic activities of particulate material (MP2,5 collected in Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia.Materials and methods: MP2,5 was monitored by means of a Partisol 2025 sequential air sampler with Plus Palmflex quartz filters. The latter were subjected to two extraction procedures: Soxhlet extraction using dichloromethane-acetone; and ultrasonic extraction using dichloromethane, acetone and dichloromethane/ acetone mix. The mutagenic and genotoxic a...

Movilidad estudiantil en la subregión fronteriza Táchira-Norte de Santander

OpenAIRE

Jorge Matajira; Eimer Barajas

2011-01-01

Este trabajo muestra los resultados del proyecto “Movilidad estudiantil en la subregión fronteriza Táchira - Norte de Santander: Hacia la construcción de una política pública educativa”, financiado por la Escuela Superior de Administración Pública ESAP. La problemática de la investigación indaga la movilidad estudiantil que por múltiples factores, afecta y vulnera el derecho a la educación en esta área geográfica. El objetivo propuesto busca comprender la dinámica de la movilidad estudiantil ...

Natural Bioactive Compounds: The Way Shown by Professor Maurizio Battino and His Group in an Italian Cutting-Edge Laboratory.

Science.gov (United States)

2016-07-05

Maurizio Battino, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Biochemistry in the Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche (Italy), is the Director of the Centre for Health and Nutrition, Universidad Europea del Atlantico (Santander, Spain) and Director of Nutrition and Health projects and Master courses at FUNIBER on-line platform (Barcelona, Spain).[...].

Natural Bioactive Compounds: The Way Shown by Professor Maurizio Battino and His Group in an Italian Cutting-Edge Laboratory

OpenAIRE

2016-01-01

Maurizio Battino, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Biochemistry in the Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche (Italy), is the Director of the Centre for Health and Nutrition, Universidad Europea del Atlantico (Santander, Spain) and Director of Nutrition and Health projects and Master courses at FUNIBER on-line platform (Barcelona, Spain).[...

Natural Bioactive Compounds: The Way Shown by Professor Maurizio Battino and His Group in an Italian Cutting-Edge Laboratory

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International Journal of Molecular Sciences Editorial Office

2016-07-01

Full Text Available Maurizio Battino, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Biochemistry in the Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche (Italy, is the Director of the Centre for Health and Nutrition, Universidad Europea del Atlantico (Santander, Spain and Director of Nutrition and Health projects and Master courses at FUNIBER on-line platform (Barcelona, Spain.[...

Meteorological factors for PM10 concentration levels in Northern Spain

Science.gov (United States)

Santurtún, Ana; Mínguez, Roberto; Villar-Fernández, Alejandro; González Hidalgo, Juan Carlos; Zarrabeitia, María Teresa

2013-04-01

Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is made up of a mixture of solid and aqueous species which enter the atmosphere by anthropogenic and natural pathways. The levels and composition of ambient air PM depend on the climatology and on the geography (topography, soil cover, proximity to arid zones or to the coast) of a given region. Spain has particular difficulties in achieving compliance with the limit values established by the European Union (based on recommendations from the World Health Organization) for particulate matter on the order of 10 micrometers of diameter or less (PM10), but not only antropogenical emissions are responsible for this: some studies show that PM10 concentrations originating from these kinds of sources are similar to what is found in other European countries, while some of the geographical features of the Iberian Peninsula (such as African mineral dust intrusion, soil aridity or rainfall) are proven to be a factor for higher PM concentrations. This work aims to describe PM10 concentration levels in Cantabria (Northern Spain) and their relationship with the following meteorological variables: rainfall, solar radiation, temperature, barometric pressure and wind speed. Data consists of daily series obtained from hourly data records for the 2000-2010 period, of PM10 concentrations from 4 different urban-background stations, and daily series of the meteorological variables provided by Spanish National Meteorology Agency. The method used for establishing the relationships between these variables consists of several steps: i) fitting a non-stationary probability density function for each variable accounting for long-term trends, seasonality during the year and possible seasonality during the week to distinguish between work and weekend days, ii) using the marginal distribution function obtained, transform the time series of historical values of each variable into a normalized Gaussian time series. This step allows using consistently time series

School manuals for teaching geography at the Sovereign State of Santander: 1868-1879

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Jorge Alejandro Aguirre Rueda

2015-07-01

Full Text Available This article presents at least three objectives. The irst of them:to evidence the legislative aspects of the Organic Decree of Public Primary Instruction –ODPPI– of 1870 in relation to the topic of school manuals, the school knowledge of geography and the way in which it was evaluated. Secondly, this paper presents an identiication and description of the content and dissemination of some of the geography school manuals that existed in the Sovereign State of Santander during the last three decades of the 19th century. Finally, we present the ways in which some teachers from Santander resisted the initiative to consolidate the printed text as the main reference for the dissemination of school knowledge. Based on the previous information, this article comprises four sections which deal with the aforementioned topics. Therefore, it was conirmed that ODPPI regulated the subject of school manuals, to the point of identifying some of the directly responsible agents of its achievement and monitoring. Likewise, geography, as school knowledge, was regulated within the curricula. Besides, evidence shows that geography school manuals did not include as much printed material as subjects like arithmetic or reading. Equally, geography was found to be taught under the following categories: Universal and Colombian and Regional. Finally, even though the State taught the importance of the print text, other voices emerged in defense of oral teaching methods, which made it possible to identify that the consolidation of printing as a diffusion system for culture was not an easy lineal task.

48 CFR 252.229-7005 - Tax exemptions (Spain).

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Tax exemptions (Spain... of Provisions And Clauses 252.229-7005 Tax exemptions (Spain). As prescribed in 229.402-70(e), use the following clause: Tax Exemptions (Spain) (JUN 1997) (a) The Contractor represents that the...

Pramana – Journal of Physics | Indian Academy of Sciences

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Author Affiliations. S N Kaul1 2 Anita Semwal1. School of Physics, University of Hyderabad, Central University P.O., Hyderabad 500 046, India; Departamento CITIMAC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain ...

Patients’ and physicians’ preferences for type 2 diabetes mellitus treatments in Spain and Portugal: a discrete choice experiment

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Morillas C

2015-10-01

Full Text Available Carlos Morillas,1 Rosa Feliciano,2 Pablo Fernández Catalina,3 Carla Ponte,4 Marta Botella,5 João Rodrigues,6 Enric Esmatjes,7 Javier Lafita,8 Luis Lizán,9 Ignacio Llorente,10 Cristóbal Morales,11 Jorge Navarro-Pérez,12 Domingo Orozco-Beltran,13 Silvia Paz,9 Antonio Ramirez de Arellano,14 Cristina Cardoso,15 Maribel Tribaldos Causadias9 1Hospital Universitario Dr Peset, Valencia, Spain; 2USF São Domingos, Santarém, Portugal; 3Hospital Montecelo de Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain; 4USF Porta do Sol, Matosinhos, Portugal; 5Hospital Universitario Principe de Asturias, Madrid, Spain; 6USF Serra da Lousã, Lousã, Portugal; 7Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; 8Hospital de Navarra, Navarra, Spain; 9Outcomes’10, Universidad Jaume I, Castellón, Spain; 10Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, Canarias, Spain; 11Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Macarena, Sevilla, Spain; 12INCLIVA, CIBERESP, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; 13Sociedad Española de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria, Valencia, Spain; 14Novo Nordisk EU-HEOR Europe, Madrid, Spain; 15Novo Nordisk, Lisbon, Portugal Objective: To assess Spanish and Portuguese patients’ and physicians’ preferences regarding type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM treatments and the monthly willingness to pay (WTP to gain benefits or avoid side effects.Methods: An observational, multicenter, exploratory study focused on routine clinical practice in Spain and Portugal. Physicians were recruited from multiple hospitals and outpatient clinics, while patients were recruited from eleven centers operating in the public health care system in different autonomous communities in Spain and Portugal. Preferences were measured via a discrete choice experiment by rating multiple T2DM medication attributes. Data were analyzed using the conditional logit model.Results: Three-hundred and thirty (n=330 patients (49.7% female; mean age 62.4 [SD: 10.3] years, mean T2DM duration 13.9 [8.2] years, mean body

La Salud en el Plan Departamental de Desarrollo “Santander Nos Une”

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Bernardo Useche-Aldana

2016-04-01

Full Text Available Introducción: Con la expedición de la Resolución 429 de 2016, el gobierno colombiano culminó un proceso de reforma de la salud que consolida el sistema de aseguramiento representado en las denominadas Empresas Promotoras de Salud o EPS el cual fuera establecido con la Ley 100 de 1993. Esta resolución establece una nueva “Política de Atención Integral en Salud” que debe ser implementada por las entidades territoriales de salud a través de sus respectivos planes de desarrollo. De ahí la importancia de analizar el componente de salud de los planes de desarrollo departamentales. Objetivo: Formular observaciones al componente de salud del Plan Departamental de Desarrollo de Santander PDDS y estimular la comprensión, el análisis y el debate sobre la principal política pública de salud del Departamento. Discusión: De los indicadores, estrategias y programas presentados en el PDDS no se deriva un claro perfil epidemiológico y de salud del Departamento de Santander que permita la formulación e implementación de un plan de acción estratégico que conduzca a la intervención efectiva de los problemas y necesidades prioritarias de salud de la población del Departamento. Predominan los programas e intervenciones en salud que pueden ser objeto de la intermediación financiera de las aseguradoras o EPS. Conclusión: Se puede prever que la mayoría de los programas e indicadores de logros propuestos en el plan, así se alcancen, no tendrán impacto significativo en la salud de los santandereanos.

Hernia diagfragmática congénita derecha en el Hospital Universitario de Santander Right congenital diaphragmatic hernia at the Hospital Universitario de Santander

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Julio César Mantilla

2010-08-01

Full Text Available Introducción: La hernia diafragmática del lado derecho es una variable poco frecuente de los defectos congénitos diafragmáticos que permiten el paso del contenido abdominal a la cavidad torácica, causando graves trastornos en el desarrollo pulmonar fetal. Objetivo: Describir las características patológicas encontradas en la autopsia perinatal de un paciente con Hernia diafragmática congénita derecha en el Hospital Universitario de Santander. Caso clínico: Neonato de 35 semanas de gestación con diagnóstico prenatal de Hernia Diafragmática Congénita, quien fallece minutos después de su nacimiento debido a insuficiencia respiratoria aguda. En los hallazgos de autopsia se encuentra ausencia de la mayor parte del hemidiafragma derecho, herniación del contenido abdominal al tórax y una severa hipoplasia pulmonar. Conclusion: La Hernia diafragmática congénita del lado derecho se asocia con alta mortalidad neonatal y los hallazgos encontrados en el presente caso se correlacionan con los graves defectos estructurales pulmonares que se describen en otros casos reportados en la literatura. Salud UIS 2010; 42: 133-138Introduction: The congenital diaphragmatic hernia of the right side is the least common type of the congenital diaphragmatic defects which allows the passage of abdominal contents to the thoracic cavity, causing serious disorders on lung development. Objective: To describe the pathological features found in perinatal autopsy of a patient with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia of the right side at the Hospital Universitario de Santander. Case report: 35 weeks gestation neonate with prenatal diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia, who died due to acute respiratory failure. In the autopsy be found a severe pulmonary hypoplasia and in the microscopic examination, the pulmonary alveoli collapsed. Conclusion: The congenital diaphragmatic hernia of the right side is associated with high neonatal mortality and the findings in

Contrasting Modern and 10Be- derived erosion rates for the Southern Betic Cordillera, Spain

Science.gov (United States)

Bellin, N.; Vanacker, V.; Kubik, P.

2012-04-01

In Europe, Southeast Spain was identified as one of the regions with major treat of desertification in the context of future land use and climate change. During the last years, significant progress has been made to understand spatial patterns of modern erosion rates in these semi-arid degraded environments. Numerous European projects have contributed to the collection of modern erosion data at different spatial scales for Southeast Spain. However, these data are rarely analysed in the context of long-term changes in vegetation, climate and human occupation. In this paper, we present Modern and Holocene denudation rates for small river basins (1 to 10 km2) located in the Spanish Betic Cordillera. Long-term erosion data were derived from cosmogenic nuclide analyses of river-borne sediment. Modern erosion data were quantified through analysis of sediment deposition volumes behind check dams, and represent average erosion rates over the last 10 to 40 years. Modern erosion rates are surprisingly low (mean erosion rate = 0.048 mm y-1; n=36). They indicate that the steep, sparsely vegetated hillslopes in the Betic Cordillera cannot directly be associated with high erosion rates. 10Be -derived erosion rates integrate over the last 37500 to 3500 years, and are roughly of the same magnitude. They range from 0.013 to 0.243 mm y-1 (mean denudation rate = 0.062 mm y-1 ± 0.054; n=20). Our data suggest that the modern erosion rates are similar to the long-term erosion rates in this area. This result is in contrast with the numerous reports on human-accelerated modern erosion rates for Southeast Spain. Interestingly, our new data on long-term erosion rates show a clear spatial pattern, with higher erosion rates in the Sierra Cabrera and lower erosion rates in Sierra de las Estancias, and Sierra Torrecilla. Preliminary geomorphometric analyses suggest that the spatial variation that we observe in long-term erosion rates is related to the gradient in uplift rates of the Betic

Petrologic significance of Fe-rich staurolite in pelitic schists of the Silgará Formation, Santander Massif

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Carlos Alberto Ríos

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Medium grade metapelites of the Silgará Formation at the Santander Massif (Colombian Andes have been affected by a medium-pressure/high-temperature Barrovian type of metamorphism, developing a sequence of metamorphic zones (biotite, garnet, staurolite and sillimanite. These rocks record a complex tectonometamorphic evolution and reaction history. Metapelitic rocks from the staurolite zone are typically foliated, medium- to coarse-grained, pelitic to semipelitic schists that contain the mineral assemblage biotite + garnet + staurolite ± kyanite; all contain muscovite + quartz + plagioclase with minor K-feldspar, tourmaline, apatite, zircon, epidote, calcite, and Fe–Ti oxides. Field and microscopic evidences reveal that Fe-rich staurolite in pelitic schists is involved in several chemical reactions, which explains its formation and transformation to other minerals, which are very important to elucidate the reaction history of the Silgará Formation metapelites.   Significado Petrológico de Estaurolita Rica en Fe en Esquistos Pelíticos de la Formación Silgará, Macizo de Santander   Resumen Medium grade metapelites of the Silgará Formation en el Macizo de Santander (Andes Colombianos han sido afectadas por un metamorfismo de tipo Barroviense, el cual se ha producido en condiciones de media presión y alta temperatura, desarrollando una secuencia de zonas metamórficas (biotita, granate, estaurolita y silimanita. Estas rocas registran una evolución tectono-metamórfico e historia reacción compleja. Las metapelitas de la zona de la estaurolita están representadas por esquistos pelíticos a semipelíticos de grano medio a grueso típicamente foliados que contienen la paragénesis mineral biotita + granate + estaurolita ± cianita; todos contienen moscovita + cuarzo + plagioclasa con menor feldespato potásico, turmalina, apatito, zircón, epidota, calcita, y óxidos de Fe-Ti. Evidencias de campo y microscópicas revelan que la estaurolita

[Congenital heart disease mortality in Spain during a 10 year period (2003-2012)].

Science.gov (United States)

Pérez-Lescure Picarzo, Javier; Mosquera González, Margarita; Latasa Zamalloa, Pello; Crespo Marcos, David

2018-05-01

Congenital heart disease is a major cause of infant mortality in developed countries. In Spain, there are no publications at national level on mortality due to congenital heart disease. The aim of this study is to analyse mortality in infants with congenital heart disease, lethality of different types of congenital heart disease, and their variation over a ten-year period. A retrospective observational study was performed to evaluate mortality rate of children under one year old with congenital heart disease, using the minimum basic data set, from 2003 to 2012. Mortality rate and relative risk of mortality were estimated by Poisson regression. There were 2,970 (4.58%) infant deaths in a population of 64,831 patients with congenital heart disease, with 73.8% of deaths occurring during first week of life. Infant mortality rate in patients with congenital heart disease was 6.23 per 10,000 live births, and remained constant during the ten-year period of the study, representing 18% of total infant mortality rate in Spain. The congenital heart diseases with highest mortality rates were hypoplastic left heart syndrome (41.4%), interruption of aortic arch (20%), and total anomalous pulmonary drainage (16.8%). Atrial septal defect (1%) and pulmonary stenosis (1.1%) showed the lowest mortality rate. Congenital heart disease was a major cause of infant mortality with no variations during the study period. The proportion of infants who died in our study was similar to other similar countries. In spite of current medical advances, some forms of congenital heart disease show very high mortality rates. Copyright © 2017 Asociación Española de Pediatría. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

The Long-Term Hydrological Performance of Permeable Pavement Systems in Northern Spain: An Approach to the “End-of-Life” Concept

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Luis A. Sañudo-Fontaneda

2018-04-01

Full Text Available Porous mixtures and Interlocking Concrete Block Pavements (ICBP are the most widely used surfaces in Permeable Pavement Systems (PPS. Despite the fact that there are many studies based on the hydrological performance of PPS, there are few long-term studies that identify the end of life of PPS regarding their hydrological performance. A field study has been developed over 10 years in the experimental car park “Las Llamas” in the city of Santander, Northern Spain. Permeability was measured in 37 car park bays (nine Polymer-Modified Porous Concrete, nine Porous Asphalt, and 17 ICBP of two different designs. Tests were conducted under the Spanish Standard NLT-327/00 for the porous-mixture surfaces and the ASTM methods C1701/C1701M-17a and C1781/C1781M-15 for porous mixtures and ICBP, respectively. No maintenance was carried out in this car park since it was opened to traffic in 2008, allowing for the assessment and identification of the hydrological failure of each surface. The research showed that after 10 years of operation without maintenance, the bays constructed using porous mixtures were completely clogged, reaching the end of their operational life after nine years. However, ICBP maintained high infiltration rates, showing better resilience to sediment clogging. Further research is needed to confirm the evolution of ICBP surfaces.

Sífilis congénita en el Hospital Universitario de Santander, Bucaramanga (Colombia), 2006 - 2007

OpenAIRE

Cecilia del Carmen Matos Mareño; Luís Alfonso Pérez Vera

2013-01-01

Antecedentes. La sífilis congénita (SC) aumenta en nuestro país a pesar de existir un programa diseñado para su control. Se requiere conocer las características de los afectados y sus padres, para implementar medidas de control. Objetivo. Caracterizar los casos de SC atendidos en el Hospital Universitario de Santander, Bucaramanga (Colombia), entre Junio/2006 y Septiembre/2007. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de corte transversal prospectivo. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas y clínicas...

The Text of the Safeguards Agreement of 10 February 1977 between the Agency, Canada and Spain

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

1977-05-05

The text of the Agreement of 10 February 1977 between the Agency, Canada and Spain for the application of safeguards in relation to the Agreement of 7 July 1975 between the two Governments for the Development and Application of Atomic Energy for Peaceful Purposes is reproduced in this document for the information of all Members. The Agreement entered into force, pursuant to Section 34, on 10 February 1977.

Social organization of a colony of bats Carollia brevicauda in artificial shelter, Bochalema, Norte de Santander, Colombia

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gallardo, Arley O; Lizcano, Diego J

2014-01-01

We studied the social organization of a colony of the fruit bat Carollia brevicauda in an artificial shelter in Bochalema, Norte de Santander Colombia. Using a new type of marking and by focal sampling, one colony was observed from September 2007 to September 2008. It was determined that the social structure in the colony was integrated by four groups, which did not vary in structure over time. It was established that females were more faithful to the shelter than males. We assessed time budget dayly and there was that individual's hadx a 73.9 % time without any activity, followed by grooming with a 26.6 %, and females had higher activity than males, especially in dry season. We found that C. brevicauda has differences with records of C. perspicillata such as the fidelity of females and non-influence of lunar light over the hour of emergence from the refuge.

La neutropenia severa febril en niños con cáncer: Estudio descriptivo en el Hospital Universitario de Santander Severe febrile neutropenia in children with cancer: A descriptive study at the Hospital Universitario de Santander

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Ernesto Rueda

2010-08-01

Full Text Available Objetivos: Describir una población oncológica afectada por neutropenia severa febril, sus características demográficas, nutricionales, microbiológicas, de tratamiento y severidad de la enfermedad. Materiales y métodos: Esta es una serie de casos prospectiva de los pacientes atendidos en el Hospital Universitario de Santander entre enero/2007 y enero/2008. Resultados: Veintiun (21 pacientes aportaron 35 episodios de neutropenia febril; 65,7% eran hombres, la edad promedio 5,6 años; 38,3% vivían en el Área Metropolitana de Bucaramanga y 91,4% en estrato socioeconómico bajo. El diagnóstico oncológico más frecuente fue leucemia linfocítica aguda. Ninguno presentó dolor abdominal o síntomas neurológicos. La neutropenia se detectó 8,5 días en promedio posterior a la última quimioterapia. El 31,4% no tuvieron neutrófilos absolutos, 54,2% plaquetas Objective: To describe an oncological population affected with severe febrile neutropenia, its demographic, nutritional, and microbiological features, their treatment and severity of the illness. Materials and methods: A descriptive-prospective clinical chart review from attended patients at the Hospital Universitario de Santander, from January/2007 to January/2008. Results: Twenty (21 patients contributed with 35 febrile neutropenia episodes; 65.7% were male; they aged average was 5.6-years; 38.37% lived in Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area; 91.4% had low economic status. The most frequent oncological diagnosis was acute lumphocytic leukemia. No one presented abdominal pain or neurological symptoms. The neutropenia was detected 8.5 days after the last chemotherapy cycle. 31.4% patients had no absolute neutrophils; 54.2% blood platelets <50,000/mm3, 45.7% had reactive C protein <90 mg|/dL. The bloodculture was positive only in 7 patients. It was found the infection focus in 88.6% of the episodes and the most frequently diagnosis were related with the gastrointestinal tract. The most used

Apuntes acerca del aparato fiscal en el estado de Santander: aguardientes y clientelas

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Nectalí Ariza Ariza

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Este artículo trata aspectos del aparato fiscal agenciado por los liberales en el Estado de Santander durante la época federal (1857 – 1886 y de la realidad social que trasluce dicha fiscalidad. En ese tiempo los gravámenes no producían lo suficiente para cubrir los gastos de la administración y los liberales gobernaron con un constante déficit. Al indagar por las causas, entre otras aparecen: pobreza generalizada, inexistencia de cultura fiscal, incertidumbre acerca de los volúmenes de riqueza; además, los mecanismos de recaudo y gasto estaban mediados por un exacerbado clientelismo.

Fusiles y plegarias: guerra de guerrillas en Cundinamarca, Boyacá y Santander, 1876-1877

OpenAIRE

Ortiz Mesa, Luis Javier

2004-01-01

Resumen: Este libro estudia el fenómeno de la guerra de guerrillas durante la Guerra civil de 1876-1877 en el centro oriente de los Estados Unidos de Colombia, es decir, en los Estados de Cundinamarca, Boyacá y Santander, considerando los ritmos de la contienda en los demás Estados de la Unión colombiana y su larga duración desde las Guerras de independencia. Esta guerra fue el resultado de un período de 14 años de confrontación (1863- 1876) entre el liberalismo radical gobernante y el partid...

Portadores nasales de Staphylococcus aureus en personal que labora en un Hospital de Santander Nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus in the personnel that works in a Hospital of Santander

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Cindy Tatiana Espinosa González

2011-08-01

Full Text Available Introducción: Las infecciones intrahospitalarias constituyen un problema de salud pública mundial, la diseminación de bacterias patógenas a partir del personal de salud, ha sido el enfoque de numerosas investigaciones que buscan mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de portadores de Staphylococcus aureus en fosas nasales del personal que labora en las unidades de cuidados intensivos, infectología pediátrica y lactario en un Hospital en Santander. Metodología: Se estudiaron muestras provenientes de fosas nasales de 87 trabajadores del Hospital. Las cepas aisladas se identificaron mediante las pruebas bioquímicas y posteriormente, se determinó el perfil de susceptibilidad ante diferentes antibióticos, se realizó test D a las cepas de S. aureus. Resultados: La frecuencia de portadores de bacterias patógenas fue 41,4%; el patógeno aislado con mayor frecuencia fue S. aureus (72%, donde el porcentaje de S. aureus meticilino-resistentes (SARM fue de 11,6%, Enterobacter aerogenes (6%, Proteus mirabilis (2,3%, Haemophylus influenzae (1,1%, Citrobacter koseri (1,1% y Providencia rettgeri (1,1%. Conclusión: S. aureus es el agente aislado con mayor frecuencia de las fosas nasales del personal de salud y la presencia de SARM es preocupante por su resistencia a los antibióticos, lo que dificulta su tratamiento. Este hecho evidencia la necesidad de actuar con un carácter preventivo, en el cual el control de portadores es crítico y debe asociarse con medidas de bioseguridad que establezcan barreras más eficientes, para reducir la diseminación del microorganismo y la ocurrencia de infecciones intrahospitalarias. Salud UIS 2011; 43 (2: 111-117Introduction: Nosocomial infections are a public health problem worldwide, its spread start from health personnel carrier of pathogenic bacteria, it has been the focus of a large number of research to improve the quality of life of the patients. Objective: To

[Alcohol advertising in written mass media in Spain].

Science.gov (United States)

Montes-Santiago, J; Alvarez Muñiz, M L; Baz Lomba, A

2007-03-01

Alcohol advertising is a powerful factor of incitation to consumption. We analyzed the alcohol advertising, especially that youth-focused, in written mass media in Spain during the period 2002-2006. Annual cross-sectional study of advertisements in 41 widely difused written mass media (average readers: 10,1 millions). Media admitting alcohol publicity were 29% in the whole. (2,9 millions of readers on average, 29% of total readers). Alcohol advertising constituted the 3,8% of global publicity and the 8,6% of the publicity in media admitting alcohol publicity. In this period only 4% of the media (2,4% of total readers) inserted antidrug campaigns. In brief, three out of 10 total readers and one out of 12 people older than 15 years suffered the impact of tobacco advertising. Young people were included in 33% of alcohol advertisements and 3 out of 6 of youth-oriented magazines permitted a such publicity. Alcohol publicity remains high in written mass media in Spain. By contrast few people received informative antidrug campaigns. Advertising was preferentially directed to young people.

Etiología viral de infección respiratoria aguda en niños menores de 5 años en las provincias Comunera y García Rovira de Santander

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Jorge R. García Corzo

2016-06-01

Full Text Available Introducción: La infección respiratoria aguda es una causa importante de morbimortalidad en menores de cinco años en los municipios de las provincias de Santander. La etiología viral en esos municipios no es bien conocida. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la etiología viral de la infección respiratoria aguda en menores de cinco años en las provincias Comunera y García Rovira del departamento de Santander entre diciembre de 2012 y diciembre de 2013. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo en población usuaria de servicios de urgencias. Se obtuvieron muestras por hisopado nasofaríngeo y se realizó amplificación por reacción en cadena de polimerasa con el test Seeplex® RV15 OneStep ACE Detection, multiplex para 15 virus. Resultados: Participaron 64 niños, 57,8% niños de sexo masculino. El 26,6%, de los niños eran menores de un año. La positividad para virus fue del 37,5% de las muestras. El 75% de las muestras positivas fueron de la provincia Comunera y 25% de la provincia de García Rovira. Hubo co-infección por dos virus en 8,3% de las muestras positivas. Los virus más identificados fueron Rhinovirus (29%, Parainfluenza 4 (20,8% e Influenza (12,5%. También se identificó Coronavirus, Adenovirus, Virus Sincitial Respiratorio, Metapneumovirus y otros virus Parainfluenza. Conclusiones: En las dos provincias de Santander evaluadas circula una amplia cantidad de virus respiratorios en menores de cinco años. El Rhinovirus fue identificado como el más frecuente. Se encontró presencia de Metapneumovirus y Coronavirus humano.

Modelo de previsión del tráfico en Santander: Año 2020

OpenAIRE

Campollo Canduela, Alfonso

2015-01-01

El presente trabajo consiste en un análisis de la previsión de la demanda de tráfico en transporte privado de viajeros en la ciudad de Santander (Cantabria, España) para el año 2020, entre las 8 y las 9 de la mañana de un día laborable, a partir de los datos procedentes de una encuesta domiciliaria, realizada por el Grupo de Investigación de Sistemas de Transporte (GIST) de la Universidad de Cantabria para un estudio previo, y el modelo de ordenación que el Plan General de Ordenación Urbana v...

The Centenary of the Death of "The Man of the Laws": the Role of Centro de Historia de Santander and the Regional Commemoration (1940

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Gabriel David Samacá Alonso

2013-07-01

Full Text Available In our continent, commemorations as a history study objective have focused on defining events for Latin American nations like the Independence and the Discovery of America. However, these are only two entrances to a vast field that is interwoven with the life and death of heroes, a topic that has not been studied in depth. This paper attempts to reconstruct the way the centenary commemoration of the death of Francisco de Paula Santander was conducted on a regional and local context. In this process we propose to focus attention on the role played by the Centro de Historia de Santander as a promoting entity that drives this kind of regional moving actions that contribute to enrich the national memory. The article is based on institutional documentation such as correspondence, minutes of meetings, the local press and the journal of the Center.

[Species of Lutzomyia (Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in endemic cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis foci of the department of Santander, in the eastern range of the Colombian Andes].

Science.gov (United States)

Sandoval, Claudia Magaly; Gutiérrez, Reinaldo; Cárdenas, Rocío; Ferro, Cristina

2006-10-01

Phlebotomine sand flies are the only known vectors of leishmaniasis and show an interesting biodiversity in the Andean mountain range of South America. We update the registry of species prevalent in the municipalities and endemic areas of the department of Santander, in the eastern range of the Colombian Andes. To present an updated inventory and distribution of the Lutzomyia species in the department of Santander and to discuss some ecological aspects of the principal species of medical importance. Phlebotomines were collected in 12 municipalities in the years 1998 to 2001 between 19:00-6:00 using CDC miniature light traps, manual aspirators on protected human baits between 18:00 and 20:00, and occasionally by direct aspiration on tree trunks between 8:00-11:00 and resting on walls at different times of the day. 3.972 phlebotomines of 41 species were captured, of which 16 species were new records for this area of the country. In zones of endemic American cutaneous leishmaniasis, L. gomezi, L. trapidoi, L. panamensis, L. ovallesi and L.yuilli were remarkable for their abundance, their presence within dwellings and their epidemiological relevance. In areas of visceral leishmaniasis, the most relevant species was L. longipalpis. The significant presence of vectors within human dwellings and the prevalence of human infection are continuing evidence of household transmission of Leishmania as an important public health problem in this department of Colombia.

Investigación de mercados sobre la implantación de la franquicia Starbucks en Santander

OpenAIRE

Gómez Sánchez, María

2017-01-01

RESUMEN: La presente investigación surge a partir del éxito de la cadena de cafeterías estadounidense Starbucks con el objeto de averiguar si en una ciudad como Santander los residentes le otorgan el mismo renombre. Para ello, en primer lugar, se procede a definir con claridad los objetivos de la investigación y, posteriormente, se diseñan los métodos adecuados para obtener la información deseada. A continuación, se redacta un cuestionario que contestan individual y anónimamente doscientos ci...

Emprendimiento empresarial usando prospectiva en el corredor turístico de Cundinamarca, Boyacá y Santander

OpenAIRE

Villate París, Alberto

2012-01-01

Este proyecto de investigación propone unir dos áreas de trabajo: la organización de empresas y el turismo. El objetivo es pre diseñar el producto a ofrecer, como La Ruta de la Libertad que comprende el corredor turístico de Cundinamarca, Boyacá y Santander; así como la preselección de su posible mercado. Mediante herramientas de prospectiva, se analizan las posibilidades de asociación de empresas prestadoras de servicio y se aplican matrices de importancia, dominio y análisis estructural par...

[Susceptibility to insecticides of Anopheles darlingi Root 1840, in two locations of the departments of Santander and Caquetá, Colombia].

Science.gov (United States)

Santacoloma, Liliana; Tibaduiza, Tania; Gutiérrrez, Marcela; Brochero, Helena

2012-03-01

Physiological resistance to insecticides used in public health is the main factor to define strategies for malaria vector control. To determine the physiological status of insecticide susceptibility of natural populations of An. darlingi from two localities in the Santander and Caquetá departments. Wild adult Anopheles darlingi females were collected and bioassays using technical grade insecticides were performed following the methods recommended both by the World Health Organization (WHO, 1981) and the Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC, 1998). The natural populations of An. darlingi from the villages of Gerumano, Solano, Caqueta and Las Margaritas, San Vicente de Chucurí, Santander, showed susceptibility to the pyrethroids lambdacyhalothrin and deltamethrin, to the organochlorate DDT and to the organophosphate fenitrothion with 100% mortality rates in all of the CDC tests and between 95 and 100% in the tests performed following the WHO methods. For the carbamate propoxur the 88% mortality rate obtained in the village of Gerumano following the methods recommended by WHO coincides with the surveillance methods established for surveillance of this molecule. Chemical products whose active ingredients are the molecules tested are effective for control of An. darlingi in the study sites.

Factors that influence leadership of the financial sector managers in the city of Cucuta, Norte de Santander

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Geli Pautt Torres

2012-08-01

Full Text Available Rev.esc.adm.neg This paper shows the results of an empirical research, whose purpose is to identify three leadership factors: the leader´s personality, the perception of followers, and the organizational culture in managers of the financial sector in the city of Cucuta, Norte de Santander. Finally, those three aspects formerly mentioned have exerted a huge influence upon executive leadership due to the fact that the comparative frequency between the amount of employees and executives that are in agreement is relatively high.

Justicia, abogados y criminalidad en Santander (1902-1930

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Jairo Antonio Melo Flórez

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Este artículo aborda el problema de la reconstrucción del poder judicial en el departamento de Santander después de la Guerra de los Mil Días, y como este proceso se vio acompañado por una mayor formalización de la profesión de abogado, así como de una mayor atención al problema del aumento de la criminalidad en el departamento. Con esto se quiere brindar una perspectiva de los problemas que tuvieron los magistrados, jueces y abogados para administrar justicia de manera efectiva entre 1902 y 1930. Para ello, se revisaron fuentes publicadas por organismos judiciales, así como revistas y publicaciones de abogados jóvenes de la época, con las cuales se lograron evidenciar las intenciones y preocupaciones de los administradores y actores del poder judicial. Así pues, se hace posible evidenciar una crisis casi permanente en la administración de justicia y un sentimiento de indefensión por parte de los ciudadanos, especialmente de los habitantes de las aéreas rurales, ante un poder judicial con escasos recursos y administrado, en muchas ocasiones, por personal poco idóneo en el campo del derecho.

Prevalencia y caracterización de la población en condición de discapacidad del municipio de Los Santos (Santander, Colombia, 2011

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Martha Liliana Hijuelos Cárdenas

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y caracterizar la población en condición de discapacidad del municipio de Los Santos (Santander, Colombia, durante 2010 y 2011. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo aplicando el instrumento de registro "Encuesta a Personas con Discapacidad y su cuidador". Estudiantes de último año de fisioterapia y bacteriología de la Universidad de Santander (UDES, previamente entrenados, recogieron la información mediante entrevista. Se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo aplicando medidas de tendencia central y frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados: Se encontraron 108 Personas con Discapacidad (PCD, la prevalencia de discapacidad de esta población fue de 1,3% (IC 95% 1,1-1,6, la vereda con mayor prevalencia fue Los Teres (9,4%; IC95% 5,1-15,5. De las 108 PCD, el 48% corresponde a género femenino y el 47,2% se encuentra entre 15 y 44 años. La estructura corporal con mayor deficiencia fue el sistema nervioso, con un 64,8%, y las actividades de demanda general fueron las más afectadas (57,4%. Los problemas con servicios, sistemas y políticas de transporte, seguro social, salud y educación constituyen el principal facilitador (57, 4%. Conclusión: La discapacidad como problema de salud pública afecta las actividades, participación y desempeño de las PCD, lo cual disminuye su desarrollo individual y sus oportunidades de integración a la sociedad.

Increasing Contact with Hepatitis E Virus in Red Deer, Spain

Science.gov (United States)

Casas, Maribel; Martín, Marga; Vicente, Joaquín; Segalés, Joaquim; de la Fuente, José; Gortázar, Christian

2010-01-01

To describe the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in red deer in mainland Spain, we tested red deer for HEV RNA and antibodies. Overall, 10.4% and 13.6% of serum samples were positive by ELISA and reverse transcription–PCR, respectively. The increasing prevalence suggests a potential risk for humans. PMID:21122241

Diferencias salariales por género en el departamento de Santander, Colombia

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Alexandra Cortés Aguilar

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Este trabajo analiza los factores que influyen en el salario por hora y sus diferencias por género para el departamento de Santander durante los años 2012 a 2014. Específicamente, se explora si dicho diferencial obedece o no a un factor discriminatorio en el mercado de trabajo santandereano, utilizando los datos proporcionados por la Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares GEIH. Luego de presentar un análisis descriptivo del mercado laboral santandereano, se realizan estimaciones econométricas aplicando la metodología Blinder-Oaxaca para evidenciar la existencia de un componente discriminatorio. Los resultados indican que, para el total de la muestra en la región santandereana, entre un 25 % y 30 % de las diferencias salariales por género se asocian al componente discriminatorio no explicado.

Cancer incidence in Spain, 2015.

Science.gov (United States)

Galceran, J; Ameijide, A; Carulla, M; Mateos, A; Quirós, J R; Rojas, D; Alemán, A; Torrella, A; Chico, M; Vicente, M; Díaz, J M; Larrañaga, N; Marcos-Gragera, R; Sánchez, M J; Perucha, J; Franch, P; Navarro, C; Ardanaz, E; Bigorra, J; Rodrigo, P; Bonet, R Peris

2017-07-01

Periodic cancer incidence estimates of Spain from all existing population-based cancer registries at any given time are required. The objective of this study was to present the current situation of cancer incidence in Spain. The Spanish Network of Cancer Registries (REDECAN) estimated the numbers of new cancer cases occurred in Spain in 2015 by applying the incidence-mortality ratios method. In the calculus, incidence data from population-based cancer registries and mortality data of all Spain were used. In 2015, nearly a quarter of a million new invasive cancer cases were diagnosed in Spain, almost 149,000 in men (60.0%) and 99,000 in women. Globally, the five most common cancers were those of colon-rectum, prostate, lung, breast and urinary bladder. By gender, the four most common cancers in men were those of prostate (22.4%), colon-rectum (16.6%), lung (15.1%) and urinary bladder (11.7%). In women, the most common ones were those of breast (28.0%), colon-rectum (16.9%), corpus uteri (6.2%) and lung (6.0%). In recent years, cancer incidence in men seems to have stabilized due to the fact that the decrease in tobacco-related cancers compensates for the increase in other types of cancer like those of colon and prostate. In women, despite the stabilization of breast cancer incidence, increased incidence is due, above all, to the rise of colorectal and tobacco-related cancers. To reduce these incident cancer cases, improvement of smoking control policies and extension of colorectal cancer screening should be the two priorities in cancer prevention for the next years.

Diagnóstico de la fertilidad de los suelos y estimativos sobre las necesidades de fertilizantes para el distrito de riego del Río Zulia (Norte de Santander Fertility diagnosis and fertilizer estimates for the soils of the Zulia River Irrigation District (Norte de Santander

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sánchez Ortega Gloria Patricia

1996-12-01

Full Text Available Entre los semestres 1994 B y 1995 A, se realizó un diagnóstico de las principales características químicas de los suelos arroceros del Distrito de Riego del Río Zulia (Norte de Santander, con el fin de identificar las principales limitantes nutricionales y definir parámetros sobre el manejo adecuado de fertilizantes y correctivos. EI uso de levantamiento de suelos preexistente, al igual que los análisis mineralógicos, foliares y de calidad de aguas para riego, en asocio con la encuesta realizada a los agricultores, permitieron una mayor precisión en el muestreo, la interpretación de los resultados y las recomendaciones finales.A diagnosis of the main chemical characteristics of the rice-growing soils of the Zulia river irrigation district (Norte de Santander was made between the semesters 19948 and 1995A, aimed at identifying the main nutritional constraints, and defining some parameters on the adequate managements of fertilizers and amendments. The use of the pre-existing soil mapping, as well as mineralogical, leaf and irrigation-water quality analyses, associated with a poll carried out among the farmers, allowed for a greater sample-precision, better interpretation of the results, and more accurate final recomendations.

Colloquium on High Resolution Molecular Spectroscopy (16th) Held in Universite de Bourgogne, Dijon, France on 6-10 September 1999

Science.gov (United States)

1999-09-28

Chimica Fisica e Photophysique Mol6culaire, Physikalische Chemnie, Inorganica, Universit6 de Paris-Sud, ETH Zentrum, Universitý, de Bologna, Orsay... de la Materia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain; C. CLAVEAU and A. VALENTIN, Laboratoire de Physique...Cedex, France; J. C. LOPEZ and S. BLANCO, Departamento de Quimica- Fisica , Facultad de Ciencias, Universitad de Valladolid, 47071 Valladolid, Spain; A

Estudio etnobotánico de las plantas medicinales de San José de Suaita, Suaita (Santander, Colombia)

OpenAIRE

Édgar Moreno Castillo; Édgar Leonardo Linares Castillo

2005-01-01

Se presenta un inventario de las especies vegetales utilizadas con fines medicinales, los componentes culturales en torno al uso medicinal de las plantas registradas y una aproximación al conocimiento de la transmisión de saberes entre generaciones; realizados entre mayo y octubre de 2004 en la Inspección de Policía de San José de Suaita, ubicada en el municipio de Suaita, departamento de Santander, Colombia entre 1.100 y 1.700 m de altitud. Como resultados se registró información para 118...

Estudio etnobotánico de las plantas medicinales de san josé de suaita, suaita (santander, colombia)

OpenAIRE

Moreno Castillo, Édgar; Linares Castillo, Édgar Leonardo

2011-01-01

Se presenta un inventario de las especies vegetales utilizadas con fines medicinales, los componentes culturales en torno al uso medicinal de las plantas registradas y una aproximación al
conocimiento de la transmisión de saberes entre generaciones; realizados entre mayo y octubre de 2004 en la Inspección de Policía de San José de Suaita, ubicada en el municipio de Suaita, departamento de Santander, Colombia entre 1.100 y 1.700 m de altitud. Como resultados se registró información ...

Characterization of hybrid lighting systems of the Electrical Engineering Building in the Industrial University of Santander

Science.gov (United States)

Galvis, D.; Exposito, C.; Osma, G.; Amado, L.; Ordóñez, G.

2016-07-01

This paper presents an analysis of hybrid lighting systems of Electrical Engineering Building in the Industrial University of Santander, which is a pilot of green building for warm- tropical conditions. Analysis of lighting performance of inner spaces is based on lighting curves obtained from characterization of daylighting systems of these spaces. A computation tool was made in Excel-Visual Basic to simulate the behaviour of artificial lighting system considering artificial control system, user behaviour and solar condition. Also, this tool allows to estimate the electrical energy consumption of the lighting system for a day, a month and a year.

Brote de rabia humana transmitida por gato en el municipio de Santander de Quilichao, Colombia, 2008

OpenAIRE

Paez, Andrés; Polo, Luis; Heredia, Damaris; Nuñez, Constanza; Rodriguez, Milena; Agudelo, Carlos; Parra, Edgar; Paredes, Andrea; Moreno, Teresa; Rey, Gloria

2009-01-01

Objetivos En marzo de 2008 ocurrió en el municipio de Santander de Quilichao- Cauca, Colombia, un brote de rabia de origen silvestre con 2 víctimas humanas. El presente artículo apunta a describir las técnicas diagnósticas de laboratorio, las acciones de investigación de campo y control de foco empleadas, y su significado epidemiológico e implicaciones en salud pública. Métodos La rabia se diagnosticó por inmunofluorescencia directa, prueba biológica en ratón, histopatología e inmunohistoquím...

Social Organization of a Colony of Bats Carollia brevicauda in Artificial Shelter, Bochalema, Norte de Santander, Colombia

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Arley Omar Gallardo

2014-05-01

Se estudió la organización social de una colonia del murciélago frugívoro Carollia brevicauda en un refugio artificial en Bochalema, Norte de Santander, Colombia. Empleando un nuevo tipo de marcaje que consiste en decoloración capilar y mediante muestreos focales se observó la colonia desde septiembre de 2007 a septiembre de 2008. Se determinó que esta es definida por cuatro grupos los cuales no variaron en su conformación a lo largo del tiempo. Se estableció que las hembras fueron más fieles al refugio que los machos. Se evaluó el presupuesto de tiempo diurno y se registró que los individuos tienen un 73,9 % de tiempo en reposo, seguido del acicalamiento con un 26,6 % y las hembras presentaron mayor actividad que los machos sobre todo en época seca. Se determinaron diferencias en registros entre C. brevicauda y C. perspicillata , como por ejemplo la fidelidad de las hembras al refugio.

Valores en los estudiantes de enfermería de la Universidad de Santander

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Myriam Durán Parra

2014-01-01

Full Text Available El trabajo tuvo como propósito validar el instrumento de valores de J. L.Valdez, "Los valores éticos en adolescentes mexicanos". A la vez, se buscó describir los valores en estudiantes de enfermería de la Universidad de Santander. Se trató de un estudio metodológico correlacional, realizado en tres fases: la primera, consistió en una revisión documental y conceptual sobre ética y valores; la segunda, determinó la validez y confiabilidad del instrumento de J. L.Valdez; y en la tercera fase se aplicó el instrumento en la muestra seleccionada. La población y muestra estuvo conformada por los estudiantes del Programa de Enfermería de la Universidad de Santander. Los resultados evidenciaron que existen diversos abordajes y posturas teóricas sobre el tema de valores. La validez facial obtuvo una aceptabilidad del 100%; la de contenido, un índice general de 0.62 para pertinencia y relevancia (según dos de los expertos; la de constructo alcanzó los cuatro factores definidos dentro de la teoría de J. L. Valdez, que son: Afiliativo, Religioso, Desarrollo Personal y Social Normativo; la consistencia interna fue de 0.88. El valor de la Obediencia fue estadísticamente significativo entre los estudiantes de los primeros semestres.. Respecto al género, el femenino calificó con mayores puntajes referentes a los valores Dios y Espiritualidad. Se concluye que, pese a las diferencias culturales, algunos valores prevalecen sin importar tal distinción, es así como el género femenino dio mayor importancia al factor ético-moral. Por otra parte, las pruebas realizadas al instrumento sobre valores de J. L. Valdez recomiendan su uso en futuras investigaciones para esta temática. De acuerdo a la discusión realizada con expertos y los datos obtenidos, los valores éticos presentes en los estudiantes de enfermería de esta unidad educativa son la Obediencia y Verdad.

38 CFR 6.10 - Options.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Options. 6.10 Section 6.10 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT LIFE INSURANCE Optional Settlement § 6.10 Options. Insurance will be payable in one sum only when...

Biomarker responsiveness in different tissues of caged Ruditapes philippinarum and its use within an integrated sediment quality assessment

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ramos-Gomez, Julia, E-mail: julia.ramosgomez@uca.es [UNITWIN/UNESCO/WiCoP, Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Universidad de Cadiz, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz (Spain); Coz, Alberto; Viguri, Javier R. [Dpto. Ingenieria Quimica y Quimica Inorganica, ETSIIT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. los Castros, s/n 39005 Santander (Spain); Luque, Angel [Departamento de Biologia, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, The Canary Islands (Spain); Martin-Diaz, M. Laura [UNITWIN/UNESCO/WiCoP, Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Universidad de Cadiz, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz (Spain); Centro Andaluz de Ciencia y Tecnologia Marinas (CACYTMAR), Universidad de Cadiz, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz (Spain); DelValls, T. Angel [UNITWIN/UNESCO/WiCoP, Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Universidad de Cadiz, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz (Spain)

2011-07-15

Biomarkers comprising activities of biotransformation enzymes (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase -EROD-, dibenzylfluorescein dealkylase -DBF-, glutathione S-transferase -GST), antioxidant enzymes (glutathione reductase -GR- and glutathione peroxidase -GPX), lipid peroxidation -LPO- and DNA strand breaks were analyzed in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum caged at Cadiz Bay, Santander Bay and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (LPGC) Port (Spain). Sediments were characterized. Digestive gland was the most sensitive tissue to sediment contamination. In Cadiz Bay, changes in LPO regarding day 0 were related with metals. In LPGC Port, DBF, EROD, and GST activity responses suggested the presence of undetermined contaminants which might have led to DNA damage. In Santander Bay, PAHs were related with EROD activity, organic and metal contamination was found to be associated with GR and GST activities and DNA damage presented significant (p < 0.05) induction. R. philippinarum was sensitive to sediment contamination at biochemical level. Biomarkers allowed chemical exposure and sediment quality assessment. - Highlights: > Ruditapes philippinarum is sensitive to sediment contamination at biochemical level. > Digestive gland biomarkers showed the best correlations with sediment contaminants. > Presence of potentially toxic chemicals not analyzed in this research was unmasked. > Multivariate analysis allowed the identification of toxic xenobiotic and possible sources. > Inner area of Santander Bay presented the highest sediment toxicity. - Integration of Ruditapes philippinarum biomarker results and sediment chemistry distinguished xenobiotic exposure and sediment toxicity in coastal areas of Spain.

Using and integration of ICT in a diverse educational context of Santander (Colombia

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Glenn Elmer Hernández Camelo

2018-06-01

Full Text Available The integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT in the academic context caused a change in the way teaching and learning is carried out. It also broadened the usually formal educational contexts and the way these are accessed (Trujillo y Cáceres, 2010. Nonetheless, gaps can still be found concerning the inequality in the access to ICT resources and tools and, therefore, in the universal access to knowledge and education. This paper studies the use and integration of ICT through students’ perceptions from the educational centers of the municipality of San Juan Girón (Santander, Colombia. The population is composed of 208 participants with ages ranging between 12 and 18, 59% female and 41% male. Statistically significant results were obtained concerning the use of school-owned resources and teaching methodologies.

A los tuyos con razón o sin ella Redes de poder, candidaturas y recomendaciones en el estado soberano de Santander (1859-1886). El caso de la red del general Solón Wilches Calderón

OpenAIRE

Guerra, Adriano Israel

2015-01-01

Esta investigación busca primero, a manera de balance, presentar los textos realizados sobre el tema específico del General Solón Wilches Calderón en el Estado Soberano de Santander. Luego se profundiza en el concepto central que estamos utilizando: Redes de poder, sin dejar de definir otros aspectos teóricos. El primer capítulo tiene por objetivo principal dibujar el mapa político durante el Estado Soberano de Santander estableciendo sus principales actores, grupos, conflictos y sus proyecto...

36 Annual Meeting of Spanish Nuclear Society, Oct. 6-9 2010 Santiago de Compostela, Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2010-01-01

The Spanish Nuclear Society (SNE) is a non-profit association, made up of professionals and institutions in order to promote awareness and dissemination of science and nuclear technology. The 36th meeting of the SNE was held in Santiago de Compostela between 6 and 8 October 2010. Participants discussed the situation of nuclear energy and its challenges, the development of electric cars and their distributional implications, and the study of nuclear advertising on other countries and their potential application to the case of Spain.

Las empresas de Norte de Santander y su perspectiva acerca de la seguridad y salud en el trabajo

OpenAIRE

Oscar Yesid Guerrero Jaimes; Ruth Mayerly Guerrero Jaimes

2017-01-01

Colombia viene afrontando un proceso, de transición del programa de salud ocupacional, al sistema de gestión de seguridad y salud en el trabajo (SG-SST), acompañado con nuevas legislaciones en esta materia. El objetivo de esta investigación fue medir el grado de conocimiento, que tienen las empresas legalmente constituidas  de Norte de Santander,  con respecto a este tema de la seguridad laboral, con la finalidad de tener un panorama claro que pueda determinar las posibles estrategias que fac...

Comportamiento del cáncer gástrico en pacientes de la EPS-s provincia de García Rovira (Santander, en el periodo 2007-2014 / Gastric Cancer Behavior in EPS-s (Health Insurance Company in The Province of García Rovira (Santander, during the 2007 – 2014 Period / Comportamento do câncer gástrico nos pacientes da EPS-s da província de Garcia Rovira (Santander no periodo de 2007-2014

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Diana Mireya Cuadros- Picón, MD.

2015-03-01

Full Text Available Introducción: El cáncer gástrico es en Colombia y Santander, la primera causa de muerte por tumores malignos, a pesar de no ser la primera neoplasia en frecuencia. Objetivo: Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, el cáncer gástrico es un problema de salud pública y en nuestro medio no existen estudios analíticos que permitan caracterizar esta población; lo que se propone es una investigación en la cual se caracterice el comportamiento en la población con cáncer gástrico en la provincia de García Rovira, Santander, en el periodo 2007-2014. Metodología: Estudio analítico con 57 historias clínicas revisadas de pacientes de una empresa promotora de salud del régimen subsidiado (EPS-s con diagnóstico de cáncer gástrico confirmado por histopatología. Las variables consideradas fueron: sexo, edad, estadio, patología, localización, tratamiento y sobrevida, se realizó análisis univariado teniendo en cuenta la variable edad categorizada por rangos (hasta 50 años, 51 a 60 años, 61 a 70 años, y más de 70 años; variables cualitativas descritas en tabla de frecuencias, porcentajes e intervalos de confianza; el análisis bivariado se realizó buscando el valor P del test de Fisher, los datos fueron analizados en el paquete estadístico Stata. Resultados y conclusiones: Los resultados mostraron que los hombres representan un 77.2% de los casos de cáncer gástrico estudiados; el 68.4% del total de los pacientes tenía más de 60 años. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la localización del tumor por sexo, ya que en las mujeres el cáncer se localizó en el antro pilórico mientras que en los hombres fue predominantemente en el cardias y el cuerpo del estómago (p<0.05; por su parte, las variables estadio clínico y tratamiento recibido se encontraron asociados de manera estadística a mortalidad (p<0.05. [Cuadros-Picón DM, Reyes-Soto Y. Comportamiento del cáncer gástrico en pacientes de la EPS-s provincia de García Rovira

DISEÑO METODOLÓGICO PARA LA MEDICIÓN DE LA RSE EN EL SECTOR DEL CARBÓN EN NORTE DE SANTANDER

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jorge Enrique Rodríguez Guevara

2014-06-01

Full Text Available El presente artículo es una contribución a la búsqueda de una metodología para medir la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE en el sector del carbón en Norte de Santander. Por tanto, el papel central de las empresas actualmente está enlazado no solo con los negocios, sino también con el beneficio que las empresas pueden generar a la sociedad y su entorno; lo cual, se considera como el elemento clave para enfrentar los desafíos en asuntos de desarrollo, incluyendo un factor de gran importancia en las entidades como son el recurso humano de éstas. Este estudio se ubica en uno de los sectores considerados de talla mundial, por las ventajas comparativas históricas que presenta el sector del carbón y su participación en los mercados globales, en Norte de Santander. Cada vez más la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial, da cuenta de las oportunidades que ofrecen en los negocios internacionales, en aquellas organizaciones que tienen un enfoque sostenible y sustentable en la oferta de productos, no solo por la exigencia de los mercados desarrollados, sino porque significa en términos de competitividad internacional y su participación en el exterior.

Beach Response to Wave Energy Converter Farms Acting as Coastal Defence

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Mendoza, Edgar; Silva, Rodolfo; Zanuttigh, Barbara

2014-01-01

of two beaches, i.e. the Bay of Santander in Spain and Las Glorias beach in Mexico, representing two different case studies where the long-shore sediment transport is dominant. The hydrodynamics induced by these devices is represented by means of a 2D elliptic modified mild-slope model that is calibrated...

La inequidad en el acceso a la atención odontológica de las mujeres gestantes en Santander

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sonia Constanza Concha Sánchez

2014-04-01

Full Text Available Introducción: Las condiciones de vida, salud, atención y cuidado de las gestantes están comprometidas, en especial en las mujeres más pobres y vulnerables, y el componente bucal ejerce un papel importante en esta inequidad. Objetivo: Describir las condiciones sociales y económicas que determinan la inequidad en el acceso a la atención odontológica de las mujeres gestantes en Santander. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal que incluyó 8695 gestantes en las que se analizó variables relacionadas con área geográfica, con el sistema de atención y en la mujer gestante variables demográficas, condición bucal y asistencia a consulta odontológica. Para el análisis univariado se calcularon medidas de resumen y para el bivariado se relacionó la asistencia a la consulta odontológica con las variables que determinan su asistencia a la consulta odontológica, para ello se aplicó test de chi². Conclusión: Los determinantes económicos y sociales relacionados con el bajo nivel de desarrollo del municipio, la residencia en zona rural, ser vinculada o usuaria del régimen subsidiado y ser mayor de 40 años influencian la atención odontológica de las mujeres gestantes en Santander

Evaluating the water quality of the microbasins, La Laucha La Lejia and La Rastrojera using macroinvertebrates as biomarkers, Durania municipality, Norte de Santander Department, Colombia

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Contreras, Jairo; Roldan, Gabriel; Arango, Alexandra; Alvarez, Luisa Fernanda

2008-01-01

From June to September 2004 a water research was carried out in six stations that are located at the following microbasins: La Laucha (S1), La Lejia (S2, S3 and S6) and La Rastrojera (S4 and S5). Those microbasins are localized at the Durania municipality in Norte de Santander Department. This study was carried out in order to evaluate water quality at the microbasins above mentioned using macroinvertebrates as bioindicators. For physical, chemical and microbiological parameters a sample was taken at each station. The results were correlated with biologic parameters and it may be concluded that the station 5 closer to the town of Durania is the most polluted by organic matter and that those stations that belong to the ritral zone are less contaminated. The final result showed that the stations 1. 2. 3. 4 and 6 have conditions that can be classified as very clear to clear water and station 5 presents high contamination level

La inequidad en el acceso a la atención odontológica de las mujeres gestantes en Santander

OpenAIRE

Sonia Constanza Concha Sánchez; Carolina Morales Borrero

2014-01-01

Introducción: Las condiciones de vida, salud, atención y cuidado de las gestantes están comprometidas, en especial en las mujeres más pobres y vulnerables, y el componente bucal ejerce un papel importante en esta inequidad. Objetivo: Describir las condiciones sociales y económicas que determinan la inequidad en el acceso a la atención odontológica de las mujeres gestantes en Santander. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal que incluyó 8695 gestantes e...

Extracción y purificación del adn de moniliophthora roreri hongo que ataca el cacao, en norte de santander

OpenAIRE

Liliana Yanet Suárez Contreras

2005-01-01

This research has as objetive to define the methodology of extraction and purification for Moniliophthora roreri and to apply it to 56 isolations of Moniliophthora roreri obtained from Cúcuta, Agua Clara, Sardinata, El Tarra, Tibú, Bucaracica, Teorama and Zulia in Norte de Santander (Colombia). The extraction of DNA was carried out by the protocol proposed by Miranda and Sandoval in 2000, with some proposed modifications by Rocha. To its purification was utilized Chloroform Phenol. Once, it w...

Biomarker responsiveness in different tissues of caged Ruditapes philippinarum and its use within an integrated sediment quality assessment

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ramos-Gomez, Julia; Coz, Alberto; Viguri, Javier R.; Luque, Angel; Martin-Diaz, M. Laura; DelValls, T. Angel

2011-01-01

Biomarkers comprising activities of biotransformation enzymes (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase -EROD-, dibenzylfluorescein dealkylase -DBF-, glutathione S-transferase -GST), antioxidant enzymes (glutathione reductase -GR- and glutathione peroxidase -GPX), lipid peroxidation -LPO- and DNA strand breaks were analyzed in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum caged at Cadiz Bay, Santander Bay and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (LPGC) Port (Spain). Sediments were characterized. Digestive gland was the most sensitive tissue to sediment contamination. In Cadiz Bay, changes in LPO regarding day 0 were related with metals. In LPGC Port, DBF, EROD, and GST activity responses suggested the presence of undetermined contaminants which might have led to DNA damage. In Santander Bay, PAHs were related with EROD activity, organic and metal contamination was found to be associated with GR and GST activities and DNA damage presented significant (p < 0.05) induction. R. philippinarum was sensitive to sediment contamination at biochemical level. Biomarkers allowed chemical exposure and sediment quality assessment. - Highlights: → Ruditapes philippinarum is sensitive to sediment contamination at biochemical level. → Digestive gland biomarkers showed the best correlations with sediment contaminants. → Presence of potentially toxic chemicals not analyzed in this research was unmasked. → Multivariate analysis allowed the identification of toxic xenobiotic and possible sources. → Inner area of Santander Bay presented the highest sediment toxicity. - Integration of Ruditapes philippinarum biomarker results and sediment chemistry distinguished xenobiotic exposure and sediment toxicity in coastal areas of Spain.

Canasta básica alimentaria e índice de precios en Santander, Colombia, 1999-2000 Alimentary basic basket and index of prices in Santander, Colombia, 1999-2000

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Oscar Fernando Herrán-Falla

2003-01-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Establecer indicadores de seguridad alimentaria (SA en dos municipios colombianos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: En el periodo 1999-2000 se realizó un estudio descriptivo en dos municipios del departamento de Santander, Colombia, que determinó el costo de canastas básicas alimentarias (CBA, para estimar índices de precios (IPC, su variación, e indicadores de SA relacionados con el salario mínimo legal vigente (SMLV. Se calcularon estadísticos de tendencia central y dispersión según el tipo de variables. Para el cálculo de los índices de precios al consumidor se utilizó el método de Laspayres. Para la comparación de éstos se utilizaron coeficientes de correlación de Pearson y de Sperman. RESULTADOS: No se encontraron diferencias en los IPC por municipio (p>0.05. Los IPC acumulados año son de un dígito. Los porcentajes de inseguridad alimentaria (IA estuvieron por encima de 50%, encontrándose diferencias por municipio, en 1999 (p=0.04, en 2000 (p=0.88. La IA aumentó en promedio cinco puntos para el periodo 1999- 2000. Se necesita en promedio 1.24 SMLV por mes para acceder a una CBA familiar. CONCLUSIONES: La capacidad de compra del SMLV no satisface los requerimientos familiares de energía y nutrientes. La SA local seguirá deteriorándose, debido al comportamiento de sus determinantes.OBJECTIVE: To establish indicators for food security (FS in two Colombian municipalities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 1999-2000, a descriptive study was carried out in two municipalities of the department of Santander, Colombia, that determined the cost of basic food baskets (BFB, to estimate price indices (PI, their variation, and indicators of FS related to the legally set minimum wage (MW. RESULTS: No differences were found in the PI by municipality (p>0.05. The annual cumulative price indices were a single digit. The percentages of food insecurity (FI were upwards of 50%, differing by municipality, in 1999 (p=0,04, and 2000 (p=0,88. The FI

Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

1985-03-01

Spain is a constitutional monarchy with a population of 38.3 million growing at .5%/year. The most striking topographical features are the high plateaus and internal compartmentalization by mountain and river barriers. Nearly 3/4 of the country is arid. The Iberian peninsula was the scene of successive invasions and warfare for centuries. Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, Moors, Celts, Romans, and Visigoths all invaded at some time. The present language, religion, and laws stem from the Roman Period. The Reconquest from the North African Moors lasted over 700 years until they were driven out in 1492. The unification of present day Spain was complete by 1512. A period of dictatorial rule from 1923-31 ended with establishment of the Second Republic which saw increasing political polarization culminating in the Spanish Civil War. Franco's victory in 1939 was followed by official neutrality but pro-Axis policies during World War II. Spain's economy began to recover during the 1950s, but large scale modernization and development did not occur until the 1960s. Prince Juan Carlos de Borbon y Borbon, Franco's personally designated heir, assumed the title of king and chief of state with Franco's death in 1975. Franco's last prime minister was replaced in July 1976 in order to speed the pace of post-Franco liberalization. Spain's 1st parliamentary elections since 1936 were held in 1977, and a new constitution protecting human and civil rights and granting due process was overwhelmingly approved in 1978. The constitution also authorized creation of regional autonomous governments. By the mid-1970s, Spain had developed a strong and diversified industrial sector and a thriving tourist industry. From 1975-83, there were 8 years of double-digit inflation, an average growth rate of 1.5% in real terms, and an increase in unemployment from about 4.7% to 18.4%. By 1984 there was substantial improvement in inflation and the balance of payments. Goals of current government economic

Country policy profile - Spain. December 2015

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2015-12-01

According to the Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources the target for the share of energy from renewable sources in gross final consumption of energy in the year 2020 for Spain is 20% (according to EurObserv'ER calculation the share was 14.2% in 2012). The Directive has a mandatory 10 % target for transport to be achieved by all Member States, which refers to renewable sources as a whole, not bio-fuels alone. In Spain, the main support scheme called 'Regimen Especial' (Royal Decree 661/2007) operated until the end of 2011 was suspended at the beginning of 2012. The price regulation system is currently phased out trough Real Decreto 9/2013. In the former system, operators could choose between two options: a guaranteed feed-in tariff and a guaranteed bonus (premium) paid on top of the electricity price derived on the free market. More recently, the 6 June, Spain approved a clean energy bill that introduces an entirely new subsidy system. The FiT and market price plus premium systems have effectively been abolished retroactively and replaced by a sum to be allocated based on the plant's installed capacity to compensate for investment-related financial outlay. Under the decree, generators will earn a rate of return of about 7.5 percent over their lifetimes. This rate, which may be revised every three years, is based on the average interest of a 10-year sovereign bond plus 3 percentage points. These measures will be implemented retroactively to apply from July 2013. Currently, there is no support scheme for RES-H and C in place in Spain but building must satisfy a minimal solar contribution of warm sanitary water. Approved in March 2006, through Royal Decree 314/2006 of 17 March 2006, the Building Technical Code (CTE - Codigo Tecnico de la Edificacion) requires all new or renovated buildings to cover 30%-70% of the Domestic Hot Water demand with solar thermal energy. Some

Redes de coautoría de investigación en salud pública en Santander

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Néstor F. Naranjo-Estupiñán

2014-06-01

Full Text Available Introducción. Aunque hay mucha investigación relacionada con la salud pública, aún persisten grandes desigualdades en este campo. Es necesario conocer cómo se genera el conocimiento y cómo se divulga al público para acercar la investigación a los tomadores de decisiones. Objetivo. Caracterizar las redes de investigación en salud pública en Santander, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron las redes sociales con base en la coautoría de publicaciones científicas de investigadores residentes en Santander durante el 2012. Se identificó a los investigadores mediante el llamado muestreo de “bola de nieve”. Las publicaciones se buscaron en bases de datos nacio-nales e internacionales. Se calcularon la densidad y la distancia geodésica promedio de la red, así como el tamaño, las parejas, el agente conector (broker y la ‘homofilia’ (afinidad de las redes egocéntricas. Resultados. Se detectaron 531 investigadores, la mayoría en epidemiología (77,59 % y en más de un área temática. La densidad de la red fue de 0,0058 y, la distancia geodésica promedio, de 4,418. Varios indicadores sugirieron que las redes egocéntricas más cohesionadas fueron las de quienes investigan en más de un área del conocimiento o en epidemiología. La ‘homofilia’ fue menor en sistemas de salud, bioestadística y ciencias sociales y del comportamiento, así como en instituciones hospitalarias privadas y en la universidad pública. Conclusiones. La estructura de la red sugiere una fase de crecimiento de la investigación y un predominio de la aproximación epidemiológica. Es necesario fortalecer las demás áreas de salud pública para mejorar la respuesta ante las necesidades de salud del departamento.

Evaluación de minerales alumino silicatos de Norte de Santander para fabricar piezas cerámicas de gran formato

OpenAIRE

Sandra Milena Rozo-Rincón; Jorge Sánchez-Molina; John Freddy Gelves-Díaz

2014-01-01

Se dan a conocer los resultados de la influencia del feldespato al ser mezclado con arcilla del área metropolitana de Cúcuta (Norte de Santander, Colombia), en relación con las principales variables que son tenidas en cuenta a la hora de fabricar un producto cerámico tradicional de gran formato mediante técnica de conformado por extrusión. Los materiales empleados fueron arcillas provenientes de las formaciones León y Guayabo, y el feldespato del municipio de Sardinata, los cuales fueron estu...

Science and stewardship to protect and sustain wilderness values: Tenth World Wilderness Congress symposium; 2013, 4-10 October, Salamanca, Spain

Science.gov (United States)

Alan Watson; Stephen Carver; Zdenka Krenova; Brooke McBride

2015-01-01

The Tenth World Wilderness Congress (WILD10) met in Salamanca, Spain in 2013. The symposium on science and stewardship to protect and sustain wilderness values was the largest of multiple symposia held in conjunction with the Congress. This symposium was organized and sponsored by the Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, the Wildland Research Institute of the...

Ciudad y protesta: Las luchas cívicas en Santander 1970-1984

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Jhoney Díaz Fajardo

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Este artículo describe y analiza las protestas cívicas en Santander y los intentos por conformar movimientos cívicos en el departamento entre los años de 1970 a 1984. Los movimientos cívicos así como sus expresiones de protesta respondieron a demandas en donde lo territorial fue un aspecto central de sus reivindicaciones y un elemento de su identidad, en ese sentido en el artículo se nombraran dos tipos de expresiones cívicas: las locales y las regionales, ya que en los paros cívicos nacionales, como se analiza con el caso de 1977, la participación de los sectores cívicos en Bucaramanga fue casi inexistente y en Barrancabermeja correspondió mas a la situación particular del puerto donde se desarrollaba una huelga en Ecopetrol. Para tal fin, se hizo un seguimiento diario en las fuentes de periódicos (vanguardia liberal, así como las fuentes orales (entrevistas, publicaciones obreras, actas de la asamblea, el diario oficial y el archivo de AUDESA.

X-ray color maps of the zoned garnets from Silgará Formation metamorphic rocks,SantanderMassif, Eastern Cordillera (Colombia

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Takasu Akira

2010-12-01

Full Text Available

The metamorphic rocks of the Lower Paleozoic Silgará Formation of the Santander Massif, Eastern Cordillera (Colombia, were affected by a Barrovian-type metamorphism under low to high temperature and medium pressure conditions. These rocks contain garnet porphyroblasts, which show several kinds of chemical zoning patterns. The garnet grains behave as closed systems with respect to the rock matrix. Most of the observed zoning patterns are due to gradual changes in physicochemical conditions during growth. However, some garnet grains show complex zoning patterns during multiple deformation and metamorphic events.

Replication by the Epistasis Project of the interaction between the genes for IL-6 and IL-10 in the risk of Alzheimer's disease

Science.gov (United States)

Combarros, Onofre; van Duijn, Cornelia M; Hammond, Naomi; Belbin, Olivia; Arias-Vásquez, Alejandro; Cortina-Borja, Mario; Lehmann, Michael G; Aulchenko, Yurii S; Schuur, Maaike; Kölsch, Heike; Heun, Reinhard; Wilcock, Gordon K; Brown, Kristelle; Kehoe, Patrick G; Harrison, Rachel; Coto, Eliecer; Alvarez, Victoria; Deloukas, Panos; Mateo, Ignacio; Gwilliam, Rhian; Morgan, Kevin; Warden, Donald R; Smith, A David; Lehmann, Donald J

2009-01-01

Background Chronic inflammation is a characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). An interaction associated with the risk of AD has been reported between polymorphisms in the regulatory regions of the genes for the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6, gene: IL6), and the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10, gene: IL10). Methods We examined this interaction in the Epistasis Project, a collaboration of 7 AD research groups, contributing DNA samples from 1,757 cases of AD and 6,295 controls. Results We replicated the interaction. For IL6 rs2069837 AA × IL10 rs1800871 CC, the synergy factor (SF) was 1.63 (95% confidence interval: 1.10–2.41, p = 0.01), controlling for centre, age, gender and apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOEε4) genotype. Our results are consistent between North Europe (SF = 1.7, p = 0.03) and North Spain (SF = 2.0, p = 0.09). Further replication may require a meta-analysis. However, association due to linkage disequilibrium with other polymorphisms in the regulatory regions of these genes cannot be excluded. Conclusion We suggest that dysregulation of both IL-6 and IL-10 in some elderly people, due in part to genetic variations in the two genes, contributes to the development of AD. Thus, inflammation facilitates the onset of sporadic AD. PMID:19698145

Migmatization and low-pressure overprinting metamorphism as record of two pre-Cretaceous tectonic episodes in the Santander Massif of the Andean basement in northern Colombia (NW South America)

Science.gov (United States)

Zuluaga, C. A.; Amaya, S.; Urueña, C.; Bernet, M.

2017-03-01

The core of the Santander Massif in the northern Andes of Colombia is dominated by migmatitic gneisses with a 7.5 kbar. Lithologies are overprinted by low-pressure metamorphism, related to extensive Jurassic intrusions and linked with growth of cordierite and equilibration of low-pressure mineral assemblages, recorded metamorphic conditions are Pangaea.

Trends on epidemiological, virological, and clinical features among newly diagnosed HIV-1 persons in Northwest Spain over the last 10 years.

Science.gov (United States)

Pernas, B; Mena, A; Cañizares, A; Grandal, M; Castro-Iglesias, A; Pértega, S; Pedreira, J D; Poveda, E

2015-08-01

To describe temporal trend and characteristics of newly HIV-diagnosed patients in a medical care area in Northwest Spain over the last 10 years. All newly diagnosed patients for HIV-infection from 2004 to 2013 at a reference medical care area in Northwest of Spain were identified. Epidemiological, virological, immunological, and clinical data, as well as HIV genotype and drug resistance information were recorded. A total of 565 newly HIV-diagnosed patients were identified. The number of new cases increased in the last 5 years (66 cases/year). Overall, 53.1% had a median CD4 counts study period was 3.7%, but a decreased to 2.6% was observed in the last 5 years. The most prevalent TDR mutations were: T215 revertants (1.5%), K219QENR (1.2%), for NRTIs; K103N (1.9%), for NNRTIs; L90M (0.3%), for PIs. Overall, 73.2% of patients started antiretroviral treatment and 9.9% of patients died during follow-up. The number of newly HIV diagnosed patients increased since year 2009. There is a high prevalence of late diagnosis (53%) and 33% had an AIDS defining criteria. Interestingly, the most prevalent non-B subtype in our population was F (25.8%). These findings support the need to facilitate the access for HIV testing to reduce the rate of late HIV diagnosis, improve the clinical outcome and prevent HIV transmission. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Diseño e implementación de una tarjeta entrenadora para fpga con aplicaciones prácticas para el laboratorio de microelectrónica de la universidad francisco de paula santander

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

José Armando Becerra-Vargas

2004-07-01

Full Text Available In this paper the conception, design and implementation of a card trainer for fpga with practical applications for the laboratory of microelectronics of the university Francisco de Paula Santander is presented. The FPGA programming interface is JTAG.

Diseño y montaje de una página wap que implemente el acceso a la información académica de la universidad francisco de paula santander

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Dinael Guevara-Ibarra

2003-01-01

Full Text Available WAP is the acronym for Wireless Application Protocol (Wireless Application Protocol and is the means of transport communications between wireless devices and servers. The University Francisco de Paula Santander will from the second half of 2003 with a WAP portal that will allow students and interested, consult the information from the institution using the benefits of mobile communications equipment (cell. This article briefly describes the theoretical bases that were the subject of study for the project of the WAP page of the institution such as the WAP standard, the layers of the WAP protocol, the components and the operating model of a WAP system and the programming language to develop WAP applications; In addition, the parameters taken into account for the selection of the information to be displayed on the portal and the tools used in the manufacture and assembly of mobile Internet page of the University Francisco de Paula Santander exposed

10 CFR 1017.6 - Authority.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Authority. 1017.6 Section 1017.6 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) IDENTIFICATION AND PROTECTION OF UNCLASSIFIED CONTROLLED NUCLEAR INFORMATION Initially Determining What Information Is Unclassified Controlled Nuclear Information § 1017.6 Authority...

Heat capacity of Sr10(PO4)6Cl2 and Ca10(PO4)6Cl2 by DSC

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Venkata Krishnan, R.; Jena, Hrudananda; Govindan Kutty, K.V.; Nagarajan, K.

2008-01-01

Strontium and calcium chloroapatites were synthesized by wet chemical method, characterized by X-ray diffraction and are found to be phase pure materials. The measured room temperature lattice parameter of Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 Cl 2 is a = 9.523 A, c = 6.855 A and for Sr 10 (PO 4 ) 6 Cl 2 is a = 9.876 A, c = 7.188 A. Heat capacity measurements were carried out on Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 Cl 2 and Sr 10 (PO 4 ) 6 Cl 2 by DSC in the temperature range 298-800 K. The heat capacity values of Sr 10 (PO 4 ) 6 Cl 2 is higher at all temperatures than Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 Cl 2 . Enthalpy and entropy increments were computed. Heat capacity values of Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 Cl 2 and Sr 10 (PO 4 ) 6 Cl 2 at 298 K are 758 and 868 J K -1 mol -1 , respectively

PM10 modeling in the Oviedo urban area (Northern Spain) by using multivariate adaptive regression splines

Science.gov (United States)

Nieto, Paulino José García; Antón, Juan Carlos Álvarez; Vilán, José Antonio Vilán; García-Gonzalo, Esperanza

2014-10-01

The aim of this research work is to build a regression model of the particulate matter up to 10 micrometers in size (PM10) by using the multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) technique in the Oviedo urban area (Northern Spain) at local scale. This research work explores the use of a nonparametric regression algorithm known as multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) which has the ability to approximate the relationship between the inputs and outputs, and express the relationship mathematically. In this sense, hazardous air pollutants or toxic air contaminants refer to any substance that may cause or contribute to an increase in mortality or serious illness, or that may pose a present or potential hazard to human health. To accomplish the objective of this study, the experimental dataset of nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3) and dust (PM10) were collected over 3 years (2006-2008) and they are used to create a highly nonlinear model of the PM10 in the Oviedo urban nucleus (Northern Spain) based on the MARS technique. One main objective of this model is to obtain a preliminary estimate of the dependence between PM10 pollutant in the Oviedo urban area at local scale. A second aim is to determine the factors with the greatest bearing on air quality with a view to proposing health and lifestyle improvements. The United States National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) establishes the limit values of the main pollutants in the atmosphere in order to ensure the health of healthy people. Firstly, this MARS regression model captures the main perception of statistical learning theory in order to obtain a good prediction of the dependence among the main pollutants in the Oviedo urban area. Secondly, the main advantages of MARS are its capacity to produce simple, easy-to-interpret models, its ability to estimate the contributions of the input variables, and its computational efficiency. Finally, on the basis of

Integrative assessment of coastal marine pollution in the Bay of Santander and the Upper Galician Rias

Science.gov (United States)

Rial, Diego; León, Víctor M.; Bellas, Juan

2017-12-01

Sediments from the Rias of A Coruña, Ferrol, Betanzos and Ares (n = 26) and the Bay of Santander (n = 11) were sampled in July 2012. The concentration of organic contaminants in sediment elutriates (CBs, PAHs, pesticides and personal care products) and sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) embryotoxicity were assessed. Relevant concentrations of organic pollutants were detected in the elutriates (ΣContaminants values, whereas sediment elutriates from the Rias of Ares and Betanzos showed no marked toxicity. Stations located close to the city of Ferrol showed moderate to high toxicity, which is indicative of a nearby source of contamination. On the contrary, the outer area of the Ria of Ferrol was classified as "Good" according to the calculated toxic units. These results allowed for an integrative assessment of the environmental quality of the studied areas.

Spain: Success story in space

Science.gov (United States)

Longdon, Norman

From the early 1960's, European governments were aware that they had to take part in the exploration, and potential exploitation, of space, or be left behind in a field of high-technology that had far-reaching possibilities. It was also realized that financial and manpower constraints would limit the extent to which individual nations could carry out their own national programs. They, therefor, joined forces in two organizations: the European Space Research Organization (ESRO) and the European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO). By 1975, when the potential of space development had been more fully appreciated, the two organizations were merged into the Europeans Space Agency (ESA) of which Spain was a founding member. ESA looks after the interest of 13 member states, one associated member state (Finland), and one cooperating state (Canada) in the peaceful uses of space. Its programs center around a mandatory core of technological research and space science to which member states contribute on the basis of their Gross National Product. Spain in 1992 contributes 6.46% to this mandatory program budget. The member states then have the chance to join optional programs that include telecommunications, observation of the earth and its environment, space transportation systems, microgravity research, and participation in the European contribution to the International Space Station Freedom. Each government decides whether it is in its interest to join a particular optional program, and the percentage that it wishes to contribute to the budget. Although in the early days of ESA, Spain participated in only a few optional programs, today Spain makes a significant contribution to nearly all of ESA's optional programs. This document presents Spain's contributions to particular ESA Programs and discusses Spain's future involvement in ESA.

Diatoms from lentic and lotic systems in Antioquia, Choco and Santander Departments in Colombia

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sala, Silvia E.; Ramirez, John J.; Plata, Yasmin

2008-01-01

In the tropical and subtropical regions, there is a large number of species which has not been yet described. The high possibility of extinction makes their inventory a priority. 23 diatoms taxa from Andean lotic systems and lentic waterbodies localized in the Departments of Antioquia, Santander and Choco, Colombia, are analyzed with light and scanning electron microscopy. Each taxon is described and information about environmental characteristic of the sites where they were collected and distribution in Colombia is given. The studied taxa belong to the orders Thalassiosirales (1), Aulacoseirales (1), Fragilariales (4), Cymbellales (7), Achnanthales (2), Naviculales (7), and Thalassiophysales (1). Fifteen of them are recorded for the first time in Colombia and Encyonema jemtlandicum in America del Sur. A comparison with the diatom flora of the Colombian Amazonia showed that there were only three taxa in common to these two equatorial regions probably due to the influence of altitudinal gradient. (author)

Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zoppo, C.E.

1990-01-01

This paper reports on nuclear export activities in Spain, as elsewhere, which occur in a political, economic, and technological context. The factors operating the process are not always explicitly related in the public and the private sectors, nor between these sectors, by the relevant decision makers. A redefinition of Spain's policies in the nuclear sector has been going on since at least 1984, when a new energy plan was legislated by the newly elected Socialist government. It would be accurate to suggest that this process remains dynamic and not fully completed for policy purposes. This condition has resulted from the fact that Spain underwent a crucial political regime change from dictatorship to parliamentary democracy about a decade ago, with the transition to democracy only recently consolidated. Moreover, no policy in regard to nuclear nonproliferation existed during the Franco regime. Instead, Spain's official position was to maintain the right to preserve a nuclear option for national defense. However, this option was not developed into a concerted program to develop a nuclear military capability

6He+α clustering in 10Be

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Soic, N.; Blagus, S.; Bogovac, M.; Fazinic, S.; Lattuada, M.; Milin, M.; Miljanic, D.; Rendic, D.; Spitaleri, C.; Tadic, T.; Zadro, M.

1996-01-01

In a kinematically complete measurement of the 7 Li( 7 Li,α 6 He) 4 He reaction at E i = 8 MeV it was observed that the 10 Be excited states at 9.6 and 10.2 MeV decay by 6 He emission. The state at 10.2 MeV may be a member of a rotational band based on the 6.18 MeV 0 + state. (orig.)

Patrón alimentario y acceso a los alimentos en familias desplazadas en el municipio de Girón, Santander, Colombia Dietary patterns and access to food among displaced families in the municipality of Girón, Santander, Colombia

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Gloria Esperanza Prada Gómez

2008-04-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Describir el patrón alimentario y la capacidad de acceso a los alimentos de las familias desplazadas por el conflicto armado en una localidad del departamento de Santander, Colombia. MÉTODOS: Estudio dietético descriptivo en 101 familias que vivían en condiciones de desplazamiento forzado en la zona urbana y suburbana del municipio de Girón, departamento de Santander, Colombia. Durante el segundo semestre de 2003, el responsable de preparar los alimentos contestó una encuesta sociodemográfica con preguntas sobre el gasto mensual en alimentos, el lugar y la frecuencia de compra, y un recordatorio del consumo de alimentos en las 24 horas previas. El patrón alimentario se estableció según la frecuencia del consumo de alimentos y preparaciones mediante modelos de regresión lineal con el gasto como variable dependiente. RESULTADOS: De las familias, 34,7% manifestaron no tener acceso a la compra de alimentos y 13,9% los recibía como obsequios. El gasto promedio en alimentos fue de 0,52 salarios mínimos vigentes (SMV. La única variable asociada con el gasto fue el número de miembros de la familia que trabajaban y aportaban al presupuesto familiar (P = 0,037; por cada miembro que trabajaba, el gasto aumentó en 0,07 unidades de SMV (intervalo de confianza de 95%: 0,004 a 0,149. No se encontró asociación entre el tiempo de desplazamiento y el gasto en alimentos. La calidad de la dieta fue deficiente, ya que no se cumplió la norma recomendada de consumo de frutas, verduras y productos lácteos. CONCLUSIONES: La inseguridad alimentaria abarcó a 95,0% de las familias estudiadas aún después de tres años de vivir en condiciones de desplazamiento. La calidad de la dieta era insatisfactoria. Las causas principales de esta situación eran los bajos ingresos familiares y el desconocimiento de alternativas nutricionales más ventajosas. Además de la ayuda alimentaria, los programas de atención a las familias desplazadas deben

Special Session on Adaptive Optics in Russia and China. Volume 23

Science.gov (United States)

1995-01-01

Fisica Aplicada. Universidad de Cantabria. 39005. SANTANDER. SPAIN. Tel: 42-201445. Fax: 42-201402. 1.- INTRODUCTION To estimate the centroid of a light...Lia M. Zerbino ##, Eduardo Aguirre +, Anibal P. Laquidara ++ and Mario-Garavaglia ft. Centro de Investigaciones Opticas (CIOp) CC 124 Correo Central...Professor at Universidad Nacional dt La Plata and CONICET Engiuneer. C (lOp belongs to Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Ticnicas (CONICET

Geology of quadrangles H-12, H-13, and parts of I-12 and I-13, (zone III) in northeastern Santander Department, Colombia

Science.gov (United States)

Ward, Dwight Edward; Goldsmith, Richard; Cruz, Jaime B.; Restrepo, Hernan A.

1974-01-01

A program of geologic mapping and mineral investigation in Colombia was undertaken cooperatively by the Colombian Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Geologico-Mineras (formerly known as the Inventario Minero Nacional), and the U. S. Geological Survey; by the Government of Colombia and the Agency for International Development, U. S. Department of State. The purpose was to study, and evaluate mineral resources (excluding of petroleum, coal, emeralds, and alluvial gold) of four selected areas, designated Zones I to IV, that total about 70,000 km2. The work in Zone III, in the Cordillera Oriental, was done from 1965 to 1968. The northeast trend of the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia swings abruptly to north-northwest in the area of this report, and divides around the southern end of the Maracaibo Basin. This section of the Cordillera Oriental is referred to as the Santander Massif. Radiometric age determinations indicate that the oldest rocks of the Santander massif are Precambrian and include high-grade gneiss, schist, and migmatite of the Bucaramanga Formation. These rocks were probably part of the Precambrian Guayana Shield. Low- to medium-grade metamorphic rocks of late Precambrian to Ordovician age .include phyllite, schist, metasiltstone, metasandstone, and marble of the Silgara Formation, a geosynclinal series of considerable extent in the Cordillera Oriental and possibly the Cordillera de Merida of Venezuela. Orthogneiss ranging from granite to tonalite is widely distributed in the high- and medium-grade metamorphic rocks of the central core of the massif and probably represents rocks of two ages, Precambrian and Ordovician to Early Devonian. Younger orthogneiss and the Silgara are overlain by Middle Devonian beds of the Floresta Formation which show a generally low but varying degree of metamorphism. Phyllite and argillite are common, and infrequent marble and other calcareous beds are fossiliferous. Except for recrystallization in limestones of !the

Mercury concentrations in cattle from NW Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

López Alonso, M; Benedito, J L; Miranda, M; Castillo, C; Hernández, J; Shore, R F

2003-01-20

Mercury is a toxic metal that is released into the environment as a result of various industrial and agricultural processes. It can be accumulated by domestic animals and so contaminate human foodstuffs. To date, there is no information on mercury residues in livestock in Spain and the aim of the present study was to quantify the concentrations of mercury in cattle in two of the major regions in north-west Spain, Galicia (a largely rural region) and Asturias, which is characterised by heavy industry and mining. Total mercury concentrations were determined in tissue (liver, kidney and muscle) and blood from 284 calves (6-10 months old) and 56 cows (2-16 years old) from across the whole of the two regions. Mercury was usually detected in the kidney (62.4-87.5% of samples) but most (79.5-96%) liver, muscle and blood samples did not contain detectable residues. Renal mercury concentrations did not differ between male and female calves but were significantly greater in female calves than in cows. Unexpectedly, kidney mercury concentrations were significantly higher in calves from the predominantly rural region of Galicia (geometric mean: 12.2 microg/kg w.wt.) than in animals from the industrialised-mining region of Asturias (3.40 microg/kg w.wt.). Overall, mercury residues in cattle from NW Spain were similar to those reported in cattle from non-polluted areas in other countries and do not constitute a risk to animal or human health. Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science B.V.

Evaluación de minerales alumino silicatos de Norte de Santander para fabricar piezas cerámicas de gran formato

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sandra Milena Rozo-Rincón

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Se dan a conocer los resultados de la influencia del feldespato al ser mezclado con arcilla del área metropolitana de Cúcuta (Norte de Santander, Colombia, en relación con las principales variables que son tenidas en cuenta a la hora de fabricar un producto cerámico tradicional de gran formato mediante técnica de conformado por extrusión. Los materiales empleados fueron arcillas provenientes de las formaciones León y Guayabo, y el feldespato del municipio de Sardinata, los cuales fueron estudiados mediante difracción de rayos (DRX y fluorescencia de rayos X (FRX. Las probetas conformadas se realizaron empleando proporciones de 100:0, 90:10 y 80:20 de arcilla-feldespato, respectivamente, y fueron sometidas a cocción a las temperaturas de 950°C-1000°C-1050°C. Se observó que la adición de feldespato mejoró de manera significativa las propiedades estudiadas para todas las arcillas empleadas en comparación con la mezcla patrón. Las muestras preparadas con arcilla Támesis presentaron el mejor desempeño.

Petrografía del neis de bucaramanga en cercanías a cepitá, berlín y vetas – santander.

OpenAIRE

Urueña Suarez, Cindy Lizeth; Zuluaga Castrillon, Carlos Augusto

2011-01-01

El Neis de Bucaramanga es la unidad litodémica más antigua del basamento ígneo-metamórfico del Macizo de Santander, las tres grandes fajas (occidental o faja Bucaramanga, central y oriental) que han sido descritas comprenden una sucesión de neises pelíticos y semipelíticos intercalados con capas delgadas de rocas calcosilicatadas, mármoles, neis hornbléndico y anfibolita. El neis fue estudiado en un área que abarca los alrededores de Cepitá, Bucaramanga, Vetas y el páramo de Berlín con el fin...

Propuesta para el mejoramiento del clima organizacional del personal policial de la Seccional de Tránsito y Transporte del departamento de Santander, Colombia

OpenAIRE

2012-01-01

La presente propuesta estudia la situación actual del clima organizacional de la Seccional de Tránsito Transporte del departamento de Policía en Santander, hace un seguimiento especial a los indicadores de deserción, renuncias, retiros por diversas causas. El proyecto busca proponer estrategias asertivas para el mejoramiento del clima organizacional de la unidad, con el fin de ofrecer alternativas, programas y planes que al ser ejecutados permitan mejorar el clima organizacional y por lo tant...

Tendencias organizativas y tipos de poder en doce líderes del municipio de San Gil, Santander

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Wilmer Hernández-Velandia

2016-09-01

Full Text Available El presente artículo da a conocer los resultados de la investigación basada en la recuperación etnográfica de los discursos de doce líderes sociales, culturales y de partidos políticos en el municipio de San Gil, Santander, en el marco de las Elecciones Legislativas de 2010 en Colombia. Se logran distinguir dos propuestas así: se identifican dos tendencias organizativas, una partidista y otra de autonomía social, cada una con interpretaciones distintas sobre problemas, propuestas de solución, roles y conceptos base; de otro lado, se deducen dos tipos de poder, uno representativo y otro diversificante, explicando la manera como éstos se fortalecen o debilitan en una u otra tendencia organizativa.

Molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71, coxsackievirus A16 and A6 associated with hand, foot and mouth disease in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Cabrerizo, M; Tarragó, D; Muñoz-Almagro, C; Del Amo, E; Domínguez-Gil, M; Eiros, J M; López-Miragaya, I; Pérez, C; Reina, J; Otero, A; González, I; Echevarría, J E; Trallero, G

2014-03-01

Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a childhood illness frequently caused by genotypes belonging to the enterovirus A species, including coxsackievirus (CV)-A16 and enterovirus (EV)-71. Between 2010 and 2012, several outbreaks and sporadic cases of HFMD occurred in different regions of Spain. The objective of the present study was to describe the enterovirus epidemiology associated with HFMD in the country. A total of 80 patients with HFMD or atypical rash were included. Detection and typing of the enteroviruses were performed directly in clinical samples using molecular methods. Enteroviruses were detected in 53 of the patients (66%). CV-A6 was the most frequent genotype, followed by CV-A16 and EV-71, but other minority types were also identified. Interestingly, during almost all of 2010, CV-A16 was the only causative agent of HFMD but by the end of the year and during 2011, CV-A6 became predominant, while CV-A16 was not detected. In 2012, however, both CV-A6 and CV-A16 circulated. EV-71 was associated with HFMD symptoms only in three cases during 2012. All Spanish CV-A6 sequences segregated into one major genetic cluster together with other European and Asian strains isolated between 2008 and 2011, most forming a particular clade. Spanish EV-71 strains belonged to subgenogroup C2, as did most of the European sequences circulated. In conclusion, the recent increase of HFMD cases in Spain and other European countries has been due to a larger incidence of circulating species A enteroviruses, mainly CV-A6 and CV-A16, and the emergence of new genetic variants of these viruses. © 2013 The Authors Clinical Microbiology and Infection © 2013 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

10 CFR 140.6 - Reports.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Reports. 140.6 Section 140.6 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY... Reports. (a) In the event of bodily injury or property damage arising out of or in connection with the... records and furnish such reports to the Commission as the Commission deems necessary for the...

Las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (tic en la Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander

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Jhon Franklin Espinosa-Castro

2011-01-01

Full Text Available The information and communication technologies (ICT, today are establishing a change in humans, especially in the university education system in the process of teaching and learning where to use and apply effectively. To help students acquire the skills necessary to gather the elements and techniques used in the processing and transmission of information, especially information technology, internet and telecommunications. Given the above, the University Francisco de Paula Santander was not found any records about the technologies of information and communication technologies (ICT. Due, not to establishing research, and also students are not knowledgeable in the use and implementation within the different careers that established information. He must, that 73% of students surveyed used the Internet for UFPS for different activities. Furthermore, accessing the service using a laptop in the green spaces, cubicles, rooms or in corridors of buildings, especially the green areas, because it is the place that has better coverage. Also, 436 students of 1000 established a score of 3 on a scale of 1 to 5. Where Las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (tic en la Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander Jhon Franklin Espinosa Castro1 . 12 the university community uses the Internet chat service, social networking, music and games. At the same time, it is expected that this research, propose alternatives to improve the quality of teaching and learning, as students need to know the advantages provided by ICT to successfully work with technological advances.

Use of forest species associated to oak forests (Quercus humboldtii Bonpl.) for energetic purposes, in three villages of the Encino municipality in Santander

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Diaz Silva, Monica Rocio de las Mercedes

2010-01-01

We surveyed the firewood consumption for energetic purposes from the oak forest of the Patios Altos and Canada villages in Encino-Santander. Tools used to collect data were: structured surveys, open interviews and participant observation to those families dependent upon forest resources. Twenty-one species for domestic use were recorded, from which seven were related to the oak for est. The most preferred and used tree species was the Oak (Quercus humboldtii Bonpl) followed by the Laurel (Morella pubescens (Humb. and Bonpl. ex Willd.) Wilbur). Results show that 98% of the population uses only firewood and firewood alternated with gas, which suggests the importance of firewood to the community. Firewood consumption per person is 3.6 + - 1.35 kg per day, while annual consumption of the whole group (54 families) is the 354.78 kg per year. This usage corresponds to native tree species (78.2%), native shrubs 12.4%) and exotics (9.3%). Firewood usage represents savings to local inhabitants, corresponding to 33% of their monthly earnings, approximate Oak forest, Colombia, wood demand, native forest species, firewood, domestic use of wood.

10 CFR 1022.6 - Public inquiries.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Public inquiries. 1022.6 Section 1022.6 Energy DEPARTMENT... REQUIREMENTS General § 1022.6 Public inquiries. Inquiries regarding DOE's floodplain and wetland environmental... at 1-800-472-2756, toll free. ...

Focus: Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ferguson, M.P.

1992-01-01

Historically, Spain's nuclear program has had its share of successes and challenges. The country currently operates nine nuclear reactors totalling over 7,100 MWe of capacity and accounting for more than a third of Spain's electricity generation. Yet four reactors at advanced stages of construction remain mothballed due to a government-imposed moratorium, and a fire at one reactor in 1989 led to its premature closure and to a revival of anti-nuclear sentiment in the country. In the new national energy plan, Spain opted to continue the moratorium and rely upon conservation measures, additional natural gas imports, and electricity imports to meet expected demand. The current nuclear facilities will continue to operate, and the government will continue to pursue advanced reactor research, and expansion of the country's domestic uranium industry. Spain's integration into the European Community also is affecting the country's energy plans, prompting consolidation within the Spanish electricity sector in order to be more competitive in Europe

La legislación de la lucha antialcohólica en Santander (1923-1928

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Freddy Alexander Sierra Garzón

2011-01-01

Full Text Available La legislación de la lucha antialcohólica se decretó en los años veinte del siglo anterior, esta legislación se ubicó en un periodo conocido en la historiografía nacional como el inicio del proceso de modernización del Estado colombiano. El contenido de la legislación facultó a los gobernadores para la eliminación de las rentas de licores en los departamentos, pero también fue un paquete normativo que buscaba el control en la producción, comercialización y consumo de todos los licores. El presente artículo analizó la aplicación de la legislación nacional en el departamento de Santander. Las consecuencias finales abarcaron la eliminación en la fabricación de licores artesanales (chicha y guarapo y la consolidación de una empresa oficial del departamento dedicada a la destilación del aguardiente de caña.

The Associativity: a local development strategy for Ocamonte (APCO coffee growers in Santander, Colombia

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Ligia Inès Melo Torres

2017-10-01

Full Text Available The market liberalization policy is forcing business sectors and localities to generate strategies aimed to improving the living conditions of entrepreneurs and at the same time, being competitive. The present study exhibits the major contributions to local development, obtained from the creation associativity strategy of small coffee growers in Ocamonte (APCO, Santander-Colombia. It was observed that contributions evidenced in the dimension improvements as follows: socio-cultural, economic, environmental and policy- institutional, respectively. Given these concerns, a descriptive study with a sample of 45 associates was designed, from which in the second half of 2015, a structured survey was applied, evidencing the perceptions of the associates in relation of their achievements, evidenced associativity for more than 20 years, entering into fair trade agreements, improving their living conditions, being competitive and contributing to local development of their municipality. In fact, these results were corroborated in information obtained in interviews with members of the director board of the coffee growers association, as well as officials of the City Hall and schoolteachers in the association area of influence.

Assessment of PM10 and heavy metals concentration in a Ceramic Cluster (NE Spain)

Science.gov (United States)

Belen Vicente, Ana; Pardo, Francisco; Sanfeliu, Teofilo; Bech, Joan

2013-04-01

Environmental pollution control is one of the most important goals in pollution risk assessment today. The aim of this study is conducting a retrospective view of the evolution of particulate matter (PM10) and heavy metals (As, Cd, Ni and Pb) at different localities in the Spanish cluster ceramic in the period between January 2007 and December 2011. The study area is in the province of Castellón. This province is a strategical area in the framework of European Union Pollution control. Approximately 80% of European ceramic tiles and ceramic frits manufacturers are concentrated in two areas, forming the so-called "Ceramics Clusters"; one is in Modena (Italy) and the other in Castellón (Spain). In this kind of areas, there are a lot of pollutants from this industry that represent an important contribution to soil contamination so it is necessary to control the air quality in them. These atmospheric particles are deposited in the ground through both dry and wet deposition. Soil is a major sink for heavy metals released into the environment. The level of pollution of soils by heavy metals depends on the retention capacity of the soil, especially on physical-chemical properties (mineralogy, grain size, organic matter) affecting soil particle surfaces and also on the chemical properties of the metal. The most direct consequences on the ground of air pollutants are acidification, salinization and the pollutions that can cause heavy metals as components of suspended particulate matter. For this purpose the levels of PM10 in ambient air and the corresponding annual and weekly trend were calculated. The results of the study show that the PM10 and heavy metals concentrations are below the limit values recommended by European Union Legislation for the protection of human health and ecosystems in the study period. There is an important reduction of them from 2009 in all control stations due to the economic crisis. References Moral, R., Gilkes, R.J., Jordán, M.M., 2005

Preliminary hydrogeological evaluation of geological units from the Mesa de los Santos, Santander

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Diaz, Eliana Jimena; Contreras, Nathalia Maria; Pinto, Jorge Eduardo; Velandia, Francisco; Morales, Carlos Julio; Hincapie, Gloria

2009-01-01

This paper present a preliminary hydrogeological evaluation of La Mesa de Los Santos' lithostratigraphic formations, based on the geological mapping, stratigraphy and inventory of water points. All this is supplemented with the analysis of primary porosity by means of the petrographic study and the secondary porosity related statistically with the quantity of fractures of each formation, as well as opening, interconnection and dip. It is made an approach to hydrogeological potential of the geologic outcropping formations in La Mesa de Los Santos, Department of Santander, from the stratigraphic and petrographic analysis and the structural features of these formations. The Upper Member of Los Santos Formation presents the highest potential because of rock's fracturing, continued by the Lower Member with low primary porosity and half fracturing. Silgara Formation, Granito de Pescadero, Jordan Formation and some sections of the sandy levels of the Rosablanca Formation presents a lowest potential due to its low porosity and low grade of fracturing. Low permeability is presented in the Middle Member of the Los Santos Formation, Paja and Tablazo formations, as well as in sectors of the fore mentioned formations and in the Quaternary deposits.

EL CACAO: AYER, HOY Y SIEMPRE EN EL DESARROLLO SOCIOECONÓMICO Y CULTURAL DEL MUNDO, NORTE DE SANTANDER Y CÚCUTA

OpenAIRE

Pilar Eugenia Ramírez Villar

2013-01-01

Este artículo es un breve relato de la historia del cacao en el mundo, en Colombia y en Cúcuta, surge de un trabajo de investigación histórico y retoma historias de Venezuela, Colombia, Francia, África, Italia, entre otros países que protagonizaron o ayudaron a que el cacao surgiera en la región y se posicionara en el sector productivo. La conclusión de la investigación está basada en el recuento según la región de Norte de Santander y Cúcuta, mostrando datos curiosos de la evolución del caca...

10 CFR 1706.6 - Solicitation provisions.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... organizational conflicts of interest certificate from any marketing consultants engaged by an offeror in support... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Solicitation provisions. 1706.6 Section 1706.6 Energy DEFENSE NUCLEAR FACILITIES SAFETY BOARD ORGANIZATIONAL AND CONSULTANT CONFLICTS OF INTERESTS § 1706.6...

Prevalence of child and youth obesity in Spain in 2012.

Science.gov (United States)

Sánchez-Cruz, José-Juan; Jiménez-Moleón, José J; Fernández-Quesada, Fidel; Sánchez, María J

2013-05-01

Obesity is a major cardiovascular risk factor. In Spain, few studies have physically measured height and weight to estimate the magnitude of the problem. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of child and adolescent obesity in Spain in 2012. We performed a cross-sectional probability sample of 1018 children, representative of the Spanish population aged between 8 and 17 years old, with objectively measured height and weight, along with other sociodemographic variables. We calculated the prevalence of overweight and obesity according to the criteria of the World Health Organization, the International Obesity Task Force, and the enKid study. In the group aged 8 to 17 years old, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 26% and 12.6%, respectively; 4 in 10 young people were overweight or obese. Excess weight was found in 45% of the group aged 8 to 13 years and in 25.5% of that aged 14 to 17 years. This cardiovascular risk factor was associated with lower social class and lower educational level. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents in Spain remains high (close to 40%), but has not increased in the last 12 years. Copyright © 2012 Sociedad Española de Cardiología. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.

Anthropometric Status and Nutritional Intake in Children (6-9 Years) in Valencia (Spain): The ANIVA Study.

Science.gov (United States)

Morales-Suárez-Varela, María; Rubio-López, Nuria; Ruso, Candelaria; Llopis-Gonzalez, Agustín; Ruiz-Rojo, Elías; Redondo, Maximino; Pico, Yolanda

2015-12-18

The aim of our study was to assess nutritional intake and anthropometric statuses in schoolchildren to subsequently determine nutritional adequacy with Spanish Dietary Reference Intake (DRIs). The ANIVA study, a descriptive cross-sectional study, was conducted in 710 schoolchildren (6-9 years) in 2013-2014 in Valencia (Spain). Children's dietary intake was measured using 3-day food records, completed by parents. Anthropometric measures (weight and height) were measured according to international standards, and BMI-for-age was calculated and converted into z-scores by WHO-Anthro for age and sex. Nutrient adequacy was assessed using DRI based on estimated average requirement (EAR) or adequate intake (AI). Pearson's chi-square and Student's t-test were employed. Of our study group (47.61% boys, 52.39% girls), 53.1% were normoweight and the weight of 46.9% was inadequate; of these, 38.6% had excess body weight (19.6% overweight and 19.0% obesity). We found intakes were lower for biotin, fiber, fluoride, vitamin D (p nutritional adequacy to Spanish recommendations in overweight children. Our findings suggest that nutritional intervention and educational strategies are needed to promote healthy eating in these children and nutritional adequacies.

[Emergency Medical Technician profile in Spain].

Science.gov (United States)

Martínez-Isasi, Santiago; Rodríguez-Lorenzo, María José; Vázquez-Santamariña, David; Abella-Lorenzo, Javier; Castro Dios, Diana Josefa; Fernández García, Daniel

2017-12-11

The emergency medical technician plays a fundamental role and is the most important figure quantitatively in pre-hospital emergencies. The aim was to asses the socio-demographic, work-related, health characteristics and technical skills of an Emergency Medical Technician in Spain. Cross-sectional descriptive study. An ad hoc questionnaire was managed using Google Docs® that was delivered between April-June 2014 via email and social networks. A total of 705 questionnaires were collected. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS ® 20.0 Windows version. A significance level p≤0.05 was used for all analyzes. The data analyzed show that the profile of the Emergency Medical Technician in Spain is an 39 year-old man, married or living as a couple and has a child. The average BMI is 27 kg/m2, does regular exercise, does not smoke. His seniority in the company is 10 years and has the Medium Cycle of Emergency Medical Technician. The analysis for gender shows that men have an average of 40, an average BMI of 27, 5 kg/m2 and work in an advanced life support unit; while women have an average of 36,5 years, an average BMI of 24,7 kg/m2, mainly work in Basic Life Support Unit and her seniority in the company is 6,76 years. Emergency Medical Technician profile is a overweight men, who refer to practise regular exercise, his seniority in the company is 10 years and is in possession of CMTES; differences were observed according to gender in BMI, resource where they perform their work, seniority and age.

JOSÉ ANTONIO JÁCOME VALDERRAMA (1915-1966 LUMINARIA DE SANTANDER Y DE COLOMBIA

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Efraím Otero Ruiz

2010-01-01

Full Text Available

(Discurso pronunciado durante la ceremonia de posesión como Miembro Correspondiente Nacional de la Academia de Historia de Santander, Bucaramanga, Mayo 13 de 2009.

En 2006 pasó casi desapercibido el cuadragésimo aniversario de la muerte de José Antonio Jácome Valderrama, una de las mentalidades médicas más luminosas del país en el siglo XX. Fallecido apenas al cumplir los 51 de su edad, su estrella brilló por 25 años ascendiendo a las posiciones más altas de la salud en Colombia. Por eso creímos, cuando se conmemoró el medio siglo del Colegio Médico de Santander, que nada hubiera sido más oportuno que evocar la memoria de quien fuera no solo fundador y alto exponente de la Federación Médica Colombiana (de la que recibió su máxima condecoración en 1963 sino incondicional estandarte de su tierra, de sus valores y de su gente.

Nacido en Bucaramanga el 16 de febrero de 1915, su madre fue una de esas nueve bellas mujeres que unieron sus genes con los de los varones más ilustres y de mayor raigambre dentro de la sociedad santandereana. El mismo relató así algunas de las circunstancias de su nacimiento : “Soy hijo de José Domingo Jácome Niz y Matilde Valderrama de Jácome Niz, ambos ya fallecidos, a quienes debo tánto por la educación que me dieron, por el ejemplo admirable que me ofrecieron, por la formación moral con que forjaron mi espíritu y mi corazón y sobre todo por el amor entrañable y cordial que hizo de nuestro hogar un sitio lleno de felicidad, a pesar de todas las vicisitudes que tuvimos que soportar”.1 1

Los Jácome Niz provenían de Ocaña, ciudad que desde la colonia mantuvo vínculos con Bucaramanga, por el relativamente cercano acceso de ambas al río Magdalena, en contraste con las fragorosas montañas que había que cruzar desde cada una de ellas para llegar a Cúcuta y a la frontera venezolana. En sus viajes entre una y otra, ya para

12''th International Conference on Solid State Dosimetry Casa del Cordon. Conference Center (Caja de Burgos), July 5''th-10''th, 1998, Burgos Spain: Programme and Abstracts

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1998-01-01

The 12 International Conference on Solid State Dosimetry celebrate in Burgos (Spain) during July on 1998. 1.- Basic Physical Processes 2.- Materials characteristics 3.- Instrumentation 4.- Personal Dosimetry 5.- Clinical Dosimetry 6.- Environmental Dosimetry 7.- Dating retrospective dosimetry 8.- Miscellaneous

Correlación clinicopatológica en pacientes inmunocompetentes con Meningitis tuberculosa, reporte de casos de autopsia en el Hospital Universitario de Santander-Colombia Clinicopathological correlation in inmunocompetent patients with tuberculous meningitis, autopsy cases report in the Hospital Universitario de Santander-Colombia.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Julio Cesar Mantilla

2012-04-01

Full Text Available Introducción: describir tres casos fatales de tuberculosis meníngea y establecer correlación clinicopatológica. Materiales y métodos: revisión de protocolos de autopsia entre enero 1 y junio 30 de 2010 en el Departamento de Patología de la Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS. Entre 121 protocolos de necropsias se encontraron 3 casos de tuberculosis meníngea, de los cuales se revisaron historias clínicas, preparaciones histopatológicas y fotografías. Resultados: tres casos de adultos con edad promedio de 39 años, sin inmunosupresión con tuberculosis meníngea. Las manifestaciones clínicas fueron cefalea, vómito, fiebre, disartria, compromiso de pares craneales, alteraciones motoras y del estado de conciencia. Conclusiones: la tuberculosis meníngea es la forma más grave de la enfermedad, con desenlace fatal en casos no diagnosticados. El bajo índice de sospecha y la similitud con otras infecciones del sistema nervioso central, no permiten diagnostico precoz ni tratamiento oportuno. Salud UIS 2012; 44 (1: 57-66Introduction: to describe three fatal cases of tuberculous meningitis and to establish clinical pathological correlation. Materials and methods: Revision of autopsy protocols between 01 january and june 30 of 2010 in the Department of Pathology of the Industrial University of Santander (UIS. Between 121 protocols of autopsies were 3 cases of tuberculous meningitis, of which clinical histories, histopathological slides and photographies were rewieved. Results: three cases of adults with age average of 39 years, without inmunosupresión with tuberculous meningitis. The clinical manifestations were migraine, vomit, fever, disartria, commitment of cranial nerves, motor alterations and disorders of consciousness. Conclusions: the tuberculous meningitis is the most serious form of the disease, with fatal course in nondiagnosed cases. The low index of suspicion and the similarity with other infections of the central nervous

Diagnostic of the soils fertility and estimation about the necessities of fertilizers for the watering district of the Zulia River (North of Santander)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sanchez Ortega, Gloria Patricia; Yepes Orjuela, Rodrigo Hernando; Mesa Lopez, Luis Jorge

1998-01-01

A diagnosis of the main chemical characteristics of the rice-growing soils of the Zulia River irrigation district (Norte de Santander) was made between the semesters 1994b and 1995a, aimed at identifying the main nutritional limitants and seeking the definition of some parameters on the adequate managements of fertilizers and amends. The use of the pre-existing soil mapping, as well us mineralogical, leaf and irrigation-water quality analysis, associated with a survey carried out among the farmers, allowed for a greater sample precision, better interpretation of the results, and more accurate final recommendations

Virtual reconstruction of the Early Pleistocene mandible ATD6-96 from Gran Dolina-TD6-2 (Sierra De Atapuerca, Spain).

Science.gov (United States)

Bermúdez de Castro, José María; Martín-Francés, Laura; Modesto-Mata, Mario; Martínez de Pinillos, Marina; Martinón-Torres, María; García-Campos, Cecilia; Carretero, José Miguel

2016-04-01

In this report, we present a further study of the late Early Pleistocene ATD6-96 human mandible, recovered from the TD6-2 level of the Gran Dolina cave site (Sierra de Atapuerca, northern Spain) and attributed to Homo antecessor. ATD6-96 consists of a left half of a gracile mandible of an adult individual with the premolars and molars in place that is broken at the level of the lateral incisor-canine septum. The present analysis is based on a virtual reconstruction of the whole mandible by means of computed tomography (CT). We have reconstructed the symphysis using information from a modern human sample, as well as from a wide sample composed of several Homo specimens. This research has allowed us to record new variables with taxonomic and phylogenetic interest. We have estimated the length/width index of the alveolar arcade, as well as the percentage of the arcade length with regard to the total length. The latter confirms that ATD6-96 shares with all African and Asian Homo species a primitive structural pattern, as it was established in previous studies. In constrast, the length/width index of the alveolar arcade in the H. antecessor specimen is close to the mean values of Neandertals and the Atapuerca-Sima de los Huesos hominins. H. antecessor is derived regarding the shape of the mandibular alveolar arcade within the genus Homo and points to an early divergence from contemporaneous African populations. Our results also ratify the affinities of H. antecessor with Neanderthals, although the precise relationship with this lineage needs further research. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Evaluación del desempeño de los egresados del programa de enfermería de la universidad de Santander 2004-2010

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Claudia Consuelo Torres Contreras

2012-12-01

Full Text Available Introducción: El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el impacto laboral de los egresados del programa de enfermería de la universidad de Santander entre el periodo 2004-2010, con el fin de medir el desempeño laboral basado en calidad y posicionamiento en el medio. Siendo este importante para establecer la calidad del programa académico cursado y el nivel de competencia profesional de los egresados. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional de corte transversal, la recolección de la información se llevo a cabo en el segundo periodo académico del 2011 y primer periodo del 2012. La población estuvo conformada por los Empleadores de egresados del Programa de Enfermería de la Universidad de Santander UDES y Egresados del Programa de Enfermería de la Universidad de Santander UDES. Ambas muestras fueron seleccionadas mediante muestreo no probabilístico de tipo intencional o conveniencia. Resultados: se encuestaron 105 egresados, se contactaron 20 empleadores que evaluaron en total 53 egresados. La evaluación realizada por los empleadores respecto a conocimientos y capacidades de los egresados a su cargo muestra que en cuanto a conocimientos teóricos más del 50% perciben que el nivel de sus subalternos es bueno, el 60% perciben bueno la comunicación oral y escrita, la capacidad de resolver problemas y creatividad fueron calificados por un 45% de los evaluadores dentro de las categorías de bueno y excelente, el 65% perciben un nivel de excelencia para el compromiso ético, integridad y honestidad. Discusión y Conclusiones: El perfil de los egresados evaluados del Programa de Enfermería UDES es asistencial en un 60%. Los egresados del Programa de Enfermería UDES obtuvieron una calificación buena en conocimientos prácticos, aprendizaje, capacidad de análisis, comunicación oral, comunicación escrita, adaptación a cambios, trabajar bajo presión y asumir responsabilidades. (Rev Cuid 2012; 3

10 CFR 1040.89-6 - Mediation.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Mediation. 1040.89-6 Section 1040.89-6 Energy DEPARTMENT... Enforcement Procedures § 1040.89-6 Mediation. (a) Referral of complaints for mediation. DOE will refer to the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, in accordance with 45 CFR 90.43(c)(3), all complaints that: (1...

Small hydro: Policy and potential in Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gutierrez, C.

2001-01-01

In Spain, the benefits of small-scale (less than 10 MW) hydro are apparently rarely appreciated and there is little support from European institutions. The article suggests that small hydro technology can make a significant contribution to the country's energy requirements and create employment, provided certain obstacles can be removed. Data on the number of small hydros in Spain, and of recent installations are given; the share of hydro in Spain's total energy production is 2.5%. The low environmental impact of hydro is extolled, and the conclusions of a recent study of 'environmental impacts of the production of electricity' are listed. There are said to be unreasonable administrative obstacles; for example, it is more difficult to obtain permission to refurbish a 100 kW hydro plant in Castilla y Leon than it is to install a 30,000 kW gas plant. Some details relating to the affect of hydro on aquatic ecosystems, noise levels, and water quality, are given

Redes de inmigración, asentamientos informales y zonas de riesgo de inundación: el caso del Río de Oro en Santander (Colombia

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Amanda Patricia Amorocho Pu00E9rez

2012-01-01

Full Text Available El trabajo devela las redes de inmigración que propiciaron la configuración de tres asentamientos humanos informales en la ronda del Río de Oro, en el sector urbano del municipio de Girón, Santander (Colombia. El estudio destaca la importancia de tener en cuenta la base socionatural en los ejercicios de planificación de la ciudad y, al mismo tiempo, muestra la necesidad de estudiar la dinámica migratoria hacia las zonas de alto riesgo de inundación.

Identification and predictive value of interleukin-6+ interleukin-10+ and interleukin-6-interleukin-10+ cytokine patterns in st-elevation acute myocardial infarction

KAUST Repository

Ammirati, Enrico; Cannistraci, Carlo; Cristell, Nicole A.; Vecchio, Viviana; Palini, Alessio G.; Tornvall, Per; Paganoni, Anna Maria; Miendlarzewska, Ewa A.; Sangalli, Laura Maria; Monello, Alberto; Pernow, John; Bjö rnstedt Bennermo, Marie; Marenzi, Giancarlo Carlo; Hu, Dayi; Uren, Neal G.; Cianflone, Domenico; Ravasi, Timothy; Manfredi, Angelo A.; Maseri, Attilio

2012-01-01

patients compared with controls. IL-6IL-10 STEMI patients had an increased risk of systolic dysfunction at discharge and an increased risk of death at 6 months in comparison with IL-6IL-10 STEMI patients. We combined IL-10 and monokine induced by interferon

A hydrous Ca-bearing magnesium carbonate from playa lake sediments, Salines Lake, Spain

Science.gov (United States)

Queralt, I.; Julia, R.; Plana, F.; Bischoff, J.L.

1997-01-01

Sediments of playa Lake Salines, SE, Spain, contain a carbonate mineral characterized by X-ray diffraction peaks very similar to, but systematically shifted from those of pure magnesite. Analyses (SEM, IR and Raman spectroscopy, DTA, TGA, and ICP) indicate the mineral is a hydrous Ca-bearing magnesium carbonate with the chemical formula (Mg0.92,Ca0.08)CO3??3H2O. Thermal characteristics of the mineral are similar to those of other known hydrated magnesium carbonates. X-ray and electron diffraction data suggests a monoclinic system (P21/n space group) with unit-cell parameters of a = 6.063(6), b = 10.668(5), and c = 6.014(4) A?? and ?? = 107.28??.

Spain: Europe's California.

Science.gov (United States)

Wilvert, Calvin

1994-01-01

Contends that, as Spain integrates into the European Economic Community, it is considered to be Europe's California. Asserts that making regional comparisons between California and Spain can be an effective teaching method. Provides comparisons in such areas as agriculture and tourism. (CFR)

El uso de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica para la “geoprevención” en el Servicio de Bomberos del Ayuntamiento de Santander.

OpenAIRE

Vega García, Guillermo de la

2016-01-01

RESUMEN: El Servicio de Bomberos del Ayuntamiento de Santander realiza interesantes operaciones de prevención de posibles situaciones de emergencia que puedan producirse en el municipio; en este sentido los Sistemas de Información Geográfica sirven como herramienta de análisis de los patrones espaciales: intervenciones, hidrantes, desprendimientos, edificios de difícil acceso, etc., y por lo tanto pueden contribuir en las labores de “geoprevención” del Servicio. ABSTRACT: The Fire Service ...

Genomics in cardiovascular diseases: analysis of the importance of the toll-like receptor signaling pathway

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Bustamante J

2012-10-01

Full Text Available J Bustamante,1 E Tamayo,2 J Herreros3,41Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, 2Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, 3Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Universitario Valdecilla, Santander, 4Biomedical Engineering Institute of Santander, Santander, SpainAbstract: The development of techniques for genomics study makes it possible for us to further our knowledge about the physiopathology of various immunological or infectious diseases. These techniques improve our understanding of the development and evolution of such diseases, including those of cardiovascular origin, whilst they help to bring about the design of new therapeutic strategies. We are reviewing the genetic alterations of immunity in said field, and focusing on the signaling pathway of toll-like receptors because not only does this play a decisive role in response to microorganisms, it is also heavily involved in modulating the inflammatory response to tissue damage, a side effect of numerous cardiovascular diseases. These alterations in tissue homeostasis are present under a wide range of circumstances, such as reperfusion ischemia (myocardial infarction phenomena, arteriosclerosis, or valvulopathy.Keywords: genome-wide association study, single-nucleotide polymorphism, innate immune system, ischemic/reperfusion, myocardial infarction

Macrophage Immune Response Suppression by Recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigens, the ESAT-6, CFP-10, and ESAT-6/CFP-10 Fusion Proteins

Science.gov (United States)

Seghatoleslam, Atefeh; Hemmati, Mina; Ebadat, Saeedeh; Movahedi, Bahram; Mostafavi-Pour, Zohreh

2016-01-01

Background: Macrophage immune responses are affected by the secretory proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). This study aimed to examine the immune responses of macrophages to Mtb secretory antigens, namely ESAT-6, CFP-10, and ESAT-6/CFP-10. Methods: THP-1 cells (a human monocytic cell line) were cultured and differentiated to macrophages by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. The cytotoxicity of the recombinant Mtb proteins was assessed using the MTT assay. Two important immune responses of macrophages, namely NO and ROS production, were measured in response to the ESAT-6, CFP-10, and ESAT-6/CFP-10 antigens. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with SPSS, version 16, and considered significant at Pproteins markedly reduced macrophage immune response. The treatment of the THP-1-differentiated cells with ESAT-6, CFP-10, and ESAT-6/CFP-10 reduced NO and ROS production. The treated THP-1-differentiated cells exhibited less inducible NO synthase activity than did the untreated cells. No toxic effect on macrophage viability was observed for the applied proteins at the different concentrations. Conclusion: It seems that the decline in macrophage immune response is due to the suppression of NO and ROS production pathways without any effect on cell viability. PMID:27365551

10 CFR 451.6 - Duration of incentive payments.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Duration of incentive payments. 451.6 Section 451.6 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION INCENTIVES § 451.6 Duration of incentive... part with respect to a qualified renewable energy facility for 10 consecutive fiscal years. Such period...

6 CFR 15.10 - Self-evaluation.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... 6 Domestic Security 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Self-evaluation. 15.10 Section 15.10 Domestic... Self-evaluation. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, the Department shall, not... organizations representing individuals with disabilities, to participate in the self-evaluation process. (c) The...

Spain's uranium industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ferguson, M.P.

1992-01-01

Spain currently operates nine nuclear reactors totalling over 7,100 MWe of capacity, contributing about one-third of all electricity generated in Spain. Four reactors at advanced stages of construction remain mothballed as the result of a government-imposed moratorium, and a fire at Vandellos 1 in 1989 led to its premature closure and to a revival of anti-nuclear sentiment in the country. In the new national energy plan, which was sent to the Spanish Parliament on July 25, 1991, Spain opted to continue the nuclear moratorium that began in 1984 and rely upon conservation measures, additional natural gas imports, and electricity imports to meet expected demand. Under the new plan, nuclear power's share of Spain's total installed electrical generating capacity will fall from about 17 percent in 1990, to approximately 14 percent by the end of the century, as only the current nuclear facilities will continue to operate and no new nuclear plants will be built. Spain's integration into the European Community also is affecting the country's energy plans, prompting consolidation within the Spanish electricity sector in order to be more competitive in Europe. To supply the existing reactors, the government is supporting a major expansion of the country's domestic uranium industry

Clinical course after five years of insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes in Spain: results of the EDIN study.

Science.gov (United States)

Rodríguez, Angel; Tofe, Santiago; Reviriego, Jesus

2014-01-01

The primary study objective was to assess the proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes and an HbA1c value ≤ 6.5% from the start of insulin therapy to five years later in the outpatient setting in Spain. This was an observational, multicenter, naturalistic study with retrospective collection of clinical data. Investigators were endocrinologists or internal medicine specialists from all over Spain. During standard clinical care, patients started insulin therapy, which was continued for at least 5 years. The clinical records of 405 patients were reviewed. The final analysis set included records from 346 patients. At baseline (start of insulin therapy), 51.2% of patients were female; mean (SD) age was 64.6 (9.0) years; body mass index, 29.8 (4-5) kg/m(2); time since diagnosis, 8.8 (6.8) years; HbA1c, 9.4% (1.5); fasting glucose, 223.7 (55.9) mg/dL; and mean 2-hour postprandial glucose, 293.6 (71.0) mg/dL. When insulin therapy was started, 1.0% of patients had an HbA1c value ≤ 6.5%. At 5 years, 10.3% of patients achieved the HbA1c goal of ≤ 6.5% (mean, 7.72%). All glucose parameters (HbA1c, fasting glucose, and 2-hour postprandial glucose) improved at 5 years as compared to values at the start of insulin therapy. Glucose parameters improved over time in patients with type 2 diabetes in this naturalistic study. However, blood glucose control exceeded the internationally recommended target values. These results therefore suggest that there is still some margin for improvement in outpatient care in Spain. Copyright © 2013 SEEN. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.

Nuclear power in Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Koryakin, Yu.I.

1977-01-01

The present states of nuclear power in Spain is shortly surveyed. Data are provided on NPPs currently in operation, under construction, designed and planned. In line with the 10-year ''National programme of electricity supply'' a major and all increasing part of the electricity generation growth is to be ensured by NPPs and to account for more than 50% by the end of the period (1987). Out of the 7 units of NPPs now under construction, 6 units utilize PWR reactors and only 1 unit- a BWR reactor. The roles of private and public sectors are noted. Main characteristics of the ''ENSA'' plant now under construction are provided where components of NPPs with PWR and BWR reactors will be fabricated. Major developments in the fields of mining, milling and extraction of U from lignites, U enrichment, fuel fabrication and spent fuel reprocessing are considered. Measures now taken to improve the licensing procedure, surveillance of NPPs and personnel training are to advance the nuclear power development programme in the country

Interaction Frugivores and Miconia Floribunda (Bonpl Dc. (Melastomataceae in the Yariguíes Serranía Pnn (Santander

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Alejandro Cabrejo Bello

2012-10-01

Full Text Available The aim of this study is to identify the species of birds that feed on the fruits of Miconia floribunda (Bonpl DC. and describe their foraging behavior, which influence on seed dispersal processes of the species in an area of the National Park of YariguíesSerranía (Santander, Colombia. The area is home to forests in good condition to serve as transition between the Magdalena River valley and the highlands of eastern Colombian Andes. Seed dispersal is a fundamental process that models the structure of the vegetation cover, promotes the establishment and perpetuation of the same, to abundant bird life and is a constant source of food. The observations showed a sampling intensity of 19 hours per researcher, accumulating a total of 57 hours of observation. 176 events were recorded frugivory, recording 13 species of birds belonging to four families, predominantly Thraupidae family with 10 species belonging to five genera, which constituted 89% of the frequency of visits for this study. There were two types of manipulation of the fruit: engulfed and mash. For two species of Diglossa manipulation technique was macerated fruit so it may be less efficient seed dispersal because they dropped some of the fruit in the vicinity of the parent plant, which decreases the chances of recruitment.

Especies de género Lutzomyia (Psychodidae, Phlebotominae en áreas de transmisión de leishmaniasis tegumentaria y visceral en el departamento de Santander, en la cordillera oriental de los Andes colombianos

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Claudia Magaly Sandoval

2006-10-01

Full Text Available Introducción. Los flebótomos desde el punto de vista de salud pública son especialmente conocidos como los únicos insectos vectores de las leishmaniasis y demuestran una interesante biodiversidad en algunas zonas como la cordillera de los Andes en Suramérica. Este estudio presenta las especies de flebótomos organizadas por municipios y zonas endémicas que pueden encontrarse en el departamento de Santander, ubicado sobre la cordillera oriental andina en Colombia. Objetivo. Presentar una actualización del inventario de las especies del género Lutzomyia en el departamento de Santander,señalar la distribución y discutir algunos aspectos de la ecología de las especies de mayor importancia en salud pública. Materiales y métodos. Durante 1998 a 2001 en 12 municipios se realizaron capturas de flebótomos utilizando trampas de luz tipo CDC miniatura, entre las 19:00-6:00 horas, también capturas con cebo humano protegido utilizando aspiradores manuales entre las 18:00-20:00 horas, ocasionalmente aspiración directa sobre troncos de árboles entre las 8:00-11:00 horas y capturas de flebótomos en reposo sobre las paredes en horario diurno. Resultados. Se capturaron un total de 3.972 flebótomos distribuidos en 41 especies; de éstas, 16 especies son nuevos registros para esta región del país. En las zonas consideradas endémicas para leishmaniasis tegumentaria americana se destacaron por su abundancia, presencia en el intradomicilio e importancia epidemiológica L. gomezi, L. trapidoi, L. panamensis, L. ovallesi y L. yuilli yuilli. En las zonas de leishmaniasis visceral americana predominó L. longipalpis.

Heritage Speeches that Guide the Management of Cultural Heritage in the Development Plans of the Department of Santander in Colombia (2008-15

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Mónica J. Giedelmann Reyes

2013-07-01

Full Text Available This article identifies some of the main categories on cultural heritage included in the Santander departmental development plans (2008-11 and 2012-15, in order to characterize it according to diverse forms of conceptualization, management and bonds with other aspects. The grounded theory is the methodology used and from its analysis two closely linked concepts of cultural heritage were identified: culture and tourism. The research results show future risks and opportunities in the region. They emphasize that heritage is seen as the commemoration of the "santandereanidad" or department belonging feeling, tourism and regional development motor, which often emphasizes the financial potential of heritage and ignores the social and anthropological side that this encompasses.

[Prevalence of Hypothyroidism in Andalusia, Spain, Determined by Thyroid Hormone Comsumption].

Science.gov (United States)

Escribano-Serrano, José; Mancera-Romero, José; Santos-Sánchez, Vanessa; Payá-Giner, Carolina; Méndez-Esteban, Mª Isabel; García-Bonilla, Antonio; Márquez-Ferrando, Manuela; Hormigo-Pozo, Antonio; Michán-Doña, Alfredo

2016-12-02

Hypothyroidism is the most common condition linked to a hormone deficiency, nevertheless data on its prevalence are scarce in Spain. For that reason, we have estimated its prevalence through the registration of patients who had used thyroid hormones in Andalusia (South Spain). Data of patients who had withdrawn levothyroxine under the public system during 2014 from the base of the Andalusian Health Service were considered. Prevalence were calculated with confidence intervals of 95% for each management area, stratified by sex and age groups, and differences between them were evaluated. 321,368 people (98% older than 18 years and 83% female) were identified as levothyroxine users and a prevalence of hypothyroidism of 3.95% (95%CI:3.94-3.96) was estimated for the general population. The condition was more common in females, in the older 18 years 7.81% (95%CI:7.80 to 7.82) compared to males 1.75% (95%CI:1.73-1.77) with a ratio of 4.5-fold. It increases in the population of women older than 45 years, 10.32% (95%CI:10.30-0.32) and in the over 60 years 11.37% (95%CI: 11.35-11.40). The prevalence in adult women in the western provinces is 7.38% (95%CI:7.36-7.40), in the eastern provinces 8.59% (95%CI:8.57-8.62) and in coastal areas 6.70% (95%CI: 6.68-6.72) compared to the mountainous ones, which is 8.91% (95%CI:8.88-8.94). The results denote a high prevalence of hypothyroidism in the adult population of Andalusia compared to the nearby countries, with a clear increased associated with females and age. Furthermore, the prevalence of the illness presents also a geographically-related variability.

Teachers' Perceptions of Preschool Children's Psychomotor Development in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Cueto, Sofía; Prieto, José Antonio; Nistal, Paloma; Abelairas-Gómez, Cristian; Barcala-Furelos, Roberto; López, Sergio

2017-08-01

This study analyzed the psychomotor profiles of preschool stage students and to determine how these data agreed with the students' teachers' subjective assessment. We also correlated these data with other variables such as age, gender, and family influence. A total of 211 children aged 3 to 6 years, in the second cycle of preschool from 30 classes of 10 schools in Spain participated. Additionally, 30 preschool teachers from these classes participated. Study results revealed serious teacher misperceptions regarding their students' psychomotor development, with low agreement rates between students and teachers in the motor dimension and slight agreement rates in communicative, cognitive, and social areas. The reasons for and implications of these misperceptions are discussed.

Social determinants of self-perceived discrimination in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Gil-González, D; Vives-Cases, C; Borrell, C; Agudelo-Suárez, A A; Álvarez-Dardet, C

2013-03-01

To analyse the association between self-perceived discrimination and social determinants (social class, gender, country of origin) in Spain, and further to describe contextual factors which contribute to self-perceived discrimination. Cross-sectional design using data from the Spanish National Health Survey (2006). The dependent variable was self-perceived discrimination, and independent and stratifying variables were sociodemographic characteristics (e.g. sex, social class, country of origin, educational level). Logistic regression was used. The prevalence of self-perceived discrimination was 4.2% for men and 6.3% for women. The likelihood of self-perceived discrimination was higher in people who originated from low-income countries: men, odds ratio (OR) 5.59 [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.55-6.87]; women, OR 4.06 (95% CI 3.42-4.83). Women were more likely to report self-perceived discrimination by their partner at home than men [OR 8.35 (95% CI 4.70-14.84)]. The likelihood of self-perceived discrimination when seeking work was higher among people who originated from low-income countries than their Spanish counterparts: men, OR 13.65 (95% CI 9.62-19.35); women, OR 10.64 (95% CI 8.31-13.62). In comparison with Spaniards, male white-collar workers who originated from low-income countries [OR 11.93 (95% CI 8.26-17.23)] and female blue-collar workers who originated from low-income countries (OR 1.6 (95% CI 1.08-2.39)] reported higher levels of self-perceived discrimination. Self-perceived discrimination is distributed unevenly in Spain and interacts with social inequalities. This particularly affects women and immigrants. Copyright © 2012 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

State of the art of reservoir sedimentation management in Spain

OpenAIRE

Avendaño Salas, Cándido; Sanz Montero, Esther; Cobo Rayán, Rafael

2000-01-01

Part of the total reservoir storage capacity in Spain (56 km3) is lost due to sedimentation processes taking place. Surveys carried out in 121 reservoirs indicate that 6% of them have undergone a capacity reduction of over 50%. However, most of them (81%) are characterised by a reservoir capacity loss below 20%. The most frequent methods used to control reservoir sedimentation in Spain fall into one of the following groups: reduction of sediment yield through basin management and removal of t...

Identification and predictive value of interleukin-6+ interleukin-10+ and interleukin-6-interleukin-10+ cytokine patterns in st-elevation acute myocardial infarction

KAUST Repository

Ammirati, Enrico

2012-08-29

RATIONALE: At the onset of ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI), patients can present with very high circulating interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels or very low-IL-6 levels. OBJECTIVE: We compared these 2 groups of patients to understand whether it is possible to define specific STEMI phenotypes associated with outcome based on the cytokine response. METHODS AND RESULTS: We compared 109 patients with STEMI in the top IL-6 level (median, 15.6 pg/mL; IL-6 STEMI) with 96 in the bottom IL-6 level (median, 1.7 pg/mL; IL-6 STEMI) and 103 matched controls extracted from the multiethnic First Acute Myocardial Infarction study. We found minimal clinical differences between IL-6 STEMI and IL-6 STEMI. We assessed the inflammatory profiles of the 2 STEMI groups and the controls by measuring 18 cytokines in blood samples. We exploited clustering analysis algorithms to infer the functional modules of interacting cytokines. IL-6 STEMI patients were characterized by the activation of 2 modules of interacting signals comprising IL-10, IL-8, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, and C-reactive protein, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, and monokine induced by interferon-γ. IL-10 was increased both in IL-6 STEMI and IL-6 STEMI patients compared with controls. IL-6IL-10 STEMI patients had an increased risk of systolic dysfunction at discharge and an increased risk of death at 6 months in comparison with IL-6IL-10 STEMI patients. We combined IL-10 and monokine induced by interferon-γ (derived from the 2 identified cytokine modules) with IL-6 in a formula yielding a risk index that outperformed any single cytokine in the prediction of systolic dysfunction and death. CONCLUSIONS: We have identified a characteristic circulating inflammatory cytokine pattern in STEMI patients, which is not related to the extent of myocardial damage. The simultaneous elevation of IL-6 and IL-10 levels distinguishes STEMI patients with worse clinical outcomes

36 Annual Meeting of Spanish Nuclear Society, Oct. 6-9 2010 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; 36 Reunion Anual Sociedad Nuclear Espanola, 6-8 de Octubre de 2010, Santiago de Compostela, Espana

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2010-07-01

The Spanish Nuclear Society (SNE) is a non-profit association, made up of professionals and institutions in order to promote awareness and dissemination of science and nuclear technology. The 36th meeting of the SNE was held in Santiago de Compostela between 6 and 8 October 2010. Participants discussed the situation of nuclear energy and its challenges, the development of electric cars and their distributional implications, and the study of nuclear advertising on other countries and their potential application to the case of Spain.

6 CFR 5.10 - Preservation of records.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... 6 Domestic Security 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Preservation of records. 5.10 Section 5.10 Domestic Security DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY DISCLOSURE OF RECORDS AND INFORMATION Freedom of Information Act § 5.10 Preservation of records. Each component shall preserve all...

Desempeño laboral de los enfermeros (a egresados de la Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Luz Marina Bautista-Rodríguez

2012-12-01

Full Text Available Objetivo: Determinar el desempeño profesional de los egresados del programa de enfermería que laboran en instituciones hospitalarias. Materiales y métodos: Se realizo estudio cuantitativo descriptivo de corte transversal. Con una muestra de 120 profesionales de enfermería pertenecientes a cuatro (4 Instituciones Hospitalarias del municipio de Cúcuta que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Para la recolección de la información se aplico instrumento compuesto por datos de identificación, perfil profesional, condiciones generales de trabajo y desempeño laboral. Resultados: el 85% de los egresados de manera satisfactoria realizan acciones gerenciales, administrativas y del cuidado, y solo el 50% de estos desarrolla actividades de educación e investigación. Conclusión: Los egresados del programa de enfermería de la Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander consideran que los contenidos aprendidos durante su carrera son excelentes y buenos, y les ha permitido en la práctica profesional desempeñar diversidad de cargos y acciones.

Pharmaceutical costs of assisted reproduction in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Lorente, Maria-Reyes; Hernández, Juana; Antoñanzas, Fernando

2013-11-01

Assisted reproduction is one of the health services currently being considered for possible limitation or exclusion from the public health services portfolio in Spain. One of the main reasons claimed for this is the impact on the budget for pharmaceutical expenditure. The objective of this study was to assess the significance of the pharmaceutical costs of assisted reproduction in Spain. This study focused on medical practice in Spain, and is based on the opinions of experts in assisted reproduction and the results provided by professional societies' publications. The reference year is 2012 and the setting was secondary care. We have included all existing pharmaceutical modalities for assisted reproduction, as well as the most common drug for each modality. We have considered the pharmaceutical cost per cycle for artificial insemination, in vitro fertilisation with or without intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF_ICSI), and cryotransfer and donated fresh oocytes reception. In Spain, artificial insemination has a pharmaceutical cost per cycle of between €69.36 and €873.79. This amounts to an average cycle cost of €364.87 for partner's sperm and €327.10 for donor sperm. The pharmaceutical cost of IVF_ICSI ranges between €278.16 and €1,902.66, giving an average cost per cycle of €1,139.65. In the case of cryotransfer and donated fresh oocytes reception, the pharmaceutical cost per cycle is between €22.61 and €58.73, yielding an average cost of €40.67. The budgetary impact of pharmaceutical expenditure for assisted reproduction in Spain for the year 2012 was estimated at €98.7 million. In Spain, the total pharmaceutical cost of assisted reproduction is substantial. According to our results, we can say that about 29% of the total pharmaceutical expenditure for assisted reproduction techniques is funded by the National Health System and the rest represents 2.4% of the total annual out-of-pocket family expenditure on drugs.

Accidentes biológicos en estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia Biological accidents among Medical students from Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia

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Luis Felipe Tapias-Vargas

2010-12-01

Full Text Available Introducción: Los accidentes biológicos representan un riesgo ocupacional significativo para los trabajadores de la salud, y para los estudiantes de medicina. Objetivo: Establecer la prevalencia de accidentes biológicos y los factores y comportamientos asociados en la población de estudiantes de medicina. Materiales y métodos: Se encuestaron los estudiantes de medicina del área clínica de la Universidad Industrial de Santander. El instrumento de encuesta preguntaba sobre utilización de elementos de protección, caracterización y comportamientos asociados al último accidente biológico sufrido. La información obtenida fue analizada mediante porcentajes y promedios. Para evaluar los factores asociados al accidente se calcularon Razones de Prevalencia y sus IC 95%. Resultados: Se encuestaron 330 estudiantes. El uso rutinario de guantes se reportó en un 99,3%, de doble guante en 13,9%, tapabocas en 77,4% y de gafas en 30,7%. La prevalencia de accidentes biológicos fue de 18%, la cual aumentaba de acuerdo al año de estudio. El accidente no fue reportado en 48% de los casos. Se encontró una asociación positiva entre el sufrimiento de al menos un accidente biológico durante lo cursado de la carrera y el uso completo de medidas de protección en tercer y cuarto año, RP=2,92 (IC 95% 0,95 - 8,93; y negativa para quinto y sexto año, RP=0,84 (IC 95% 0,50-1,41, p=0,0479. Conclusión: Los accidentes biológicos son frecuentes en nuestros estudiantes de medicina. Se debe insistir desde los primeros semestres en la importancia del uso de elementos de protección, el reporte del accidente y los protocolos postexposición. Salud UIS 2010; 42: 192-199Introduction: Biological accidents represent a significant occupational risk to healthcare workers including medical students. Objective: To establish the prevalence of biological accidents, and its associated factors and behaviors among medical students. Materiales and methods: Medical students in

The State of the Art of Group Psychotherapy in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Martinez-Taboada, Cristina; Amutio, Alberto; Elgorriaga, Edurne; Arnoso, Ainara

2015-10-01

(1) What is the history and the theoretical orientation of group therapy in Spain? (2) How is training organized? (3) What role does group psychotherapy play in the health system in Spain? (4) What is the relationship between group psychotherapy research and clinical practice in Spain? (5) What topics can be identified as unique to therapy groups in Spain? (6) How are group-related issues important within the social background of Spain? and (7) What does group work hold for the future? Although not even a century has passed since the birth of this discipline, there have already been many events associated with the management of power and knowledge, the development of a sense of community, and the evolution of the political and social life of our country. Group therapy training is still evolving and is properly supported and accredited by prestigious institutions. In the 2013 Symposium of the Spanish Society of Group Psychotherapy and Group Techniques (SEPTG), the need for joint group theories and techniques within the profession's activities was clearly highlighted. Further, the enthusiasm of group psychotherapists to open themselves to specific social perspectives (health, education, community prevention, organizations) is a way of encouraging society to untangle conscious and unconscious knots that are created in social interaction.

Spain: NATO or Neutrality,

Science.gov (United States)

1980-04-01

having Spain as a member. Spain is a traditional country in many ways. Religion is still a strongly-felt part of national life and atheism is looked at... Siglo XXI, 30 April 1979. Pedro J. Ramirez, "Diez Razones a favor de la OTAN," ABC, 17 September 1978, p. 7. 8 Ibid. Il 167 - SPAIN - WHAT’S IN IT...Cordoba and Granada. All three of the country’s major religions lived in relative harmony primarily in Moorish kingdoms, where the arts, commerce, and the

Comparative analysis of minor bioactive constituents (CoQ10, tocopherols and phenolic compounds) in Arbequina extra virgin olive oils from Brazil and Spain

OpenAIRE

Borges, Thays H.; López, Luis Carlos; Pereira, J.A.; Cabrera-Vique, Carmen; Seiquer, Isabel

2017-01-01

There is currently an emerging production of olive oil in Brazil but it is still poorly characterized. In this study, we performed a comparative analysis of minor bioactive constituents (CoQ 10 tocopherols and phenolic compounds) in extra virgin olive oil from different regions of Brazil and Spain, of Arbequina cultivar. Significant variations (P < 0.05) in the concentration of the compounds analyzed were observed among oils from the different growing areas, not only between Spanish and Bra...

[Tuberculosis and immigration in Spain: scoping review].

Science.gov (United States)

Casals, Martí; Rodrigo, Teresa; Camprubí, Esteve; Orcau, Angels; Caylà, Joan A

2014-01-01

Immigration is a fairly recent phenomenon in Spain and there are still few scientific publications on tuberculosis (TB) and immigration. Therefore, the aim of this study is to describe the differential characteristics of TB in the immigrant population with respect to natives in Spain. Literature review of original articles written in Spanish or English and published 1998-2012 about TB among immigrant population. The articles with the key words "Tuberculosis", "immigrants" and "Spain" were included. Literature search was performed in Medline and MEDES. A total of 72,087 articles on TB were detected worldwide, 6% of them dealt with the immigration issue. Regarding Spain we found 2,917 articles representing 4% of the papers published worldwide, and in 219 (7.5%) immigration was considered. Of the 219 articles, 48% were published in Spanish journals and the 52% remaining in Anglo-Saxon journals. 93.5% of immigrants with TB were younger than 51, whereas this percentage was 64.9% in natives. Drug resistance can be seen in 7.8% of the immigrant population but in only 3.8% of natives. It was also detected that the unavailability of a health card could be a problem. Immigrants with TB were characterized by being younger and having more drug resistance and coming mostly from Latin America, Eastern Europe, Africa and Asia. It was also detected that the unavailability of a health card could be a problem.

Reviews of National Policies for Education: Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris (France).

Recent reforms affecting every aspect of Spain's educational system are reviewed in this report. The first part presents the observations of three educators from other European countries ("The Examiners' Report"). Part 2 is a "Record of the Review Meeting" held in Paris in December of 1985 10 months after the examiners' visit…

Las empresas de Norte de Santander y su perspectiva acerca de la seguridad y salud en el trabajo

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Oscar Yesid Guerrero Jaimes

2017-11-01

Full Text Available Colombia viene afrontando un proceso, de transición del programa de salud ocupacional, al sistema de gestión de seguridad y salud en el trabajo (SG-SST, acompañado con nuevas legislaciones en esta materia. El objetivo de esta investigación fue medir el grado de conocimiento, que tienen las empresas legalmente constituidas  de Norte de Santander,  con respecto a este tema de la seguridad laboral, con la finalidad de tener un panorama claro que pueda determinar las posibles estrategias que faciliten esta transición;  Este nuevo SGSST obliga a los empleadores a realizar un reconocimiento permanente de las condiciones de trabajo que inciden en el bienestar, la seguridad y la salud de los trabajadores, permitiendo realizar las acciones de mejora. El no cumplimento de estas  traerá sanciones económicas y hasta puede ocasionar el cierre definitivo de las empresas.

First Results on the Concentration of 137Cs in Seaweed at the South of Spain

Science.gov (United States)

Manjon, G.; Garcia-Leon, M.

First results on 137Cs in seaweed samples collected along the coast of the South of Spain during 1988 and 1989 are presented in this work. 137Cs was determined by direct HPGe γ-spectrometry. Typical 137Cs levels between 0.6 and 3.1 mBq/g dry weight have been found in a wide variety of seaweed species (Fucus, Ulva, Halopteris, Codium, Corallina, etc.). Such results are in close agreement with activities obtained by another researchers at the coasts of Galicia (NW of Spain). They ranged from 0.7 to 1.7 mBq/g dry weight in Fucus species, and were attributed essentially to fallout. On the other hand, the comparison of our data with others shows that they are, respectively, 10 and 100 times lower than activities found at Sweden after the Chernobyl event, and in the vicinity of Sellafield nuclear fuel reprocessing plant…

Skepticism and pharmacophobia toward medication may negatively impact adherence to psychiatric medications: a comparison among outpatient samples recruited in Spain, Argentina, and Venezuela

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De las Cuevas C

2018-02-01

Full Text Available Carlos De las Cuevas,1 Mariano Motuca,2 Trino Baptista,3 Jose de Leon4–6 1Department of Internal Medicine, Dermatology and Psychiatry, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain; 2Instituto Vilapriño, Center for Studies, Assistance and Research in Neurosciences, Mendoza, Argentina; 3Departament of Physiology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela; 4Mental Health Research Center at Eastern State Hospital, Lexington, KY, USA; 5Psychiatry and Neurosciences Research Group (CTS-549, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; 6Biomedical Research Centre in Mental Health Net (CIBERSAM, Santiago Apostol Hospital, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain Background: Cultural differences in attitudes toward psychiatric medications influence medication adherence but transcultural studies are missing. The objective of this study was to investigate how attitudes and beliefs toward psychotropic medications influence treatment adherence in psychiatric outpatients in Spain, Argentina, and Venezuela.Methods: A cross-sectional, cross-cultural psychopharmacology study was designed to assess psychiatric outpatients’ attitudes toward their prescribed medication. Patients completed the Drug Attitude Inventory – 10 Item (DAI-10, the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire – Specific Scale (BMQ-Specific, the Sidorkiewicz adherence tool, and sociodemographic and clinical questionnaires. The study included 1,291 adult psychiatric outpatients using 2,308 psychotropic drugs from three Spanish-speaking countries, the Canary Islands (Spain (N=588 patients, Argentina (N=508, and Venezuela (N=195.Results: The univariate analyses showed different mean scores on the DAI-10 and the BMQ – Necessity and Concerns subscales but, on the other hand, the percentages of non-adherent and skeptical patients were relatively similar in three countries. Argentinian patients had a very low level of pharmacophobia

Energy Made in Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ruiz del Arbol, M.

2011-01-01

Spain is the first country in Europe and the second worldwide in installed thermoelectric solar power, the second place in Europe and fourth worldwide in wind energy. Moreover, Spain is the second country in photovoltaic energy so in Europe as in the World.

Distribution of Bartonella henselae Variants in Patients, Reservoir Hosts and Vectors in Spain

Science.gov (United States)

Gil, Horacio; Escudero, Raquel; Pons, Inmaculada; Rodríguez-Vargas, Manuela; García-Esteban, Coral; Rodríguez-Moreno, Isabel; García-Amil, Cristina; Lobo, Bruno; Valcárcel, Félix; Pérez, Azucena; Jiménez, Santos; Jado, Isabel; Juste, Ramón; Segura, Ferrán; Anda, Pedro

2013-01-01

We have studied the diversity of B. henselae circulating in patients, reservoir hosts and vectors in Spain. In total, we have fully characterized 53 clinical samples from 46 patients, as well as 78 B. henselae isolates obtained from 35 cats from La Rioja and Catalonia (northeastern Spain), four positive cat blood samples from which no isolates were obtained, and three positive fleas by Multiple Locus Sequence Typing and Multiple Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeats Analysis. This study represents the largest series of human cases characterized with these methods, with 10 different sequence types and 41 MLVA profiles. Two of the sequence types and 35 of the profiles were not described previously. Most of the B. henselae variants belonged to ST5. Also, we have identified a common profile (72) which is well distributed in Spain and was found to persist over time. Indeed, this profile seems to be the origin from which most of the variants identified in this study have been generated. In addition, ST5, ST6 and ST9 were found associated with felines, whereas ST1, ST5 and ST8 were the most frequent sequence types found infecting humans. Interestingly, some of the feline associated variants never found on patients were located in a separate clade, which could represent a group of strains less pathogenic for humans. PMID:23874563

Extracción y purificación del adn de moniliophthora roreri hongo que ataca el cacao, en norte de santander

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Liliana Yanet Suárez Contreras

2005-07-01

Full Text Available This research has as objetive to define the methodology of extraction and purification for Moniliophthora roreri and to apply it to 56 isolations of Moniliophthora roreri obtained from Cúcuta, Agua Clara, Sardinata, El Tarra, Tibú, Bucaracica, Teorama and Zulia in Norte de Santander (Colombia. The extraction of DNA was carried out by the protocol proposed by Miranda and Sandoval in 2000, with some proposed modifications by Rocha. To its purification was utilized Chloroform Phenol. Once, it was standarized by the protocol of extraction. It tested with other mushrooms:Metarhizium sp, Botritys cincrea, Fusarium culmorum, Phytophthora cinnamomi. This work intends to continue with the research in the area of Molecular Biology of Moniliophthora roreri and other phytopathogens of economic importance for the region, it promotes the research in micology.

Comportamiento de la participación electoral y su relación con las dinámicas de violencia política en Norte de Santander (1997-2011)

OpenAIRE

Edgard Sneider, Díaz Torrado

2016-01-01

La investigación analiza el comportamiento de la participación electoral (PE) y su relación con las dinámicas de violencia política en Norte de Santander durante 1997-2011, con el fin de demostrar que la región del Catatumbo ha tenido un comportamiento electoral diferente al resto del departamento dado que tiene una tendencia en porcentajes de participación bajos durante las elecciones locales que se dieron en 1997, 2000 y 2003, lo cual se debe a la presencia y disputa por...

[Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children in Spain].

Science.gov (United States)

Conde Barreiro, S; Rodríguez Rigual, M; Bueno Lozano, G; López Siguero, J P; González Pelegrín, B; Rodrigo Val, M P; Compés Dea, M L

2014-09-01

Epidemiological studies in many regions and countries have contributed to determining the epidemiology of type 1 diabetes (T1DM) in children less than 15 years old. Studies in many regions of Spain have been published, but the national incidence is not really known. A review was made of the publications on the epidemiology of T1DM in Spain, selecting the references on patients less than 15 years old. Many epidemiological studies on T1DM in almost all regions in Spain have been published. The methodology of these studies is heterogeneous, with variations in geographical definition, duration, period of study, limit of age, and data collection. The incidence rates are variable, from 11.5 cases per 100,000/year in Asturias to 27.6 in Castilla-La Mancha. Some studies report the percentage of diabetic ketoacidosis at the time of diagnosis, which is usually in the range of 25-40%. Although there have been various epidemiological studies on T1DM in almost all regions in Spain, the methodology is heterogeneous. The mean incidence of T1DM in children less than 15 years old in Spain, stimated from the selected studies is 17,69 cases per 100,000/year. T1DM registers need to be created and updated, using standardized methodology, to get more reliable data of the epidemiology of T1DM in Spain in the near future. Copyright © 2013 Asociación Española de Pediatría. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.

7 CFR 319.56-34 - Clementines from Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Clementines from Spain. 319.56-34 Section 319.56-34... Clementines from Spain. Clementines (Citrus reticulata) from Spain may only be imported into the United States... agreement. Clementines from Spain may be imported only if the Government of Spain or its designated...

Establecimiento de la agroindustria palmera en la región del Catatumbo, Norte de Santander (1999 -2010

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Niyireth Fernanda Gutiérrez Montenegro

2016-01-01

Full Text Available El artículo busca establecer la evolución del cultivo de la palma de aceite en la región del Catatumbo desde la década de los años noventa hasta el año 2010, analizando el modelo económico nacional, regional y departamental que impulsó este tipo de agroindustrias inmersas en políticas de desarrollo rural. A lo largo del análisis, se intenta demostrar que la evolución del cultivo de palma de aceite en la región, no solo respondió a políticas agrarias de fomento empresarial en el Catatumbo, Norte de Santander, sino a políticas internacionales de erradicación de cultivos de uso ilícito, y del desarrollo de economías extractivas insertadas en el mercado mundial de los agrocombustibles, en donde la economía campesina es desplazada por un nuevo orden de acumulación de capital, enmarcada en las agriculturas comerciales a gran escala.

Spain's marketing sector seeing more changes

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anon.

1992-01-01

This paper reports that Spain's petroleum marketing sector continues to restructure. Partly state owned Repsol SA and Royal Dutch/Shell Group are discussing supplying each other's retail outlets in the UK and Spain. And Portugal's state owned Petroleos de Portugal (Petrogal), seeking to sharply expand retail operations in Spain, complains of government interference with foreign investment in Spanish marketing. Meantime, Conoco Inc. Has agreed with Saras SpA Raffinerie Sarde, Milan, to set up a network of service stations in northern Spain and Portugal at a cost of 100 billion pesetas (%972 million). The two are considering building an oil terminal at the port city of Gijon in Asturias, Spain, and the Exxon Corp., Total, and Shell are interested in participating in the project

[Gender development inequalities epidemiology in Spain (1990-2000)].

Science.gov (United States)

Carrasco-Portiño, Mercedes; Ruiz-Cantero, María Teresa; Gil-González, Diana; Díaz, Carlos Alvarez-Dardet; Torrubiano-Domínguez, Jordi

2008-01-01

Gender is an important health determinant for public health policies. This study describes the changes in gender development inequalities in Spain and its autonomous regions from 1990 to 2000. An ecological study using the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Gender Development Index (GDI) was done. IDG both men and women was analysed according to indexes of education, income and life expectancy at birth. Although the GDI has had an increase of 5,05% in the 90 s, 51,5% of the population was located above the global GDI of Spain in 1990, moreover this number decreased to 46,3% in 2000. Gender inequalities have been reduced both at national and regional levels. The regions with the lowest increase were Asturias (3.37%), Cantabria (3.68%) and Baleares Islands (3.71%). The regions with the highest increase were Madrid (6,46%) and Extremadura (6,75%). All the autonomous regions showed a number of GDI lower than the value of HDI. Both sexes achieved similar increase in life expectancy (Men: 5% and Women: 4%). An unequal variation was detected according to the autonomous region (Basque Country; Men: 7% and Women: 3%; Madrid; Men:8% and Women:5%). Women have improved their educational level in comparison to men (Men: 3% and Women: 6%). In the 90 s, men obtained more income than women, but women improved their situation three times more than men. Inequalities in Human Development analysed by gender have been reduced in the 90 s in Spain. However, the improvement of education, income and life expectancy occurred only in some autonomous regions. This situation shows the differences among Spanish autonomous regions.

Levels of particulate matter in rural, urban and industrial sites in Spain

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Querol, X.; Alastuey, A.; Rodriguez, S.; Viana, M.M. [Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra del CSIC, C/Luis Sole y Sabaris s/n, 08028 Barcelona (Spain); Artinano, B.; Salvador, P. [Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Mediambientales y Tecnologicas, CIEMAT Avda. Complutense 22, 28040 Madrid (Spain); Mantilla, E. [Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterraneo, CEAM. Parque tecnologico, C-4, sector oeste, 46980 Paterna, Valencia (Spain); Santos, S. Garcia do; Patier, R. Fernandez [Area de Contaminacion Atmosferica, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, km n. 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid (Spain); De La Rosa, J.; De la Campa, A. Sanchez [Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Huelva, Campus Universitario de la Rabida, La Rabida, 21819 Huelva (Spain); Menendez, M.; Gil, J.J. [Departamento Mineralogia y Petrologia. Universidad del Pais Vasco, Aptdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao (Spain)

2004-12-01

This paper summarises the results of a series of studies on the interpretation of time series of levels of total suspended particles (TSP) and particulate matter (PM, <10 {mu}m) in six regions of Spain in the period 1996-2000. In addition to the local pollution events, high PM10 episodes are recorded during African dust outbreaks, regional atmospheric recirculation events (mainly in spring to autumn), and to a lesser extent, under the influence of European and Mediterranean long range transported air masses. The lowest PM10 levels are usually recorded under Atlantic air mass advective conditions. All these regional and large-scale processes account for the relatively high PM10 levels recorded in regional background stations in Spain. Thus, the PM10 levels recorded at EMEP (Cooperative Program for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe) regional background stations between March 2001 and March 2002 are very close to the annual limit value proposed for 2010 by the EU Air Quality Directive 1999/30/CE. Chemical data obtained for the different monitoring stations during 2001 show a high mineral load in PM10 for most of the study sites in Spain. Furthermore, a high marine aerosol load is evidenced in the Canary Islands. These mineral and marine loads are lower when considering PM2.5, but a relatively high proportion (8-21%) of mineral dust is still present.

Transformations of Tenancy and Land Use in Rural Areas of Colombia Affected by the Armed Conflict. The Tibú´s case, North of Santander (2000-2010

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Sonia Uribe Kaffure

2014-01-01

Full Text Available This article describes the changes in land tenure and land use in Tibú (Norte de Santander between 2000 and 2010. It shows that those changes were highly concentrating, massive, and successively developed in two ways: a coercive one, operated by paramilitaries, and another one, operated by entrepreneurs and other land commissioners through an abnormal and unregulated market. I argue that both ways are explicatives of land grab, conduce to accumulation forms via dispossession, and that neither can be understood without accounting for a set of public policies and institutional designs promoted by the state.

Forum on stakeholder confidence: Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Vari, A.; Pescatore, C.

2006-01-01

The FSC workshop in Spain provided an important opportunity to carry out an in-depth examination of decision-making processes undertaken in an NEA member country, and to reflect on the evolution that has taken place over time. It offered a well-rounded perspective on the inclusion of stakeholders in decision making, and the atmosphere of the meetings was conducive to an honest and open exchange of ideas. The workshop started with the introduction of two case studies: the earlier attempt in Spain to locate a potential site for a high-level waste (HLW) disposal facility, and the dismantling of the Vandellos-I nuclear power plant. This was followed by two days of presentations and round-table discussions based on the recent COWAM Spain initiative (stemming from the EU-wide project on Community Waste Management), which aims at developing recommendations for institutional arrangements and decision-making processes concerning the siting of waste management facilities in Spain. This article provides a brief summary of the case studies and the COWAM Spain initiative, followed by some of the lessons learnt from an international perspective. (authors)

National funding for mental health research in Finland, France, Spain and the United Kingdom.

Science.gov (United States)

Hazo, Jean-Baptiste; Gandré, Coralie; Leboyer, Marion; Obradors-Tarragó, Carla; Belli, Stefano; McDaid, David; Park, A-La; Maliandi, Maria Victoria; Wahlbeck, Kristian; Wykes, Til; van Os, Jim; Haro, Josep Maria; Chevreul, Karine

2017-09-01

As part of the Roamer project, we aimed at revealing the share of health research budgets dedicated to mental health, as well as on the amounts allocated to such research for four European countries. Finland, France, Spain and the United Kingdom national public and non-profit funding allocated to mental health research in 2011 were investigated using, when possible, bottom-up approaches. Specifics of the data collection varied from country to country. The total amount of public and private not for profit mental health research funding for Finland, France, Spain and the UK was €10·2, €84·8, €16·8, and €127·6 million, respectively. Charities accounted for a quarter of the funding in the UK and less than six per cent elsewhere. The share of health research dedicated to mental health ranged from 4·0% in the UK to 9·7% in Finland. When compared to the DALY attributable to mental disorders, Spain, France, Finland, and the UK invested respectively €12·5, €31·2, €39·5, and €48·7 per DALY. Among these European countries, there is an important gap between the level of mental health research funding and the economic and epidemiologic burden of mental disorders. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. and ECNP. All rights reserved.

The p.T191M mutation of the CBS gene is highly prevalent among homocystinuric patients from Spain, Portugal and South America.

Science.gov (United States)

Urreizti, Roser; Asteggiano, Carla; Bermudez, Marta; Córdoba, Alfonso; Szlago, Marina; Szlago, Mariana; Grosso, Carola; de Kremer, Raquel Dodelson; Vilarinho, Laura; D'Almeida, Vania; Martínez-Pardo, Mercedes; Peña-Quintana, Luís; Dalmau, Jaime; Bernal, Jaime; Briceño, Ignacio; Couce, María Luz; Rodés, Marga; Vilaseca, Maria Antonia; Balcells, Susana; Grinberg, Daniel

2006-01-01

Classical homocystinuria is due to cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) deficiency. More than 130 mutations, which differ in prevalence and severity, have been described at the CBS gene. Mutation p.I278T is very prevalent, has been found in all European countries where it has been looked for with the exception of the Iberian peninsula, and is known to respond to vitamin B6. On the other hand, mutation p.T191M is prevalent in Spain and Portugal and does not respond to B6. We analysed 30 pedigrees from Spain, Portugal, Colombia and Argentina, segregating for homocystinuria. The p.T191M mutation was detected in patients from all four countries and was particularly prevalent in Colombia. The number of p.T191M alleles described in this study, together with those previously published, is 71. The prevalence of p.T191M among CBS mutant alleles in the different countries was: 0.75 in Colombia, 0.52 in Spain, 0.33 in Portugal, 0.25 in Venezuela, 0.20 in Argentina and 0.14 in Brazil. Haplotype analyses suggested a double origin for this mutation. No genotype-phenotype correlation other than the B6-nonresponsiveness could be established for the p.T191M mutation. Additionally, three new mutations, p.M173V, p.I429del and c.69_70+8del10, were found. The p.M173V was associated with a mild, B6-responsive, phenotype.

PREVALENCIA DE MASTITIS SUBCLÍNICA, MICROORGANISMOS ASOCIADOS Y FACTORES DE RIESGO IDENTIFICADOS EN HATOS DE LA PROVINCIA DE PAMPLONA, NORTE DE SANTANDER

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J. A. Mendoza

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Se determinó la prevalencia de mastitis, los microorganismos asociados y los factores de riesgo relacionados en explotaciones lecheras de municipios pertenecientes a la provincia de Pamplona (Norte de Santander, Colombia. Se realizó la prueba de California Mastitis Test (CMT a 1.208 cuartos provenientes de 302 animales ubicados en 108 predios. De los cuartos positivos (de trazas a 3+, se obtuvo una muestra de leche y se realizó aislamiento microbiológico. Mediante un cuestionario se analizaron 64 variables relacionadas con las condiciones y sistema de ordeño en los predios y su correlación con la presencia de la enfermedad utilizando tablas de contingencia y la prueba chi cuadrado ( χ 2. Se determinó una prevalencia individual de 54,6% (165/302 (95% CI 48,8-60,3 animales positivos al CMT. En 67,6% (73/108 (95% CI 58,3-75,7 de los predios se presentó al menos un animal positivo, mientras que un total de 21,6% (260/1.208 (95% CI 19,3-23,9 de los cuartos presentaron reactividad al CMT. De las muestras en las cuales se pudo realizar aislamiento y caracterización microbiológica, en 74,4% se aisló Staphylococcus aureus , 12,3% Streptococcus agalactiae y 13,3% coliformes. Un total de 17 características se asociaron a la presencia de mastitis, mientras la totalidad de estos factores se relacionaron con la ausencia de buenas prácticas de ordeño. La presencia, principalmente de microorganismos asociados a mastitis contagiosas, evidencian la necesidad de capacitación y asesoramiento para implementar buenas prácticas de ordeño y mejorar la competitividad del sector en la región, lo que redundará en un aumento en la producción.

[What is an efficient health technology in Spain?].

Science.gov (United States)

Sacristán, J A; Oliva, J; Del Llano, J; Prieto, L; Pinto, J L

2002-01-01

Despite the growing recognition of the potential applications of cost-effectiveness assessments, a criterion to establish what is an efficient health technology does not exist in Spain. The objective of this work is to describe the limits and the criteria used in Spain to recommend the adoption of health interventions. A review of the economic evaluations of health technologies published in Spain from 1990 to 2001 was conducted. Complete economic assessments in which the cost-effectiveness ratio was expressed as cost per life-year gained (LYG), cost per quality-adjusted-life-year (QALY) or cost per saved live were selected. Those interventions in which the authors established recommendations (adoption or rejection) and the criteria used were analyzed. Twenty (20%) of the 100 complete economic evaluations fulfilled the selection criteria. In16 studies, the results were expressed as cost per LYG, in 6 studies as cost per QALY and in 1 as cost per saved live. A total of 82 health interventions were assessed and some kind of recommendation was established in 44 of them. All technologies with a cost-effectiveness ratio lower than 30,000 euros (5 million pesetas) per LYG were recommended for adoption by the authors. Up to that limit there was no a clear tendency. Although the results must be interpreted with much precaution, given the limitations of the study, the limits of cost-effectiveness presented in this work could be a first reference to which would be an efficient health intervention in Spain.

http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v10i4.6

African Journals Online (AJOL)

AJTCAM

http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v10i4.6. 36. CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC ACTIVITIES OF CARTHAMI FLOS AND ITS REVERSAL EFFECT ON. MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE IN CANCER CELLS. Jimmy Yiu-Cheong Wu*a, Zhi-Ling Yub, Wang-Fun Fongb, Yi-Qian Shia. aZhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, ...

Conocimientos y prácticas sobre la prevención y el control de la influenza AH1N1 en una comunidad de Floridablanca, Santander

OpenAIRE

María Paula Sarmiento; Oliverio Suárez; Jesús Antonio Sanabria; Cristhian Eduardo Pérez; Laura del Pilar Cadena; María Eugenia Niño

2011-01-01

Introducción. La influenza AH1N1 generó una pandemia durante el año 2009, para la cual los gobiernos de todo el mundo desarrollaron medidas de mitigación y control de la propagación. En el departamento de Santander se pusieron en práctica planes de prevención orientados a la comunidad. Objetivo. Evaluar los conocimientos y prácticas de la población sobre la prevención y control de la pandemia de influenza AH1N1. Materiales y métodos. Se trató de un estudio transversal con muestreo no pr...

Frequency and characteristics of familial melanoma in Spain: the FAM-GEM-1 Study.

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Iván Márquez-Rodas

Full Text Available Familial history of melanoma is a well-known risk factor for the disease, and 7% melanoma patients were reported to have a family history of melanoma. Data relating to the frequency and clinical and pathological characteristics of both familial and non-familial melanoma in Spain have been published, but these only include patients from specific areas of Spain and do not represent the data for the whole of Spain.An observational study conducted by the Spanish Group of Melanoma (GEM analyzed the family history of patients diagnosed with melanoma between 2011 and 2013 in the dermatology and oncology departments.In all, 1047 patients were analyzed, and 69 (6.6% fulfilled criteria for classical familial melanoma (two or more first-degree relatives diagnosed with melanoma. Taking into account other risk factors for familial melanoma, such as multiple melanoma, pancreatic cancer in the family or second-degree relatives with melanoma, the number of patients fulfilling the criteria increased to 165 (15.8%. Using a univariate analysis, we determined that a Breslow index of less than 1 mm, negative mitosis, multiple melanoma, and a history of sunburns in childhood were more frequent in familial melanoma patients, but a multivariate analysis revealed no differences in any pathological or clinical factor between the two groups.Similar to that observed in other countries, familial melanoma accounts for 6.6% of melanoma diagnoses in Spain. Although no differences in the multivariate analysis were found, some better prognosis factors, such as Breslow index, seem more frequent in familial melanoma, which reflect a better early detection marker and/or a different biological behavior.

Demand for radiotherapy in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Rodríguez, A; Borrás, J M; López-Torrecilla, J; Algara, M; Palacios-Eito, A; Gómez-Caamaño, A; Olay, L; Lara, P C

2017-02-01

Assessing the demand for radiotherapy in Spain based on existing evidence to estimate the human resources and equipment needed so that every person in Spain has access to high-quality radiotherapy when they need it. We used data from the European Cancer Observatory on the estimated incidence of cancer in Spain in 2012, along with the evidence-based indications for radiotherapy developed by the Australian CCORE project, to obtain an optimal radiotherapy utilisation proportion (OUP) for each tumour. About 50.5 % of new cancers in Spain require radiotherapy at least once over the course of the disease. Additional demand for these services comes from reradiation therapy and non-melanoma skin cancer. Approximately, 25-30 % of cancer patients with an indication for radiotherapy do not receive it due to factors that include access, patient preference, familiarity with the treatment among physicians, and especially resource shortages, all of which contribute to its underutilisation. Radiotherapy is underused in Spain. The increasing incidence of cancer expected over the next decade and the greater frequency of reradiations necessitate the incorporation of radiotherapy demand into need-based calculations for cancer services planning.

Investigating the reasons for Spain's falling birth rate.

Science.gov (United States)

Bosch, X

1998-09-12

On August 25, 1998, the Spanish National Institute of Statistics announced that Spain, which has had the most accelerated decrease in fecundity of all European countries during the last 25 years, had the lowest birth rate in Europe. Spain's average birth rate was 2.86 in 1970, 2.21 in 1980, and 1.21 in 1994. According to Eurostat, Spain's average birth rate in 1995 was 1.18, while the European Community's was 1.43. Although all the countries of the European Community have birth rates below 2.1, Spain's is 44% below this minimum rate needed to achieve generation replacement. In 1994 and 1997, in 5 northern communities, including the Basque country and Galicia, the birth rate was less than 1.0. The lowest birth rate (0.76 in 1997) was in the northern region of Asturias. Although southern autonomous regions have higher birth rates (between 1.21 and 1.44 for 1997) than northern ones, these are also decreasing (from 3.36 in 1970 to 1.29 in 1997 in Andalusia). Credit for the rapid decrease is given to improved quality of life and education, increased contraceptive usage, and social change. Employment of women has increased, and unemployed sons are remaining at home for longer periods. The most important reasons are 1) the increased number of single people and 2) the increased average age of women having their first child. The latter increase began in 1988. Most Spanish women now have their first child between the ages of 30 and 39 years. The average age was 28 years in 1975; in 1995, it was 30 years. Women from the northern autonomous regions have the highest average age at first birth (Basque women, 31.2 years in 1995). The pattern of fecundity in Spain is different from other countries in Europe. In Spain, the decrease started in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Until the 1980s, Spain had one of the highest birth rates in Europe. This was followed by a decrease in the 1990s. However, in 1997, there were 3000 more births than in 1996. The National Institute of Demography

Evaluación de un modelo de atención primaria en salud en Santander, Colombia

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Laura A. Rodríguez-Villamizar

2016-02-01

Full Text Available Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la experiencia de implementación de un modelo de Atención Primaria en Salud (mapis en zonas predominantemente rurales en Santander, Colombia. Metodología: se utilizó el modelo re-aim por medio de sus cinco dimensiones: Cobertura, Efectividad, Adopción, Implementación y Mantenimiento. En el proceso se usaron métodos mixtos que incluyeron estudios de caso y evaluación cuantitativa del desempeño y resultados en salud en seis municipios. Resultados: Se encontró una cobertura y desarrollo heterogéneo de la implementación del mapis a nivel municipal. La calificación de los atributos del mapis y la percepción del estado individual de salud fue más favorable en los municipios con mayor desarrollo del mapis. Sin embargo, no se evidenciaron cambios en los indicadores básicos de salud atribuidos al mapis. Se identificaron debilidades en la continuidad operativa del modelo y en la articulación con otras estrategias intersectoriales. Conclusiones: Aunque se evidenciaron algunos resultados intermedios positivos en los municipios de mayor desarrollo del mapis, en general el impacto del nivel de desarrollo del mapis en términos de mejoramiento de los indicadores básicos de salud no se evidencia aún en esta primera evaluación y diversos factores organizacionales de carácter departamental y municipal, así como la misma estructura del sistema de salud colombiano, ponen en riesgo su continuidad. Abstract Objective: To evaluate the experience of implementing a Primary Health Care Model (PHCM in predominantly rural areas of the department of Santander, Colombia. Methodology: The five dimensions of the RE-AIM model were used: coverage, effectiveness, adoption, implementation and maintenance. Mixed methods were used including case studies and quantitative evaluation of the model's performance and health outcomes in six municipalities. Results: The coverage, development and implementation of the PHCM were found to be

Epidemiology of Usher syndrome in Valencia and Spain.

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Espinós, C; Millán, J M; Beneyto, M; Nájera, C

1998-01-01

To obtain epidemiological data on the prevalence of the different types of Usher syndrome (US) in Spain, since these data were missing; to estimate the proportion of sporadic cases among simplex families, and calculate the prevalence of the Usher syndrome in a homogeneous population from Eastern Spain (3,875,234 inhabitants) that is representative of the Spanish population. Otological, ophthalmological and genetic studies were performed in 89 US patients from 46 families and subjected to statistical and segregation analysis. 41.6% of them suffered US type I, 46.1% type II, and in 12.3% the classification remains unclear. The estimated prevalence for the Province of Valencia was 4.2/100,000. There was a notable excess of male-only affected multiplex sibships in our sample that could be attributable to an X-linked inheritance. The number of families with USI type was similar to that of families with USII type. The estimated prevalence for the Province of Valencia is in agreement with other reports in which the estimate for the prevalence of US ranges from 1.8 to 6.2/100,000.

Notas sobre la organización y ubicación del arte paleolítico en las cuevas del monte del Castillo (Puente Viesgo. Santander

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Reynaldo GONZÁLEZ GARCÍA

2009-10-01

Full Text Available El presente artículo es un pequeño resumen de una parte de las conclusiones de los trabajos realizados en el transcurso del verano de 1985 en el Monte del Castillo. El propósito de los mismos se orientó en una total y exhaustiva revisión de la gran mayoría de figuras paleolíticas, tanto pintadas, grabadas, y en algún caso esculpidas, de las cuatro cuevas que forman este prestigioso y conocido conjunto troglodítico: La cueva de las Monedas, la cueva de la Pasiega, la cueva de las Chimeneas y la cueva del Castillo, en Puente Viesgo, Santander.

Rickettsioses in Latin America, Caribbean, Spain and Portugal

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Marcelo B. Labruna

2011-05-01

Full Text Available Data on genus and infectious by Rickettsia were retrospectively compiled from the critical review literature regarding all countries in Latin America, Caribbean islands, Portugal and Spain. We considered all Rickettsia records reported for human and/or animal hosts, and/or invertebrate hosts considered being the vector. In a few cases, when no direct detection of a given Rickettsia group or species was available for a given country, the serologic method was considered. A total of 13 Rickettsia species have been recorded in Latin America and the Caribbean. The species with the largest number of country confirmed records were Rickettsia felis (9 countries, R. prowazekii (7 countries, R. typhi (6 countries, R. rickettsii (6 countries, R. amblyommii (5 countries, and R. parkeri (4 countries. The rickettsial records for the Caribbean islands (West Indies were grouped in only one geographical area. Both R. bellii, R. akari, and Candidatus ‘R. andeane’ have been recorded in only 2 countries each, whereas R. massiliae, R. rhipicephali, R.monteiroi, and R. africae have each been recorded in a single country (in this case, R. africae has been recorded in nine Caribbean Islands. For El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua, no specific Rickettsia has been reported so far, but there have been serological evidence of human or/and animal infection. The following countries remain without any rickettsial records: Belize, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, and Paraguay. In addition, except for a few islands, many Caribbean islands remain without records. A total of 12 Rickettsia species have been reported in Spain and Portugal: R. conorii, R. helvetica, R. monacensis, R. felis, R. slovaca, R. raoultii, R. sibirica, R. aeschlimannii, R. rioja, R. massiliae, R. typhi, and R. prowazekii. Amongst these Rickettsia species reported in Spain and Portugal, only R. prowazekii, R. typhi, R. felis, and R. massiliae have also been reported in Latin America. This study summarizes

Muusikamaailm : Rahvusvahelised festivalid augustis / Priit Kuusk

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Kuusk, Priit, 1938-

1999-01-01

Rahvusvahelistest festivalidest augustis : Glimmerglass, USA (1.07-23.08), Rheinsberg (3.07-15.08), Innsbrucki festival (6.07-29.08), Peraladas (Kataloonia lossifestival 10.07-21.08), Schleswig-Holstein (11.07-29.08), Bregenz (20.07-23.08), Batignano (22.07-15.08), Davos (23.07-14.08), Salzburg (24.07-30.08), Prades (26.07-13.08), Santander (1.-31.08), Stavanger (6.-15.08), Pesaro (7.-22.08)

El programa MALTED: una propuesta didáctica para enseñar español a inmigrantes en la escuela primaria

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Gómez Bragado, Paula

2013-05-01

Full Text Available Resumen: En este artículo se pretende dar un ejemplo práctico de cómo crear materiales multimedia (con el programa MALTED, del Ministerio de Educación español para la enseñanza del español como segunda lengua en Educación Primaria. La continua llegada de inmigrantes a España, en la mayor parte de los casos de países en vías de desarrollo con hijos en edad escolar reclama la adopción de nuevas perspectivas a la hora de enseñar la lengua en el sistema educativo español. Debe enseñarse a los alumnos el manejo de las nuevas tecnologías, a la vez que se sigue un enfoque comunicativo al enseñar la lengua. Este proyecto fue desarrollado durante el curso 2010-2011en la Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, España. Abstract: This paper gives an example of how to create multimedia materials to teach Spanish as a Second Language in primary schools (using MALTED, software by the Spanish Ministry of Education. The continuous arrival of immigrants to Spain, mostly from undeveloped countries, demands new perspectives on teaching the language. It is necessary to teach these students how to use new technologies, and, at the same time teaching the language with a communicative approach. This project was developed during the course 2010-2011 at the University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.

Los SIG como herramienta para la “geoprevención”: análisis de los patrones espaciales de los delitos contra el patrimonio en el municipio de Santander (2008-2013)

OpenAIRE

Montero Arabia, Laura

2014-01-01

Resumen: La prevención del delito ha tomado mayor importancia en las últimas décadas. Se busca anticiparse al delincuente y no esperar a que el hecho delictivo se produzca. Este trabajo es un ensayo metodológico aplicado de cómo las herramientas SIG pueden ayudar a la geoprevención de una tipología delictiva concreta en un ámbito de estudio determinado, en este caso el municipio de Santander. Abstract: The prevention of crime has become more relevant in recent decades, It is looked for the...

7 CFR 319.56-31 - Peppers from Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Peppers from Spain. 319.56-31 Section 319.56-31... from Spain. Peppers (fruit) (Capsicum spp.) may be imported into the United States from Spain only... subpart: (a) The peppers must be grown in the Alicante or Almeria Province of Spain in pest-proof...

Influenza A Virus Surveillance in the Invasive American Mink (Neovison vison) from Freshwater Ecosystems, Northern Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Gholipour, H; Busquets, N; Fernández-Aguilar, X; Sánchez, A; Ribas, M P; De Pedro, G; Lizarraga, P; Alarcia-Alejos, O; Temiño, C; Cabezón, O

2017-08-01

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are negative-sense, single-stranded and segmented RNA viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae family that may cause acute respiratory disease in a wide range of birds and mammals. Susceptibility of several species within the family Mustelidae to IAVs has been reported as a result of natural or experimental infections. The objectives of this study were to assess whether free-ranging American mink populations from Northern Spain were infected with IAV and try to define the role of this species in the epidemiology of IAV. Sera from 689 American mink from Northern Spain captured between 2011 and 2014 were tested for the presence of antibodies against IAVs using a commercial competition cELISA. Positive sera were further analysed with haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. Fifteen of the 689 (2.2%, 1.3-3.6 CI 95% ) of the American minks analysed were ELISA positive. No significant differences were observed between years of capture, provinces, river basins, sexes or ages of the animals. All seropositive sera resulted negative to the panel strains used in the HI assay, showing that the most relevant strains circulating in swine, the most relevant avian subtypes (H5 and H7) and the H10N4 subtype isolated in minks have not been circulating in this free-ranging exotic carnivore from Spain. In the light of these results, the free-range American mink from Northern Spain do not seem to have an important role in the epidemiology of IAVs. © 2016 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

Oil sector in Spain: Final adaptation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Marin-Quemada, J.M.

1992-01-01

This paper analyzes organizational and marketing changes occurring in Spain's oil industry as a result of its conversion from a state run monopoly system to a free market system. The analysis uses statistical data to indicate national oil production, import and consumption trends and compares these with overall trends in the European Communities. An explanation of the way in which oil is marketed in Spain makes reference to data on Spain's refining capacity and pipeline network, deemed to be amongst the most complete and modern in Europe. Comments are also made on the efficacy of Spain's national energy policies which stress energy source diversification to lessen this country's heavy dependence on foreign supplied oil

22 CFR 19.10-6 - Benefits for recall service.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... the basis of total service during the recall period and months of marriage during such period. If the... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Benefits for recall service. 19.10-6 Section 19... PARTICIPANTS IN THE FOREIGN SERVICE RETIREMENT AND DISABILITY SYSTEM § 19.10-6 Benefits for recall service. (a...

A Survey and Analysis of Frameworks and Framework Issues for Information Fusion Applications

Science.gov (United States)

Llinas, James

This paper was stimulated by the proposed project for the Santander Bank-sponsored "Chairs of Excellence" program in Spain, of which the author is a recipient. That project involves research on characterizing a robust, problem-domain-agnostic framework in which Information Fusion (IF) processes of all description, to include artificial intelligence processes and techniques could be developed. The paper describes the IF process and its requirements, a literature survey on IF frameworks, and a new proposed framework that will be implemented and evaluated at Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Colmenarejo Campus.

Modelos estimados de análisis de supervivencia para el tiempo de permanencia de los estudiantes de la Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander

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Mawency Vergel Ortega

2016-07-01

Full Text Available The article shows factors associated with college desertion. The survival analysis technique allowed to perform a study with students from different programs at the Francisco de Paula Santander University, considering the events: semester, abandonment, punishment, punishment - abandonment. Using the Kaplan-Meier estimator [1], the survival function for each event of interest was estimated and desertion models whose variables were significant at 10% using the semi-parametric method of Cox [2] were determined. The verification test of proportional hazards, residual figures of Schoenfeld [3] and influence were used as statistics tools to explain the survival of the students. Results of the survival functions have revealed that the management of pre-concepts in science (precalculus, chemistry, physics is a factor that increases the risk, students wishing to study other programs, as well as those who have received any punishment have greater tendency to abandonment. Lower scores on tests and no pre-concepts management, as well as loss of employment of parents and psychoactive substance use are at greater risk of abandonment. Graduate students show high risk of desertion due to socioeconomic factors or non-completion of thesis; four determinants were identified as risk ratios through the Cox regression model [2], individual factors, socioeconomic factors, academic factors and institutional factors and a factor determined from perceptions associated with aptitude and attitude of the teacher.

Factores de territorialización para la gestión del desastre del casco urbano de Gramalote, Norte de Santander 2010 - 2013

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Lorena Rivera Chaves

2015-03-01

Full Text Available A partir de la definición de territorio como constructo social, este artículo expone los seis factores de territorialización identificados durante los primeros 30 meses del reasentamiento postevento desastroso del casco urbano de Gramalote, Norte de Santander. Para ello, fueron empleadas herramientas metodológicas de tipo etnográfico, que permitieron reconocer los factores en el discurso de los involucrados, esto es, en la percepción, la representación y la toma de decisiones sobre el espacio original, los espacios transitorios y el futuro asentamiento. Esta identificación de factores de territorialización pone de relieve la necesidad de dar un enfoque espacial, que explore los aspectos cualitativos que contribuyan a mejorar la gestión de procesos de reasentamiento.

Nuclear material control in Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Velilla, A.

1988-01-01

A general view about the safeguards activities in Spain is presented. The national system of accounting for and control of nuclear materials is described. The safeguards agreements signed by Spain are presented and the facilities and nuclear materials under these agreements are listed. (E.G.) [pt

Immigration, work and health in Spain: the influence of legal status and employment contract on reported health indicators.

Science.gov (United States)

Sousa, Emily; Agudelo-Suárez, Andrés; Benavides, Fernando G; Schenker, Marc; García, Ana M; Benach, Joan; Delclos, Carlos; López-Jacob, María José; Ruiz-Frutos, Carlos; Ronda-Pérez, Elena; Porthé, Victoria

2010-10-01

To analyze the relationship of legal status and employment conditions with health indicators in foreign-born and Spanish-born workers in Spain. Cross-sectional study of 1,849 foreign-born and 509 Spanish-born workers (2008-2009, ITSAL Project). Considered employment conditions: permanent, temporary and no contract (foreign-born and Spanish-born); considered legal statuses: documented and undocumented (foreign-born). Joint relationships with self-rated health (SRH) and mental health (MH) were analyzed via logistical regression. When compared with male permanently contracted Spanish-born workers, worse health is seen in undocumented foreign-born, time in Spain ≤3 years (SRH aOR 2.68, 95% CI 1.09-6.56; MH aOR 2.26, 95% CI 1.15-4.42); in Spanish-born, temporary contracts (SRH aOR 2.40, 95% CI 1.04-5.53); and in foreign-born, temporary contracts, time in Spain >3 years (MH: aOR 1.96, 95% CI 1.13-3.38). In females, highest self-rated health risks are in foreign-born, temporary contracts (aOR 2.36, 95% CI 1.13-4.91) and without contracts, time in Spain >3 years (aOR 4.63, 95% CI 1.95-10.97). Contract type is a health determinant in both foreign-born and Spanish-born workers. This study offers an uncommon exploration of undocumented migration and raises methodological issues to consider in future research.

Efecto de las cepas nativas Paecilomyces sp. (Bainier y Lecanicillium sp. (Zimm en el control de Carmenta foraseminis Eichlin (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae en cultivos de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.

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Wilmer Figueroa Medina

2013-07-01

Full Text Available El pasador del fruto, Carmenta foraseminis Eichlin, es un insecto que ha acentuado su ataque en cultivos de cacao (Theobroma cacao L. en los últimos años en Norte de Santander (Colombia. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la patogenicidad de las cepas nativas Giav-3 Paecilomyces sp. y Giav-4 Lecanicillium sp. sobre larvas de C. foraseminis. Para el efecto, se realizaron aislamientos a partir de muestras de suelo recolectadas en el municipio de Tibú, Norte de Santander. Después de obtenidos los cultivos puros se procedió a la caracterización macroscópica y microscópica para la identificación del género de los aislados mediante claves taxonómicas. La infección fue realizada mediante inmersión de larvas en las suspensiones de los aislados en concentraciones de 0, 10(6, 10(7 y 10(8 conidios/ml. En ambos aislados se observó una tendencia lineal respecto a la mortalidad, la cual fue directamente proporcional a las concentraciones del inóculo. La CL50 y CL90 para Giav-3 fue de 10(6.95 y 10(8.70 conidios/ml y para Giav-4 de 10(6.6 y 10(8.04 conidios/ml, respectivamente. Lo cual indica que esta última requirió la menor concentración de inóculo para eliminar el 50% y 90% de la población tratada, lo que supone una mayor efectividad contra las larvas.

Factores que inciden en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje del concepto de integral definida en estudiantes de ingeniería de la Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander

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Sonia Maritza Mendoza-Lizcano

2015-01-01

Full Text Available In the mathematical teaching process, the individual develops skills and competencies, which are not exempt from the impact of variables or actors that constitute it; in which emerge from difficulties and occurrence of bias that reflect problems of repetition and dropout rates. This research is an approach for understanding the process of teaching and learning of general maths, specifically in the concept of Integral defined and their semiotic representation levels. Characterizing factors affecting the process of teaching and learning to students of second semester of engineering of the Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander (UFPS.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGULATIONS ON GENDER BASED VIOLENCE IN ROMANIA AND SPAIN

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LAVINIA MIHAELA VLADILA

2012-05-01

Full Text Available In this article, I will present the evolution of the regulation of gender based violence in Romania and Spain. This new theme is one of actuality, due to the situations that frequently happen in our social life. Both Romania and Spain have a high level of gender based violence, even if nowadays in our country are few statistics on this matter. But also, both countries now enjoy good legislations, which have been developed in the last 10 years.

National registry of hemoglobinopathies in Spain (REPHem).

Science.gov (United States)

Cela, Elena; Bellón, José M; de la Cruz, María; Beléndez, Cristina; Berrueco, Rubén; Ruiz, Anna; Elorza, Izaskun; Díaz de Heredia, Cristina; Cervera, Aurea; Vallés, Griselda; Salinas, J Antonio; Coll, M Teresa; Bermúdez, Mar; Prudencio, Marta; Argilés, Bienvenida; Vecilla, Cruz

2017-07-01

Although highly prevalent throughout the world, the accurate prevalence of hemoglobinopathies in Spain is unknown. This study presents data on the national registry of hemoglobinopathies of patients with thalassemia major (TM), thalassemia intermedia (TI), and sickle cell disease (SCD) in Spain created in 2014. Fifty centers reported cases retrospectively. Data were registered from neonatal screening or from the first contact at diagnosis until last follow-up or death. Data of the 715 eligible patients were collected: 615 SCD (497 SS, 64 SC, 54 SBeta phenotypes), 73 thalassemia, 9 CC phenotype, and 18 other variants. Most of the SCD patients were born in Spain (65%), and 51% of these were diagnosed at newborn screening. Median age at the first diagnosis was 0.4 years for thalassemia and 1.0 years for SCD. The estimated incidence was 0.002 thalassemia cases and 0.03 SCD cases/1,000 live births. Median age was 8.9 years (0.2-33.7) for thalassemia and 8.1 years (0.2-32.8) for SCD patients. Stroke was registered in 16 SCD cases. Transplantation was performed in 43 TM and 23 SCD patients at a median age of 5.2 and 7.8 years, respectively. Twenty-one patients died (3 TM, 17 SCD, 1 CC) and 200 were lost to follow-up. Causes of death were related to transplantation in three patients with TM and three patients with SCD. Death did not seem to be associated with SCD in six patients, but nine patients died secondary to disease complications. Overall survival was 95% at 15 years of age. The registry provides data about the prevalence of hemoglobinopathies in Spain and will permit future cohort studies and the possibility of comparison with other registries. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Pediatric allergy and immunology in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Nieto, Antonio; Mazon, Angel; Martin-Mateos, Maria Anunciacion; Plaza, Ana-Maria; Garde, Jesus; Alonso, Elena; Martorell, Antonio; Boquete, Manuel; Lorente, Felix; Ibero, Marcel; Bone, Javier; Pamies, Rafael; Garcia, Juan Miguel; Echeverria, Luis; Nevot, Santiago; Martinez-Cañavate, Ana; Fernandez-Benitez, Margarita; Garcia-Marcos, Luis

2011-11-01

The data of the ISAAC project in Spain show a prevalence of childhood asthma ranging from 7.1% to 15.3%, with regional differences; a higher prevalence, 22.6% to 35.8%, is described for rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis is found in 4.1% to 7.6% of children. The prevalence of food allergy is 3%. All children in Spain have the right to be visited in the National Health System. The medical care at the primary level is provided by pediatricians, who have obtained their titles through a 4-yr medical residency training program. The education on pediatric allergy during that period is not compulsory and thus very variable. There are currently 112 certified European pediatric allergists in Spain, who have obtained the accreditation of the European Union of Medical Specialist for proven skills and experience in pediatric allergy. Future specialists in pediatric allergy should obtain their titles through a specific education program to be developed in one of the four accredited training units on pediatric allergy, after obtaining the title on pediatrics. The Spanish Society of Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology (SEICAP) gathers over 350 pediatric allergists and pediatricians working in this field. SEICAP has a growing activity including yearly congresses, continued education courses, elaboration of technical clinical documents and protocols, education of patients, and collaboration with other scientific societies and associations of patients. The official journal of SEICAP is Allergologia et Immunophatologia, published every 2 months since 1972. The web site of SEICAP, http://www.seicap.es, open since 2004, offers information for professionals and extensive information on pediatric allergic and immunologic disorders for the lay public; the web site is receiving 750 daily visits during 2011. The pediatric allergy units are very active in clinical work, procedures as immunotherapy or induction of oral tolerance in food allergy, contribution to scientific literature, and

Early Childhood Inclusion in Spain

Science.gov (United States)

Giné, Climent; Balcells-Balcells, Anna; Cañadas, Margarita; Paniagua, Gema

2016-01-01

This article describes early childhood inclusion in educational settings in Spain. First, we address the legislative framework of preschool education in Spain and offer a brief analysis of some relevant issues, including the current situation of early childhood education and inclusion at this stage. Second, current policies and practices relating…

Natural Radioactivity in Public Water supplies in Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sostoa Grodo-Pacheco, A.

1989-01-01

This paper present the values of the Ra-226 concentration in public water supplies from different provinces of Spain and the values of anual intake. The Ra-226 concentration is in the range of (22.31 ± 3.44) 10 5 Bq/I - (8.55 ± 0.44) 10''2 Bq/l. The annual intake is in the range of (17.80±2.75) 10''2 Bq/l- (68 ± 3.5) Bq/I. As a conclusion no health risk due to intake is expected. Also is discussed in the paper a method for determination of Ra-226 concentration. (Author) 11 ref

[Prevalence and user profile of electronic cigarettes in Spain (2014)].

Science.gov (United States)

Lidón-Moyano, Cristina; Martínez-Sánchez, Jose M; Fu, Marcela; Ballbè, Montse; Martín-Sánchez, Juan Carlos; Fernández, Esteve

To describe the prevalence and user profile of electronic cigarettes among Spanish adults and evaluate the potential dual use of these devices with combustible or conventional tobacco in 2014 in Spain. Cross-sectional study of a representative sample of the Spanish adult (16-75 years old) population (n=1,016). A computer-assisted telephone survey was conducted in 2014. The prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the use of electronic cigarettes stratified by gender, age, tobacco consumption and social status were calculated. The sample was weighted and a logistic regression model adjusted to obtain the crude odds ratios (OR) adjusted by gender, age and social status. 10.3% (95% CI: 8.6-12.4) of the Spanish adult population stated being ever users of electronic cigarettes (2% current users, 3.2% past users and 5.1% experimental users). Among current electronic cigarette users, 57.2% also smoked combustible or conventional tobacco, 28% had never smoked and 14.8% were former smokers. The prevalence of electronic cigarette use was higher in the younger population (adjusted OR=23.8; 95% CI: 2.5-227.7) and smokers of combustible tobacco (adjusted OR=10.1; 95% CI: 5.8-17.5). The use of electronic cigarettes in Spain is scarce and is most prevalent among young people and tobacco smokers. Nevertheless, one out of four current electronic cigarette users have never smoked. Hence, the regulation of these devices should be reinforced to avoid a possible gateway to nicotine products among never smokers. Copyright © 2016 SESPAS. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Molecular Gastronomy in Spain

OpenAIRE

García-Segovia, Purificación; Garrido, María Dolores; Vercet Tormo, Antonio; Arboleya, Juan Carlos; FISZMAN DAL SANTO, SUSANA; Martínez Monzó, Javier; Laguarda, Sergio; Palacios, Victor; Ruiz Carrascal, Jorge

2014-01-01

[EN] Beyond the overwhelming international success of Ferrán Adria, Spain has been one of the countries with a more active implication in molecular gastronomy as a scientific discipline but also in the use of ingredients, technologies, and equipment from the scientificand technological universe in the culinary area. Nowadays, this is a well-established discipline in Spain, with a number of research groups covering related topics, several companies commercializing appliances and additives worl...

Uneven chances of breastfeeding in Spain

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Río Isabel

2012-12-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background No large scale studies on breastfeeding onset patterns have been carried out in Spain. This work aims to explore the prevalence and the risk factors for not initiating breastfeeding in hospitals from Catalonia (CAT and Valencia (V, two regions accounting approximately for 30% of the annual births in Spain. Methods The prevalence of not initiating breastfeeding was calculated by maternal/neonatal characteristics and type of hospital, and logistic regression models were used to estimate crude and adjusted risks of not breastfeeding in each region. Results Prevalence of breastfeeding initiation was 81.7% and 82.5% in Catalonia and Valencia, respectively. We identified conspicuous regional differences in the adjusted-risk of not breastfeeding, especially for multiple [CAT = 3.12 (95% CI: 2.93, 3.31, V = 2.44 (95% CI: 2.23, 2.67] and preterm and low birth weight deliveries [very preterm and very low birth weight: CAT = 7.61 (95% CI: 6.50, 8.92, V = 4.03 (95% CI: 3.13, 5.19; moderate preterm and moderate low birth weight: CAT = 4.28 (95% CI: 4.01, 4.57, V = 2.55 (95% CI:2.34, 2.79]. Conclusions Our results suggest the existence of regional variations in breastfeeding initiation in Spain. Taking into account the known short and long-term benefits of breastfeeding it is recommended that further research should explore these differences in order to prevent potential inequities in neonatal, child and adult health.

Fulfilling the Kyoto protocol in Spain: A matter of economic crisis or environmental policies?

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zafrilla, Jorge Enrique; López, Luis Antonio; Cadarso, María Ángeles; Dejuán, Óscar

2012-01-01

In 2008, Spain exceeded by 20.9% the CO 2 emissions allowed by the Kyoto Protocol for 2012. The financial and economic crisis has transformed these figures: as production fell so did energy demand and with it CO 2 emissions. Will the Spanish economic crisis allow Spain to fulfill its commitments? With this in mind, we have developed an extended input–output model able to forecast energy demand and compute CO 2 emissions linked to the consumption of energy goods: petroleum products, gas and coal. The results show that the crisis, and in particularly, the stagnation of the construction industry, is only one of the pillars which help to contain these emissions at −6.81%. The possibility of incorporating environmental policies, new technologies and increases in the price of crude oil in these simulations, means an even greater reduction of emissions than the impact of the crisis (−9.76%). The final result of our most pessimistic/realistic scenario is that, in 2012, Spain will exceed its CO 2 emissions, linked to the combustion of energy goods, by only 0.9%. - Highlights: ► We use an extended input–output model to forecast the evolution of CO 2 emissions. We evaluate the economic crisis impact on emissions figures (2008–2012). ► The environmental policies are introduced by considering structural trends. ► In our reference scenario, Spain exceeds Kyoto commitments only by 0.9% in 2012. ► The 16.6% emissions reduction is explained by trends (−9.8%) and crisis (−6,8%).

PSA results and trends for Spain's NPPs

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Carretero, J.A.

1993-01-01

The Spain regulatory authority CSN demanded performance of PSA for all Spain nuclear power plants. The specific data analysis carried out as a part of the PSA has contributed to the realistic view on the results which could be achieved by the PSA. The main characteristics of the PSA in Spain and PSA trends in the development are presented in the paper

Health services utilization, work absenteeism and costs of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 in Spain: a multicenter-longitudinal study.

Science.gov (United States)

Galante, Mariana; Garin, Olatz; Sicuri, Elisa; Cots, Francesc; García-Altés, Anna; Ferrer, Montserrat; Dominguez, Àngela; Alonso, Jordi

2012-01-01

The aim of this study was to estimate healthcare resource utilization, work absenteeism and cost per patient with pandemic influenza (H1N1)2009, from its beginning to March 2010, in Spain. We also estimated the economic impact on healthcare services. Longitudinal, descriptive, multicenter study of in- and outpatients with confirmed diagnosis of influenza A (H1N1) in Spain. Temporal distribution of cases was comparable to that in Spain. Information of healthcare and social resources used from one week before admission (inpatient) or index-medical visit (outpatient) until recovery was gathered. Unit cost was imputed to utilization frequency for the monetary valuation of use. Mean cost per patient was calculated. A sensitivity analysis was conducted, and variables correlated with cost per patient were identified. Economic impact on the healthcare system was estimated using healthcare costs per patient and both, the reported number of confirmed and clinical cases in Spain. 172 inpatients and 224 outpatients were included. Less than 10% were over 65 years old and more than 50% had previous comorbidities. 12.8% of inpatients were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. Mean length of hospital stay of patients not requiring critical care was 5 days (SD = 4.4). All working-inpatients and 91.7% working-outpatients went on sick leave. On average, work absenteeism was 30.5 days (SD = 20.7) for the first ones and 9 days (SD = 6.3) for the latest. Caregivers of 21.7% of inpatients and 8.5% of outpatients also had work absenteeism during 10.7 and 4.1 days on average respectively. Mean cost was €6,236/inpatient (CI95% = 1,384-14,623) and €940/outpatient (CI95% = 66-3,064). The healthcare economic burden of patients with confirmed influenza was €144,773,577 (IC95% 13,753,043-383,467,535). More than 86% of expenditures were a result of outpatients' utilization. Cost per H1N1-patient did not defer much from seasonal influenza estimates. Hospitalizations and work absenteeism

Aportes del sector minería del carbón al desarrollo de la región norte de Santander - Colombia, y formulación del plan estratégico

OpenAIRE

Vargas Rosas, José Agustín; Vargas Rosas, José Agustín

2011-01-01

La actividad minera del carbón en el departamento Norte de Santander desde su inicio al final de la década de los 70, ha sido mono dimensional, la parte operativa dentro de su estructura para la producción es la más importante, sin tener en cuenta que estamos en un ambiente más competitivo y cambiante, y que para garantizar la sostenibilidad en los procesos debe involucrar además de la dimensión operativa, la dimensiones estructural, externa y el tiempo. El sector minero enfrenta retos com...

Day-night variability of water-soluble ions in PM10 samples collected at a traffic site in southeastern Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Galindo, Nuria; Yubero, Eduardo

2017-01-01

The present work reports diurnal and nocturnal concentrations of water-soluble ions associated to PM 10 samples collected during the warm and cold seasons in the urban center of Elche (Southeastern Spain). Statistical differences between daytime and nighttime levels of PM 10 were only observed during winter. The lower concentrations during the night were most likely the result of a reduction in traffic-induced road dust resuspension, since nocturnal concentrations of calcium also exhibited a significant decrease compared to daytime levels. During the warm season, nitrate was the only component that showed a statistically significant increase from day to night. The lower nocturnal temperatures that prevent the thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate and the formation of nitric acid favored by the higher relative humidity at night are the most probable reasons for this variation. The close relationship between nitrate formation and relative humidity during nighttime was supported by the results of the correlation analysis. The reaction of sulfuric and nitric acids with CaCO 3 occurred to a greater extent during daytime in summer.

Prostitution, HIV, and cervical neoplasia: a survey in Spain and Colombia.

Science.gov (United States)

de Sanjosé, S; Palacio, V; Tafur, L; Vazquez, S; Espitia, V; Vazquez, F; Roman, G; Muñoz, N; Bosch, F X

1993-01-01

The prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and the association of CIN with prostitution was examined in Oviedo, a region in Spain with low incidence of cervical cancer, and in Cali, Colombia, where the incidence of cervical cancer is 6-10 times higher. In Oviedo, the study included 758 prostitutes attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic and 1203 nonprostitutes attending a family-planning clinic. In Cali, 775 prostitutes and 1795 nonprostitutes attending health centers were included. Seropositivity to common sexually transmitted agents was investigated in Spanish prostitutes. No significant difference was found in the prevalence of CIN between Oviedo and Cali in both prostitutes (2.5 versus 1.8%) and nonprostitutes (1.2 versus 1.1%). Prostitutes had a 2-fold increased risk of CIN as compared to nonprostitutes; in Spain, the prevalence odds ratio (POR) was 2.3 and the 95% confidence interval (CI) was 1.1-4.5, and, in Colombia, POR was 1.8 and the 95% CI was 0.9-3.5. Among prostitutes in Oviedo, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence was 4.9% and HIV-positive prostitutes showed a high risk of CIN as compared to HIV-negative prostitutes (POR, 12.7; 95% CI, 3.9-40.9); 76% of HIV-positive prostitutes were i.v. drug users and showed an increased seroprevalence of other sexually transmitted diseases. HIV-negative prostitutes did not show any increased risk of CIN (POR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.5-2.8). These results show that among nonprostitutes the prevalence of CIN was not statistically different between the two cities in Spain and Colombia; prostitutes were at moderate increased risk compared to nonprostitutes in both cities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Gender-Specific Peculiarities of Motor Preparedness of Children Aged 6-10

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О. В. Іващенко

2017-03-01

Full Text Available The objective is to determine the gender-specific peculiarities of motor preparedness of children aged 6-10.  Materials and methods: the participants in the study were girls aged 6 (n = 36, aged 7 (n = 48, aged 8 (n = 57, aged 9 (n = 38, aged 10 (n = 46; boys aged 6 (n = 48, aged 7 (n = 45, aged 8 (n = 60, aged 9 (n = 47, aged 10 (n = 40. To achieve the tasks set, the study relied on the following research methods: analysis of scientific literature, pedagogical testing and methods of mathematical statistics of research data reduction. The study used discriminant analysis as the modeling method. Results: the classification results of motor preparedness of girls and boys aged 6-10 indicate that the study has correctly classified 81.9-100% of the initial observations. The graphic material demonstrates the density of objects within each class and a clear distinction between the classes. This allows to maintain that there is a significant difference between girls and boys aged 6-10 in their motor preparedness. Conclusions. The girls aged 6-10 show the best results in movement coordination related to combinations of movements of arms and legs, as well as flexibility. The girls aged 10 show the best results in test No. 10 “300-m Race”. The boys aged 6-10, unlike the girls, show the best results in the development of general coordination of movements, strength, speed strength, strength and general endurance. It is possible to argue with a high level of reliability that by their classification characteristics girls and boys belong to different classes, and significantly differ in motor preparedness.

Population-based multicase-control study in common tumors in Spain (MCC-Spain): rationale and study design.

Science.gov (United States)

Castaño-Vinyals, Gemma; Aragonés, Nuria; Pérez-Gómez, Beatriz; Martín, Vicente; Llorca, Javier; Moreno, Victor; Altzibar, Jone M; Ardanaz, Eva; de Sanjosé, Sílvia; Jiménez-Moleón, José Juan; Tardón, Adonina; Alguacil, Juan; Peiró, Rosana; Marcos-Gragera, Rafael; Navarro, Carmen; Pollán, Marina; Kogevinas, Manolis

2015-01-01

We present the protocol of a large population-based case-control study of 5 common tumors in Spain (MCC-Spain) that evaluates environmental exposures and genetic factors. Between 2008-2013, 10,183 persons aged 20-85 years were enrolled in 23 hospitals and primary care centres in 12 Spanish provinces including 1,115 cases of a new diagnosis of prostate cancer, 1,750 of breast cancer, 2,171 of colorectal cancer, 492 of gastro-oesophageal cancer, 554 cases of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and 4,101 population-based controls matched by frequency to cases by age, sex and region of residence. Participation rates ranged from 57% (stomach cancer) to 87% (CLL cases) and from 30% to 77% in controls. Participants completed a face-to-face computerized interview on sociodemographic factors, environmental exposures, occupation, medication, lifestyle, and personal and family medical history. In addition, participants completed a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire and telephone interviews. Blood samples were collected from 76% of participants while saliva samples were collected in CLL cases and participants refusing blood extractions. Clinical information was recorded for cases and paraffin blocks and/or fresh tumor samples are available in most collaborating hospitals. Genotyping was done through an exome array enriched with genetic markers in specific pathways. Multiple analyses are planned to assess the association of environmental, personal and genetic risk factors for each tumor and to identify pleiotropic effects. This study, conducted within the Spanish Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), is a unique initiative to evaluate etiological factors for common cancers and will promote cancer research and prevention in Spain. Copyright © 2014 SESPAS. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.

The labour trajectories of immigrant women in Spain: Are there signs of upward social mobility?

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Elena Vidal-Coso

2014-08-01

Full Text Available Background: In Spain, foreign-born women are disproportionately employed in housework or care work, and quantitative research has shown that female migrants are disadvantaged relative to male migrants in the occupational status of their first job in Spain. However, the process that created this female penalty has not yet been explored. Objective: In this paper, we focus on female occupational mobility at migration and during settlement in Spain. First, we compare female and male labour mobility at migration. Second, we identify the main socio-demographic factors which increase the likelihood that the first job a foreign-born woman holds in Spain will be as a cleaner or a domestic worker. Third, we investigate female labour mobility from the time of migration, particularly trajectories that lead away from the cleaning and domestic occupations, and consider the importance of the assimilation process in occupational mobility. Methods: We apply quantitative methods to Spain's 2007 National Immigrant Survey (Encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes, using descriptive (mobility matrixes and simple and multinomial logistic regression analyses. We include the main socio-demographic, family, and migratory characteristics of immigrants in the explanatory models. Results: The results of our analysis revealed that female migrants to Spain are more likely than their male counterparts to experience occupational downgrading at the time of migration, and that 41.6Š of women work in domestic services in their first job in Spain. Finally, our results have demonstrated that, although occupational immobility is common among female migrants in Spain, movement out of domestic services is possible, especially for the most assimilated immigrant women. Conclusions: This paper contextualises female immigration in Spain, attributing the labour market choices made by female migrants to the externalisation of domestic and cleaning occupations in private households, and to the

Criticality calculations of the HTR-10 pebble-bed reactor with SCALE6/CSAS6 and MCNP5

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wang, Meng-Jen; Sheu, Rong-Jiun; Peir, Jinn-Jer; Liang, Jenq-Horng

2014-01-01

Highlights: • Comparisons of the HTR-10 criticality calculations with SCALE6/CSAS6 and MCNP5 were performed. • The DOUBLEHET unit-cell treatment provides the best k eff estimation among PBR criticality calculations using SCALE6. • The continuous-energy SCALE6 calculations present a non-negligible discrepancy with MCNP5 in three PBR cases. - Abstract: HTR-10 is a 10 MWt prototype pebble-bed reactor (PBR) that presents a doubly heterogeneous geometry for neutronics calculations. An appropriate unit-cell treatment for the associated fuel elements is vital for creating problem-dependent multigroup cross sections. Considering four unit-cell options for resonance self-shielding correction in SCALE6, a series of HTR-10 core models were established using the CSAS6 sequence to systematically investigate how they affected the computational accuracy and efficiency of PBR criticality calculations. Three core configurations, which ranged from simplified infinite lattices to a detailed geometry, were examined. Based on the same ENDF/B-VII.0 cross-section library, multigroup results were evaluated by comparing with continuous-energy SCALE6/CSAS6 and MCNP5 calculations. The comparison indicated that the INFHOMMEDIUM results overestimated the effective multiplication factor (k eff ) by about 2800 pcm, whereas the LATTICECELL and MULTIREGION treatments overestimated k eff values with similar biases at approximately 470–680 pcm. The DOUBLEHET results attained further improvement, reducing the k eff overestimation to approximately 280 pcm. The comparison yielded two unexpected problems from using SCALE6/CSAS6 in HTR-10 criticality calculations. In particular, the continuous-energy CSAS6 calculations in this study present a non-negligible discrepancy with MCNP5, potentially causing a k eff value overestimate of approximately 680 pcm. Notably, using a cell-weighted mixture instead of an explicit model of individual TRISO particles in the pebble fuel zone does not shorten the

DELITOS SEXUALES Y PRÁCTICA JUDICIAL EN COLOMBIA: 1870-1900. LOS CASOS DE BOLÍVAR, ANTIOQUIA Y SANTANDER

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José Wilson Márquez Estrada

2013-08-01

Full Text Available Este artículo analiza el fenómeno de las conductas agresivas contra la libertad sexual de la mujer a finales del siglo XIX en Colombia, tipificadas como delitos sexuales, y la forma en que se desarrollaban los procesos judiciales con relación a este tipo de criminalidad. Primero se hace un análisis del concepto de delito sexual y de sus diferentes manifestaciones en la sociedad de finales del siglo XIX colombiano, soportado en el estudio de las tipificaciones de dichos delitos en los códigos penales de la época. Luego se hace un estudio de las características de la práctica judicial y del proceso penal en este tipo de delitos, sobre todo de su relación con la mentalidad religiosa y moral de la época. Después se presentan diferentes casos de agresiones sexuales a finales del siglo XIX, específicamente en Antioquia y Santander. Finalmente se hace una presentación de los informes de las autoridades del Estado Soberano de Bolívar sobre la comisión de delitos sexuales en su territorio.

Arsenic in public water supplies and cardiovascular mortality in Spain

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Medrano, Ma Jose, E-mail: pmedrano@isciii.es [Centro Nacional de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sinesio Delgado 6, 28029 Madrid (Spain); Boix, Raquel; Pastor-Barriuso, Roberto [Centro Nacional de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sinesio Delgado 6, 28029 Madrid (Spain); Palau, Margarita [Subdireccion General de Sanidad Ambiental y Salud Laboral, Direccion General de Salud Publica y Sanidad Exterior, Ministerio de Sanidad y Politica Social, Madrid (Spain); Damian, Javier [Centro Nacional de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sinesio Delgado 6, 28029 Madrid (Spain); Ramis, Rebeca [Centro Nacional de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sinesio Delgado 6, 28029 Madrid (Spain); CIBER en Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid (Spain); Barrio, Jose Luis del [Departamento de Salud Publica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid (Spain); Navas-Acien, Ana [Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (United States); Department of Epidemiology, Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (United States)

2010-07-15

Background: High-chronic arsenic exposure in drinking water is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk. At low-chronic levels, as those present in Spain, evidence is scarce. In this ecological study, we evaluated the association of municipal drinking water arsenic concentrations during the period 1998-2002 with cardiovascular mortality in the population of Spain. Methods: Arsenic concentrations in drinking water were available for 1721 municipalities, covering 24.8 million people. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for cardiovascular (361,750 deaths), coronary (113,000 deaths), and cerebrovascular (103,590 deaths) disease were analyzed for the period 1999-2003. Two-level hierarchical Poisson models were used to evaluate the association of municipal drinking water arsenic concentrations with mortality adjusting for social determinants, cardiovascular risk factors, diet, and water characteristics at municipal or provincial level in 651 municipalities (200,376 cardiovascular deaths) with complete covariate information. Results: Mean municipal drinking water arsenic concentrations ranged from <1 to 118 {mu}g/L. Compared to the overall Spanish population, sex- and age-adjusted mortality rates for cardiovascular (SMR 1.10), coronary (SMR 1.18), and cerebrovascular (SMR 1.04) disease were increased in municipalities with arsenic concentrations in drinking water >10 {mu}g/L. Compared to municipalities with arsenic concentrations <1 {mu}g/L, fully adjusted cardiovascular mortality rates were increased by 2.2% (-0.9% to 5.5%) and 2.6% (-2.0% to 7.5%) in municipalities with arsenic concentrations between 1-10 and>10 {mu}g/L, respectively (P-value for trend 0.032). The corresponding figures were 5.2% (0.8% to 9.8%) and 1.5% (-4.5% to 7.9%) for coronary heart disease mortality, and 0.3% (-4.1% to 4.9%) and 1.7% (-4.9% to 8.8%) for cerebrovascular disease mortality. Conclusions: In this ecological study, elevated low-to-moderate arsenic concentrations in drinking

[Alcoholism prevention and alcohol advertising investment in Spain: David versus Goliath].

Science.gov (United States)

Montes-Santiago, Julio; Lado Castro-Rial, Marta

2009-01-01

Alcohol advertising correlates with consumption, particularly in young people. We studied the evolution of the amounts spent on alcoholic beverages advertising and on advertising as a whole in conventional media in Spain during the period 1995-2005. We analyzed the amounts spent on advertising in total and on alcoholic beverages advertising by studying the annual INFOADEX Survey on Advertising Investment in Spain in conventional media (TV, radio, the press, billboards and Internet). The results were subdivided into the periods 1995-2000 and 2001-2005. In the period 1995-2000 there was an increase (Delta) in alcoholic beverages advertising expenditure, from 268 to 347 million euro (Delta=29.5%), but a decrease in its percentage of advertising as a whole (from 7.6% to 6.1%). In the period 2001-2005 there was a rise in alcohol advertising expenditure from 145 to 186 million euro(Delta=28.0%), and also in its percentage of total advertising (from 2.7% to 2.8%). In 2001-2005, spending by Regional governments on preventive advertising increased from 22 to 52 million euro (Delta=136%). Alcohol advertising expenditure remains high in Spain, with young people as a primary target. In contrast, there is only modest investment in preventive advertising. Regulatory measures are necessary with a view to protecting populations especially susceptible to uncontrolled consumption.

[Medication adherence and use of health services in patients with psychosis in the region of Osona (Catalonia, Spain)].

Science.gov (United States)

Palmarola-Ginesta, Joan; Chirveches-Pérez, Emilia; Puigoriol-Juvanteny, Emma; Bleda-García, Francesc; Villa-Ribas, Ester; Arrufat-Nebot, Francesc Xavier

2014-04-01

To describe and analyze sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, medication adherence and use of health resources by country of birth of psychosis diagnosed patients treated with long-term antipsychotic injectable drugs in the region of Osona (Catalonia, Spain). Descriptive observational study in psychosis diagnosed patients over 18 years old, receiving long-term antipsychotic injectable treatment and treated at a Mental Health Center for adults in Vic (Catalonia, Spain). 185 patients were included, of them: 163 (88.1%) were born in Spain and 22 (17.9%) abroad. The sample was gender homogeneous with differences in age, employment status, family situation and diagnosis (p Spain-born patients and 9.1% of abroad-born patients received the injectable treatment at Primary Care Center (p Spain and 6 (27.3%) abroad (p = 0.012). All patients diagnosed with psychosis, either born or not in Spain, describe good adherence to long-term antipsychotic injectable treatment, with similar use of health resources from a quantitative point of view and some differences in the type of visits.

6 CFR 13.10 - Default upon failure to answer.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... 6 Domestic Security 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Default upon failure to answer. 13.10 Section 13.10 Domestic Security DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY PROGRAM FRAUD CIVIL REMEDIES § 13.10 Default upon failure to answer. (a) If the Defendant does not answer within the time...

Anomaly of strings of 6d N =(1,0) theories

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Shimizu, Hiroyuki; Tachikawa, Yuji

2016-01-01

We obtain the anomaly polynomial of strings of general 6d N =(1,0) theories in terms of anomaly inflow. Our computation sheds some light on the reason why the simplest 6d N =(1,0) theory has E_8 flavor symmetry, and also partially explains a curious numerology in F-theory.

Anomaly of strings of 6d {N}=(1,0) theories

Science.gov (United States)

Shimizu, Hiroyuki; Tachikawa, Yuji

2016-11-01

We obtain the anomaly polynomial of strings of general 6d {N}=(1,0) theories in terms of anomaly inflow. Our computation sheds some light on the reason why the simplest 6d {N}=(1,0) theory has E 8 flavor symmetry, and also partially explains a curious numerology in F-theory.

High concentrations of heavy metals in PM from ceramic factories of Southern Spain

Science.gov (United States)

Sánchez de la Campa, Ana M.; de la Rosa, Jesús D.; González-Castanedo, Yolanda; Fernández-Camacho, Rocío; Alastuey, Andrés; Querol, Xavier; Pio, Casimiro

2010-06-01

In this study, physicochemical characterization of Atmospheric Particulate Matter (PM) was performed in an urban-industrial site background (Bailén, Southern Spain), highly influenced by the impact of emission plumes from ceramic factories. This area is considered one of the towns with the highest PM 10 levels and average SO 2 concentration in Spain. A three stages methodology was used: 1) real-time measurements of levels of PM 10 and gaseous pollutants, and sampling of PM; 2) chemical characterization using ICP-MS, ICP-OES, CI and TOT, and source apportionment analysis (receptor modelling) of PM; and 3) chemical characterization of emission plumes derived from representative factories. High ambient air concentrations were found for most major components and trace elements compared with other industrialized towns in Spain. V and Ni are considered fingerprints of PM derived from the emissions of brick factories in this area, and were shown to be of particular interest. This highlights the high V and Ni concentrations in PM 10 (122 ngV/m 3 and 23.4 ngNi/m 3), with Ni exceeding the 2013 annual target value for the European Directive 2004/107/EC (20 ng/m 3). The methodology of this work can be used by Government departments responsible for Environment and Epidemiology in planning control strategies for improving air quality.

Seasonal variability in 7Be depositional fluxes at Granada, Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gonzalez-Gomez, C.; Azahra, M.; Lopez-Penalver, J.J.; Camacho-Garcia, A.; Bardouni, T.El.; Boukhal, H.

2006-01-01

Measurement of 7 Be depositional fluxes at Granada, Spain (37 o 10'50''N-3 o 35'44''W, altitude 670 m) in the period 1995 through 1998 indicates substantial variations between the four seasons and also between corresponding seasons in different years, ranging from 23.6 to 242 Bq m -2 per season. A strongly positive correlation with precipitation is shown, which explains about 70% of the variations in the 7 Be depositional fluxes over the 16 seasons studied. The depositional 7 Be flux is on the average highest in the fall and lowest in the summer. The study shows that precipitation primarily controls the 7 Be depositional flux and plays a dominant role in the removal of 7 Be from the troposphere. The average annual 7 Be depositional flux at Granada amounts to 469+145 Bq m -2

Spain investigates PLEX options

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hevia, F.

1990-01-01

Spain's nuclear generation capacity will be reduced by some 6000MWe by the year 2015 if decommissioning of the units currently in operation takes place at the end of their 40-year design life. Bearing this in mind, in 1988 the Santa Maria de Garona BWR and the Jose Cabrera PWR were chosen by their respective owners as reference units for plant life extension (PLEX) activities. These plants are the oldest of their types operating in Spain and PLEX programmes were already under way. (author)

Checklist of the vascular flora of the sub-Andean forest at the Cachalu Biological Reserve, Santander (Colombia)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Medina Ruth; Reina Miriam; Herrera Edna; Avila Fabio Andres; Chaparro Omar; Cortes B, Rocio

2010-01-01

A preliminary checklist of the vascular flora of the Reserva Biologica Cachalu is presented. Cachalu is located on the western slope of the Eastern Andes (Encino - Santander), and represents a sample of the sub - Andean forest of the Colombian Andes. The material was collected over a period of seven months in 2007 and 2008. General collections were carried out through Cachalu, and in a permanent plot at an altitudinal range between 1800 and 2350 m. A total of 443 species, included in 257 genera, and 101 families were recorded. Angiosperms represent 96% of the vascular flora, while pteridophyta 3.5% and gymnosperms only 0.5%. The Rubiaceae family has the highest richness at the genus and species level (18/36), followed by Melastomataceae (13/30), Orchidaceae (13/25), Asteraceae (13/21) and Solanaceae (8/21). The genera Psychotria, Miconia, Solanum and Anthurium show the highest number of species. For each species, the catalog contains the scientific name, collections used, habit, and the altitudinal range. The affinities of the flora of Cachalu with similar forests at the Guantiva - La Rusia - Iguaque biological corridor are discussed. Additionally, species considered at any level of threat are pointed so that they may be prioritized in restoration and conservation programs.

Convenient synthesis of 6-nor-9,10-dihydrolysergic acid methyl ester.

Science.gov (United States)

Crider, A M; Grubb, R; Bachmann, K A; Rawat, A K

1981-12-01

6-Nor-9,10-dihydrolysergic acid methyl ester (IV) was prepared by demethylation of 9,10-dihydrolysergic acid methyl ester (II) with 2,2,2-trichloroethyl chloroformate, followed by reduction of the intermediate carbamate (III) with zinc in acetic acid. The 6-ethyl-V and 6-n-propyl-VI derivatives were prepared by alkylation of IV with the appropriate halide. All of the ergoline derivatives were evaluated for stereotyped behavior in rats, with 6-nor-6-ethyl-9,10-dihydrolysergic acid methyl ester (V) being active but much less potent than apomorphine. Compound VI was evaluated for its effect on blood pressure; at a dose of 30 mg/kg ip, it significantly lowered, diastolic pressure in normotensive rats.

Factors associated with active aging in Finland, Poland, and Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Perales, Jaime; Martin, Steven; Ayuso-Mateos, Jose Luis; Chatterji, Somnath; Garin, Noe; Koskinen, Seppo; Leonardi, Matilde; Miret, Marta; Moneta, Victoria; Olaya, Beatriz; Tobiasz-Adamczyk, Beata; Haro, Josep Maria

2014-08-01

Continuous population aging has raised international policy interest in promoting active aging (AA). AA theoretical models have been defined from a biomedical or a psychosocial perspective. These models may be expanded including components suggested by lay individuals. This paper aims to study the correlates of AA in three European countries, namely, Spain, Poland, and Finland using four different definitions of AA. The EU COURAGE in Europe project was a cross-sectional general adult population survey conducted in a representative sample of the noninstitutionalized population of Finland, Poland, and Spain. Participants (10,800) lived in the community. This analysis focuses on individuals aged 50 years old and over (7,987). Four definitions (two biomedical, one psychosocial, and a complete definition including biomedical, psychosocial, and external variables) of AA were analyzed. Differences in AA were found for country, age, education, and occupation. Finland scored consistently the highest in AA followed by Spain and Poland. Younger age was associated with higher AA. Higher education and occupation was associated with AA. Being married or cohabiting was associated with better AA compared to being widowed or separated in most definitions. Gender and urbanicity were not associated with AA, with few exceptions. Men scored higher in AA only in Spain, whereas there was no gender association in the other two countries. Being widowed was only associated with lower AA in Poland and not being married was associated with lower AA in Poland and Finland but not Spain. Associations with education, marital status, and occupation suggest that these factors are the most important components of AA. These association patterns, however, seem to vary across the three countries. Actions to promote AA in these countries may be addressed at reducing inequalities in occupation and education or directly tackling the components of AA lacking in each country.

Marriage strategies among immigrants in Spain

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Sánchez-Domínguez, M.; de Valk, H.A.G.; Reher, D.S.

2011-01-01

This paper studies patterns of endogamous marriages of immigrants in Spain by using data from the National Immigrant Survey of Spain (2007). First of all, we examine patterns of endogamous marriage and links between migration and marriage. Second, we assess the factors influencing the likelihood of

Investigating respirable particulates (PM10) around the world's largest mercury mine, Almaden, Spain

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gibbons, W.; Jones, T. [Cardiff Univ., Cardiff, Wales (United Kingdom). Dept. of Earth Sciences; Moreno, T.; Richards, R. [Cardiff Univ., Cardiff, Wales (United Kingdom). School of Biosciences; Higueras, P. [Almaden Univ. of Castilla-La Mancha, Almaden (Spain). Dept. of Geological Engineering

2003-07-01

The Almaden area in Spain has been mined for mercury since pre-Roman days. There is no evidence for significant contamination of the groundwater supply, since the lack of pyrite in the mercury deposits has prevented the formation of acid mine drainage. However, the main recognized environmental problem related to mercury mining has been the progressive poisoning of workers who are in direct contact with mercury vapours. This paper presents results of a study in which dust samples were collected from former mining and urban locations around Almaden. The samples were processed to extract their fine, respirable fraction. Mining activities have left contaminated ground, which under semi-arid conditions has created respirable mercury-bearing dusts. In some places the ground is severely contaminated with mercury as cinnabar and as schuetteite. Some of the contaminated areas are used for livestock grazing and growing plants for human consumption. A higher incidence of mercury-bearing particles is found in the finer fraction. The sizes of the mercury-bearing resuspended particles at all sites varies from inhalable dust, through respirable dust, to fine and ultrafine size capable of reaching the deepest levels of the lung alveoli. The most significant contamination is associated with old processing plants. Dust samples collected from Almaden, a town of 6,500 inhabitants, were found to contain significant amounts of respirable mercury-bearing aerosols.

Analysis of cerebrovascular mortality trends in Spain from 1980 to 2011.

Science.gov (United States)

Cayuela, A; Cayuela, L; Escudero-Martínez, I; Rodríguez-Domínguez, S; González, A; Moniche, F; Jiménez, M D; Montaner, J

2016-01-01

In recent decades, mortality rates for cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) have declined significantly in many countries. This study analyses changes in CVD mortality rates in Spain (1980-2011) to determine if previously observed trends remain. Data on CVD mortality rates and the population data needed for the analysis were provided by Spain's National Statistics Institute. We calculated age-specific mortality rate, age-standardised overall mortality, and age-truncated mortality (35-64 years) using the direct method and standard European population structure. Joinpoint analysis was used to estimate the percentage of annual change in rates and identify significant changes in trends. CVD mortality rate decreased considerably and continuously over the last 32 years in all age groups and in both sexes in Spain. For both sexes, joinpoint analysis identifies a final period with more marked decline: 2005-2011 in women (-6.3%) and 2007-2011 in men (-7.2%). CVD mortality rates displayed a marked and continuous decline in Spain between 1980 and 2011. Due to the ageing of the population, doctors expect an increase in CVD prevalence and therefore its magnitude in terms of disability and healthcare costs, which poses a challenge to our health system. Copyright © 2014 Sociedad Española de Neurología. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Canasta básica alimentaria e índice de precios en Santander, Colombia, 1999-2000

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Herrán-Falla Oscar Fernando

2003-01-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Establecer indicadores de seguridad alimentaria (SA en dos municipios colombianos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: En el periodo 1999-2000 se realizó un estudio descriptivo en dos municipios del departamento de Santander, Colombia, que determinó el costo de canastas básicas alimentarias (CBA, para estimar índices de precios (IPC, su variación, e indicadores de SA relacionados con el salario mínimo legal vigente (SMLV. Se calcularon estadísticos de tendencia central y dispersión según el tipo de variables. Para el cálculo de los índices de precios al consumidor se utilizó el método de Laspayres. Para la comparación de éstos se utilizaron coeficientes de correlación de Pearson y de Sperman. RESULTADOS: No se encontraron diferencias en los IPC por municipio (p>0.05. Los IPC acumulados año son de un dígito. Los porcentajes de inseguridad alimentaria (IA estuvieron por encima de 50%, encontrándose diferencias por municipio, en 1999 (p=0.04, en 2000 (p=0.88. La IA aumentó en promedio cinco puntos para el periodo 1999- 2000. Se necesita en promedio 1.24 SMLV por mes para acceder a una CBA familiar. CONCLUSIONES: La capacidad de compra del SMLV no satisface los requerimientos familiares de energía y nutrientes. La SA local seguirá deteriorándose, debido al comportamiento de sus determinantes.

Environmental-economic evaluation of the filling and reclamation process in the bay of Santander, Spain

Science.gov (United States)

Cendrero, A.; Díaz de Terán, J. R.; Salinas, J. M.

1981-11-01

The historical development of a process of reclamation of intertidal areas in an estuary has been quantitatively studied by means of old engravings, maps, navagation charts, and aerial photographs. These show that about 83 percent of the natural coastline of the estuary has disappeared, nearly two-thirds of its intertidal area has been covered, and over 40 percent of its volume has been lost. The rate of this artificial process is several tens of times faster than that of the natural sedimentation. Extrapolation of the observed trends shows that, if these continue, the intertidal areas would disappear completely in 31 to 105 years. Theoretical calculations based on comparisons with other estuaries show that the accumulated loss in the productivity of living matter (in the form of primary producers), since the process started about 140 years ago, could reach 1.5·1010 kg. This could represent, considering several possible food chains, the equivalent of the food necessary to sustain several thousand people for life. An economic analysis of the impact of the process has been made by considering, first, the decrease in fish and shellfish catches in the bay (using historical data and data about present clam productivity) and the decrease in its aesthetic quality and recreational potential. These were determined by means of interviews with the population to obtain a “demand curve” for the willingness to pay for the preservation and use of the bay. Second, the price of the man-made land obtained was considered. The data obtained show that the economic losses would offset the benefits within 10 to 30 years.

Nephrology around Europe: organization models and management strategies: Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

de Francisco, Angel L M; Piñera, Celestino

2011-01-01

The main aim of this report is to present a picture of the current organization of nephrology in Spain. The Spanish health system offers almost universal coverage, a wide variety of services and a high-quality network of hospitals and primary care centers. Spain has a specialized health care training system that is highly developed, highly regulated, with the capacity to provide high-quality training in 54 different specialties. Nephrology is basically a hospital-based specialty. There are no private dialysis patients in Spain. Hemodialysis centers are 40% public, 15% private and 45% run by companies. The National Health System covers 95% of the population, and there is no cost to patients for treatment of renal disease (dialysis and transplant). We observed a clear decrease of nephrology in residents' election rankings, with position 29 out of 47 specialties in 2007. Some of the reasons for this are the complexity of the subject, no clear information at the university, reduction of professional posts and a very good public service with minimal private practice. In Spain, a model of organization for transplantation was adopted based on a decentralized transplant coordinating network. For cadaveric donors, it compares favorably with rates in other Western countries. Living donor transplantation is very low in Spain--just 10% of total renal transplantation activity. New programs due to financial constraints need to include reduced dialysis costs, greater cost-effectiveness of prescriptions, better handling of ethical issues related to the need for using a clinical score of chronic kidney disease patients to make decisions about conservative or renal replacement therapy and an action plan for improvement of organ donation and transplantation. Recovery of skills (acute kidney injury, biopsies, vascular access, etc.), research and advances in autonomous activities (imaging, surgical and medical vascular training, etc.) are some of the future educational paths needed in

Análisis del efecto de la política de desarrollo rural en la organización del campesinado cacaotero en la subregión de los Yariguíes, Santander (2010-2014)

OpenAIRE

Ávila Baquero, Nikolai Ricardo

2017-01-01

La presente investigación pretende establecer cuál ha sido el efecto de la política de desarrollo rural en Colombia frente la organización del campesinado cacaotero en la Subregión de los Yariguíes en el departamento de Santander, durante el periodo 2010-2014. Al definir los fundamentos del concepto de desarrollo y al caracterizar el proceso de organización del campesinado cacaotero, se asume que la política de desarrollo rural ha conducido a que la organización del campesinado cacaotero se h...

78 FR 6227 - Importation of Fresh Apricots From Continental Spain

Science.gov (United States)

2013-01-30

.... APHIS-2011-0132] RIN 0579-AD62 Importation of Fresh Apricots From Continental Spain AGENCY: Animal and... continental Spain. As a condition of entry, fresh apricots from continental Spain would have to be produced in... organization of Spain certifying that the fruit is free from all quarantine pests and has been produced in...

Observatory wins GBP 10.6m contract

CERN Multimedia

Dalton, A W

2003-01-01

Funding has been secured for a revolutionary GBP 10.6 million telescope camera, SCUBA 2, to be built in Edinburgh. The instrument will be able to track much larger areas of sky more quickly and will replace the original Sub-millimetre Common User Bolometer Array camera which was also built in Edinburgh (1/2 page).

Reproducibilidad de pruebas serológicas para el diagnóstico de infección por Trypanosoma cruzi en mujeres embarazadas de una zona endémica de Santander, Colombia

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Yeny Zulay Castellanos

2014-06-01

Full Text Available Introducción. El diagnóstico de infección por Trypanosoma cruzi en fase crónica se hace por medio de pruebas serológicas cuya reproducibilidad no está muy documentada. Objetivo. Evaluar la reproducibilidad de las pruebas serológicas ELISA, IFI y HAI para el diagnóstico de infección por T. cruzi en mujeres embarazadas de una zona endémica de Santander. Materiales y métodos. Mediante la evaluación de la tecnología diagnóstica se determinó la reproducibilidad de las pruebas serológicas ELISA, IFI y HAI en muestras de suero y elución sanguínea, seleccionadas mediante muestreo de corte transversal y pertenecientes a mujeres embarazadas de una zona endémica para enfermedad de Chagas en Santander. Se usó el software Stata, versión 10.0, para los análisis estadísticos. La prueba con la mejor reproducibilidad se determinó por medio de la comparación de los índices kappa más altos de cada técnica. Resultados. Se evaluaron 777 sueros y elución sanguíneas. En suero, la prueba ELISA (punto de corte=0,3, la IFI (punto de corte=1/32 y la HAI (punto de corte=1/16 presentaron índices kappa mayores de 0,8 (0,98, IC95%: 0,93-1,00; 0,98, IC95%: 0,92-1,00 y 0,88, IC95%: 0,74-0,97, respectivamente; no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las tres pruebas evaluadas (p>0,05. Para la elución sanguínea, el índice kappa estuvo por debajo de 0,8 (valor kappa más alto: 0,55, IC95%: 0,41-0,68. Conclusiones. Las tres pruebas serológicas presentaron reproducibilidad perfecta en suero, determinada mediante el índice kappa, por lo que cualquiera de ellas sería útil para establecer el diagnóstico de infección por T. cruzi. Por su simplicidad y su costo, la prueba ELISA se recomienda como prueba de elección para los programas de tamización de esta infección.

El uso de las TIC : multimedia, como herramienta lúdico-pedagógica para estimular el desarrollo de procesos cognitivos en los niños de preescolar en el Instituto Agrícola de Carcasí, Santander, Colombia

OpenAIRE

Bernal Piza, Blanca Nieves

2013-01-01

Resumen La presente tesis  fue planteada y desarrollada con miras de responder a la pregunta: ¿De qué manera, el  uso de las TIC:   multimedia, como estrategia lúdico- pedagógica,  contribuye al desarrollo de procesos cognitivo del niño en el nivel de preescolar, del Instituto Agrícola, Carcasí, Santander, Colombia? Para lo cual se desarrolló un proceso investigativo enmarcado en el método cualitativo ...

Environmental availability, behavioural diversity and diet: a zooarchaeological approach from the TD10-1 sublevel of Gran Dolina (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain) and Bolomor Cave (Valencia, Spain)

Science.gov (United States)

Blasco, Ruth; Rosell, Jordi; Fernández Peris, Josep; Arsuaga, Juan Luis; Bermúdez de Castro, José María; Carbonell, Eudald

2013-06-01

The suggestion that the Neanderthal linage hominids had predominantly rich diet in meat derived from large game is progressing towards views which propose a higher nutritional diversity, at least in some regions. These postulates situate hominids as the knower of their natural surroundings and make them capable of selecting within the range of resources available in their landscapes. Using a zooarchaeological approach, the taxonomical representation in an anthropogenic site could indicate both the environment diversity that human groups can exploit and the decisions that they make when selecting prey. The Optimal Foraging theory is a basic decision model that is ideally applied within a larger framework of constraining conditions such as differential prey distributions, food-consumer imbalances and/or competition, among others. Nevertheless, if this theory is applied to human behaviour, uncontrolled variables could exist and substantially alter some predictions. These variables may not always be related to the need to optimise the resources; additionally, they can respond to the questions related to nutritional ecology, cultural standards or social relationships conditioned by ecological or technological factors. Environmental and socio-cultural aspects invite us to reflect on the characteristics that delimit the pre-Upper Palaeolithic diet and its correct assessment in relation to the availability of prey in the environment and the human behavioural parameters. In this study, we present data from several levels of Bolomor Cave (Valencia, Spain, MIS 9-5e) and a sample from the TD10-1 sublevel of Gran Dolina (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain, MIS 9). Both sites have been interpreted as habitat places and allow us to infer the high plasticity of human groups with respect to methods and techniques of acquisition and use of a diverse spectrum of prey. Environmental availability, duration and type of settlement seem to significantly influence the taxonomical

Prospects for 6- to 10-Tesla magnets for a Tevatron upgrade

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mantsch, P.M.

1989-01-01

This paper reports on prospects for 6- to 10-tesla magnets for a Teratron upgrade. The first SSC physics is at least 10 years away. An upgrade of the Fermilab Tevatron will ensure the continuity of a vigorous high-energy physics program until the SSC turns on. Three basic proposals are under consideration: (1) bar pp at 3 x 10 31 --Increase luminosity by improvements to the bar p source. (2) p bar p at 1 TeV and 2 x 10 32 --Move the main ring to a new tunnel, build a second Tevatron ring. (3) bar pp > 1.5 TeV and 7 x 10 30 --Replace the Tevatron with a higher energy ring. The last two options require new higher-field magnets. The second option requires about a hundred 6.6-tesla dipoles in addition to a ring of Tevatron-strength (4.4-T) magnets. These higher-field magnets are necessary in both rings to lengthen the straight sections in order to realize the collision optics. The third option requires a ring of magnets of 6.6 T or slightly higher to replace the present Tevatron plus a number of special 8- to 9-tesla magnets

INES in Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zarzuela, J.

1997-01-01

The presentation discusses the INES activities in Spain addressing the following issues: applicability; rating procedure; public information; activities in 1997; events above level 0 (October 1996 - September 1997); difficulties

From Scandinavia to Spain: a Viking-Age reliquary in León and its meaning

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Roesdahl, Else

2010-01-01

Presentation and discussion of a small box, which is highly decorated in the Scandinavian Mammen style and preserved in the treasury of the Church of San Isodoro in León, in northern Spain. This is the only Viking objects so far identified in Spain. The box, which is from the late 10th century an...... and probably was a reliquary, may be an aristocratic gift to the local royalty brought by a pilgrim on his way to Santiago de Compostela....

Teaching Gender and Geography in Spain

Science.gov (United States)

Garcia-Ramon, Maria-Dolors

2011-01-01

Since the introduction of gender themes into university teaching in geography in Spain in 1989, significant gains have been made but challenges remain in relation to placing gender into undergraduate curricula and developing teaching resources in local languages. Geographers in Spain have to meet those challenges in the near future in order to…

75 FR 51113 - Chlorinated Isocyanurates From China and Spain

Science.gov (United States)

2010-08-18

... Isocyanurates From China and Spain AGENCY: United States International Trade Commission. ACTION: Scheduling of... and Spain. SUMMARY: The Commission hereby gives notice of the scheduling of expedited reviews pursuant... revocation of the antidumping duty orders on chlorinated isocyanurates from China and Spain would be likely...

EFICACIA EN LA RESTITUCIÓN DE TIERRAS A VÍCTIMAS DE DESPLAZAMIENTO FORZADO DE OCAÑA NORTE DE SANTANDER

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Fidencio Suarez Vargas

2016-02-01

Full Text Available RESUMEN En este trabajo investigativo desarrollamos el tema referente a la eficacia en la restitución de tierras a las víctimas de desplazamiento forzado de la ciudad de Ocaña, Norte de Santander, durante el año 2014. A través del mismo nos propusimos compendia y analizar los distintos componentes jurídicos referentes al tema de estudio, con el objeto de establecer su funcionalidad en el municipio de Ocaña. Por medio del análisis cuantitativo de las cifras que reportan los juzgados de restitución de tierras respecto al número de reclamaciones realizadas a partir de la expedición de la ley, número de sentencias y número de restituciones llevadas a cabo, establecimos el nivel de eficacia del estado en lo que respecta al cumplimiento de este derecho principalísimo a las víctimas del conflicto armado colombiano. Finalmente, conoceremos que el grado de cumplimiento por parte del estado a las víctimas de desplazamiento del municipio de Ocaña es inexistente.

Genotyping of Coxiella burnetii from domestic ruminants in northern Spain

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Astobiza Ianire

2012-12-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Information on the genotypic diversity of Coxiella burnetii isolates from infected domestic ruminants in Spain is limited. The aim of this study was to identify the C. burnetii genotypes infecting livestock in Northern Spain and compare them to other European genotypes. A commercial real-time PCR targeting the IS1111a insertion element was used to detect the presence of C. burnetii DNA in domestic ruminants from Spain. Genotypes were determined by a 6-loci Multiple Locus Variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA panel and Multispacer Sequence Typing (MST. Results A total of 45 samples from 4 goat herds (placentas, N = 4, 12 dairy cattle herds (vaginal mucus, individual milk, bulk tank milk, aerosols, N = 20 and 5 sheep flocks (placenta, vaginal swabs, faeces, air samples, dust, N = 21 were included in the study. Samples from goats and sheep were obtained from herds which had suffered abortions suspected to be caused by C. burnetii, whereas cattle samples were obtained from animals with reproductive problems compatible with C. burnetii infection, or consisted of bulk tank milk (BTM samples from a Q fever surveillance programme. C. burnetii genotypes identified in ruminants from Spain were compared to those detected in other countries. Three MLVA genotypes were found in 4 goat farms, 7 MLVA genotypes were identified in 12 cattle herds and 4 MLVA genotypes were identified in 5 sheep flocks. Clustering of the MLVA genotypes using the minimum spanning tree method showed a high degree of genetic similarity between most MLVA genotypes. Overall 11 different MLVA genotypes were obtained corresponding to 4 different MST genotypes: MST genotype 13, identified in goat, sheep and cattle from Spain; MST genotype 18, only identified in goats; and, MST genotypes 8 and 20, identified in small ruminants and cattle, respectively. All these genotypes had been previously identified in animal and human clinical samples from several

[Spleen injuries in Spain: at what point are we?].

Science.gov (United States)

Jiménez Fuertes, Montiel; Costa Navarro, David; Jover Navalón, José María; Turégano Fuentes, Fernando; Ceballos Esparragón, José; Yuste, Pedro; Sánchez Tocino, Juan María; Navarro Soto, Salvador; Montmany, Sandra

2013-11-01

Management of spleen trauma has changed over last decades, although there is no data on its treatment in Spain. The aim of this study is to determine the characteristics of spleen injuries in adults with severe abdominal injuries and how we manage them. A prospective study using the databases of six Spanish hospitals: Gregorio Marañón Hospital, Virgen de la Vega Hospital, Torrevieja Hospital, Getafe Hospital, Doce de Octubre Hospital and Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí. A total of 566 patients who had sustained spleen injuries were analyzed (448 males and 118 females), most of them were due to blunt trauma (94%), and the most frequent mechanism of injury was motor vehicle accident. The mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 25.2. The initial treatment was surgical in 56.6% of the patients (85.3% total splenectomy and 14.7% other conservative surgical procedures, of which 4.6% finally failed and required total splenectomy). The remaining 43.4% were initially managed conservatively, but 6.5% of them finally required surgical splenectomy, and in 8.8% angio-embolization was performed. In Spain, management of spleen trauma is mainly surgical (particularly splenectomy). Angio-embolization and conservative surgical procedures are now hardly used. Copyright © 2011 AEC. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.

[Analysis of the otorhinolaryngological doctoral theses submitted in Spain between 1976 and 2005].

Science.gov (United States)

de Diego, Juan Ignacio; Prim, María Pilar

2008-01-01

The importance of otorhinolaryngology as a separate branch of medicine has grown in the last decades. The objective of this work is to analyze the doctoral theses in ENT presented in Spain between 1976 and 2005. The TESEO database was searched for theses on otorhinolaryngology produced in Spain between 1976 and 2005. The search criteria used were the terms "Otorhinolaryngology," "Ear, nose, and throat surgery," "Hearing physiology," "Vestibular physiology," "Hearing physics," and "Bioacoustics". 468 theses were found (15.6 theses/year). Of these, 343 (73.6 %) were submitted by otorhinolaryngologists. The Universities of Valencia (Estudi General) (49), Complutense of Madrid (42), Salamanca (39), Barcelona (35), and Autònoma of Barcelona (31) accounted for most of the theses. The name of the supervisor was listed in 376 of the 468 theses (80.4 %); 286 of them had only 1 supervisor (76.1 %) and 90 had 2 (23.9 %). The most frequent topics were otology and audiology (35.1 %). Otorhinolaryngology in Spain has produced a similar number of theses as other areas of knowledge evaluated. The supervision of theses has tended to be shared in the most recent years studied. The number of theses submitted each year did not have only academic influences but also non-academic reasons.

Data for the neutron interactions with 6Li and 10B

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Poenitz, W.P.

1984-01-01

The 10 B(n,α), 10 B(n,α 1 ) and, increasingly in more recent measurement, the 6 Li(n,α) cross sections are the major references used in low energy experiments. Many data from modern measurements are available for the neutron interaction with 6 Li, including total, scattering, and absolute and relative (n,α) cross sections. A consensus has been reached with these new 6 Li + n data. In contrast, the data base for the 10 B neutron interaction cross sections is unfortunately poor. This is even the case for the total cross section which is supposed to be the easiest quantity to be measured. The most serious deficiency is the absence of data from absolute measurements of the 10 B(n,α) and 10 B(n,α 1 ) cross sections in the last 10 to 15 years. The available cross section data which were used for the ENDF/B-VI evaluation will be discussed. 43 references

78 FR 32183 - Importation of Avocados From Continental Spain

Science.gov (United States)

2013-05-29

.... APHIS-2012-0002] RIN 0579-AD63 Importation of Avocados From Continental Spain AGENCY: Animal and Plant... continental Spain (excluding the Balearic Islands and Canary Islands) into the United States. This action will... avocados from continental Spain (excluding the Balearic Islands and Canary Islands) into the United States...

10 CFR 1009.6 - Dissemination of prices and charges.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Dissemination of prices and charges. 1009.6 Section 1009.6 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) GENERAL POLICY FOR PRICING AND CHARGING FOR MATERIALS... Accounting and Pricing Branch, Mail Station 4A-139, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20585. ...

Características clínicas, electrocardiográficas y ecocardiográficas de la cardiomiopatía chagásica en la población santandereana Clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic characteristics of Chagas’ cardiomyopathy in Santander’s State (Colombia population

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Franklin Quiroz

Full Text Available Introducción: la enfermedad de Chagas es una infección parasitaria ocasionada por el Trypanosoma cruzi. En Latinoamérica esta enfermedad es endémica, y la cardiomiopatía chagásica es su manifestación más frecuente en Colombia. Este artículo describe las principales características clínicas, electrocardiográficas y ecocardiográficas de la cardiomiopatía chagásica en el Departamento de Santander, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, de sujetos provenientes de Santander, entre los 18 y 80 años, seropositivos para T. cruzi, con síntomas de falla cardiaca no terminal. A estos pacientes se les realizó examen físico, electrocardiograma y ecocardiograma bidimensional. Resultados: se evaluaron 119 pacientes, 62 mujeres y 57 hombres, con edad promedio de 58,5 ± 10,7 años. Los antecedentes más frecuentes fueron: hipertensión arterial (49,6%, implantación de marcapaso (8,4% y dislipidemia (7,6%. En 34,3% de los sujetos se encontró hipertrofia ventricular izquierda en asociación con trastornos de repolarización. De las anormalidades de conducción, el bloqueo de rama derecha fue el más frecuente (11,8%. La valvulopatía más común fue la insuficiencia mitral (61,5%. Ninguna de estas variables se asoció con un peor estado de clase funcional. Discusión: las características electrocardiográficas de la cardiomiopatía chagásica en Colombia, parecen tener un comportamiento diferencial por regiones, y para la zona del Departamento de Santander lo más usual es el hallazgo de hipertrofia ventricular izquierda, trastornos de repolarización y bloqueo de rama derecha. Las intervenciones tempranas en este grupo de pacientes son necesarias dado el alto costo social y económico que conlleva la cardiomiopatía chagásica.Background: Chagas’ disease (CD is a parasitic infection caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi. In Latin America the disease is endemic and Chagas’ cardiomyopathy(CCM is the

Equine viral arteritis in breeding and sport horses in central Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Cruz-Lopez, Fatima; Newton, Richard; Sanchez-Rodriguez, Ana; Ireland, Joanne; Mughini-Gras, Lapo; Moreno, Miguel A; Fores, Paloma

2017-12-01

Equine viral arteritis (EVA) may have a high economic impact on breeding stud farms due to the occurrence of EVA-associated abortion outbreaks and the ability of the virus to persist in carrier stallions. While the consequences of EVA in premises with sport horses are usually less severe, the first confirmed outbreak of EVA in Spain occurred in a riding club in Barcelona, but no data on the seroprevalence of EVA in sport horses have been reported in Spain. Given the importance of both Spanish Purebred (SP) breeding horses and sport horses for Spain's equine industry, the aim of this study was to determine and compare the seroprevalence of EVA in these two horse populations in central Spain. Serum samples from 155 SP breeding horses residing in 16 stud farms and 105 sport horses of different breeds housed in 12 riding clubs, collected between September 2011 and November 2013, were tested using a commercial EVA antibody ELISA test with a 100% sensitivity, and confirmed by seroneutralisation (SN) test. EVA seroprevalence in SP breeding horses was higher 21.1% (95% CI 15.3-26.8%) than that in sport horses (6.7%, 95% CI 1.89-11.45%). However, the primary use (breeding vs. sport) was not significantly associated with seropositivity to Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV), suggesting that different management factors do not affect EVA circulation in these two horse populations. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

6 CFR 25.10 - Confidentiality and protection of Intellectual Property.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... 6 Domestic Security 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Confidentiality and protection of Intellectual Property. 25.10 Section 25.10 Domestic Security DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY REGULATIONS TO SUPPORT ANTI-TERRORISM BY FOSTERING EFFECTIVE TECHNOLOGIES § 25.10 Confidentiality and...

Structure, organisation and clinical outcomes in cancer patients of hospital support teams in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Tuca-Rodriguez, Albert; Gómez-Batiste, Xavier; Espinosa-Rojas, Jose; Martínez-Muñoz, Marisa; Codorniu, Nuria; Porta-Sales, Josep

2012-12-01

To describe the structure, characteristics of patients and basic clinical outcomes in cancer patients receiving care from palliative care hospital support teams (HSTs) in Spain. A multi-centre observational two phase study. Phase I: A descriptive survey of all HSTs in Spain. Phase II: A quasi-experimental prospective cohort study to describe the clinical outcomes, symptom severity and survival. 60 HSTs in Spain met the inclusion criteria. All HSTs were multidisciplinary with wide experience (mean 6.8 years). HSTs coverage was 21.5% of all cancer deaths in Spain. A total number of 364 advanced cancer patients were included in the cohort study; 76% were classified as moderate or high complexity. Overall, 64% were male subjects and the most frequent primary cancer site was lung (26%). Half of the patients had no detailed information about cancer staging and only 19% knew their short-term prognosis. The mean length of intervention was 6.5 days (mean three visits per patient). Outcomes were: 34% deaths during the admission process; 38% were discharged home; and 28% were transferred to another medium-term-stay specialist unit. The main symptoms were pain (68%), dyspnoea (43%), vomiting (24%), anorexia (72%), asthenia (78%), insomnia (50%), anxiety (45%) and depression (35%). After the HSTs intervention, the symptom severity was significantly reduced (p<0.001) for all symptoms, except for weakness and anorexia. The mean survival from inclusion was 111 days. Palliative intervention of HSTs is characterised by being adjusted to patient needs and short duration. Their care was focused on the preterminal phase of cancer patients of moderate-high complexity.

Education, Dictatorship and Democracy in Spain: An Analysis of Administrative Reform.

Science.gov (United States)

Hanson, E. Mark

Spain's transition from dictatorship to pacific and stable democracy without producing major national convulsions is remarkable in a world where many such attempts have been made and most have failed. Within the context of government reform, this study identifies and examines strengths and weaknesses of the regionalization process in education 10…

Operational Oceanograhy System for Oil Spill Risk Management at Santander Bay (Spain)

Science.gov (United States)

Castanedo Bárcena, S.; Nuñez, P.; Perez-Diaz, B.; Abascal, A.; Cardenas, M.; Medina, R.

2016-02-01

Estuaries and bays are sheltered areas that usually host a wide range of industry and interests (e.g. aquaculture, fishing, recreation, habitat protection). Oil spill risk assessment in these environments is fundamental given the reduced response time associated to this very local scale. This work presents a system comprising two modules: (1) an Operational Oceanography System (OOS) based on nesting high resolution models which provides short-term (within 48 hours) oil spill trajectory forecasting and (2) an oil spill risk assessment system (OSRAS) that estimates risk as the combination of hazard and vulnerability. Hazard is defined as the probability of the coast to be polluted by an oil spill and is calculated on the basis of a library of pre-run cases. The OOS is made up by: (1) Daily boundary conditions (sea level, ocean currents, salinity and temperature) and meteorological forcing are obtained from the European network MYOCEAN and from the Spanish met office, AEMET, respectively; (2) COAWST modelling system is the engine of the OOS (at this stage of the project only ROMS is on); (3) an oil spill transport and fate model, TESEO (4) a web service that manages the operational system and allows the user to run hypothetical as well as real oil spill trajectories using the daily forecast of wind and high resolution ocean variables carried out by COAWST. Regarding the OSRAS system, the main contributions of this work are: (1) the use of extensive meteorological and oceanographic database provided by state-of-the-art ocean and atmospheric models, (2) the use of clustering techniques to establish representative met-ocean scenarios (i.e. combination of sea state, meteorological conditions, tide and river flow), (3) dynamic downscaling of the met-ocean scenarios with COAWST modelling system and (4) management of hundreds of runs performed with the state-of-the-art oil spill transport model TESEO.

File list: Oth.ALL.10.ERCC6.AllCell [Chip-atlas[Archive

Lifescience Database Archive (English)

Full Text Available Oth.ALL.10.ERCC6.AllCell hg19 TFs and others ERCC6 All cell types SRX338979,SRX3520...46,SRX147681,SRX338978 http://dbarchive.biosciencedbc.jp/kyushu-u/hg19/assembled/Oth.ALL.10.ERCC6.AllCell.bed ...

Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a sub-Andean forest from the Norte de Santander, Colombia.

Science.gov (United States)

Hoyos-López, Richard; Bolaños, Rafael; Contreras-Gutierrez, MarIa; Carrero-Sarmiento, Diego

2016-03-01

The recognition of communities of arthropods with medical importance in natural systems constitutes an important step in the prediction of possible epidemic events and/or emergence of infectious diseases in the human population. This is due to anthropogenic impact in natural areas and landscape modification, which changes the dynamics of pathogenic agents, reservoirs, and vector insects. In this study, an inventory was compiled of species of the genus Lutzomyia present in sub-Andean forest from the confluence of the Pamplonita River basin. CDC-light and Shannon traps were used for collecting adult phlebotomine sandflies during the month of October 2013 in a sub-Andean forest from river basin Pamplonita. All specimens were identified using morphological keys. The epidemiological relevance of each species was reported using a literature review about natural infection or vector incrimination with Leishmania species or other pathogens microorganism. A total of 2755 specimens belonging to eight species of the genus Lutzomyia were collected. Out of the eight species, seven belonged to the group verrucarum (Lutzomyia sp--townsendi series, L. ovallesi, L. spinicrassa, L. serrana, L. townsendi, L. nuneztovari and L. pia), while one belonged to the subgenus Helcocyrtomyia (L. hartmanni). A new registry of L. townsendi was observed for the Norte de Santander department. The appreciable diversity of the verrucarum group observed in this area suggest further investigation on the biogeography and evolution of this group, and epidemiological risk for human populations around this area, as there are reports of Leishmania natural infection and favourable conditions for domestication of phlebotomines in rural towns.

Sustainable Drainage Practices in Spain, Specially Focused on Pervious Pavements

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jorge Rodriguez-Hernandez

2013-01-01

Full Text Available The Spanish climate is full of contrasts, with torrential rains and long droughts; under these conditions, appropriate water management is essential. In Spain, until the end of the twentieth century, water management and legislative development lagged behind other more developed countries. Nowadays, great efforts are being made to reverse this situation and improve both water management and legislation in order to control the two main problems related to stormwater management in cities: floods and diffuse pollution. In this context, Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS were developed as the main solution to these problems. The study of these techniques started in the 1970s in the USA, but they were not studied in Spain until 1993 when the University of Cantabria and CLABSA started to look into solutions for stormwater management. After 20 years of research and application, sustainable drainage in Spain is still behind other countries in spite of the efforts to change this situation, notably by the University of Cantabria with 10 years of experience in these techniques, mainly regarding pervious pavements, where more than 13 related research projects have been carried out. The future challenges focus on the application of pervious pavements for Urban Hydrological Rehabilitation.

Impacto de la discapacidad en la vereda los Teres del municipio de los Santos, Santander - 2012

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Martha Patricia Cabrales Guzmán

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Objetivo: analizar el impacto de discapacidad en la vereda los Teres del municipio de los Santos, Santander en el año 2012, desde la Teoría de los Sistemas. Metodología: Estudio transversal descriptivo. Se incluyeron 11 Personas en Situación de Discapacidad (PSD de la Vereda Los Teres. Se aplicó una encuesta mediante entrevista a las PSD o un familiar por 3 estudiantes de último año de fisioterapia. Se recolectaron variables relacionadas con el microsistema persona-famiilia, mesosistema y exosistema. Se calcularon medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión para variables cuantitativas y frecuencias absolutas y relativas para las variables cualitativas. Resultados: el 45,5% de las personas no tenía nivel educativo alguno, el 81,8% se encontraba afiliada a salud, el 100% no asistía a ningún establecimiento de rehabilitación, el 81,8% refirió que el trato de la familia no ha cambiado después de adquirir la discapacidad y el 90,9% no se encontraban trabajando actualmente. En cuanto a la exclusión, el 90,9% de las PSD estaban excluidos en el ámbito de salud. Conclusión: El subsistema más afectado para las PSD de la vereda los Teres fue el exosistema y el menos afectado el microsistema persona-familia.

[Clinical stages of patients with Alzheimer disease treated in specialist clinics in Spain. The EACE study].

Science.gov (United States)

Alom Poveda, J; Baquero, M; González-Adalid Guerreiro, M

2013-10-01

The diagnostic paradigm of Alzheimer disease (AD) is changing; there is a trend toward diagnosing the disease in its early stages, even before the complete syndrome of dementia is apparent. The clinical stage at which AD is usually diagnosed in our area is unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to describe the clinical stages of AD patients at time of diagnosis. Multicentre, observational and cross-sectional study. Patients with probable AD according to NINCDS-ARDRA criteria, attended in specialist clinics in Spain, were included in the study. We recorded the symptom onset to evaluation and symptom onset to diagnosis intervals and clinical status of AD (based on MMSE, NPI questionnaire, and CDR scale). Participants in this study included 437 specialists representing all of Spain's autonomous communities and a total of 1,707 patients, of whom 1,694 were included in the analysis. Mean MMSE score was 17.6±4.8 (95% CI:17.4-17.9). Moderate cognitive impairment (MMSE between 10 and 20) was detected in 64% of the patients, and severe cognitive impairment (MMSEde Neurología. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.

Appropriateness of lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging in Spain

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kovacs, Francisco M. [Spanish Back Pain Research Network (REIDE), Fundación Kovacs, Paseo de Mallorca 36, 07012 Palma de Mallorca (Spain); Research Department, Fundación Kovacs, Paseo de Mallorca 36, 07012 Palma de Mallorca (Spain); Arana, Estanislao, E-mail: aranae@uv.es [Spanish Back Pain Research Network (REIDE), Fundación Kovacs, Paseo de Mallorca 36, 07012 Palma de Mallorca (Spain); Servicio de Radiología, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia (Spain); Fundación Instituto de Investigación en Servicios de Salud, Valencia (Spain); Royuela, Ana [Spanish Back Pain Research Network (REIDE), Fundación Kovacs, Paseo de Mallorca 36, 07012 Palma de Mallorca (Spain); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (Spain); Unidad de Bioestadística Clínica, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Ctra. Colmenar Km. 9.1, 28034 Madrid (Spain); Cabrera, Alberto [Spanish Back Pain Research Network (REIDE), Fundación Kovacs, Paseo de Mallorca 36, 07012 Palma de Mallorca (Spain); Hospital de Galdakao, Barrio Labeaga, 48960 Galdakao, Vizcaya (Spain); Casillas, Carlos [Spanish Back Pain Research Network (REIDE), Fundación Kovacs, Paseo de Mallorca 36, 07012 Palma de Mallorca (Spain); Instituto de Traumatología Unión de Mutuas, Av. del Lledó, C/Juan de Herrera, 27 12004 Castellón (Spain); and others

2013-06-15

Objectives: To determine the minimum percentage of lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging (LSMRI) which are inappropriately prescribed in routine practice. Methods: LSMRI performed prospectively on 602 patients in 12 Radiology Services across 6 regions in Spain, were classified as “appropriate”, “uncertain” or “inappropriate” based on the indication criteria established by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence, the American College of Physicians and Radiology, and current evidence-based clinical guidelines. Studies on patients reporting at least one “red flag” were classified as “appropriate”. A logistic regression model was developed to identify factors associated with a higher likelihood of inappropriate LSMRI, including gender, reporting of referred pain, health care setting (private/public), and specialty of prescribing physician. Before performing the LSMRI, the radiologists also assessed the appropriateness of the prescription. Results: Eighty-eight percent of LSMRI were appropriate, 1.3% uncertain and 10.6% inappropriate. The agreement of radiologists’ assessment with this classification was substantial (k = 0.62). The odds that LSMRI prescriptions were inappropriate were higher for patients without referred pain [OR (CI 95%): 13.75 (6.72; 28.16)], seen in private practice [2.25 (1.20; 4.22)], by orthopedic surgeons, neurosurgeons or primary care physicians [2.50 (1.15; 5.56)]. Conclusion: Efficiency of LSMRI could be improved in routine practice, without worsening clinical outcomes.

Appropriateness of lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging in Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kovacs, Francisco M.; Arana, Estanislao; Royuela, Ana; Cabrera, Alberto; Casillas, Carlos

2013-01-01

Objectives: To determine the minimum percentage of lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging (LSMRI) which are inappropriately prescribed in routine practice. Methods: LSMRI performed prospectively on 602 patients in 12 Radiology Services across 6 regions in Spain, were classified as “appropriate”, “uncertain” or “inappropriate” based on the indication criteria established by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence, the American College of Physicians and Radiology, and current evidence-based clinical guidelines. Studies on patients reporting at least one “red flag” were classified as “appropriate”. A logistic regression model was developed to identify factors associated with a higher likelihood of inappropriate LSMRI, including gender, reporting of referred pain, health care setting (private/public), and specialty of prescribing physician. Before performing the LSMRI, the radiologists also assessed the appropriateness of the prescription. Results: Eighty-eight percent of LSMRI were appropriate, 1.3% uncertain and 10.6% inappropriate. The agreement of radiologists’ assessment with this classification was substantial (k = 0.62). The odds that LSMRI prescriptions were inappropriate were higher for patients without referred pain [OR (CI 95%): 13.75 (6.72; 28.16)], seen in private practice [2.25 (1.20; 4.22)], by orthopedic surgeons, neurosurgeons or primary care physicians [2.50 (1.15; 5.56)]. Conclusion: Efficiency of LSMRI could be improved in routine practice, without worsening clinical outcomes

Quality assurance in Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Villate, J.

1980-01-01

The first part of this lecture is devoted to present the energy program in Spain and the three generations of nuclear plants. The evolution of QA is outlined pointing out how IAEA Codes of Practice on QA is now a requirement and also how USA regulations, codes and standards have constituted, up to now, the main framework to develop QA activities in Spain. A general idea is given of the Spanish program of courses to qualify the personnel to be involved in QA tasks in nuclear power plants. Finally a general scheme is given, emphasizing the three main aspects: design, procurement and fabrication; construction (QA on site). (orig./RW)

The Role of Spain in the American Revolution: An Unavoidable Strategic Mistake

Science.gov (United States)

2009-01-01

Expedici6n contra la Plaza de Panzacola concluida por las Armas de S.M. Cat6lic;a, baxo las 6rdenes del Mariscal de Campo D. Bernardo de Galvez. Mexico , 1781...provides an uncompleted view of Spanish diplomacy, using as sources just the monograph "Espana ante la Independencia de los Estados Unidos", by Yela... Mexico City). · Galvez y Gallardo, Jose de (marques de Sonora), (1720, ·Macharavialla, 1787, Aranjuez, Spain) was a Spanish lawyer, a colonial official in

Relación entre la antigua carrera de comercio y el desarrollo de los estudios de inglés: referido a la ciudad de Santander en el siglo XIX y primeros años del XX.

OpenAIRE

Fernández Menéndez, María Antonia

2009-01-01

Durante el siglo XIX aumentaron las relaciones comerciales España-Gran Bretaña y, a través del puerto de Santander, los intercambios entre ambas comunidades. Para controlar esta actividad mercantil la ciudad necesita profesionales que puedan comunicarse con sus colegas extranjeros; por eso se favorecen los estudios de “Comercio” y dentro de ellos el del inglés hablado y escrito. Como el método tradicional de enseñanza de idiomas, que estaba basado en la traducción, no sirve ...

[Trends in antibiotic consumption in Spain, 1985-2000].

Science.gov (United States)

Lázaro Bengoa, Edurne; Madurga Sanz, Mariano; de Abajo Iglesias, Francisco J

2002-04-27

The purpose of this study was to analyse the trend in antibiotics consumption to draw on the National Health System (NHS) over the last 16 years in Spain and its different Autonomous Communities (AC). Consumption data for all antibiotics used in Spain, either alone or in fixed-dose combinations, were obtained using the database ECOM. This database includes all the packages sold through retail pharmacies and reimbursed by the NHS. Data are expressed as defined dairy doses per 1,000 inhabitants per day (DHD), in accordance with the methodology recommended by the World Health Organization. Demographic data were provided by the National Institute of Statistics. In 1985 the overall consumption of antibiotics was 21.9 DHD, while in 2000 it was 20.4 DHD. It was possible to distinguish three phases over the study period. The first phase lasts until 1989, where a mild decreasing trend was observed (1.1 DHD; 5.0%), mainly due to the fall of fixed-dose combinations of antibiotics and the association of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. The second phase, lasting until 1996, was characterized by a generalized increase in the consumption in all AC, with an average of 2.3 DHD (+ 11.1%), ranging from 0.4 to 4.6 DHD; this increase was mainly due to the marketing of new macrolides, cephalosporins and quinolones. Finally, there was a third phase beginning in 1996, where the consumption of antibiotics came into a sustained and generalized decline, ranging from 0.5 to 5.1 DHD, and depending on the AC (national average 2.7 DHD, 11.7% lower than that in 1996). This latter trend was mainly due to the fall of wide-spectrum penicillins. Differences between AC regarding the level of consumption were huge over the study period, although the pattern of use was quite similar. There was, for instance, a difference of 10.4 DHD between Región de Murcia and Islas Baleares in 2000, or 9.9 DHD between the former and Madrid in the same year. The consumption of antibiotics in Spain and all its AC has

ITER site selection studies in Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Medrano, M.; Alejaldre, C.; Doncel, J.; Garcia, A.; Ibarra, A.; Jimenez, J.A.; Sanchez de Mora, M.A.; Alcala, F.; Diez, J.E.; Dominguez, M.; Albisu, F.

2003-01-01

The studies carried out to evaluate and select a candidate site for International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) construction in Spain are presented in this paper. The ITER design, completed in July 2001, considered a number of technical requirements that must be fulfilled by the selected site. Several assumptions concerning the ITER site were made in order to carry on the design before final site selection. In the studies undertaken for ITER site selection in Spain, the referred technical requirements and assumptions were applied across the whole of Spain and two areas were identified as being preferential. These areas are on the Mediterranean coast and are situated in the Catalan and Valencian regions. A comparative evaluation based on technical characteristics for the concrete plots, proposed within the preferential areas, has been done. The result of these studies was the selection of a site that was deemed to be the most competitive--Vandellos (Tarragona)--and it was proposed to the European Commission for detailed studies in order to be considered as a possible European site for ITER construction. Another key factor for hosting ITER in Spain, is the licensing process. The present status is summarised in this paper

20 CFR 10.6 - What special statutory definitions apply to dependents and survivors?

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false What special statutory definitions apply to dependents and survivors? 10.6 Section 10.6 Employees' Benefits OFFICE OF WORKERS' COMPENSATION PROGRAMS...' COMPENSATION ACT, AS AMENDED General Provisions Definitions and Forms § 10.6 What special statutory definitions...

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection and disease in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

de Mendoza, Carmen; Caballero, Estrella; Aguilera, Antonio; Requena, Silvia; de Lejarazu, Raúl Ortiz; Pirón, María; González, Rocío; Jiménez, Ana; Roc, Lourdes; Treviño, Ana; Benito, Rafael; Fernández-Alonso, Miriam; Aguinaga, Aitziber; Rodríguez, Carmen; García-Costa, Juan; Blanco, Lidia; Ramos, José M; Calderón, Enrique; Eirós, José M; Sauleda, Silvia; Barreiro, Pablo; Soriano, Vicente

2017-07-31

: Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is a neglected disease despite roughly 15 million people are chronically infected worldwide. Lifelong less than 10% of carriers develop life-threatening diseases, mostly a subacute myelopathy known as tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) and a lymphoproliferative disorder named adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). HTLV-1 is efficiently transmitted perinatally (breastfeeding), sexually (more from men to women) and parenterally (transfusions, injection drug user (IDU), and transplants). To date there is neither prophylactic vaccine nor effective antiviral therapy. A total of 327 cases of HTLV-1 infection had been reported at the HTLV-1 Spanish registry until December 2016, of whom 34 had been diagnosed with TSP and 25 with ATL. Overall 62% were Latin American immigrants and 13% were persons of African origin. The incidence of HTLV-1 in Spain has remained stable for nearly a decade with 20-25 new cases yearly. Of the 21 newly diagnosed HTLV-1 cases during year 2016, one was a native Spaniard pregnant woman, and four presented with symptomatic disease, including three with ATL and one with TSP. Underdiagnosis of HTLV-1 in Spain must be high (iceberg model), which may account for the disproportionate high rate of symptomatic cases (almost 20%) and the late recognition of preventable HTLV-1 transmissions in special populations, such as newborns and transplant recipients. Our current estimate is of 10 000 persons living with HTLV-1 infection in Spain. Given the large flux of immigrants and visitors from HTLV-1 endemic regions to Spain, the expansion of HTLV-1 screening policies is warranted. At this time, it seems worth recommending HTLV testing to all donor/recipient organ transplants and pregnant women regardless place of birth. Although current leukoreduction procedures largely prevent HTLV-1 transmission by blood transfusions, HTLV testing of all first-time donors should be cost-effective contributing to unveil

Prospects for 6 to 10 tesla magnets for a TEVATRON upgrade

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mantsch, Paul M.

1988-01-01

The first SSC physics is at least 10 years away. An upgrade of the Fermilab Tevatron will ensure the continuity of a vigorous high-energy physics program until the SSC turns on. Three basic proposals are under consideration: /bar p/p at 3 /times/ 10 31 --Increase luminosity by improvements to the p source. pp at 1 TeV and 2 /times/ 10 32 --Move the main ring to a new tunnel, build a second Tevatron ring, and /bar p/p > 1.5 TeV and 7 /times/ 10 30 --Replace the tevatron with a higher energy ring. The last two options requires about a hundred 6.6-tesla dipoles in addition to a ring of Tevatron strength (4.4 T) magnets. These higher-field magnets are necessary in both rings to lengthen the straight sections in order to realize the collision optics. The third option requires a ring of magnets of 6.6 T or slightly higher to replace the present Tevatron plus a number of special 8--9 tesla magnets. The viability of the high-energy option then depends on the practicality of sizable numbers of reliable 8--9 tesla dipoles as well as 800 6.6-tesla dipoles. The following develops a specification for an 8.8 T dipole, examines the design considerations and reviews the current state of high-field magnet development. 22 figs., 3 tabs

Salmonella diversity associated with wild reptiles and amphibians in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Briones, Víctor; Téllez, Sonia; Goyache, Joaquín; Ballesteros, Cristina; del Pilar Lanzarot, María; Domínguez, Lucas; Fernández-Garayzábal, José F

2004-08-01

During the spring and summer of 2001, faeces from 166 wild reptiles (94 individuals) and amphibians (72 individuals) from 21 different species found in central Spain were examined for the presence of Salmonella. Thirty-nine reptiles (41.5%) yielded 48 Salmonella isolates, whereas all the amphibians examined were negative. Subspecies Salmonella enterica enterica (I) accounted for up to 50% of isolates. Fourteen isolates (29.2%) belonged to subspecies diarizonae (IIIb), six isolates (12.5%) to subspecies salamae (II), and four isolates (8.3%) to subspecies arizonae (IIIa). Twenty-seven different serotypes were identified. Serotypes Anatum (12.5%), Herzliya (8.3%), Abony, 18:l,v:z, 9,12:z29:1,5 and 38:z10:z53 (6.2%/each) were the most frequently isolated. A high percentage (39.6%) of isolates belonged to serotypes previously associated with environmental sources. Also, 37.5% of isolates belonged to serotypes which had been related to human cases of salmonellosis. From these data, it is concluded that wild reptiles, but apparently not amphibians, may represent an important reservoir of Salmonella in nature and have potential implications for public health.

Tratamiento biologico de aguas residuales de matadero. caso: frigorifico la frontera ltda., villa del rosario, norte de Santander

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Néstor Andrés Urbina-Suárez

2006-07-01

Full Text Available The achieved investigation characterized and quantified the residual water spilt by the The ”FRIGORIFICO LA FRONTERA Ltda. ” of the municipality of Villa del Rosario Norte de Santander ( Colombia .,it evaluated and operated a system of Biological treatment to industrial scale with the physical available infrastructure in the slaughterhouse, with the purpose of evaluating the technical feasibility in order to design a plant to real scale.The greatest production of residual water in the slaughterhouse during the time of research in take place in May with a wealth of 3,93 US and in December with a wealth of 3,37 L/s, according to the period of highest number of killed animals. The smallest production of residual water was registered in August with a wealth 2,49 L/s and in March with a wealth of 2,6l L/s. The COD of residual water was situed between 14150 and 16900 mg/l, and the BOD changed between 6950 and 7980 mg/l. In the construction of activate sludge reactors, circular tanks on staínless steel were adopted with a capacity of 8 m3. Each reactor was inoculated of different form: reactor 1 with one inoculated activated from rumen of the primary sedimentador, the reactor 2 with one inoculated activated from the rumen retained by the sieves and the reactor 3 with a commercial inóculo. The removal mediated in DOO and DBO was: 78.12 % in DOO and 85.75 % in DBO for the reactor 1, 78.65 % in DOO and 72.12 DBO for the reactor 2 and 64.92 % in DOO and 56.44 %en DBO for the reactor 3. During the operation of the reactors present microorganisms isolated and identified in the active mud of the reactor l that was the one that presented better efficiencies and the presence of protozoa ns was identified in every reactor.

Severity profiles in patients diagnosed of benign prostatic hyperplasia in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Miñana, B; Rodríguez-Antolín, A; Prieto, M; Pedrosa, E

2013-10-01

To analyse the severity profiles and progression criteria in patients diagnosed of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in urology clinics in Spain. A multicentre observational epidemiological study conducted in Spain between May-November 2008. A representative sample of 392 urologist gathered socio-demographic, clinical and patient-centered data from three consecutive patients with new diagnostic of BPH in urology clinics. A total of 1.115 patients were evaluated. Mean age was 65.7 years old. Mean time from the onset of symptoms to diagnostic was 18,8 months. Mean IPSS score was 17.2. 63 patients (5,7%) had mild symptoms; 670 (60,1%) had moderate symptoms with a mean IPSS score of 14.6 and 382 (34.3%) had severe symptoms with a mean IPSS score of 23.7. Mean PSA was 2.6 ng/ml and ultrasound measured prostatic volume was 49.2cc. A total of 713 (63,9%) patients met progression criteria (PSA >1.5 ng/ml and volume>30 cc). Symptoms severity was directly correlated with age, prostatic volume, PSA, presence of progression criteria and time from the onset of symptoms and inversely correlated with urine flow rate (P<.001). Progression criteria was directly correlated with age, symptoms severity and inversely with urine flow rate (P<.01). More than 90% of patients diagnosed of BPH in urology clinics in Spain had moderate to severe symptoms. Two thirds met progression criteria that correlate with age and severity of symptoms. Copyright © 2013 AEU. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.

Spain succeeds on the PWR learning curve

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Varley, J.

1982-01-01

The development of nuclear power in Spain is described. Although the programme has been delayed and cut back, success has been achieved in carrying out technology transfer. Spain now has an industry capable of exporting nuclear components, equipment and expertise. An architect-engineering capability has also developed. (U.K.)

La gastronomía: una fuente para el desarrollo del turismo y el fortalecimiento de la identidad cultural en Santander

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Luz Mary Castellón Valdez

2018-05-01

Full Text Available Este artículo comprende una investigación cuyo fin es analizar la gastronomía como un instrumento con el cual se podría potencializar el turismo y resaltar la identidad cultural de los pueblos santandereanos. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se emprendió un estudio de tipo exploratorio por medio del cual se logró un primer acercamiento al problema. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron plantear un diseño inicial de una ruta gastronómica en Santander, como estrategia para impulsar el turismo en la región y resaltar el vínculo que históricamente han creado los santandereanos entre el territorio y los alimentos que en él se producen y que hoy constituyen un elemento de su identidad regional. El recorrido de la ruta comprende los municipios de Los Santos, Villanueva, Guane-Barichara, Zapatoca y San Vicente de Chucurí. Estos espacios fueron seleccionados por poseer una destacada producción agrícola, agroindustrial y culinaria, así como una riqueza natural e histórica, cuyos productos serán parte del itinerario de la ruta.

Transparency and Good Governance in Spain

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Catalina Larach

2015-06-01

Full Text Available Nowadays, transparency and Governance are relevant for Spain. Especially, for the dissatisfied citizenship and the weakness in national and local institutions over the last few years, with results like not trusting, less guarantee on healthcare and education system, the corruption in public administration, politics-economic issues, and so on. Although, in the European Union, Spain has been one of the last countries to regulate this issue, whit Act 19/2013 there are new objectives relating to open government, citizenship, technology, accountability. Moreover in relation with the structure of administration because the “commission for transparency and good governance” was initiated on last 19th January. In general, its effectiveness in moderating this issue and applying measures in order to get administration systems cleaner in countries like Spain.

A regional analysis of Tourism Specialization in Spain

OpenAIRE

Perez-Dacal, Diana; Pena-Boquete, Yolanda

2013-01-01

Tourism sector is playing an important role in the development of a region, contributing to the economy growth and job creation. Despite of the actual crisis, Tourism activities continues to growth in the last year (UNWTO 2011). Also, Spain maintains in the better positions of the world ranking. Furthermore, Tourism activities generate around 10% of GPD and represents 11.5% of total workers of the Spanish Economy. Nevertheless, this is not true for all the Spanish Regions. There are regional ...

10 CFR 904.6 - Charge for capacity and firm energy.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Charge for capacity and firm energy. 904.6 Section 904.6... CANYON PROJECT Power Marketing § 904.6 Charge for capacity and firm energy. The charge for Capacity and Firm Energy from the Project shall be composed of two separate charges; a charge to provide for the...

Hospitalizations realted to herpes zoster infection in the Canary Islands, Spain (2005-2014).

Science.gov (United States)

García-Rojas, Amós; Gil-Prieto, Ruth; Núñez-Gallo, Domingo Ángel; Matute-Cruz, Petra; Gil-de-Miguel, Angel

2017-08-24

Herpes zoster is an important problem of public health especially among the elderly in Spain. A population-based retrospective epidemiological study to estimate the burden of herpes zoster requiring hospitalization in the Canary Islands, Spain was conducted by using data from the national surveillance system for hospital data, Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos. Records of all patients admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of herpes zoster in any position and cases of primary diagnosis (ICD-9-MC codes 053.0-053.9) during a 10-year period (2005-2014), were selected. A total of 1088 hospitalizations with a primary or secondary diagnosis of herpes zoster were identified during the study period. Annually there were 6.99 hospitalizations by herpes zoster per 100,000 population. It increases with age reaching a maximum in persons ≥85 years of age (43.98 admissions per 100,000). Average length of hospitalization was 16 days and 73 patients died, with a case-fatality rate of 4.03%. In 22% of the cases hospitalized, herpes zoster was the primary diagnosis. The hospitalization burden of herpes zoster in adults in the Canary Islands was still important during the last decade and justify the implementation of preventive measures, like vaccination in the elderly or other high risk groups to reduce the most severe cases of the disease.

EVALUACIÓN DE DOS ETAPAS FENOLÓGICAS DE 114 ACCESIONES DE Tadehagi triquetrum EN EL MUNICIPIO DE SANTANDER DE QUILICHAO - CAUCA AVALIAÇÃO DE DUAS ETAPAS FENOLÓGICAS REPRODUTIVAS DE 114 ACCESIONES DE Tadehagi triquetrum DO MUNICÍPIO DE SANTANDER QUILICHAO - CAUCA EVALUATION OF TWO STAGES PHENOLOGICAL OF 114 ACCESSIONS OF Tadehagi triquetrum IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF SANTANDER QUILICHAO - CAUCA

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

CARLOS AUGUSTO MARTÍNEZ MAMIÁN

2010-12-01

Full Text Available Los estudios tendientes en conocer la adaptabilidad de materiales novedosos forrajeros en el trópico bajo Colombiano son escasos, por tal razón, se evaluaron dos etapas fenológicas reproductivas (Floración y fructificación de 114 accesiones de Tadehagi triquetrum especie forrajera poco estudiada a nivel mundial, utilizada en la alimentación bovina las cuales son provenientes de Tailandia, Vietnam, China, Indonesia y Papua Nueva Guinea; material vegetal que hace parte del banco de germoplasma del programa de forrajes del Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIATlas accesiones inicialmente fueron sembradas en el invernadero del programa de forrajes del CIAT Palmira (T: 24°C; H relativa de 85% y después de 8 semanas se trasplantaron al sitio definitivo en los terrenos de la subestación experimental del CIAT Santander de Quilichao. Cada accesión fue sembrada en una hilera de tres plantas, donde se tomaron registros para el análisis descriptivo de las accesiones. Se tuvieron en cuenta cuatro variables del cultivo: días a la primera flor, días al 50% de floración, días a la primera vaina y días al 50% de la producción de vainas, y tres variables ambientales (precipitación, brillo solar y temperatura. Se encontró que las accesiones de Tadehagi triquetrum presentaron su primera flor en promedio a los 137 días y el 50% de la floración a los 156 días después de la siembra en campo. Las variables relacionadas con la producción de vainas se encontraron directamente relacionadas con los días a floración, en promedio a los 14 días de presentarse la primera flor.Os estudios tendentes em conhecer a adaptabilidade de materiais nuviosos forrageiros no trópico baixo Colombiano sao escassos, por tal ração, se avaliaram duas etapas fenológicas reprodutivas (Floração e frutificação de 114 accesiones de Tadehagi triquetrum espécie forrageira pouco estudada á nível mundial, que é utilizada na alimentação bovina, as

A General Overview of Natural Sources in Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Poncela, L.S.Q.; Fernandez, C.S.; Merino, I.F.; Villanueva, J.L.G.

2011-01-01

Nationwide and regional surveys have been conducted to evaluate natural radiation exposure of the Spanish population. In these surveys, indoor radon, external gamma dose rates outdoors and indoors were measured. In the nationwide radon survey, 9% of the tested houses presented radon levels above 200 Bq/m 3 and 25% of houses with radon concentrations above this reference level were located in areas with high radon indoor levels. In 2010, the Radon Group in collaboration with two research groups from the University of Santiago de Compostela and University Autonoma de Barcelona has started the Radon 10 x 10 project which is bases on radon integrated measurements using track-etched detectors using grid 10 x 10 km 2 . In this work we present data measured during the last 30 years in Spain as well as some preliminary results of this new project

File list: Oth.Unc.10.Adenine_N6-methylation.AllCell [Chip-atlas[Archive

Lifescience Database Archive (English)

Full Text Available Oth.Unc.10.Adenine_N6-methylation.AllCell ce10 TFs and others Adenine N6-methylatio...n Unclassified http://dbarchive.biosciencedbc.jp/kyushu-u/ce10/assembled/Oth.Unc.10.Adenine_N6-methylation.AllCell.bed ...

Light pollution in Spain 2010

Science.gov (United States)

Sánchez de Miguel, A.; Zamorano, J.; Pila-Díez, B.; Rubio, J.; Ruiz, R.; Rodríguez-Herranz, I.; González-Pérez, A.

2011-11-01

The most recent data on electricity consumption for public lighting inSpain is presented and compared with light pollution measurements asderived from night satellite imagery. NOAA-MSP images (low-resolution)and higher resolution images obtained with conventional DSLR cameras on board the International Space Station (ISS) have been used.We show that the data can be related to night sky brightness maps with a study conducted within the Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid. Weintend to extend our work to the rest of Spain through tight collaborationwith amateur astronomers.

78 FR 32184 - Importation of Fresh Apricots From Continental Spain

Science.gov (United States)

2013-05-29

.... APHIS-2011-0132] RIN 0579-AD62 Importation of Fresh Apricots From Continental Spain AGENCY: Animal and... United States of fresh apricots from continental Spain. This action will allow interested persons... importation of fruits and vegetables to allow the importation of fresh apricots from continental Spain into...

[Characteristics of Hospitalizations of Homeless Persons in Seville, Spain].

Science.gov (United States)

Tornero Patricio, Sebastián; Fernández Ajuria, Alberto; Charris Castro, Liliana

2016-02-10

The aim was to determine the characteristics of hospital admissions of homeless persons in Seville, Spain. Observational study of 103,802 hospital admissions of 71,756 patients admitted in the Hospitals "Virgen del Rocío" and "Virgen Macarena" (Seville), in 2013 and 2014. Bivariate analysis were performed using χ2 and t-Student tests and multivariate analysis using binomial logistic regression model. 0.16% (n=163) of admissions were homeless persons and 99.84% (n=103,639) were not. The mean age at admission in homeless patients was 48 years and 76.5% of them were men. Hospital deaths of homeless patients occurred being 23 years younger. 92% of hospital admissions came from emergency departments and 10.0% of their discharges were against medical advice. The average length of stay was 4.8 days longer in homeless persons and the most frequent diagnoses on admission were mental (27.0%), infectious (19.6%) and respiratory diseases (18.4%). Mental disorders were present on 83.7% of homeless patients as secondary diagnose and 77.6% referred drugs consumption. Hospital admissions characteristics of homeless persons were particularly different. Homeless patients were hospitalized and died at a younger age than non-homeless patients. The morbidity and mortality of homeless persons reflect their vulnerable health condition.

Chronic kidney disease in Spain: Prevalence and impact of accumulation of cardiovascular risk factors.

Science.gov (United States)

Gorostidi, Manuel; Sánchez-Martínez, Mercedes; Ruilope, Luis M; Graciani, Auxiliadora; de la Cruz, Juan J; Santamaría, Rafael; Del Pino, María D; Guallar-Castillón, Pilar; de Álvaro, Fernando; Rodríguez-Artalejo, Fernando; Banegas, José R

2018-06-15

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health problem worldwide. We aimed to estimate the CKD prevalence in Spain and to examine the impact of the accumulation of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF). We performed a nationwide, population-based survey evaluating 11,505 individuals representative of the Spanish adult population. Information was collected through standardised questionnaires, physical examination, and analysis of blood and urine samples in a central laboratory. CKD was graded according to current KDIGO definitions. The relationship between CKD and 10CVRF was assessed (age, hypertension, general obesity, abdominal obesity, smoking, high LDL-cholesterol, low HDL-cholesterol, hypertriglyceridaemia, diabetes and sedentary lifestyle). Prevalence of CKD was 15.1% (95%CI: 14.3-16.0%). CKD was more common in men (23.1% vs 7.3% in women), increased with age (4.8% in 18-44 age group, 17.4% in 45-64 age group, and 37.3% in ≥65), and was more common in those with than those without cardiovascular disease (39.8% vs 14.6%); all P<.001. CKD affected 4.5% of subjects with 0-1CVRF, and then progressively increased from 10.4% to 52.3% in subjects with 2 to 8-10CVRF (P trend <.001). CKD affects one in seven adults in Spain. The prevalence is higher than previously reported and similar to that in the United States. CKD was particularly prevalent in men, older people and people with cardiovascular disease. Prevalence of CKD increased considerably with the accumulation of CVRF, suggesting that CKD could be considered as a cardiovascular condition. Copyright © 2018 Sociedad Española de Nefrología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Degree of cognitive impairment of older adults institutionalized in two homes for the elderly in the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga-Santander, Colombia

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Katherine del Consuelo Camargo Hernández

2017-08-01

Full Text Available Introduction: Cognitive impairment is one of the most frequent occurring problems in the older adult population as a result of ageing. Objective: To determine the degree of cognitive impairment of older adults institutionalized in two homes for the elderly in the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga, Santander in Colombia. Materials and methods: A quantitative study was made by using a cross-sectional descriptive design with a population of 165 and a sample of 60 older adults from two homes for the elderly, whose inclusion criteria were: age between 65 to 95 or more and presence or absence of chronic pathology. A non-probabilistic sampling was used for convenience, and the instrument MMSE (Mini-Mental cognitive exam was applied. Results: The older adult population who participated in the study is between the ages of 75 to 94. Most of them were male, had a primary school level, had family contact and the time for institutionalization was 1 to 5 years. Conclusions: 41.7% of older adults studied showed severe cognitive impairment and require nursing interventions focused on cognitive therapy.

Modelling the fine and coarse fraction of Pb, Cd, As and Ni air concentration in Spain

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gonzalez, M. A.; Vivanco, M. G.

2015-07-01

Lead, cadmium, arsenic and nickel are present in the air due to natural and anthropogenic emissions, normally joined to particles. Human health and ecosystems can be damaged by high atmospheric levels of these metals, since they can be introduced in organisms via inhalation or ingestion. Small particles are inhaled and embebed in lungs and alveolus more easily than coarse particles. The CHIMERE model is a eulerian air quality model extensively used in air quality modelling. Metals have been recently included in this model in a special version developed in the CIEMAT modelling group (Madrid, Spain). Vivanco et al. (2011) and Gonzalez et al. (2012) showed an evaluation of the model performance for some metals in Spain and Europe. In these studies, metals were considered as fine particles. Nevertheless there is some observational evidence of the presence of some metals also in the coarse fraction. For this reason, a new attempt of modelling metals considering a fine (<2.5 μm) and coarse (2.5-10 μm) fraction has been done. Measurements of metal concentration in PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 recorded in Spain were used to obtain the new metal particle distribution size. On the other hand, natural emissions, not considered in the above mentioned studies, were implemented in the model, by considering metal emissions associated to dust resuspensiont. An evaluation of the new version is presented and discussed for two domains in Spain, centered on Barcelona and Huelva respectively. (Author)

Modelling the fine and coarse fraction of Pb, Cd, As and Ni air concentration in Spain

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gonzalez, M.A.; Vivanco, M.

2015-07-01

Lead, cadmium, arsenic and nickel are present in the air due to natural and anthropogenic emissions, normally joined to particles. Human health and ecosystems can be damaged by high atmospheric levels of these metals, since they can be introduced in organisms via inhalation or ingestion. Small particles are inhaled and embebed in lungs and alveolus more easily than coarse particles. The CHIMERE model is a eulerian air quality model extensively used in air quality modelling. Metals have been recently included in this model in a special version developed in the CIEMAT modelling group (Madrid, Spain). Vivanco et al. (2011) and González et al. (2012) showed an evaluation of the model performance for some metals in Spain and Europe. In these studies, metals were considered as fine particles. Nevertheless there is some observational evidence of the presence of some metals also in the coarse fraction. For this reason, a new attempt of modelling metals considering a fine (<2.5 μm) and coarse (2.5-10 μm) fraction has been done. Measurements of metal concentration in PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 recorded in Spain were used to obtain the new metal particle distribution size. On the other hand, natural emissions, not considered in the above mentioned studies, were implemented in the model, by considering metal emissions associated to dust resuspensiont. An evaluation of the new version is presented and discussed for two domains in Spain, centered on Barcelona and Huelva respectively. (Author)

Modelling the fine and coarse fraction of Pb, Cd, As and Ni air concentration in Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gonzalez, M. A.; Vivanco, M. G.

2015-01-01

Lead, cadmium, arsenic and nickel are present in the air due to natural and anthropogenic emissions, normally joined to particles. Human health and ecosystems can be damaged by high atmospheric levels of these metals, since they can be introduced in organisms via inhalation or ingestion. Small particles are inhaled and embebed in lungs and alveolus more easily than coarse particles. The CHIMERE model is a eulerian air quality model extensively used in air quality modelling. Metals have been recently included in this model in a special version developed in the CIEMAT modelling group (Madrid, Spain). Vivanco et al. (2011) and Gonzalez et al. (2012) showed an evaluation of the model performance for some metals in Spain and Europe. In these studies, metals were considered as fine particles. Nevertheless there is some observational evidence of the presence of some metals also in the coarse fraction. For this reason, a new attempt of modelling metals considering a fine (<2.5 μm) and coarse (2.5-10 μm) fraction has been done. Measurements of metal concentration in PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 recorded in Spain were used to obtain the new metal particle distribution size. On the other hand, natural emissions, not considered in the above mentioned studies, were implemented in the model, by considering metal emissions associated to dust resuspensiont. An evaluation of the new version is presented and discussed for two domains in Spain, centered on Barcelona and Huelva respectively. (Author)

Prospective evaluation of indirect costs due to acute rotavirus gastroenteritis in Spain: the ROTACOST study

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sánchez-Lastres Juan

2011-09-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background The effect of rotavirus in developed countries is mainly economic. This study aimed to assess the indirect costs induced by rotavirus acute gastroenteritis (RVAGE in Spain. Methods A prospective observational study was conducted from October 2008 to June 2009. It included 682 children up to 5 years of age with acute gastroenteritis (AGE who attended primary care (n = 18 and emergency room/hospital settings (n = 10, covering the regions of Galicia and Asturias (North-west Spain. All non-medical expenses incurred throughout the episode were recorded in detail using personal interviews and telephone contact. Results Among the 682 enrolled children, 207 (30.4% were rotavirus positive and 170 (25% had received at least one dose of rotavirus vaccine. The mean (standard deviation indirect cost caused by an episode of AGE was estimated at 135.17 (182.70 Euros. Costs were 1.74-fold higher when AGE was caused by rotavirus compared with other etiologies: 192.7 (219.8 Euros vs. 111.6 (163.5 Euros (p Conclusions Rotavirus generates a significant indirect economic burden. Our data should be considered in the decision-making process of the eventual inclusion of rotavirus vaccine in the national immunization schedule of well developed countries.

Prospective evaluation of indirect costs due to acute rotavirus gastroenteritis in Spain: the ROTACOST study.

Science.gov (United States)

Bouzón-Alejandro, Marta; Redondo-Collazo, Lorenzo; Sánchez-Lastres, Juan Manuel; Martinón-Torres, Nazareth; Martinón-Sánchez, José María; Martinón-Torres, Federico

2011-09-14

The effect of rotavirus in developed countries is mainly economic. This study aimed to assess the indirect costs induced by rotavirus acute gastroenteritis (RVAGE) in Spain. A prospective observational study was conducted from October 2008 to June 2009. It included 682 children up to 5 years of age with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) who attended primary care (n = 18) and emergency room/hospital settings (n = 10), covering the regions of Galicia and Asturias (North-west Spain). All non-medical expenses incurred throughout the episode were recorded in detail using personal interviews and telephone contact. Among the 682 enrolled children, 207 (30.4%) were rotavirus positive and 170 (25%) had received at least one dose of rotavirus vaccine. The mean (standard deviation) indirect cost caused by an episode of AGE was estimated at 135.17 (182.70) Euros. Costs were 1.74-fold higher when AGE was caused by rotavirus compared with other etiologies: 192.7 (219.8) Euros vs. 111.6 (163.5) Euros (p purchase of material. Patients with RVAGE were admitted to hospital more frequently than those with other etiologies (47.8% vs 14%, p decision-making process of the eventual inclusion of rotavirus vaccine in the national immunization schedule of well developed countries.

Economic crisis and nursing in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Zabalegui, Adelaida; Cabrera, Esther

2010-07-01

The purpose of the present study is to describe the economic context in Spain and its impact on the health care sector and in nursing schools. The global economic crisis is affecting nursing in Spain. This study analyses and compares indicators related to health care and nursing schools among European countries. Some new strategies to cope with the challenges arising from the health care crisis are suggested. Health care costs are increasing as a result of the ageing of the Spanish population, immigration, chronicity of health problems and new medical technology. Nursing education has changed in 2010 from a 3-year diploma programme to a 4-year University degree in Nursing. This change requires new resources involving staff, facilities and equipment, all of which are lacking because of the economic crisis in Spain. The worldwide economic crisis has affected Spain more than it has other European Union (EU) countries. This global crisis has an impact on the health care sector as well on nursing schools. It is essential for nursing management to develop creative approaches to maintain cost effective patient care. New programmes and technology must be carefully evaluated in terms of cost effectiveness before being implemented. All health care professionals should be well informed and have a solid understanding of this situation.

Laser-plasma interaction at 10.6 microns

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jones, R.D.; Kindel, J.M.

1983-01-01

The absorption mechanisms at 10.6μm are considered. Given our best theoretical knowledge, at high intensity, CO 2 absorption is a combination of resonant absorption, critical surface decay processes (rippling), and forward and backward Raman scattering. At low intensities (less than 10 14 W/cm 2 ), in short pulse CO 2 experiments, resonant absorption is believed to dominate. The properties of the self generated magnetic fields are considered. These fields greatly affect the hot electron preheat, the lateral transport of energy along the surface of the target, and the enhanced plasma blowoff. And finally, the properties of the enhanced plasma blowoff will be discussed. In directly driven targets, this blowoff represents an energy loss. It has been suggested, however, that the blowoff itself can be used to drive targets

University Teacher’s Evaluation in Spain

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Francisco Javier Tejedor Tejedor

2008-08-01

Full Text Available This article intends to make a brief overview about the performance evaluation for university teachers in democratic Spain. It contents: a considerations about teaching evaluation, in order to delimit the authors’ position in this matter, due to the fact that this position obviously conditions any revision; b a brief summary of the history of university teachers evaluation in Spain during the last years, since the Spanish Constitution of 1978 approval; c a typology of the evaluation plans, in order to define a map of the planning lines for evaluations applied in Spain; d the technical guidelines for teachers´ evaluation and presentation of the current model, exampled by its application in the university of Salamanca; and e as a conclusion, some considerations about the consequences of evaluation and its entailment with the professionalization of university teachers.

[Nuclear medicine in Spain: high technology 2013].

Science.gov (United States)

Soriano Castrejón, A M; Prats Rivera, E; Alonso Farto, J C; Vallejo Casas, J A; Rodriguez Gasen, A; Setoain Perego, J; Arbizu Lostao, J

2014-01-01

This article details the high technology equipment in Spain obtained through a survey sent to the three main provider companies of equipment installed in Spain. The geographical distribution of high technology by Autonomous Communities and its antiquity have been analyzed. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier España, S.L.U. y SEMNIM. All rights reserved.

Construction industry accidents in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Camino López, Miguel A; Ritzel, Dale O; Fontaneda, Ignacio; González Alcantara, Oscar J

2008-01-01

This paper analyzed industrial accidents that take place on construction sites and their severity. Eighteen variables were studied. We analyzed the influence of each of these with respect to the severity and fatality of the accident. This descriptive analysis was grounded in 1,630,452 accidents, representing the total number of accidents suffered by workers in the construction sector in Spain over the period 1990-2000. It was shown that age, type of contract, time of accident, length of service in the company, company size, day of the week, and the remainder of the variables under analysis influenced the seriousness of the accident. IMPACT ON INJURY PREVENTION: The results obtained show that different training was needed, depending on the severity of accidents, for different age, length of service in the company, organization of work, and time when workers work. The research provides an insight to the likely causes of construction injuries in Spain. As a result of the analysis, industries and governmental agencies in Spain can start to provide appropriate strategies and training to the construction workers.

Implementation of the new maintenance rule in Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Coello, A. L.; Gerez, L.

2000-01-01

The maintenance rule involving a change in philosophy both for the facilities and regulations has been implemented in Spain nuclear power plants as from April 1st this year. The authors describe this rule and detail its fulfillment in Spain. (Author)

Social and economic inequalities in induced abortion in Spain as a function of individual and contextual factors.

Science.gov (United States)

Pérez, Gloria; Ruiz-Muñoz, Dolores; Gotsens, Merce; Cases, Mariona Casals; Rodríguez-Sanz, Maica

2014-02-01

The socioeconomic position of women who have an induced abortion has been explored extensively, but without taking contextual factors into account. The objective was to describe socioeconomic inequalities in the rate of induced abortion in Spain in 2001, jointly evaluating the effects of both regional and individual socioeconomic characteristics. A cross-sectional study using a multilevel approach was carried out among women who were resident in Spain in 2001, considering the hierarchical structure of relevant factors. Analyses were carried out at the individual and regional level. We fit Poisson regression models to calculate adjusted relative risks (aRR) of induced abortion and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The estimated abortion rate was 6.26 per 1000 women aged 20-49 years. Induced abortion was more frequent among younger women (aRR = 1.55 for women aged 20-24 years, compared with those aged 25-34 years) and those with less than primary education (aRR = 2.25 compared with women with university studies). Women residing in regions with lower public spending on non-university education (aRR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.70-0.98) and a higher percentage of non-European Union immigrants (aRR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.02-1.10) were also more likely to have had an induced abortion. Socioeconomic inequalities in the practice of induced abortion in Spain exist not only at the individual level but also at the regional level. The prevention of unintended pregnancy should be approached using a global political strategy aimed at changing contextual and individual factors that contribute to unintended pregnancy.

6-Peroxo-6-zirconium crown and its hafnium analogue embedded in a triangular polyanion: [M6(O2)6(OH)6(gamma-SiW10O36)3]18- (M = Zr, Hf).

Science.gov (United States)

Bassil, Bassem S; Mal, Sib Sankar; Dickman, Michael H; Kortz, Ulrich; Oelrich, Holger; Walder, Lorenz

2008-05-28

We have synthesized and structurally characterized the unprecedented peroxo-zirconium(IV) containing [Zr6(O2)6(OH)6(gamma-SiW10O36)3]18- (1). Polyanion 1 comprises a cyclic 6-peroxo-6-zirconium core stabilized by three decatungstosilicate units. We have also prepared the isostructural hafnium(IV) analogue [Hf6(O2)6(OH)6(gamma-SiW10O36)3]18- (2). We investigated the acid/base and redox properties of 1 by UV-vis spectroscopy and electrochemistry studies. Polyanion 1 represents the first structurally characterized Zr-peroxo POM with side-on, bridging peroxo units. The simple, one-pot synthesis of 1 and 2 involving dropwise addition of aqueous hydrogen peroxide could represent a general procedure for incorporating peroxo groups into a large variety of transition metal and lanthanide containing POMs.

Costs, outcomes and challenges for diabetes care in Spain

OpenAIRE

Lopez-Bastida, Julio; Boronat, Mauro; Moreno, Juan Oliva; Schurer, Willemien

2013-01-01

Background Diabetes is becoming of increasing concern in Spain due to rising incidence and prevalence, although little information is known with regards to costs and outcomes. The information on cost of diabetes in Spain is fragmented and outdated. Our objective is to update diabetes costs, and to identify outcomes and quality of care of diabetes in Spain. Methods We performed systematic searches from secondary sources, including scientific literature and government data and reports. Results ...

Sustainable energy communities: a study contrasting Spain and Germany

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Romero-Rubio, Carmen; Andrés Díaz, José Ramón de

2015-01-01

In recent years, several governments and organisations in the developed world have encouraged the creation of sustainable energy communities (SECs) as a strategy for achieving their energy and environmental targets. However, whereas in some of these countries (e.g., Germany), numerous SECs have been founded, there are other countries, such as Spain, where the creation and growth of SECs has been much slower. The purpose of this article is to analyse the case of Spain, to determine the causes of the lack of SECs in this country, and to propose actions adapted to the Spanish context aimed at accelerating the creation of SECs. To facilitate these tasks, we have taken the German case as a reference. The key finding is that, in contrast to Germany, in Spain, SECs have scarcely contributed to the development of RE (Renewable energy) infrastructures, despite having similar incentives for renewable electricity (until recently). Moreover, in Spain, these incentives have been drastically cut recently. Therefore, it has become even more difficult to finance a renewable electricity generation plant. That is why strategies in sectors other than renewable electricity have been suggested for the encouragement of SECs in Spain. -- Highlights: •Collective-ownership models for RE (Renewable energy) infrastructures are very widespread in Germany. •Approximately 22% of the installed renewable electricity capacity in Germany is owned by SECs. •In contrast, collective ownership of RE infrastructures is rare in Spain. •In Spain, incentives for renewable electricity have been drastically cut recently. •To encourage SECs, energy activities other than renewable electricity production are proposed

Un acercamiento a la fuerza pública en los estados de Cundinamarca y Santander, 1857-1885

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Yaneth Cristina Mendoza Chacón

2011-01-01

Full Text Available El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo producir una representación histórica sobre la estructura, el funcionamiento y las transformaciones de la Fuerza Pública en los Estados de Cundinamarca y Santander, durante el período 1857-1885, mediante el seguimiento de sus aspectos administrativos, así como la evolución, organización, composición y distribución de sus efectivos armados, a través del seguimiento a su forma constitucional o legal. Se presentan las bases constitucionales que sostuvieron al cuerpo militar, y se analiza hasta qué punto lograron cumplirse, de tal forma que se pudo demostrar la doble dinámica en que funcionó el cuerpo armado del Estado, girando entre un carácter militar y sus funciones de control civil del orden público. Al conocerse la evolución del Ejército seccional, se pudieron comprender los resultados que dejó la experiencia federal en las instituciones nacionales, especialmente en la militar, demostrándose una vez más, que la irregularidad del presupuesto y la subordinación del poder militar al civil, generaron las mayores contradicciones del cuerpo armado. Sin embargo, tal experimento sirvió para demostrar cuán necesaria fue la presencia de Fuerza Pública, pues a pesar de los inconvenientes que presentó el período, con sus doctrinas liberales, llevadas al extremo, la institución logró mantenerse, medianamente, hasta el tiempo en que llegó su Reforma Militar.

Identification of fungal plant pathogens associated with oak (Quercus humboldtii Bonpl.), In the municipalities of Encino (Santander), Arcabuco, and Tipacoque (Boyaca)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Monroy Castro, Leidi Yunari; Lizarazo Forero, Luz Marina

2010-01-01

The objectives of this study were to isolate and determine the presence of the pathogen Phytophthora ramorum and other potential pathogens of Quercus humboldtii, and evaluate the possibility of using the antagonistic capacity of bacteria isolated from rhizosphere and phyllosphere against them. The study was conducted in the conservation corridor Guantiva - La Rusia - Iguaque, in the municipalities of Encino (Santander), Arcabuco and Tipacoque (Boyaca). The phytopathogenic fungi were isolated using direct seeding of leaves with symptoms of fungal infection in OGY, Sabouraud, and PDA + Lactic acid at 0.2%. We used the plate counting technique for the isolation of bacteria from rhizospheric and bulk soil. Phytophthora ramorum was not isolated, but phytopathogenic fungi of the genus Fusarium spp., and Pestalotia spp., were obtained in the isolates. Microbial populations of rhizospheric and bulk soil were scarce, exhibited low diversity, and were dominated by few morphotypes. We identified four species of bacteria: Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus macerans, Pinus sylvestris and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The phyllosphere community was dominated by Pseudomonas fluorescens. The species Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pinus sylvestris did not exhibited antagonistic properties against Pestalotia spp. Further studies are required to confirm Fusarium spp., and Pestalotia spp., pathogenic activity against Quercus humboldtii.

Q fever in Spain: Description of a new series, and systematic review.

Science.gov (United States)

Alende-Castro, Vanesa; Macía-Rodríguez, Cristina; Novo-Veleiro, Ignacio; García-Fernández, Xana; Treviño-Castellano, Mercedes; Rodríguez-Fernández, Sergio; González-Quintela, Arturo

2018-03-01

Forms of presentation of Q fever vary widely across Spain, with differences between the north and south. In the absence of reported case series from Galicia (north-west Spain), this study sought to describe a Q-fever case series in this region for the first time, and conduct a systematic review to analyse all available data on the disease in Spain. Patients with positive serum antibodies to Coxiella burnetii from a single institution over a 5-year period (January 2011-December 2015) were included. Patients with phase II titres above 1/128 (or documented seroconversion) and compatible clinical criterial were considered as having Q fever. Patients with clinical suspicion of chronic Q-fever and IgG antibodies to phase I-antigen of over 1/1024, or persistently high levels six months after treatment were considered to be cases of probable chronic Q-fever. Systematic review: We conducted a search of the Pubmed/Medline database using the terms: Q Fever OR Coxiella burnetii AND Spain. Our search yielded a total of 318 studies: 244 were excluded because they failed to match the main criteria, and 41 were discarded due to methodological problems, incomplete information or duplication. Finally, 33 studies were included. A total of 155 patients, all of them from Galicia, with positive serological determination were located during the study period; 116 (75%) were deemed to be serologically positive patients without Q fever and the remaining 39 (25%) were diagnosed with Q fever. A potential exposure risk was found in 2 patients (5%). The most frequent form of presentation was pneumonia (87%), followed by isolated fever (5%), diarrhoea (5%) and endocarditis (3%). The main symptoms were headache (100%), cough (77%) and fever (69%). A trend to a paucisymptomatic illness was observed in women. Hospital admission was required in 37 cases, and 6 patients died while in hospital. Only 2 patients developed chronic Q-fever. Systematic review: Most cases were sporadic, mainly presented

Trends in Child Obesity and Underweight in Spain by Birth Year and Age, 1983 to 2011.

Science.gov (United States)

de Ruiter, Ingrid; Olmedo-Requena, Rocío; Sánchez-Cruz, José Juan; Jiménez-Moleón, José Juan

2017-08-01

The prevalences of child obesity and overweight are increasing worldwide and are a significant public health issue, particularly in terms of long-term cardiovascular risk profiles, which continue into adulthood unless obesity is reversed. Accurately identifying trends and at-risk subgroups is crucial to correctly target public health initiatives. The objective of this study was to examine changes in the prevalences of child obesity and underweight in Spain from 1983 to 2011 taking into consideration both age and birth year. A series of cross-sectional studies representative of the pediatric population in Spain between 1987 and 2011 was used to calculate the prevalence and trends of excess weight and underweight in girls and boys aged 2 to 14 years per survey year and per birth year. The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity remained relatively stable. The prevalence of overweight in boys aged 10 to 14 years increased from 13.9% to 22.2%. The prevalence of obesity in girls aged 2 to 5 years decreased from 30% to 19.8%, whereas the prevalence of underweight in this group increased from 13.7% to 22.6%. Child obesity trends in Spain over the last 2 decades appear to be stable with some fluctuations, but the trends differ depending on age and sex, and have stabilized at too high a level. The prevalence of underweight also appears to have increased and should be considered alongside excess weight when designing and implementing child health and weight measures. Copyright © 2016 Sociedad Española de Cardiología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Gambling in Spain: update on experience, research and policy.

Science.gov (United States)

Jiménez-Murcia, Susana; Fernández-Aranda, Fernando; Granero, Roser; Menchón, Jose Manuel

2014-10-01

To describe the current situation of gambling in Spain, sketching its history and discussing the regulations and legislation currently in force within the framework of the European Union (EU), and to review the epidemiology of gambling in Spain, the self-help groups and professional treatments available, and their potential effectiveness. A systematic computerized search was performed in three databases (EMBASE, PubMed and PsychINFO, including articles and chapters) and the reference lists from previous reviews to obtain some of the most relevant studies published up to now on the topic of pathologic gambling in Spain. Similar to other EU countries, Spain has a high prevalence of pathologic gambling, focused on specific culturally bounded types of gambling. Expenditure in online gaming has risen significantly in the last few years, prompting the Spanish government to draft new legislation to regulate gaming. The gaming industry is expected to be one of the fastest growing sectors in Spain in the coming years owing to the rise of new technologies and the development of online gaming. © 2013 Society for the Study of Addiction.

Summary of the 10th International Conference on Human Herpesviruses-6 and -7 (HHV-6A, -6B, and HHV-7).

Science.gov (United States)

Komaroff, Anthony L; Boeckh, Michael; Eliason, Eva; Phan, Tuan; Kaufer, Benedikt B

2018-04-01

The 10th International Conference on Human herpesviruses-6 and -7 (HHV-6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7) was held at the Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany from July 23-26, 2017. It attracted more than 130 basic, translational and clinical scientists from 19 countries. Important new information was presented regarding: the biology of HHV-6A and -6B; the biology and epidemiology of inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6A and -6B; improved diagnostic tests; animal models for and animal viruses with similarities to HHV-6A, -6B, and -7; established and possible disease associations; and new treatment strategies. Here, we summarize work presented at the meeting that is of particular interest. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Workshop on New Trends in Topological Insulators Held in Barcelona, Spain on 3-6 June 2013. Abstracts Book

Science.gov (United States)

2013-06-01

Center (DIPC), 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Basque Country, Spain b Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UPV/EHU, Apdo...a,*, Pablo San José a , Elsa Prada b Jorge Cayao a a Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones...Topological Insulator. Luis Brey Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid. CSIC brey@icmm.csic.es Abstract A topological insulator

Road accidents and business cycles in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Rodríguez-López, Jesús; Marrero, Gustavo A; González, Rosa Marina; Leal-Linares, Teresa

2016-11-01

This paper explores the causes behind the downturn in road accidents in Spain across the last decade. Possible causes are grouped into three categories: Institutional factors (a Penalty Point System, PPS, dating from 2006), technological factors (active safety and passive safety of vehicles), and macroeconomic factors (the Great recession starting in 2008, and an increase in fuel prices during the spring of 2008). The PPS has been blessed by incumbent authorities as responsible for the decline of road fatalities in Spain. Using cointegration techniques, the GDP growth rate, the fuel price, the PPS, and technological items embedded in motor vehicles appear to be statistically significantly related with accidents. Importantly, PPS is found to be significant in reducing fatal accidents. However, PPS is not significant for non-fatal accidents. In view of these results, we conclude that road accidents in Spain are very sensitive to the business cycle, and that the PPS influenced the severity (fatality) rather than the quantity of accidents in Spain. Importantly, technological items help explain a sizable fraction in accidents downturn, their effects dating back from the end of the nineties. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Protocolo POG 9061 en la recaída aislada a sistema nervioso central en pacientes con diagnóstico de leucemia linfoide aguda. Resultados de una serie de casos en el Hospital Universitario de Santander POG 9061 protocol to treat isolated central nervous system recurrence in patients with acute lymphoid leukemia at Hospital Universitario de Santander

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Ernesto Rueda

2010-04-01

Full Text Available Introducción: La leucemia linfoide aguda (LLA es la neoplasia más común en niños; el 5-10 % presentan recaídas a sistema nervioso central (SNC, un factor de mal pronóstico. Objetivo: Describir los resultados obtenidos en una unidad de oncología pediátrica con el protocolo POG 9061 modificado, en pacientes con LLA y recaída aislada a SNC. Metodología: Cohorte de los pacientes atendidos en el Hospital Universitario de Santander (HUS. Se estimó la sobrevida libre de evento (SLE y la sobrevida total (ST, así como las alteraciones resultantes del protocolo. Se incluyeron 15 pacientes atendidos entre enero/93 y marzo/07; el último diagnóstico de recaída al SNC se hizo en noviembre/04. Resultados: El 66,6 % de las recaídas se dieron antes de 18 meses luego de remitir la LLA. Dos pacientes abandonaron el protocolo, uno de los cuales falleció; dos o más fallecieron luego de terminar el protocolo. La ST a cinco años fue de 85,6 % (IC95 % 53,3-96,2, mientras que la SLE de 84,9 % (IC95 % 51,2-96,0 %. La complicación más frecuente fue mielosupresión; no hubo alteraciones de la función renal y solo una ligera elevación de las pruebas de función hepática. Las causas de hospitalización fueron principalmente infecciones. El coeficiente intelectual de los pacientes posterior a la aplicación del protocolo indicaba deficiencia leve en el 45,4 % de ellos. Conclusiones: La sobrevida, el tipo y la frecuencia de complicaciones, son similares a las encontradas a nivel mundial, lo que es relevante dada la alta proporción de pacientes con recaída precoz luego de remisión de la LLA. Salud UIS 2010; 42: 7-17Introduction: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL is the most frequent neoplasm in children. Relapses to central nervous system (CNS Appears in 5-10 % of the ALL patients and is a bad prognostic factor. Objective: To describe the results obtained with modified POG 9061 protocol in a pediatric oncology unit. Methodology: Survival analysis was

Nuclear energy in Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Isla, M.

1984-01-01

The 'Plan Energetico Nacional de 1983' (1983 National Energy Program)(PEN-83) was approved recently by the Spanish Government and presented to the 'Cortes Espanolas' (Spanish Parliament) in May 1984. The PEN-83 is being discussed at present in the Parliament and it is possible that some modifications be introduced, but expectedly will be rather limited and minor. PEN-83 covers the period 1983-1992. It includes a comparative analysis of the evolution and situation in OECD countries and in Spain. In Spain the offer, supply and consumption of primary energy and of the interrelation with other economic indicators, such as the gross domestic product, inflation rate and unemployment compared with that of the industrialized OECD countries, has shown a much lower capability to adapt its structure to the energy price increases

Inspection of nuclear fuel transport in Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lobo Mendez, J.

1977-01-01

The experience acquired in inspecting nuclear fuel shipments carried out in Spain will serve as a basis for establishing the regulations wich must be adhered to for future transports, as the transport of nuclear fuels in Spain will increase considerably within the next years as a result of the Spanish nuclear program. The experience acquired in nuclear fuel transport inspection is described. (author) [es

Occurrence of Edwardsiella tarda in wild European eels Anguilla anguilla from Mediterranean Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Alcaide, Elena; Herraiz, Sonia; Esteve, Consuelo

2006-11-21

Pure cultures of Edwarsiella tarda were isolated from body ulcers and internal organs of wild European eels caught in a Mediterranean freshwater coastal lagoon (Albufera Lake, Valencia, Spain) over a 1 yr period. Overall, the E. tarda isolation rate from wild eels was 9%, but this increased to 22.8% in diseased individuals. All 22 E. tarda isolates belonged to the 'wild-type' biogroup of the species and were virulent for eels (lethal dose that kills 50% of exposed individuals [LD50 dose]: 10(4.85) to 10(6.83) CFU ind.(-1)), and therefore represented the aetiological agent of the haemorrhagic disease observed in wild European eels. The E. tarda isolates and E. tarda CECT 894T type strain were biochemically and serologically related and resistant to macrolides, antifolates, and glycopeptides, but only the isolates from wild eels were resistant to clindamicyn. This study is the first description of edwardsiellosis in a wild European eel population, and alerts us to the presence of E. tarda in natural wetland environments in Mediterranean Europe.

Onychomadesis outbreak in Valencia, Spain associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enteroviruses.

Science.gov (United States)

Davia, Javier López; Bel, Pablo Hernández; Ninet, Violeta Zaragoza; Bracho, María Alma; González-Candelas, Fernando; Salazar, Antonio; Gobernado, Miguel; Bosch, Isabel Febrer

2011-01-01

This report evaluates the June 2008 onychomadesis outbreak in Valencia, Spain. The study sample consisted of 221 onychomadesis cases and 77 nonaffected individuals who lived close to those affected. We collected data on dietary variables, hygiene products, and individual pathological histories. Feces and blood specimens were collected from 44 cases and 24 controls to evaluate exposure to infectious agents. Pathological background data revealed a high frequency (61%) of hand, foot, and mouth disease among the onychomadesis cases. Coxsackievirus A10 was the most commonly detected enterovirus in both case and control groups (49%). Other enteroviruses such as coxsackieviruses A5, A6, A16, B1, and B3; echoviruses 3, 4, and 9; and enterovirus 71 were present in low frequencies in the case and control groups (3-9%). The 2008 onychomadesis outbreak in the metropolitan area of Valencia was associated with an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease primarily caused by coxsackievirus A10. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Feasibility of screening and prevalence of prenatal depression in an obstetric setting in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

de la Fe Rodríguez-Muñoz, María; Le, Huynh-Nhu; de la Cruz, Ivette Vargas; Crespo, María Eugenia Olivares; Méndez, Nuria Izquierdo

2017-08-01

Prenatal depression is a significant public health problem and one of the main risk factors for postpartum depression. Limited research in perinatal depression has been conducted in Spain. The objectives of this study was to: (1) examine the feasibility of integrating a screening program for prenatal depression in an obstetrics setting in a large urban hospital in Spain; and (2) provide an initial estimate of the prevalence rate of the severity of depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Screening for prenatal depression was conducted during the first trimester in an obstetrics setting in an urban hospital in Madrid, Spain 2014-2015. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used as the main screener. Of the 730 women asked to complete the screening protocol, 445 (60.9%) completed the PHQ-9 during the first trimester. Those who did not complete the screening were more likely to be immigrants and did not read Spanish. The prevalence of moderate to high severity of prenatal depressive symptoms prenatal depressive is 14.8% (PHQ-9≥10). It is possible to integrate screening for prenatal depression in an urban obstetrics setting, but there are significant structural barriers to implementation. The prevalence of significant prenatal depressive symptoms is similar to previous research in Spain and adds to the limited research in this area. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Aplicación móvil para acceder a la información académica de la Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander a través de una picocelda bluetooth

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Adriana Patricia Wilches-Castellanos

2009-01-01

Full Text Available It developed a mobile application that allow to students at the Francisco de Paula Santander University, access to some academic information offered by the Institution, taking advantage of the benefits of Bluetooth technology [1]. A Bluetooth picocell was designed and implemented to allow to users to set a communication between a cellular mobile device with Bluetooth technology enabled and the information source. We performed a quantitative assessment of the proposed system in two different environments: with and without obstacles; and also we assessed the potential for success of implementation through five emes (5M’s analysis [2]. The evaluation results indicate that the system is a viable alternative to offer free access to information within a certain range of coverage.

[Heart failure mortality in Spain: is there an andalusian paradox?].

Science.gov (United States)

Jiménez-Navarro, M; Gómez-Doblas, J; Molero, E; Galván, E de Teresa

2006-06-01

Congestive heart failure has a high mortality, as reflected in different clinical trials and observational studies. Spain, as other countries around the Mediterranean basin, have a relatively low rate of coronary deaths, attributed to the so-called Mediterranean lifestyle. Andalusia, in the southern most part of Spain, constitutes the paradigm of Mediterranean lifestyle. However, different reports show that the prevalence of ischemic heart disease is higher in Andalusia than in other zones of Spain. Thus the mortality rate due to heart failure in Spain in the year 2000 per 100,000 inhabitants was 27.3 in men and 28.88 in women and each one of the eight Andalusia provinces had greater rates than the national mean in both men and woman. Even in countries with a relatively low prevalence of coronary heart disease as is the case in Spain, heart failure mortality seems to be parallel to local differences in IHD prevalence.

Wind power development in Spain, the model of Navarra

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Miguel Ichaso, A. de [Energia Hidroelectrica de Navarra S.A. (EHN), Pamplona (Spain)

2000-08-01

Wind power implementation in Spain has undergone spectacular growth in recent years. From 834 Megawatts installed at the end of 1998, the figure of 1,500 MW was reached at the end of 1999 and forecasts expect well over 2,500 MW by the end of the year 2000. A favourable legislative framework and tariff structure have brought about this rate of development, which is mainly based on the implementation of large wind farms on high altitude sites in Spain. The region of Navarra (northern Spain) has played a special role in this development, and EHN, a company born in this region, has carried out major projects that have given it 30% of the Spanish wind power sector. The challenges for the sector in Spain over the next few years are: (1) Make its development compatible with the supply guarantees required by the national electricity supply operator, (2) ensure that the implementation of wind farms is done with respect for the environment, (3) harmonise the wind power development of the different Autonomous Communities of Spain, and (4) reduce the investment costs in order to obtain enough profitability with falling energy prices in the coming years. (orig.)

Physical fitness percentile charts for children aged 6-10 from Portugal.

Science.gov (United States)

Roriz De Oliveira, M S; Seabra, A; Freitas, D; Eisenmann, J C; Maia, J

2014-12-01

The present study aims (1) to provide reference percentile charts for the following measures of Physical Fitness (PF): the sit-and-reach, handgrip, standing long jump, 50 yards' dash, 4x10m shuttle run and 1-mile run/walk tests in children aged 6 to 10 years, and (2) to compare the performance of the Portuguese children with their age- and sex peers. A total of 3804 Portuguese children (1985 boys and 1819 girls) aged 6-10 years old participated in this study. The sample was stratified from 20 public elementary schools and children were randomly selected in each school. Charts were separately built for each sex using the LMS method. Boys showed better results than girls in handgrip, standing long jump, 50 yards' dash, 4x10 m shuttle run and 1-mile run/walk, while girls are better performers than boys in sit-and-reach. Age- and gender- percentiles for a set of physical fitness tests for 6-10 year old (primary school) Portuguese children have been established. Boys showed greater overall PF than girls, except in the flexibility test, in which girls performed better. The reported normative values provide ample opportunities to accurately detect individual changes during childhood. These reference values are especially important in healthcare and educational settings, and can be added to the worldwide literature on physical fitness values in children.

Taxation of nuclear waste in Spain

OpenAIRE

Rozas Valdés, José Andrés

2014-01-01

Law 15/2012 established in Spain four new environmental taxes and extended the scope objective excise duties on mineral oils to tax the use of natural gas and coal as sources of electricity. One of the newly created taxes falls on all electric power producers, and has as tax base the turnover. The second one tax hydropower production, and the other two fall on the nuclear industry. So, there are two new taxes in Spain on the production of electricity from nuclear sources. The first one is a t...

Teaching Digital Libraries in Spain: Context and Experiences

Science.gov (United States)

Garcia-Marco, Francisco-Javier

2009-01-01

The situation of digital libraries teaching and learning in Spain up to 2008 is examined. A detailed analysis of the different curricula and subjects is provided both at undergraduate and postgraduate level. Digital libraries have been mostly a postgraduate topic in Spain, but they should become mainstream, with special subjects devoted to them,…

Sex Education in Spain: Teachers' Views of Obstacles

Science.gov (United States)

Martinez, Jose L.; Carcedo, Rodrigo J.; Fuertes, Antonio; Vicario-Molina, Isabel; Fernandez-Fuertes, Andres A.; Orgaz, Begona

2012-01-01

This paper offers an overview of the current state, difficulties, limitations and future possibilities for sex education in Spain. On the basis of a study involving 3760 teachers from all provinces in Spain, a detailed analysis of the obstacles at legislative, school and teacher levels was developed. Significant weaknesses were found at each of…

Rickettsia felis in fleas from Catalonia (Northeast Spain).

Science.gov (United States)

Nogueras, María-Mercedes; Pons, Immaculada; Ortuño, Anna; Lario, Sergio; Segura, Ferran

2011-05-01

Rickettsia felis produces a syndrome indistinguishable from murine typhus, which has been described in Spain. R. felis is transmitted to humans by fleas. Although no clinical case has been described so far, serologic evidence of infections in humans, cats, and dogs has been obtained in our area. However, no study has been conducted regarding its presence in vectors. Recognition of routes of transmission is of great importance to prevent infection in humans. Taking into account these results, R. felis seems to be present in animals that are in contact with humans. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of R. felis in the fleas of cats and dogs from Northeast Spain, to show the presence of peridomestic cycle in our area. Between May 2006 and July 2008, 78 fleas were collected. Sixty-three fleas were recovered from kennels. Most of them were collected from cages and a few of them on dogs and cats living in kennels. Fifteen fleas were collected from dogs and cats attended at a veterinary clinic. Fleas were rinsed with ethanol, dried, identified, and stored at 4°C. DNA was extracted from each flea individually. Rickettsial DNA was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. OmpB-specific primers and molecular beacon probes targeting specifically R. felis were used. All 78 fleas were identified as Ctenocephalides felis. R. felis was detected in 34 (43.6%) fleas. No nucleic acids were amplified from negative controls and expected results were obtained from positive controls. Eight positive samples were also confirmed by sequencing. R. felis was found in a high percentage of Ct. felis from cats and dogs. It seems that there is a peridomestic cycle in Northeast Spain, which would allow contact of R. felis with humans.

Catalonia and Spain at the crossroads: financial and economic aspects

OpenAIRE

Castells, Antoni (Castells Oliveres)

2014-01-01

In some large European countries, in recent decades, economic globalization has gone hand in hand with a powerful trend to political decentralization (this has been the case in the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Spain). In Spain, and after years of apparent stability, the relations between Catalonia and Spain are experiencing troubled times. This paper examines particularly the main economic effects of both the staying together and the secession scenarios. Following the introduction, the ...

USP10 Antagonizes c-Myc Transcriptional Activation through SIRT6 Stabilization to Suppress Tumor Formation

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Zhenghong Lin

2013-12-01

Full Text Available The reduced protein expression of SIRT6 tumor suppressor is involved in tumorigenesis. The molecular mechanisms underlying SIRT6 protein downregulation in human cancers remain unknown. Using a proteomic approach, we have identified the ubiquitin-specific peptidase USP10, another tumor suppressor, as one of the SIRT6-interacting proteins. USP10 suppresses SIRT6 ubiquitination to protect SIRT6 from proteasomal degradation. USP10 antagonizes the transcriptional activity of the c-Myc oncogene through SIRT6, as well as p53, to inhibit cell-cycle progression, cancer cell growth, and tumor formation. To support this conclusion, we detected significant reductions in both USP10 and SIRT6 protein expression in human colon cancers. Our study discovered crosstalk between two tumor-suppressive genes in regulating cell-cycle progression and proliferation and showed that dysregulated USP10 function promotes tumorigenesis through SIRT6 degradation.

What's Going On? An Overview of Adult Education Policies in Spain

Science.gov (United States)

Lucio-Villegas, Emilio

2012-01-01

In this paper, I attempt to present the state of adult education in Spain. Adult education in Spain is not unlike that of other countries in Europe in that it focuses on the policies and practices of lifelong learning rather than on the perspectives of people and communities. However, Spain has two specific characteristics that are distinctive…

Taxonomía de onicóforos de Santander, Colombia y termogravimetría, calorimetría de barrido diferencial y espectroscopía infrarroja de la secreción adhesiva (Onychophora: Peripatidae

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Javier H Jerez-Jaimes

2009-09-01

Full Text Available Redescribimos taxonómicamente el gusano Macroperipatus geagy Bouvier 1899, a partir de 15 especímenes recolectados en los cafetales de hacienda El Roble, Santander, Colombia. De acuerdo con la reconstrucción en tres dimensiones de la superficie dorsal del cuerpo, las papilas primarias y accesorias de M. geagy se distribuyen sin formar un patrón determinado. Características diagnósticas: un diente accesorio y un diente principal en la mandíbula externa; y un diente principal, un diente accesorio y siete dentículos en la sierra de la mandíbula interna. Cuerpo: longitud (X=45.66; S=26.10 mm, peso (X= 0.95; S= 2.21 y pares de lobopodos (X= 28.13; S= 1.30. Se elaboró una clave para seis especies de Macroperipatus. La secreción adhesiva en estado líquido perdió 60% del peso inicial al alcanzar los 70 ºC, la muestra sólida perdió el 13% del peso cerca de los 90 ºC, la fase de estabilidad térmica de la secreción estuvo entre los 90 y 280 ºC en la secreción líquida y entre los 100 y 205 ºC en la sólida. La temperatura de inicio de la degradación de las muestras se registró a los 355 ºC. En comparación con la araña Nephila sp., el onicóforo perdió mayor porcentaje de peso y alcanzó la fase de degradación a temperaturas más bajas. Los cambios en el flujo de calor en la secreción adhesiva sólida y líquida de M. geagy fueron confirmados con el comportamiento de las muestras en el análisis de termogravimetría. La proporción de láminas beta calculado en el espectro infrarrojo de la secreción adhesiva fue del 59%. La presencia de este tipo de conformación de la estructura secundaria de las proteínas en la secreción adhesiva de M. geagy conferiría extensibilidad y resistencia a la tracción, en similitud con las fibras de seda tejidas por las arañas para depredación.Velvet worm taxonomy from Santander, Colombia and thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy of the adhesive

[Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) at a suburban focus of visceral leishmaniasis in the Chicamocha Canyon, Santander, Colombia].

Science.gov (United States)

Flórez, Mónica; Martínez, Junny Patricia; Gutiérrez, Reinaldo; Luna, Katherine Paola; Serrano, Victor Hugo; Ferro, Cristina; Angulo, Víctor Manuel; Sandoval, Claudia Magaly

2006-10-01

Between 1998 and 2000, the occurrence of 8 cases of American visceral leishmaniasis in children from a recently established human settlement in Guatiguará, in the municipality of Piedecuesta (Santander, Colombia) indicated the possible presence of Leishmania transmission in this locality. This observation motivated the current entomological investigation. To determine the relative frequency of Lutzomyia longipalpis inside houses and outdoors, and the natural infection of this vector with Leishmania spp. CDC light traps were used for sampling inside houses and outdoors, and sand flies were collected on human volunteers and domestic animals, and in resting places, during the period from May 1999 through September 2000. Natural infection was determined by PCR, in pools of female Lutzomyia longipalpis. A total of 7,391 phlebotomine sand flies were collected. The predominant species was Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva), representing 99.5% of captures. In the sand flies collected with CDC light traps, L. longipalpis was more frequently collected indoors than outdoors (p = 0.0001). The total rate of natural infection was 1.93% and a positive correlation was observed between months with higher abundance and the number of infected females entering human dwellings. The results indicate that in Guatiguará Lutzomyia longipalpis, shows marked tendency for the indoors, which has important implications for leishmaniasis transmission. Furthermore, transmission risk is increased during the months of higher abundance due to the entry of a higher number of infected females. From the standpoint of control, this behaviour permits the design of strategies to reduce indoor transmission.

ARHGEF10 directs the localization of Rab8 to Rab6-positive executive vesicles.

Science.gov (United States)

Shibata, Satoshi; Kawanai, Tsubasa; Hara, Takayuki; Yamamoto, Asuka; Chaya, Taro; Tokuhara, Yasunori; Tsuji, Chinami; Sakai, Manabu; Tachibana, Taro; Inagaki, Shinobu

2016-10-01

The function of ARHGEF10, a known guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for RhoA with proposed roles in various diseases, is poorly understood. To understand the precise function of this protein, we raised a monoclonal antibody against ARHGEF10 and determined its localization in HeLa cells. ARHGEF10 was found to localize to vesicles containing Rab6 (of which there are three isoforms, Rab6a, Rab6b and Rab6c), Rab8 (of which there are two isoforms, Rab8a and Rab8b), and/or the secretion marker neuropeptide Y (NPY)-Venus in a Rab6-dependent manner. These vesicles were known to originate from the Golgi and contain secreted or membrane proteins. Ectopic expression of an N-terminal-truncated ARHGEF10 mutant led to the generation of large vesicle-like structures containing both Rab6 and Rab8. Additionally, small interfering (si)RNA-mediated knockdown of ARHGEF10 impaired the localization of Rab8 to these exocytotic vesicles. Furthermore, the invasiveness of MDA-MB231 cells was markedly decreased by knockdown of ARHGEF10, as well as of Rab8. From these results, we propose that ARHGEF10 acts in exocytosis and tumor invasion in a Rab8-dependent manner. © 2016. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.

Advances and trends on earthquake-triggered landslide research in Spain

OpenAIRE

García Mayordomo, Julián; Rodríguez Peces, Martín Jesús; Azañón, J.M.; Insúa Arévalo, Juan Miguel

2009-01-01

This work reviews the current situation of earthquake‐triggered landslide studies in Spain both from the point of view of regional assessment and site‐specific cases. Regional assessments have been undertaken in areas of the Betic Cordillera (South and Southeast Spain): Alcoy Basin, Lorca Basin, Granada Basin and Sierra Nevada Range; and Central Pyrenees (North Spain and Andorra). Specific studies are very scarce, outstanding those related to the Güevéjar landslide (Granada) –triggered by 175...

Otorhinolaryngology residency in Spain: training satisfaction, working environment and conditions.

Science.gov (United States)

Oker, N; Alotaibi, N H; Herman, P; Bernal-Sprekelsen, M; Albers, A E

2016-06-01

Europe-wide efforts are being initiated to define quality standards and harmonize Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (ORL-HNS)-specialty-training by creating an European board examination. However, differences within and between countries remain and are underinvestigated making comparisons and further improvement more difficult. The study aimed at assessing quality of training, satisfaction and quality of life of residents and recent ORL-HNS specialists in Spain and to trace similarities and differences to France and Germany administering anonymous online-questionnaire to ORL-HNS-residents and recent specialists. 146 questionnaires were returned with answers of 75.6 % of residents, a mean age of 30 years and a female to male ratio of 1.46:1. The global satisfaction of training was high as 76 % would choose the same ENT training again, 86 % confirmed that responsibilities which were given to them were adapted to their level of training and 97 % felt well considered in their department. Ninety-two confirmed that helpful seniors contributed to a good work environment (75 %) and to a good organization within the department (69 %). The respondents spent on average 8.8 h per day at the hospital and covered on average 4.8 night duties or week-end shifts per month with mostly no post-day off (86 %). Seventy-four percent participated regularly at complementary training sessions. Research work was supported and guided in 59 %. This study is the first one, to our best of knowledge, to assess the ORL-HNS-training in Spain and to trace parallelisms and differences to other European countries, such as France and Germany. The satisfaction of training and supervision was high in Spain, but there are still efforts to make concerning resident's quality of life. Compared to France and Germany, satisfaction with ORL-HNS-training and the support and guidance provided by seniors was similar. Work conditions were comparable to those in France. Motivation, teaching and

Spain: From massive immigration to vast emigration?

OpenAIRE

Izquierdo, Mario; Jimeno, Juan F.; Lacuesta, Aitor

2016-01-01

Large immigration flows during the 1995-2007 period increased the weight of foreigners living in Spain to 12 % of the total population. The rapid increase in unemployment associated with the Great Recession and the subsequent European debt crisis, substantially changed migration flows, so that, from the beginning of the 2010s, Spain experienced positive net outflows. In this paper, we take on three tasks. First, we show that sensitivity of migration flows to unemployment is similar between Sp...

10 CFR 435.6 - Sustainable principles for siting, design and construction. [Reserved

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Sustainable principles for siting, design and construction. [Reserved] 435.6 Section 435.6 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS...-Rise Residential Buildings. § 435.6 Sustainable principles for siting, design and construction...

10 CFR 433.6 - Sustainable principles for siting, design and construction. [Reserved

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Sustainable principles for siting, design and construction. [Reserved] 433.6 Section 433.6 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS... BUILDINGS § 433.6 Sustainable principles for siting, design and construction. [Reserved] ...

Presenting CineGlobe Estival! | 6 - 10 July

CERN Multimedia

2016-01-01

Join CineGlobe under a projected starry sky for a film festival and games with a neuroscience twist.   The 6th edition of the CineGlobe International Film Festival at CERN will take place during the first week of July 2016 (on the Globe grounds at CERN, from Wednesday 6 to Friday 8 July) and then during the Nuit de la Science (at the Museum of the History of Science, on July 9 and 10). The festival will include an open-air cinema, film projections in the Globe of Science and Innovation at CERN, the interactive Emotional Circus (carnival-inspired games played with just the participant’s brainwaves) and a special sci-fi edition of the 48 Hour Film Project. The full program will target people of all ages with fun and informative activities such as children’s films in the Minima Cinema, and a workshop on the creation of a pinhole camera with an empty Tetra-Pak milk carton. Practical information: Entry is free. All films in English and French. Onsite food trucks at the G...

Red Beads and Love Magic. Cross-Cultural Exchanges Between Spain and new Spain in Modern Era

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Carla Andreia Martins Torres

2018-01-01

Full Text Available This paper is about the significance of particular red beads used in love magic during the 17th and 18th centuries, specifically on the construction of symbolic universe through perceptions based on «others» materiality. It aims to provide a connected studied between Spain and New Spain through the histories of the gipsy Generosa Vicente and mestiza Margarita Palacios recovered from the Inquisition authorities notes. This is the way to understand the extent to which cross-cultural contacts privilege the transmission of ideas associated with objects, and how they were used apparently with similar purposes but with a very different meaning.

Translation and cultural adaptation of the CLEFT-Q for use in Colombia, Chile, and Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Tsangaris, Elena; Riff, Karen W Y Wong; Vargas, Federico; Aguilera, Mirta Palomares; Alarcón, Macarena Miranda; Cazalla, Asteria Albert; Thabane, Lehana; Thoma, Achilleas; Klassen, Anne F

2017-11-28

Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) is a common congenital craniofacial anomaly that may negatively affect an individual's appearance, health-related quality of life, or speech. In Spain, Colombia, and Chile the overall prevalence of CL/P ranges from 0.53 to 1.59 cases per 1000 live births. Currently, there is no patient-reported outcome (PRO) instrument that is specific for patients with CL/P. The CLEFT-Q is a new PRO instrument developed to measure outcomes of treatment in patients 8 to 29 years of age with CL/P. The aim of this study was to translate and culturally adapt the CLEFT-Q for use in Colombia, Chile, and Spain. The CLEFT-Q was translated from English to 3 Spanish language varieties (Colombian, Chilean, and Spanish (Spain)) and Catalan. Translation and cultural adaptation guidelines set forth by the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research were followed. The field- test version of the CLEFT-Q consisted of 13 scales (total 154 items) measuring appearance, health-related quality of life, and facial function. Forward translations revealed 10 (7%) items that were difficult to translate into Chilean, and back translations identified 34 (22%) and 21 (13%) items whose meaning differed from the English version in at least 1 of the 3 Spanish varieties and Catalan respectively. Twenty-one participants took part in cognitive debriefing interviews. Participants were recruited from plastic surgery centres in Bogotá, Colombia (n = 4), Santiago, Chile (n = 7), and Barcelona, Spain (n = 10). Most participants were males (n = 14, 67%) and were diagnosed with CL/P (n = 17, 81%). Participants reported difficulty understanding 1 item in the Colombian, 1 item in the Spanish (Spain), and 11 items from the Catalan version. Comparison of the 3 Spanish varieties revealed 61 (40%) of the 154 items whose wording differed across the 3 Spanish versions. Translation and cultural adaptation processes provided evidence of transferability of

Use of homeopathy in organic dairy farming in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Orjales, Inmaculada; López-Alonso, Marta; Rodríguez-Bermúdez, Ruth; Rey-Crespo, Francisco; Villar, Ana; Miranda, Marta

2016-02-01

Organic farming principles promote the use of unconventional therapies as an alternative to chemical substances (which are limited by organic regulations), with homeopathy being the most extensive. Traditionally, Spain has had little faith in homeopathy but its use in organic farming is growing. Fifty-six Spanish organic dairy farmers were interviewed to obtain what we believe to be the first data on the use of homeopathy in organic dairy cattle in Spain. Only 32% of farms use some sort of alternative therapy (16.1% homeopathy, 10.7% phytotherapy and 5.3% using both therapies) and interestingly, a clear geographical pattern showing a higher use towards the East (similar to that in the human population) was observed. The main motivation to use homeopathy was the need to reduce chemical substances promoted by organic regulations, and the treatment of clinical mastitis being the principle reason. The number of total treatments was lower in farms using homeopathy compared with those applying allopathic therapies (0.13 and 0.54 treatments/cow/year respectively) and although the bulk SCC was significantly higher (p Homeopathy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Thermal solar energy in Spain. State of the art and objectives

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Glenn, Jaouen

2006-01-01

According the Kyoto protocol, Spain has to reduce its CO 2 emissions at 330 millions of tons (a decrease of 18 % from the level of 2003). From the european commission policy, the energy resources will be of 12 % of renewable energies. In this context, Spain developed an energy policy in favor of the solar energy. This document provides information on: the energy market in Spain, the thermal solar energy operating, the CO 2 emissions, the state of the art in the domain in spain, the 2010 objectives, the programs and the assistance, some data on the solar market in comparison with the Europe. (A.L.B.)

Social, Clinical and Microbiological Differential Characteristics of Tuberculosis among Immigrants in Spain

Science.gov (United States)

García-García, José-María; Blanquer, Rafael; Rodrigo, Teresa; Caylà, Joan A.; Caminero, José A.; Vidal, Rafael; Casals, Martí; Ruiz-Manzano, Juan

2011-01-01

Background To identify the differential tuberculosis (TB) characteristics within the immigrant population with respect to natives in Spain. Methodology/Principal Findings A prospective cohort study design was implemented to examine the TB cases diagnosed and starting standard antituberculous treatment in Spain, between January 1st 2006 and March 31st 2007. A logistic regression analysis was performed to determine differential characteristics. 1,490 patients were included in the study population, 1,048 natives and 442 (29.7%) immigrants. According to the multivariate analysis, the following variables were significantly associated with immigrant TB cases: younger age (OR = 3.79; CI:2.16–6.62), living in group situation (OR = 7.61; CI:3.38–12.12), lower frequency of disabled (OR:0.08; CI:0.02–0.26) and retired (OR:0.21; CI:0.09–0.48) employment status, lower frequency of pulmonary disease presentation (OR = 0.47; CI:0.24–0.92), primary or emergency care admission (OR = 1.80; CI:1.05–3.06 and OR = 2.16; CI:1.36–3.45), drug resistance (OR = 1.86; CI:1.01–3.46), treatment default (OR:2.12; CI:1.18–3.81), lower frequency of alcohol and cigarette consumption (OR = 2.10; CI:1.42–3.11 and OR = 2.85; CI:2.10–3.87 respectively), more directly observed treatment (OR = 1.68; CI:1.04–2.69), and poor understanding of TB disease and its treatment (OR = 3.11; CI:1.86–5.20). The low percentage of primary MDR-TB in the native population (0.1% vs. 2.2% of immigrants) should be noted. Conclusions/Significance The differences show the need to introduce specific strategies in the management of TB within the immigrant population, including the improvement of social and work conditions. PMID:21283716

The costs of electricity interruptions in Spain. Are we sending the right signals?

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Linares, Pedro; Rey, Luis

2013-01-01

One of the objectives of energy security is the uninterrupted physical availability of energy. However, there is limited information about how much is the cost of energy supply interruptions. This information is essential to optimize investment and operating decisions to prevent energy shortages, or, alternatively, to determine the strength of the signals to be sent to the agents so that they may invest accordingly. In this paper, we estimate the economic impact of an electricity interruption in different sectors and regions of Spain. Although there are several caveats in our analysis, we find that in 2008 the cost for the Spanish economy of one kWh of electricity not supplied was above €4 even in a conservative scenario, which is higher than the signals currently being sent as incentives to avoid these interruptions. This might result in an underinvestment in short-term energy security, particularly when we add the usual risk aversion of most consumers. - Highlights: • We calculate the costs of electricity interruptions in Spain. • We find that in 2008 the cost for the Spanish economy of one kWh of electricity not supplied was around €6. • The results imply that Spain is underinvesting in short-term energy security

Water Markets in Spain: Performance and Challenges

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sara Palomo-Hierro

2015-02-01

Full Text Available Law 46/1999 incorporated formal water markets into the Spanish legal and regulatory framework, allowing spot water markets and the creation of water banks. The implementation of water markets in Spain aimed at improving the efficiency of water use by reallocating water towards uses with higher added value. However, the performance of water markets in Spain has been rather disappointing, since they have been operative only during drought periods, and even under these extreme scarcity situations, trading activity counted for less than 5.0% of total water use. The narrowness of the market suggests that there are some barriers hampering their effective functioning. This paper examines the evolution and performance of water markets in Spain, relying on a transaction costs analysis framework. This analysis allows the identification of the main factors impeding water markets from operating effectively as a water reallocation tool. This analysis also provides some guidelines on how to overcome these obstacles and, thus, how to improve the efficiency of water use.

Scenario analysis of climate change and tourism in Spain and other European regions

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sanchez, A.M.

2005-06-15

The aim of the study is to determine the possible impact of climate change on the tourist industry in Spain, with an especial focus on coastal regions. This includes the identification of potential areas suffering a decrease in the tourist flows, as well as different regions that could see a benefit on increasing temperatures and more reliable weather predictions. To do so, a Tourism Climate Index will be used, studying the potentiality of an area for tourism considering different elements of the climate which are relevant for the tourism activities. Current and future climatological scenarios over the main tourist sites in Spain will be built. In addition, the study will include an evaluation of the context around Spain, including case studies in other 5 different countries and a global description for the rest of the continent. Chapter 2 focuses mainly on the tourist sector. The global importance of this activity, together with the international tourism flows, serves as introduction to a more detailed assessment of the significant role that Spain plays as a tourist destination. The complex interrelations between climate (change) and tourism are reviewed in chapter 3. First, a brief introduction about climate change and descriptions of major projections about future climate world wide. This description is further detailed for Spain. Additionally, the interactions between tourism and climate are described thoroughly. Chapter 4 discusses the concept of 'Tourist Comfort Index', addressing key issues such as factors included and weighting. This section gives also a brief overview of the analysis and the data that was needed in the elaboration of the thesis. The implementation of the index and the results for current climate and future climate is presented. After the data analysis, chapter 5 provides an in-depth discussion of the results and compares them with other studies. This chapter is followed by the conclusions and recommendations in chapter 6.

An efficient synthesis of (7S,10R)-2-bromo-5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydro-7,10-epiminocyclohepta[b]indole: application in the preparation and structural confirmation of a potent 5-HT6 antagonist

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Isherwood, Matthew; Guzzo, Peter R.; Henderson, Alan J.

2012-01-01

precipitation from n-hexane. The absolute stereochemistry of 7a was determined by X-ray crystallography and the structure was confirmed as (7S,10R)-tert-butyl 2-bromo-5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydro-7,10-epiminocyclohepta[b]indole-11-carboxylate. Removal of the chiral auxiliary under basic conditions afforded...

Quality of Vitamin K Antagonist Anticoagulation in Spain: Prevalence of Poor Control and Associated Factors.

Science.gov (United States)

Anguita Sánchez, Manuel; Bertomeu Martínez, Vicente; Cequier Fillat, Ángel

2015-09-01

To study the prevalence of poorly controlled vitamin K antagonist anticoagulation in Spain in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, and to identify associated factors. We studied 1056 consecutive patients seen at 120 cardiology clinics in Spain between November 2013 and March 2014. We analyzed the international normalized ratio from the 6 months prior to the patient's visit, calculating the prevalence of poorly controlled anticoagulation, defined as < 65% time in therapeutic range using the Rosendaal method. Mean age was 73.6 years (standard deviation, 9.8 years); women accounted for 42% of patients. The prevalence of poorly controlled anticoagulation was 47.3%. Mean time in therapeutic range was 63.8% (25.9%). The following factors were independently associated with poorly controlled anticoagulation: kidney disease (odds ratio = 1.53; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-2.18; P = .018), routine nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (odds ratio = 1.79; 95% confidence interval, 1.20-2.79; P = .004), antiplatelet therapy (odds ratio = 2.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.49-3.12; P < .0001) and absence of angiotensin receptor blockers (odds ratio = 1.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.79; P = .011). There is a high prevalence of poorly controlled vitamin K antagonist anticoagulation in Spain. Factors associated with poor control are kidney disease, routine nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antiplatelet use, and absence of angiotensin receptor blockers. Copyright © 2014 Sociedad Española de Cardiología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Effects of the CYP2D6*10 allele on the pharmacokinetics of atomoxetine and its metabolites.

Science.gov (United States)

Byeon, Ji-Yeong; Kim, Young-Hoon; Na, Han-Sung; Jang, Jong-Hwa; Kim, Se-Hyung; Lee, Yun-Jeong; Bae, Jung-Woo; Kim, In Su; Jang, Choon-Gon; Chung, Myeon-Woo; Lee, Seok-Yong

2015-11-01

To investigate the effect of the variant CYP2D6*10 allele on the pharmacokinetics of atomoxetine and its metabolites, 4-hydroxyatomoxetine (4-HAT) and N-desmethylatomoxetine (NAT), in healthy subjects, a single oral dose of atomoxetine was administered to 62 subjects with a CYP2D6*wt/*wt (*wt = *1 or *2, n = 22), CYP2D6*wt/*10 (n = 22) or CYP2D6*10/*10 (n = 18) genotype. Plasma samples were then collected for 24 h after atomoxetine administration. The concentrations of atomoxetine and its metabolites were assayed using LC-MS/MS. For atomoxetine, the Cmax, AUC0-∞, t1/2 and CL/F showed genotype-dependent differences. The CYP2D6*10/*10 and CYP2D6*wt/*10 groups showed 1.74- and 1.15-fold higher Cmax, 3.40- and 1.33-fold higher AUC0-∞, and 69.7 and 24.6 % lower CL/F, compared to those of the CYP2D6*wt/*wt group, respectively. The Cmax and t1/2 for 4-HAT were lower and longer in the CYP2D6*10/*10 group than those in the CYP2D6*wt/*wt group, but the AUC0-∞ was not different between these groups. The Cmax, AUC0-∞ and t1/2 for NAT were profoundly greater in the CYP2D6*10/*10 group than they were in the CYP2D6*wt/*wt group. The concentration of active moieties of atomoxetine (atomoxetine + 4-HAT) in the CYP2D6*10/*10 group was 3.32-fold higher than that in the CYP2D6*wt/*wt group. The mean exposure to active moieties of atomoxetine was markedly higher in subjects with the CYP2D6*10/*10 genotype compared to that in those with the CYP2D6*wt/*wt genotype. The higher systemic exposure of the active atomoxetine moieties in CYP2D6*10/*10 individuals may increase the risk of concentration-related adverse events of atomoxetine, although this has not yet been clinically confirmed.

Environmental performance reviews: Spain

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2004-10-01

The second OECD Review of Spain's environmental performance reviews Spain's progress in the context of OECD environmental strategy for the first decade of the 21st century in relation to its own policy objectives. It praises a number of achievements such as in commitments to climate change policies and developments of cogeneration and renewable energy sources. Although emissions of sulphur dioxide from the energy sector have fallen since 1990 they are still high when measured per capita and per unit of GDP. The OECD recommends further control of emissions of SOx, NOx, VOCs and NH{sub 3}. Subsidies such as compulsory purchase of domestic coal by electricity producers are set to increase. The report recommends the phasing out of environmental subsidies (which has begun) and making use of economic instruments to encourage efficient resource management and reduction of pollutants. Greenhouse gas emissions increased by 38% between 1990 and 2002 and the outlook for the next few years is pessimistic. 39 figs., 31 tabs.

Impacto socioeconómico a un año del cierre de la frontera Colombo-Venezolana: Norte de Santander – Estado Táchira (2015-2016

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Pedro Rafael Sayago Rojas

2017-02-01

Full Text Available El 19 de agosto de 2015, la frontera colombovenzolana fue sorprendida por la decisión del Gobierno de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, al decretar el cierre y prohibición del paso y cruce de personas, bienes  y vehículos por los puentes internacionales Simón Bolívar y Francisco de Paula Santander, esta medida tomada unilateralmente, motiva la realización  de la presente investigación que medir cuantitativamente los efectos que producirá sobre las variables macroeconómicas regionales y su impacto socioeconómico; para el análisis de futuras implicaciones se establece cuatro escenarios en el tiempo comprendidos entre los años 2006 a 2016,  en las relaciones colombovenezolanas y de allí, y mediante la utilización del indicador o variación interanual proyectar las variaciones futuras de las principales variables macroeconómicas y de mayor impacto sobre el bienestar  económico y social de la población fronteriza.

Application of the Putting Women First protocol in a study on violence against immigrant women in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Torrubiano-Domínguez, Jordi; Vives-Cases, Carmen

2013-01-01

In this paper, we describe our experience of using the Putting Women First protocol in the design and implementation of a cross-sectional study on violence against women (VAW) among 1607 immigrant women from Morocco, Ecuador and Romania living in Spain in 2011. The Putting Women First protocol is an ethical guideline for VAW research, which includes recommendations to ensure the safety of the women involved in studies on this subject. The response rate in this study was 59.3%. The prevalence of VAW cases last year was 11.7%, of which 15.6% corresponded to Ecuadorian women, 10.9% to Moroccan women and 8.6% to Romanian women. We consider that the most important goal for future research is the use of VAW scales validated in different languages, which would help to overcome the language barriers encountered in this study. Copyright © 2012 SESPAS. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.

Application of ISO/TS 15530-6

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Tosello, Guido; Savio, Enrico; Larsen, Erik

This report is made as a part of the project Easytrac, an EU project under the programme: Competitive and Sustainable Growth: Contract No: G6RD-CT-2000-00188, coordinated by UNIMETRIK S.A. (Spain). The project is concerned with low uncertainty calibrations on coordinate measuring machines. The Ce...

La eclosión de las vanguardias en una capital de provincia: política y cultura en el Ateneo de Santander de los años veinte. Entre la tradición y la modernidad

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jerónimo De la Hoz Regules

2013-07-01

Full Text Available Analizamos el papel jugado por el Ateneo de Santander de los años veinte, su protagonismo como lugar de encuentro, tribuna de opinión política, cultural y de renovación artística, promotor de las vanguardias plásticas y literarias. Estudiamos algunas de las polémicas ideológicas y culturales desarrolladas en su seno, la recepción del ultraísmo (1919, los debates sobre la nueva pintura, el exilio de Unamuno en 1924, el compromiso intelectual de la generación del 27, o las disputas sobre la Dictadura, también presentes en otros ateneos. Desencuentros, pero también encuentros, como la positiva relación con la Sociedad Menéndez Pelayo y la colaboración intelectual y artística entre los ateneos de Santander y Bilbao. En su seno se asiste a los primeros alumbramientos renovadores de las artes con sus inevitables debates protagonizados por Gerardo Diego. Como común denominador subyace la búsquedade la pureza artística, el interés en renovar las formas, entre los escritores y artistas plásticos, pero con una considerable ausencia de compromisos ideológicos o políticos, que sólo aparecen tímidamente, a fines de la Dictadura. También estudiamos la literatura más comprometida y sus manifestaciones, que aunque eclipsada por la renovación del 27, no está tampoco ausente del ateneo, desde los primeros años veinte (José del Río, Pick, Arturo Casanueva, García Venero, Luys Santa Marina, Ruiz de Villa, Matilde de la Torre....

Information transfer in the agricultural sector in Spain

OpenAIRE

Munoz-Canavate, Antonio; Hipola, Pedro

2010-01-01

This paper examines the structures of information transfer to the agricultural (production) and agro-alimentary (transformation and commercialization of the products) sector within Spain. A historical perspective is provided to better illustrate the reality and complexity of Spain with regard to the systems of agrarian extension, agricultural research, resources provided by Spain’s central administration, and the use of information by related enterprises. The Service of Agrarian Extens...

Behavioral Profiles of Children with Williams Syndrome from Spain and the United States: Cross-Cultural Similarities and Differences

Science.gov (United States)

Pérez-García, Débora; Brun-Gasca, Carme; Pérez-Jurado, Luis A.; Mervis, Carolyn B.

2017-01-01

To identify similarities and differences in the behavioral profile of children with Williams syndrome from Spain (n = 53) and the United States (n = 145), we asked parents of 6- to 14-year-olds with Williams syndrome to complete the Child Behavior Checklist 6-18. The distribution of raw scores was significantly higher for the Spanish sample than…

[Systematic review of health-related utilities in Spain: the case of mental health].

Science.gov (United States)

García-Pérez, Lidia; Aguiar-Ibáñez, Raquel; Pinilla-Domínguez, Pilar; Arvelo-Martín, Alejandro; Linertová, Renata; Rivero-Santana, Amado

2014-01-01

Currently, there is no registry of utility values for the Spanish population that could potentially be used in economic evaluations. Consequently, a systematic review of utilities or preferences for health states in the Spanish population was conducted. The results related to mental health are reported. A systematic review of the literature was conducted. The main databases searched were MEDLINE, CRD, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Cochrane. The search strategy combined terms related to utilities and Spain. The inclusion criteria comprised the resident population in Spain, whether affected by any disease or not; the reported utilities had to be evaluated through a tool validated in Spain (i.e., EQ-5D, HUI, SF-6D) and/or following accepted techniques (e.g., time trade-off, standard gamble, or the visual analog scale). A narrative synthesis of articles was undertaken and the results related to mental health summarized. A total of 103 articles were finally included, from which 742 utility values were extracted. Sixty-nine utility values related to mental health and behavioral disorders were extracted from 12 studies. The most widely used tool was the E5-QD questionnaire. Most of the excluded articles evaluated quality of life but did not provide an estimation of utilities. This review adds value to research on utilities in Spain by gathering values to be included in economic evaluations, as well as by identifying research gaps in this field. The utility values related to mental health identified in this study are similar to those reported in international publications. Copyright © 2013 SESPAS. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.

Ten years of renewable electricity policies in Spain: An analysis of successive feed-in tariff reforms

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rio Gonzalez, Pablo del

2008-01-01

Spain has been one of the most successful countries in the public promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources (RES-E), particularly wind electricity. This support has been based on a feed-in tariff (FIT) scheme. Although the basic structure of the system was implemented in 1998, it has been modified in 2004 and 2007. This paper provides an overview of the last 10 years of RES-E promotion in Spain, focusing on the FIT system and analysing the main differences and improvements of the three FIT systems. A political economy approach, which considers the interactions between key stakeholders in RES-E promotion, is used to interpret the actual outcomes of successive FIT reforms and their main design elements

A flipped SO(10) model from Z{sub 6}-I orbifold

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Shimojo, Masafumi [Fukui National Coll. of Technology, Sabae (Japan)

1994-08-01

We look for flipped SO(10) and flipped SU(5) models obtained from heterotic superstrings compactified on Z{sub 6}-I orbifold with one Wilson line. We obtain twelve/fifteen independent Wilson lines which give SO(10)/SU(5) models. While we cannot construct an SU(5) model whose sum of X-charge vanishes, we find only one chiral and modular anomaly-free spectrum with three generations of sixteen dimensional representations of SU(10) which may be matter fields. For the SO(10) model, we derive effective Yukawa couplings and examine the structure of mass matrices. We also comment on the breaking mechanism of the gauge group SO(10).

[Local food production for school feeding programmes in Spain].

Science.gov (United States)

Soares, Panmela; Martínez-Mián, Maria Asunción; Caballero, Pablo; Vives-Cases, Carmen; Davó-Blanes, Mari Carmen

To identify and characterize initiatives that promote the purchase of locally-sourced foods to supply schools and the school centres carrying out the initiatives. Exploratory, descriptive study based on secondary data and key informant reports. A search of governmental and non-governmental initiatives was carried out at the autonomous community level. Government initiatives were located through school feeding programmes in the different autonomous communities, their nutritional guides and representatives of the councils for education and agriculture. Non-governmental initiatives were found through their own websites and the snowball technique. Initiatives were analysed by their geographic distribution, organizational area (government vs. non-government), number of school centres carrying out the initiatives, management style and organic food purchase. A descriptive analysis of the data was carried out. 12 initiatives carried out by 318 schools (2.16% of all the schools with food service in Spain) were identified. Among these, 6 are governmental initiatives with a scope of 274 schools (1.86%), and 6 are non-governmental initiatives with a scope of 44 schools (0.30%). Most of these schools have a public management system in place (n=284). All the initiatives provide for the purchase of organic food. Local food purchase initiatives in Spain have a limited reach. However, the existence of a state directive could support and strengthen the development of such initiatives, given that school commitment is greater when initiatives are driven by the public sector. Copyright © 2017 SESPAS. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Prevalence of actinic keratosis among dermatology outpatients in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Ferrándiz, C; Plazas, M J; Sabaté, M; Palomino, R

2016-10-01

Actinic keratoses (AKs) are common skin lesions associated with an increased risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma. Few studies in Europe have focused on AK prevalence. To determine the point prevalence of AKs in a dermatology outpatient population in Spain, to describe the clinical characteristics of these lesions and to characterise the profile of AK patients. Observational, cross-sectional, multicentre study conducted in 19 hospitals (dermatology outpatient services) around Spain. A total of 204 consecutive patients per hospital who were ≥45 years old were screened for the presence of AKs. 3877 patients were assessed and the overall AKs prevalence was 28.6%. Prevalence was significantly higher in men than women (38.4% vs. 20.8%, p<0.0001) and increased with age for both sexes (45.2% in 71-80 years). Scalp and ear lesion locations were significantly more frequent in men (51.9% vs. 2.7% and 16.9% vs. 2.4%, respectively, p<0.0001 both cases) and the cheek, nose and neckline in women (46.3% vs. 34.0% [p<0.0001], 43.0% vs. 24.8% [p<0.0001] and 5.3% vs. 1.8% [p=0.002]). Men showed a significantly higher frequency of ≥2 affected areas than women (42.7% vs. 20.3%, p<0.0001). Among patients with AK lesions, only 65% confirmed that they were the reason for the visit to the clinic. Approximately a quarter of the dermatology outpatient population in Spain aged ≥45 years old have AKs, with the prevalence rate being highest in men and in older age groups. AK is underdiagnosed and a proactive strategy is needed for the diagnosis and early treatment of these lesions. Copyright © 2016 AEDV. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Perception of ethical misconduct by neuropsychology professionals in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Olabarrieta-Landa, Laiene; Romero, Alfonso Caracuel; Panyavin, Ivan; Arango-Lasprilla, Juan Carlos

2017-01-01

To examine the prevalence of perceived ethical misconduct in clinical practice, teaching, and research in the field of neuropsychology in Spain. Two hundred and fifteen self-identified mental health professionals who engage in neuropsychology practice in Spain completed an online survey from July to December of 2013. In the ethics section of the survey, participants were asked to identify if neuropsychologists they know who work in their country engaged in specific kinds of ethical misconduct. 41% reported receiving formal training in professional ethics. The clinical findings are as follows. The highest rate of perceived misconduct was found in the area of professional training and expertise, with an average of 40.7%, followed by research/publications (25.6%), clinical care (23.9%), and professional relationships (8.8%). Specifically, regarding training, over half of respondents (56.7%) know professionals who claim themselves to be neuropsychologists, even though they lack proper training or expertise and 46.0% know professionals in the field who do not have adequate training for experience to be working in the field. Regarding research/publications, 41.9% of respondents know professionals who appear as authors on publications where they have not made a significant contribution. Regarding clinical care, over one third of respondents endorse knowing professionals who (1) provide results of neuropsychological evaluations in such a way that patients or other professionals are not likely to understand (37.2%) and (2) do not have the skills or training to work with patients who are culturally different from them (34.9%). Less than half of survey respondents reported receiving ethics training. It is possible that introducing more or improved ethics courses into pre-graduate and/or graduate school curriculums, and/or requiring continuing ethics education certification may reduce perceived ethical misconduct among neuropsychological professionals in Spain.

A potential link between insulin signaling and GLUT4 translocation: Association of Rab10-GTP with the exocyst subunit Exoc6/6b

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sano, Hiroyuki; Peck, Grantley R. [Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755 (United States); Blachon, Stephanie [Hybrigenics Services SAS, 3-5 Impasse Reille, 75014 Paris (France); Lienhard, Gustav E., E-mail: gustav.e.lienhard@dartmouth.edu [Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755 (United States)

2015-09-25

Insulin increases glucose transport in fat and muscle cells by stimulating the exocytosis of specialized vesicles containing the glucose transporter GLUT4. This process, which is referred to as GLUT4 translocation, increases the amount of GLUT4 at the cell surface. Previous studies have provided evidence that insulin signaling increases the amount of Rab10-GTP in the GLUT4 vesicles and that GLUT4 translocation requires the exocyst, a complex that functions in the tethering of vesicles to the plasma membrane, leading to exocytosis. In the present study we show that Rab10 in its GTP form binds to Exoc6 and Exoc6b, which are the two highly homologous isotypes of an exocyst subunit, that both isotypes are found in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and that knockdown of Exoc6, Exoc6b, or both inhibits GLUT4 translocation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. These results suggest that the association of Rab10-GTP with Exoc6/6b is a molecular link between insulin signaling and the exocytic machinery in GLUT4 translocation. - Highlights: • Insulin stimulates the fusion of vesicles containing GLUT4 with the plasma membrane. • This requires vesicular Rab10-GTP and the exocyst plasma membrane tethering complex. • We find that Rab10-GTP associates with the Exoc6 subunit of the exocyst. • We find that knockdown of Exoc6 inhibits fusion of GLUT4 vesicles with the membrane. • The interaction of Rab10-GTP with Exoc6 potentially links signaling to exocytosis.

Determination of selenium in cereals, legumes and dry fruits from southeastern Spain for calculation of daily dietary intake

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Diaz-Alarcon, J.P.; Navarro-Alarcon, M.; Lopez-Garcia de la Serrana, H.; Lopez-Martinez, M.C.

1996-01-01

Hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine selenium content in cereals, legumes and dry fruits from the coast of the province of Granada (southeastern Spain). Accuracy was assured using both a NIST SRM 1572 and recovery experiments. The precision expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) varied between 6.50% for seeds and 15.98% for bread. The highest selenium concentrations were found for dry fruits (294.6 ng/g), followed by legumes (111.8 ng/g), and the lowest for cereals (27.8 ng/g). Considering the average daily individual consumption of these foods in Andalusia (southern Spain), the daily dietary intake of selenium supplied by this source is 15.36 μg/day for an adult. The content of total selenium in corn samples taken from the zone is independent of both human and industrial activities (P 0.05)

Situations and problems of renewable energy in the Region of Murcia, Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gomez-Lopez, M. Dolores; Garcia-Cascales, M. Socorro; Ruiz-Delgado, Eduardo

2010-01-01

Renewable energies in Spain have been promoted since 2002, proof of this lies in the fact that in 2007 renewable energy accounted for 6.9% of the consumption of primary energy. The renewable energies market is one of the sectors with the greatest growth in recent years in Spain and is key to the energy policies at national level. Both at national and regional level diverse targets have been set for the production of renewable energies, this article seeks to analyse the potential, current state, and perspectives of renewable energies in the Region of Murcia, investigating the possibilities of fulfilling the objectives established. The solar energy potential should be highlighted, where most of the territory has more than 5.0 kWh/m 2 ; also the wind power potential, where in certain areas there are winds of more than 6 m/s; and the biogas potential due to the extensive livestock herds. With reference to the targets for photovoltaic and wind power, these have been reached; but in the rest of the energy sources the fulfilment of the objectives depends on favourable management and administration policies. Likewise, a comparative study of the state of the Region of Murcia has also been carried out, taking the national situation as the reference. (author)

Selected Abstracts of the 6th International Congress of UENPS; Valencia (Spain; November 23rd-25th 2016; Session “Miscellanea”

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

--- Various Authors

2016-11-01

Full Text Available Selected Abstracts of the 6th International Congress of UENPS; Valencia (Spain; November 23rd-25th 2016; Session “Miscellanea”ABS 1. CALVARIAL AGENESIS AND APLASIA CUTIS CONGENITA: A CASE REPORT • F.P. Bunjamin, R.D. RoeslaniABS 2. NEUROCUTANEOUS MELANOSIS IN A NEWBORN • R. Tameliene, A. Vinskaite, J. Buinauskiene, R. DzikieneABS 3. TLR2/TLR6 HETERODIMER-MEDIATED INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE IN CORD BLOOD IMMUNE CELLS • Y. Cho, D. Tokuhara, K. Nohmi, M. Saito, D. Tachibana, M. Koyama, H. ShintakuABS 4. PRADER-WILLI SYNDROME IN OUR HOSPITAL. ARE WE DIAGNOSING AND TREATING EARLY? • B. Rodriguez Azor, R. Roldán López, S. Ariza Aranda, D. López Martín, T. Fernandez Ferrandez, V. Schmitz, E. Salguero García, T. Sánchez TamayoABS 5. RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO “SHABU” • J. Candel Pau, J. García García, C. Manzano Varo, L. Román Eyo, S. Calpe Fraile, MA. López-VílchezABS 6. VITAMIN D STATUS IN PREGNANT WOMEN AND NEWBORNS IN LA RIOJA AREA IN SPAIN • M. Ruiz, B. Riaño, MY. Ruiz, MP. Samper, P. VenturaABS 7. NEONATAL RESUSCITATION TRAINING COURSES. TRAINEES’ PERCEPTION • S. Zeballos Sarrato, G. Zeballos, C. Ramos, N. Oikonomopoulou, N. Navarro, M. Sánchez LunaABS 8. METABOLOMIC PROFILE IN NEWBORNS MIRRORS THAT OF THEIR MOTHERS IN PREGNANCY • S. Negro, M. Longini, ML. Tataranno, F. Proietti, M. Tassini, A. Vivi, F. Bazzini, E. Belvisi, F. Vanacore, M. Calderisi, G. Buonocore, S. PerroneABS 9. INTRAUTERINE MECONIUM PERITONITIS DUE TO SIGMOID PERFORATION OF UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY IN A 29 WEEKER: MANAGEMENT AND OUTCOME. A CASE PRESENTATION • M. Simon, M. Rusneac, R. Marian, Z.S. Gall, L.M. Suciu, M.C. CucereaABS 10. THE RESULTS OF NEWBORN HEARING SCREENING BY MEANS OF TRANSIENT OTOACOUSTIC EMISSIONS – HAS ANYTHING CHANGED OVER 10 YEARS? • K. Wroblewska-Seniuk, G. Greczka, P. Dabrowski, J. MazelaABS 11. NEONATAL GASTRIC PERFORATION: A REPORT OF ONE CASE IN OUR NICU • N. Lecumberri García, I

Migratory circularity between Ecuador and Spain. Educational transformation and mobility strategies

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Cristina Vega Solís

2016-06-01

Full Text Available The migration pattern between Ecuador and Spain has undergone changes since the start of the 2008 crisis. A slowdown in inflows to Spain and increasing Ecuadorian returnees, today add the Spanish skilled migration to this country in entering higher education as well as the exit of young Ecuadorians to acquire fourth level´s degree in Spain, or Europe in general. The context of crisis and unemployment in education in Spain and education reform policies being carried out in Ecuador is articulated in shaping this circularity between the two countries. Through a quantitative and qualitative multi-situated methodology based on a poll and in-depth interviews, this paper estimates the volume of these displacements and explores the motivations, conditions and strategies that are influencing.

Structural transition of (InSb)n clusters at n = 6-10

Science.gov (United States)

Lu, Qi Liang; Luo, Qi Quan; Huang, Shou Guo; Li, Yi De

2016-10-01

An optimization strategy combining global semi-empirical quantum mechanical search with all-electron density functional theory was adopted to determine the lowest energy structure of (InSb)n clusters with n = 6-10. A new structural growth pattern of the clusters was observed. The lowest energy structures of (InSb)6 and (InSb)8 were different from that of previously reported results. Competition existed between core-shell and cage-like structures of (InSb)8. The structural transition of (InSb)n clusters occurred at size n = 8-9. For (InSb)9 and (InSb)10 clusters, core-shell structure were more energetically favorable than the cage. The corresponding electronic properties were investigated.

Different Patterns in Health Care Use Among Immigrants in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Villarroel, Nazmy; Artazcoz, Lucía

2016-04-01

This study aims to analyze the differences in the use of primary care (PC), hospital, and emergency services between people born in Spain and immigrants. Data were obtained from the 2006 Spanish National Health Survey. The sample was composed of individuals aged 16-64 years from Spain and the seven countries with most immigrants in Spain (n = 22,224). Hierarchical multiple logistic regression models were fitted. Romanian men were less likely to use health care at all levels compared to men from other countries. Women from Argentina, Bolivia and Ecuador reported a lower use of PC. Among women, there were no differences in emergency visits or hospitalizations between countries. Bolivian men reported more hospitalizations than Spanish men, whereas Argentinean men reported more emergency visits than their Spanish counterparts. In Spain, most immigrants made less than, or about the same use of health care services as the native Spanish population.

Deregulation and restructuring of the electricity sector in Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Francia, L.

2000-01-01

This economic analysis of the Electric Power industry and market in Spain shows how the electricity deregulation and liberalization in Spain have given rise to an electricity industry which not only complies in spirit and letter with the E.U. Directive on the internal energy market, but which in fact goes much further. (A.L.B.)

Relationship between global severity of patients with Alzheimer's disease and costs of care in Spain; results from the co-dependence study in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Darbà, J; Kaskens, L; Lacey, L

2015-11-01

The objectives of this analysis were to examine how patients' global severity with Alzheimer's disease (AD) relates to costs of care and explore the incremental effects of global severity measured by the clinical dementia rating (CDR) scale on these costs for patients in Spain. The Codep-EA study is an 18-multicenter, cross-sectional, observational study among patients (343) with AD according to the CDR score and their caregivers in Spain. The data obtained included (in addition to clinical measures) also socio-demographic data concerning the patient and its caregiver. Cost analyses were based on resource use for medical care, social care, caregiver productivity losses, and informal caregiver time reported in the resource utilization in dementia (RUD). Lite instrument and a complementary questionnaire. Multivariate regression analysis was used to model the effects of global severity and other socio-demographic and clinical variables on cost of care. The mean (standard deviation) costs per patient over 6 months for direct medical, social care, indirect and informal care costs, were estimated at €1,028.1 (1,655.0), €843.8 (2,684.8), €464.2 (1,639.0) and €33,232.2 (30,898.9), respectively. Dementia severity, as having a CDR score 0.5, 2, or 3 with CDR score 1 being the reference group were all independently and significantly associated with informal care costs. Whereas having a CDR score of 2 was also significantly related with social care costs, a CDR score of 3 was associated with most cost components including direct medical, social care, and total costs, all compared to the reference group. The costs of care for patients with AD in Spain are substantial, with informal care accounting for the greatest part. Dementia severity, measured by CDR score, showed that with increasing severity of the disease, direct medical, social care, informal care and total costs augmented.

Q and A. The future of nuclear energy in Spain

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kraev, Kamen [NucNet, The Independent Global Nuclear News Agency, Brussels (Belgium)

2017-11-15

Nuclear is the primary source of electricity in Spain. Wind is second. In the first quarter of 2017 nuclear's contribution was 25 %, but by the end of the year it will even out to more or less the same level of 2016. Nuclear is still very important for Spain's energy mix. The question is, what will happen with nuclear in the near future? NucNet spoke to Ignacio Araluce, president of Spanish industry group Foro Nuclear, about energy policy, plant shut-downs and how Spain's nuclear industry is successfully diversifying overseas.

Links between the Philippines and Spain: migration and bilateral relations

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Rogelia Pe-Pua

2005-01-01

Full Text Available This paper analyses the implications which Spanish policy regarding foreign workers has on the living and working conditions of the Filipino community in Spain. The author pays special attention to bilateral relations between the Philippines and Spain in issues suchas Spanish investment in the Philippines, the trade balance between the two countries and labour relations. In conclusion the article considers the necessity of reaching a bilateral labour agreement which would be beneficial to both countries and which at the same time would improve the working conditions and the integration of Philippine nationals living in Spain.

Hydrostatic Compression of 2,4,6,8,10,12 hexanitrohexaaza isowurtzitane (CL20) Co Crystals

Science.gov (United States)

2016-12-01

ARL-TR-7901 ● DEC 2016 US Army Research Laboratory Hydrostatic Compression of 2,4,6,8,10,12- hexanitrohexaaza-isowurtzitane (CL20... Hydrostatic Compression of 2,4,6,8,10,12- hexanitrohexaaza-isowurtzitane (CL20) Co-Crystals by DeCarlos Taylor Weapons and Materials...Technical Report 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) October 2015–September 2016 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Hydrostatic Compression of 2,4,6,8,10,12

Solid-liquid stable phase equilibria of the ternary systems MgCl2 + MgB6O10+ H2O AND MgSO4 + MgB6O10 + H2O at 308.15 K

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Lingzong Meng

2014-03-01

Full Text Available The solubilities and the relevant physicochemical properties of the ternary systems MgCl2 + MgB6O10 + H2O and MgSO4 + MgB6O10 + H2O at 308.15 K were investigated using an isothermal dissolution method. It was found that there is one invariant point, two univariant curves, and two crystallization regions of the systems. The systems belong to a simple co-saturated type, and neither double salts nor solid solutions were found. Based on the extended HW model and its temperature-dependent equations, the single-salt Pitzer parameters β(0, β(1, β(2 and CØ for MgCl2, MgSO4, and Mg(B6O7(OH6, the mixed ion-interaction parameters θCl,B6O10, θSO4,B6O10, ΨMg,Cl,B6O10, ΨMg,SO4,B6O10 of the systems at 308.15 K were fitted, In addition, the average equilibrium constants of the stable equilibrium solids at 308.15 K were obtained by a method using the activity product constant. Then the solubilities of the ternary systems are calculated. The calculated solubilities agree well with the experimental values.

Burden and direct costs of non infectious uveitis in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Adán-Civera, Alfredo Manuel; Benítez-Del-Castillo, José Manuel; Blanco-Alonso, Ricardo; Pato-Cour, Esperanza; Sellas-Fernández, Agustí; Bañares-Cañizares, Antonio

2016-01-01

There is no updated information on epidemiology and cost of management of non infectious uveitis (NIU) in Spain. This study assessed the frequency of various types of uveítis as well as associated costs of resources used in their management. NIU epidemiological data and direct costs were collected from a literature search. This was complemented with consensus information from 2 expert panel meetings and data from questionnaires to ophthalmologists and rheumatologists, experts on these conditions. Healthcare resources costs were obtained from the Oblikue database, from a medical society and from approved drug prices in Spain. During 2011 the estimate number of NIU was 9,398 (45% male, 70% aged 16-65 years). Incidence per type of uveitis was: acute anterior uveitis (AAU) 55%; posterior uveitis (PU) and pan-uveitis (PanU) 15% each; adult chronic anterior uveitis, paediatric chronic anterior uveitis and intermediate uveitis 5% each. Among total costs (77,834,282.10€), initial drug therapy was the highest (43,602,359.29€), followed by surgical treatment of complications (8,367,420.43€). With respect to types of uveitis, PanU (26,692,948.29€), PU (22,283,330.50€) and AAU (14,336,755.38€) showed the highest associated costs. Non infectious uveitis is associated to high costs in Spain, both in its diagnosis and in its treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment should allow for substantial savings for the National Health System. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Reumatología y Colegio Mexicano de Reumatología. All rights reserved.

Dispositional employability and online training purchase. Evidence from employees' behavior in Spain

OpenAIRE

BOADA GRAU, JOAN; Joan Torrent-Sellens; Pilar Ficapal-Cusí

2016-01-01

DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00831 URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4887487/ Filiació URV: SI This article explores the relationship between dispositional employability and online training purchase. Through a sample of 883 employees working for enterprises in Spain, and a using principal component analysis and binomial logit probabilistic models, the research revealed two main results. First, it was found that dispositional employability is characterized by five factors: ...

An application of the multilayer perceptron: Solar radiation maps in Spain

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hontoria, L.; Aguilera, J. [Grupo Investigacion y Desarrollo en Energia Solar y Automatica, Dpto. de Ingenieria Electronica, de Telecomunicaciones y Automatica, Escuela Politecnica Superior de Jaen, Campus de las Lagunillas, Universidad de Jaen, 23071 Jaen (Spain); Zufiria, P. [Grupo de Redes Neuronales, Dpto. de Matematica Aplicada a las Tecnologias de la Informacion, ETSI Telecomunicaciones, UPM Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid (Spain)

2005-11-01

In this work an application of a methodology to obtain solar radiation maps is presented. This methodology is based on a neural network system [Lippmann, R.P., 1987. An introduction to computing with neural nets. IEEE ASSP Magazine, 4-22] called Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) [Haykin, S., 1994. Neural Networks. A Comprehensive Foundation. Macmillan Publishing Company; Hornik, K., Stinchcombe, M., White, H., 1989. Multilayer feedforward networks are universal approximators. Neural Networks, 2(5), 359-366]. To obtain a solar radiation map it is necessary to know the solar radiation of many points spread wide across the zone of the map where it is going to be drawn. For most of the locations all over the world the records of these data (solar radiation in whatever scale, daily or hourly values) are non-existent. Only very few locations have the privilege of having good meteorological stations where records of solar radiation have being registered. But even in those locations with historical records of solar data, the quality of these solar series is not as good as it should be for most purposes. In addition, to draw solar radiation maps the number of points on the maps (real sites) that it is necessary to work with makes this problem difficult to solve. Nevertheless, with the application of the methodology proposed in this paper, this problem has been solved and solar radiation maps have been obtained for a small region of Spain: Jaen province, a southern province of Spain between parallels 38{sup o}25' N and 37{sup o}25' N, and meridians 4{sup o}10' W and 2{sup o}10' W, and for a larger region: Andalucia, the most southern region of Spain situated between parallels 38{sup o}40' N and 36{sup o}00' N, and meridians 7{sup o}30' W and 1{sup o}40' W. (author)

Patents, antibiotics, and autarky in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Romero De Pablos, Ana

2014-01-01

Patents on antibiotics were introduced in Spain in 1949. Preliminary research reveals diversification in the types of antibiotics: patents relating to penicillin were followed by those relating to streptomycin, erythromycin and tetracycline. There was also diversification in the firms that applied for patents: while Merck & Co. Incorporated and Schenley Industries Inc. were the main partners with Spanish antibiotics manufacturers in the late 1940s, this industrial space also included many others, such as Eli Lilly & Company, Abbott Laboratories, Chas. Pfizer & Co. Incorporated, and American Cyanamid Company in the mid-1970s. The introduction of these drugs in Spain adds new elements to a re-evaluation of the autarkic politics of the early years of the Franco dictatorship.

"Conocimiento, actitud y aceptación acerca de la medicina alternativa, en los médicos-profesores de la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad Industrial de Santander" "Knowledge, attitude and acceptance of alternative medicine by physician-professors at the faculty of medicine at Universidad Industrial de Santander"

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Diana Zulima Urrego Mendoza

2012-04-01

Full Text Available Introducción: en el proceso de institucionalización de la enseñanza de la medicina alternativa y terapias complementarias en escuelas de medicina es importante conocer las actitudes de los médicos-docentes, encargados de la formación de los futuros profesionales de la salud. Objetivo: conocer las actitudes de los profesionales médicos sobre la medicina alternativa y terapias complementarias en su desempeño como docentes en la escuela de medicina de la Universidad Industrial de Santander, sede Bucaramanga. Metodología: estudio observacional descriptivo con enfoque cuantitativo, mediante encuesta transversal. Resultados: 112 docentes respondieron la encuesta; 67 no lo hicieron y 5 no se contactaron. El 72,3 % de la población tiene conocimiento nulo sobre medicina alternativa y terapias complementarias. Los sentimientos de los encuestados son positivos o neutros hacia cada una de las disciplinas y se manifiestan por el uso personal de la medicina alternativa y terapias complementarias, en la recomendación a familiares y amigos, el buscar capacitarse en esta disciplina, discutir con sus pacientes sobre la posibilidad de manejo con ésta medicina, referir pacientes a éstos profesionales, practicar y enseñar éstas disciplinas, además, estimular a sus estudiantes a capacitarse en dicha ciencia. Conclusiones: el grado de conocimiento de la población estudiada frente a la medicina alternativa y terapias complementarias determina la actitud que se tiene frente a cada una de las disciplinas, como la Homeopatía, la Terapia Neural, la Medicina Tradicional China, la medicina Ayurveda, la terapia con filtros, los ejercicios terapéuticos, la naturopatía, la herbología y las terapias manuales. Salud UIS 2012; 44 (1: 45-55Introduction: in the process of institutionalizing alternative medicine and complementary therapies teaching at medicine schools is important to know the attitudes of medic-teachers in charge of forming the future health care

[Books on anesthesiology and resuscitation published in Spain. An approach to their study].

Science.gov (United States)

Guardiola, E; Baños, J E

1998-03-01

Few authors have examined the publication of medical books. Our aim was to analyze the nature of books published in Spain on anesthesiology and recovery. Books listed by the Spanish ISBN agency were selected if they included anestesi* or reanima* in any field. Duplicates were removed. Multiple editions or references were considered single books, with data for the oldest edition entered into analysis. Multiple volume collections were grouped as complete works. Data analyzed for each book were year of publication, language (of publication and the original), subject (according to ISBN classification) and place of publication. Nine subject classifications were applied: general, recovery, anesthetic techniques, pharmacology, obstetrics/gynecology, pediatrics, veterinary anesthesia, dental anesthesia and miscellaneous. We analyzed 216 books. Years that saw publication of the greatest number of books were 1988 (17), 1993 (16) and 1979 (15), and the five-year period in which the most books were published was 1985 to 1989 (48 books, 22.2%). Most books (114, 52.8%) were originally written in English, Spanish being the second most common original language (58, 26.8%). All books were published in Spanish. The Spanish ISBN classification system identified 11 categories: general diseases/clinical medicine/therapy (161, 74.5%); drugs/pharmacology/physical therapy/toxicology (20, 9.3%); gynecology/obstetrics (9, 4.2%), veterinary medicine (9, 4.2%) and medicine (8, 3.7%). Classification by specific subjects showed a predominance of monographs or treatises on general aspects (42, 19.4%) followed by books on recovery (37, 17.1%), anesthetic techniques (25, 11.6%) and pharmacology (17, 7.9%). Most books were published in Barcelona (142, 65.7%), Madrid (36, 16.7%) or Saragossa (10, 4.6%). Spanish publication of books on anesthesiology and recovery has increased in recent years. Most books are translations usually from English. Spanish ISBN agency data, although it has limitations, can

Virus del dengue de serotipo 1 (DENV-1 de Colombia: su contribución a la presentación del dengue en el departamento de Santander

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Raquel E. Ocazionez-Jiménez

2013-08-01

Full Text Available Introducción. Los cuatro serotipos del virus del dengue circularon en el departamento de Santander entre 1998 y 2008. No existe información sobre el papel del serotipo 1 (DENV-1 en la epidemiología de la enfermedad. Objetivo. Analizar la relación entre el cambio de predominancia del (DENV-1 con su diversificación genética, predominancia de los otros serotipos y presentación del dengue grave. Materiales y métodos. La diversificación genética se estudió por análisis filogenético usando la secuencia del gen E de 12 cepas del virus. Para el análisis se utilizaron datos sobre predominancia delos serotipos obtenidos en estudios previos y datos oficiales de incidencia del dengue. Resultados. Los virus seleccionados se agruparon en el genotipo V junto a (DENV-1 de países de Latinoamérica y se evidenció segregación en cuatro linajes. Los cambios en la predominancia del virus coincidieron con el reemplazo de linaje y esto, a su vez, con incremento en la prevalencia de DENV-2y DENV-3, e incremento del dengue grave. Conclusión. La diversificación genética podría contribuir a cambios de predominancia de (DENV-1, y la relación del virus con el DENV-2 y DENV-3 en situaciones que favorecen la presentación de casos graves. Se necesitan más estudios para precisar el papel de los serotipos en la epidemiología del dengue. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v33i0.717

Synthesis and structure of a 1,6-hexyldiamine heptaborate, [H3N(CH2)6NH3][B7O10(OH)3

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yang Sihai; Li Guobao; Tian Shujian; Liao Fuhui; Xiong Ming; Lin Jianhua

2007-01-01

A new 1,6-hexyldiamine heptaborate, [H 3 N(CH 2 ) 6 NH 3 ][B 7 O 10 (OH) 3 ] (1), has been solvothermally synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, FTIR, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. Compound 1 crystallizes in monoclinic system, space group P2 1 /n with a=8.042(2) A, b=20.004(4) A, c=10.103(2) A, and β=90.42(3) deg. The anionic [B 7 O 10 (OH) 3 ] n 2n- layers are interlinked via hydrogen bonding to form a 3D supramolecular network containing large channels, in which the templated [H 3 N(CH 2 ) 6 NH 3 ] 2+ cations are located. - Graphical abstract: A layered 1,6-hexyldiamine heptaborate, [H 3 N(CH 2 ) 6 NH 3 ][B 7 O 10 (OH) 3 ], was solvothermally synthesized at 150 deg. C. It is a layer borate and crystallized in monoclinic space group P2 1 /n with a=8.042(2) A, b=20.004(4) A, c=10.103(2) A, β=90.42(3) deg

Spent fuel management in Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gonzalez, J.L.

2002-01-01

The spent fuel management strategy in Spain is presented. The strategy includes temporary solutions and plans for final disposal. The need for R and D including partitioning and transmutation, as well as the financial constraints are also addressed. (author)

48 CFR 252.229-7004 - Status of contractors as a direct contractor (Spain).

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... direct contractor (Spain). 252.229-7004 Section 252.229-7004 Federal Acquisition Regulations System... contractor (Spain). As prescribed in 229.402-70(d), use the following clause: Status of Contractor as a Director Contractor (Spain) (JUN 1997) (a) “Direct Contractor,” as used in this clause, means an individual...

Phenomenological analysis of supersymmetric σ-models on coset spaces SO(10)/U(5) and E6/[SO(10)xU(1)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nyawelo, T.S.

2004-12-01

We discuss some phenomenological aspects of gauged supersymmetric σ-models on homogeneous coset-spaces E 6 /[SO(10)xU(1)] and SO(10)/U(5) which are some of the most interesting for phenomenology. We investigate in detail the vacuum configurations of these models, and study the resulting consequences for supersymmetry breaking and breaking of the internal symmetry. Some supersymmetric minima for both models with gauged full isometry groups E 6 and SO(10) are physically problematic as the Kaehler metric becomes singular ad hence the kinetic terms of the Goldstone boson multiplets vanish. This leads us to introduce recently proposed soft supersymmetry-breaking mass terms which displace the minimum away from the singulax point. A non-singular Kaehler metric breaks the linear subgroup SO(10)xU(1) of the E 6 model spontaneously. The particle spectrum of all these different models is computed. (author)

4d N=1 from 6d (1,0)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Razamat, Shlomo S. [Physics Department, Technion,Haifa, 32000 (Israel); Vafa, Cumrun [Jefferson Physical Laboratory, Harvard University,Cambridge, MA 02138 (United States); Zafrir, Gabi [Physics Department, Technion,Haifa, 32000 (Israel); Kavli IPMU (WPI), UTIAS, the University of Tokyo,Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583 (Japan)

2017-04-11

We study the geometry of 4d N=1 SCFT’s arising from compactification of 6d (1,0) SCFT’s on a Riemann surface. We show that the conformal manifold of the resulting theory is characterized, in addition to moduli of complex structure of the Riemann surface, by the choice of a connection for a vector bundle on the surface arising from flavor symmetries in 6d. We exemplify this by considering the case of 4d N=1 SCFT’s arising from M5 branes probing ℤ{sub k} singularity compactified on a Riemann surface. In particular, we study in detail the four dimensional theories arising in the case of two M5 branes on ℤ{sub 2} singularity. We compute the conformal anomalies and indices of such theories in 4d and find that they are consistent with expectations based on anomaly and the moduli structure derived from the 6 dimensional perspective.

Serosurvey Reveals Exposure to West Nile Virus in Asymptomatic Horse Populations in Central Spain Prior to Recent Disease Foci.

Science.gov (United States)

Abad-Cobo, A; Llorente, F; Barbero, M Del Carmen; Cruz-López, F; Forés, P; Jiménez-Clavero, M Á

2017-10-01

West Nile fever/encephalitis (WNF) is an infectious disease affecting horses, birds and humans, with a cycle involving birds as natural reservoirs and mosquitoes as transmission vectors. It is a notifiable disease, re-emerging in Europe. In Spain, it first appeared in horses in the south (Andalusia) in 2010, where outbreaks occur every year since. However, in 2014, an outbreak was declared in horses in central Spain, approximately 200 km away from the closest foci in Andalusia. Before that, evidence of West Nile virus (WNV) circulation in central Spain had been obtained only from wildlife, but never in horses. The purpose of this work was to perform a serosurvey to retrospectively detect West Nile virus infections in asymptomatic horses in central Spain from 2011 to 2013, that is before the occurrence of the first outbreaks in the area. For that, serum samples from 369 horses, collected between September 2011 and November 2013 in central Spain, were analysed by ELISA (blocking and IgM) and confirmed by virus neutralization, proving its specificity using parallel titration with another flavivirus (Usutu virus). As a result, 10 of 369 horse serum samples analysed gave positive results by competitive ELISA, 5 of which were confirmed as positive to WNV by virus neutralization (seropositivity rate: 1.35%). One of these WNV seropositive samples was IgM-positive. Chronologically, the first positive samples, including the IgM-positive, corresponded to sera collected in 2012 in Madrid province. From these results, we concluded that WNV circulated in asymptomatic equine populations of central Spain at least since 2012, before the first disease outbreak reported in this area. © 2016 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

[Epidemiology of cerebrovascular disease in Spain].

Science.gov (United States)

Brea, Angel; Laclaustra, Martín; Martorell, Esperanza; Pedragosa, Angels

2013-01-01

In Spain, cerebrovascular disease (CVD) is a very common cause of morbidity and hospitalization. They are the second leading cause of mortality in the general population, and the first in women. They also constitute a very high social spending, which is estimated to increase in coming years, due to the aging of our population. Data from the Hospital Morbidity Survey of the National Statistics Institute recorded, in 2011, 116,017 strokes and 14,933 transient ischemic attacks, corresponding, respectively, to an incidence of 252 and 32 events per 100,000 people. In 2002, the cost of hospitalization for each stroke was estimated at €3,047. The amount of total cost health care throughout the life of a stroke patient is calculated at €43,129. Internationally, the direct costs of stroke constitute 3% of national health spending, this being similar amount in different countries around us. Hypertension was the cardiovascular risk factor (CVRF) more prevalent in both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, followed by dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus. Peripheral arterial disease and hypertension were more frequently associated with atherothrombotic events, atrial fibrillation with cardioembolic strokes, and obesity and high blood pressure to lacunar infarcts. In Spain, as showing several studies, we are far from optimal control of CVRF, especially in secondary prevention of stroke. According to the ICTUSCARE study, achieving recommended values was 17.6% in the case of hypertension, 29.8% in LDL-cholesterol, 74.9% of smoking, and 50.2% in diabetes mellitus. In this review, we analyze in detail the epidemiology, prevention and costs originated by CVD. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier España, S.L. y SEA. All rights reserved.

International Uranium Resources Evaluation Project (IUREP) national favourability studies: Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1977-10-01

Spain, with an area of 504 748 km''2, occupies a large part of the Iberian Peninsula. At present the country appears to have about 6300 t of reasonably assured uranium reserves and 8500 t of additional estimated reserves (all at less than $30/lb of U 3 O 8 ). Spain has devoted some $33 million to prospecting for uranium since the beginning of such work. Most of the reasonably assured reserves are located in ores impregnating Cambrian schists intersected by Hercynian granites (of so-called 'Iberian type'); a small amount, however, is found in veins in Hercynian granites of the Spanish Meseta. The additional estimated reserves are situated in the peripheral post-Hercynian continental basins of the Meseta. Apart from these classical ores, sub-ores have been identified in Silurian quartzites with low concentrations of uranium associated with refractory minerals, totalling more than 200,000 t of U (at concentrations of a few hundred ppm); there are likewise uranium-bearing Oligocene lignites in the Ebro Basin with some 140,000 t of U. These facts, and also the very wide distribution of uranium in space and time (from the Cambrian to the Miocene!) and the country's favourable geological characteristics, suggest that Spain ought in fact to have large reserves of uranium, a conclusion unfortunately belied by the paucity of the economic reserves identified so far. Two things must be borne in mind, however; firstly, Spain's financial outlay for uranium prospecting up till now represents only a quarter of what has been invested in France, for example, and, secondly, the nature of the mineralised bodies in Spain makes exploration difficult. In conclusion it seems that prospecting both of the Iberian-type deposits in the Meseta region and of the deposits associated with detrital sediments in the peripheral continental basins - especially blind mineralized bodies - should hold out excellent prospects for Spain. Consequently we propose that Spain should be placed at least in

Comparing the use of 4.6 um lasers versus 10.6 um lasers for mitigating damage site growth on fused silica surfaces

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Yang, S T; Matthews, M J; Elhadj, S; Cooke, D; Guss, G M; Draggoo, V G; Wegner, P J

2010-10-21

The advantage of using mid-infrared (IR) 4.6 {micro}m lasers, versus far-infrared 10.6 {micro}m lasers, for mitigating damage growth on fused silica is investigated. In contrast to fused silica's high absorption at 10.6 {micro}m, silica absorption at 4.6 {micro}m is two orders of magnitude less. The much reduced absorption at 4.6 {micro}m enables deep heat penetration into fused silica when it is heated using the mid-IR laser, which in turn leads to more effective mitigation of damage sites with deep cracks. The advantage of using mid-IR versus far-IR laser for damage growth mitigation under non-evaporative condition is quantified by defining a figure of merit (FOM) that relates the crack healing depth to laser power required. Based on our FOM, we show that for damage cracks up to at least 500 {micro}m in depth, mitigation using a 4.6 {micro}m mid-IR laser is more efficient than mitigation using a 10.6 {micro}m far-IR laser.

Curve numbers for olive orchard catchments in Spain

Science.gov (United States)

Taguas, Encarnación; Yuan, Yongping; Licciardello, Feliciana; Gómez, Jose

2014-05-01

The Curve Number (CN) method (Soil Conservation Service, 1972) is widely applied around the world to estimate direct runoff and the corresponding hydrograph of a rainfall event. Its efficient and simple computation, its complete parameterization for different soils, uses and managements and its good performance justify its application. Nevertheless, apart from Romero et al. (2007) who calculated CN-values at the plot scale, there is little information on the model performance in olive orchards at the catchment scale. In this work, the CN-model has been applied in three small catchments in Spain ranging between 6 and 8 ha with different soil types (regosol, luvisol and vertisol), topography (mean slopes between 9-15%) and management practices (non-tillage with a spontaneous grass cover, minimum tillage, conventional tillage). A rainfall-runoff dataset of 6 years have been used to test the usefulness of model as well as the accuracy of its reference parameterization (CNs and of initial substraction, Ia). CN-values were adjusted, optimized and compared with reference values for orchard crops while the sensitivity of the goodness of fit to Ia was described for each catchment. Classical equations based on the use of CN-percentiles 50, 10 and 90 for determining the antecedent moisture content (AMC) provided very good results with Nash-Sutcliffe coefficients of efficiency equal to 0.73 and 0.81 in two of the catchments with an annual rainfall higher than 600 mm. The third one -with an annual rainfall lower than 400 mm and spontaneous grass cover- showed a different pattern where a multiple linear regression dependant on precipitation and temperature features, represented notably better the rainfall-runoff relationships. Although fractions of Ia on the storage (S) equal to 0.15 and 0.25 allowed to optimize the adjustments of CN, the usual reference of 0.20 is quite appropriate. Finally, significant deviations were observed on reference-CNs for sandy soils that should be

Mechanisms of emission of particles charged in 6Li + 6Li and 6Li + 10B reactions at low energies

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Quebert, Jean

1964-01-01

The lithium 6 nucleus is a projectile of interest to study nuclear reactions at low energy due to the possibility to obtain high heats of reaction, and to its structure which can play an important role in the projectile-target interaction. This research thesis focused on the study of two low-energy reactions provoked by lithium projectiles. These reactions are studied within the framework of the theoretical model of aggregates. The first part presents the experimental conditions of both reactions, reports the development and analysis of nuclear plates, and the transformation of a given type of particle histogram into a spectrum in the mass centre system. The next parts report the study of the 6 Li + 6 Li reaction (previous results, kinematic analysis, spectrum of secondary particles, theoretical analysis of results) and of the 6 Li + 10 B reaction (previous results, experimental results, study of the continuous spectrum of alpha particle, reaction mechanisms)

Analysis and stochastic modelling of Intensity-Duration-Frequency relationship from 88 years of 10 min rainfall data in North Spain

Science.gov (United States)

Delgado, Oihane; Campo-Bescós, Miguel A.; López, J. Javier

2017-04-01

Frequently, when we are trying to solve certain hydrological engineering problems, it is often necessary to know rain intensity values related to a specific probability or return period, T. Based on analyses of extreme rainfall events at different time scale aggregation, we can deduce the relationships among Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF), that are widely used in hydraulic infrastructure design. However, the lack of long time series of rainfall intensities for smaller time periods, minutes or hours, leads to use mathematical expressions to characterize and extend these curves. One way to deduce them is through the development of synthetic rainfall time series generated from stochastic models, which is evaluated in this work. From recorded accumulated rainfall time series every 10 min in the pluviograph of Igueldo (San Sebastian, Spain) for the time period between 1927-2005, their homogeneity has been checked and possible statistically significant increasing or decreasing trends have also been shown. Subsequently, two models have been calibrated: Bartlett-Lewis and Markov chains models, which are based on the successions of storms, composed for a series of rainfall events, separated by a short interval of time each. Finally, synthetic ten-minute rainfall time series are generated, which allow to estimate detailed IDF curves and compare them with the estimated IDF based on the recorded data.

Crisis, suicide and labour productivity losses in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Rivera, Berta; Casal, Bruno; Currais, Luis

2017-01-01

Suicide became the first cause of death between the ages of 15 and 44 in Spain in the year 2013. Moreover, the suicide rate in Spain went up by more than 9 % with respect to the previous year. This increase could be related to the serious economic recession that Spain has been experiencing in recent years. In this sense, there is a lack of evidence to help assess to what extent these suicides have a social cost in terms of losses in human capital. Firstly, this article examines the relationship between the variables related to the economic cycle and the suicide rates in the 17 Spanish regions. Secondly, an estimate is made of the losses in labour productivity owing to these suicides. In this article, panel data models are used to consider different variables related to the economic cycle. Demographic variables and the suicide rates for regions across Spain from 2002 to 2013 also come into play. The present and future production costs owing to premature death from suicide are calculated using a human capital model. These costs are valued from the gross salary that an individual no longer receives in the future at the very moment he or she leaves the labour market. The results provide a strong indication that a decrease in economic growth and an increase in unemployment negatively affect suicide rates. Due to suicide, 38,038 potential years of working life were lost in 2013. This has an estimated cost of over 565 million euros. The economic crisis endured by Spain in recent years has played a role in the higher suicide rates one can observe from the data in official statistics. From a social perspective, suicide is a public health problem with far-reaching consequences.

Association between long work hours and poor self-reported general health among Latin American immigrant and native workers in the United States and Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Conway, Sadie H; Cayuela, Ana; Delclos, George L; Pompeii, Lisa A; Ronda, Elena

2016-12-01

The relationship between hours worked per week and self-reported general health (SRGH) has not been assessed in Latin American immigrant and native workers across host countries. Cross-sectional study of the association between long work hours (LWH) (i.e., >51 hr per week) and poor SRGH using data from 2,626 workers in the United States (immigrants = 10.4%) and 8,306 workers in Spain (immigrants = 4.1%). Both countries' natives working >51 hr per week had increased odds of reporting poor SRGH compared to those working fewer hours (U.S.: OR = 1.59; 95%CI = 1.01-2.49; Spain: OR = 2.17; 95%CI = 1.71-2.75); when stratified by sex, increased odds also were observed among immigrant female workers in Spain (OR = 3.47; 95%CI = 1.15-10.5). LWH were associated with differential health outcomes in populations of native and Latin American immigrant workers in the United States and Spain, which may reflect social or occupational inequalities in general or resulting from the 2008 financial crisis. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:1105-1111, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Criticality safety review of 2 1/2-, 10-, and 14-ton UF6 cylinders

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Broadhead, B.L.

1991-10-01

Currently, UF 6 cylinders designed to contain 2 1/2 tons of UF 6 are classified as Fissile Class 2 packages with a transport index (TI) of 5 for the purpose of transportation. The 10-ton UF 6 cylinders are classified as Fissile Class 1 with no TI assigned for transportation. The 14-ton cylinders, although not certified for transport with enrichments greater than 1 wt % because they have no approved overpack, can be used in on-site operations for enrichments greater than 1 wt %. The maximum 235 U enrichments for these cylinders are 5.0 wt % for the 2 1/2-ton cylinder and 4.5 wt % for the 10- and 14-ton cylinders. This work reviews the suitability for reclassification of the 2 1/2-ton UF 6 packages as Fissile Class 1 with a maximum 235 U enrichment of 5 wt %. Additionally, the 10- and 14-ton cylinders are reviewed to address a change in maximum 235 U enrichment from 4.5 to 5 wt %. Based on this evaluation, the 2 1/2-ton UF 6 cylinders meet the 10 CFR.71 criteria for Fissile Class 1 packages, and no TI is needed for criticality safety purposes; however, a TI may be required based on radiation from the packages. Similarly, the 10- and 14-ton UF 6 packages appear acceptable for a maximum enrichment rating change to 5 wt % 235 U. 11 refs., 13 figs., 7 tabs

Legislating tolerance: Spain's national public smoking law.

Science.gov (United States)

Muggli, Monique E; Lockhart, Nikki J; Ebbert, Jon O; Jiménez-Ruiz, Carlos A; Riesco Miranda, Juan Antonio; Hurt, Richard D

2010-02-01

While Spain's national tobacco control legislation prohibits smoking in many indoor public places, the law provides for an exception to the prohibition of smoking by allowing separate seating sections and ventilation options in certain public places such as bars and restaurants, hotels and airports. Accordingly, Spain's law is not aligned with Article 8 Guidelines of the World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which requires parties to ensure universal protection against secondhand smoke exposure in all enclosed public places, workplaces and on all means of public transport. Spain's law is currently being promoted by the tobacco companies in other countries as a model for smoke-free legislation. In order to prevent weakening of smoke-free laws in other countries through industry-supported exceptions, we investigated the tactics used by the tobacco companies before the implementation of the new law and assessed the consequences of these actions in the hospitality sector. Internal tobacco industry documents made public through US litigation settlements dating back to the 1980s were searched in 2008-9. Documents show that tobacco companies sought to protect hospitality venues from smoking restrictions by promoting separate seating for smokers and ineffective ventilation technologies, supporting an unenforceable voluntary agreement between the Madrid local government and the hospitality industry, influencing ventilation standards setting and manipulating Spanish media. The Spanish National Assembly should adopt comprehensive smoke-free legislation that does not accommodate the interests of the tobacco industry. In doing so, Spain's smoke-free public places law would be better aligned with the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.

[Trends of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use in Spain, 1990 through 2003].

Science.gov (United States)

de Abajo, F J; del Pozo, J García; del Pino, A

2005-11-01

To know the trends of supply, consumption and pattern of use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in Spain from 1990 through 2003, as well as their costs. Drug utilization study. National Health System, outpatient setting. Information on drug utilization was obtained from the ALHAQUEM database of the Spanish Ministry of Health, which contains the number of packages sold in community pharmacies and charged to the National Health System. Data were expressed in defined daily doses (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per day (DHD). NSAIDs consumption in Spain increased from 23.67 DHD in 1990 to 45.82 DHD in 2003 (a 93.6% increase). Ibuprofen was the NSAID which showed the greatest increase (15.33 DHD in 2003). The consumption of coxibs reached a maximum of 7.74 DHD in 2001, but decreased to 3.59 DHD in 2003 once prior-authorization programs were set up. Over the study period the share of NSAIDs use with a low gastrointestinal risk increased from 29% to 59%. Overall costs of NSAIDs increased from 117 million euro in 1990 to 329 million euro in 2003. Over the study period the consumption of NSAIDs in Spain has increased twofold while costs increased threefold. The pattern of use has remarkably changed showing an increasing use of NSAIDs with a better gastrointestinal profile. The impact of coxibs marketing has been moderate.

[Suicide in Spain today].

Science.gov (United States)

Ruiz-Pérez, Isabel; Olry de Labry-Lima, Antonio

2006-03-01

Spain presents one of the lowest suicide rates (8.7 per 100,000) but, as well as Ireland, it has also experienced one of the highest rate increases both within Europe and within the world. In our country, it can be observed an increase in the suicide rates from 1975 to 1994, being this increase greater in men than in women. It can also be noted that there was a stabilisation in the following years. Social factors, specially those which have to deal with gender roles and changes in these roles, are the most common explanations. Another possible explanation for the observed increase in mortality due to suicide among young men could be the AIDS epidemic and intravenous drug addiction, that was observed in Spain during the eighties and nineties. Furthermore, we are witnessing an epidemic related to violence against children and women. Literature strongly suggests that child abuse (psychological and sexual) is associated with increased suicide risk in adolescent or adult life. Women experience violence from their intimate partners and have a greater risk of suffering from chronic pain, diverse somatisations, greater substance use like drugs and alcohol, depression and suicide attempt. The association between work precariousness and suicide seems to be due to economic and social and family support factors, which can lead to greater vulnerability to mental health problems. These factors are of great relevance, since Spain presents one of the highest unemployment and temporary employment rates in the European Union. It seems reasonable that, due to the individualism that characterises the contemporary society, its demands and the new role of women in the work market that cause, among others, a greater difficulty in combining work and family life, are factors that could explain the lack of decrease in suicide rates.

Molecular gastronomy in Spain

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

García-Segovia, P.; Garrido, M. D.; Vercet, A.

2014-01-01

Beyond the overwhelming international success of Ferrán Adria, Spain has been one of the countries with a more active implication in molecular gastronomy as a scientific discipline but also in the use of ingredients, technologies, and equipment from the scientific and technological universe...... with scientists for facing the future of Spanish gastronomy....

[Excess mortality associated with influenza in Spain in winter 2012].

Science.gov (United States)

León-Gómez, Inmaculada; Delgado-Sanz, Concepción; Jiménez-Jorge, Silvia; Flores, Víctor; Simón, Fernando; Gómez-Barroso, Diana; Larrauri, Amparo; de Mateo Ontañón, Salvador

2015-01-01

An excess of mortality was detected in Spain in February and March 2012 by the Spanish daily mortality surveillance system and the «European monitoring of excess mortality for public health action» program. The objective of this article was to determine whether this excess could be attributed to influenza in this period. Excess mortality from all causes from 2006 to 2012 were studied using time series in the Spanish daily mortality surveillance system, and Poisson regression in the European mortality surveillance system, as well as the FluMOMO model, which estimates the mortality attributable to influenza. Excess mortality due to influenza and pneumonia attributable to influenza were studied by a modification of the Serfling model. To detect the periods of excess, we compared observed and expected mortality. In February and March 2012, both the Spanish daily mortality surveillance system and the European mortality surveillance system detected a mortality excess of 8,110 and 10,872 deaths (mortality ratio (MR): 1.22 (95% CI:1.21-1.23) and 1.32 (95% CI: 1.29-1.31), respectively). In the 2011-12 season, the FluMOMO model identified the maximum percentage (97%) of deaths attributable to influenza in people older than 64 years with respect to the mortality total associated with influenza (13,822 deaths). The rate of excess mortality due to influenza and pneumonia and respiratory causes in people older than 64 years, obtained by the Serfling model, also reached a peak in the 2011-2012 season: 18.07 and 77.20, deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. A significant increase in mortality in elderly people in Spain was detected by the Spanish daily mortality surveillance system and by the European mortality surveillance system in the winter of 2012, coinciding with a late influenza season, with a predominance of the A(H3N2) virus, and a cold wave in Spain. This study suggests that influenza could have been one of the main factors contributing to the mortality excess

Spain and Portugal facing Euratom. Some considerations in the access of Spain and Portugal to Euratom

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Corretjer, L.; Lopez Rodriguez, M.

1985-01-01

The access of Spain and Portugal to the European Community of Atomic Energy (EURATOM) will give rise to significative consequences and it is a subject which must be thoroughly considered as to its implications regarding the present state of nuclear development in both countries and with regard to their reciprocal relations in nuclear energy matters. To determine such consequences and implications it is necessary, first of all, to analyze what EURATOM is and how it acts, in addition to consider the situation of each of its Member States as to the utilization of nuclear energy. As well, it is necessary to explain the evolution and the present situation of nuclear development in Spain and in Portugal and their mutual relations in this field. In pursuit of such analysis we may determine the possible consequences of their access; this is made bearing in mind each of the aspects in which EURATOM acts, according to the Treaty and the ''acquis communitaire'', and dividing them into common consequences and individual ones for both countries. The whole exposition, which was studied and carried out from an exclusively technical point of view, has a result the deduction of the joint possibilities offered to Spain and Portugal to make use of EURATOM's availabilities and of the joint actions which both countries may achieve to benefit as much as possible from their access to EURATOM. (author)

Distribution of the PKU mutation 165T in Spain and Latin America

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Perez, B.; deLucca, M.; Desviat, L.R. [UAM-CSIC, Madrid (Spain)] [and others

1994-09-01

The 165T mutation is the second most common mutation in the Spanish PKU patients. In order to provide some additional data about the origin of this mutation, we have analyzed 452 PKU alleles from all regions of Spain. The mutation was found in 9% of alleles. We have found a South-North gradient with a highest frequency in the South and the lowest in the North. In the North-West regions (which has the greatest Celtic influence in Spain) the frequency was 7%. The chromosomes bearing this mutation contained the 8 repeat VNTR allele, as has been described in other populations. In view of these results, we suggest an origin other than Celtic for this mutation. On the other hand, we have analyzed 406 PKU alleles from five Latin American countries, 158 from Brazil, 170 from Chile, 56 from Argentina, 14 from Mexico and 8 from Venezuela. Unlike the results of the IVS10 mutation, 165T is present in Latin America with a low frequency. The results show that this mutation is rare in Chile (1%) and is absent in the chromosomes analyzed from Argentina, Mexico and Venezuela. Only in Brazil has this mutation been found in 5% of the alleles. Up to now, Spain is the only Mediterranean country where this mutation is present with a relatively high frequency. This mutation has been detected in the Portuguese patients and would also have migrated to Brazil.

Human papillomavirus genotype distribution in cervical cancer cases in Spain. Implications for prevention.

Science.gov (United States)

Alemany, Laia; Pérez, Cristina; Tous, Sara; Llombart-Bosch, Antonio; Lloveras, Belen; Lerma, Enrique; Guarch, Rosa; Andújar, Miguel; Pelayo, Adela; Alejo, Maria; Ordi, Jaume; Klaustermeier, Joellen; Velasco, Julio; Guimerà, Nuria; Clavero, Omar; Castellsagué, Xavier; Quint, Wim; Muñoz, Nubia; Bosch, F Xavier; de Sanjosé, Silvia

2012-03-01

Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype distribution in invasive cervical cancer (ICC) is critical to guide the introduction and to assess the impact of HPV prophylactic vaccines. This study aims to provide specific information for Spain. 1043 histological confirmed ICC cases diagnosed from 1940 to 2007 from six Spanish regions were assembled. HPV DNA detection was performed by SPF(10) broad-spectrum PCR followed by deoxyribonucleic acid enzyme immunoassay and genotyping by reverse hybridization line probe assay (LiPA(25)) (version 1). Of 1043 ICC cases, 904 were HPV DNA positive (adjusted prevalence: 89.1%). The eight most common types, in decreasing order, were HPV 16, 18, 33, 31, 45, 35, 52 and 56, accounting for more than 90% of cases. HPV 16 and 18 contributed to 72.4% of all HPV positive ICC cases. In cervical adenocarcinomas, this contribution increased up to 94%. HPV 16 and 18 relative contributions showed a stable pattern over the 60 year study period. HPV 45, 18 and 16-positive ICC cases presented at younger ages than cases with other HPV types (adjusted mean age: 43.8, 45.2, 52.6 and 57.7 years, respectively). HPV 16 and 18 accounted together for a 72.4% of positive cases, with no statistically significant changes in their relative contributions over the last decades. In 94% of cervical adenocarcinomas we identified at least one of the two HPV types included in the current vaccines (HPV 16/18). Results suggest a major impact of HPV vaccines on reduction of ICC burden in Spain in the HPV vaccinated cohorts. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The History of the Democratic Adult Education Movement in Spain

Science.gov (United States)

Oliver, Esther; Tellado, Itxaso; Yuste, Montserrat; Larena-Fernández, Rosa

2016-01-01

Background/Context: Traditional adult education in Spain treated the learner as a mere object that could be shaped by the educator. Although current practices of the democratic adult education movement in Spain reveals a completely opposite standpoint on adult education, there has been little analysis of the several influences converging and…

Colonization of spoil benches of an opencast lignite mine in northwest Spain by amphibians and reptiles

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Galan, P. [University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela (Spain). Faculty of Biology

1997-02-01

This paper discusses the colonization by reptiles and amphibians of the spoil benches of the Meirama opencast lignite mine in northwest Spain over 10 years, following the start of the revegetation process. At Meirama, spoil benches are initially fertilized and hydroseeded with a pasture mix, but are subject to little subsequent management and are gradually colonized by scrub vegetation characteristic of the region. Herpetofauna censuses were carried out yearly on a single 2 ha plot over 6 years following hydroseeding, and in a single year on ten 2 ha plots which had been hydroseeded between 0 and 10 years previously. In addition, censuses were carried out on three undisturbed `control` plots close to the mine. Fifteen species (nine amphibians and six reptiles) were detected in one or more of the spoil-bench plots. Recolonization was particularly rapid after the first 2-3 years post-hydroseeding, and was closely related to habitat development due to revegetation and natural succession. Species composition was most similar to that in control plots in the oldest (ten-year-old) spoil plots.

Bis(6-nitro-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium 2,5-dicarboxyterephthalate

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Kai-Long Zhong

2014-03-01

Full Text Available In the structure of the title 2:1 proton-transfer compound, 2C12H8N3O2+·C10H4O82−, the 6-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline molecules act as proton sponges, accepting protons from pyromellitic acid. The –NO2 group of one of the 6-nitro-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium cations is disordered and was refined with a site-occupancy ratio of 0.624 (15:0.376 (15. Two –COOH(–COO− groups of the 2,5-dicarboxyterephthalate dianion are disordered and were refined with site-occupancy ratios of 0.769 (4:0.231 (4 and 0.766 (5:0.234 (5. The –NO2 group of the second cation is also disordered about a pseudo-twofold rotation axis and was refined with a site-occupancy ratio of 0.903 (3:0.097 (3. There is an intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bond in the anion. The phenanthroline rings of the two cations are inclined to one another by 31.3 (1°. In the anions, considering the major components only, the carboxylic acid groups (–COOH are inclined to the benzene ring by 17.3 (2 and 22.3 (3°. The carboxylate groups (–COO− are twisted by 9.3 (2 and 13.6 (6° with respect to the benzene ring. In the crystal, adjacent 2,5-dicarboxyterephthalate anions are linked via O—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming chains propagating along [010]. The cations are attached to the chain of anions by N—H...O hydrogen bonds.

Enterovirus co-infections and onychomadesis after hand, foot, and mouth disease, Spain, 2008.

Science.gov (United States)

Bracho, Maria A; González-Candelas, Fernando; Valero, Ana; Córdoba, Juan; Salazar, Antonio

2011-12-01

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), a common disease caused by enteroviruses (EVs), usually affects children. Clustered and sporadic HFMD cases, followed by onychomadesis (nail shedding), occurred during summer and fall 2008 in Valencia, Spain. Fecal samples from onychomadesis patients, who did or did not have previous HFMD, and from healthy children exposed to onychomadesis patients tested positive for EV. The complete viral protein 1 capsid gene sequence was obtained for typing and phylogenetic analysis. Two EV serotypes, coxsackievirus A10 and coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1), were mainly detected as a monoinfection or co-infection in a childcare center where an onychomadesis outbreak occurred. On the basis of our results, and detection of CVB1 in 2 other contemporary onychomadesis outbreaks in childcare centers in Spain, we propose that mixed infection of an EV serotype that causes HFMD, plus the serotype CVB1, could explain the emergence after HFMD of onychomadesis, a rare and late complication.

Absence of circulation of Pestivirus between wild and domestic ruminants in southern Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Paniagua, J; García-Bocanegra, I; Arenas-Montes, A; Berriatua, E; Espunyes, J; Carbonero, A; Rosell, R; Marco, I; Cabezón, O

2016-02-27

Ruminant pestiviruses (family Flaviviridae) affect both wild and domestic ruminants worldwide, causing reproductive disorders and severe economic losses. Wild (n=1442) and domestic (n=373) ruminants from southern Spain were tested for the presence of antibodies to pestiviruses. Seropositivity was detected by both ELISA and virus neutralisation test in 1/892 (0.1 per cent) red deer, 29/125 (23.2 per cent) cattle and 17/157 (10.8 per cent) sheep. Pestivirus-specific antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and border disease virus (BDV) genotypes 1, 4 and 5 were detected. Significantly higher antibody titres to BDV-4 compared with BVDV-NADL were found in one cattle farm. Results indicate that wild ruminants may act as spillover hosts from domestic ruminants, and therefore they do not represent a risk for domestic ruminants in southern Spain. The wide distribution of pestiviruses among sheep and cattle suggests that transmission between these species may occur. British Veterinary Association.

Arsenic in public water supplies and cardiovascular mortality in Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Medrano, Ma Jose; Boix, Raquel; Pastor-Barriuso, Roberto; Palau, Margarita; Damian, Javier; Ramis, Rebeca; Barrio, Jose Luis del; Navas-Acien, Ana

2010-01-01

Background: High-chronic arsenic exposure in drinking water is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk. At low-chronic levels, as those present in Spain, evidence is scarce. In this ecological study, we evaluated the association of municipal drinking water arsenic concentrations during the period 1998-2002 with cardiovascular mortality in the population of Spain. Methods: Arsenic concentrations in drinking water were available for 1721 municipalities, covering 24.8 million people. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for cardiovascular (361,750 deaths), coronary (113,000 deaths), and cerebrovascular (103,590 deaths) disease were analyzed for the period 1999-2003. Two-level hierarchical Poisson models were used to evaluate the association of municipal drinking water arsenic concentrations with mortality adjusting for social determinants, cardiovascular risk factors, diet, and water characteristics at municipal or provincial level in 651 municipalities (200,376 cardiovascular deaths) with complete covariate information. Results: Mean municipal drinking water arsenic concentrations ranged from 10 μg/L. Compared to municipalities with arsenic concentrations 10 μg/L, respectively (P-value for trend 0.032). The corresponding figures were 5.2% (0.8% to 9.8%) and 1.5% (-4.5% to 7.9%) for coronary heart disease mortality, and 0.3% (-4.1% to 4.9%) and 1.7% (-4.9% to 8.8%) for cerebrovascular disease mortality. Conclusions: In this ecological study, elevated low-to-moderate arsenic concentrations in drinking water were associated with increased cardiovascular mortality at the municipal level. Prospective cohort studies with individual measures of arsenic exposure, standardized cardiovascular outcomes, and adequate adjustment for confounders are needed to confirm these ecological findings. Our study, however, reinforces the need to implement arsenic remediation treatments in water supply systems above the World Health Organization safety standard of 10 μg/L.

Report on the actual situation in Spain [Processing of Low-Grade Uranium Ores]; Informe sobre la situacion actual en Espana

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Josa, J M [Direccion de Plantas Piloto e Industriales, Junta de Energia Nuclear, Madrid (Spain)

1967-06-15

According to the Spanish program of nuclear reactors uranium requirements are estimated from 1400 to 1600 t until 1970 and between 11 000 and 14 000 t until 1980. Prospecting current account with reserves of 11 000 t U{sub 3}O{sub 8} with costs between 5 and 10$/lb U{sub 3}0{sub 8}, 40 000 t with costs from 10 to 15$/lb U{sub 3}O{sub 8} and about 250 000 t with some potential costs between 15 and 30$/lb U{sub 3}0{sub 8}. The reserves for next development (with grades 0, 1-0, 2% U{sub 3}O{sub 8}) are formed by deposits in granitic rocks (40%) and the rest in metamorphic rocks (shales), located in western Spain. The longer term reserves are made up of lignite and sedimentary formations (Miocene central strata, sediments from eastern Spain and Quartzites from Sierra Morena).

Drivers for human papillomavirus vaccination in Valencia (Spain).

Science.gov (United States)

Navarro-Illana, Pedro; Navarro-Illana, Esther; Vila-Candel, Rafael; Díez-Domingo, Javier

2017-07-12

To describe the drivers associated with HPV vaccination in adolescent girls and their parent's opinion on the vaccine. We conducted an observational and cross-sectional study on adolescent girls and their parents in Valencia (Spain), between September 2011 and June 2012. A consultation was made at a random sample of schools of the 14-year-old girls that should have received the vaccine in the free vaccination programme. We ran a personal survey on knowledge and attitudes regarding HPV infection and the vaccine. A binary logistic regression model was performed to determine which factors were most associated with vaccination. The survey was run on a binomial of 1,278 girls/mothers in 31 schools, to which 833 girls and their mothers responded (64.0%). The factors associated with vaccination were: country of origin of the families (adjusted OR [aOR]: 0.49; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.24-0.98), civil status of the parents (aOR: 0.33; 95%CI: 0.13-0.81), knowledge/beliefs about the vaccine when the source of information was the nurse (aOR: 1.83; 95%CI: 1.01-3.35), information source about the vaccine (aOR: 2.32; 95%CI: 1.37-3.92), preventive health centre visits (aOR: 2.1; 95%CI: 1.10-4.07), and nurse advice (aOR: 6.6; 95%CI: 3.19-13.56). The main factor associated with HPV vaccination was the advice of health professionals. Therefore, the most effective interventions to improve vaccination coverage should focus on health professionals. Copyright © 2017 SESPAS. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

The Sixteenth Nation: Spain’s Role in NATO,

Science.gov (United States)

1983-01-01

Clerks Pat Williams (Lead Clerk) Dorothy M. Mack Laura W. Hall Carol A. Valentine Editorial Board Advisers Rear Admiral S. A. Swarztrauber, USN, Inter...industrial defense potential is in J. Sanchez Mendez , "Spain and its Defense Organization, Part 2: The Defense Industry," International Defense Review 13...discussion of Spanish military capabilities, see J. Sanchez Mendez , "Spain and its Defense Organization, Part 1: The Armed Forces," International Defense

The Queen's Two Bodies: Sor Juana and New Spain's Vicereines

Science.gov (United States)

Thomas, George Anthony

2009-01-01

The work of Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz contains many examples of positive representations of the Queens of Spain and the Vicereines of New Spain. These poetic portraits serve to counter the primarily misogynistic portrayals of ruling women of the seventeenth century. Most importantly, Sor Juana increased the visibility of the vicereine in colonial…

The Effect of Acupuncture to SP6 on Skin Temperature Changes of SP6 and SP10: An Observation of “Deqi”

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Jia-Min Yang

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Background. Deqi sensation is a complex but an important component for acupuncture effect. In this study, we tried to observe the relationship between Deqi and skin temperature changes and whether there was some relativity between Deqi and needle stimulations on cold congealing and dysmenorrhea rat model. Thirty-two female Sprague Dawley (SD rats were randomly divided into four groups (Saline Control Group, Model Group, Group A with strong stimulation, and Group B with small stimulation. Group A and Group B were performed with different stimulations. We found that, compared with saline control group, model group, and Group B, Group A showed that the skin temperature changes on right acupoint SP6 and SP10 increased significantly at 5 min–10 min interval. The skin temperature changes on left SP6 decreased at instant–5 min interval. The skin temperature changes on right SP10 decreased significantly at instant–5 min interval and 10 min–20 min interval. Thermogenic action along Spleen Meridian of Foot Greater Yin was manifested as simultaneous skin temperature increase on right SP6 and SP10 at 5 min–10 min interval after needling SP6, which was helpful to illustrate the relationship between the characteristic of Deqi and needle stimulations.

Fragile X founder effect and distribution of CGG repeats among the mentally retarded population of Andalusia, South Spain

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Yolanda de Diego

2002-01-01

Full Text Available Fragile X syndrome is the most common inherited form of mental retardation. We investigated the prevalence of the Fragile X syndrome in the population with mental retardation of unknown etiology in Andalusia, South Spain. We analyzed 322 unrelated patients (280 males and 42 females, and found a fragile X syndrome frequency of 6.5%. Among the non-fragile X chromosomes, the 29 CGG repeat was the most common allele. At the linked microsatellite DXS548 locus, we found a new allele which we called "allele 10" (17 CA. Similar to other south European populations, allele 2 (25 CA at the DXS548 locus and the fragile X allele were in linkage disequilibrium supporting the idea of a common founder chromosome predisposing to the CGG expansion.

Pi of the Sky Telescopes in Spain and Chile

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M. Siudek

2011-01-01

Full Text Available Pi of the Sky is a system of robotic telescopes designed for observations of short timescale astrophysical phenomena, e.g. prompt optical GRB emissions. The apparatus is designed to monitor a large fraction of the sky with 12–13 m range and time resolution of the order of 1–10 seconds. In October 2010 the first unit of the new Pi of the Sky detector system was successfully installed in the INTA El Arenosillo Test Centre in Spain. We also moved our prototype detector from Las Campanas Observatory to San Pedro de Atacama Observatory in March 2011. The status and performance of both detectors is presented.

The influence of democracy in the practice of public relations in Spain

OpenAIRE

Xifra, Jordi

2011-01-01

This article presents an exploratory study of the current status of public relationsin Spain on the basis of elements and indicators applied to other countries in thestudy The Global Public Relations Handbook (2009). Spain is one of the most notableabsentees from the study; this article therefore fills a hole in current public relationsresearch and theory. The conclusion is that Spain is a country that has undergoneradical change, from a dictatorship to one of the world’s most democratic syst...

A NEW INTERPRETATION FOR THE GARNET ZONING IN METAPELITIC ROCKS OF THE SILGARÁ FORMATION, SOUTHWESTERN SANTANDER MASSIF, COLOMBIA

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Ríos Reyes Carlos Alberto

2008-06-01

Full Text Available A Barrovian sequence of the Silgará Formation at the southwestern Santander Massif, Colombian Andes, contains zoned garnets in which major and trace element zoning correlates with distribution of mineral inclusions, which may indicate that garnet growth rate varied through time and affected both composition and texture ofgarnets, although different garnet producing reactions have also played an important role in the chemical zoning of garent. However, a local metasomatism process associated to the action of late magmatic fluids associated to the emplacement of the Pescadero Pluton (external forcing mechanism would be also considered. In particular, Ca, Mn and Y zoning patterns in some garnets correspond with inclusion-rich vs. inclusion-free zones, althoughthe distribution of inclusions does not correlate with chemical zoning (i.e., the same inclusions are found in Ca-rich and Ca-poor zones of the garnet. There is a similar lack of correlation with accessory phases (apatite, monazite, xenotime, ilmenite or rutile. In a garnet from the garnet-staurolite zone, a high Mn core containsabundant and randomly oriented apatite, monazite and ilmenite inclusions, while a euhedral low Ca mantle zone is inclusion-free and the high Ca / low Mn rim zone contains apatite, monazite and ilmenite aligned parallel to the margins of the garnet. Inclusions in garnet can also represent mineral phases were not completely consumed during garnet growth. Association of garnet zoning trends and patterns with inclusion distribution may help differentiatebetween processes that identically affect major-element zoning but that produced variable textures in the garnet.

Macronutrients contribution from beverages according to sex and age: findings from the ANIBES Study in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Ruiz-Moreno, Emma; Rodríguez-Alonso, Paula; Ávila-Torres, José Manuel; Valero-Gaspar, Teresa; Del Pozo de la Calle, Susana; Varela-Moreiras, Gregorio

2016-07-13

Methodologies and procedures used in dietary surveys have been widely developed with the aim of evaluating the nutritional status of a population. However, beverages are often either disregarded at national and international assessment of nutrients intake or poorly mentioned. Moreover, there is no standardized questionnaire developed as a research tool for the evaluation of beverages intake in the general population. Moreover, the contribution of different beverages to macronutrients intake is rarely provided. The latter in the context of a continuous expansion and innovation of the beverages market in Spain. Therefore, the main goal of the present study was to evaluate non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages macronutrients contribution in the ANIBES study in Spain (9-75 years old).As expected, those contributed to dietary macronutrient intake mainly as total carbohydrates and sugar. The contribution to other macronutrients (proteins and lipids) by the beverage groups was of much less importance. For non-alcoholic beverages, contribution to carbohydrates was much higher in younger populations (children: 10.91 ± 9.49%, mean ± SD for boys and 9.46 ± 8.83% for girls; adolescents: 11.97 ± 11.26% for men and 13.77 ± 10.55% in women) than in adults: 9.01 ± 9.84% for men and 7.77 ± 8.73% in women. Finally, a much lower contribution was observed in the elderly: 4.22 ± 6.10% for men and 4.46 ± 6.56% for women. No sex differences, however, across all age groups were found. Results for sugar contribution showed a similar trend: children (23.14 ± 19.00% for boys and 19.77 ± 17.35% for girls); adolescents (28.13 ± 24.17% for men and 29.83 ± 21.82% in women); adults 20.42 ± 20.35% for men and 16.95 ± 17.76% in women, p ≤ 0.01; and elderly: 14.63% ± 9.97 for men and 9.33 ± 12.86% in women. The main contribution corresponded to sugared soft drinks, juices and nectars, more relevant and significant in the younger populations. As for alcoholic beverages, the

Safety philosophy and licensing practice in different member states of IAEA: Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Alonso, A.

1981-01-01

With the aim of presenting the licensing experience in Spain, the countries with nuclear activities are divided into three main groups: exporters, qualified importers and importers, being Spain in the second group. The licensing problems, and therefore the licensing experience, are different in the different groups of countries. Moreover, the experience in Spain is enriched by the following facts: an early start, a substantial program and a diversity of types, pressurized and boiling water reactors, and suppliers, American and German plants. Reference is made to the basic legal documents governing licensing in Spain, together with the difficulties in adopting and applying detailed regulations. Within this framework, the licensing experience in Spain is described with reference to the reference plant concept, later enlarged to include the reference-site reference plant concept, ending in the most practical approach of the reference problem concept. Finally specific licensing problems are introduced with reference to the Spanish operating nuclear power plants, the ones under commissioning and in an advanced state of construction and the ones just staring construction. (orig./RW)

Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Avipoxvirus in House Sparrows in Spain.

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Jorge Ruiz-Martínez

Full Text Available Avipoxvirus (APV is a fairly common virus affecting birds that causes morbidity and mortality in wild and captive birds. We studied the prevalence of pox-like lesions and genetic diversity of APV in house sparrows (Passer domesticus in natural, agricultural and urban areas in southern Spain in 2013 and 2014 and in central Spain for 8 months (2012-2013. Overall, 3.2% of 2,341 house sparrows visually examined in southern Spain had cutaneous lesions consistent with avian pox. A similar prevalence (3% was found in 338 birds from central Spain. Prevalence was higher in hatch-year birds than in adults. We did not detect any clear spatial or temporal patterns of APV distribution. Molecular analyses of poxvirus-like lesions revealed that 63% of the samples were positive. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses of 29 DNA sequences from the fpv167 gene, detected two strains belonging to the canarypox clade (subclades B1 and B2 previously found in Spain. One of them appears predominant in Iberia and North Africa and shares 70% similarity to fowlpox and canarypox virus. This APV strain has been identified in a limited number of species in the Iberian Peninsula, Morocco and Hungary. The second one has a global distribution and has been found in numerous wild bird species around the world. To our knowledge, this represents the largest study of avian poxvirus disease in the broadly distributed house sparrow and strongly supports the findings that Avipox prevalence in this species in South and central Spain is moderate and the genetic diversity low.

Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Avipoxvirus in House Sparrows in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Ruiz-Martínez, Jorge; Ferraguti, Martina; Figuerola, Jordi; Martínez-de la Puente, Josué; Williams, Richard Alexander John; Herrera-Dueñas, Amparo; Aguirre, José Ignacio; Soriguer, Ramón; Escudero, Clara; Moens, Michaël André Jean; Pérez-Tris, Javier; Benítez, Laura

2016-01-01

Avipoxvirus (APV) is a fairly common virus affecting birds that causes morbidity and mortality in wild and captive birds. We studied the prevalence of pox-like lesions and genetic diversity of APV in house sparrows (Passer domesticus) in natural, agricultural and urban areas in southern Spain in 2013 and 2014 and in central Spain for 8 months (2012-2013). Overall, 3.2% of 2,341 house sparrows visually examined in southern Spain had cutaneous lesions consistent with avian pox. A similar prevalence (3%) was found in 338 birds from central Spain. Prevalence was higher in hatch-year birds than in adults. We did not detect any clear spatial or temporal patterns of APV distribution. Molecular analyses of poxvirus-like lesions revealed that 63% of the samples were positive. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses of 29 DNA sequences from the fpv167 gene, detected two strains belonging to the canarypox clade (subclades B1 and B2) previously found in Spain. One of them appears predominant in Iberia and North Africa and shares 70% similarity to fowlpox and canarypox virus. This APV strain has been identified in a limited number of species in the Iberian Peninsula, Morocco and Hungary. The second one has a global distribution and has been found in numerous wild bird species around the world. To our knowledge, this represents the largest study of avian poxvirus disease in the broadly distributed house sparrow and strongly supports the findings that Avipox prevalence in this species in South and central Spain is moderate and the genetic diversity low.

Aspecto de la Agricultura Intensiva en la Provincia de Ocaña, Departamento Norte de Santander.

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Obregón Botero Rafael

1941-10-01

Full Text Available Un inteligente sentido de lógica deducción, unido al patriótico esfuerzo por el mejoramiento de su tierra, llevó al Dr. Luis Carvajalino Jácome a la conclusión de que el problema de la agricultura intensiva en la Provincia de Ocaña (Santander del Norte presentaba aspectos tan diversos y complejos, que quiso por todos los medios interesar a los Gobiernos Nacional y Departamental en una favorable solución. Fue así como en el cumplimiento de un programa de resurgimiento progresivo de la industria agrícola, este conocido profesional nortesantandereano pidió al Ministerio de la Economía Nacional se comisionara a un Fitopatólogo y a un Entomólogo para estudiar los problemas surgidos del creciente aumento de plagas y enfermedades en la región y especialmente el decaimiento que por estos factores notábase en la industria cebollera. Atendiendo a la insinuación, el Ministerio de la Economía tuvo a bien encargarnos de tan interesante comisión y para el mejor cumplimiento a nuestro juicio, estudiamos y observamos con algún detenimiento los diferentes aspectos de su agricultura. Estas observaciones y conclusiones las queremos presentar y ofrecer como una modesta cooperación al programa de progreso en cuyos resultados finales están empeñados tanto sus dirigentes como el pueblo de Santander. A pesar de que nuestra misión se limitaba al estudio de la sanidad de los cultivos, quisimos hacer extensivas las observaciones a otros puntos de vital importancia, toda vez que las modalidades de la región presentaban aspectos de un problema que pudiéramos llamar nuevo para nuestra agricultura nacional. Quizás el cultivo del café en las tierras del Quindío tienen un verdadero aspecto de agricultura intensiva con caracteres de económica importancia, pero aparte de ésta y de contadas regiones del país, nos atrevemos a opinar que la localidad ahora descrita se perfila como exponente de la futura agricultura intensiva a la cual

Novel lyssavirus in bat, Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Aréchiga Ceballos, Nidia; Vázquez Morón, Sonia; Berciano, José M; Nicolás, Olga; Aznar López, Carolina; Juste, Javier; Rodríguez Nevado, Cristina; Aguilar Setién, Alvaro; Echevarría, Juan E

2013-05-01

A new tentative lyssavirus, Lleida bat lyssavirus, was found in a bent-winged bat (Miniopterus schreibersii) in Spain. It does not belong to phylogroups I or II, and it seems to be more closely related to the West Causasian bat virus, and especially to the Ikoma lyssavirus.

Novel Lyssavirus in Bat, Spain

OpenAIRE

Ceballos, Nidia Ar?chiga; Mor?n, Sonia V?zquez; Berciano, Jos? M.; Nicol?s, Olga; L?pez, Carolina Aznar; Juste, Javier; Nevado, Cristina Rodr?guez; Seti?n, ?lvaro Aguilar; Echevarr?a, Juan E.

2013-01-01

A new tentative lyssavirus, Lleida bat lyssavirus, was found in a bent-winged bat (Miniopterus schreibersii) in Spain. It does not belong to phylogroups I or II, and it seems to be more closely related to the West Causasian bat virus, and especially to the Ikoma lyssavirus.

History of health technology assessment: Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Sampietro-Colom, Laura; Asua, Jose; Briones, Eduardo; Gol, Jordi

2009-07-01

The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of the introduction and diffusion of health technology assessment (HTA) in Spain. A survey to summarize the evolution of HTA was sent to representatives of different HTA initiatives in Spain. HTA was introduced in the late 1980s. The main factors were the trend to an increase in healthcare expenditure, concerns regarding efficiency in providing health care, as well as in the level of rationality introducing high technology. Spain has direct (i.e., regulation) and indirect (i.e., payment systems, evidence-based programs, HTA) mechanisms to control health technologies. A recent high priority regulation has established the need of HTA to decide the introduction of a new health technology in the lists of public healthcare coverage, although similar regulations existed in the past and were scarcely implemented. HTA initiatives started at the regional government level. Its introduction followed a progressive pattern among regions. In the beginning, resources were scarce and expertise limited, with work done at intramural level. With time, expertise increase, and promotion of commissioned work was implemented. HTA knowledge transfer in the healthcare system has been carried out through courses, publications, and commissioned research. Currently, there are seven HTA units/agencies, which coordinate their work. HTA in Spain is in its maturity. Facing the unavoidable change of health care environment over time, HTA is also evolving and, currently, there is a trend to broaden the areas of influence of HTA by devolving capacity to hospitals and applying principles to very early phases of health technology development, under the umbrella of regional HTA units/agencies. However, there are two main challenges ahead. One is to have a real impact at the highest level of healthcare policy coordination among Spanish regions, which is done at the Central Ministry of Health. The other is to avoid the influence of political waves

H(10) due to radiation scattered in a 6 MV Linac for tomotherapy; H*(10) debida a la radiacion dispersada en un LINAC de 6 MV para tomoterapia

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Vega C, H. R.; Esparza H, A. [Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Unidad Academica de Estudios Nucleares, Cipres No. 10, Fracc. La Penuela, 98060 Zacatecas, Zac. (Mexico); Garcia R, M. G. [Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Campus Zacatecas, Calz. Pedro Coronel 16, Dependencias Federales, 98600 Guadalupe, Zacatecas (Mexico); Reyes R, E. [Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus Leon, Division de Ciencias e Ingenierias, Loma del Bosque 103, Col. Lomas del Campestre, 37150 Leon, Guanajuato (Mexico); Hernandez A, L. [Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia, CIBNOR, Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, 23090 La Paz, Baja California Sur (Mexico); Rivera, T., E-mail: fermineutron@yahoo.com [IPN, Centro de Investigacion en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnologia Avanzada, Calz. Legaria 694, Col. Irrigacion, 11500 Ciudad de Mexico (Mexico)

2017-10-15

In order to determine the environmental equivalent dose (H(10)), due to the radiation that is dispersed over the body of a patient, 100 thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) around 6 MV TomoLINAC were used. The characteristics of the tomotherapy have the disadvantage that the shielding of the bunker increases considerably and for its design validated parameters are used for the conventional Linacs. In order to determine H(10) due to scattered radiation, measurements were made in the vicinity of the isocenter, while the 6 MeV photon beam was applied on a phantom. Also, TLDs were placed on the walls of the bunker that remained for 7 days, where approximately 50 patients were treated per day. At points close to the isocenter, the H(10) has an angular distribution caused by the phantom shape. In the bunker walls the highest H(10) was observed in the primary barriers. In the labyrinth, the impact of the scattered radiation was observed when measuring a greater value of the environmental equivalent dose in the wall furthest from the isocenter compared to the point located closest to it. (Author)

New Strategies in Library Services Organization: Consortia University Libraries in Spain

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Miguel Duarte Barrionuevo

2017-09-01

Full Text Available New political, economic, and technological developments, as well as the growth of information markets, in Spain have created a foundation for the creation of library consortia. The author describes the process by which different regions in Spain have organized university library consortia.

Oath Ceremonies in Spain and New Spain in the 18th century: A Comparative Study of Rituals and Iconography

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Inmaculada Rodríguez Moya

2017-10-01

Full Text Available This paper will focus on a comparative study of the royal oath ceremonies in Spain and New Spain starting with the 16th century, when the ritual was established, to later consider some examples from the 18th century. A process of consolidating a Latin American and Hispanic identity began in the 17th century and was reflected in religious and political festivals everywhere. The royal oath ceremony was a renewal of vows of loyalty to the Crown, which was especially important in a monarchy composed a variety of different kingdoms. This ritual was very important in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, where a king ruled from afar over subjects scattered throughout a vast territory that was ethnically and culturally very diverse. The ceremony was therefore used in the 18th century to assert matters of identity through ritual gestures and the images that adorned the ephemeral architecture created for it. Accounts of festivities and prints depicting the event as it took place in places like Lisbon, Barcelona, Valencia, Majorca, Mexico and Lima will be studied from a comparative point of view.

Regulatory strategies for selected Member States (Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Spain, the UK)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nieuwenhout, F.D.J.; Jansen, J.C.; Van der Welle, A.J. [ECN Policy Studies, Petten (Netherlands); Olmos, L.; Cossent, R.; Gomez, T. [Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Madrid (Spain); Poot, J.; Bongaerts, M. [Liander, Duiven (Netherlands); Trebolle, D. [Union Fenosa Distribucion, Madrid (Spain); Doersam, B. [MVV Energie, Mannheim (Germany); Bofinger, S.; Lichtner, P.; Gerhardt, N. [Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology, IWES, Bremerhaven (Germany); Jacobsen, H.; Ropenus, S.; Schroeder, S. [Risoe National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark DTU, Roskilde (Denmark); Auer, H.; Weissensteiner, L.; Prueggler, W.; Obersteiner, C.; Zach, K. [Energy Economics Group EEG, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna (Austria)

2010-05-15

This Work Package 6 report of the IMPROGRES project provides an overview of regulatory strategies and incentives, conducive to (1) network integration of increasing levels of distributed generation including notably intermittent renewable technology such as wind power and solar photovoltaics (PV) as well as (2) options for reducing impacts on surging network integration costs. Similar to the IMPROGRES project in general, this report focuses on European distribution networks. It includes specific country studies of Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK.

Variability in complications and operative mortality after radical cystectomy in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Llorente, C; López, B; Hernández, V; Guijarro, A; Pérez-Fernández, E

In the literature, mortality for radical cystectomy (RC) varies between 2.3% and 7.5%. In Spain, there are no published general data on morbidity and mortality. To identify the complications and mortality of RC in Spain through an analysis of all procedures performed over a 3-year period and to study the geographic variability of these results. We identified patients who underwent RC in the Spanish National Health System between 2011 and 2013 based on the minimum basic data set. We analysed the complications and mortality during hospitalisation and at 30, 60 and 90 days. We compared these results in the various autonomous communities, adjusted them by age, Charlson score and sex and subsequently added the hospital size. We studied 7999 patients who underwent RC in 197 hospitals of the Spanish National Health System. The mean age of the series was 67.2±9.8 years. The median stay was 15 days (IQR, 11-24). Some 47.2% of the patients had complications. The mean mortality in-hospital and at 30, 60 and 90 days was 4.7, 2.9, 5 and 6.2%, respectively. There was considerable variability in the mortality at 90 days among the communities (3.8-9.1%). When adjusting by the patient and hospital characteristics, there were still significant geographic variations (3.8-11.5%). RC mortality in Spain at 90 days is similar to the rate in the literature. There are significant geographic variations unexplained by the characteristics of the patients or by those of the hospitals in which these operations were performed. Copyright © 2016. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U.

Limits to source counts and cosmic microwave background fluctuations at 10.6 GHz

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Seielstad, G.A.; Masson, C.R.; Berge, G.L.

1981-01-01

We have determined the distribution of deflections due to sky temperature fluctuations at 10.6 GHz. If all the deflections are due to fine structure in the cosmic microwave background, we limit these fluctuations to ΔT/T -4 on an angular scale of 11 arcmin. If, on the other hand, all the deflections are due to confusion among discrete radio sources, the areal density of these sources is calculated for various slopes of the differential source count relationship and for various cutoff flux densities. If, for example, the slope is 2.1 and the cutoff is 10 mJy, we find (0.25--3.3) 10 6 sources sr -1 Jy -1

[Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus infection in Spain].

Science.gov (United States)

Echevarría, José Manuel; Fogeda, Marta; Avellón, Ana

2015-04-01

The general features of the epidemiology and ecology of hepatitis E virus in Spain are already known after 20 years of investigations. Genotype 3 strains, mainly from sub-genotype 3f, circulated among swine livestock and certain wild mammals, and would be sporadically transmitted to humans through direct contact with the reservoirs or by consumption of foods derived from them. Bivalve shellfish contaminated by hepatitis E virus from sewage could also play a role in transmission. Although the interpretation of results from seroprevalence studies in low endemic settings is still controversial, antibody to hepatitis E virus displays an overall prevalence less than 10% among the population of Spain, increasing significantly with age. From the, approximately, 150 cases of acute hepatitis E recorded in the international literature, males older than 40 years, suffering a mild, locally acquired disease predominate. In addition, hepatitis E might be more frequent in the North of the country than in other regions. Although the disease does not usually have a great clinical relevance, the occasional finding of cases of fulminant hepatitis, and of ribavirin-resistant, chronic hepatitis E virus infections among the immunocompromised would recommend the surveillance of the infection by the public health authority and a better implementation of specific diagnostic procedures in clinical laboratories. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier España, S.L.U. y Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica. All rights reserved.

[Vaccination against hepatitis B. Impact of vaccination programmes after 20 years of use in Spain. Is it time for a change?].

Science.gov (United States)

Arístegui Fernández, Javier; Díez-Domingo, Javier; Marés Bermúdez, Josep; Martinón Torres, Federico

2015-02-01

The highest incidence rate of hepatitis B (HB) in Spain is detected in adults between 20 and 54 years old, whereas the incidence in children under 1 year old is almost nil. The low prevalence of HB in children under 1 year is mainly due to the success of gestational screening strategies for the detection of HBsAg(+) in pregnant women, and vaccination campaigns during childhood. Currently, in Spain, the last dose of the HB included in the national childhood immunization program is administered at 6 months of age, although some studies show that delaying the age of the administration of the last dose of HB vaccine and increasing the time between doses, may improve immune memory by offering greater protection against this virus in the adulthood. In this article, the impact of HB vaccination in Spain is reviewed, and other potential vaccination strategies in our environment are discussed, such as extending the interval between doses, and administering the last dose in the second year of life, adapting the valid strategy in Spain to the current epidemiological context in order to reduce the prevalence of HB in adulthood. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier España.

Main components of PM10 in an area influenced by a cement plant in Catalonia, Spain: Seasonal and daily variations.

Science.gov (United States)

Rovira, Joaquim; Sierra, Jordi; Nadal, Martí; Schuhmacher, Marta; Domingo, José L

2018-05-01

Particulate matter (PM) composition has a key role in a wide range of health outcomes, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, and death, among others. Montcada i Reixac, a municipality located in the Barcelona metropolitan area (Catalonia, Spain), for its location and orography, is an interesting case- study to investigate air pollution. The area is also characterized by the presence of different industrial emission sources, including a cement factory and a large waste management plant, as well as an intense traffic. In this study, PM 10 levels, trace elements, ions, and carbonaceous particles were determined for a long time period (2013-2016) in this highly polluted area. PM 10 samples were collected during six consecutive days in two campaigns (cold and warm) per year. A number of elements (As, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Hg, Ho, K, La, Li, Hg, Mg, Mn, Mo, Nb, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sn, Sr, Tb, Th, Ti, Tl, U, V, W, Y, Yb, and Zr), ions (Cl - , SO 4 2- , NO 3 - , and NH 4 + ), and carbonaceous content (total carbon, organic plus elemental carbon, and CO 3 2- ), were analysed. These data were used to identify the PM 10 main components: mineral matter, sea spray, secondary inorganic aerosols, organic matter plus elemental carbon, trace elements or indeterminate fraction. Although a clear seasonality (cold vs. warm periods) was found, there were no differences between working days and weekends. Obviously, the cement plant influences the surrounding environment. However, no differences in trace elements related with the cement plant activity (Al, Ca, Ni and V) between weekdays and weekends were noted. However, some traffic-related elements (i.e., Co, Cr, Mn, and Sb) showed significantly higher concentrations in weekdays. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

An economic evaluation of public programs for internationalization: the case of the Diagnostic Program in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Cansino, José M; Lopez-Melendo, Jaime; Pablo-Romero, María del P; Sánchez-Braza, Antonio

2013-12-01

This paper evaluates the Diagnostic Program in Spain which is a publicly funded program to promote internationalization of companies located in Andalusia (south of Spain). The methodology used is the propensity score-matching. The treatment group consists of companies which participated in the Program until 2008. The control group has companies which planned to participate in the Program but had not done so up to that date. The response variable measures the ratio of export to total sales for each company. Four covariates have been taken into account: activity, location, sales and number of employees. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the companies that participated in the Program improved their ratio of exports to total sales by about 10 percentage points. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Transfer of nuclear technology from Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Madrid, G.

1985-01-01

Technology transfer from Spain is possible in several fields of nuclear technology ranging from the head end of the fuel cycle (ENUSA) to the back end (ENRESA). The advantages of such a transfer are emphasized

Wnt6, Wnt10a and Wnt10b inhibit adipogenesis and stimulate osteoblastogenesis through a β-catenin-dependent mechanism

OpenAIRE

Cawthorn, William P.; Bree, Adam J.; Yao, Yao; Du, Baowen; Hemati, Nahid; Martinez-Santibañez, Gabriel; MacDougald, Ormond A.

2011-01-01

Wnt10b is an established regulator of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) fate that inhibits adipogenesis and stimulates osteoblastogenesis, thereby impacting bone mass in vivo. However, downstream mechanisms through which Wnt10b exerts these effects are poorly understood. Moreover, whether other endogenous Wnt ligands also modulate MSC fate remains to be fully addressed. In this study, we identify Wnt6 and Wnt10a as additional Wnt family members that, like Wnt10b, are downregulated during developmen...

Orientaciones socialmente responsables para la permanencia estudiantil en programas de educación a distancia de la Universidad Industrial de Santander-UIS

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ruth Zárate-Rueda

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Ante las dinámicas sociales del mundo actual, la educación a distancia se ha convertido en la principal estrategia orientada al aumento de capacidades y oportunidades para alcanzar niveles óptimos de bienestar social. No obstante, a pesar de programas flexibles que facilitan la vinculación universitaria como Tecnología y Gestión Empresarial, ofertados por el Instituto de Proyección Regional y Educación a Distan - cia-IPRED de la Universidad Industrial de Santander - UIS, el número de graduados en comparación con los ingresantes no es el esperado: durante el periodo 2007-2009 se identificó un índice de abandono del 55 % y 28% respectivamente. Este estudio cuantitativo de diseño descriptivo a partir de la muestra aleatoria estratificada permite la identificación de características, patrones de conducta y actitudes, para señalar los comportamientos concretos de los desertores. Como resultado, se estableció que las motivaciones socioeconómicas de aban - dono escolar están interconectadas con otras variables, afirmando un fenómeno multicausal que orienta a la construcción de estrategias socialmente responsables de seguimiento y permanencia, en procura de su disminución, en el marco de la Responsabilidad Social de la UIS.

[Cirurgia Taurina--emergency medical treatment of bullfighters in Spain].

Science.gov (United States)

Lehmann, V; Lehmann, J

2003-08-01

A considerable risk of life-threatening injury is inherent to bullfighting. Thus, a unique form of emergency treatment has evolved over recent decades of organized bull-fighting. Today bullfight arenas in larger cities are equipped with emergency facilities including fully furnished operating rooms. During a fiesta these facilities are run by a medical team consisting of three surgeons, one intensive care specialist, and one anesthesiologist with their supporting medical personnel. In smaller arenas or villages immediate care units consist of emergency vehicles, and a mobile container equipped with a fully functional operating room. Of all toreros the matadores including the novilleros are most often injured in 56 % of cases. This rate decreases for banderillos (30 %), and for picadores (14 %). Parts of the body that are most frequently affected are thighs, and the inguinal region (54 %). Head and neck injuries are seen in 19 %, and 12 % of cases present with open abdominal wounds including liver or gastrointestinal tract traumas. 10 % of injuries affect the thorax, and 4 % the pelvic floor. The particular form of organised medical treatment for bullfighters in Spain has only developed since the nineteen-thirties. In 1972 a scientific society for bullfight surgery was founded in Spain by specialized surgeons, and immediate care specialists holding a first convention that year. The society is continuously striving to improve technical and logistical aspects of immediate medical care for injured bullfighters.

Relationship between patient dependence and direct medical-, social-, indirect-, and informal-care costs in Spain

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Darbà J

2015-07-01

over 6 months for direct medical-, social-, indirect-, and informal-care costs were estimated at €1,028.10 (€1,655.00, €843.80 (€2,684.80, €464.20 (€1,639.00, and €33,232.20 (€30,898.90, respectively. Dependence was independently and significantly associated with direct medical-, social-, informal-, and total-care costs. Conclusion: The costs of care for patients with AD in Spain are substantial, with informal care accounting for the greatest part. Interventions that reduce patient dependence on caregivers may be associated with important reduction in direct medical-, social-, informal-, and total-care costs. Keywords: Alzheimer, Dependence Scale, direct medical care costs, social care costs, indirect care costs, informal care costs.

Catalan Nationalism and Challenges to the Territorial Integrity of Spain

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G. I. Volkova

2016-01-01

Full Text Available At the beginning of the 21st century Spain faced a number of challenges, primarily the growth of separatist sentiments in the regions fraught with the danger of its fragmentation on ethno-national basis. In the context of increased ethno-national mobilization of “small peoples” in Spain one of its most economically developed regions – Catalonia – envisages a rise of the regional identity. Against the backdrop of economic problems generated by the crisis of 2008-2014 the autonomous communities of Spain, including Catalonia, came across the rise of socio-political problems, particularly the growing distance between the society and the central administrative bodies formed in democratic conditions, as well as the two-party administrative system.

A survey on training in pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation in Latin America, Spain, and Portugal.

Science.gov (United States)

López-Herce, Jesús; Carrillo, Angel

2011-09-01

To determine how training in pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation is provided in the Iberoamerican countries. Survey. Latin America, Spain, and Portugal. Experts in pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation education. A questionnaire was sent to experts in pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in 21 countries in Latin America, Spain, and Portugal; we received 15 replies. Pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation training is not included in medical undergraduate or nursing training in any of these countries and pediatric residents receive systematic cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in only four countries. Basic pediatric life support courses, pediatric advanced life support courses, and pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation instructors courses are given in 13 of 15, 14 of 15, and 11 of 15 respondent countries, respectively. Course duration and the number of hours of practical training were variable: basic life support, 5 hrs (range, 4-8 hrs); practical training, 4 hrs (range, 2-5 hrs); advanced life support, 18 hrs (range, 10-30 hrs); and practical training, 14 hrs (range, 5-18 hrs). Only nine countries (60%) had a national group that organized pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation training. Thirteen countries (86.6%) had fewer than five centers offering pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation training. Respondents considered the main obstacles to the expansion of training in pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation to be the shortage of instructors (28.5%), students' lack of financial resources (21.4%), and deficiencies in educational organization (21.4%). Pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation training is not uniform across the majority of Iberoamerican countries, with poor organization and little institutional involvement. National groups should be created in each country to plan and coordinate pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation training and to coordinate with other Iberoamerican countries.

THE ARRIVAL OF ROMANIAN IMMIGRANTS IN SPAIN – “THE RETURN THE EMPEROR TRAJAN”

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

ANTONIO GUTIÉRREZ RESA

2016-01-01

Full Text Available The Romanians in Spain are the major migrant group in our country, which we symbolically refer to as the return of the Spanish Emperor Trajan. They arrived in search of work and better life conditions than in their home countries. Upon 6 to 10 years of residence in Spain, they live in rented housing and their intention is to stay here for a certain period of time and then return home. They come to work and most of them have a European Community residence card, they also work in the private sector with long term and temporary contracts. During these years their expectations have been met, especially the economic ones, and they are reasonably satisfied with their family lives, with their personal relations and less with their work and studies. During the time they have lived in our country, the migrants feel that their contribution is positive, especially in the cultural field. They preserve their traditions and customs, as long as these do not go against the Spanish legislation. They also preserve their civil and religious traditions as well as their native language (Romanian whenever this is possible. In their free time they watch TV and go out with friends as well as they listen to music and to the radio, and visit bars. Nevertheless, the Romanians spend their money especially for their homes. They do not have special integration problems or difficulties, except for unemployment and, in a lesser degree, the Spanish language or autonomic language. They tend to interact with the locals and participate sparsely in civil sports, religious, social or cultural organizations

[Diabetes mellitus in Spain: death rates, prevalence, impact, costs and inequalities].

Science.gov (United States)

Ruiz-Ramos, Miguel; Escolar-Pujolar, Antonio; Mayoral-Sánchez, Eduardo; Corral-San Laureano, Florentino; Fernández-Fernández, Isabel

2006-03-01

Describing the situation of diabetes mellitus (DM) in Spain from a public health perspective. manual review of books and other documents on diabetes mellitus in Spain was conducted. In addition, a specific research of articles published using MeSH terms diabetes mortality, prevalence, incidence, cost, inequalities and Spain was conducted in Medline through Internet (PubMed). Minimun Basic Data Set was utilized as source for complication description by Communities Autonomus. DM is one of the leading cause of mortality and the third one in women. With regard to Autonomous Communities, Canary Islands, Ceuta y Melilla and Andalusia show the greatest mortality with a downward trend. Diabetics present greater mortality than non diabetic patients, being complications the main cause of the over-mortality, especially ischemic heart disease. Estimations of prevalence for DM2 range from 4.8% to 18.7% and for DM1, from .08% to .2%. In pregnancy, it has been noted a prevalence ranging from 4.5% to 16.1%. With respect to incidence per year, it is estimated a range from 146 to 820 per 100,000 inhabitants for DM2 and a range from 10 to 17 new cases annually per 100,000 inhabitants for DM1. Costs for DM1 show very different results, averaging between 1,262 and 3,311 euro per people and year. There are differences for DM2 costs as well, averaging between 381 and 2,560 euro per patient and year. Total costs estimated range from 758 to 4,348 euro per person and year. Relationship between a low socioeconomic level (LSL) and DM2 risk has been proved. Moreover, it has been noted that the less LSL the worse is the disease control, coupled with a greater frequency and more frequent factors of DM2 risk. The knowledge about the situation of the DM as a Public Health problem in Spain is limited. Mortality data available does not gather its real magnitude, and prevalence, incidence, costs and inequalities research are very poor and hardly comparable. In spite of this degree of incertitude, we

Studi Model Benchmark Mcnp6 Dalam Perhitungan Reaktivitas Batang Kendali Htr-10

OpenAIRE

Jupiter S.Pane, Zuhair, Suwoto, Putranto Ilham Yazid

2016-01-01

STUDI MODEL BENCHMARK MCNP6 DALAM PERHITUNGAN REAKTIVITAS BATANG KENDALI HTR-10. Dalam operasi reaktor nuklir, sistem batang kendali memainkan peranan yang sangat penting karena didesain untuk mengendalikan reaktivitas teras dan memadamkan reaktor. Nilai reaktivitas batang kendali harus diprediksi secara akurat melalui eksperimen dan perhitungan. Makalah ini mendiskusikan model Benchmark dalam perhitungan reaktivitas batang kendali reaktor HTR-10. Perhitungan dikerjakan dengan program transpo...

The Three Major Spanish Clones of Penicillin-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Are the Most Common Clones Recovered in Recent Cases of Meningitis in Spain

Science.gov (United States)

Enright, Mark C.; Fenoll, Asunción; Griffiths, David; Spratt, Brian G.

1999-01-01

One hundred six isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered in Spain from patients with meningitis in 1997 and 1998 were characterized by multilocus sequence typing. A heterogeneous collection of genotypes was associated with meningitis in Spain: 65 different sequence types were resolved and, even at a genetic distance of 0.43, there were 37 distinct lineages. Thirty-eight percent of the isolates, including all isolates of serotypes 6B, 9V, 14, and 23F, were resistant to penicillin, and 24% of the isolates were members of the three major Spanish penicillin-resistant or multidrug-resistant clones of serotypes 6B, 9V, and 23F or serotype variants of these clones. These three clones (MICs, 1 to 2 μg of penicillin/ml) were the most common clones associated with pneumococcal meningitis in Spain during 1997 and 1998. Only two of the other clones associated with meningitis were penicillin resistant (MICs, 0.12 to 0.5 μg/ml). One of the two most prevalent penicillin-susceptible clones causing meningitis (serotype 3) has not been detected outside of Spain, whereas the other (serotype 18C) has been recovered from patients with meningitis in the United Kingdom, The Netherlands, and Denmark. The prevalence of meningitis caused by isolates of the three major Spanish penicillin-resistant or multiply antibiotic-resistant clones, which are now globally distributed, is disturbing and clearly establishes their ability to cause life-threatening disease. PMID:10488179

Roadway management plan based on rockfall modelling calibration and validation. Application along the Ma-10 road in Mallorca (Spain)

Science.gov (United States)

Mateos, Rosa Maria; Garcia, Inmaculada; Reichenbach, Paola; Herrera, Gerardo; Sarro, Roberto; Rius, Joan; Aguilo, Raul

2016-04-01

The Tramuntana range, in the northwestern sector of the island of Mallorca (Spain), is frequently affected by rockfalls which have caused significant damage, mainly along the road network. The Ma-10 road constitutes the main transportation corridor on the range with a heavy traffic estimated at 7,200 vehicles per day on average. With a length of 111 km and a tortuous path, the road is the connecting track for 12 municipalities and constitutes a strategic road on the island for many tourist resorts. For the period spanning from 1995 to current times, 63 rockfalls have affected the Ma-10 road with volumes ranging from 0.3m3 to 30,000 m3. Fortunately, no fatalities occurred but numerous blockages on the road took place which caused significant economic losses, valued of around 11 MEuro (Mateos el al., 2013). In this work we present the procedure we have applied to calibrate and validate rockfall modelling in the Tramuntana region, using 103 cases of the available detailed rockfall inventory (Mateos, 2006). We have exploited STONE (Guzzetti et al. 2002), a GIS based rockfall simulation software which computes 2D and 3D rockfall trajectories starting from a DTM and maps of the dynamic rolling friction coefficient and of the normal and tangential energy restitution coefficients. The appropriate identification of these parameters determines the accuracy of the simulation. To calibrate them, we have selected 40 rockfalls along the range which include a wide variety of outcropping lithologies. Coefficients values have been changed in numerous attempts in order to select those where the extent and shape of the simulation matched the field mapping. Best results were summarized with the average statistical values for each parameter and for each geotechnical unit, determining that mode values represent more precisely the data. Initially, for the validation stage, 10 well- known rockfalls exploited in the calibration phase have been selected. Confidence tests have been applied

Immigration and labor productivity: New empirical evidence for Spain

OpenAIRE

Nicodemo, Catia

2013-01-01

The purpose of this paper of this paper is to explore the immigration and productivity in Spain. We estimate the effect of immigration on labor productivity from 2004 until 2008 for Spain. Using firms (SABI) and individuals data (Social Security Records) we calculate the effect by sector and municipality for the two big Spanish provinces that have received most immigrants in the last decade: Barcelona and Madrid. After controlling for endogeneity of immigration, the results demonstrate that i...

Tangible fixed assets For SME: Portuguese and Spain evidence

OpenAIRE

Marques, Maria Lúcia; Abreu, Rute; Pérez-López, J. A.

2015-01-01

The problem statement of this research is the application level of IAS 16 - Property, Plant and Equipment in SMEs provide by SME in Portugal and Spain. Indeed, the purpose of the research is comparing the accounting framework of IAS 16 - Property, Plant and Equipment in SME in Portugal and Spain. Also, it considers the information disclosure, conduct annually by the SME in both countries, comparing their similarities and differences. The methodology a used descriptive, pilot and explanatory a...

Fairness reactions to personnel selection methods: An international comparison between the Netherlands, the United States, France, Spain, Portugal, and Singapore

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Anderson, N.; Witvliet, C.

2008-01-01

This paper reports reactions to employee selection methods in the Netherlands and compares these findings internationally against six other previously published samples covering the United States, France, Spain, Portugal, and Singapore. A sample of 167 participants rated 10 popular assessment

Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals and the Environmental Quality of Soil in the Northern Plateau of Spain by Geostatistical Methods.

Science.gov (United States)

Santos-Francés, Fernando; Martínez-Graña, Antonio; Zarza, Carmelo Ávila; Sánchez, Antonio García; Rojo, Pilar Alonso

2017-05-26

The environmental quality of soil in the central part of the Northern Plateau of Spain has been analyzed by studying the heavy metal content of 166 samples belonging to the horizons A, B and C of 89 soil profiles. The analysis to assess the environmental risk of heavy metals in the soil was carried out by means of the spatial distribution of nine heavy metals and the use of several pollution indices. The results showed that the concentration values of heavy metals (x ± S) in the superficial soil horizons were the following: With a total of 6.71 ± 3.51 mg kg -1, the contents of Cd is 0.08 ± 0.06 mg kg-1, Co is 6.49 ± 3.21 mg kg-1, Cu is 17.19 ± 10.69 mg kg-1, Cr is 18.68 ± 12.28 mg kg-1, Hg is 0.083 ± 0.063 mg kg-1, Ni is 12.05 ± 6.76 mg kg-1, Pb is 14.10 ± 11.32 mg kg-1 and Zn is 35.31 ± 14.63 mg kg-1. These nine metals exceed the values of the natural geological background level of Tertiary period sediments and rocks that form part of the Northern Plateau in Spain. Nemerow and Potential Ecological Risk indices were calculated, with the "improved" Nemerow index allowing pollution within the soil superficial horizons to be determined. The data obtained indicated that the majority of the soil (54.61%) showed low to moderate contamination, 22.31% showed moderate contamination and 21.54% of the samples were not contaminated. If we consider the Potential of Ecological Risk Index (RI), the largest percentage of soil samples showed low (70.79%) to moderate (25.38%) ecological risk of potential contamination, where the rest of the soil presented a considerable risk of contamination. The nine trace elements were divided into three principal components: PC1 (Cu, Cr, Ni, Co and Zn), PC2 (As and Hg) and PC3 (Cd). All metals accumulated in the soil came from parent rock, agricultural practices and the run-off of residual waters towards rivers and streams caused by industrial development and an increase in population density. Finally, cartography of the spatial

Courses and syllabus: the situation in Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Iranzo, E.

1989-01-01

The regulation covering radioactive and nuclear installations classifies workers operating such installations as operators or supervisors. Operators are persons who, working directly under a supervisor, handle the installation operational equipment and which have a bearing on nuclear safety or protection against radiation. Supervisors are persons directing the operations of a radioactive or nuclear installation and operator activities. The study deals with the courses given in Spain which qualify operators and supervisors in industrial radioactive installations as permit holders, as well as the courses currently being run for persons engaged in the transport of radioactive materials. Spain regulations covering transport of dangerous goods are based on separate Royal Decrees dealing with road and air transport respectively

[Thromboprophylaxis in critically ill children in Spain and Portugal].

Science.gov (United States)

Rodríguez Núñez, A; Fonte, M; Faustino, E V S

2015-03-01

Although critically ill children may be at risk from developing deep venous thrombosis (DVT), data on its incidence and effectiveness of thromboprophylaxis are lacking. To describe the use of thromboprophylaxis in critically ill children in Spain and Portugal, and to compare the results with international data. Secondary analysis of the multinational study PROTRACT, carried out in 59 PICUs from 7 developed countries (4 from Portugal and 6 in Spain). Data were collected from patients less than 18 years old, who did not receive therapeutic thromboprophylaxis. A total of 308 patients in Spanish and Portuguese (Iberian) PICUS were compared with 2176 admitted to international PICUs. Risk factors such as femoral vein (P=.01), jugular vein central catheter (P<.001), cancer (P=.03), and sepsis (P<.001), were more frequent in Iberian PICUs. The percentage of patients with pharmacological thromboprophylaxis was similar in both groups (15.3% vs. 12.0%). Low molecular weight heparin was used more frequently in Iberian patients (P<.001). In treated children, prior history of thrombosis (P=.02), femoral vein catheter (P<.001), cancer (P=.02) and cranial trauma or craniectomy (P=.006), were more frequent in Iberian PICUs. Mechanical thromboprophylaxis was used in only 6.8% of candidates in Iberian PICUs, compared with 23.8% in the international PICUs (P<.001). Despite the presence of risk factors for DVT in many patients, thromboprophylaxis is rarely prescribed, with low molecular weight heparin being the most used drug. Passive thromboprophylaxis use is anecdotal. There should be a consensus on guidelines of thromboprophylaxis in critically ill children. Copyright © 2014 Asociación Española de Pediatría. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide: knowledge, attitudes and experiences of nurses in Andalusia (Spain).

Science.gov (United States)

Tamayo-Velázquez, María-Isabel; Simón-Lorda, Pablo; Cruz-Piqueras, Maite

2012-09-01

The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitudes and experiences of Spanish nurses in relation to euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. In an online questionnaire completed by 390 nurses from Andalusia, 59.1% adequately identified a euthanasia situation and 64.1% a situation involving physician-assisted suicide. Around 69% were aware that both practices were illegal in Spain, while 21.4% had received requests for euthanasia and a further 7.8% for assisted suicide. A total of 22.6% believed that cases of euthanasia had occurred in Spain and 11.4% believed the same for assisted suicide. There was greater support (70%) for legalisation of euthanasia than for assisted suicide (65%), combined with a greater predisposition towards carrying out euthanasia (54%), if it were to be legalised, than participating in assisted suicide (47.3%). Nurses in Andalusia should be offered more education about issues pertaining to the end of life, and extensive research into this area should be undertaken.

Comparative study of the thermoluminescence properties of natural metamorphic quartz belonging to Turkey and Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Topaksu, M.; Dogan, T.; Yüksel, M.; Kurt, K.; Topak, Y.; Yegingil, Z.

2014-01-01

The aim of this study is to investigate the sensitization of the thermoluminescence (TL) peak of metamorphic quartzes from Adiyaman in Turkey (TMQ) and from Madrid in Spain (SMQ). Quartz samples of two different origins were β-irradiated between ∼6.689 Gy and 4816 Gy at room temperature. X-ray diffraction analysis has indicated that both TMQ and SMQ have the same crystal structure. Chemical analyses of both TMQ and SMQ were performed using the XRF technique. The preheat processes were carried out at 125 °C for 10 s in the TL measurement. TMQ and SMQ samples have different TL properties in two ways. First TMQ has four first order TL glow peaks while SMQ has five first order TL peaks and secondly, the observed dose sensitivity of TMQ samples is higher than the SMQ samples. - Highlights: • The thermoluminescence (TL) peak of metamorphic quartzes was investigated. • Comparable differences were seen between low and high dose levels. • AD and CGCD methods were used

Source apportionment analysis of atmospheric particulates in an industrialised urban site in southwestern Spain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Querol, X.; Alastuey, A.; Sanchez-de-la-Campa, A.; Plana, F.; Ruiz, C.R.; Rosa, J. de la

2002-01-01

A detailed physical and chemical characterisation of total suspended particles (TSP) in the highly industrialised city of Huelva (southwestern Spain) was carried out. The results evidenced a coarse grain-size prevalence (PM 10 accounting for only 40% of TSP mass, 37 and 91 μg/m 3 , respectively). PM 10 levels are in the usual range for urban background sites in Spain. The crustal, anthropogenic and marine components accounted for a mean of a 40%, 24% and 5% of bulk TSP, respectively. As expected from the industrial activities, relatively high PO 4 3- and As levels for an urban site were detected. In addition to the crustal and marine components, source apportionment analysis revealed three additional emission sources influencing the levels and composition of TSP: (a) a petrochemical source, (b) a mixed metallurgical-phosphate source, (c) and an unknown source (Sb and NO 3 - ). Due to the high local emissions, the mean TSP anthropogenic contribution (mostly PM 10 ) obtained for all possible air mass transport scenarios reached 18-29 μg/m 3 . The 2010 annual EU PM 10 limit value (20 μg/m 3 ) would be exceeded by the anthropogenic load recorded for all the air mass transport scenarios, with the exception of the North Atlantic transport (only 15% of the sampling days). Under African air mass transport scenarios (20% of sampling days), the TSP crustal contribution reached near three times the local crustal contribution. It must be pointed out that this crustal input should diminish when sampling PM 10 due to the dominant coarse size distribution of this type of particles. (author)

Blood harmane (1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) concentration in essential tremor cases in Spain.

Science.gov (United States)

Louis, Elan D; Benito-León, Julian; Moreno-García, Sara; Vega, Saturio; Romero, Juan Pablo; Bermejo-Pareja, Felix; Gerbin, Marina; Viner, Amanda S; Factor-Litvak, Pam; Jiang, Wendy; Zheng, Wei

2013-01-01

Environmental correlates for essential tremor (ET) are largely unexplored. The search for such environmental factors has involved the study of a number of neurotoxins. Harmane (1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) is a potent tremor-producing toxin. In two prior case-control studies in New York, we demonstrated that blood harmane concentration was elevated in ET patients vs. controls, and especially in familial ET cases. These findings, however, have been derived from a study of cases ascertained through a single tertiary referral center in New York. Our objective was to determine whether blood harmane concentrations are elevated in familial and sporadic ET cases, ascertained from central Spain, compared to controls without ET. Blood harmane concentrations were quantified by a well-established high performance liquid chromatography method. The median harmane concentrations were: 2.09 g(-10)/ml (138 controls), 2.41 g(-10)/ml (68 sporadic ET), and 2.90 g(-10)/ml (62 familial ET). In an unadjusted logistic regression analysis, log blood harmane concentration was not significantly associated with diagnosis (familial ET vs. control): odds ratio=1.56, p=0.26. In a logistic regression analysis that adjusted for evaluation start time, which was an important confounding variable, the odds ratio increased to 2.35, p=0.049. Blood harmane levels were slightly elevated in a group of familial ET cases compared to a group of controls in Spain. These data seem to further extend our observations from New York to a second cohort of ET cases in Spain. This neurotoxin continues to be a source of interest for future confirmatory research. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

EGFR testing and clinical management of advanced NSCLC: a Galician Lung Cancer Group study (GGCP 048-10

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Vázquez S

2016-02-01

Full Text Available Sergio Vázquez,1 Joaquín Casal,2 Francisco Javier Afonso Afonso,3 José Luis Fírvida,4 Lucía Santomé,5 Francisco Barón,6 Martín Lázaro,7 Carolina Pena,7 Margarita Amenedo,8 Ihab Abdulkader,9 Carmen González-Arenas,10 Laura Fachal,11 Ana Vega11 On behalf of the Galician Lung Cancer Group (GGCP1Medical Oncology Department, Lucus Augusti University Hospital, Lugo, 2Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, Pontevedra, 3Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Complex of Ferrol, Ferrol, 4Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Complex of Ourense, Ourense, 5Medical Oncology Department Povisa Hospital, Vigo, 6Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 7Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Complex of Pontevedra, Pontevedra, 8Medical Oncology Department, Oncology Center of Galicia, A Coruña, 9Anatomical Pathology Department, University Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 10AstraZeneca, Madrid, 11Galician Public Foundation of Genomic Medicine-SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela Clinic Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain Purpose: This study aimed to assess the incidence of mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR gene in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC patients in the Galician region of Spain and the clinical management and outcome of patients carrying EGFR mutations. Patients and methods: All newly diagnosed advanced or metastatic NSCLC patients were screened for EGFR mutations in matched tumor samples (tissue or cytology specimens and serum samples. Results: Of 198 patients screened for EGFR mutations in tumor samples, 184 had evaluable data and, of these, 25 (13.6% had EGFR mutations (84% sensitizing mutations. EGFR mutation was found in serum in 14 (8.1% patients (of 174 evaluable. Compared to matched tumor tissue, serum EGFR mutation testing specificity and sensitivity were 99% and 52