Evaluation of the seasonal and annual abortifacient risk of western juniper trees on Oregon rangelands: Abortion risk of western juniper trees

Science.gov (United States)

Western juniper trees can cause late term abortions in cattle, similar to ponderosa pine trees. Analyses of western juniper trees from 35 locations across the state of Oregon suggest that western juniper trees in all areas present an abortion risk in pregnant cattle. Results from this study demonstr...

O significado da morte para adolescentes, adultos e idosos

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Caroline Garpelli Barbosa

2011-08-01

Full Text Available Apesar do aumento na quantidade de trabalhos que visam a abordar a morte como tema de investigação, observa-se que ainda prevalece a interdição do assunto morte, dificultando que ela seja abordada e discutida. Este estudo buscou ampliar a compreensão de como pessoas, em diferentes etapas desenvolvimentais, lidam com perdas e com a própria finitude. Para isso, 7 adolescentes, 14 adultos de meia-idade e 10 idosos foram entrevistados, e os dados foram compreendidos mediante análise de conteúdo. Entre os participantes, os adultos foram os que mostraram mais aflição e inquietação, ao falarem sobre a própria finitude e sobre a possibilidade da morte de pessoas queridas. Os adolescentes abordaram-na como um acontecimento distante e impessoal, enquanto os idosos se referiram a ela com maior proximidade e aceitação. Sugere-se a realização de estudos que aprofundem tais compreensões, relacionando-as às diferentes religiões, classes sociais e experiências com perdas.

Les nombreuses morts de la science-fiction : une polémique

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Roger Luckhurst

2013-04-01

Full Text Available L’un des éléments notables de la critique de SF est la répétition constante de déclarations suggérant la mort imminente du genre. De la critique universitaire aux colonnes de revue, la menace de la mort de la SF est un motif persistant. La proposition polémique de cet article est que ces récits inspirés par une peur panique ne tentent pas de retarder cette mort, mais ne désirent en fait rien d’autre. La SF se réjouit à la perspective de sa propre mort. Pour défendre cette idée, cet article se penche sur la manière dont la SF se « légitime » elle-même suivant les critères qui proviennent de l’art « élevé ». En acceptant ces critères, la SF accepte l’assimilation du générique avec le « bas », et doit donc procéder de se « tuer » elle-même dans le but d’être considérée comme une littérature légitime. Dans les trois modes de légitimation qui sont étudiés, une insistance particulière est donnée aux récits de l’histoire de la SF qui postulent une espèce de moment mythique primordial de la SF comme indifférencié du courant général de la Littérature. Dans le fait que cette perspective de mort promet un retour à cet état, le désir de la SF est de « rétablir un état antérieur ». Ceci s’avère en fait correspondre exactement à la définition que Freud attribue à la pulsion de mort. L’article propose alors de suivre la logique curieuse des détours qui constituent la pulsion de mort de la SF.

Risk factors for maternal death in patients with severe preeclampsia and eclampsia Fatores de risco para morte materna em pacientes com pré-eclâmpsia grave/ eclâmpsia

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Melania Maria Ramos de Amorim

2001-12-01

Full Text Available OBJECTIVES: to determine the principal death causes in patients with severe preeclampsia/eclampsia and identify related risk factors. METHODS: a case-control study was performed comprising all cases of maternal death (n = 20 in patients with severe preeclampsia or eclampsia (n = 2.541. 80 controls (survivors were randomly selected. The odds ratio and an estimate of maternal death relative risk were determined, and a multiple logistic regression analysis performed to determine the adjusted odds ratio. RESULTS: the basic causes for death were: acute pulmonary edema, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, hemorrhagic shock, pulmonary embolism, acute renal failure, sepsis and three cases of undetermined causes of death. The principal risk factors were: age > 25 years old, multiparity, gestational age 110mmHg, convulsions, chronic systemic arterial hypertension, HELLP syndrome, pulmonary edema, normally inserted abruptio placenta, disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute renal failure. Variables persistently related to maternal death were: HELLP syndrome, eclampsia, acute pulmonary edema, eclampsia, chronic hypertension and lack of prenatal care. CONCLUSIONS: the principal risk factors for death in women with preeclampsia/eclampsia are the lack of prenatal care, associated to chronic hypertension, HELLP syndrome, eclampsia and acute pulmonary edema.OBJETIVOS: determinar as principais causas de óbito em pacientes com pré-eclâmpsia grave/eclâmpsia e identificar os fatores de risco associados. MÉTODOS: realizou-se um estudo de caso-controle, com todos os casos de morte materna (n = 20 em pacientes com pré-eclâmpsia grave ou eclâmpsia (n = 2.541. Selecionaram-se aleatoriamente 80 controles (sobreviventes. Determinou-se o odds ratio como estimativa do risco relativo de morte materna, realizando-se análise de regressão logística múltipla para determinação do odds ratio ajustado. RESULTADOS: as causas básicas de óbito foram: edema

Um Novo Indice de Doppler Tecidual para Prever Morte Cardiaca em Pacientes com Insuficiencia Cardiaca

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Cristian Mornos

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Fundamento: Foi demonstrado que um novo índice de Doppler Tecidual, E/(E'×S', incluindo a proporção entre a velocidade diastólica precoce transmitral e a do anel mitral (E/E', e a velocidade sistólica do anel mitral (S', tem uma boa precisão como preditor da pressão de enchimento do ventrículo esquerdo. Objetivo: Investigar o valor de E/(E'×S' para prever a morte cardíaca em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. Métodos: Foi realizado sucessivamente o ecocardiograma em 339 pacientes hospitalizados com insuficiência cardíaca, em ritmo sinusal, após tratamento médico adequado, no momento e um mês depois da alta. O agravamento de E/(E'×S' foi definido como um aumento do valor padrão. O ponto final foi a morte cardíaca. Resultados: Durante o período de acompanhamento (35,2 ± 8,8 meses, ocorreu a morte cardíaca em 51 pacientes (15%. O melhor valor mínimo para E/(E'× S' inicial na previsão da morte cardíaca foi de 2,83 (76% de sensibilidade, 85% de especificidade. No momento da alta, 252 pacientes (74,3% apresentaram E/(E'×S' ≤ 2,83 (grupo I, e 87 (25,7% apresentaram E/(E'×S' > 2,83 (grupo II, respectivamente. A morte cardíaca foi significativamente maior no grupo II em relação ao grupo I (38 mortes, 43,7% contra 13 mortes, 5,15%, p 2,83 no momento da alta e com um agravamento após um mês apresentaram o pior prognóstico (todos p < 0,05. Conclusão: Em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca a relação E/(E'×S' é um poderoso preditor da morte cardíaca, especialmente quando esta estiver associada com o seu agravamento.

Sobre a morte da cobaya consecutiva á dupla Vagotomia

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Miguel Ozorio de Almeida

1920-01-01

Full Text Available 1. A secção dos vagos na cobaya produza morte em prazos que variam de meia hora a algumas horas. 2. A morte se dá por intensas lesões pulmonares, caracterisadas por congestão e edema. 3. As cobayas introduzidas em camaras em que a atmosphera tem altas tensões de gaz carbonico, caem anesthesiadas ao fim de alguns segundos, seguindo-se logo depois a morte. Na autopsia, se encontram lesões pulmonares muito semelhantes ás que se verificam nas cobayas vagotomisadas. 4. Nas cobayas profundamente anesthesiadas pelo chloral, a sobrevida á vagotomia é muito maior que nas cobayas não anesthesiadas. Nesses casos a morte muitas vezes se dá quando o animal vem a despertar da anesthesia. 5. Foram feitas novas experiencias que demonstram produzir a novocaina uma interrupção completa de todas as fórmas de conductibilidade dos nervos. 6. Quando se produz a secção physiologica pela novocaina dos vagos na cobaya, observam-se modificações do typo respiratorio que se caracterisam por diminuição consideravel da frequencia e augmento da amplitude. A respiração não apresenta porém, o typo francamente dyspneico, istoé, ella não se faz com difficuldade. 7. A secção physiologia dos pneumogastricos permitte uma sobrevida muito maior que a secção cirurgica. 8. A morte nas condições da conclusão precedente se dá pelas mesmas lesões pulmonares que se encontram habitualmente depois de secção cirurgica, mas é produzida unicamente pela irritação dos pneumogastricos exercida pelas gotteiras de borracha e pelo algodão, depois que a novocaina é absorvida e que se dissipa a anesthesia local. 9. Quando se operam as secções dos vagos com irritações variaveis as sobrevidas são differentes. 10. A sangria immediata não tem effeito sobre o tempo de vida da cobaya vagotomisada. 11. A sangria tardia parece augmentar ligeiramente essa sobrevida. Todos os factos expostos neste trabalho demonstram: 1 De um lado a irritação sem secção dos

Violência e mortes por causas externas

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Graciete Oliveira Vieira

2003-02-01

Full Text Available Através de um estudo ecológico caracterizou-se a violência e as mortes por causas externas em Salvador e Bahia utilizando-se dados da Fundação Nacional de Saúde-Ministério da Saúde, dos registros de mortalidade e das estimativas populacionais do IBGE. O risco de morrer por homicídio no Brasil é 3 vezes o do Estados Unidos, chegando a ser 40 vezes superior ao do Japão. Homicídio foi a primeira causa de anos potenciais de vidas perdidos (13,4% no Brasil (1997, seguido por acidentes de trânsito (10,6%. Causas externas foi a segunda causa de morte em Salvador e Bahia (1996. A violência tem raízes sócio-culturais e político-ideológicas e pode ser prevenida por ações intersetoriais e multidisciplinares.

Morte súbita dos citros: suscetibilidade de seleções de limão-cravo e uso de interenxertos Citrus sudden death: susceptibility of rangpur lime selections and the use of interstocks

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Jorgino Pompeu Junior

2008-12-01

Full Text Available A morte súbita dos citros é uma doença que afeta cultivares de laranjas e tangerinas enxertadas nos limões-Cravo e Volkameriano. Ela foi observada em plantas com dois a seis anos de idade que, após mostrarem sintomas gerais de declínio, entraram em colapso e morreram. A retirada da casca dos porta-enxertos suscetíveis revela o amarelecimento na região cambial, sendo esse o sintoma-diagnóstico da doença e que precede os sintomas da copa. As plantas enxertadas nas tangerinas Cleópatra e Sunki, no trifoliata e no citrumelo Swingle, não mostram sintomas da doença. A transmissão por borbulha e a evolução espacial sugerem que a morte súbita dos citros seja causada por patógeno transmitido por vetor alado. Com o objetivo de selecionar porta-enxertos tolerantes à doença, laranjeiras Valência enxertadas em 254 porta-enxertos foram plantadas em maio de 2003 e 2004 em solos onde foram erradicados pomares afetados pela morte súbita dos citros e próximos a pomares afetados pela doença. Em novembro de 2006, o sintoma-diagnóstico da doença estava presente em dez seleções de limão-Cravo: Santa Barbara red lime, Borneo red lime, Limão-Cravo Taquaritinga, Rangpur India C-26-1, Rangpur rose lemon, Rangpur Kusaie lime, Rangpur red lime D-33-40, Rangpur Egyptian lime, Rangpur lemon India e Japanshe citroen. A presença de interenxerto de trifoliata ou de tangerina Cleópatra, entre o limão-Cravo e a laranja Valência, não impediu a manifestação da doença.Citrus sudden death (CSD or morte súbita dos citros affects sweet orange cultivars and some mandarin trees grafted on Rangpur lime and Volkamer lemon rootstocks. The disease was observed in trees with ages ranging from two to six years; after showing general decline symptoms, the affected trees suddenly collapse and die. Trees on Cleopatra and Sunki mandarins, 'Swingle' citrumelo and trifoliate orange showed no symptoms of CSD. Cambial yellowing in the rootstock can be observed

Alternative measures of risk of extreme events in decision trees

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Frohwein, H.I.; Lambert, J.H.; Haimes, Y.Y.

1999-01-01

A need for a methodology to control the extreme events, defined as low-probability, high-consequence incidents, in sequential decisions is identified. A variety of alternative and complementary measures of the risk of extreme events are examined for their usability as objective functions in sequential decisions, represented as single- or multiple-objective decision trees. Earlier work had addressed difficulties, related to non-separability, with the minimization of some measures of the risk of extreme events in sequential decisions. In an extension of these results, it is shown how some non-separable measures of the risk of extreme events can be interpreted in terms of separable constituents of risk, thereby enabling a wider class of measures of the risk of extreme events to be handled in a straightforward manner in a decision tree. Also for extreme events, results are given to enable minimax- and Hurwicz-criterion analyses in decision trees. An example demonstrates the incorporation of different measures of the risk of extreme events in a multi-objective decision tree. Conceptual formulations for optimizing non-separable measures of the risk of extreme events are identified as an important area for future investigation

Tabulador de causas múltiplas de morte Multiple causes- of-death tabulator

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Augusto H. Santo

1999-08-01

Full Text Available O uso de causas múltiplas de morte vem sendo atualmente preconizado para descrever e analisar os determinantes patológicos da mortalidade em populações, como complemento ao uso tradicional da causa básica de morte. O estudo das causas múltiplas pode realizar-se por meio da apresentação de todas as menções das causas básicas e associadas de morte e por meio de associações de causas. Um programa para microcomputador foi desenvolvido para processar bancos de dados contendo as causas de morte informadas no Modelo Internacional de Atestado Médico de Causa de Morte, denominado Tabulador de Causas Múltiplas, que gera uma tabela matriz a partir da qual podem ser derivadas as demais formas de apresentação e análise, além de poder ser usado como instrumento de crítica dos dados de mortalidade.The use of multiple-causes-of-death is currently being recommended in order to describe and analyze the pathological determinants of mortality in populations, as a supplement to the traditional use of the underlying cause of death. Multiple-causes-of-death can be studied by presenting all underlying and associated causes mentioned, and by means of associations of causes of death. Microcomputer software has been developed to process data files containing causes of death informed by physicians on the International Form of Medical Certificate of Causes of Death. The Multiple Cause of Death Tabulator software generates a matrix table from which the above forms of presentation and analysis can be achieved and mortality data be edited.

A mosca e a panela: as formas da morte em A Montanha mágica

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Pedro Caldas

2015-01-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste artigo consiste em compreender o projeto de Thomas Mann em fazer de A montanha mágica um romance de formação. Para além da já consolidada interpretação de que esta obra é uma paródia do gênero Bildungsroman, gostaria de compreender em que sentido o livro é um aprendizado da vida através da experiência da morte. Com o propósito de elaborar esta questão, este artigo está baseado em quatro passagens de A montanha mágica em que a morte é um motivo destacado A partir da interpretação destas passagens, proponho a seguinte análise: ao menos nestas passagens escolhidas, é possível identificar três distintas formas para a morte: o rigor mortis, a bela morte e a morte do reino das sombras, uma alusão ao Canto XI da Odisseia, de Homero. É a partir do espelhamento entre estas passagens que se torna possível ver como há uma dimensão para além da paródia neste romance de formação, a saber: a plasticidade de toda forma.

Causas básicas e associadas de morte por Aids, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, 1998

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Santo Augusto Hasiak

2000-01-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVOS: Descrever o padrão da mortalidade devida a Aids segundo causas básica e associadas de morte no Estado de São Paulo, em 1998. MÉTODOS: Os dados sobre a mortalidade e a população residente no Estado de São Paulo, SP, para 1998, foram obtidos na Fundação Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados (Seade. As causas de morte foram codificadas pelas disposições da Décima Revisão da Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde. Os registros de Aids como causa básica e associada de morte foram recuperados e revistos. RESULTADOS: A Aids foi a causa básica em 4.619 mortes, correspondendo à décima causa (2,0% e ao coeficiente de mortalidade de 13,1 por 100.000 habitantes. As razões das mortes e os respectivos coeficientes entre homens e mulheres foram de 2,4 e 2,5. A Aids foi a segunda causa entre os homens de 20 a 34 anos de idade e entre as mulheres de 25 a 34. A idade média ao morrer entre as mulheres (34,1±12,2 anos foi estatisticamente menor que a dos homens (36,4±10,7 anos -- p<0,001. As principais causas associadas em mortes por Aids foram a insuficiência respiratória (36,1%, pneumonias (27,0%, tuberculose (19,6%, septicemias (18,6%, toxoplasmose (12,2%, pneumonia por P. carinii (8,3% e caquexia (7,9%. A Aids apresentou-se como causa associada em outras 84 mortes. As principais causas básicas destas mortes foram neoplasias malignas (28/84, afecções devidas ao uso do álcool (23/84 e diabetes mellitus (7/84. A idade média ao morrer por Aids como causa básica (35,7±11,2 anos foi estatisticamente menor que a idade média nas mortes em que Aids foi mencionada como causa associada (39,9±11,8 anos -- p<0,001. CONCLUSÕES: As causas múltiplas de morte resgatam parcialmente a história natural da Aids e oferecem subsídios para medidas preventivas adequadas e específicas.

HISTÓRIAS DE MORTE E LUTO: UM ESTUDO SÓCIOANTROPOLÓGICO DA VIVÊNCIA DA MORTE EM UM GRUPO OPERATIVO NO CRAS

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Andréia Santiago Sobreira Santos Souza

2016-03-01

Full Text Available O  presente  artigo  inicia  apresentando  uma  reflexão  sócioantropológica  sobre  a  relação  saúde  e  doença,  demonstrando  a  partir desses indicadores que a morte e luto, os quais queremos destacar, podem ser lidos através de múltiplos impulsionadores e bases epistemológicas. Aqui escolhemos a Antropologia e a Sociologia. Através da exposição de análises de textos dentro da abordagem sócio-antropológica  gostaríamos  de  reforçar  a  necessidade  desse  olhar  multidisciplinar,  destacando  seu  caráter  enriquecedor  e clareador para o estudo da morte e do luto. Para tanto, nos propomos a narrar uma vivência em um grupo operativo numa unidade de Centro de Referência em Assistência Social (CRAS, onde o assunto “morte” surgiu como fator disparador de experiências passadas, relacionadas a perdas e luto. A observação desse fenômeno coletivo nos instigou a refletir sobre a morte como uma construção social ainda atrelada a aspectos negativos e de superação (luto desafiadora, fora do âmbito de trabalho em saúde, necessariamente.

A MORTE E O MORRER NOS FILMES LOVE STORY E A CULPA É DAS ESTRELAS

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Adilson Silva Oliveira

2015-03-01

Full Text Available Este texto apresenta breves considerações acerca da morte e do morrer, com base, sobremaneira, nos posicionamentos de Kübler-Ross (2012. A teoria está dividida em duas partes: significações da morte e do morrer para diferentes culturas e apresentação sucinta dos cinco estágios pelos quais passa um paciente terminal – negação/isolamento, raiva, barganha, depressão e aceitação. Analisam-se os filmes “Love story”, de Arthur Hiller, e “A culpa é das estrelas”, de Josh Boone, no tocante à temática da morte e do morrer.

Conversando sobre a morte e o morrer na área da deficiência

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Iracema Neno Cecilio Tada

Full Text Available Nesta pesquisa, buscamos conhecer como a morte e o morrer são vivenciados em uma instituição que atende pessoas com paralisia cerebral, tendo em vista o falecimento de três crianças ali atendidas. Realizamos entrevistas semi-estruturadas, gravadas em áudio com os profissionais, procurando compreender como lidam com a morte, como elaboram o luto e como informaram aos seus pacientes sobre o falecimento dos colegas.

L'au-delà ici-bas: la mort en Polynésie orientale

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Emmanuel VIGNERON

1987-09-01

Full Text Available L'histoire polynésienne montre des espaces peuplés par la mort et les morts. Les journaux de voyageurs du XVIIIe et XIXe siècle ainsi que les récits de missionnaires donnent les clefs d'un au-delà visible par tous. La Polynésie française contemporaine, engagée dans une modernité qu'elle ne contrôle pas entièrement, en garde les traces.

A percepção de residentes multiprofissionais da área da saúde sobre o processo de morte

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Juliana Oliveira Perez

2018-04-01

Full Text Available A morte e o processo de morrer estão constantemente na rotina dos profissionais de saúde, porém, estes nem sempre estão preparados para lidar com estas questões. O objetivo do estudo é verificar a percepção dos profissionais residentes da área da saúde sobre a morte. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva exploratória de abordagem quantitativa, realizada com 129 residentes em um hospital terciário, e contemplou nove profissões, com predominância feminina e idade média de 25 anos. Foi aplicada a Escala de Avaliação do Perfil de Atitudes Acerca da Morte (EAPAM. A maioria dos participantes apresentou aceitação neutra em relação à morte, seguido de aceitação religiosa. Em terceiro lugar está o medo da morte. Por último, o evitamento e a aceitação de escape tiveram resultado similar. O perfil de atitude do profissional em relação à morte pode contribuir com o desenvolvimento da Síndrome de Burnout, prejudicando sua saúde e qualidade do serviço prestado.

G.M. counter and pre-determined dead time; Compteur G.M. et temps mort impose

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lamotte, R; Le Baud, P [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France).Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1959-07-01

This paper is divided into two main parts. - The first section recalls the principle on which a G.M. counter works, and examines the factors which lead to inaccuracies in counting. The concept of dead time, although simple risen associated with the counter alone, becomes complicated as soon as an electronic dead time is introduced to meet the demands of a measurement or an experiment. The resulting dead time, due to the coexistence of these dead times created by a single motivating factor, shows up as a function of certain laws of probability. From the analysis of the various cases of possible combinations, the conditions which must be fulfilled by a system with pre-determined dead time may be determined. This leads to a method for measuring the dead time of a G.M. counter, and the possibility of studying the latter under the utilisation conditions foreseen. - In the second part the principle, construction and characteristics of two systems with pre-determined dead time are discussed. To conclude, a comparison of several experimental results justifies an extension of the possibilities of a G.M. counter used in conjunction with such a system. (author) [French] Deux parties essentielles scindent cet expose. - La premiere partie rappelle le principe de fonctionnement d'un compteur G.M. et examine les facteurs d'imprecisions affectant les comptages. La notion de temps mort, simple quand elle est associee au compteur seul, se complique des qu'intervient un temps mort electronique introduit pour les besoins d'une mesure ou d'une experience. Le temps mort resultant, du a la coexistence de ces temps morts engendres par une meme cause, se manifeste en fonction de certaines lois de probabilites. L'analyse des differents cas de combinaisons possibles permet de preciser les imperatifs auxquels doit repondre un systeme a temps mort impose. Il en decoule une methode de mesure du temps mort d'un compteur G.M. et la possibilite d'etudier celui-ci dans les conditions d

AS METÁFORAS DA MORTE NA POESIA BRASILEIRA: UM ESTUDO À LUZ DA LINGUÍSTICA COGNITIVA

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Silvana Maria Calixto de Lima

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Neste artigo, a partir de uma visão sistematicamente cognitiva da metáfora, com base nos pressupostos da teoria da metáfora conceitual (LAKOFF; JOHNSON, 1980, 1999; LAKOFF; TURNER, 1989; LAKOFF, 1987,1993; KÖVECSES, 2005, apresentamos um inventário de dez metáforas conceituais usadas no licenciamento do conceito MORTE na construção de poesias de autores da literatura brasileira de diferentes escolas literária. O seu foco principal está na análise das relações das metáforas conceituais inventariadas com os diferentes modelos culturais que integram as construções textuais analisadas. Tal empreendimento possibilitou a identificação e descrição de diversificados modelos cognitivos/culturais subjacentes à construção do conceito MORTE, os quais, em linhas gerais, revelam tanto a concepção ocidental de morte como um fato inevitável da condição humana, quanto uma releitura dessa condição por meio da capacidade criativa dos poetas de (reapresentar a morte sob diferentes facetas nem sempre tão aterrorizantes, provavelmente numa tentativa de atenuar o terror que lhe é característico pela sua natureza de mistério.Palavras-chave: Metáfora conceitual. Conceito Morte. Poesia

The mistery of Gustave Flaubert's death: could sudden unexpected death in epilepsy be part of the context? O mistério da morte de Gustave Flaubert: pode a morte súbita em epilepsia fazer parte o contexto?

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Marly de Albuquerque

2009-06-01

Full Text Available Epilepsy is the most common serious neurological condition and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP is the most important direct epilepsy-related cause of death. Information concerning risk factors for SUDEP is conflicting, but high seizure frequency is a potential risk factor. Additionally, potential pathomechanisms for SUDEP are unknown, but it is very probable that cardiac arrhythmias during and between seizures or transmission of epileptic activity to the heart via the autonomic nervous system potentially play a role. More than two decades ago, temporal lobe epilepsy was suggested as having been the ''nervous disease'' of Gustave Flaubert, one of the most important French novelists. In these lines, as the circumstances of his death were the subject of fabulous and mysterious speculations, we postulated in this paper that Falubert' death could be due SUDEP phenomenon.A epilepsia é a condição neurológica crônica grave mais comum e a morte súbita em epilepsia (SUDEP é a mais importante causa de morte diretamente relacionada à epilepsia. Informações sobre fatores de risco para SUDEP são conflitantes, porém, a alta freqüência de crises epilépticas é um fator de risco em potencial. Além disso, os mecanismos causais para SUDEP ainda não estão conhecidos, mas é muito provável que arritmias cardíacas durante e entre as crises epilépticas ou a transmissão da atividade epiléptica para o coração via sistema nervoso autônomo desempenhem um importante papel. Mais de duas décadas atrás, foi proposto que a "doença nervosa" de Gustave Flaubert, um dos mais importantes novelistas franceses, era epilepsia do lobo temporal. Nesse sentido, como a morte de Gustave Flaubert ainda seja motivo de misteriosa especulação, nosso artigo propõe que a mesma poderia estar relacionada ao fenômeno de SUDEP.

Número de anos em tratamento dialítico crônico e risco de morte em pacientes com e sem diabetes melito Number of years on chronic dialysis and the mortality risk in patients with and without diabetes mellitus

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Antonio Alberto Lopes

2003-09-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVOS: Avaliar se, no Brasil, o número de anos em tratamento dialítico dos pacientes portadores de estágio final de doença renal (EFDR, com e sem diabetes melito, está relacionado com o risco de morte. MÉTODOS: Análise de dados do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil de 25.952 pacientes com idade superior a 18 anos, portadores de EFDR, que estavam em tratamento dialítico em abril de 1997. Foram registrados os casos de óbito que ocorreram entre abril de 1997 e julho de 2000. Modelos de Cox foram utilizados para estimar o risco relativo (RR da associação entre número de anos em tratamento dialítico e risco de morte. RESULTADOS: O risco de morte foi significantemente menor nos pacientes que estavam em diálise entre 3 e OBJECTIVE: To assess whether, in Brazil, the number of years on dialysis treatment in end-stage renal disease (ESRD patients, with and without diabetes mellitus, relates to mortality risk. METHODS: Analysis of data from the Ministry of Health of Brazil of 25.952 patients older than 18 years who were on dialytic treatment in April 1997. Death cases that occurred from April 1997 to July 2000 were recorded. Cox models were used to estimate the relative risk (RR of the association between years on dialysis and mortality risk. RESULTS: The mortality risk was significantly lower in patients on dialysis between 3 and <10 years as compared with 1 to <2 years (RR between 0.78 and 0.88. With adjustments for age and diabetes the effect of years on dialysis was reduced. In diabetics (n=2.952 the adjusted mortality risk showed a trend to decrease with more years on dialysis. CONCLUSIONS: In Brazil, the mortality risk for ESRD patients decreases with the increasing number of years on dialysis up to approximately 10 years. This finding can be partially explained by the lower mean age and prevalence of diabetes mellitus in patients with more years on dialysis treatment. The effect of years on dialysis on the mortality risk seems to be

Aquiles e Mêmnon face à morte: um estudo da cena da Psicostasia na pintura da cerâmica ática

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José Geraldo Costa Grillo

2014-11-01

Full Text Available O autor estuda as pinturas da cerâmica ática, com a representação da Psicostasia de Aquiles e Mêmnon, respon­dendo à questão do contexto, no interior do qual ela adquire sentido. Defende a ideia de que ela está imersa na esfera reli­giosa e ligada ao tema da morte, especificamente ao ideal he­roico da bela morte, o qual vem ser o meio de o guerreiro es­capar do fim que a morte representa, uma vez que esta morte heroica lhe permite permanecer vivo na memória de seu povo.

Arenal-type pyroclastic flows: A probabilistic event tree risk analysis

Science.gov (United States)

Meloy, Anthony F.

2006-09-01

A quantitative hazard-specific scenario-modelling risk analysis is performed at Arenal volcano, Costa Rica for the newly recognised Arenal-type pyroclastic flow (ATPF) phenomenon using an event tree framework. These flows are generated by the sudden depressurisation and fragmentation of an active basaltic andesite lava pool as a result of a partial collapse of the crater wall. The deposits of this type of flow include angular blocks and juvenile clasts, which are rarely found in other types of pyroclastic flow. An event tree analysis (ETA) is a useful tool and framework in which to analyse and graphically present the probabilities of the occurrence of many possible events in a complex system. Four event trees are created in the analysis, three of which are extended to investigate the varying individual risk faced by three generic representatives of the surrounding community: a resident, a worker, and a tourist. The raw numerical risk estimates determined by the ETA are converted into a set of linguistic expressions (i.e. VERY HIGH, HIGH, MODERATE etc.) using an established risk classification scale. Three individually tailored semi-quantitative risk maps are then created from a set of risk conversion tables to show how the risk varies for each individual in different areas around the volcano. In some cases, by relocating from the north to the south, the level of risk can be reduced by up to three classes. While the individual risk maps may be broadly applicable, and therefore of interest to the general community, the risk maps and associated probability values generated in the ETA are intended to be used by trained professionals and government agencies to evaluate the risk and effectively manage the long-term development of infrastructure and habitation. With the addition of fresh monitoring data, the combination of both long- and short-term event trees would provide a comprehensive and consistent method of risk analysis (both during and pre-crisis), and as such

O Processo de Morte na História de José o Carpinteiro

OpenAIRE

Gross, Eduardo

2015-01-01

Resumo: O presente texto analisa o apócrifo História de José o Carpinteiro a partir da descrição do processo de morte que este apresenta, traçando para isto paralelos com as fases por que passam pacientes terminais conforme retratadas por Elisabeth Kübler-Ross. Palavras-chave: Morte, José o carpinteiro, Kübler-Ross. Abstract: The present text analyses the apocriphal History of Joseph the Carpenter from the viewpoint of the description of the death process presented by it; in order to do that...

Urban trees and the risk of poor birth outcomes

Science.gov (United States)

Geoffrey H. Donovan; Yvonne L. Michael; David T. Butry; Amy D. Sullivan; John M. Chase

2011-01-01

This paper investigated whether greater tree-canopy cover is associated with reduced risk of poor birth outcomes in Portland, Oregon. Residential addresses were geocoded and linked to classified-aerial imagery to calculate tree-canopy cover in 50, 100, and 200 m buffers around each home in our sample (n=5696). Detailed data on maternal characteristics and additional...

OS VALORES-NOTÍCIA DA MORTE NO JORNAL CORREIO BRAZILIENSE: QUEM MERECE SER NOTÍCIA QUANDO MORRE?

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Fernanda Vasques Ferreira

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Este artigo se dedica à análise das notícias de morte publicadas no jornal Correio Braziliense relacionando-as com as rotinas produtivas. O estudo da produção de notícias de morte no respectivo jornal está fundamentado no seguinte problema: quais são os critérios para que as mortes, enquanto acontecimentos, tornem-se noticiáveis no jornal Correio Braziliense? Quem são os indivíduos que, ao morrer, merecem destaque no jornal? Essas respostas podem ser encontradas nos bastidores das notícias, nos valores-notícia aplicados para selecionar o que é notícia do que não é. O objetivo do estudo que se apresenta foi analisar, sob a luz das teorias do jornalismo, o processo de produção que leva à publicação das notícias de morte e qual o espaço que é dado a esses casos, sabendo que, em uma análise simplista, apresentam-se em duas instâncias: mortes que ganham destaque e mortes que não ganham destaque. O percurso metodológico compreende o material produzido pelo jornal Correio Braziliense durante duas semanas de setembro de 2013 à luz das teorias apresentadas por Mauro Wolf (2005 e dos estudos realizados por Nelson Traquina (2005 que discutem as teorias da comunicação e do jornalismo, especificamente, os estudos sobre newsmaking e critérios de noticiabilidade que estão diretamente relacionados aos processos que dizem respeito à seleção das notícias, contribuindo para o agendamento ou não desses conteúdos (casos de morte. A hipótese inicial se sustentou no fato de que existem vítimas merecedoras e vítimas não merecedoras de serem noticiadas no jornal mais lido do Distrito Federal.

Homicídio, suicídio, morte acidental... 'O que foi que aconteceu?'

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Klarissa Almeida Silva Platero

2017-12-01

Full Text Available O artigo discute as práticas dos profissionais responsáveis por classificar uma morte como “homicídio”, suicídio”, “acidente” ou “morte natural” à luz de abordagens construtivistas que tratam dos processos de criminalização. São analisadas as receitas profissionais utilizadas pelo staff da perícia criminal na tipificação de ocorrências. A pesquisa foi realizada em 2012 com base na observação de 19 “perícias de local do crime” no Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados indicam que as práticas adotadas em casos de morte típicos são diferentes das receitas profissionais seguidas pelo mesmo staff nos casos de morte atípicos. Por isso, o trabalho da perícia parece pouco contribuir para a elucidação da autoria em casos típicos de mortes classificadas como homicídios. Os resultados demonstram a desigualdade social na investigação dos homicídios. The paper Homicide, Suicide, Accidental Death… `What Happened?` discusses state agent’s death classification practices as “homicide”, “suicide”, “accident” or “natural death” in the light of constructionist perspective that deals with criminalization processes. It analyzes officers and coroners’ practical action and practical reasoning and their typifications of the offense and the offender to account for what happened. Ethnographic research was developed based on the observation of nineteen "crime scene investigations" carried out by professionals from the Homicide Division of Rio de Janeiro. The results indicate that the reasoning and practices adopted in typical cases of death are different from the practical recipes followed by the staff in atypical cases of death. For this and others reasons theirs works does little to elucidate authorship in typical and more recurrent cases of deaths classified as homicides in Rio de Janeiro. The results demonstrate the social inequality in the homicide investigation.Keywords: criminal forensics, criminal

RAFT: a computer program for fault tree risk calculations

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Seybold, G.D.

1977-11-01

A description and user instructions are presented for RAFT, a FORTRAN computer code for calculation of a risk measure for fault tree cut sets. RAFT calculates release quantities and a risk measure based on the product of probability and release quantity for cut sets of fault trees modeling the accidental release of radioactive material from a nuclear fuel cycle facility. Cut sets and their probabilities are supplied as input to RAFT from an external fault tree analysis code. Using the total inventory available of radioactive material, along with release fractions for each event in a cut set, the release terms are calculated for each cut set. Each release term is multiplied by the cut set probability to yield the cut set risk measure. RAFT orders the dominant cut sets on the risk measure. The total risk measure of processed cut sets and their fractional contributions are supplied as output. Input options are available to eliminate redundant cut sets, apply threshold values on cut set probability and risk, and control the total number of cut sets output. Hash addressing is used to remove redundant cut sets from the analysis. Computer hardware and software restrictions are given along with a sample problem and cross-reference table of the code. Except for the use of file management utilities, RAFT is written exclusively in FORTRAN language and is operational on a Control Data, CYBER 74-18--series computer system. 4 figures

Epilepsy and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy?: Eat more fish! A group hypothesis Epilepsia e morte súbita?: Coma mais peixe! A hipótese de um grupo

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Roberta M. Cysneiros

2009-09-01

Full Text Available Epilepsy is the commonest serious neurological disorder and individuals with epilepsy are at higher risk of death than the general population and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP is the most important direct epilepsy-related cause of death. Potential pathomechanisms for SUDEP are unknown, but it is very probable that cardiac arrhythmias during and between seizures play a potential role. The ultimate goal of SUDEP research is to develop methods to prevent it and nutritional aspects such as omega-3 fatty acid deficiency may have an interesting role in this scenario. Omega-3 fatty acids reduce the risk of cardiovascular mortality and are important for treating or preventing some neurological diseases, including epilepsy. A dietary modification or nutritional supplements increasing the ingestion of omega-3 fatty acids may help to ''save the brain".A epilepsia é uma das doenças neurológicas sérias mais comuns e está associada a um maior risco de morte do que o observado na população geral e a morte súbita em epilepsia é uma importante causa de morte relacionada à epilepsia. Os potenciais patomecanismos da morte súbita em epilepsia são desconhecidos, mas é bastante provável que arritmias cardíacas durante ou entre as crises tenham um papel preponderante. O objetivo final das pesquisas em morte súbita em epilepsia é o desenvolvimento de métodos que levem à sua prevenção e aspectos nutricionais, como a deficiência de ômega-3 pode ter um papel interessante neste contexto. A suplementação com ômega-3 reduz o risco de mortalidade de origem cardiovascular e é importante no tratamento e prevenção de algumas doenças neurológicas, incluindo a epilepsia. A modificação dietética ou a suplementação nutricional aumentando a ingesta de ômega-3 pode ajudar a "salvar o cérebro".

Síndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White e morte súbita

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Rafael Rafaini Lloret

2010-06-01

Full Text Available A síndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW é a mais frequente das síndromes de pré-excitação caracterizadas por despolarização ventricular precoce e extranodal por meio de uma ou mais vias acessórias. Esta síndrome é considerada como fator de risco para o aparecimento de fibrilação atrial (FA pré-excitada (taquicardia com intervalo RR irregular e QRS largo. As vias anômalas podem apresentar períodos refratários curtos e a ocorrência de FA pode permitir uma despolarização ventricular muito rápida proporcionando a indução de fibrilação ventricular (FV e morte súbita. Paciente portador de taquicardia supraventricular paroxística com sintomas de baixo débito cardíaco e episódio de síncope, sem antecedentes de outras doenças ou morte súbita na família. Ao exame físico com coração em ritmo irregular taquicárdico, pulsos filiformes, FC = 180 bpm, PA = 80 x 50 mmHg. Eletrocardiograma (ECG neste momento: FA pré-excitada (QRS largo e intervalo RR irregular com alta resposta ventricular e risco de degeneração para FV e morte súbita. Submetido a cardioversão elétrica (360J para ritmo sinusal. ECG após alguns meses: taquicardia supraventricular com QRS estreito e intervalo RR regular (taquicardia reentrante ortodrômica revertida com adenosina 12 mg endovenosa e novo ECG demonstrando ritmo sinusal com intervalo PR curto e presença de onda delta (Wolff-Parkinson-White. Encaminhado para estudo eletrofisiológico (EEF e ablação por radiofreqüência de via acessória póstero-septal direita com sucesso (desaparecimento da onda delta no ECG, curado, assintomático e sem medicamentos. A eletrofisiologia cardíaca invasiva proporcionou avanços no conhecimento das arritmias com tratamento seguro, definitivo e evidente melhora na qualidade de vida e neste caso descrito, eliminando o risco de morte súbita.

Falando de morte e da finitude no ambiente escolar: um estudo à luz do sentido da vida

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Thiago Antonio Avellar de Aquino

Full Text Available O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar as concepções da morte e suas repercussões para o sentido da vida entre os adolescentes. Para tanto, foi efetuada uma pesquisa-ação para abordar o tema da finitude partindo da concepção de Viktor Frankl sobre o sentido da vida e da morte. Contou-se com a participação de 17 estudantes do terceiro ano do ensino médio, a maioria do sexo feminino (52,9%, com idade média de 17 anos e amplitude de 15 a 24 anos. Os resultados foram obtidos por meio de cinco intervenções em sala de aula. Cada intervenção teve a duração média de 45 minutos, constituindo-se de questionamentos acerca da morte, do morrer e do sentido da vida. Em seguida, as respostas dos participantes foram submetidas a uma análise de conteúdo. No que se refere às representações da morte, emergiram três categorias: pensamentos, sentimentos e crenças. Sobre a compreensão do sentido da vida, os adolescentes responderam em duas direções: os sentidos subjetivos e sentidos objetivos. Quando refletiram sobre a própria morte, as suas respostas foram classificadas em termos de três categorias valorativas: vivenciais, atitudinais e criativos. No que se refere à pergunta “Como seria a vida se ninguém morresse?”, foram observados os seguintes tipos de argumentos: valorização da vida, corrigir erros do passado, resposta tautológica, resposta religiosa e dialética vida-morte. Os resultados mostraram a importância de tratar sobre o tema da finitude no âmbito escolar.

As crianças e o conceito de morte The concept of death in children

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Deise Cardoso Nunes

1998-01-01

Full Text Available A maioria das pesquisas que estuda como as crianças elaboram o conceito de morte relacionam-no com o desenvolvimento cognitivo. No entanto, as experiências individuais da criança (Fávero e Salim, 1995 bem como a cultura, que coloca a sua disposição os aspectos formais que representam os eventos de cada sociedade (Bruner, 1990 e, portanto, também o evento da morte, têm sido reconhecidas como influências importantes na elaboração deste conceito. Com a finalidade de observar se essas influências estão presentes na elaboração da representação mental da morte, examinaram-se seis crianças pré-escolares, utilizando-se entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Também, seguindo a proposta de Fávero e Salim (1995, que entendem o desenho como uma atividade simbólica capaz de representar conteúdos mentais, pediu-se às crianças que desenhassem o que pensavam da morte. Os resultados do estudo mostram que, tanto a experiência da criança com relação à morte quanto as representações formais à disposição na cultura, estão presentes na elaboração conceitual que as crianças fazem da morte.Children’s concept of death has been related to cognitive development in the majority of studies dealing with this subject. However, children’s individual experiences (Fávero e Salim, 1995 as well as culture which formalizes events of each particular society (Bruner, 1990, among others the event of death, have been increasingly considered as important elements in the elaboration of children’s concept of death. Aiming at observing whether these influences are present in the elaboration of the mental representation of death, six preschoolers were examined using semi-structured interviews and drawings, following Fávero and Salim’s (1995 proposal of using drawings to represent mental contents. Children were asked to draw what they thought about death. Results showed that both the children’s experience and their formal representations given by culture

A MORTE NA MARATONA: CELEBRAÇÃO DA VIDA

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Rui Proença Garcia

2010-01-01

Full Text Available Neste breve ensaio os autores pretendem analisar a Maratona através de um marco teórico próximo da História das Religiões teorizada por Mircea Eliade e Julien Ries. Partem de uma possível ontologia da palavra Maratona, tentando compreender o seu significado na Grécia Antiga e na contemporaneidade. Analisaram a história da Maratona, os discursos de atletas, documentos escritos sobre esta competição desportiva, visionaram várias Maratonas em especial as de Londres e Nova Iorque, tendo concluído que na sua estrutura e nos seus comentários há símbolos religiosos que a aproximam de um ritual sagrado que tenta repetir o mito fundador. Na origem da Maratona está uma morte. Correr a Maratona e sobreviver significa ultrapassar a morte mítica, entrando-se numa condição humana superior, pelo que os concluem que correr ao Maratona o homem celebra a vida.

O preparo dos acadêmicos de enfermagem brasileiros para vivenciarem o processo morte-morrer

OpenAIRE

Bernieri, Jamine; Hirdes, Alice

2007-01-01

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo geral investigar o preparo dos acadêmicos de enfermagem frente à morte. A metodologia é de natureza qualitativa, realizada através de 15 entrevistas semi-estruturadas com acadêmicos de Enfermagem do sexto e sétimo semestres de uma instituição de ensino superior localizada no norte do Rio Grande do Sul. Os resultados apontam as dificuldades dos acadêmicos de enfermagem entrevistados em lidar com o processo morte-morrer dos pacientes assistidos em estágio; a dif...

As metáforas da morte na poesia brasileira: um estudo à luz da linguística cognitiva

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Silvana Maria Calixto de Lima

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Neste artigo, a partir de uma visão sistematicamente cognitiva da metáfora, com base nos pressupostos da teoria da metáfora conceitual (LAKOFF; JOHNSON, 1980, 1999; LAKOFF; TURNER, 1989; LAKOFF, 1987,1993; KÖVECSES, 2005, apresentamos um inventário de dez metáforas conceituais usadas no licenciamento do conceito MORTE na construção de poesias de autores da literatura brasileira de diferentes escolas literária. O seu foco principal está na análise das relações das metáforas conceituais inventariadas com os diferentes modelos culturais que integram as construções textuais analisadas. Tal empreendimento possibilitou a identificação e descrição de diversificados modelos cognitivos/culturais subjacentes à construção do conceito MORTE, os quais, em linhas gerais, revelam tanto a concepção ocidental de morte como um fato inevitável da condição humana, quanto uma releitura dessa condição por meio da capacidade criativa dos poetas de (reapresentar a morte sob diferentes facetas nem sempre tão aterrorizantes, provavelmente numa tentativa de atenuar o terror que lhe écaracterístico pela sua natureza de mistério.Palavras-chave: Metáfora conceitual. Conceito Morte. Poesia

Delírios I – Agonia e experiência (jogos de vida e morte

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Vinícius Nicastro Honesko

2010-07-01

Full Text Available O presente ensaio pretende expor uma idéia de agonia como jogo de vida e morte no qual imerge o artista no ato de criação. A partir das leituras e conceituações do termo jogo em Johan Huizinga e em Roger Caillois, mostra como tais idéias são importantes para compreender a experiência humana diante do incompreensível que é a morte. Aponta como a agonia inspira no poeta, principalmente na modernidade, uma distância em relação às certezas do conhecimento, implicando uma leitura etimológica do termo experiência, isto é, como ex periri, (aqui, também, jogo de vida e morte. Por fim, procura ver como os traços desse jogo – uma eterna luta – sutilmente se mostram nos pânicos de Murilo Mendes e de Paul Gauguin, artistas nos quais a consciência dessa luta é atravessada pela imagem do lugar por excelência da agonia: o Calvário.

Tecnologia e "Morte Natural": o morrer na contemporaneidade Technology and "Natural Death": dying in contemporary society

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Rachel Aisengart Menezes

2003-12-01

Full Text Available O desenvolvimento de técnicas voltadas ao prolongamento da vida acarretou mudanças significativas na concepção de morte. Este artigo analisa as representações contemporâneas da "morte natural" e sua relação com o uso de tecnologias médicas. Através de revisão bibliográfica, são examinadas as concepções de "morte natural" e de "morrer bem" construídas pelos diversos atores sociais envolvidos no processo do morrer. A literatura evidencia a construção contemporânea de um ideário e de uma trajetória necessários à realização do modelo da "boa morte". Esse modelo do "morrer bem" é construído em contraposição ao uso de técnicas para o prolongamento da vida. Estudos apontam a complexidade e ambivalência presentes no que seriam a morte natural ou não-natural, pois essas representações se encontram imbricadas com a concepção da "boa morte" como escolhida e produzida pelo doente. Deste modo, a tecnologia médica torna-se intrinsecamente constitutiva do "morrer natural".The development of techniques to prolong life has brought significant changes in the conceptualization of death. This article analyzes contemporary representations of "natural death" and their relationship to the use of medical technologies. Based on a literature review, the article examines the concepts of "natural death" and "dying well" constructed by the various social actors involved in the process of dying. The literature reveals the contemporary construction of a necessary set of ideals and pathway for achieving the model of a "good death". The "dying well" model is constructed in opposition to techniques for prolonging life. The studies point to the complexity and ambivalence of what is presented as "natural" versus "unnatural" death, since such representations are intertwined with the concept of a "good death" as that which is "chosen and produced" by the patient. Thus, medical technology becomes intrinsically constitutive for a "natural death".

Processo de morte/morrer de pessoas com HIV/AIDS: perspectivas de enfermeiros

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Rebeca Coelho de Moura Angelim

2017-09-01

Full Text Available Introdução: A AIDS ainda é uma doença com uma elevada taxa de óbitos, devendo os profissionais que atuam principalmente nos serviços de internamento estarem aptos a cuidar dos pacientes soropositivos, assim como estarem preparados para as perdas. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi compreender as perspectivas de enfermeiros em relação ao processo de morte e morrer de pessoas que vivem com HIV/AIDS. Materiais e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo-exploratório, qualitativo, desenvolvido com 41 enfermeiros que atuavam em serviços de Infectologia na cidade de Recife, Brasil. Realizou-se uma entrevista semiestruturada e os dados foram analisados pela técnica de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Para os enfermeiros, foi possível perceber que a morte é representada por conceitos ligados à ideia de finitude, passagem e dúvida. Observou-se que processo de morte/morrer de pessoas com AIDS está permeado pela não aceitação da doença, assim como a falta de adesão ou o uso indevido da terapia antirretroviral, e ainda a comportamentos de riscos, aumentando a probabilidade do paciente sucumbir à doença ou desencadear infecções oportunistas. Discussão: Tal situação reflete nos enfermeiros sentimentos de tristeza quando ao se depararem com a perda de seus pacientes.  Conclusões: Os enfermeiros demonstram ter esperança que o paciente vai se estabilizar e ter uma melhora no estado geral, e, consequentemente, continuar o tratamento, porém, quando isto não acontece, devem estar preparados para lidar com este momento de dor e perda. Como citar este artigo: Angelim RCM, Brandão BMGM, Freire DA, Abrão FMS. Processo de morte/morrer de pessoas com HIV/AIDS: perspectivas de enfermeiros. Rev Cuid. 2017; 8(3: 1758-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.v8i3.414

HVAC fault tree analysis for WIPP integrated risk assessment

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kirby, P.; Iacovino, J.

1990-01-01

In order to evaluate the public health risk from operation of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) due to potential radioactive releases, a probabilistic risk assessment of waste handling operations was conducted. One major aspect of this risk assessment involved fault tree analysis of the plant heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, which comprise the final barrier between waste handling operations and the environment. 1 refs., 1 tab

Olhos de inferno: a morte no Rei Édipo de Sófocles

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Ortep J. Trindade-Serra

1995-12-01

Full Text Available Os derradeiros versos do "Rei Édipo", de Sófocles, versos que se referem a um tópos consagrado, ocasionaram, através de uma paráfrase de Frínico, a criação do "mito" de Sófocles, cuja vida feliz a tradição consagrou como uma antítese do destino de seu personagem. O paradoxo desses versos, todavia, merece consideração mais profunda. Com efeito, em toda a tragédia a morte é representada de maneira paradoxal. Édipo faz a experiência de uma situação liminar em que morte e vida, cegueira e visão se confundem. Uma evidência disso é simbolicamente dada no verso 987 de Oedipus Rex.

O "pacote" e a enfermagem (análise crítica de uma cena de morte

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Claudia Cruz

2000-09-01

Full Text Available Estudo descritivo baseado em um relato de experiência de acadêmicas de enfermagem do último período de graduação de uma universidade pública da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A partir do conteúdo programático da disciplina Abordagens Metodológicas da Pesquisa em Enfermagem II, inserida em um currículo baseado na problematização, as autoras se utilizaram de uma cena de morte ocorrida durante o ensino clínico em um hospital geral público de grande porte, situado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, para descrever o modo pelo qual este evento vem sendo assistido pela equipe de enfermagem. Tendo como objetivo fornecer subsídios que possam respaldar as reflexões sobre a morte, e à luz do Código de Ética dos Profissionais de Enfermagem, são tecidos comentários a este respeito sob o ponto de vista ético, cultural, religioso e da cidadania. Concluem que o tema morte precisa ser abordado no meio acadêmico, mas não só sob o ponto de vista técnico, pois a interação humana que se estabelece a partir da assistência de enfermagem prevê o cuidado ao cliente durante todo o seu ciclo vital, do qual a morte é a última etapa.

Spinocerebellar ataxia 36 (SCA36): «Costa da Morte ataxia».

Science.gov (United States)

Arias, M; García-Murias, M; Sobrido, M J

To describe the history of the discovery of SCA36 and review knowledge of this entity, which is currently the most prevalent hereditary ataxia in Galicia (Spain) owing to a founder effect. SCA36 is an autosomal dominant hereditary ataxia with late onset and slow progression. It presents with cerebellar ataxia, sensorineural hearing loss, and discrete motor neuron impairment (tongue atrophy with denervation, discrete pyramidal signs). SCA36 was first described in Japan (Asida River ataxia) and in Galicia(Costa da Morte ataxia). The condition is caused by a genetic mutation (intronic hexanucleotide repeat expansion) in the NOP56 gene on the short arm of chromosome 20 (20p13). Magnetic resonance image study initially shows cerebellar vermian atrophy that subsequently extends to the rest of the cerebellum and finally to the pontomedullary region of the brainstem without producing white matter lesions. Peripheral nerve conduction velocities are normal, and sensorimotor evoked potential studies show delayed conduction of stimuli to lower limbs. In patients with hearing loss, audiometric studies show a drop of >40dB in frequencies exceeding 2,500Hz. Auditory evoked potential studies may also show lack of waves I and II. Costa da Morte ataxia or SCA36 is the most prevalent SCA in the Spanish region of Galicia. Given the region's history of high rates of emigration, new cases may be diagnosed in numerous countries, especially in Latin America. Genetic studies are now available to patients and asymptomatic carriers. Since many people are at risk for this disease, we will continue our investigations aimed at elucidating the underlying pathogenic molecular mechanisms and discovering effective treatment. Copyright © 2014 Sociedad Española de Neurología. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Espaço cemiterial e Turismo: campo de ambivalência da vida e morte

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Charlene Brum Del Puerto

2015-08-01

Full Text Available No presente artigo, são feitas considerações acerca da relação entre o espaço cemiterial e o turismo, como campo de expressão e representação da ambivalência vida e morte, trazendo reflexões possíveis para entender a utilização das necrópoles na atividade turística. O texto apresenta discussão decorrente de estudo que está sendo realizado para o desenvolvimento da dissertação de Mestrado em Turismo e Hospitalidade da Universidade de Caxias do Sul/RS (UCS, envolvendo a abordagem do cemitério como um espaço turístico. Trata-se de uma produção vinculada ao Amorcomtur! Grupo de Estudos em Comunicação, Turismo, Amorosidade e Autopoiese. Neste artigo, inicialmente é feita uma consideração sobre o espaço cemiterial e suas transformações ao longo do tempo. Após, é abordada como a temática da morte é compreendida pela sociedade. Sequencialmente, debatemos a utilização do cemitério na atividade turística, denominada neste trabalho como “turismo cemiterial”. São apresentados resultados preliminares de cartografia bibliográfica, com a construção das trilhas teórico-conceituais-reflexivas: cemitério, morte e turismo. Os resultados percebidos aqui demonstram que a reflexão sobre morte interfere na ressignificação do espaço cemiterial e na ponderação sobre a atividade turística no cemitério.

Por que chamar de morte o que é transbordamento de vida?

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Cristina Mair Barros Rauter

2011-08-01

Full Text Available Resenha da obra, destacando seus pontos principais no que se refere à problematização crítica do conceito freudiano de pulsão de morte a partir das filosofias de Nietzsche e Spinoza e da psicanálise winnicottiana.

Ensemble of trees approaches to risk adjustment for evaluating a hospital's performance.

Science.gov (United States)

Liu, Yang; Traskin, Mikhail; Lorch, Scott A; George, Edward I; Small, Dylan

2015-03-01

A commonly used method for evaluating a hospital's performance on an outcome is to compare the hospital's observed outcome rate to the hospital's expected outcome rate given its patient (case) mix and service. The process of calculating the hospital's expected outcome rate given its patient mix and service is called risk adjustment (Iezzoni 1997). Risk adjustment is critical for accurately evaluating and comparing hospitals' performances since we would not want to unfairly penalize a hospital just because it treats sicker patients. The key to risk adjustment is accurately estimating the probability of an Outcome given patient characteristics. For cases with binary outcomes, the method that is commonly used in risk adjustment is logistic regression. In this paper, we consider ensemble of trees methods as alternatives for risk adjustment, including random forests and Bayesian additive regression trees (BART). Both random forests and BART are modern machine learning methods that have been shown recently to have excellent performance for prediction of outcomes in many settings. We apply these methods to carry out risk adjustment for the performance of neonatal intensive care units (NICU). We show that these ensemble of trees methods outperform logistic regression in predicting mortality among babies treated in NICU, and provide a superior method of risk adjustment compared to logistic regression.

Review of the severe accident risk reduction program (SARRP) containment event trees

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1986-05-01

A part of the Severe Accident Risk Reduction Program, researchers at Sandia National Laboratories have constructed a group of containment event trees to be used in the analysis of key accident sequences for light water reactors (LWR) during postulated severe accidents. The ultimate goal of the program is to provide to the NRC staff a current assessment of the risk from severe reactor accidents for a group of five light water reactors. This review specifically focuses on the development and construction of the containment event trees and the results for containment failure probability, modes and timing. The report first gives the background on the program, the review criteria, and a summary of the observations, findings and recommendations. secondly, the individual reviews of each committee member on the event trees is presented. Finally, a review is provided on the computer model used to construct and evaluate the event trees

Modifiable risk factors predicting major depressive disorder at four year follow-up: a decision tree approach.

Science.gov (United States)

Batterham, Philip J; Christensen, Helen; Mackinnon, Andrew J

2009-11-22

Relative to physical health conditions such as cardiovascular disease, little is known about risk factors that predict the prevalence of depression. The present study investigates the expected effects of a reduction of these risks over time, using the decision tree method favoured in assessing cardiovascular disease risk. The PATH through Life cohort was used for the study, comprising 2,105 20-24 year olds, 2,323 40-44 year olds and 2,177 60-64 year olds sampled from the community in the Canberra region, Australia. A decision tree methodology was used to predict the presence of major depressive disorder after four years of follow-up. The decision tree was compared with a logistic regression analysis using ROC curves. The decision tree was found to distinguish and delineate a wide range of risk profiles. Previous depressive symptoms were most highly predictive of depression after four years, however, modifiable risk factors such as substance use and employment status played significant roles in assessing the risk of depression. The decision tree was found to have better sensitivity and specificity than a logistic regression using identical predictors. The decision tree method was useful in assessing the risk of major depressive disorder over four years. Application of the model to the development of a predictive tool for tailored interventions is discussed.

Modifiable risk factors predicting major depressive disorder at four year follow-up: a decision tree approach

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Christensen Helen

2009-11-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Relative to physical health conditions such as cardiovascular disease, little is known about risk factors that predict the prevalence of depression. The present study investigates the expected effects of a reduction of these risks over time, using the decision tree method favoured in assessing cardiovascular disease risk. Methods The PATH through Life cohort was used for the study, comprising 2,105 20-24 year olds, 2,323 40-44 year olds and 2,177 60-64 year olds sampled from the community in the Canberra region, Australia. A decision tree methodology was used to predict the presence of major depressive disorder after four years of follow-up. The decision tree was compared with a logistic regression analysis using ROC curves. Results The decision tree was found to distinguish and delineate a wide range of risk profiles. Previous depressive symptoms were most highly predictive of depression after four years, however, modifiable risk factors such as substance use and employment status played significant roles in assessing the risk of depression. The decision tree was found to have better sensitivity and specificity than a logistic regression using identical predictors. Conclusion The decision tree method was useful in assessing the risk of major depressive disorder over four years. Application of the model to the development of a predictive tool for tailored interventions is discussed.

Quando a morte não tem mais poder: considerações sobre uma obra de Elisabeth Kübler-Ross

OpenAIRE

Alves, Carolinne Borges; Dulci, Pedro Lucas

2014-01-01

O presente trabalho objetiva analisar as contribuições da obra Sobre a morte e o morrer, de Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, para a problematização da condição humana em pacientes com doenças em fases terminais. Após a realização, durante anos, de seminários sobre a morte e o morrer, a autora desenvolveu com seus alunos uma teoria a respeito dos estágios pessoais que um paciente e seus familiares passam nas circunstâncias de proximidade da morte. Esta abordagem fornece condições de possibilidade não só...

Anencefalia e morte cerebral (neurológica Anencephaly and brain death

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Maria Lúcia Fernandes Penna

2005-06-01

Full Text Available Vem-se discutindo no país a ética da interrupção da gravidez no caso de fetos anencéfalos. Os opositores ao aborto nesses casos apontam, entre outros argumentos, que não se trata de morte cerebral devido à presença de tronco encefálico. Neste artigo discutimos o conceito de morte cerebral e sua aplicação no que tange à anencefalia. Apontamos alguns aspectos históricos do desenvolvimento desse conceito e a importância de ser considerada a diferença entre conceito e critérios. A morte neurológica é a perda definitiva e total da consciência, enquanto a presença do tronco cerebral é apenas um critério a ser usado nos casos de lesão encefálica em encéfalos antes perfeitos. O conceito de morte cerebral se aplica completamente à ausência de córtex dos anencéfalos, o que sem dúvida permite sua retirada do útero materno. Manter juridicamente a criminalização desse procedimento é uma interferência religiosa no Estado laico e democrático, que impede o exercício de escolha pelos indivíduos segundo seu credo.Brazilian society has recently discussed the ethics of interrupting pregnancy in the case of an anencephalic fetus. In such cases, anti-abortionists contend that anencephaly is not the same as brain death, since a brainstem is present. This article discusses the concept of brain death and its application to the issue of anencephaly. We point to key historical aspects in the development of this concept and the importance of considering the difference between concept and criteria. Neurological death is the definitive and complete loss of consciousness, while the presence of a brainstem is merely a criterion to be used in cases of head injury in previously intact brains. The concept of brain death is totally applicable to the absence of cortex in a fetus with anencephaly, which without a doubt allows such a fetus to be removed from the uterus. To maintain the criminalization of this procedure by legal means represents

A Morte e a Iniciação Feminina nos Lais de Maria de França

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Aline Dias da Silveira

2014-01-01

Full Text Available O estudo dos significados da morte na construção de práticas sociais inclui a análise de imagens que são construídas e transformadas coletivamente ao longo de séculos em uma sociedade. A considerar esse processo de longa duração, o presente ensaio tem como eixo a relação entre morte e feminino e pretende estabelecer o entrelaçamento da perspectiva histórica com a literária e a antropológica. Serão tratadas as representações do imaginário feminino sobre a morte na literatura medieval, especificamente, no a lai de Yonec de Maria de França (séc. XII, no qual é possível identificar uma estrutura narrativa mais antiga, de feições míticas. Nesse lai, o significado da morte está relacionado a estágios iniciáticos do mundo feminino, envolvendo elementos de um imaginário forjado da sobrevivência de tradições pré-cristãs, bem como da religiosidade popular medieval e das experiências de mulheres naquela sociedade. O estudo do lai de Yonec poderá evidenciar a riqueza desse universo apresentado pela voz de uma mulher.

A luta entre impulso de vida e morte em "Viver!", de Machado de Assis

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Adilson dos Santos

2016-01-01

Full Text Available O conto “Viver!”, de Machado de Assis, ambientase no sonho de Ahasverus, o judeu condenado a vagar pelo mundo imortalmente por ter empurrado Jesus no seu percurso para a crucificação. Este aspecto onírico mostra-se revelador para a compreensão do protagonista, uma vez que, da leitura de seu sonho, o leitor consegue chegar às suas aspirações mais profundas. O conto o apresenta como sendo o último dos homens e, por esta razão, prestes a morrer, já que a pena imposta duraria até o findar da espécie humana. À primeira vista, tal condenação se caracterizaria como sendo por demais funesta. Nesse sentido, para ele, morrer seria um alívio. Todavia, até então, a morte estava excluída de seu horizonte. Não poderia perder a vida, visto que havia perdido a morte, o que demonstra que a pena imposta lhe foi igualmente conveniente, pois lhe garantiu a longevidade. A situação vivida em seu sonho vem justamente assinalar aquilo que o judeu mais anseia: viver. Palavras-Chave: Sonho; Vida; Morte.

A LUTA ENTRE IMPULSO DE VIDA E MORTE EM "VIVER!", DE MACHADO DE ASSIS

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Adilson dos Santos

2016-01-01

Full Text Available O conto “Viver!”, de Machado de Assis, ambientase no sonho de Ahasverus, o judeu condenado a vagar pelo mundo imortalmente por ter empurrado Jesus no seu percurso para a crucificação. Este aspecto onírico mostra-se revelador para a compreensão do protagonista, uma vez que, da leitura de seu sonho, o leitor consegue chegar às suas aspirações mais profundas. O conto o apresenta como sendo o último dos homens e, por esta razão, prestes a morrer, já que a pena imposta duraria até o findar da espécie humana. À primeira vista, tal condenação se caracterizaria como sendo por demais funesta. Nesse sentido, para ele, morrer seria um alívio. Todavia, até então, a morte estava excluída de seu horizonte. Não poderia perder a vida, visto que havia perdido a morte, o que demonstra que a pena imposta lhe foi igualmente conveniente, pois lhe garantiu a longevidade. A situação vivida em seu sonho vem justamente assinalar aquilo que o judeu mais anseia: viver. Palavras-Chave: Sonho; Vida; Morte.

Rever Senna: da morte de um ídolo à construção do herói contemporâneo

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Sandra Maria Lucia Pereira Gonçalves

2012-06-01

Full Text Available A morte de Ayrton Senna, piloto da Fórmula I, morto em 1994,  é o ponto de partida para se pensar questões concernentes à contemporaneidade. Para o desenvolvimento desse artigo, são utilizadas as seguintes categorias - sociedade midiatizada, velocidade, mito e herói, narcisismo e morte. Essas categorias irão compor o cenário do ídolo. As fontes utilizadas como amostragem para a observação do tratamento dos media sobre este acontecimento são jornais e revistas especiais sobre televisão, assim como artigos de jornais decorrentes da morte de Senna. Diferentes autores comparecem na construção do quadro a ser exposto.

Melatonina: modulador de morte celular Melatonin: cell death modulator

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Cecília da Silva Ferreira

2010-01-01

Full Text Available A apoptose ou morte programada é um fenômeno biológico essencial para o desenvolvimento e manutenção de uma população celular. Neste processo, as células senescentes ou indesejáveis são eliminadas após ativação de um programa de morte celular, que envolve a participação de moléculas pró-apoptóticas (Fas, FasL, Bax, Caspases 2, 3, 6, 7, 8 e 9. A ativação destas moléculas provoca típicas alterações morfológicas como a retração celular, perda de aderência à matriz extracelular e às células vizinhas, condensação da cromatina, fragmentação do DNA e formação de corpos apoptóticos. Moléculas antiapoptóticas (Bcl2, FLIP bloqueiam o surgimento e a evolução destas alterações celulares e evitam a morte celular. É o equilíbrio entre moléculas pró e antiapoptóticas que assegura a homeostase tecidual. O descontrole da apoptose pode contribuir para o aparecimento de diversas doenças neoplásicas, autoimunes e neurodegenerativas. Diversos agentes indutores e inibidores de apoptose são reconhecidos como armas potenciais no combate a doenças relacionadas a distúrbios de proliferação e morte celular, dentre eles, destacam-se os hormônios. A melatonina tem sido relatada com importante ação antiápoptótica em diversos tecidos, modulando a expressão de agentes, reduzindo a entrada de cálcio na célula, bem como atenuando a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio e de proteínas pró-apoptóticas, tal como, diminuição da Bax. O conhecimento de novos agentes capazes de atuar nas vias da apoptose é de grande valia para o desenvolvimento de futuras terapias no tratamento de diversas doenças. Assim, o objetivo dessa revisão é elucidar os principais aspectos da morte celular pela apoptose e o papel da melatonina neste processo.Apoptosis or programmed death is a biological phenomenon, which is essential for the development and maintenance of a cell population. In this process, senescent or damaged

Cuidadores Principais Ante a Experiência da Morte: Seus Sentidos e Significados

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Carolina Peres de Lima

Full Text Available Resumo O presente trabalho teve como objetivo compreender os sentidos e significados atribuídos pelos cuidadores principais à experiência de acompanhamento de pacientes com câncer em Cuidados ao Fim de Vida. Com este intuito, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa exploratória, utilizando a observação participante como recurso metodológico. A análise de conteúdo foi utilizada como método de avaliação dos resultados, no qual a Teoria Existencialista de Viktor Frankl e a literatura contemporânea sobre Cuidados Paliativos serviram de substrato teórico à compreensão da temática em questão. Após a análise do diário de campo, foram extraídas cinco categorias temáticas: A espiritualidade atribuindo sentido à experiência; O tempo de espera; Morte como alívio do sofrimento; Revisão da história de vida; Incerteza quanto ao futuro. Foi possível perceber reações e sentimentos expostos pelos cuidadores, que, apesar do esgotamento físico e emocional, desejavam permanecer ao lado de seu familiar até sua morte. Entendemos que a comunicação da equipe ao cuidador sobre a aproximação da morte pode contribuir para o processo de elaboração psíquica desta vivência. A compreensão da experiência subjetiva do cuidador viabiliza uma abordagem efetiva da equipe às reais necessidades de cuidado do familiar.

In spite of D'Annunzio: Recoding femininity in Trionfo della morte ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Ad un'analisi critica, la figura di Ippolita Sanzio in Trionfo della morte sembra oscillare tra rappresentazioni ideali e spirituali. Mutuando da Adriana Cavarero la nozione di “furto concettuale”, è possibile rileggere il corpo erotico di Ippolita come sistema semiotico capace di sfuggire al fallocentrisimo del suo creatore. Così ...

A última escolha: repensar a morte em vida

OpenAIRE

Roque, Margarida Abenta

2010-01-01

Tese de mestrado, Filosofia, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2010 A presente dissertação de mestrado em Filosofia, intitulada A última escolha: repensar a morte em vida, consistirá numa análise expositiva de natureza ética das opções de final de vida que se colocam aos indivíduos doentes ou em estado terminal, abstendo-se de juízos de matriz legal ou jurídica. Tomando Peter Singer como autor de referência intelectual nesta dissertação, o nosso ponto de partida cons...

A broad scale analysis of tree risk, mitigation and potential habitat for cavity-nesting birds

Science.gov (United States)

Brian Kane; Paige S. Warren; Susannah B. Lerman

2015-01-01

Trees in towns and cities provide habitat for wildlife. In particular, cavity-nesting birds nest in the deadand decayed stems and branches of these trees. The same dead and decayed stems and branches alsohave a greater likelihood of failure, which, in some circumstances, increases risk. We examined 1760trees in Baltimore, MD, USA and western MA, USA, assessing tree...

Malignancy Risk Assessment in Patients with Thyroid Nodules Using Classification and Regression Trees

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Shokouh Taghipour Zahir

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Purpose. We sought to investigate the utility of classification and regression trees (CART classifier to differentiate benign from malignant nodules in patients referred for thyroid surgery. Methods. Clinical and demographic data of 271 patients referred to the Sadoughi Hospital during 2006–2011 were collected. In a two-step approach, a CART classifier was employed to differentiate patients with a high versus low risk of thyroid malignancy. The first step served as the screening procedure and was tailored to produce as few false negatives as possible. The second step identified those with the lowest risk of malignancy, chosen from a high risk population. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV of the optimal tree were calculated. Results. In the first step, age, sex, and nodule size contributed to the optimal tree. Ultrasonographic features were employed in the second step with hypoechogenicity and/or microcalcifications yielding the highest discriminatory ability. The combined tree produced a sensitivity and specificity of 80.0% (95% CI: 29.9–98.9 and 94.1% (95% CI: 78.9–99.0, respectively. NPV and PPV were 66.7% (41.1–85.6 and 97.0% (82.5–99.8, respectively. Conclusion. CART classifier reliably identifies patients with a low risk of malignancy who can avoid unnecessary surgery.

O estudante de Medicina e o médico recém-formado frente à morte e ao morrer

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Gustavo Nader Marta

Full Text Available A compreensão do papel da morte como uma condição intrínseca e inegável da vida sempre foi de grande relevância para o mundo ocidental, levando a diferentes atitudes, especialmente entre aqueles que precisam encarar a morte como parte de sua rotina profissional. Isto é particularmente aplicável aos médicos, que, muitas vezes, se acham diante da responsabilidade de tomar decisões sobre as condições de saúde e a vida de seus pacientes. Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar o comportamento do estudante de Medicina e do médico recém-formado diante da morte e do morrer, identificar as condições e deficiências da relação médico-paciente-morrer-morte, comparar tais posturas entre os estudantes de Medicina e os médicos recém-formados, e propor atividades que possibilitem a sensibilização quanto aos processos internos com base em teoria, prática e desenvolvimento pessoal. Isso foi feito por meio da aplicação de questionários aos 100 alunos do terceiro ano e aos 120 residentes do CCMB-PUC-SP.

Melancolia in progress: uma leitura de Os famosos e os duendes da morte

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Rejane Rocha

2014-07-01

Full Text Available RESUMO: Este artigo analisa o romance Os famosos e os duendes da morte, discutindo a maneira como a literatura pode ser compreendida no contexto da convergência midiática. O romance, uma das obras que constituem um projeto que compreende, também, filme, trilha sonora e vídeos compartilhados no youtube, pode ser discutido como um exemplo de procedimentos de leitura e de escrita característicos do contexto digital. ABSTRACT: This paper analyzes the novel Os famosos e os duendes da morte, discussing how literature can be understood in the context of media convergence. This novel is a piece of work related to a wider project that also includes a movie, a soundtrack and several videos uploaded to YouTube. Because of this, it illustrates some writing and reading procedures that are typical of the digital context.

Security and Risk Analysis of Nuclear Safeguards Instruments Using Attack Trees

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Naumann, I.; Wishard, B.

2015-01-01

The IAEA's nuclear safeguards instruments must be frequently evaluated against attack vectors, which are extremely varied and, at first approximation, may seem inconsequential, but are not. To accurately analyze the impact of attacks on a multi-component system requires a highly structured and well-documented assessment. Tree structures, such as fault trees, have long been used to assess the consequences of selecting potential solutions and their impact on risk. When applied to security threats by introducing threat agents (adversaries) and vulnerabilities, this approach can be extremely valuable in uncovering previously unidentified risks and identifying mitigation steps. This paper discusses how attack trees can be used for the security analysis of nuclear safeguards instruments. The root node of such a tree represents an objective that negatively impacts security such as disclosing and/or falsifying instrument data or circumventing safeguards methods. Usually, this objective is rather complex and attaining it requires a combination of several security breaches which may vary on how much funding or what capabilities are required in order to execute them. Thus, it is necessary to break the root objective into smaller, less complex units. Once a leaf node describes a reasonably comprehensible action, it is the security experts' task to allocate levels of difficulty and funding to this node. Eventually, the paths from the leaf nodes to the root node describe all possible combinations of actions necessary to carry out a successful attack. The use of a well-structured attack tree facilitates the developer in thinking like the adversary providing more effective security solutions. (author)

Decision tree analysis to stratify risk of de novo non-melanoma skin cancer following liver transplantation.

Science.gov (United States)

Tanaka, Tomohiro; Voigt, Michael D

2018-03-01

Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common de novo malignancy in liver transplant (LT) recipients; it behaves more aggressively and it increases mortality. We used decision tree analysis to develop a tool to stratify and quantify risk of NMSC in LT recipients. We performed Cox regression analysis to identify which predictive variables to enter into the decision tree analysis. Data were from the Organ Procurement Transplant Network (OPTN) STAR files of September 2016 (n = 102984). NMSC developed in 4556 of the 105984 recipients, a mean of 5.6 years after transplant. The 5/10/20-year rates of NMSC were 2.9/6.3/13.5%, respectively. Cox regression identified male gender, Caucasian race, age, body mass index (BMI) at LT, and sirolimus use as key predictive or protective factors for NMSC. These factors were entered into a decision tree analysis. The final tree stratified non-Caucasians as low risk (0.8%), and Caucasian males > 47 years, BMI decision tree model accurately stratifies the risk of developing NMSC in the long-term after LT.

A Study on Landslide Risk Management by Applying Fault Tree Logics

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Kazmi Danish

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Slope stability is one of the focal areas of curiosity to geotechnical designers and also appears logical for the application of probabilistic approaches since the analysis lead to a “probability of failure”. Assessment of the existing slopes in relation with risks seems to be more meaningful when concerning with landslides. Probabilistic slope stability analysis (PSSA is the best option in covering the landslides events. The intent here is to bid a probabilistic framework for quantified risk analysis with human uncertainties. In this regard, Fault Tree Analysis is utilized and for prediction of risk levels, consequences of the failures of the reference landslides have been taken. It is concluded that logics of fault trees is best fit, to clinch additional categories of uncertainty; like human, organizational, and knowledge related. In actual, the approach has been used in bringing together engineering and management performances and personnel, to produce reliability in slope engineering practices.

Cineclube Antonio das Mortes and its independent film production

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Marina da Costa Campos

2014-07-01

Full Text Available This article analysis the production of experimental films made by Cineclube Antonio das Mortes (CAM in 1980, in Goiania, Through the term "independent film". This work is an initial study, therefore, it’s intended, first, to discuss the various conceptions given to “independent cinema” in Brazilian cinema history, from the late 1940s until 1980. Then, this work will try to understand how this production of this Cineclube approaches or moves away from the different conceptions that this term has acquired over the decades.

Obesity as a risk factor for developing functional limitation among older adults: A conditional inference tree analysis

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Objective: To examine the risk factors of developing functional decline and make probabilistic predictions by using a tree-based method that allows higher order polynomials and interactions of the risk factors. Methods: The conditional inference tree analysis, a data mining approach, was used to con...

Estimating Coextinction Risks from Epidemic Tree Death: Affiliate Lichen Communities among Diseased Host Tree Populations of Fraxinus excelsior

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Jönsson, Mari T.; Thor, Göran

2012-01-01

At least 10% of the world’s tree species are threatened with extinction and pathogens are increasingly implicated in tree threats. Coextinction and threats to affiliates as a consequence of the loss or decline of their host trees is a poorly understood phenomenon. Ash dieback is an emerging infectious disease causing severe dieback of common ash Fraxinus excelsior throughout Europe. We utilized available empirical data on affiliate epiphytic lichen diversity (174 species and 17,800 observations) among 20 ash dieback infected host tree populations of F. excelsior on the island Gotland in the Baltic Sea, Sweden. From this, we used structured scenario projections scaled with empirical data of ash dieback disease to generate probabilistic models for estimating local and regional lichen coextinction risks. Average coextinction probabilities (Ā) were 0.38 (95% CI ±0.09) for lichens occurring on F. excelsior and 0.14 (95% CI ±0.03) when considering lichen persistence on all tree species. Ā was strongly linked to local disease incidence levels and generally increasing with lichen host specificity to F. excelsior and decreasing population size. Coextinctions reduced affiliate community viability, with significant local reductions in species richness and shifts in lichen species composition. Affiliates were projected to become locally extirpated before their hosts, illuminating the need to also consider host tree declines. Traditionally managed open wooded meadows had the highest incidence of ash dieback disease and significantly higher proportions of affiliate species projected to go extinct, compared with unmanaged closed forests and semi-open grazed sites. Most cothreatened species were not previously red-listed, which suggest that tree epidemics cause many unforeseen threats to species. Our analysis shows that epidemic tree deaths represent an insidious, mostly overlooked, threat to sessile affiliate communities in forested environments. Current conservation and

Binary Tree Pricing to Convertible Bonds with Credit Risk under Stochastic Interest Rates

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Jianbo Huang

2013-01-01

Full Text Available The convertible bonds usually have multiple additional provisions that make their pricing problem more difficult than straight bonds and options. This paper uses the binary tree method to model the finance market. As the underlying stock prices and the interest rates are important to the convertible bonds, we describe their dynamic processes by different binary tree. Moreover, we consider the influence of the credit risks on the convertible bonds that is described by the default rate and the recovery rate; then the two-factor binary tree model involving the credit risk is established. On the basis of the theoretical analysis, we make numerical simulation and get the pricing results when the stock prices are CRR model and the interest rates follow the constant volatility and the time-varying volatility, respectively. This model can be extended to other financial derivative instruments.

The Studies of Decision Tree in Estimation of Breast Cancer Risk by Using Polymorphism Nucleotide

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Frida Seyedmir

2017-07-01

Full Text Available Abstract Introduction:   Decision tree is the data mining tools to collect, accurate prediction and sift information from massive amounts of data that are used widely in the field of computational biology and bioinformatics. In bioinformatics can be predict on diseases, including breast cancer. The use of genomic data including single nucleotide polymorphisms is a very important factor in predicting the risk of diseases. The number of seven important SNP among hundreds of thousands genetic markers were identified as factors associated with breast cancer. The objective of this study is to evaluate the training data on decision tree predictor error of the risk of breast cancer by using single nucleotide polymorphism genotype. Methods: The risk of breast cancer were calculated associated with the use of SNP formula:xj = fo * In human,  The decision tree can be used To predict the probability of disease using single nucleotide polymorphisms .Seven SNP with different odds ratio associated with breast cancer considered and coding and design of decision tree model, C4.5, by  Csharp2013 programming language were done. In the decision tree created with the coding, the four important associated SNP was considered. The decision tree error in two case of coding and using WEKA were assessment and percentage of decision tree accuracy in prediction of breast cancer were calculated. The number of trained samples was obtained with systematic sampling. With coding, two scenarios as well as software WEKA, three scenarios with different sets of data and the number of different learning and testing, were evaluated. Results: In both scenarios of coding, by increasing the training percentage from 66/66 to 86/42, the error reduced from 55/56 to 9/09. Also by running of WEKA on three scenarios with different sets of data, the number of different education, and different tests by increasing records number from 81 to 2187, the error rate decreased from 48/15 to 13

La mise en spectacle de la mort dans deux pièces du théâtre espagnol du Siècle d’Or

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Odile Lasserre Dempure

2012-08-01

Full Text Available Dans Fuente Ovejuna (1613 de Lope de Vega et La serrana de la Vera (1613 de Luis Vélez de Guevara, la mort est spectacle. Cette mise en spectacle de la mort, qui doit être replacée dans le contexte d’une esthétique macabre caractéristique de la période baroque, s’articule sur de multiples réseaux de sens dont nous tentons de dégager quelques lignes directrices. Une lecture attentive de la façon dont la mort et le cadavre sont mis en scène permet de comprendre que pour l’imaginaire de l’époque, cette mise en spectacle de la mort est surtout mise en spectacle de la vie. La mort, effroyable mais bienfaisante, est une mort génératrice de vie.En Fuente Ovejuna (1613, de Lope de Vega, y en La Serrana de la Vera (1613, de Luis Vélez de Guevara, la muerte es un espectáculo. Esta representación de la muerte, que debe ser situada en el contexto de una estética macabra propia al barroco, adquiere múltiples significados que trataremos de determinar y poner en relieve. Una lectura atenta de la manera cómo la muerte y el cadáver son expuestos, nos permite deducir que para el imaginario de la época esta representación de la muerte es más que nada una representación de la vida. La muerte, espantosa pero benéfica, es una muerte generadora de vida.

Predicting climate change extirpation risk for central and southern Appalachian forest tree species

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Kevin M. Potter; William W. Hargrove; Frank H. Koch

2010-01-01

Climate change will likely pose a severe threat to the viability of certain forest tree species, which will be forced either to adapt to new conditions or to shift to more favorable environments if they are to survive. Several forest tree species of the central and southern Appalachians may be at particular risk, since they occur in limited high-elevation ranges and/or...

Maintenance cost, toppling risk and size of trees in a self-thinning stand.

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Larjavaara, Markku

2010-07-07

Wind routinely topples trees during storms, and the likelihood that a tree is toppled depends critically on its allometry. Yet none of the existing theories to explain tree allometry consider wind drag on tree canopies. Since leaf area index in crowded, self-thinning stands is independent of stand density, the drag force per unit land can also be assumed to be independent of stand density, with only canopy height influencing the total toppling moment. Tree stem dimensions and the self-thinning biomass can then be computed by further assuming that the risk of toppling over and stem maintenance per unit land area are independent of stand density, and that stem maintenance cost is a linear function of stem surface area and sapwood volume. These assumptions provide a novel way to understand tree allometry and lead to a self-thinning line relating tree biomass and stand density with a power between -3/2 and -2/3 depending on the ratio of maintenance of sapwood and stem surface. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Trait acclimation mitigates mortality risks of tropical canopy trees under global warming

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Frank eSterck

2016-05-01

Full Text Available There is a heated debate about the effect of global change on tropical forests. Many scientists predict large-scale tree mortality while others point to mitigating roles of CO2 fertilization and – the notoriously unknown – physiological trait acclimation of trees. In this opinion article we provided a first quantification of the potential of trait acclimation to mitigate the negative effects of warming on tropical canopy tree growth and survival. We applied a physiological tree growth model that incorporates trait acclimation through an optimization approach. Our model estimated the maximum effect of acclimation when trees optimize traits that are strongly plastic on a week to annual time scale (leaf photosynthetic capacity, total leaf area, stem sapwood area to maximize carbon gain. We simulated tree carbon gain for temperatures (25-35ºC and ambient CO2 concentrations (390-800 ppm predicted for the 21st century. Full trait acclimation increased simulated carbon gain by up to 10-20% and the maximum tolerated temperature by up to 2ºC, thus reducing risks of tree death under predicted warming. Functional trait acclimation may thus increase the resilience of tropical trees to warming, but cannot prevent tree death during extremely hot and dry years at current CO2 levels. We call for incorporating trait acclimation in field and experimental studies of plant functional traits, and in models that predict responses of tropical forests to climate change.

Trait Acclimation Mitigates Mortality Risks of Tropical Canopy Trees under Global Warming

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Sterck, Frank; Anten, Niels P. R.; Schieving, Feike; Zuidema, Pieter A.

2016-01-01

There is a heated debate about the effect of global change on tropical forests. Many scientists predict large-scale tree mortality while others point to mitigating roles of CO2 fertilization and – the notoriously unknown – physiological trait acclimation of trees. In this opinion article we provided a first quantification of the potential of trait acclimation to mitigate the negative effects of warming on tropical canopy tree growth and survival. We applied a physiological tree growth model that incorporates trait acclimation through an optimization approach. Our model estimated the maximum effect of acclimation when trees optimize traits that are strongly plastic on a week to annual time scale (leaf photosynthetic capacity, total leaf area, stem sapwood area) to maximize carbon gain. We simulated tree carbon gain for temperatures (25–35°C) and ambient CO2 concentrations (390–800 ppm) predicted for the 21st century. Full trait acclimation increased simulated carbon gain by up to 10–20% and the maximum tolerated temperature by up to 2°C, thus reducing risks of tree death under predicted warming. Functional trait acclimation may thus increase the resilience of tropical trees to warming, but cannot prevent tree death during extremely hot and dry years at current CO2 levels. We call for incorporating trait acclimation in field and experimental studies of plant functional traits, and in models that predict responses of tropical forests to climate change. PMID:27242814

NÓS E A MORTE - UM ESTUDO PSICOLÓGICO "Sivis vitam, para mortem"

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Maria Margarida da Cunha Gonçalves

Full Text Available Partindo de um artigo inédito de Freud escrito em 1915, a autora estabelece comparações em relação ao comportamento humano frente a situações de morte, tendo em vista suas experiências e vivências adquiridas nos campos da Enfermagem e Psicologia.

Reações e sentimentos do profissional de enfermagem diante da morte

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Edna Lúcia Martins

Full Text Available Através deste estudo, do tipo exploratório descritivo, propomos compreender as reações e sentimentos dos profissionais de enfermagem diante dos pacientes fora de possibilidade terapêutica. Foram realizadas entrevistas individuais, semi-dirigidas, com nove profissionais de enfermagem (6 aux. de enfermagem e 3 enfermeiras de um hospital geral da cidade de Maringá-PR. Constatamos que, para estes profissionais, o fato de lidarem com a morte diariamente é extremamente angustiante e, portanto, utilizam de mecanismos de defesa tais como negação, racionalização, para conviverem com as perdas rotineiras. Isto faz com que os profissionais de enfermagem podem deixar de perceber as limitações e angústias do paciente, o que pode vir a comprometer a qualidade do trabalho assistencial. Com base nos resultados encontrados, sugerimos a criação de um espaço terapêutico no hospital, com os profissionais da saúde, para que através de grupos de reflexão a expressão das angústias, medos, impotência e dor diante da morte e do morrer possa ser facilitada e compartilhada.

Reações e sentimentos do profissional de enfermagem diante da morte

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Edna Lúcia Martins

1999-03-01

Full Text Available Através deste estudo, do tipo exploratório descritivo, propomos compreender as reações e sentimentos dos profissionais de enfermagem diante dos pacientes fora de possibilidade terapêutica. Foram realizadas entrevistas individuais, semi-dirigidas, com nove profissionais de enfermagem (6 aux. de enfermagem e 3 enfermeiras de um hospital geral da cidade de Maringá-PR. Constatamos que, para estes profissionais, o fato de lidarem com a morte diariamente é extremamente angustiante e, portanto, utilizam de mecanismos de defesa tais como negação, racionalização, para conviverem com as perdas rotineiras. Isto faz com que os profissionais de enfermagem podem deixar de perceber as limitações e angústias do paciente, o que pode vir a comprometer a qualidade do trabalho assistencial. Com base nos resultados encontrados, sugerimos a criação de um espaço terapêutico no hospital, com os profissionais da saúde, para que através de grupos de reflexão a expressão das angústias, medos, impotência e dor diante da morte e do morrer possa ser facilitada e compartilhada.

From Bruges-la-Morte to Le Mirage. The loss of a character?

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Maria Elisabetta Nieddu

2012-12-01

Full Text Available The title of Bruges-la-Morte by Georges Rodenbach's novel written in 1892, could be considered without much effort an eponymous title, considering the city of Bruges as the main character of the story. That is a statement by the same author in fact, the city is not only the place where the story develops, but the character that affects and causes actions themselves of the protagonist of the novel, the widower Hugues Viane. If the intent of the author is certainly realized in the novel, what about the city's role in the posthumous play adapted from Bruges-la-Morte, entitled Le Mirage? Shall we perhaps resign to the loss of a character, transformed irreversibly to a pure scenario? Or maybe is it possible through dialogue and staging made to recreate the atmosphere of anguish and sense of death that emanates from the Rodenbach’s canals, bells and belfries ? The objective of this proposed study is therefore to investigate the differences between the novel and the play works to highlight the different textual aspects which focuses differently in the two Rodenbach’s works.

Avatares da instância crítica: supereu entre o isso e o princípio de morte

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Maria Vilela Pinto Nakasu

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Se a clássica definição do supereu como resultado do complexo de Édipo, apresentado em "O ego e o id" (Freud, 1923/1989, tem uma longa história, o que poderia ser dito sobre a definição segundo a qual o supereu é o herdeiro do isso e sub-rogado das pulsões de morte? Como harmonizar as duas teorias que definem o supereu como o herdeiro do complexo de Édipo e herdeiro do isso? Por meio de uma análise cuidadosa de três passagens de "O eu e o isso" (Freud, 1923/1989, argumenta-se que o conceito de agressão é capital para caracterizar o vínculo entre o supereu e as pulsões de morte. As pulsões de morte não apenas determinam o caráter imperativo do supereu, a sua tendência para atacar o eu, mas são igualmente responsáveis pelas variantes deste ataque - pressão, crítica, punição e destruição. Além disso, a ampliação da teoria da identificação, sua associação com o processo de desfusão pulsional e a hipótese do caráter originário dos investimentos de objeto no isso permitem a Freud unir, no supereu, um aspecto legislativo, decorrente de sua herança edipiana ao aspecto pulsional mortífero.

Motricidade reflexa na morte cerebral The reflex activity in the brain death

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Wilson L. Sanvito

1972-03-01

Full Text Available O diagnóstico de morte cerebral está baseado em critérios clínicos, eletrencefalográficos e angiográficos. Do ponto de vista clínico deve ser evidenciado o seguinte quadro: coma profundo, midríase paralítica bilateral, ausência de reação a qualquer estímulo externo, apnéia, arreflexia superficial e profunda. Do ponto de vista eletrencefalográfico são necessários dois registros, separados por um intervalo de 24 horas, evidenciando traçados iselétricos. No presente trabalho são estudados 15 pacientes com morte cerebral comprovada do ponto de vista clínico e eletrencefalográfico. Em 8 pacientes havia persistência de atividade reflexa durante a fase de morte cerebral (reflexos profundos e/ou superficiais. Fenômenos de automatismos medulares também foram verificados em 3 pacientes.The diagnosis of brain death is based in clinical, electroencephalographic and angiographic data. The criteria for diagnosis of brain death are: deep coma with unreceptivity and unresponsiveness, no movements or breathing (the patient's respiration must be maintained artificially, bilateral dilated and fixed pupils, absence of corneal reflexes, no response to caloric test, absence of deep tendon reflexes and of the superficial abdominal and plantar reflexes, isoelectric EEG maintained for twenty-four hours. The purpose of this study was to observe the natural clinical courses of 15 patients with brain death, specially the data concerning the deep and superficial reflexes. From 15 patients fulfilling the criteria of brain death, 8 maintained spinal reflexes up to the time of cardiac arrest; in five of these patients the superficial abdominal reflexes were present and the reflexes of spinal automatism could be elicited. These results show that the absence of deep and superficial reflexes can't be considered as essencial for the diagnosis of brain death.

Paradoxo e medo da morte: dimensões tanatológicas na obra de SØren Kierkegaard

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Alessandro Gonçalves Campolina

2016-04-01

Full Text Available A morte enquanto possibilidade é uma das questões centrais problematizadas pela filosofia existencial de Soeren A. Kierkegaard. Assumir a responsabilidade por “tornar-se o que se é”, em um mergulho corajoso nas múltiplas possibilidades da existência, parece ser a grande conquista dos que acreditam na vida, afirmando a cada instante, o apelo inadiável da decisão. Para tanto, um pensamento profundo do desespero é necessário para encontrar o paradoxo absoluto e a superação do medo da morte. A partir dos conceitos de angústia, desespero, “doença até a morte” e “mortalmente doente”, o presente estudo pretende investigar as dimensões tanatológicas que atravessam a obra do filósofo dinamarquês.

A morte em horário nobre: a espetacularização da notícia no telejornalismo brasileiro

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Negrini, Michele

2010-01-01

A morte é uma temática permeada por complexidades e as significações que assume para os homens são distintas. Desta forma, a manifestação da finitude humana no espaço televisivo oferece uma riqueza de possibilidades para investigações acadêmicas. As reportagens que abordam a morte no Jornal Nacional e no Jornal da Band são o foco desta pesquisa, que busca verificar que caracterização os dois telejornais dão à temática da finitude humana, na perspectiva do contexto da cultura das sociedades oc...

Acidente de trabalho, morte e fatalismo Work accident, death and fatalism

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Izabel Cristina Ferreira Borsoi

2005-04-01

Full Text Available Este artigo se propõe discutir a atitude fatalista diante do acidente de trabalho e da morte. Toma como suporte empírico a representação que trabalhadores acidentados na construção civil constroem acerca daqueles eventos. Parte de um conjunto de entrevistas com seis trabalhadores que se encontravam afastados do trabalho por invalidez decorrente do acidente. A análise realizada busca mostrar que os indivíduos tendem a construir explicações e justificativas a partir de uma perspectiva fatalista de modo a poderem aceitar e conviver com o medo do acidente e da morte ou com a dor da perda. Argumenta também que a atitude fatalista, não pode se modificar apenas com a tomada de consciência, por parte dos trabalhadores, de que acidentes e mortes no trabalho estão relacionados a condições precárias de trabalho. Para modificarem suas atitudes, seria necessário, também, que experimentassem novas condições de vida e trabalho, podendo, assim, construir uma nova concepção de mundo e de vida.This article proposes a discussion about the fatalistic posture adopted when a worker faces work accidents and death. It has its empirical support on the representation which injured construction workers create about these events. The study was based on interviews made with six workers who were unable to return to work due to the disability caused by accidents. The accomplished analysis intends to show that the individuals create explanations and justifications based on a fatalistic perspective. This way of thinking enables them to accept and to live with the fear of accidents and death, or with the pain caused by a loss. It also argues that the fatalistic attitude cannot be modified only by understanding that accidents and deaths that happen at the work environment are related to its precarious conditions. In order to change this attitude, it would be necessary to experience new conditions of life and work, so that the workers would be able to create

Morte de Deus e niilismo em O sétimo selo

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Rafael Rocha da Rosa

2013-10-01

Full Text Available Este artigo apresenta uma interpretação da obra O sétimo selo, de Bergman, à luz do niilismo oriundo da morte de Deus, proposto por Nietzsche. Acreditamos que o cineasta alcançou o êxito ao retratar em imagens os conceitos elaborados pelo filósofo, de tal modo que, nesse caso, a filosofia não sobrepõe o cinema, outra forma criadora de pensamento e reflexão.

Heroic Register, Oral Tradition, and the Alliterative Morte Arthure

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Rebecca Richardson Mouser

2011-10-01

Full Text Available By employing an oral traditional approach to the text, this essay investigates how the use of alliteration and speech-acts in the _Alliterative Morte Arthure_ establishes a heroic register that marks the poem as participating in a tradition hearkening back to Old English heroic models. The text begins with an appeal to the audience to listen and to hear the tale, highlighting the importance of aurality and speech and signaling a way to “read” the poem that distinguishes it from Anglo-Norman literary tradition. By making such distinctions, this approach elucidates passages often deemed confusing, such as the two narrated deaths of the Roman Emperor Lucius.

Morte e ressurreição: uma reflexão sobre as adaptações fílmicas "Dom Quixote" e "Hamlet", de Kozintsev

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Thayane Morais Silva

2017-03-01

Full Text Available RESUMOAo considerar os “400 anos da morte de Shakespeare e Cervantes”, é impossível não associar as obras desses respectivos autores à questão da autoria, tema tão recorrente nos Estudos Literários, amplamente discutido por Barthes Foucault e Agamben. Se passaram 400 anos desde a morte do corpo, e não da morte do legado artístico –é sempre bom lembrar, desses dois escritores.  Entretanto, diante de tantas reproduções técnicas que desencadearam a destruição da aura da obra de arte, propomos estabelecer uma relação entre a morte autoral desses dois autores e os conceitos que Walter Benjamin delineou para esclarecer a situação da obra de arte na era de sua reprodutibilidade técnica. A fim de exemplificar como a autoria de Cervantes e de Shakespeare é mortificada a partir de suas próprias obras, iremos investigar duas adaptações cinematográficas, Dom Quixote e Hamlet, ambas dirigidas por Grigori Kozintsev.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Shakespeare; Cervantes; Autoria; Reprodutibilidade técnica; Adaptação cinematográfica.

The Book of the Sick of Santa Maria della Morte in Bologna and the Medical Organization of a Hospital in the Sixteenth-Century.

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Savoia, Paolo

2016-01-01

In 2012 a manuscript was rediscovered in the Biblioteca dell'Archiginnasio of Bologna, titled Libro degli infermi dell'Arciconfraternita di S. Maria della Morte. It is the record of incoming patients of one for the main hospitals of the city, devoted exclusively to the sick poor and not just to the poor, called Santa Maria della Morte, compiled by a young student assistant (astante) for the period 1558-1564. I publish here a transcription of a portion of this Libro pertaining to the year 1560. My introduction situates the manuscript within the context of the history of early modern Italian hospitals, describes the organization of the hospital of Santa Maria della Morte based on archival sources of the period, and finally highlights the connections between surgical and anatomical education and the internal organization of the hospital.

Percepção do corpo, medo da morte, religião e doação de órgãos

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Bendassolli Pedro Fernando

2001-01-01

Full Text Available O objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de levantar as principais razões que levam estudantes universitários a doarem seus órgãos para transplante e as relações entre a doação de órgãos, o medo da morte e a religião dos participantes. Para tanto, foram realizados três estudos interdependentes, os quais somaram a participação de 192 estudantes de uma universidade pública do Estado de São Paulo. Os resultados obtidos nestes estudos sugerem, como sendo as principais razões para a doação: desejo de continuar a vida do outro; reaproveitamento dos órgãos; dar qualidade de vida aos que necessitam de um transplante; inutilidade do corpo após a morte. Quanto à não doação, as principais razões foram: crítica à lei dos transplantes; crítica ao sistema de saúde brasileiro; razões bioéticas, tais como receio de morte premeditada e contrabando de órgãos. Nestes estudos não foi encontrada relação significativa entre religião e doação de órgãos, mas foi encontrada entre o medo da morte e a não doação.

The risk factors of laryngeal pathology in Korean adults using a decision tree model.

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Byeon, Haewon

2015-01-01

The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors affecting laryngeal pathology in the Korean population and to evaluate the derived prediction model. Cross-sectional study. Data were drawn from the 2008 Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey. The subjects were 3135 persons (1508 male and 2114 female) aged 19 years and older living in the community. The independent variables were age, sex, occupation, smoking, alcohol drinking, and self-reported voice problems. A decision tree analysis was done to identify risk factors for predicting a model of laryngeal pathology. The significant risk factors of laryngeal pathology were age, gender, occupation, smoking, and self-reported voice problem in decision tree model. Four significant paths were identified in the decision tree model for the prediction of laryngeal pathology. Those identified as high risk groups for laryngeal pathology included those who self-reported a voice problem, those who were males in their 50s who did not recognize a voice problem, those who were not economically active males in their 40s, and male workers aged 19 and over and under 50 or 60 and over who currently smoked. The results of this study suggest that individual risk factors, such as age, sex, occupation, health behavior, and self-reported voice problem, affect the onset of laryngeal pathology in a complex manner. Based on the results of this study, early management of the high-risk groups is needed for the prevention of laryngeal pathology. Copyright © 2015 The Voice Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Expert risk perceptions and the social amplification of risk: A case study in invasive tree pests and diseases.

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Urquhart, Julie; Potter, Clive; Barnett, Julie; Fellenor, John; Mumford, John; Quine, Christopher P

2017-11-01

The Social Amplification of Risk Framework (SARF) is often used as a conceptual tool for studying diverse risk perceptions associated with environmental hazards. While widely applied, it has been criticised for implying that it is possible to define a benchmark 'real' risk that is determined by experts and around which public risk perceptions can subsequently become amplified. It has been argued that this objectification of risk is particularly problematic when there are high levels of scientific uncertainty and a lack of expert consensus about the nature of a risk and its impacts. In order to explore this further, this paper examines how 'experts' - defined in this case as scientists, policy makers, outbreak managers and key stakeholders - construct and assemble their understanding of the risks associated with two invasive tree pest and disease outbreaks in the UK, ash dieback and oak processionary moth. Through semi-structured interviews with experts in each of the case study outbreaks, the paper aims to better understand the nature of information sources drawn on to construct perceptions of tree health risks, especially when uncertainty is prevalent. A key conclusion is that risk assessment is a socially-mediated, relational and incremental process with experts drawing on a range of official, anecdotal and experiential sources of information, as well as reference to past events in order to assemble the risk case. Aligned with this, experts make attributions about public concern, especially when the evidence base is incomplete and there is a need to justify policy and management actions and safeguard reputation.

Risk Factors of Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Logistic Regression Tree Analysis

Science.gov (United States)

Yamashita, Takashi; Noe, Douglas A.; Bailer, A. John

2012-01-01

Purpose of the Study: A novel logistic regression tree-based method was applied to identify fall risk factors and possible interaction effects of those risk factors. Design and Methods: A nationally representative sample of American older adults aged 65 years and older (N = 9,592) in the Health and Retirement Study 2004 and 2006 modules was used.…

The risk of disabling, surgery and reoperation in Crohn's disease - A decision tree-based approach to prognosis.

Science.gov (United States)

Dias, Cláudia Camila; Pereira Rodrigues, Pedro; Fernandes, Samuel; Portela, Francisco; Ministro, Paula; Martins, Diana; Sousa, Paula; Lago, Paula; Rosa, Isadora; Correia, Luis; Moura Santos, Paula; Magro, Fernando

2017-01-01

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease known to carry a high risk of disabling and many times requiring surgical interventions. This article describes a decision-tree based approach that defines the CD patients' risk or undergoing disabling events, surgical interventions and reoperations, based on clinical and demographic variables. This multicentric study involved 1547 CD patients retrospectively enrolled and divided into two cohorts: a derivation one (80%) and a validation one (20%). Decision trees were built upon applying the CHAIRT algorithm for the selection of variables. Three-level decision trees were built for the risk of disabling and reoperation, whereas the risk of surgery was described in a two-level one. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed, and the area under the curves (AUC) Was higher than 70% for all outcomes. The defined risk cut-off values show usefulness for the assessed outcomes: risk levels above 75% for disabling had an odds test positivity of 4.06 [3.50-4.71], whereas risk levels below 34% and 19% excluded surgery and reoperation with an odds test negativity of 0.15 [0.09-0.25] and 0.50 [0.24-1.01], respectively. Overall, patients with B2 or B3 phenotype had a higher proportion of disabling disease and surgery, while patients with later introduction of pharmacological therapeutic (1 months after initial surgery) had a higher proportion of reoperation. The decision-tree based approach used in this study, with demographic and clinical variables, has shown to be a valid and useful approach to depict such risks of disabling, surgery and reoperation.

Relation between environmental variables and the fish community structure in streams of das Mortes and Xingu river basins – MT, Brazil

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Priscylla Rodrigues Matos

2013-09-01

Full Text Available Environmental variables may determine and structure the composition of fish fauna. Studies comparing differences between physical and chemical variables of water between close river basins are few. This paper aimed to check which limnological variables are related to the distribution of fish species in two river basins. For this, 20 streams were sampled, divided between das Mortes and Xingu river basins. At each point one measured a total of 8 environmental variables. Fishes were collected through trawl. Total richness was 57 species, 29 of them from Xingu river basin, 35 from das Mortes river basin, and 7 species common to both river basins. The analyses showed that the streams in these two basins have distinct limnological and faunal features. The streams in Xingu river basin had lower pH values which may have been influenced by the high rates of organic decomposition. The streams of das Mortes river showed higher values of suspended matter and chlorophyll, probably due to higher degradation of streams and lower vegetation cover levels.

The Combined Application of Fault Trees and Turbine Cycle Simulation in Generation Risk Assessment

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Heo, Gyun Young; Park, Jin Kyun

2009-01-01

The paper describes a few ideas developed for the framework to quantify human errors taking place during the test and maintenance (T and M) in a secondary system of nuclear power plants, which was presented in the previous meeting. GRA-HRE (Generation Risk Assessment for Human Related Events) is composed of four essential components, the human error interpreter, the frequency estimator, the risk estimator, and the derate estimator. The proposed GRA gave emphasis on explicitly considering human errors, performing fault tree analysis including the entire balance-of-plant side, and quantifying electric loss under abnormal plant configurations. In terms of the consideration of human errors, it was hard to distinguish the effects of human errors from other failure modes in the conventional GRA because the human errors were implicitly involved in mechanical failure mode. Since the risk estimator in GRA-HRE separately deals with the basic events representing human error modes such as control failure, wrong object, omission, wrong action, etc., we can recognize their relative importance comparing with other types of mechanical failures. Other specialties in GRA-HRE came from the combined application of fault tree analysis and turbine cycle simulation. The previous study suggested that we would use the fault tree analysis with the top events designated by system's malfunction such as 'feedwater system failure' to develop the risk estimator. However, this approach could not clearly provide the path of propagation of human errors, and it was difficult to present the failure logics in some cases. In order to overcome these bottlenecks, the paper is going to propose the modified idea to setup top events and to explain how to make use of turbine cycle simulation to complete the fault trees in a cooperative manner

Approximate dynamic fault tree calculations for modelling water supply risks

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lindhe, Andreas; Norberg, Tommy; Rosén, Lars

2012-01-01

Traditional fault tree analysis is not always sufficient when analysing complex systems. To overcome the limitations dynamic fault tree (DFT) analysis is suggested in the literature as well as different approaches for how to solve DFTs. For added value in fault tree analysis, approximate DFT calculations based on a Markovian approach are presented and evaluated here. The approximate DFT calculations are performed using standard Monte Carlo simulations and do not require simulations of the full Markov models, which simplifies model building and in particular calculations. It is shown how to extend the calculations of the traditional OR- and AND-gates, so that information is available on the failure probability, the failure rate and the mean downtime at all levels in the fault tree. Two additional logic gates are presented that make it possible to model a system's ability to compensate for failures. This work was initiated to enable correct analyses of water supply risks. Drinking water systems are typically complex with an inherent ability to compensate for failures that is not easily modelled using traditional logic gates. The approximate DFT calculations are compared to results from simulations of the corresponding Markov models for three water supply examples. For the traditional OR- and AND-gates, and one gate modelling compensation, the errors in the results are small. For the other gate modelling compensation, the error increases with the number of compensating components. The errors are, however, in most cases acceptable with respect to uncertainties in input data. The approximate DFT calculations improve the capabilities of fault tree analysis of drinking water systems since they provide additional and important information and are simple and practically applicable.

Obesity as a risk factor for developing functional limitation among older adults: A conditional inference tree analysis.

Science.gov (United States)

Cheng, Feon W; Gao, Xiang; Bao, Le; Mitchell, Diane C; Wood, Craig; Sliwinski, Martin J; Smiciklas-Wright, Helen; Still, Christopher D; Rolston, David D K; Jensen, Gordon L

2017-07-01

To examine the risk factors of developing functional decline and make probabilistic predictions by using a tree-based method that allows higher order polynomials and interactions of the risk factors. The conditional inference tree analysis, a data mining approach, was used to construct a risk stratification algorithm for developing functional limitation based on BMI and other potential risk factors for disability in 1,951 older adults without functional limitations at baseline (baseline age 73.1 ± 4.2 y). We also analyzed the data with multivariate stepwise logistic regression and compared the two approaches (e.g., cross-validation). Over a mean of 9.2 ± 1.7 years of follow-up, 221 individuals developed functional limitation. Higher BMI, age, and comorbidity were consistently identified as significant risk factors for functional decline using both methods. Based on these factors, individuals were stratified into four risk groups via the conditional inference tree analysis. Compared to the low-risk group, all other groups had a significantly higher risk of developing functional limitation. The odds ratio comparing two extreme categories was 9.09 (95% confidence interval: 4.68, 17.6). Higher BMI, age, and comorbid disease were consistently identified as significant risk factors for functional decline among older individuals across all approaches and analyses. © 2017 The Obesity Society.

Mortes de mulheres internadas para parto e por aborto e de seus conceptos em maternidades públicas

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Pauline Lorena Kale

Full Text Available Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar mortes de mulheres internadas para parto e por aborto, e de seus conceptos – fetais e neonatais – em maternidades públicas nas cidades de São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Niterói (RJ, em 2011. Estudo seccional de base hospitalar. Participaram 7.845 mulheres resultando em um óbito materno, 498 abortos, 65 óbitos fetais, 44 óbitos neonatais e 7.291 sobreviventes infantis. Dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevista, consulta ao prontuário, cartão da gestante e no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM. Foi descrita a população de estudo e estimados a concordância da causa básica (SIM e certificada pela pesquisa e os indicadores de mortalidade. A mortalidade materna foi 13,6 por cem mil nascidos vivos (NV, fetal 8,8‰ nascimentos e neonatal 6,0‰ NV. Misoprostol foi o medicamento mais utilizado no aborto provocado. Transtornos respiratórios e fatores maternos foram as principais causas entre óbitos fetais e neonatais. Sífilis congênita, diabetes e causas de morte fetal não especificada foram subdeclaradas no SIM. Os coeficientes kappa por capítulo foram 0,70 (neonatais e 0,54 (natimortos. A assistência de boa qualidade no planejamento reprodutivo, pré-natal, durante o parto e nascimento resultará na prevenção das mortes.

Genetically engineered trees for plantation forests: key considerations for environmental risk assessment.

Science.gov (United States)

Häggman, Hely; Raybould, Alan; Borem, Aluizio; Fox, Thomas; Handley, Levis; Hertzberg, Magnus; Lu, Meng-Zu; Macdonald, Philip; Oguchi, Taichi; Pasquali, Giancarlo; Pearson, Les; Peter, Gary; Quemada, Hector; Séguin, Armand; Tattersall, Kylie; Ulian, Eugênio; Walter, Christian; McLean, Morven

2013-09-01

Forests are vital to the world's ecological, social, cultural and economic well-being yet sustainable provision of goods and services from forests is increasingly challenged by pressures such as growing demand for wood and other forest products, land conversion and degradation, and climate change. Intensively managed, highly productive forestry incorporating the most advanced methods for tree breeding, including the application of genetic engineering (GE), has tremendous potential for producing more wood on less land. However, the deployment of GE trees in plantation forests is a controversial topic and concerns have been particularly expressed about potential harms to the environment. This paper, prepared by an international group of experts in silviculture, forest tree breeding, forest biotechnology and environmental risk assessment (ERA) that met in April 2012, examines how the ERA paradigm used for GE crop plants may be applied to GE trees for use in plantation forests. It emphasizes the importance of differentiating between ERA for confined field trials of GE trees, and ERA for unconfined or commercial-scale releases. In the case of the latter, particular attention is paid to characteristics of forest trees that distinguish them from shorter-lived plant species, the temporal and spatial scale of forests, and the biodiversity of the plantation forest as a receiving environment. © 2013 ILSI Research Foundation. Plant Biotechnology Journal published by Society for Experimental Biology, Association of Applied Biologists and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Compte rendu critique du livre Voir son steak comme un animal mort, de Martin Gibert

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Drolet, Marie-Josée

2016-10-01

Full Text Available This critical review provides, first, a step-by-step synthesis of the arguments presented in each chapter of Martin Gibert’s bookVoir son steak comme un animal mort (Seeing your steak as a dead animal. Second, a critical perspective of the book and a personal reflection are presented.

Using incident response trees as a tool for risk management of online financial services.

Science.gov (United States)

Gorton, Dan

2014-09-01

The article introduces the use of probabilistic risk assessment for modeling the incident response process of online financial services. The main contribution is the creation of incident response trees, using event tree analysis, which provides us with a visual tool and a systematic way to estimate the probability of a successful incident response process against the currently known risk landscape, making it possible to measure the balance between front-end and back-end security measures. The model is presented using an illustrative example, and is then applied to the incident response process of a Swedish bank. Access to relevant data is verified and the applicability and usability of the proposed model is verified using one year of historical data. Potential advantages and possible shortcomings are discussed, referring to both the design phase and the operational phase, and future work is presented. © 2014 Society for Risk Analysis.

Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Hydraulic Fracturing in Unconventional Reservoirs by Means of Fault Tree Analysis: An Initial Discussion

Science.gov (United States)

Rodak, C. M.; McHugh, R.; Wei, X.

2016-12-01

The development and combination of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing has unlocked unconventional hydrocarbon reserves around the globe. These advances have triggered a number of concerns regarding aquifer contamination and over-exploitation, leading to scientific studies investigating potential risks posed by directional hydraulic fracturing activities. These studies, balanced with potential economic benefits of energy production, are a crucial source of information for communities considering the development of unconventional reservoirs. However, probabilistic quantification of the overall risk posed by hydraulic fracturing at the system level are rare. Here we present the concept of fault tree analysis to determine the overall probability of groundwater contamination or over-exploitation, broadly referred to as the probability of failure. The potential utility of fault tree analysis for the quantification and communication of risks is approached with a general application. However, the fault tree design is robust and can handle various combinations of regional-specific data pertaining to relevant spatial scales, geological conditions, and industry practices where available. All available data are grouped into quantity and quality-based impacts and sub-divided based on the stage of the hydraulic fracturing process in which the data is relevant as described by the USEPA. Each stage is broken down into the unique basic events required for failure; for example, to quantify the risk of an on-site spill we must consider the likelihood, magnitude, composition, and subsurface transport of the spill. The structure of the fault tree described above can be used to render a highly complex system of variables into a straightforward equation for risk calculation based on Boolean logic. This project shows the utility of fault tree analysis for the visual communication of the potential risks of hydraulic fracturing activities on groundwater resources.

Mortality in Transition: Study Protocol of the PrivMort Project, a multilevel convenience cohort study.

Science.gov (United States)

Irdam, Darja; King, Lawrence; Gugushvili, Alexi; Azarova, Aytalina; Fazekas, Mihaly; Scheiring, Gabor; Stefler, Denes; Doniec, Katarzyna; Horvat, Pia; Kolesnikova, Irina; Popov, Vladimir; Szelenyi, Ivan; Marmot, Michael; Murphy, Michael; McKee, Martin; Bobak, Martin

2016-07-30

Previous research using routine data identified rapid mass privatisation as an important driver of mortality crisis following the collapse of Communism in Central and Eastern Europe. However, existing studies on the mortality crisis relying on individual level or routine data cannot assess both distal (societal) and proximal (individual) causes of mortality simultaneously. The aim of the PrivMort Project is to overcome these limitations and to investigate the role of societal factors (particularly rapid mass privatisation) and individual-level factors (e.g. alcohol consumption) in the mortality changes in post-communist countries. The PrivMort conducts large-sample surveys in Russia, Belarus and Hungary. The approach is unique in comparing towns that have undergone rapid privatisation of their key industrial enterprises with those that experienced more gradual forms of privatisation, employing a multi-level retrospective cohort design that combines data on the industrial characteristics of the towns, socio-economic descriptions of the communities, settlement-level data, individual socio-economic characteristics, and individuals' health behaviour. It then incorporates data on mortality of different types of relatives of survey respondents, employing a retrospective demographic approach, which enables linkage of historical patterns of mortality to exposures, based on experiences of family members. By May 2016, 63,073 respondents provided information on themselves and 205,607 relatives, of whom 102,971 had died. The settlement-level dataset contains information on 539 settlements and 12,082 enterprises in these settlements in Russia, 96 settlements and 271 enterprises in Belarus, and 52 settlement and 148 enterprises in Hungary. In addition to reinforcing existing evidence linking smoking, hazardous drinking and unemployment to mortality, the PrivMort dataset will investigate the variation in transition experiences for individual respondents and their families across

An algorithm for sequential tail value at risk for path-independent payoffs in a binomial tree

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Roorda, Berend

2010-01-01

We present an algorithm that determines Sequential Tail Value at Risk (STVaR) for path-independent payoffs in a binomial tree. STVaR is a dynamic version of Tail-Value-at-Risk (TVaR) characterized by the property that risk levels at any moment must be in the range of risk levels later on. The

Regression Trees Identify Relevant Interactions: Can This Improve the Predictive Performance of Risk Adjustment?

Science.gov (United States)

Buchner, Florian; Wasem, Jürgen; Schillo, Sonja

2017-01-01

Risk equalization formulas have been refined since their introduction about two decades ago. Because of the complexity and the abundance of possible interactions between the variables used, hardly any interactions are considered. A regression tree is used to systematically search for interactions, a methodologically new approach in risk equalization. Analyses are based on a data set of nearly 2.9 million individuals from a major German social health insurer. A two-step approach is applied: In the first step a regression tree is built on the basis of the learning data set. Terminal nodes characterized by more than one morbidity-group-split represent interaction effects of different morbidity groups. In the second step the 'traditional' weighted least squares regression equation is expanded by adding interaction terms for all interactions detected by the tree, and regression coefficients are recalculated. The resulting risk adjustment formula shows an improvement in the adjusted R 2 from 25.43% to 25.81% on the evaluation data set. Predictive ratios are calculated for subgroups affected by the interactions. The R 2 improvement detected is only marginal. According to the sample level performance measures used, not involving a considerable number of morbidity interactions forms no relevant loss in accuracy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Decision support for mitigating the risk of tree induced transmission line failure in utility rights-of-way.

Science.gov (United States)

Poulos, H M; Camp, A E

2010-02-01

Vegetation management is a critical component of rights-of-way (ROW) maintenance for preventing electrical outages and safety hazards resulting from tree contact with conductors during storms. Northeast Utility's (NU) transmission lines are a critical element of the nation's power grid; NU is therefore under scrutiny from federal agencies charged with protecting the electrical transmission infrastructure of the United States. We developed a decision support system to focus right-of-way maintenance and minimize the potential for a tree fall episode that disables transmission capacity across the state of Connecticut. We used field data on tree characteristics to develop a system for identifying hazard trees (HTs) in the field using limited equipment to manage Connecticut power line ROW. Results from this study indicated that the tree height-to-diameter ratio, total tree height, and live crown ratio were the key characteristics that differentiated potential risk trees (danger trees) from trees with a high probability of tree fall (HTs). Products from this research can be transferred to adaptive right-of-way management, and the methods we used have great potential for future application to other regions of the United States and elsewhere where tree failure can disrupt electrical power.

Concepções de adolescentes de dois contextos sociais sobre a pena de morte Adolescents' conceptions on death penalty from two social contexts

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Miriane da Silva Santos Barboza

2011-12-01

Full Text Available Este estudo teve como objetivo conhecer as concepções sobre a pena de morte de adolescentes de dois contextos sociais diferentes. Participaram da pesquisa 220 adolescentes do sexo masculino, sendo 100 estudantes e 120 adolescentes em situação de exclusão social. Foi aplicado um instrumento que continha, dentre outras, a seguinte questão "O que você acha da pena de morte? Por quê?". De um modo geral, os resultados revelaram o predomínio de respostas desfavoráveis à aplicação da pena de morte. Quando comparados os dois grupos de adolescentes, constatou-se que os estudantes se dividiram entre favoráveis e desfavoráveis à aplicação da pena de morte e os adolescentes em situação de exclusão mostraram-se predominantemente desfavoráveis. No que tange aos argumentos utilizados pelos participantes do presente estudo, a favor ou contra a pena de morte, nota-se que são concepções semelhantes aos que vêm sendo utilizadas no meio científico e filosófico e nos estudos empíricos.This study aimed to discover adolescents' conceptions on the death penalty from two different social contexts. About 220 male adolescents participated of this research, 100 students and 120 adolescents in social exclusion situation. An instrument was used which contained, among others, the following question: "What do you think about the death penalty? Why?" In general, results revealed the predominance of responses against the application of death penalty. When the two adolescent groups were compared, it was discovered that the students were divided in proponents and opponents to the application of death penalty, and the adolescents in exclusion situation demonstrated opposition to this issue. Concerning the arguments in favor or against the death penalty, those used by the participants of this study, it was highlighted that they were similar to scientific and philosophic conceptions and to empirical studies.

Direito de morte e dever de vida: a mídia como canal de tecnologias políticas

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Jeferson Bertolini

2015-07-01

Full Text Available http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1806-5023.2015v12n1p64 Este artigo trata de duas tecnologias políticas descritas por Michel Foucault: o direito de causar a morte e o poder de causar a vida. O texto resgata dois temas tratados pelo autor (suplício e biopoder para discutir dois eventos em voga na mídia: o fuzilamento de traficantes na Indonésia (direito de causar a morte? e o avanço do noticiário em prol de uma vida saudável (poder de causar a vida?. O manuscrito conclui que a interação dessas tecnologias políticas promove uma espécie de habitus moderno, que produzir corpos politicamente dóceis e economicamente rentáveis.

Estudo dos processos de mobilização, ativação e apoptose das células da medula óssea em modelo de morte encefálica em ratos

OpenAIRE

Laura Menegat

2016-01-01

INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos experimentais suportam a evidência de leucopenia persistente desencadeada pela morte encefálica (ME). OBJETIVO: Esse estudo teve como objetivo investigar o comportamento leucocitário na medula óssea e no sangue após a morte encefálica em ratos. MÉTODOS: A morte encefálica foi induzida através da inserção e insuflação rápida de um cateter no espaço intracraniano. Ratos falso-operados (FO) foram apenas trepanados. Decorridas seis horas, as células da medula óssea, coletadas ...

CAUSAS DE MORTE E RAZÕES PARA EUTANÁSIA DE CÃES

OpenAIRE

Rafael Almeida Fighera

2008-01-01

A crescente aproximação afetiva entre os cães e o homem fez com que nos últimos anos fosse gerada muita informação científica sobre medicina canina. Entretanto, como a maior parte dessas informações é obtida através da literatura internacional, é comum que os clínicos e patologistas veterinários brasileiros necessitem extrapolar dados referentes à prevalência das diferentes doenças que causam morte de cães para nossa realidade. Baseado nisso, este estudo tem como objetivo principal dete...

A casa da cabeça de cavalo: a morte como lucidez

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Maria Theresa Abelha Alves

2003-03-01

Full Text Available Oromance de Teolinda Gersão, A casa da cabeça de cavalo, mesclando variados modelos narrativos, tais como o romance de folhetim, a narrativa fantástica e a metaficção historiográfica, propõe uma nova perspectiva para os fatos e os conceitos consagrados pela lógica e adota, como estratégia desconstrutora, o lúdico e o humorístico, ao discursar sobre a morte e sobre a História. 

Application fo fault tree methodology in the risk analysis of complex systems

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Vasconcelos, V. de.

1984-01-01

This study intends to describe the fault tree methodology and apply it to risk assessment of complex facilities. In the methodology description, it has been attempted to provide all the pertinent basic information, pointing out its more important aspects like, for instance, fault tree construction, evaluation techniques and their use in risk and reliability assessment of a system. In view of their importance, topics like common mode failures, human errors, data bases used in the calculations, and uncertainty evaluation of the results, will be discussed separately, each one in a chapter. For the purpose of applying the methodology, it was necessary to implement computer codes normally used for this kind of analysis. The computer codes PREP, KITT and SAMPLE, written in FORTRAN IV, were chosen, due to their availability and to the fact that they have been used in important studies of the nuclear area, like Wash-1400. With these codes, the probability of occurence of excessive pressure in the main system of the component test loop - CTC, of CDTN, was evaluated. (Author) [pt

Cadmium contamination in orchard soils and fruit trees and its potential health risk in Guangzhou, China

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Li, J.T.; Qiu, J.W.; Wang, X.W.; Zhong, Y.; Lan, C.Y.; Shu, W.S.

2006-01-01

This study examines cadmium (Cd) contamination in orchard soils and fruit trees in Guangzhou, China, and assesses its potential health risk. Soils and tissues samples of three species of fruit trees were collected from three orchards. The average soil Cd concentration was 1.27, 1.84 and 0.68 mg/kg in orchards I, II, and III, respectively. The carambola (Averrhoa carambola) accumulated exceptionally high concentrations of Cd (7.57, 10.84, 9.01 and 2.15 mg/kg dw in root, twig, leaf and fruit, respectively), being 6.0-24 times and 4.0-10 times the corresponding tissue Cd in the longan (Dimocarpus longan) and wampee (Clausena lansium), respectively. Furthermore, all Cd concentrations (0.04-0.25 mg Cd/kg fw) of the fruits exceeded the tolerance limit of cadmium in foods of PR China (0.03 mg/kg fw). Our results indicate that the carambola tree has high Cd accumulation capacity and might be a Cd accumulator; and its fruit, among the three species of fruits studied, also poses the highest potential health risk to local residents. - Carambola fruit can accumulate high levels of cadmium and may be a health risk for humans

Cadmium contamination in orchard soils and fruit trees and its potential health risk in Guangzhou, China

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Li, J.T. [School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275 (China); Qiu, J.W. [Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong (China); Wang, X.W. [School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275 (China); Zhong, Y. [School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275 (China); Lan, C.Y. [School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275 (China)]. E-mail: ls04@zsu.edu.cn; Shu, W.S. [School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275 (China)]. E-mail: ls53@zsu.edu.cn

2006-09-15

This study examines cadmium (Cd) contamination in orchard soils and fruit trees in Guangzhou, China, and assesses its potential health risk. Soils and tissues samples of three species of fruit trees were collected from three orchards. The average soil Cd concentration was 1.27, 1.84 and 0.68 mg/kg in orchards I, II, and III, respectively. The carambola (Averrhoa carambola) accumulated exceptionally high concentrations of Cd (7.57, 10.84, 9.01 and 2.15 mg/kg dw in root, twig, leaf and fruit, respectively), being 6.0-24 times and 4.0-10 times the corresponding tissue Cd in the longan (Dimocarpus longan) and wampee (Clausena lansium), respectively. Furthermore, all Cd concentrations (0.04-0.25 mg Cd/kg fw) of the fruits exceeded the tolerance limit of cadmium in foods of PR China (0.03 mg/kg fw). Our results indicate that the carambola tree has high Cd accumulation capacity and might be a Cd accumulator; and its fruit, among the three species of fruits studied, also poses the highest potential health risk to local residents. - Carambola fruit can accumulate high levels of cadmium and may be a health risk for humans.

Using decision trees to manage hospital readmission risk for acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, and pneumonia.

Science.gov (United States)

Hilbert, John P; Zasadil, Scott; Keyser, Donna J; Peele, Pamela B

2014-12-01

To improve healthcare quality and reduce costs, the Affordable Care Act places hospitals at financial risk for excessive readmissions associated with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure (HF), and pneumonia (PN). Although predictive analytics is increasingly looked to as a means for measuring, comparing, and managing this risk, many modeling tools require data inputs that are not readily available and/or additional resources to yield actionable information. This article demonstrates how hospitals and clinicians can use their own structured discharge data to create decision trees that produce highly transparent, clinically relevant decision rules for better managing readmission risk associated with AMI, HF, and PN. For illustrative purposes, basic decision trees are trained and tested using publically available data from the California State Inpatient Databases and an open-source statistical package. As expected, these simple models perform less well than other more sophisticated tools, with areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (or AUC) of 0.612, 0.583, and 0.650, respectively, but achieve a lift of at least 1.5 or greater for higher-risk patients with any of the three conditions. More importantly, they are shown to offer substantial advantages in terms of transparency and interpretability, comprehensiveness, and adaptability. By enabling hospitals and clinicians to identify important factors associated with readmissions, target subgroups of patients at both high and low risk, and design and implement interventions that are appropriate to the risk levels observed, decision trees serve as an ideal application for addressing the challenge of reducing hospital readmissions.

A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests

Science.gov (United States)

Allen, Craig D.; Macalady, A.K.; Chenchouni, H.; Bachelet, D.; McDowell, N.; Vennetier, Michel; Kitzberger, T.; Rigling, A.; Breshears, D.D.; Hogg, E.H.(T.); Gonzalez, P.; Fensham, R.; Zhang, Z.; Castro, J.; Demidova, N.; Lim, J.-H.; Allard, G.; Running, S.W.; Semerci, A.; Cobb, N.

2010-01-01

Greenhouse gas emissions have significantly altered global climate, and will continue to do so in the future. Increases in the frequency, duration, and/or severity of drought and heat stress associated with climate change could fundamentally alter the composition, structure, and biogeography of forests in many regions. Of particular concern are potential increases in tree mortality associated with climate-induced physiological stress and interactions with other climate-mediated processes such as insect outbreaks and wildfire. Despite this risk, existing projections of tree mortality are based on models that lack functionally realistic mortality mechanisms, and there has been no attempt to track observations of climate-driven tree mortality globally. Here we present the first global assessment of recent tree mortality attributed to drought and heat stress. Although episodic mortality occurs in the absence of climate change, studies compiled here suggest that at least some of the world's forested ecosystems already may be responding to climate change and raise concern that forests may become increasingly vulnerable to higher background tree mortality rates and die-off in response to future warming and drought, even in environments that are not normally considered water-limited. This further suggests risks to ecosystem services, including the loss of sequestered forest carbon and associated atmospheric feedbacks. Our review also identifies key information gaps and scientific uncertainties that currently hinder our ability to predict tree mortality in response to climate change and emphasizes the need for a globally coordinated observation system. Overall, our review reveals the potential for amplified tree mortality due to drought and heat in forests worldwide.

O exercício moral de memória da morte nos escritos religiosos do Brasil colonial (séculos XVII e XVIII)

OpenAIRE

Santos, Clara Braz dos [UNESP

2016-01-01

No Brasil, durante os séculos XVII e XVIII, pregadores e moralistas difundiram entre os colonos, por meio de sermões, livros de devoção, elogios e sonetos fúnebres, a ideia de que deveriam lembrar cotidianamente da morte, caso almejassem viver e morrer de acordo com os ditames da religião católica. A preocupação com os possíveis destinos das almas no além-túmulo – purgatório, inferno ou paraíso – foi fundamental para que esses letrados propagassem entre os colonos valores morais sobre a morte...

Mortes e crimes cometidos com armas de fogo na cidade autônoma de Buenos Aires, 2002

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Hugo Spinelli

Full Text Available A violência se constitui em um dos problemas mais graves da América Latina. O uso de pequenas e leves armas de fogo é considerada a principal responsável por este fato. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descobrir, a partir de dados do setor saúde, da justiça e da polícia, o número de mortes e crimes envolvendo armas de fogo ocorridos na cidade de Buenos Aires em 2002. Os dados sobre mortalidade e crimes foram obtidos dos Sistemas Nacionais de Estatísticas Vitais e Informação Criminal e os dados sobre apreensão de armas de fogo foram disponibilizados pela Polícia Federal. Utilizaram-se também dados de uma investigação anterior realizada por meio de entrevistas domiciliares a respeito de vitimização por armas de fogo. Durante o período ocorreram 1.304 mortes violentas, dos quais 23.7% corresponderam a mortes provocadas por armas de fogo. Dos 171 indiciamentos policiais por homicídio doloso, 60% haviam sido cometidos com armas de fogo. Das 2.108 pessoas entrevistadas, 6,7% haviam sido vítimas de um crime cometido com arma de fogo. Foram apreendidas 1.887 armas de fogo. A taxa de eventos violentos registrados foi maior nas delegacias da zona sudoeste da cidade, que se caracteriza por condições de vida mais precárias. O impacto da violência e sua relação com armas de fogo constitui-se em um tema relevante da agenda pública.

Mortality in Transition: Study Protocol of the PrivMort Project, a multilevel convenience cohort study

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Darja Irdam

2016-07-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Previous research using routine data identified rapid mass privatisation as an important driver of mortality crisis following the collapse of Communism in Central and Eastern Europe. However, existing studies on the mortality crisis relying on individual level or routine data cannot assess both distal (societal and proximal (individual causes of mortality simultaneously. The aim of the PrivMort Project is to overcome these limitations and to investigate the role of societal factors (particularly rapid mass privatisation and individual-level factors (e.g. alcohol consumption in the mortality changes in post-communist countries. Methods The PrivMort conducts large-sample surveys in Russia, Belarus and Hungary. The approach is unique in comparing towns that have undergone rapid privatisation of their key industrial enterprises with those that experienced more gradual forms of privatisation, employing a multi-level retrospective cohort design that combines data on the industrial characteristics of the towns, socio-economic descriptions of the communities, settlement-level data, individual socio-economic characteristics, and individuals’ health behaviour. It then incorporates data on mortality of different types of relatives of survey respondents, employing a retrospective demographic approach, which enables linkage of historical patterns of mortality to exposures, based on experiences of family members. By May 2016, 63,073 respondents provided information on themselves and 205,607 relatives, of whom 102,971 had died. The settlement-level dataset contains information on 539 settlements and 12,082 enterprises in these settlements in Russia, 96 settlements and 271 enterprises in Belarus, and 52 settlement and 148 enterprises in Hungary. Discussion In addition to reinforcing existing evidence linking smoking, hazardous drinking and unemployment to mortality, the PrivMort dataset will investigate the variation in transition

Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detection Decision Tree Analysis of Risk Factors for Infant Anemia in Beijing, China.

Science.gov (United States)

Ye, Fang; Chen, Zhi-Hua; Chen, Jie; Liu, Fang; Zhang, Yong; Fan, Qin-Ying; Wang, Lin

2016-05-20

In the past decades, studies on infant anemia have mainly focused on rural areas of China. With the increasing heterogeneity of population in recent years, available information on infant anemia is inconclusive in large cities of China, especially with comparison between native residents and floating population. This population-based cross-sectional study was implemented to determine the anemic status of infants as well as the risk factors in a representative downtown area of Beijing. As useful methods to build a predictive model, Chi-squared automatic interaction detection (CHAID) decision tree analysis and logistic regression analysis were introduced to explore risk factors of infant anemia. A total of 1091 infants aged 6-12 months together with their parents/caregivers living at Heping Avenue Subdistrict of Beijing were surveyed from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2014. The prevalence of anemia was 12.60% with a range of 3.47%-40.00% in different subgroup characteristics. The CHAID decision tree model has demonstrated multilevel interaction among risk factors through stepwise pathways to detect anemia. Besides the three predictors identified by logistic regression model including maternal anemia during pregnancy, exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months, and floating population, CHAID decision tree analysis also identified the fourth risk factor, the maternal educational level, with higher overall classification accuracy and larger area below the receiver operating characteristic curve. The infant anemic status in metropolis is complex and should be carefully considered by the basic health care practitioners. CHAID decision tree analysis has demonstrated a better performance in hierarchical analysis of population with great heterogeneity. Risk factors identified by this study might be meaningful in the early detection and prompt treatment of infant anemia in large cities.

Modos de enfrentamento da morte violenta: a atuação dos servidores do departamento de criminalística do instituto geral de perícias do Rio Grande do Sul.

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Neusa Rolita Cavedon

2011-08-01

Full Text Available No intuito de compreender os modos de enfrentamento de um fazer diário que envolve o convívio profissional com a morte violenta é que realizei uma pesquisa de cunho etnográfico, de 2007 a 2010, no Departamento de Criminalística (DC do Instituto-Geral de Perícias (IGP do Rio Grande do Sul. Entrevistas, observação simples e participante correspondem às técnicas escolhidas para a obtenção dos dados, e a análise dos achados de campo seguiu os ditames dos estudos etnográficos ao atentar para as interlocuções entre a visão êmica, a visão ética e os teóricos referenciados. A sustentação teórica sobre a morte encontra respaldo nos estudos de DaMatta (1987, Ariès (2000, Elias (2001 e Bauman (2008. Elias (2001 afirma que a morte na contemporaneidade foi recalcada sob dois âmbitos: o individual e o social. O recalque individual impõe uma distância dos moribundos, enquanto o recalque social se dá com a morte ocupando os bastidores da vida social. No caso dos servidores do DC, o enfrentamento da consciência da morte e da violência se dá pela ênfase no “outro mundo”, das almas; pela desconstrução, ao descobrir as causas da morte violenta por meio da busca pela verdade, mediante a utilização do método e das técnicas científicas; pela banalização, em que o corpo da vítima é visto como um “objeto” ou um “boneco”; por meio do riso, do humor negro; o enfrentamento de uma morte violenta no âmbito pessoal mediante o exercício profissional que desafie o indivíduo a ficar frente a frente com essa realidade. Os trabalhos de Marta et al. (2009, Combinato e Queiroz (2006 e Brêtas, Oliveira e Yamaguti (2006 mostram que os sujeitos por eles pesquisados não foram treinados para lidar com a morte no âmbito do trabalho, situação idêntica foi detectada junto aos servidores do DC, sendo a proposição educacional de Kovács (2005 aplicável ao caso em questão. A contribuição desta pesquisa para os estudos

Public transport risk assessment through fault tree analysis

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Z. Yaghoubpour

2016-04-01

Full Text Available This study focused on the public transport risk assessment in District one of ​​Tehran through Fault Tree Analysis involving the three criteria of human, vehicle and road in Haddon matrix. In fact, it examined the factors contributing to the occurrence of road accidents at several urban black spots within District 1. Relying on road safety checklists and survey of experts, this study made an effort to help urban managers to assess the risks in the public transport and prevent road accidents. Finally, the risk identification and assessment of public transport in District one yielded several results to answer the research questions. The hypotheses analysis suggested that safety issues involved in public transport are concerned by urban managers. The key reactive measures are investigation of accidents, identification of causes and correction of black spots. In addition to high costs, however, the reactive measures give rise to multiple operational problems such as traffic navigation and guaranteeing user safety in every operation. The case study highlighted the same fact. The macro-level management in the metropolis of Tehran is critical. The urban road casualties and losses can be curtailed by preventive measures such as continuous assessment of road safety.

A Method to Quantify Plant Availability and Initiating Event Frequency Using a Large Event Tree, Small Fault Tree Model

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kee, Ernest J.; Sun, Alice; Rodgers, Shawn; Popova, ElmiraV; Nelson, Paul; Moiseytseva, Vera; Wang, Eric

2006-01-01

South Texas Project uses a large fault tree to produce scenarios (minimal cut sets) used in quantification of plant availability and event frequency predictions. On the other hand, the South Texas Project probabilistic risk assessment model uses a large event tree, small fault tree for quantifying core damage and radioactive release frequency predictions. The South Texas Project is converting its availability and event frequency model to use a large event tree, small fault in an effort to streamline application support and to provide additional detail in results. The availability and event frequency model as well as the applications it supports (maintenance and operational risk management, system engineering health assessment, preventive maintenance optimization, and RIAM) are briefly described. A methodology to perform availability modeling in a large event tree, small fault tree framework is described in detail. How the methodology can be used to support South Texas Project maintenance and operations risk management is described in detail. Differences with other fault tree methods and other recently proposed methods are discussed in detail. While the methods described are novel to the South Texas Project Risk Management program and to large event tree, small fault tree models, concepts in the area of application support and availability modeling have wider applicability to the industry. (authors)

Contribuição ao estudo da estimativa do tempo decorrido de morte atraves da dosagem de ions potassio no humor vitreo

OpenAIRE

Paulo Cesar Gaiotto

1997-01-01

Resumo: Este estudo constituiu-se na determinação da concentração de íons potássio no humor vítreo de coelhos, e sua correlação na estimativa do tempo decorrido de morte. Procedemos à cQleta sistematizada de humor vítreo de 40 coelhos, submetidos ao mesmo mecanismo de morte (traumatismo crânio - encefálico seguido de decapitação), e retirada do humor vítreo em intervalos de 2/2 horas até 12horas "post-mortem". Realizamos a dosagem de íons potássio através da técnica de fotometria de chama, se...

Terapia cognitivo-comportamental para luto pela morte súbita de cônjuge

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Adriana Cardoso de Oliveira e Silva

2011-01-01

Full Text Available INTRODUÇÃO: O processo de luto devido à morte súbita de cônjuge apresenta particularidades que devem ser consideradas no atendimento clínico daqueles que passam por essa experiência. MÉTODOS: Estudo de caso de terapia para luto utilizando protocolo de atendimento cognitivista comportamental. O progresso da paciente foi avaliado no início e término do tratamento com Inventário Beck de Depressão (BDI, Inventário Beck de Ansiedade (BAI e Escala Beck de Desesperança (BHS, Inventário de Sintomas de Stress de Lipp (ISSL e Questionário de Saúde Geral (QSG. RESULTADOS: Houve redução da depressão, ansiedade e desesperança. Em relação ao estresse, a paciente passou da fase de exaustão para a de resistência. Houve redução do estresse psíquico (de 95% para 50%, da desconfiança em relação ao próprio desempenho (de 90% para 40%, de distúrbios do sono (de 95% para 45%, de desejo de morte (de 95% para 20% e também de distúrbios psicossomáticos (de 95% para 60%. CONCLUSÃO: O atendimento terapêutico para esse tipo específico de luto mediante o enfoque da terapia cognitivo-comportamental se mostrou eficaz.

Identifying Risk Factors for Drug Use in an Iranian Treatment Sample: A Prediction Approach Using Decision Trees.

Science.gov (United States)

Amirabadizadeh, Alireza; Nezami, Hossein; Vaughn, Michael G; Nakhaee, Samaneh; Mehrpour, Omid

2018-05-12

Substance abuse exacts considerable social and health care burdens throughout the world. The aim of this study was to create a prediction model to better identify risk factors for drug use. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in South Khorasan Province, Iran. Of the total of 678 eligible subjects, 70% (n: 474) were randomly selected to provide a training set for constructing decision tree and multiple logistic regression (MLR) models. The remaining 30% (n: 204) were employed in a holdout sample to test the performance of the decision tree and MLR models. Predictive performance of different models was analyzed by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve using the testing set. Independent variables were selected from demographic characteristics and history of drug use. For the decision tree model, the sensitivity and specificity for identifying people at risk for drug abuse were 66% and 75%, respectively, while the MLR model was somewhat less effective at 60% and 73%. Key independent variables in the analyses included first substance experience, age at first drug use, age, place of residence, history of cigarette use, and occupational and marital status. While study findings are exploratory and lack generalizability they do suggest that the decision tree model holds promise as an effective classification approach for identifying risk factors for drug use. Convergent with prior research in Western contexts is that age of drug use initiation was a critical factor predicting a substance use disorder.

Cadmium contamination in orchard soils and fruit trees and its potential health risk in Guangzhou, China.

Science.gov (United States)

Li, J T; Qiu, J W; Wang, X W; Zhong, Y; Lan, C Y; Shu, W S

2006-09-01

This study examines cadmium (Cd) contamination in orchard soils and fruit trees in Guangzhou, China, and assesses its potential health risk. Soils and tissues samples of three species of fruit trees were collected from three orchards. The average soil Cd concentration was 1.27, 1.84 and 0.68 mg/kg in orchards I, II, and III, respectively. The carambola (Averrhoa carambola) accumulated exceptionally high concentrations of Cd (7.57, 10.84, 9.01 and 2.15 mg/kg dw in root, twig, leaf and fruit, respectively), being 6.0-24 times and 4.0-10 times the corresponding tissue Cd in the longan (Dimocarpus longan) and wampee (Clausena lansium), respectively. Furthermore, all Cd concentrations (0.04-0.25 mg Cd/kg fw) of the fruits exceeded the tolerance limit of cadmium in foods of PR China (0.03 mg/kg fw). Our results indicate that the carambola tree has high Cd accumulation capacity and might be a Cd accumulator; and its fruit, among the three species of fruits studied, also poses the highest potential health risk to local residents.

A morte como elemento cultural mexicano em Pedro Páramo, de Juan Rulfo

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Ana Paula Cantarelli

2013-06-01

Full Text Available Pedro Páramo (1955, de Juan Rulfo, desde sua publicação tem sido alvo de inúmeros estudos desenvolvidos por pesquisadores de diferentes áreas do conhecimento (história, sociologia, filosofia, etc.. Neste texto, buscou-se elaborar uma proposta de leitura a partir do reconhecimento da morte, símbolo nacional mexicano, como um elemento constituinte da estrutura narrativa desse romance, com a intenção de ampliar o campo de análises já delineado ao redor dessa obra.

Estudo comparativo da freqüência da morte súbita inesperada por doença de Chagas, em Uberaba, nos anos de 1980 e 1990

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Edison Reis Lopes

1995-06-01

Full Text Available Realizou-se estudo comparativo da freqüência e etiologia das mortes súbitas ocorridas no Município de Uberaba, Minas Gerais, em maiores de 15 anos de idade, nos anos de 1980 e de 1990, com o objetivo fundamental de analisar a freqüência atual do óbito súbito em nossa região e o eventual papel de medidas profiláticas e terapêuticas na morte súbita por doença de Chagas. Dos 1226 óbitos de 1980, 54 (4,4% foram súbitos e destes, 13 (24,1% etiologia atribuída à doença de Chagas. Em 1990foram pesquisados 1740 óbitos, dos quais 44 (2,5% foram súbitos; destes, somente 3 (6,8% devidos â tripanosomose cruzi. Os resultados indicam redução significativa na freqüência tanto da morte súbita em geral, como daquela devida à doença de Chagas, no ano de 1990, em relação ao de 1980, discutindo-se suas prováveis razões.

La peine de mort : pratique judiciaire et débats

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Jean-Claude Farcy

2010-04-01

Full Text Available “L’expérience de tous les siècles prouve que la peine de mort n’a jamais arrêté les scélérats déterminés à nuire”...Il faudra plus de deux siècles pour que cet argument de Beccaria trouve en France sa conclusion logique par l’abandon de la peine capitale en octobre 1981. L’ouvrage du pénaliste italien (Des délits et des peines, 1764 avait pourtant reçu un accueil enthousiaste parmi les philosophes et écrivains des Lumières, d’autant plus qu’il paraissait dans une période marquée par de reten...

La motivation des expressions idiomatiques de la mort en français, espagnol et anglais

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Isabel Negro Alousque

2014-08-01

Full Text Available Normal 0 21 false false false ES X-NONE X-NONE Les expressions idiomatiques, marquées par le figement et l’idiomaticité, ont fait l’objet de nombreuses recherches dans les dernières années (González Rey, 2002; Palma, 2007; García-Page, 2008. Le présent article porte sur la motivation des expressions idiomatiques de la mort dans une perspective cognitive (Lakoff et Johnson, 1980; Lakoff, 2006 et comparative. Nous analysons les deux types de motivation (iconique et culturelle qui fournissent une base à ces expressions en français, espagnol et anglais. La motivation iconique repose sur un mécanisme cognitif (métaphore, métonymie ou image mentale, alors que la motivation culturelle se fonde sur un élément appartenant au domaine de la religion, la mythologie, l’histoire ou la littérature. Ces locutions reflètent une vision de la mort en tant qu’évènement, ‘mourir’, ou en tant qu’état, ‘être mort’. Leur sens figuré semble s’enraciner dans notre expérience physique et/ou culturelle, ce qui pourrait expliquer pourquoi on retrouve des expressions identiques dans les trois langues étudiées

Fibrose miocárdica em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertrófica com alto risco para morte súbita cardíaca Fibrosis miocárdica en pacientes con cardiomiopatía hipertrófica con alto riesgo para muerte súbita cardíaca Myocardial fibrosis in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and high risk for sudden death

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Afonso Akio Shiozaki

2010-04-01

Full Text Available FUNDAMENTO: A estratificação de risco para morte súbita na cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH, continua a ser um verdadeiro desafio devido à grande heterogeneidade da sua apresentação, em que a maioria dos indivíduos permanecem assintomáticos por toda sua vida e outros apresentam a morte súbita como primeiro sintoma. Recentes trabalhos vêm sugerindo que a fibrose miocárdica pode constituir-se em um importante substrato para as arritmias ventriculares malignas, responsáveis pela morte súbita nesta doença. OBJETIVO: Avaliação da prevalência e quantificação da fibrose miocárdica (FM, em pacientes com CMH com alto risco ou recuperados de morte súbita, portadores de cardiodesfibrilador implantável (CDI. MÉTODOS: Vinte e oito pacientes com CMH portadores de CDI foram submetidos à tomografia computadorizada com múltiplos detectores, para realização da técnica de realce tardio, e avaliação da fibrose miocárdica. RESULTADOS: 96% dos pacientes apresentavam fibrose miocárdica (20,38 ± 15,55 gramas correspondendo a 15,96 ± 10,20% da massa miocárdica total. A FM foi significativamente mais prevalente que os demais fatores de risco clássicos para morte súbita. CONCLUSÃO: Concluímos que existe uma alta prevalência de fibrose miocárdica em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertrófica de alto risco ou recuperados de morte súbita, como neste grupo - portadores de cardiodesfibrilador implantável. A maior prevalência da fibrose miocárdica comparada aos fatores de risco de pior prognóstico levantam a hipótese de que a fibrose miocárdica possa ser um importante substrato potencialmente necessário na gênese das arritmias desencadeadoras da morte súbita.FUNDAMENTO: La estratificación de riesgo para muerte súbita en la cardiomiopatía hipertrófica (CMH, sigue siendo un verdadero reto debido a la gran heterogeneidad de su presentación, cuya mayoría de los individuos permanecen asintomáticos por toda su vida y otros

The Relative Impact of Climate Change on the Extinction Risk of Tree Species in the Montane Tropical Andes.

Science.gov (United States)

Tejedor Garavito, Natalia; Newton, Adrian C; Golicher, Duncan; Oldfield, Sara

2015-01-01

There are widespread concerns that anthropogenic climate change will become a major cause of global biodiversity loss. However, the potential impact of climate change on the extinction risk of species remains poorly understood, particularly in comparison to other current threats. The objective of this research was to examine the relative impact of climate change on extinction risk of upper montane tree species in the tropical Andes, an area of high biodiversity value that is particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts. The extinction risk of 129 tree species endemic to the region was evaluated according to the IUCN Red List criteria, both with and without the potential impacts of climate change. Evaluations were supported by development of species distribution models, using three methods (generalized additive models, recursive partitioning, and support vector machines), all of which produced similarly high AUC values when averaged across all species evaluated (0.82, 0.86, and 0.88, respectively). Inclusion of climate change increased the risk of extinction of 18-20% of the tree species evaluated, depending on the climate scenario. The relative impact of climate change was further illustrated by calculating the Red List Index, an indicator that shows changes in the overall extinction risk of sets of species over time. A 15% decline in the Red List Index was obtained when climate change was included in this evaluation. While these results suggest that climate change represents a significant threat to tree species in the tropical Andes, they contradict previous suggestions that climate change will become the most important cause of biodiversity loss in coming decades. Conservation strategies should therefore focus on addressing the multiple threatening processes currently affecting biodiversity, rather than focusing primarily on potential climate change impacts.

An HVAC [heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning] fault-tree analysis for WIPP [Waste Isolation Pilot Plant] integrated risk assessment

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kirby, P.N.; Iacovino, J.M.

1990-01-01

In order to evaluate the public health risk of potential radioactive releases from operation of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), a probabilistic risk assessment of waste-handling operations was conducted. One major aspect of this risk assessment involved fault-tree analysis of the plant heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, which constitute the final barrier between waste-handling operations and the environment. The WIPP site is designed to receive and store two types of waste: contact-handled transuranic (CH TRU) wastes to be shipped in 208-ell drums and remote-handled (RH) TRU wastes to be shipped in shielded casks. The identification of accident sequences for CH waste operations revealed no identified accidents that could release significant radioactive particulates to the environment without a failure in the HVAC systems. When the HVAC fault-tree results were combined with other critical system fault trees and the analysis of waste-handling accident sequences, the approximation of the overall WIPP plant risk due to airborne releases was determined to be 2.6 x 10 -7 fatalities per year for the population within a 50-mile radius of the WIPP site. This risk was demonstrated to be well below the risk of fatality from other voluntary and involuntary activities for the population within the vicinity of the WIPP

O Sagrado e a Ritualidade Diante da Morte / The Sacred and the Rituality When Facing Death

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João Batista Alves de Oliveira

2012-06-01

Full Text Available Morrer, expressão fria, não inspiradora, devastadora de sonhos, de amores. Certeza única em nossa vida. Ocorre, mais cedo ou mais tarde, de forma branda ou arrebatadora, sutil ou amargurante, suave ou sofrida. Momento em que precisamos agir de determinado jeito para elaborarmos e vivermos a perda, acompanhando a despedida de quem nos é caro e para convivermos adequadamente com a fase do luto. Aí se faz importante a realização do ritual, o qual andou se perdendo na atualidade, não valorizado pela frieza asséptica da morte moderna e que precisa ter retomado o seu valor, já que “... realizar a ação ritual significa conter o pensamento dentro das malhas da ação clara e significativa”.1 Não se pode atribuir uma fórmula ou um valor fixo ao rito, mas é certo que não é inútil. Ele representa a nossa história: quem somos, de onde viemos, para onde vamos, porque amamos e também, porque ali, no rito de morte, estamos sofrendo. É o momento de olharmos para aquele de quem nos despedimos e nos enxergarmos nele; de repensar o valor de nossa história, a intensidade do nosso amor, os caminhos e descaminhos de nossa vida juntos. Todo rito de morte, quando esta ocorre lentamente, como no caso de doenças prolongadas, nos prepara para a vivência do luto. Isso é fundamental, pois “o rito equivale a uma ação formal prescrita para ocasiões que vão além da rotina cotidiana teológica, correspondendo uma referência à crença em seus poderes místicos”.1 Nesse momento, precisamos dessas crenças, de apegarmo-nos ao Sagrado, independente da concepção que cada um faça deste.

Uso dos diptera na análise entomotoxicológica e na estimativa do intervalo pós-morte (IPM - doi: 10.5102/ucs.v13i1.2846

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Diogo Barth Pacini

2015-07-01

Full Text Available A entomologia forense é o estudo de insetos que são encontrados em locais de crimes, e são utilizados como vestígios, aumentando a possibilidade de encontrar a causa da morte e a estimar o intervalo pós-morte (IPM. Com base nessas análises os entomólogos e os peritos observaram que os componentes químicos utilizados pelo individuo, tais como medicamentos ou drogas, ou até mesmo o uso de venenos alterava o que já se conhecia da estimativa do IPM, surgindo, desse modo uma nova vertente nesta ciência, que é a entomotoxicologia forense. O presente trabalho bibliográfico descreve os princípios básicos da entomotoxicologia abordando principalmente a interferência na estimativa do intervalo pós-morte.

Risk assessment for enterprise resource planning (ERP) system implementations: a fault tree analysis approach

Science.gov (United States)

Zeng, Yajun; Skibniewski, Miroslaw J.

2013-08-01

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) system implementations are often characterised with large capital outlay, long implementation duration, and high risk of failure. In order to avoid ERP implementation failure and realise the benefits of the system, sound risk management is the key. This paper proposes a probabilistic risk assessment approach for ERP system implementation projects based on fault tree analysis, which models the relationship between ERP system components and specific risk factors. Unlike traditional risk management approaches that have been mostly focused on meeting project budget and schedule objectives, the proposed approach intends to address the risks that may cause ERP system usage failure. The approach can be used to identify the root causes of ERP system implementation usage failure and quantify the impact of critical component failures or critical risk events in the implementation process.

Exploring the predictive power of interaction terms in a sophisticated risk equalization model using regression trees.

Science.gov (United States)

van Veen, S H C M; van Kleef, R C; van de Ven, W P M M; van Vliet, R C J A

2018-02-01

This study explores the predictive power of interaction terms between the risk adjusters in the Dutch risk equalization (RE) model of 2014. Due to the sophistication of this RE-model and the complexity of the associations in the dataset (N = ~16.7 million), there are theoretically more than a million interaction terms. We used regression tree modelling, which has been applied rarely within the field of RE, to identify interaction terms that statistically significantly explain variation in observed expenses that is not already explained by the risk adjusters in this RE-model. The interaction terms identified were used as additional risk adjusters in the RE-model. We found evidence that interaction terms can improve the prediction of expenses overall and for specific groups in the population. However, the prediction of expenses for some other selective groups may deteriorate. Thus, interactions can reduce financial incentives for risk selection for some groups but may increase them for others. Furthermore, because regression trees are not robust, additional criteria are needed to decide which interaction terms should be used in practice. These criteria could be the right incentive structure for risk selection and efficiency or the opinion of medical experts. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

VC-dimension of univariate decision trees.

Science.gov (United States)

Yildiz, Olcay Taner

2015-02-01

In this paper, we give and prove the lower bounds of the Vapnik-Chervonenkis (VC)-dimension of the univariate decision tree hypothesis class. The VC-dimension of the univariate decision tree depends on the VC-dimension values of its subtrees and the number of inputs. Via a search algorithm that calculates the VC-dimension of univariate decision trees exhaustively, we show that our VC-dimension bounds are tight for simple trees. To verify that the VC-dimension bounds are useful, we also use them to get VC-generalization bounds for complexity control using structural risk minimization in decision trees, i.e., pruning. Our simulation results show that structural risk minimization pruning using the VC-dimension bounds finds trees that are more accurate as those pruned using cross validation.

Drought-induced xylem cavitation and hydraulic deterioration: risk factors for urban trees under climate change?

Science.gov (United States)

Savi, Tadeja; Bertuzzi, Stefano; Branca, Salvatore; Tretiach, Mauro; Nardini, Andrea

2015-02-01

Urban trees help towns to cope with climate warming by cooling both air and surfaces. The challenges imposed by the urban environment, with special reference to low water availability due to the presence of extensive pavements, result in high rates of mortality of street trees, that can be increased by climatic extremes. We investigated the water relations and xylem hydraulic safety/efficiency of Quercus ilex trees growing at urban sites with different percentages of surrounding impervious pavements. Seasonal changes of plant water potential and gas exchange, vulnerability to cavitation and embolism level, and morpho-anatomical traits were measured. We found patterns of increasing water stress and vulnerability to drought at increasing percentages of impervious pavement cover, with a consequent reduction in gas exchange rates, decreased safety margins toward embolism development, and increased vulnerability to cavitation, suggesting the occurrence of stress-induced hydraulic deterioration. The amount of impermeable surface and chronic exposure to water stress influence the site-specific risk of drought-induced dieback of urban trees under extreme drought. Besides providing directions for management of green spaces in towns, our data suggest that xylem hydraulics is key to a full understanding of the responses of urban trees to global change. © 2014 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2014 New Phytologist Trust.

Experiências de quase morte em parada cardíaca: implicações para o conceito de mente não local

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Natalie Trent-Von Haesler

2013-01-01

Full Text Available CONTEXTO: Experiências de quase morte (EQM são experiências vívidas, realísticas, que frequentemente promovem mudanças profundas na vida de pessoas que estiveram fisiológica ou psicologicamente próximas da morte. As EQM por vezes ocorrem durante uma parada cardíaca, na ausência de atividade cerebral detectável. OBJETIVO: Revisar os estudos prospectivos de EQM induzidas por paradas cardíacas e examinar as implicações desses estudos para o conceito de mente não local. MÉTODO: PubMed foi a principal base de dados utilizada para esta revisão. Os termos-chave da busca incluíram "parada cardíaca", "experiências de quase morte", "fisiologia da experiência de quase morte" e "experiências fora do corpo verídicas". RESULTADOS: Vários estudos prospectivos mostram incidência média de 10% a 20% de EQM induzidas por paradas cardíacas, independentemente de aspectos sociodemográficos, sexo, religião ou quaisquer parâmetros médicos, fisiológicos ou farmacológicos consistentes. Pessoas que passaram por EQM são mais propensas a mudanças de vida positivas que podem durar muitos anos após a experiência do que aquelas que não a tiveram. CONCLUSÕES: As teorias fisicalistas da mente não são capazes de explicar como pessoas que tiveram EQM podem vivenciar - enquanto seus corações estão parados e sua atividade cerebral aparentemente ausente - pensamentos vívidos e complexos e adquirir informações verídicas a respeito de objetos ou eventos distantes de seus corpos. As EQM em paradas cardíacas sugerem que a mente é não local, isto é, não é gerada pelo cérebro e não está confinada a ele ou ao corpo.

Quando morre a flor do sertão: figuração da morte em “Buriti” de João Guimarães Rosa

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Sarah Maria Forte Diogo

2008-12-01

Full Text Available Este artigo tem por objetivo estudar de que modo é figurada a morte da personagem Maria Behú, de “Buriti”, Noites do sertão (1956, de João Guimarães Rosa e os símbolos que a ela se agregam. Para tanto, investigamos as focalizações narrativas que incidem sobre Behú, construindo sua imagem como beata, assexuada, atuante na esfera da metafísica, sendo a sua morte o início da intensa vivência da sexualidade pelos demais personagens. “Buriti” narra a estória dos habitantes da fazenda Buriti Bom e daqueles que por lá transitam e as mudanças que ocasionam na vida uns dos outros. Behú é a personagem que mais contrasta com o ambiente, pois dele difere por não apresentar marcas de erotismo ou vida plena. Behú funciona na novela como guardiã da tradição e da cultura, seus usos e seus costumes, estilizados pela linguagem roseana.Palavras-chave: João Guimarães Rosa; Cultura; Linguagem; Morte; Tradição.

Risk management of PPP project in the preparation stage based on Fault Tree Analysis

Science.gov (United States)

Xing, Yuanzhi; Guan, Qiuling

2017-03-01

The risk management of PPP(Public Private Partnership) project can improve the level of risk control between government departments and private investors, so as to make more beneficial decisions, reduce investment losses and achieve mutual benefit as well. Therefore, this paper takes the PPP project preparation stage venture as the research object to identify and confirm four types of risks. At the same time, fault tree analysis(FTA) is used to evaluate the risk factors that belong to different parts, and quantify the influencing degree of risk impact on the basis of risk identification. In addition, it determines the importance order of risk factors by calculating unit structure importance on PPP project preparation stage. The result shows that accuracy of government decision-making, rationality of private investors funds allocation and instability of market returns are the main factors to generate the shared risk on the project.

A cidade e a morte: a febre amarela e seu impacto sobre os costumes fúnebres no Rio de Janeiro (1849-50

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Rodrigues Cláudia

1999-01-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o impacto da epidemia de febre amarela ocorrida no verão de 1849-50, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, sobre os costumes fúnebres. Procura-se estudar em que sentido o alto índice de mortalidade, causado pelo surto, tornou-se o elemento catalisador de transformações nas atitudes da população em relação à morte e aos mortos. A hipótese central é a de que a epidemia teria representado o argumento final de que os médicos precisavam para convencer o governo imperial e a população da necessidade da implementação de seu projeto medicalizador da morte, cujo objetivo era normatizar os costumes fúnebres.

Helping HSE Team in Learning from Accident by Using the Management Oversight and Risk Tree Analysis Method

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Iraj Mohammadfam

2016-09-01

Conclusion: The analysis using MORT method helped the organization with learning lessons from the accident especially at the management level. In order to prevent the similar and dissimilar accidents, the inappropriate informational network within the organization, inappropriate operational readiness, lack of proper implementation of work permit, the inappropriate and lack of updated technical information systems regarding equipments and working process, and the inappropriate barriers should be considered in a special way.

Identification of risk factors for death from tetanus in Pernambuco, Brazil: a case-control study Identificação de fatores de risco para morte por tétano em Pernambuco, Brasil: um estudo de caso-controle

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Demócrito B. MIRANDA-FILHO

2000-12-01

Full Text Available A case-control study was conducted to identify risk factors for death from tetanus in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Information was obtained from medical records of 152 cases and 152 controls, admitted to the tetanus unit in the State University Hospital, in Recife, from 1990 to 1995. Variables were grouped in three different sets. Crude and adjusted odds ratios, p-values and 95% confidence intervals were estimated. Variables selected in the multivariate analysis in each set were controlled for the effect of those selected in the others. All factors related to the disease progression - incubation period, time elapsed between the occurrence of the first tetanus symptom and admission, and period of onset - showed a statistically significant association with death from tetanus. Similarly, signs and/or symptoms occurring on admission or in the following 24 hours (second set: reflex spasms, neck stiffness, respiratory signs/symptoms and respiratory failure requiring artificial ventilation (third set were associated with death from tetanus even when adjusted for the effect of the others.Um estudo de caso-controle foi conduzido no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, para identificar fatores de risco para morte por tétano. As informações foram obtidas dos prontuários médicos de 152 casos e 152 controles, admitidos na Unidade de Tétano do Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz, na cidade do Recife, de 1990 a 1995. As variáveis foram agrupadas em três diferentes conjuntos. Foram estimados os "odds ratios" brutos e ajustados, o intervalo de confiança de 95% e o valor de "p". As variáveis selecionadas na análise multivariada em cada conjunto, foram controladas para os efeitos daquelas selecionadas nos demais. Todos os fatores relacionados à progressão da doença - período de incubação, tempo decorrido entre o primeiro sintoma de tétano e a admissão no hospital, e período de progressão - mostraram uma associação estatisticamente significante

Concepções Sobre Morte e Luto: Experiência Feminina Sobre a Perda Gestacional

OpenAIRE

Lemos, Luana Freitas Simões; Cunha, Ana Cristina Barros da

2015-01-01

Resumo A morte do filho antes do nascimento ou óbito fetal representa, geralmente, grande perda para pais e familiares constituindo acontecimento traumatizante, lembrado e temido em uma próxima gestação. A involução da gestação coloca em suspenso os sonhos, as esperanças, as expectativas e as esperas existenciais que os pais normalmente depositam no nascimento da criança. Diante disso, nosso objetivo foi estudar como mulheres vivenciam e enfrentam a situação de perda gestacional, com base na ...

TREES OF DAMAGES AS A MODEL OF RISKS ASSESSMENT FOR AVAILABILITY LOSSES AFTER CHANGES IN FINANCIAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS

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S. A. Arustamov

2013-03-01

Full Text Available The article deals with the methodology for risks assessment of availability losses in financial information systems after changes made in them by using trees of damages. A description of damages tree generation for each identified possible event is presented that potentially can lead to the system availability loss. An example is given, illustrating the methodology application that gives the possibility to choose the optimal software testing strategy.

International study of risk-mitigating factors and in-flight allergic reactions to peanut and tree nut.

Science.gov (United States)

Greenhawt, Matthew; MacGillivray, Fiona; Batty, Geraldine; Said, Maria; Weiss, Christopher

2013-03-01

Three studies have analyzed in-flight peanut/tree nut reactions, although the studies were conducted exclusively among Americans. We studied the international in-flight experience and determined the efficacy of certain risk-mitigation strategies. A 47-question on-line survey was distributed through the websites and social media outlets of the member organizations of the Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Alliance. Both persons reporting an in-flight reaction and nonreactors were surveyed to assess details of air travel preparation and any reported reaction. Data were analyzed to determine the association among flying behaviors, reported reactions, and nationality. We found that 349 reactions were reported among 3273 respondents from 11 countries; 13.3% received epinephrine as treatment. Flight crews were notified about 50.1% of reactions. Sixty-nine percent of all respondents reported making a preflight accommodation request, although just 55% of reactors did so compared with 71.6% of nonreactors (P airline pillows or blankets, requested a buffer zone, requested other passengers not consume peanut/tree nut-containing products, or reported not consuming airline-provided food had significantly lower adjusted odds of reporting a reaction. In-flight peanut and tree nut reactions occur internationally. Epinephrine was sparsely used to treat reactions. We identified 8 risk-mitigating behaviors associated with lower odds of a reported reaction. Future study is necessary to further validate the effectiveness of these passenger-initiated risk-mitigating behaviors. Copyright © 2013 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Modifiable risk factors predicting major depressive disorder at four year follow-up: a decision tree approach

OpenAIRE

Batterham, Philip J; Christensen, Helen; Mackinnon, Andrew J

2009-01-01

Abstract Background Relative to physical health conditions such as cardiovascular disease, little is known about risk factors that predict the prevalence of depression. The present study investigates the expected effects of a reduction of these risks over time, using the decision tree method favoured in assessing cardiovascular disease risk. Methods The PATH through Life cohort was used for the study, comprising 2,105 20-24 year olds, 2,323 40-44 year olds and 2,177 60-64 year olds sampled fr...

Failure mode effect analysis and fault tree analysis as a combined methodology in risk management

Science.gov (United States)

Wessiani, N. A.; Yoshio, F.

2018-04-01

There have been many studies reported the implementation of Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) as a method in risk management. However, most of the studies usually only choose one of these two methods in their risk management methodology. On the other side, combining these two methods will reduce the drawbacks of each methods when implemented separately. This paper aims to combine the methodology of FMEA and FTA in assessing risk. A case study in the metal company will illustrate how this methodology can be implemented. In the case study, this combined methodology will assess the internal risks that occur in the production process. Further, those internal risks should be mitigated based on their level of risks.

La métaphore, une question de vie ou de mort ?

OpenAIRE

Landheer, Ronald

2007-01-01

1. Introduction : métaphore et ambiguïtéEst-ce qu’il y a une relation essentielle entre la métaphore et l’ambiguïté ? Voilà la principale question à laquelle nous tâcherons de donner une réponse dans ce travail. Et du même coup nous nous proposons de re­mettre en cause a) la définition à notre sens un peu trop restrictive de l’ambiguïté donnée par Catherine Fuchs (1996) et b) la pertinence de la distinction traditionnelle entre métaphore vive et métaphore morte. 1.1. L’ambiguïtéEssayons d’abo...

Morte e ironia em “A exposição das rosas”, de István Örkény

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Leonardo Francisco Soares

2009-03-01

Full Text Available Estudo da narrativa “A exposição das rosas”, de István Örkény, examinando o tema da morte e a problematização de sua representação. Nascido em 1912 e falecido em 1979, Örkény testemunhou de forma intensa e intrínseca as grandes convulsões que abalaram a Europa no século 20. Longe do panfleto, sua literatura tem como traço marcante a ironia. Na novela analisada, Iron Korom, um jovem e inexperiente diretor, tenta realizar um documentário sobre as horas finais de três pacientes desenganados, com o intuito de, nas suas palavras, ajudar os seus contemporâneos a compreenderem a experiência da morte. A partir do projeto de Korom, o texto de Örkény coloca-­nos diante de um confim: o limite da representação.

O profissional da saúde e a finitude humana: a negação da morte no cotidiano profissional da assistência hospitalar

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Pimentel, Viviane

2006-01-01

Full Text Available Este artigo é um convite à reflexão sobre a prática dos profissionais da área de saúde no tocante à abordagem da morte no cotidiano institucional e na própria formação destes. A análise é voltada, fundamentalmente, aos que lidam com pacientes terminais. Conforme é mostrado, a falta de preparo das equipes de saúde e, em especial, dos médicos, no trato do fenômeno de finitude humana, é fruto de uma formação deficitária no que diz respeito à relação médico-paciente, somada a um processo social histórico de relegar a morte a um plano quase oculto no mundo contemporâneo. A reflexão proposta neste estudo é repensar essas questões, atrelando-lhe valores mais humanos, porém de forma esclarecida, trazendo a consciência da finitude da vida humana para a relação entre o paciente, o profissional, o tratamento e a doença que é vivenciada, visando tornar digno e pleno o período de vida que o paciente gozará até sua extinção, minimizando o impacto da morte sobre seus familiares e profissionais que o assistem.

Tree felling 2014

CERN Multimedia

2014-01-01

With a view to creating new landscapes and making its population of trees safer and healthier, this winter CERN will complete the tree-felling campaign started in 2010.   Tree felling will take place between 15 and 22 November on the Swiss part of the Meyrin site. This work is being carried out above all for safety reasons. The trees to be cut down are at risk of falling as they are too old and too tall to withstand the wind. In addition, the roots of poplar trees are very powerful and spread widely, potentially damaging underground networks, pavements and roadways. Compensatory tree planting campaigns will take place in the future, subject to the availability of funding, with the aim of creating coherent landscapes while also respecting the functional constraints of the site. These matters are being considered in close collaboration with the Geneva nature and countryside directorate (Direction générale de la nature et du paysage, DGNP). GS-SE Group

Grupo de Educação para a Morte: uma Estratégia Complementar à Formação Acadêmica do Profissional de Saúde

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Érika Arantes Oliveira-Cardoso

Full Text Available Resumo Os cursos de Educação para a Morte têm sido propostos como uma tentativa de preencher uma lacuna importante da formação acadêmica na área da saúde, trazendo à tona temas que, frequentemente, são negligenciados no ensino, como o processo de morrer, atitudes frente à morte, cuidados paliativos, luto do profissional, dentre outros. Esses cursos necessitam ter objetivos claramente definidos, configurando uma proposta pedagógica que busca introduzir uma postura humanista e humanizada em cursos fortemente tecnicistas. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever uma experiência de implementação do Grupo de Educação para a Morte e conhecer a percepção dos participantes sobre essa experiência. Participaram do estudo oito alunas do último ano de um curso da área de saúde de uma universidade pública, com idades entre 22 e 24 anos. Foi aplicado um questionário autopreenchido, em dois momentos: pré e pós-intervenção. As respostas às questões abertas foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo temática. Constatou-se a importância do grupo como instrumento de aquisição de conhecimentos sobre o manejo de situações de terminalidade, espaço de ressignificação da morte e do morrer, reflexão sobre atitudes, condutas e papel profissional, e mudanças nos sentimentos despertados pelo cuidado de pacientes em estado crítico de saúde.

MANIFESTAÇÕES PSICOLÓGICAS DE FAMILIARES COM PACIENTES EM MORTE ENCEFÁLICA

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Juliana Carneiro Torres

2014-02-01

Full Text Available Este estudo originou-se a partir de uma monografia aprovada para graduação de curso de psicologia. Apresenta como objetivo compreender as manifestações psicológicas de familiares com paciente em Morte Encefálica (ME, identificando as possíveis intervenções psicológicas nas diferentes fases vivenciadas: notícia do quadro clínico, verificação de ME, diagnóstico de ME e processo de doação de órgãos. Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica de artigos científicos referentes aos últimos dez anos, utilizando como referencial teórico, para análise das manifestações psicológicas, literatura acerca do Luto e da Abordagem Sistêmica Familiar, além de legislação referente ao tema. Nos resultados, foram identificados que os familiares apresentam vivências peculiares que podem repercutir no processo de luto, como a preocupação com o prognóstico do paciente na internação, a incompreensão da possibilidade e do diagnóstico da ME, podendo apresentar uma experiência de perda ambígua e dificuldade de vivência de reações de luto na abordagem para doação de órgãos, devido o tempo restrito para decisão. Dessa forma, conclui-se que é imprescindível o acompanhamento psicológico aos familiares do paciente em Morte Encefálica durante todo o processo.

Albion's fatal tree . Crime and society in eighteenth-century England

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Rita de Cássia Germano

1983-12-01

Full Text Available Hay, Douglas (org. . Albion's fatal tree . Crime and society in eighteenth-century England . New York, Pantheon Books, 1975, 353 p ., il. , mapas. (primeiro parágrafo do texto A obra coletiva Albion's Fatal Tree. Crime and Society in Eighteenth-Century England, tem como preocupação fundamental a história social da Inglaterra no séc. XVIII, localizando as interrelações entre Lei, ideologia e realidade social, mais a definição de crime na época; estudam os Autores a própria criminalidade, as ofensas à propriedade, os criminosos e os mitos populares sobre eles. Se por um lado parece existir uma multiplicação do "crime" (as estatísticas não são claras a respeito, por outro lado a questão não parece ser o aumento da incidência do "crime", e sim a sua constante redefinição por parte de uma oligarquia consciente de suas propriedades. Quando pressente no recrudescimento dos atentados, multiplicam também os estatutos, passando a punir até com a pena de morte atividades até então consideradas veniais ou inocentes, como o roubo de lenha, a caça em propriedade alheia, ou cartas anônimas de tom ameaçador. A oligarquia dominante, cujo valor supremo é a propriedade, encontra seu embasamento visível e material sobretudo na ideologia e na prática da Lei. A "Tyburn Tree", como bem compreendeu William Blake, encontrava-se no centro desta ideologia, e seus rituais estavam também no cerne da cultura popular (pag. 13 .

L'errance du récit dans La folie du jour et L’instant de ma mort de Maurice Blanchot = A errância da narrativa em La folie du jour e L’instant de ma mort de Maurice Blanchot

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Passos, Marie-Hélène Paret

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Esse texto é uma reflexão sobre a aproximação de dois textos de Maurice Blanchot La folie du jour et L’instant de ma mort. Na escritura dessa leitura entrecruzada, sobretudo embasada nos ensaios do autor. É um diálogo acerca de temas blanchotianos tais como o errante, o instante, a injustiça, o Holocausto, que se instaura

The challenge of making ozone risk assessment for forest trees more mechanistic

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Matyssek, R.; Sandermann, H.; Wieser, G.; Booker, F.; Cieslik, S.; Musselman, R.; Ernst, D.

2008-01-01

Upcoming decades will experience increasing atmospheric CO 2 and likely enhanced O 3 exposure which represents a risk for the carbon sink strength of forests, so that the need for cause-effect related O 3 risk assessment increases. Although assessment will gain in reliability on an O 3 uptake basis, risk is co-determined by the effective dose, i.e. the plant's sensitivity per O 3 uptake. Recent progress in research on the molecular and metabolic control of the effective O 3 dose is reported along with advances in empirically assessing O 3 uptake at the whole-tree and stand level. Knowledge on both O 3 uptake and effective dose (measures of stress avoidance and tolerance, respectively) needs to be understood mechanistically and linked as a pre-requisite before practical use of process-based O 3 risk assessment can be implemented. To this end, perspectives are derived for validating and promoting new O 3 flux-based modelling tools. - Clarifying and linking mechanisms of O 3 uptake and effective dose are research challenges highlighted in view of recent progress and perspectives towards cause-effect based risk assessment

Os espaços de memória e a morte como imagem em Cien años de soledad, de Gabriel García Márquez

OpenAIRE

Suziane Carla Fonseca

2015-01-01

Os 'espaços de memória e a morte como imagem' em 'Cien años de soledad' são o tema desta tese, que busca compreender como é representada a memória individual e a coletiva no principal romance do escritor colombiano Gabriel García Márquez, além de problematizar uma concepção que traz a morte como potência visual, naquilo que apresenta de possibilidades para se refletir sobre algumas das questões cruciais da América Latina no século XX no contexto de transição para a modernidade. Tais temáticas...

Julgamento moral sobre pena de morte e redução da maioridade penal Moral judgments on death penalty and reduction of criminal majority

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Lilian Kelly de Sousa Galvão

2011-08-01

Full Text Available O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi investigar o julgamento moral de estudantes do ensino médio e de licenciaturas sobre pena de morte e redução da maioridade penal. Para tanto, utilizou-se como suporte teórico e empírico a tipologia do desenvolvimento moral de Lawrence Kohlberg. Participaram deste estudo 200 estudantes que responderam, além de uma lista que solicitava informações de alguns dos seus dados biodemográficos, a questões relacionadas à pena de morte e à redução da maioridade penal. De um modo geral, os participantes opinaram favoravelmente pela pena de morte e pela redução da maioridade penal, e, em defesa de suas opiniões, utilizaram, sobretudo, argumentos típicos dos estágios hierarquicamente inferiores da tipologia kohlberguiana, havendo, contudo, algumas diferenças entre as respostas em função do grau de escolaridade. Esses resultados foram discutidos com base na teoria kohlberguiana e em estudos empíricos que tratam dos temas pena de morte e redução da maioridade penal.The aim of this study was to investigate the moral judgments of students of high school and degrees on the death penalty and the reduction of criminal majority. Thus, it was used to support the theoretical and empirical typology of moral development of Lawrence Kohlberg. The study included 200 students who responded, beyond a list that requested information from some of their bio-demographic data, questions related to death penalty and reduction of criminal majority. In general, participants opined in favor of the death penalty and the reduction of criminal majority, and in defense of their views, used mainly typical arguments hierarchically lower stages of the Kohlberg's typology there, however, some differences between the responses according to level of schooling. These results were discussed taking into consideration the Kohlberg's theory and empirical studies dealing with the issues of death penalty and reduction of criminal

Using Evidence-Based Decision Trees Instead of Formulas to Identify At-Risk Readers. REL 2014-036

Science.gov (United States)

Koon, Sharon; Petscher, Yaacov; Foorman, Barbara R.

2014-01-01

This study examines whether the classification and regression tree (CART) model improves the early identification of students at risk for reading comprehension difficulties compared with the more difficult to interpret logistic regression model. CART is a type of predictive modeling that relies on nonparametric techniques. It presents results in…

Using Cutting-Edge Tree-Based Stochastic Models to Predict Credit Risk

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Khaled Halteh

2018-05-01

Full Text Available Credit risk is a critical issue that affects banks and companies on a global scale. Possessing the ability to accurately predict the level of credit risk has the potential to help the lender and borrower. This is achieved by alleviating the number of loans provided to borrowers with poor financial health, thereby reducing the number of failed businesses, and, in effect, preventing economies from collapsing. This paper uses state-of-the-art stochastic models, namely: Decision trees, random forests, and stochastic gradient boosting to add to the current literature on credit-risk modelling. The Australian mining industry has been selected to test our methodology. Mining in Australia generates around $138 billion annually, making up more than half of the total goods and services. This paper uses publicly-available financial data from 750 risky and not risky Australian mining companies as variables in our models. Our results indicate that stochastic gradient boosting was the superior model at correctly classifying the good and bad credit-rated companies within the mining sector. Our model showed that ‘Property, Plant, & Equipment (PPE turnover’, ‘Invested Capital Turnover’, and ‘Price over Earnings Ratio (PER’ were the variables with the best explanatory power pertaining to predicting credit risk in the Australian mining sector.

Integrating cyber attacks within fault trees

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nai Fovino, Igor; Masera, Marcelo; De Cian, Alessio

2009-01-01

In this paper, a new method for quantitative security risk assessment of complex systems is presented, combining fault-tree analysis, traditionally used in reliability analysis, with the recently introduced Attack-tree analysis, proposed for the study of malicious attack patterns. The combined use of fault trees and attack trees helps the analyst to effectively face the security challenges posed by the introduction of modern ICT technologies in the control systems of critical infrastructures. The proposed approach allows considering the interaction of malicious deliberate acts with random failures. Formal definitions of fault tree and attack tree are provided and a mathematical model for the calculation of system fault probabilities is presented.

Integrating cyber attacks within fault trees

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nai Fovino, Igor [Joint Research Centre - EC, Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen, Ispra, VA (Italy)], E-mail: igor.nai@jrc.it; Masera, Marcelo [Joint Research Centre - EC, Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen, Ispra, VA (Italy); De Cian, Alessio [Department of Electrical Engineering, University di Genova, Genoa (Italy)

2009-09-15

In this paper, a new method for quantitative security risk assessment of complex systems is presented, combining fault-tree analysis, traditionally used in reliability analysis, with the recently introduced Attack-tree analysis, proposed for the study of malicious attack patterns. The combined use of fault trees and attack trees helps the analyst to effectively face the security challenges posed by the introduction of modern ICT technologies in the control systems of critical infrastructures. The proposed approach allows considering the interaction of malicious deliberate acts with random failures. Formal definitions of fault tree and attack tree are provided and a mathematical model for the calculation of system fault probabilities is presented.

Discursos de enfermeiras sobre morte e morrer: vontade ou verdade? Discursos de enfermeras sobre la muerte y el morir: ¿Voluntad o verdad? Nurses' speeches on death and to die: truth or will?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Karen Schein da Silva

2009-06-01

Full Text Available Propomos olhar para a morte e o morrer como uma construção social, histórica e cultural. Assim, nos aproximamos dos Estudos Culturais para conhecer discursos de enfermeiras sobre o tema. O corpus da pesquisa são artigos de dois periódicos nacionais de enfermagem. Nas análises utilizamos ferramentas propostas por Michel Foucault que possibilitaram constituir quatro categorias: a morte silenciada e ocultada; travando uma luta contra a morte; a morte em cena: multiplicidade de facetas e a morte e os cuidados paliativos: mudança de paradigma. O estudo destaca o modo como as publicações operam na produção dos saberes sobre a morte e o morrer subjetivando as enfermeiras.Nos proponemos mirar la muerte y el morir como una construcción social, histórica y cultural. Así, nos aproximamos a los Estudios Culturales para conocer discursos de enfermeras sobre el tema. El corpus de la investigación son artículos de dos periódicos nacionales de enfermería. En nuestros análisis utilizamos herramientas propuestas por Michel Foucault que posibilitaran construir cuatro categorías: la muerte silenciada y ocultada; entablando una lucha contra la muerte; la muerte en escena: multiplicidad de facetas, y la muerte y los cuidados paliativos: cambio de paradigma. El estudio destaca el modo en que las publicaciones operan en la producción de los saberes sobre la muerte y el morir subjetivando a las enfermeras.We consider looking at the death and dying as a social, historical and cultural construction. Thus, in we approach them to the Cultural Studies to know nurses´ speeches on the subject. The research is periodic articles of two national ones of nursing. In the analyses we use tools proposals for Michel Foucault that they make possible to constitute four categories: the silenced and occulted death; stopping one it fights against the death; the death in scene: multiplicity of faces and the palliative death and cares: paradigm change. The study

Trees and Climate Change

OpenAIRE

Dettenmaier, Megan; Kuhns, Michael; Unger, Bethany; McAvoy, Darren

2017-01-01

This fact sheet describes the complex relationship between forests and climate change based on current research. It explains ways that trees can mitigate some of the risks associated with climate change. It details the impacts that forests are having on the changing climate and discuss specific ways that trees can be used to reduce or counter carbon emissions directly and indirectly.

Probabilistic risk assessment course documentation. Volume 4. System reliability and analysis techniques sessions B/C - event trees/fault trees

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Haasl, D.; Young, J.

1985-08-01

This course will employ a combination of lecture material and practical problem solving in order to develop competence and understanding of th principles and techniques of event tree and fault tree analysis. The role of these techniques in the overall context of PRA will be described. The emphasis of this course will be on the basic, traditional methods of event tree and fault tree analysis

Espaço cemiterial e Turismo: campo de ambivalência da vida e morte

OpenAIRE

Charlene Brum Del Puerto; Maria Luiza Cardinale Baptista

2015-01-01

No presente artigo, são feitas considerações acerca da relação entre o espaço cemiterial e o turismo, como campo de expressão e representação da ambivalência vida e morte, trazendo reflexões possíveis para entender a utilização das necrópoles na atividade turística. O texto apresenta discussão decorrente de estudo que está sendo realizado para o desenvolvimento da dissertação de Mestrado em Turismo e Hospitalidade da Universidade de Caxias do Sul/RS (UCS), envolvendo a abordagem do cemitério ...

Avaliação do conhecimento de intensivistas sobre morte encefálica Evaluation of intensivists' knowledge on brain death

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Alaor Ernst Schein

2008-06-01

Full Text Available JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A falha ou atraso no diagnóstico de morte encefálica resulta na ocupação desnecessária de um leito hospitalar, em perdas emocionais e financeiras e na indisponibilidade de órgãos para transplante. O médico intensivista tem fundamental papel nesse diagnóstico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o conhecimento sobre morte encefálica entre os intensivistas. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal em 15 unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI em oito hospitais da cidade de Porto Alegre, Brasil. RESULTADOS: Duzentos e quarenta e seis intensivistas foram entrevistados em uma amostra consecutiva entre abril e dezembro de 2005. Encontrou-se prevalência de desconhecimento do conceito de morte encefálica de 17%. Vinte por cento dos entrevistados desconheciam a necessidade legal de exame complementar para o seu diagnóstico. Quarenta e sete por cento se consideraram no nível máximo de segurança para explicar o conceito para a família de um paciente. Vinte e nove por cento desconheciam a hora do óbito legal para os pacientes em morte encefálica. Os intensivistas pediátricos tiveram menor conhecimento do conceito em relação aos intensivistas de adultos (p BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Failure or delay to diagnose brain death leads to needless occupation of a hospital bed, emotional and financial losses, and unavailability of organs for transplants. The intensive care physician plays an essential role in this diagnosis. This study intended to evaluate intensivists' knowledge concerning brain death. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in 15 intensive care units (ICU in eight hospitals in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. RESULTS: Two hundred forty-six intensivists were interviewed in a consecutive sample between April and December 2005. The prevalence of lack of knowledge regarding the concept was of 17%. Twenty per cent of the interviewees ignored the legal need for complementary confirmatory tests for their diagnosis. Forty-seven per

The risk evaluation of difficult substances in USES 2.0 and EUSES. A decision tree for data gap filling of Kow, Koc and BCF

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Beelen P van; ECO

2000-01-01

This report presents a decision tree for the risk evaluation of the so-called "difficult" substances with the Uniform System for the Evaluation of Substances (USES). The decision tree gives practical guidelines for the regulatory authorities to evaluate notified substances like organometallic

Probabilistic risk analysis and fault trees: Initial discussion of application to identification of risk at a wellhead

Science.gov (United States)

Rodak, C.; Silliman, S.

2012-02-01

Wellhead protection is of critical importance for managing groundwater resources. While a number of previous authors have addressed questions related to uncertainties in advective capture zones, methods for addressing wellhead protection in the presence of uncertainty in the chemistry of groundwater contaminants, the relationship between land-use and contaminant sources, and the impact on health of the receiving population are limited. It is herein suggested that probabilistic risk analysis (PRA) combined with fault trees (FT) provides a structure whereby chemical transport can be combined with uncertainties in source, chemistry, and health impact to assess the probability of negative health outcomes in the population. As such, PRA-FT provides a new strategy for the identification of areas of probabilistically high human health risk. Application of this approach is demonstrated through a simplified case study involving flow to a well in an unconfined aquifer with heterogeneity in aquifer properties and contaminant sources.

A Comparison between Decision Tree and Random Forest in Determining the Risk Factors Associated with Type 2 Diabetes.

Science.gov (United States)

Esmaily, Habibollah; Tayefi, Maryam; Doosti, Hassan; Ghayour-Mobarhan, Majid; Nezami, Hossein; Amirabadizadeh, Alireza

2018-04-24

We aimed to identify the associated risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using data mining approach, decision tree and random forest techniques using the Mashhad Stroke and Heart Atherosclerotic Disorders (MASHAD) Study program. A cross-sectional study. The MASHAD study started in 2010 and will continue until 2020. Two data mining tools, namely decision trees, and random forests, are used for predicting T2DM when some other characteristics are observed on 9528 subjects recruited from MASHAD database. This paper makes a comparison between these two models in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and the area under ROC curve. The prevalence rate of T2DM was 14% among these subjects. The decision tree model has 64.9% accuracy, 64.5% sensitivity, 66.8% specificity, and area under the ROC curve measuring 68.6%, while the random forest model has 71.1% accuracy, 71.3% sensitivity, 69.9% specificity, and area under the ROC curve measuring 77.3% respectively. The random forest model, when used with demographic, clinical, and anthropometric and biochemical measurements, can provide a simple tool to identify associated risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Such identification can substantially use for managing the health policy to reduce the number of subjects with T2DM .

Applying decision tree for identification of a low risk population for type 2 diabetes. Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.

Science.gov (United States)

Ramezankhani, Azra; Pournik, Omid; Shahrabi, Jamal; Khalili, Davood; Azizi, Fereidoun; Hadaegh, Farzad

2014-09-01

The aim of this study was to create a prediction model using data mining approach to identify low risk individuals for incidence of type 2 diabetes, using the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) database. For a 6647 population without diabetes, aged ≥20 years, followed for 12 years, a prediction model was developed using classification by the decision tree technique. Seven hundred and twenty-nine (11%) diabetes cases occurred during the follow-up. Predictor variables were selected from demographic characteristics, smoking status, medical and drug history and laboratory measures. We developed the predictive models by decision tree using 60 input variables and one output variable. The overall classification accuracy was 90.5%, with 31.1% sensitivity, 97.9% specificity; and for the subjects without diabetes, precision and f-measure were 92% and 0.95, respectively. The identified variables included fasting plasma glucose, body mass index, triglycerides, mean arterial blood pressure, family history of diabetes, educational level and job status. In conclusion, decision tree analysis, using routine demographic, clinical, anthropometric and laboratory measurements, created a simple tool to predict individuals at low risk for type 2 diabetes. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Study of Hip Fracture Risk using Tree Structured Survival Analysis

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Lu Y

2003-01-01

Full Text Available In dieser Studie wird das Hüftfraktur-Risiko bei postmenopausalen Frauen untersucht, indem die Frauen in verschiedene Subgruppen hinsichtlich dieses Risikos klassifiziert werden. Frauen in einer gemeinsamen Subgruppe haben ein ähnliches Risiko, hingegen in verschiedenen Subgruppen ein unterschiedliches Hüftfraktur-Risiko. Die Subgruppen wurden mittels der Tree Structured Survival Analysis (TSSA aus den Daten von 7.665 Frauen der SOF (Study of Osteoporosis Fracture ermittelt. Bei allen Studienteilnehmerinnen wurde die Knochenmineraldichte (BMD von Unterarm, Oberschenkelhals, Hüfte und Wirbelsäule gemessen. Die Zeit von der BMD-Messung bis zur Hüftfraktur wurde als Endpunkt notiert. Eine Stichprobe von 75% der Teilnehmerinnen wurde verwendet, um die prognostischen Subgruppen zu bilden (Trainings-Datensatz, während die anderen 25% als Bestätigung der Ergebnisse diente (Validierungs-Datensatz. Aufgrund des Trainings-Datensatzes konnten mittels TSSA 4 Subgruppen identifiziert werden, deren Hüftfraktur-Risiko bei einem Follow-up von im Mittel 6,5 Jahren bei 19%, 9%, 4% und 1% lag. Die Einteilung in die Subgruppen erfolgte aufgrund der Bewertung der BMD des Ward'schen Dreiecks sowie des Oberschenkelhalses und nach dem Alter. Diese Ergebnisse konnten mittels des Validierungs-Datensatzes reproduziert werden, was die Sinnhaftigkeit der Klassifizierungregeln in einem klinischen Setting bestätigte. Mittels TSSA war eine sinnvolle, aussagekräftige und reproduzierbare Identifikation von prognostischen Subgruppen, die auf dem Alter und den BMD-Werten beruhen, möglich. In this paper we studied the risk of hip fracture for post-menopausal women by classifying women into different subgroups based on their risk of hip fracture. The subgroups were generated such that all the women in a particular subgroup had relatively similar risk while women belonging to two different subgroups had rather different risks of hip fracture. We used the Tree Structured

La mort dans quelques qenē en amharique Death in a few qenē in Amharic

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Daniel Assefa

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Ce travail présente vingt qenē, poésie en amharique à double sens, dont le texte original est accompagné d’une traduction annotée en français. Le thème de la mort y est présent, abordé de façon diverse. Issus d’un recueil établi par le blatēn gētā māḥtama Śellāsē en 1961, ces poèmes véhiculent mémoire collective et culture populaire. Ainsi, des événements collectifs traumatisants de l’histoire éthiopienne tout autant que les décès de personnages historiques importants y sont largement évoqués. Quelques poèmes présentent des allégories de la mort, tandis que d’autres s’attachent à exprimer les émotions ressenties durant un deuil.Twenty qenē, poems in Amharic with a double meaning, are presented, the original text along with an annotated translation in French. The theme of death is handled variously. Coming from a collection compiled by blatēn gētā māhtama Śellāsē in 1961, these poems convey a group memory and folk culture. They mention traumatic events in Ethiopian history as well as the death of major historical figures. A few poems contain allegories about death whereas others try to express the emotions felt in bereavement.

Efficient reduction and modularization for large fault trees stored by pages

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chen, Shanqi; Wang, Jin; Wang, Jiaqun; Wang, Fang; Hu, Liqin

2016-01-01

Highlights: • New fault tree pre-processing methods used in RiskA are presented. • Including the fault tree paging storage, simplification and modularization. • For getting MCS for fault trees containing more than 10,000 gates and events. • Reduce computer resources needs (RAM) and improve computation speed. - Abstract: Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), an indispensable tool used in Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA), has been used throughout the commercial nuclear power industry for safety and reliability analyses. However, large fault tree analysis, such as those used in nuclear power plant requires significant computer resources, which makes the analysis of PRA model inefficient and time consuming. This paper describes a fault tree pre-processing method used in the reliability and probabilistic safety assessment program RiskA that is capable of generating minimal cutsets for fault trees containing more than 10,000 gates and basic events. The novel feature of this method is not only that Boolean reduction rules are used but also that a new objective of simplification is proposed. Moreover, since the method aims to find more fault tree modules by the linear-time algorithm, it can optimize fault tree modularization, which further reduces the computational time of large fault tree analysis.

A angústia, o nada e a morte em Heidegger Anguish, nothingness and death in Heidegger

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marco Aurélio Werle

2003-01-01

Full Text Available O artigo investiga a relação entre os conceitos de medo, angústia, nada e morte na filosofia da existência de Heidegger. Pretende-se apontar para o papel destes fenômenos existenciais na passagem do ser-aí desde a inautenticidade para a autenticidade de seu ser.This paper investigates the relationship between the concepts of fear, anguish, nothingness and death in Heidegger's philosophy of existence. It points to the role of these existential phenomena in the transformation of "Dasein", from the inauthenticity to the authenticity of its Being.

La mort de Tupac Amaru, l’ultime cataclysme ?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Nejma Jalal-Kermele

2011-06-01

Full Text Available L’exécution du jeune Inca Tupac Amaru en 1572 fut pour les Indiens du Pérou un véritable cataclysme. Il s’insérait dans un contexte particulier : celui de la vice-royauté du Pérou qui connaissait, depuis de longues années, une série de guerres et de complots. Au cœur de cet espace troublé, se trouvait un royaume néo-inca que la Couronne espérait vaincre par une politique du compromis. Toledo, envoyé pour faire rentrer le Pérou dans un ordre nouveau, avait marqué, dès le début de son gouvernement, son opposition au régime de Vilcabamba dont la seule présence fragilisait la légitimité du pouvoir du roi de Castille aux Indes. C’était donc la question des Justes Titres qui préoccupait Toledo, décidé à lutter activement contre la pensée de Las Casas. La mort d’un messager, envoyé pour négocier avec l’Inca, servit de prétexte à une attaque de Vilcabamba qui permit l’arrestation du jeune Tupac Amaru que le vice-roi décida de condamner à mort, en dépit de sa conversion au catholicisme. L’exécution marqua pour les Indiens la fin d’un monde, la fin d’un espoir et apparut comme l’ultime catastrophe, une répétition de la mort de l’Inca et des Dieux. De nombreux récits rapportent la détresse infinie des Indiens et la désapprobation quasi générale des témoins. Nous voudrions proposer ici une rapide analyse des différentes lectures du cataclysme et tenter de montrer que, pour Toledo, il s’inséra dans une politique claire et assumée. Outre la question idéologique, le vice-roi s’appuya sur des arguments sécuritaires et fit finalement de Tupac Amaru non un prince mais un simple délinquant de droit commun. Cette réécriture de l’Histoire permit d’instaurer une nouvelle définition de la politique espagnole au Pérou mais le cataclysme marqua les esprits et Tupac Amaru, loin d’être oublié, devint un symbole qui traversa les siècles jusqu’à aujourd’hui.La ejecución del joven

An application of the value tree analysis methodology within the integrated risk informed decision making for the nuclear facilities

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Borysiewicz, Mieczysław; Kowal, Karol; Potempski, Sławomir

2015-01-01

A new framework of integrated risk informed decision making (IRIDM) has been recently developed in order to improve the risk management of the nuclear facilities. IRIDM is a process in which qualitatively different inputs, corresponding to different types of risk, are jointly taken into account. However, the relative importance of the IRIDM inputs and their influence on the decision to be made is difficult to be determined quantitatively. An improvement of this situation can be achieved by application of the Value Tree Analysis (VTA) methods. The aim of this article is to present the VTA methodology in the context of its potential usage in the decision making on nuclear facilities. The benefits of the VTA application within the IRIDM process were identified while making the decision on fuel conversion of the research reactor MARIA. - Highlights: • New approach to risk informed decision making on nuclear facilities was postulated. • Value tree diagram was developed for decision processes on nuclear installations. • An experiment was performed to compare the new approach with the standard one. • Benefits of the new approach were reached in fuel conversion of a research reactor. • The new approach makes the decision making process more transparent and auditable

Mortes no trânsito do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Klein Carlos Henrique

1994-01-01

Full Text Available A evolução urbana do município do Rio de Janeiro durante o século XX, especialmente a partir da sua segunda metade, é fortemente marcada por crescentes privilégios concedidos ao crescimento da utilização dos meios de transporte de massa e, principalmente, individuais, feitos por veículos a motor de explosão. Uma das conseqüências desta política é a ascenção da mortalidade por acidentes de trânsito, verificada durante a década de 80, entre homens e mulheres de todas as idades. Neste trabalho demonstra-se também que, em 1990, apenas cerca de 1/3 das vítimas fatais nos acidentes de trânsito estavam "embarcadas" nos veículos. Portanto, a maioria dos óbitos por este tipo de acidente, cerca de 2/3, ocorreu por atropelamentos. Isto indica a necessidade de o poder público reverter a prioridade na prevenção das mortes por acidentes de trânsito em favor de medidas eficazes que protejam os pedestres.

Mortes no trânsito do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Carlos Henrique Klein

Full Text Available A evolução urbana do município do Rio de Janeiro durante o século XX, especialmente a partir da sua segunda metade, é fortemente marcada por crescentes privilégios concedidos ao crescimento da utilização dos meios de transporte de massa e, principalmente, individuais, feitos por veículos a motor de explosão. Uma das conseqüências desta política é a ascenção da mortalidade por acidentes de trânsito, verificada durante a década de 80, entre homens e mulheres de todas as idades. Neste trabalho demonstra-se também que, em 1990, apenas cerca de 1/3 das vítimas fatais nos acidentes de trânsito estavam "embarcadas" nos veículos. Portanto, a maioria dos óbitos por este tipo de acidente, cerca de 2/3, ocorreu por atropelamentos. Isto indica a necessidade de o poder público reverter a prioridade na prevenção das mortes por acidentes de trânsito em favor de medidas eficazes que protejam os pedestres.

Evento com aparente risco de morte: uma revisão Evento con aparente riesgo de muerte (alte: una revisión Apparent life-threatening event: a review

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mariana Tresoldi das N. Romaneli

2012-12-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Realizar uma revisão crítica reunindo informações disponíveis a respeito dos eventos com aparente risco de morte. FONTES DE DADOS: Revisão bibliográfica dos artigos (em português, inglês e espanhol obtidos dos bancos de dados eletrônicos Medline, Lilacs e SciELO, utilizando as palavras-chave: eventos com aparente risco de morte, evento com aparente risco de vida infantil, lactente, apneia, monitorização e cianose. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Os eventos com aparente risco de mortesão súbitos e caracterizados por uma combinação de apneia, alteração na coloração da pele e tônus muscular, com inúmeras causas subjacentes. Sua incidência verdadeira é desconhecida e a faixa etária mais acometida é de 11 a 12 semanas. Não há correlação entre o evento com aparente risco de morte e a síndrome da morte súbita do lactente, embora já tenham sido consideradas manifestações da mesma doença. Muitas vezes, o lactente tem aparência saudável ao ser avaliado pelo pediatra após apresentar eventos com aparente risco de morte, porém, isso não afasta a possibilidade de existir uma doença grave associada ao evento, que deve ser investigada e tratada. Quando não são encontradas as causas, o evento é idiopático, geralmente com boa evolução. CONCLUSÕES: É necessário investigar os lactentes levados ao pronto-socorro após apresentarem eventos com aparente risco de morte, devido ao risco de sequelas e mortalidade. Não há uma padronização das condutas a serem realizadas diante de um lactente com aparência saudável que tenha evento com aparente risco de morte, mas recomenda-se que o paciente seja internado e a causa do evento, investigada. A observação e o monitoramento em ambiente hospitalar devem ocorrer no mínimo 24 horas após o evento.OBJETIVO: Realizar una revisión crítica, reuniendo las informaciones disponibles respecto a los Eventos con Aparente Riesgo de Muerte (ALTE - Apparent life-threatening event

Analytical solutions of linked fault tree probabilistic risk assessments using binary decision diagrams with emphasis on nuclear safety applications

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nusbaumer, O. P. M.

2007-01-01

This study is concerned with the quantification of Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) using linked Fault Tree (FT) models. Probabilistic Risk assessment (PRA) of Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) complements traditional deterministic analysis; it is widely recognized as a comprehensive and structured approach to identify accident scenarios and to derive numerical estimates of the associated risk levels. PRA models as found in the nuclear industry have evolved rapidly. Increasingly, they have been broadly applied to support numerous applications on various operational and regulatory matters. Regulatory bodies in many countries require that a PRA be performed for licensing purposes. PRA has reached the point where it can considerably influence the design and operation of nuclear power plants. However, most of the tools available for quantifying large PRA models are unable to produce analytically correct results. The algorithms of such quantifiers are designed to neglect sequences when their likelihood decreases below a predefined cutoff limit. In addition, the rare event approximation (e.g. Moivre's equation) is typically implemented for the first order, ignoring the success paths and the possibility that two or more events can occur simultaneously. This is only justified in assessments where the probabilities of the basic events are low. When the events in question are failures, the first order rare event approximation is always conservative, resulting in wrong interpretation of risk importance measures. Advanced NPP PRA models typically include human errors, common cause failure groups, seismic and phenomenological basic events, where the failure probabilities may approach unity, leading to questionable results. It is accepted that current quantification tools have reached their limits, and that new quantification techniques should be investigated. A novel approach using the mathematical concept of Binary Decision Diagram (BDD) is proposed to overcome these deficiencies

Automatic fault tree generation in the EPR PSA project

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Villatte, N; Nonclercq, P.; Taupy, S.

2012-01-01

Tools (KB3 and Atelier EPS) have been developed at EDF to assist the analysts in building fault trees for PSA (Probabilistic Safety Assessment) and importing them into RiskSpectrum (RiskSpectrum is a Swedish code used at EDF for PSA). System modelling is performed using KB3 software with a knowledge base describing generic classes of components with their behaviour and failure modes. Using these classes of components, the analyst can describe (using a graphical system editor): a simplified system diagram from the mechanical system drawings and functional descriptions, the missions of the studied system (in a form of high level fault trees) and its different configurations for the missions. He can also add specific knowledge about the system. Then, the analyst chooses missions and configurations to specify and launch fault trees generations. From the system description, KB3 produces by backward-chaining on rules, detailed system fault trees. These fault trees are finally imported into RiskSpectrum (they are converted by Atelier EPS into a format readable by RiskSpectrum). KB3 and Atelier EPS have been used to create the majority of the fault trees for the EDF EPR Probabilistic Safety Analysis conducted from November 2009 to March 2010. 25 systems were modelled, and 127 fault trees were automatically generated in a rather short time by different analysts with the help of these tools. A feedback shows a lot of advantages to use KB3 and Atelier EPS: homogeneity and consistency between the different generated fault trees, traceability of modelling, control of modelling and last but not least: the automation of detailed fault tree creation relieves the human analyst of this tedious task so that he can focus his attention on more important tasks: modelling the failure of a function. This industrial application has also helped us gather an interesting feedback from the analysts that should help us improve the handling of the tools. We propose in this paper indeed some

Causas mal definidas de morte e óbitos sem assistência Ill-defined causes of death and unattended deaths, Brazil, 2003

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Augusto Hasiak Santo

2008-02-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVOS: Este trabalho estuda a distribuição dos óbitos por causas mal definidas no Brasil, no ano de 2003, entre as quais identifica a proporção de mortes sem assistência. MÉTODOS: Os dados provieram do Sistema de Informações Sobre Mortalidade, coordenado pelo Ministério da Saúde. As causas mal definidas de morte compreenderam as incluídas no "Capítulo XVIII - Sintomas, sinais e achados anormais de exames clínicos e de laboratório não classificados em outra parte" da Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde, décima revisão, capítulo este no qual a categoria R98 identificava a "morte sem assistência". RESULTADOS: No Brasil, em 2003, a causa básica de 13,3% dos óbitos foi identificada como mal definida, sendo que as proporções maiores ocorreram nas Regiões Nordeste e Norte. Do total de causas mal definidas no país, 53,3% corresponderam a mortes sem assistência, proporção esta que superou 70% nos Estados do Maranhão, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, Bahia, Paraíba e Alagoas. CONCLUSÃO: Dada a estrutura descentralizada para o levantamento dos óbitos no país, identifica-se a maior responsabilidade dos municípios e, em seguida, dos Estados para o aprimoramento da qualidade das estatísticas de mortalidade.BACKGROUND: We studied the distribution of deaths from ill-defined causes that occurred in Brazil during 2003, from which was identified the proportion of unattended deaths. METHODS: Data were obtained from the Mortality Information System, coordinated by the Ministry of Health. Causes of death included in "Chapter XVIII - Symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not classified elsewhere" of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, tenth revision, were considered ill-defined, among which the category R98 identified "unattended deaths". RESULTS: In Brazil during 2003 the underlying causes of

New perspectives on the ecology of tree structure and tree communities through terrestrial laser scanning.

Science.gov (United States)

Malhi, Yadvinder; Jackson, Tobias; Patrick Bentley, Lisa; Lau, Alvaro; Shenkin, Alexander; Herold, Martin; Calders, Kim; Bartholomeus, Harm; Disney, Mathias I

2018-04-06

Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) opens up the possibility of describing the three-dimensional structures of trees in natural environments with unprecedented detail and accuracy. It is already being extensively applied to describe how ecosystem biomass and structure vary between sites, but can also facilitate major advances in developing and testing mechanistic theories of tree form and forest structure, thereby enabling us to understand why trees and forests have the biomass and three-dimensional structure they do. Here we focus on the ecological challenges and benefits of understanding tree form, and highlight some advances related to capturing and describing tree shape that are becoming possible with the advent of TLS. We present examples of ongoing work that applies, or could potentially apply, new TLS measurements to better understand the constraints on optimization of tree form. Theories of resource distribution networks, such as metabolic scaling theory, can be tested and further refined. TLS can also provide new approaches to the scaling of woody surface area and crown area, and thereby better quantify the metabolism of trees. Finally, we demonstrate how we can develop a more mechanistic understanding of the effects of avoidance of wind risk on tree form and maximum size. Over the next few years, TLS promises to deliver both major empirical and conceptual advances in the quantitative understanding of trees and tree-dominated ecosystems, leading to advances in understanding the ecology of why trees and ecosystems look and grow the way they do.

Luto e Sociedade no Brasil do final do século XX. O imaginário sobre a morte e o morrer, a dor e a perda na cidade de João Pessoa, PB

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mauro Guilherme Pinheiro Koury

2011-04-01

Full Text Available Este artigo tem por objetivo a compreensão das apreensões imaginárias sobre as noções de perda, e de dor, da morte e do morrer entre os habitantes da cidade de João Pessoa, capital do estado brasileiro da Paraíba. O que se espera é a apreensão das formas societárias contidas no imaginário dos informantes sobre o processo de morte e o processo de perda enquanto significados socialmente esperados de conduta e de valores frente a esses processos.

An Overview of Risk Quantification Issues for Digitalized Nuclear Power Plants using a Static Fault Tree

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kang, Hyun Gook; Kim, Man Cheol; Lee, Seung Jun; Lee, Ho Jung; Eom, Heung Seop; Chol, Jong Gyun; Jang, Seung Cheol [Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon (Korea, Republic of)

2009-08-15

Risk caused by safety-critical instrumentation and control (I and C) systems considerably affects overall plant risk. As digitalization of safety-critical systems in nuclear power plants progresses, a risk model of a digitalized safety system is required and must be included in a plant safety model in order to assess this risk effect on the plant. Unique features of a digital system cause some challenges in risk modeling. This article aims at providing an overview of the issues related to the development of a static fault-tree-based risk model. We categorize the complicated issues of digital system probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) into four groups based on their characteristics: hardware module issues, software issues, system issues, and safety function issues. Quantification of the effect of these issues dominates the quality of a developed risk model. Recent research activities for addressing various issues, such as the modeling framework of a software-based system, the software failure probability and the fault coverage of a self monitoring mechanism, are discussed. Although these issues are interrelated and affect each other, the categorized and systematic approach suggested here will provide a proper insight for analyzing risk from a digital system

Mortes e crimes cometidos com armas de fogo na cidade autônoma de Buenos Aires, 2002

OpenAIRE

Spinelli,Hugo; Alazraqui,Marcio; Zunino,Gabriela; Olaeta,Hernán; Poggese,Héctor; Concaro,Carola; Porterie,Sidonie

2006-01-01

A violência se constitui em um dos problemas mais graves da América Latina. O uso de pequenas e leves armas de fogo é considerada a principal responsável por este fato. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descobrir, a partir de dados do setor saúde, da justiça e da polícia, o número de mortes e crimes envolvendo armas de fogo ocorridos na cidade de Buenos Aires em 2002. Os dados sobre mortalidade e crimes foram obtidos dos Sistemas Nacionais de Estatísticas Vitais e Informação Criminal e os d...

A cultura da violência: os crimes na Comarca do Rio das Mortes - Minas Gerais Século XIX

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ivan de Andrade Vellasco

2005-06-01

Full Text Available A análise da documentação judicial da Comarca do Rio das Mortes, Minas Gerais, durante o século XIX, procura salientar a presença disseminada da violência como uma cultura que permeava as relações sociais. Busca-se, utilizando-se de dados quantitativos e qualitativos, interpretar os significados da violência e sua racionalidade enquanto forma legitimada de expressão de valores sociais, tais como honra e dignidade, e manutenção de prerrogativas sociais em contextos competitivos.

A review of pruning fruit trees

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, L.; Koc, A. B.; Wang, X. N.; Jiang, Y. X.

2018-05-01

The focus of this review is to present the results of studies and articles about ways to prune fruit trees. Pruning should be done in late winter or early spring so that the infection risk can be significantly decreased. This review will also offer an overview of methods to prevent infections and speed up recovery on the trees. The following is an interpretation of why high-power ultrasonic assisted pruning in the fruits trees is needed and will elaborate on the efficiency, labor costs, and safety, as well as space, location, and some environmental issues.

Systems analysis programs for hands-on integrated reliability evaluations (SAPHIRE) Version 5.0. Fault tree, event tree, and piping ampersand instrumentation diagram (FEP) editors reference manual: Volume 7

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

McKay, M.K.; Skinner, N.L.; Wood, S.T.

1994-07-01

The Systems Analysis Programs for Hands-on Integrated Reliability Evaluations (SAPHIRE) refers to a set of several microcomputer programs that were developed to create and analyze probabilistic risk assessments (PRAs), primarily for nuclear power plants. The Fault Tree, Event Tree, and Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (FEP) editors allow the user to graphically build and edit fault trees, and event trees, and piping and instrumentation diagrams (P and IDs). The software is designed to enable the independent use of the graphical-based editors found in the Integrated Reliability and Risk Assessment System (IRRAS). FEP is comprised of three separate editors (Fault Tree, Event Tree, and Piping and Instrumentation Diagram) and a utility module. This reference manual provides a screen-by-screen guide of the entire FEP System

Les récits de la mort d’Henri III publiés en Angleterre : régicide et fabrication de l’histoire dans les années 1590

OpenAIRE

Daniel, Marie-Céline

2015-01-01

Alors même qu’elle contenait en germes tous les ingrédients d’un fait divers passionnant, la nouvelle de la mort d’Henri III n’a pas été accompagnée à Londres d’une très importante production imprimée. Le régicide de 1589 semble avoir été considéré par les autorités anglaises comme un événement suffisamment grave pour que ne paraissent que des textes strictement contrôlés, et en général très vagues sur la mort du roi elle-même : à la manière d’un prisme, ils aident à voir mais dévient le rega...

Analyzing systemic risk using non-linear marginal expected shortfall and its minimum spanning tree

Science.gov (United States)

Song, Jae Wook; Ko, Bonggyun; Chang, Woojin

2018-02-01

The aim of this paper is to propose a new theoretical framework for analyzing the systemic risk using the marginal expected shortfall (MES) and its correlation-based minimum spanning tree (MST). At first, we develop two parametric models of MES with their closed-form solutions based on the Capital Asset Pricing Model. Our models are derived from the non-symmetric quadratic form, which allows them to consolidate the non-linear relationship between the stock and market returns. Secondly, we discover the evidences related to the utility of our models and the possible association in between the non-linear relationship and the emergence of severe systemic risk by considering the US financial system as a benchmark. In this context, the evolution of MES also can be regarded as a reasonable proxy of systemic risk. Lastly, we analyze the structural properties of the systemic risk using the MST based on the computed series of MES. The topology of MST conveys the presence of sectoral clustering and strong co-movements of systemic risk leaded by few hubs during the crisis. Specifically, we discover that the Depositories are the majority sector leading the connections during the Non-Crisis period, whereas the Broker-Dealers are majority during the Crisis period.

Uma "boa" morte em UTI pediátrica: é isso possível? A "good" death in a pediatric ICU: is it possible?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Daniel Garros

2003-11-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Dentro das modernas UTIPs (unidades de terapia intensiva pediátricas existe um número elevado de casos em que a restrição ou a remoção de medidas de suporte de vida (MSV é realizada com o objetivo de permitir a morte da criança, para a qual não há mais tratamento viável. Conseqüentemente, a medicina paliativa está tomando lugar de destaque dentro da UTIP. O objetivo desta revisão é oferecer ao intensivista maneiras de prover para seu paciente uma morte digna e mais humana, dentro deste contexto. FONTES DOS DADOS: Utilizando uma revisão sistemática no banco de dados Medline, com terminologia pertinente, uma seleção de artigos pertinentes são revisados, com ênfase no tema morte em UTIP. Conceitos de medicina paliativa aplicáveis neste ambiente são introduzidos. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: A morte digna para uma criança em cuidado paliativo dentro da UTIP pode ser alcançada, se algumas medidas simples são observadas, tais como: oportunizar à família participação em todo o processo decisório num ambiente de abertura e honestidade mútua, abrir as portas da UTI para certos rituais que a família julgar importante, oferecer privacidade, controlar efetivamente a dor e sintomas de desconforto na hora da remoção ou restrição de MSV, e proceder com remoção de MSV na presença da família, se assim ela desejar. CONCLUSÃO: A morte de uma criança em UTIP, quando resulta de restrição ou remoção de suporte de vida, pode ser dignificada e humanizada, se princípios básicos de medicina paliativa e cuidados centrados na família são trazidos para dentro deste ambiente, notadamente caracterizado como de alta tecnologia e visto pelo público como desumano.OBJECTIVES: In the modern pediatric intensive care unit (PICU physicians are often faced with the need to interrupt life-sustaining treatment (LST and to allow children to die when no further treatment options are available. Consequently, the importance of palliative

Combined prediction model for supply risk in nuclear power equipment manufacturing industry based on support vector machine and decision tree

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Shi Chunsheng; Meng Dapeng

2011-01-01

The prediction index for supply risk is developed based on the factor identifying of nuclear equipment manufacturing industry. The supply risk prediction model is established with the method of support vector machine and decision tree, based on the investigation on 3 important nuclear power equipment manufacturing enterprises and 60 suppliers. Final case study demonstrates that the combination model is better than the single prediction model, and demonstrates the feasibility and reliability of this model, which provides a method to evaluate the suppliers and measure the supply risk. (authors)

Contribuição ao estudo da estmativa do tempo decorrido de morte por meio da dosagem de ions "Mg++", "K+", Na+", "Ca", "P" e eletrolito "U" no humor vitreo de coelhos

OpenAIRE

Paulo Cesar Gaiotto

2003-01-01

Resumo: A determinação da cronologia da morte (cronotanatognose) é ainda hoje matéria controversa e intrigante, tendo-se em vista a inexistência de um único método que determine com precisão. Após a morte celular, dá-se início ao processo denominado de autólise, neste todas as células apresentam dissolução de sua integridade química física e morfológica, procedendo-se à difusão de íons de acordo com os seus gradientes de concentração nos diferentes tecidos corpóreos, fatores anatômicos locais...

Probabilistic risk assessment using event tables and the BNL [Brookhaven National Laboratory] event-tree analyzer

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fullwood, R.R.; Shier, W.G.

1989-01-01

Probabilistic risk analysis (PRA) is being used to study design alternatives for the advanced neutron source research reactor being designed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory for operation in the 1990s. Major communication paths between the designers and the safety analysts are accident discussions supported by event tables, event-tree graphics, and accident sequence probabilities. The BETA code used in conjunction with a word processor provides this linkage. This paper describes the process, features of the BETA, how it works, and some examples of usage

Atividade antifúngica e cinética de morte microbiana de extratos obtidos de Streptomyces spp. isolados de solos paraibanos

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Thompson Lopes de Oliveira

Full Text Available Foram coletadas sessenta e oito amostras em diferentes solos paraibanos, com o isolamento de quarenta e nove cepas de Streptomyces spp. Após triagem antimicrobiana, por meio da técnica de difusão em meio sólido com blocos de agar, foram preparados os extratos dos microrganismos produtores de metabólitos bioativos, respectivamente cepas SP1 e SP3, e em seguida avaliados quanto a atividade antifúngica frente a espécies de fungos filamentosos de origem clínica e ATCC. O antagonismo foi determinado através dos ensaios de difusão com discos em meio sólido, microdiluição e cinética de morte microbiana. Os halos de inibição obtidos a partir dos extratos Sp-1 e Sp-3 apresentaram efeito antagônico com valores superiores aos halos de inibição promovidos pela droga controle, frequentemente utilizada na terapêutica antifúngica. Os resultados das concentrações inibitórias mínimas na microdiluição foram expressivos com valores fungicidas variando entre 10 mg e 0,078125 mg. Na cinética de morte microbiana, as atividades dos extratos Sp-1 e Sp-3 resultaram em dados estatisticamente significativos frente às cepas testes.

Integrated fault tree development environment

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dixon, B.W.

1986-01-01

Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) techniques are utilized in the nuclear industry to perform safety analyses of complex defense-in-depth systems. A major effort in PRA development is fault tree construction. The Integrated Fault Tree Environment (IFTREE) is an interactive, graphics-based tool for fault tree design. IFTREE provides integrated building, editing, and analysis features on a personal workstation. The design philosophy of IFTREE is presented, and the interface is described. IFTREE utilizes a unique rule-based solution algorithm founded in artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. The impact of the AI approach on the program design is stressed. IFTREE has been developed to handle the design and maintenance of full-size living PRAs and is currently in use

Tendência da mortalidade relacionada à varicela no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, 1985 a 2004: estudo usando causas múltiplas de morte Chickenpox-related mortality trends in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, 1985-2004: a multiple cause approach

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Augusto Hasiak Santo

2007-08-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Estudar a tendência da mortalidade relacionada à varicela tanto como causa básica quanto como causa associada de morte (informada em qualquer linha ou parte do atestado médico da declaração de óbito. MÉTODOS: Os dados provieram dos bancos de causas múltiplas de morte da Fundação Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados de São Paulo (SEADE entre 1985 e 2004. As causas de morte foram processadas pelo Tabulador de Causas Múltiplas. RESULTADOS: Nesse período de 20 anos, ocorreram 1 037 óbitos em que a varicela foi identificada como causa básica e 150 nos quais foi causa associada. Os coeficientes de mortalidade pela causa básica foram superiores e declinaram, ao passo que a mortalidade por varicela como causa associada apresentou um pequeno aumento. Setenta e seis por cento das mortes ocorreram em menores de 10 anos de idade, especialmente nos menores de 1 ano. Ocorreu concentração de mortes entre os meses de julho e janeiro (86,8% do total de 1 187 óbitos, com valores máximos em outubro. Os coeficientes de mortalidade da capital para a varicela como causa básica e associada foram, respectivamente, 47,1 e 50,0% maiores do que os do interior do Estado. Para a varicela como causa básica, as pneumonias e septicemias foram as principais causas associadas, ao passo que para a varicela como causa associada, a AIDS e as neoplasias foram as principais causas básicas de morte. CONCLUSÕES: Em que pese o declínio da varicela como causa básica de morte, este estudo permitiu evidenciar o impacto da mortalidade relacionada à varicela em grupos de risco específicos, entre os quais as crianças entre 1 e 4 anos e os indivíduos com AIDS e neoplasias.OBJECTIVE: To study mortality trends related to chickenpox, as either the underlying or associated cause-of-death (recorded in any field of the medical section of the death certificate, in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Mortality data for 1985-2004 were obtained from the multiple cause

Fatores de risco para morte fetal no município de Pato Branco (Brasil Factores de riesgo para muerte fetal en el municipio de Pato Branco (Brasil Risk factors for fetal death in the city of Pato Branco (Brazil

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Letícia de Lima Trindade

2011-11-01

Full Text Available Objetivo. Descrever os fatores de risco para mortalidade fetal na cidade de Pato Branco (Brasil. Metodologia. Realizou-se um estudo descritivo, no qual foram analisados os casos de nascidos mortos de 2000 a 2008 na cidade de Pato Branco. A informação foi obtida do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade. Resultados. Registraram-se 91 mortes fetais no período estudado para uma taxa média de 9.27 por mil nascidos vivos. Os principais fatores de risco de origem maternos foram: placenta prévia (38.5%, hipertensão induzida na gravidez (13.2%, idade de 21 a 30 anos (40.7%, ter três e menos anos de escolaridade (25.7% e a ocupação de dona de casa (34.1%. Para os fetos, o único fator de risco registrado foi o sexo, no que o masculino contribuiu o 52.7% das mortes. Conclusão. Identificaram-se alguns fatores de risco previsíveis que é necessário intervir com o fim de reduzir a mortalidade fetal no município.Objetivo. Describir los factores de riesgo para natimortalidad en la ciudad de Pato Branco (Brasil. Metodología. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, en el cual fueron analizados los casos de nacidos muertos de 2000 a 2008 en la ciudad de Pato Branco. La información fue obtenida del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad. Resultados. Se registraron 91 muertes fetales en el periodo estudiado para una tasa media de 9.27 por mil nacidos vivos. Los principales factores de riesgo de origen maternos fueron: placenta previa e hipertensión inducida en el embarazo como complicaciones del embarazo (38.5% y 13.2%, edad de 21 a 30 años (40.7%, baja escolaridad (25.7% y como ocupación de ama de casa (34.1%. Para los fetos, el único factor de riesgo registrado fue el sexo: el masculino aportó el 52.7% de las muertes. Conclusión. Se identificaron algunos factores de riesgo prevenibles que merecen intervención con el fin de reducir la natimortalidad en el municipio.Objective. To describe risk factors for fetal mortality in the city of Pato Branco

Je suis un zombie : Études récentes sur Richard Matheson et le mort-vivant

OpenAIRE

Ransom, Amy J.; Trudel, Jean-Louis

2013-01-01

Dans ce texte nous résumons quatre essais récents sur le phénomène actuel du zombie ainsi qu’un collectif sur l’œuvre de Richard Matheson dont la première version filmique du roman Je suis une légende a servi d’inspiration à l’ur-film de zombies, La nuit des morts vivants de George A. Romero. Tandis que Pierre Cassou-Noguès et Maxime Coulombe signent des traitements plus philosophiques du zombie, leurs ouvrages diffèrent beaucoup dans leur forme et leur fonction. Pour leur part, Amélie Pépin ...

Morte encefálica, cuidados ao doador de órgãos e transplante de pulmão

OpenAIRE

D'Império,Fernando

2007-01-01

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O transplante de órgãos é aceito como uma opção para doença orgânica terminal, em pacientes bem selecionados. Este é o resultado de grandes avanços nos campos da Imunologia, da Tecnologia da Terapia Intensiva e da Farmacologia. Entretanto, os sistemas de transplantes são, atualmente, vítimas de seu próprio sucesso, à medida que as listas de espera se alongam, em contraste com a disponibilidade de órgãos, que permanece estável, acarretando crescente número de mortes ...

When a tree falls: Controls on wood decay predict standing dead tree fall and new risks in changing forests

Science.gov (United States)

Brad Oberle; Kiona Ogle; Amy E. Zanne; Christopher W. Woodall

2018-01-01

When standing dead trees (snags) fall, they have major impacts on forest ecosystems. Snag fall can redistribute wildlife habitat and impact public safety, while governing important carbon (C) cycle consequences of tree mortality because ground contact accelerates C emissions during deadwood decay. Managing the consequences of altered snag dynamics in changing forests...

A tree girdling beetle in Korogwe District: its potential risk to ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

A study was conducted to identify and assess damage of an insect pest girdling young Eucalypts in Korogwe Forest Plantation, Tanga. Purposive sampling was employed to establish 10 plots of 10m by 10m. A total of 90 trees were sampled. Insect pest specimens were collected and girdled trees counted in each plot. The

RFID Privacy Risk Evaluation Based on Synthetic Method of Extended Attack Tree and Information Feature Entropy

OpenAIRE

Li, Peng; Xu, Chao; Chen, Long; Wang, Ruchuan

2015-01-01

Evaluation of security risks in radio frequency identification (RFID) systems is a challenging problem in Internet of Things (IoT). This paper proposes an extended attack tree (EAT) model to identify RFID system’s flaws and vulnerabilities. A corresponding formal description of the model is described which adds a probability SAND node together with the probability attribute of the node attack. In addition, we model the process of an RFID data privacy attack based on EAT, taking a sensitive in...

Drought-associated tree mortality: Global patterns and insights from tree-ring studies in the southwestern U.S.A

Science.gov (United States)

Macalady, Alison Kelly

Forests play an important role in the earth system, regulating climate, maintaining biodiversity, and provisioning human communities with water, food and fuel. Interactions between climate and forest dynamics are not well constrained, and high uncertainty characterizes projections of global warming impacts on forests and associated ecosystem services. Recently observed tree mortality and forest die-off forewarn an acceleration of forest change with rising temperature and increased drought. However, the processes leading to tree death during drought are poorly understood, limiting our ability to anticipate future forest dynamics. The objective of this dissertation was to improve understanding of drought-associated tree mortality through literature synthesis and tree-ring studies on trees that survived and died during droughts in the southwestern USA. Specifically, this dissertation 1) documented global tree mortality patterns and identified emerging trends and research gaps; 2) quantified relationships between growth, climate, competition and mortality of pinon pine during droughts in New Mexico; 3) investigated tree defense anatomy as a potentially key element in pinon avoidance of death; and, 4) characterized the climate sensitivity of pinon resin ducts in order to gain insight into potential trends in tree defenses with climate variability and change. There has been an increase in studies reporting tree mortality linked to drought, heat, and the associated activity of insects and pathogens. Cases span the forested continents and occurred in water, light and temperature-limited forests. We hypothesized that increased tree mortality may be an emerging global phenomenon related to rising temperatures and drought (Appendix A). Recent radial growth was 53% higher on average in pinon that survived versus died during two episodes of drought-associated mortality, and statistical models of mortality risk based on average growth, growth variability, and abrupt growth

Categorizing ideas about trees: a tree of trees.

Science.gov (United States)

Fisler, Marie; Lecointre, Guillaume

2013-01-01

The aim of this study is to explore whether matrices and MP trees used to produce systematic categories of organisms could be useful to produce categories of ideas in history of science. We study the history of the use of trees in systematics to represent the diversity of life from 1766 to 1991. We apply to those ideas a method inspired from coding homologous parts of organisms. We discretize conceptual parts of ideas, writings and drawings about trees contained in 41 main writings; we detect shared parts among authors and code them into a 91-characters matrix and use a tree representation to show who shares what with whom. In other words, we propose a hierarchical representation of the shared ideas about trees among authors: this produces a "tree of trees." Then, we categorize schools of tree-representations. Classical schools like "cladists" and "pheneticists" are recovered but others are not: "gradists" are separated into two blocks, one of them being called here "grade theoreticians." We propose new interesting categories like the "buffonian school," the "metaphoricians," and those using "strictly genealogical classifications." We consider that networks are not useful to represent shared ideas at the present step of the study. A cladogram is made for showing who is sharing what with whom, but also heterobathmy and homoplasy of characters. The present cladogram is not modelling processes of transmission of ideas about trees, and here it is mostly used to test for proximity of ideas of the same age and for categorization.

Analytical solutions of linked fault tree probabilistic risk assessments using binary decision diagrams with emphasis on nuclear safety applications[Dissertation 17286

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nusbaumer, O. P. M

2007-07-01

This study is concerned with the quantification of Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) using linked Fault Tree (FT) models. Probabilistic Risk assessment (PRA) of Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) complements traditional deterministic analysis; it is widely recognized as a comprehensive and structured approach to identify accident scenarios and to derive numerical estimates of the associated risk levels. PRA models as found in the nuclear industry have evolved rapidly. Increasingly, they have been broadly applied to support numerous applications on various operational and regulatory matters. Regulatory bodies in many countries require that a PRA be performed for licensing purposes. PRA has reached the point where it can considerably influence the design and operation of nuclear power plants. However, most of the tools available for quantifying large PRA models are unable to produce analytically correct results. The algorithms of such quantifiers are designed to neglect sequences when their likelihood decreases below a predefined cutoff limit. In addition, the rare event approximation (e.g. Moivre's equation) is typically implemented for the first order, ignoring the success paths and the possibility that two or more events can occur simultaneously. This is only justified in assessments where the probabilities of the basic events are low. When the events in question are failures, the first order rare event approximation is always conservative, resulting in wrong interpretation of risk importance measures. Advanced NPP PRA models typically include human errors, common cause failure groups, seismic and phenomenological basic events, where the failure probabilities may approach unity, leading to questionable results. It is accepted that current quantification tools have reached their limits, and that new quantification techniques should be investigated. A novel approach using the mathematical concept of Binary Decision Diagram (BDD) is proposed to overcome these

Wind-Induced Reconfigurations in Flexible Branched Trees

Science.gov (United States)

Ojo, Oluwafemi; Shoele, Kourosh

2017-11-01

Wind induced stresses are the major mechanical cause of failure in trees. We know that the branching mechanism has an important effect on the stress distribution and stability of a tree in the wind. Eloy in PRL 2011, showed that Leonardo da Vinci's original observation which states the total cross section of branches is conserved across branching nodes is the best configuration for resisting wind-induced fracture in rigid trees. However, prediction of the fracture risk and pattern of a tree is also a function of their reconfiguration capabilities and how they mitigate large wind-induced stresses. In this studies through developing an efficient numerical simulation of flexible branched trees, we explore the role of the tree flexibility on the optimal branching. Our results show that the probability of a tree breaking at any point depends on both the cross-section changes in the branching nodes and the level of tree flexibility. It is found that the branching mechanism based on Leonardo da Vinci's original observation leads to a uniform stress distribution over a wide range of flexibilities but the pattern changes for more flexible systems.

Chip and truck: Comparing the cost of using trees to heat buildings

Science.gov (United States)

Robin Silverstein; Dan Loeffler; J. Greg Jones; Dave Calkin; Hans Zuuring; Martin. Twer

2009-01-01

In the Western United States, many of the forests have too many small trees (figure 1). These small trees increase the risk of wildfire. Forest managers, therefore, want to remove the small trees. Some scientists believe these small trees may be a good source of fuel. To explore this possibility, a program called "Fuels for Schools" was created in...

Monitoring environmental stress in forest trees using biochemical and physiological markers

Science.gov (United States)

R. Minocha; S.C. Minocha; S. Long

2003-01-01

Our objective was to determine the usefulness of polyamines, particularly putrescine, and amino acids such as arginine, as foliar indicators of abiotic stress in visually asymptomatic trees. An evaluation of apparently healthy trees is essential in developing risk assessment and stress remediation strategies for forest trees prior to the onset of obvious decline....

A novel method of fuzzy fault tree analysis combined with VB program to identify and assess the risk of coal dust explosions.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Hetang Wang

Full Text Available Coal dust explosions (CDE are one of the main threats to the occupational safety of coal miners. Aiming to identify and assess the risk of CDE, this paper proposes a novel method of fuzzy fault tree analysis combined with the Visual Basic (VB program. In this methodology, various potential causes of the CDE are identified and a CDE fault tree is constructed. To overcome drawbacks from the lack of exact probability data for the basic events, fuzzy set theory is employed and the probability data of each basic event is treated as intuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. In addition, a new approach for calculating the weighting of each expert is also introduced in this paper to reduce the error during the expert elicitation process. Specifically, an in-depth quantitative analysis of the fuzzy fault tree, such as the importance measure of the basic events and the cut sets, and the CDE occurrence probability is given to assess the explosion risk and acquire more details of the CDE. The VB program is applied to simplify the analysis process. A case study and analysis is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of this proposed method, and some suggestions are given to take preventive measures in advance and avoid CDE accidents.

Fatores associados à morte neonatal em recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso em quatro maternidades no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Factors associated with neonatal mortality among very low birthweight newborns in four maternity hospitals in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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José Luiz Muniz Bandeira Duarte

2005-02-01

Full Text Available Os recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso representam a grande maioria das mortes no período neonatal, constituindo o maior percentual da mortalidade infantil no Brasil. Este estudo, do tipo longitudinal, incluiu um total de 487 recém-nascidos e propôs uma análise dos fatores associados à mortalidade em recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso até completarem 27 dias de vida. Foram calculados os riscos relativos de óbito para cada uma das variáveis estudada, e as que se mostraram estatisticamente significativas foram selecionadas para o modelo multivariado, no qual se calcularam as razões de chances (OR com a regressão logística. Os fatores associados à diminuição do risco de morte foram: uso de corticosteróide antenatal (OR = 0,40; IC90%: 0,23-0,74 e uso de nutrição parenteral total (OR = 0,06; IC90%: 0,02-0,15. Os fatores associados ao risco de morte foram: recém-nascido do sexo masculino (OR = 2,19; IC90%: 1,27-4,00; hemorragia materna (OR = 4,28; IC90%: 1,27-14,46 e uso de ventilação mecânica (OR = 18,83; IC90%: 5,15-68,87; escore de CRIB (OR = 4,48; IC90%: 2,43-8,27 e peso ao nascimento. O uso de corticosteróide antenatal deve ser mais difundido, visando à diminuição da morbi-mortalidade neonatal.In Brazil, neonatal mortality is the most common cause of infant mortality. The majority of deaths occur in very low birthweight newborns. This longitudinal study assesses factors associated with mortality risk in very low birthweight newborns during the first 27 days of life. Relative risk of mortality was assessed for each variable, and the most statistically significant variables were selected for the multivariate model, in which odds ratios were calculated using logistic regression. Factors associated with decreased mortality risk were: prenatal corticosteroid (OR = 0.40; 90%CI: 0.23-0.74 and total parenteral nutrition (OR = 0.06; 90%CI: 0.02-0.15. Factors associated with increased mortality risk were: male gender (OR = 2

Phytoextraction of risk elements by willow and poplar trees.

Science.gov (United States)

Kacálková, Lada; Tlustoš, Pavel; Száková, Jiřina

2015-01-01

To characterize the phytoextraction efficiency of two clones of willow trees (Salix x smithiana Willd., Salix rubens) and two clones of poplar trees (Populus nigra x maximowiczii, Populus nigra Wolterson) were planted in contaminated soil (0.4-2.0 mg Cd.kg(-1), 78-313 mg Zn.kg(-1), 21.3-118 mg Cu.kg(-1)). Field experiment was carried out in Czech Republic. The study investigated their ability to accumulate heavy metals (Cd, Zn, and Cu) in harvestable plant parts. The poplars produced higher amount of biomass than willows. Both Salix clones accumulated higher amount of Cd, Zn and Cu in their biomass (maximum 6.8 mg Cd.kg(-1), 909 mg Zn.kg(-1), and 17.7 mg Cu.kg(-1)) compared to Populus clones (maximum 2.06 mg Cd.kg(-1), 463 mg Zn.kg(-1), and 11.8 mg Cu.kg(-1)). There were no significant differences between clones of individual species. BCs for Cd and Zn were greater than 1 (the highest in willow leaves). BCs values of Cu were very low. These results indicate that Salix is more suitable plant for phytoextraction of Cd and Zn than Populus. The Cu phytoextraction potential of Salix and Populus trees was not confirmed in this experiment due to low soil availability of this element.

Warm Pants and Wild Places: Domestic Anxieties in Malory’s Morte D’Arthur and T. H. White’s The Once and Future King

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

McCausland, Elly

2017-01-01

of the Arthurian kingdom. T.H. White’s Arthuriad harnesses this tension to consider a paradox at the heart of childhood development: the need for dependent self-sufficiency. Considering 'The Once and Future King' alongside White’s turbulent personal relationship with childhood, this essay examines the ways...... in which White appropriates Malory’s Morte to emphasise the contradictions underlying constructions of childhood subjectivity, and to reconsider the fraught relationship between domesticity and the child....

When a tree falls: Controls on wood decay predict standing dead tree fall and new risks in changing forests.

Science.gov (United States)

Oberle, Brad; Ogle, Kiona; Zanne, Amy E; Woodall, Christopher W

2018-01-01

When standing dead trees (snags) fall, they have major impacts on forest ecosystems. Snag fall can redistribute wildlife habitat and impact public safety, while governing important carbon (C) cycle consequences of tree mortality because ground contact accelerates C emissions during deadwood decay. Managing the consequences of altered snag dynamics in changing forests requires predicting when snags fall as wood decay erodes mechanical resistance to breaking forces. Previous studies have pointed to common predictors, such as stem size, degree of decay and species identity, but few have assessed the relative strength of underlying mechanisms driving snag fall across biomes. Here, we analyze nearly 100,000 repeated snag observations from boreal to subtropical forests across the eastern United States to show that wood decay controls snag fall in ways that could generate previously unrecognized forest-climate feedback. Warmer locations where wood decays quickly had much faster rates of snag fall. The effect of temperature on snag fall was so strong that in a simple forest C model, anticipated warming by mid-century reduced snag C by 22%. Furthermore, species-level differences in wood decay resistance (durability) accurately predicted the timing of snag fall. Differences in half-life for standing dead trees were similar to expected differences in the service lifetimes of wooden structures built from their timber. Strong effects of temperature and wood durability imply future forests where dying trees fall and decay faster than at present, reducing terrestrial C storage and snag-dependent wildlife habitat. These results can improve the representation of forest C cycling and assist forest managers by helping predict when a dead tree may fall.

Eutanásia: pelas veredas da morte e da autonomia Euthanasia: along the road of death and autonomy

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Rodrigo Siqueira-Batista

2004-01-01

Full Text Available O artigo parte da pergunta: o estabelecimento de um conceito de morte, que possa ser considerado fidedigno e, portanto, consensual, seria premissa crucial para a legitimação moral da eutanásia? Procura responder, expondo os problemas que cercam as tentativas de uma definição - científica - de morte, no momento em que se tenta utilizá-la na tomada de decisões - éticas - em relação ao fim da vida, como no caso da eutanásia e do suicídio assistido. Baseia a argumentação na Lei de Hume, que proíbe a inferência de "valores" a partir de "fatos", e na concepção evolutiva de conceitos científicos, decorrente da distinção, de origem kantiana, entre o que é (coisa em si ou númeno e o que é conhecido (ou fenômeno, e cuja principal conclusão, de tipo metodológico, é a incomensurabilidade entre a ordem dos fatos e dos valores, ou seja, uma definição de um evento/processo como a morte só pode ser comparada com outra definição pertencente à mesma ordem, o mesmo aplicável aos valores. De outro modo, o manuscrito procura delimitar um referencial alternativo para o debate, que, apesar de suas limitações, se mostra bastante útil para a argumentação bioética: o princípio da autonomia, intrínseco à ordem dos valores.This article sets out from the question: Would a definition of the concept of death, which could be considered trustworthy and therefore consensual, be considered crucial for the moral legitimacy of euthanasia? It seeks to address this quest expounding on the problems involving the attempts of a scientific definition of death when this definition is necessary for ethical consideration related to the end of life, as it is the case in euthanasia or assisted suicide. The argumentation is based on Hume's Law which prohibits "values" to interfere with "facts" and on the evolutionary concept of scientific ideas arising from Kant's famous distinction between the unknowable thing-in itself and the knowable thing

Autumn frost hardiness in Norway spruce plus tree progeny and trees of the local and transferred provenances in central Sweden.

Science.gov (United States)

Hannerz, Mats; Westin, Johan

2005-09-01

Reforestation with provenances from locations remote from the planting site (transferred provenances) or the progeny of trees of local provenances selected for superior form and vigor (plus trees) offer alternative means to increase yield over that obtained by the use of seed from unselected trees of the local provenance. Under Swedish conditions, Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) of certain transferred provenances generally has an advantage in productivity relative to the local provenance comparable to that of progeny of plus trees. The aim of this study was to explore the extent to which productivity gains achieved by provenance transfer or the use of plus tree progeny are associated with reductions in autumn frost hardiness, relative to that of trees of the local provenance. In a field trial with 19-year-old trees in central Sweden, bud hardiness was tested on four occasions during the autumn of 2002. Trees of the local provenance were compared with trees of a south Swedish provenance originating 3 degrees of latitude to the south, a Belarusian provenance and the progeny of plus trees of local origin. The Belarusian provenance was the least hardy and the local provenance the most hardy, with plus tree progeny and the south Swedish provenance being intermediate in hardiness. Both the Belarusian provenance and the plus tree progeny were significantly taller than trees of the other populations. Within provenances, tree height was negatively correlated with autumn frost hardiness. Among the plus tree progeny, however, no such correlation between tree height and autumn frost hardiness was found. It is concluded that although the gain in productivity achieved by provenance transfer from Belarus was comparable to that achieved by using the progeny of plus trees of the local provenance, the use of trees of the Belarus provenance involved an increased risk of autumn frost damage because of later hardening.

Trait Acclimation Mitigates Mortality Risks of Tropical Canopy Trees under Global Warming

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Sterck, Frank; Anten, Niels P.R.; Schieving, Feike; Zuidema, Pieter A.

2016-01-01

There is a heated debate about the effect of global change on tropical forests. Many scientists predict large-scale tree mortality while others point to mitigating roles of CO2 fertilization and – the notoriously unknown – physiological trait acclimation of trees. In this opinion article we provided

Environmental effects on pine tree carbon budgets and resistance to bark beetles

Science.gov (United States)

Richard T. Wilkens; Matthew P. Ayres; Peter L. Lorio; John D. Hodges

1998-01-01

Our results indicate that increased nutrient availability leads to an increase in growth and a reduction in resin-based defenses.Because of this, we recommend that foresters and planners consider the effect of fertilization and site fertility on both tree growth and SPB risk.Unfortunately, increased tree growth may frequently be associated with increased SPB risk.The...

Mortes evitáveis em vítimas com traumatismos Muertes evitables en víctimas con traumatismos Preventable trauma deaths

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Cristina Helena Costanti Settervall

2012-04-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Descrever métodos e estimativas de mortalidade proporcional por mortes evitáveis e tipos de não conformidades do atendimento relacionadas a esses eventos. MÉTODOS: Revisão sistemática de publicações sobre mortes evitáveis em vítimas com traumatismos entre 2000 e 2009. Foi realizada pesquisa nas bases de dados Lilacs, SciELO e Medline utilizando-se a estratégia de busca com as palavras-chave "trauma", "avoidable", "preventable", "interventions" e "complications", e os descritores em ciências da saúde "death", "cause of death" e "hospitals". RESULTADOS: Identificaram-se 29 artigos publicados no período, com predomínio de estudos retrospectivos (96,5%. Os métodos mais comumente utilizados para definir a evitabilidade do óbito foram painel de especialistas ou pontuação de índices de gravidade, tendo sido empregadas as seguintes categorias: evitável, potencialmente evitável e não evitável. A média da mortalidade proporcional por mortes evitáveis dos estudos foi de 10,7% (dp 11,5%. As não conformidades mais comumente relatadas nas publicações foram sistema inadequado de atendimento ao traumatizado e erro na avaliação e tratamento. CONCLUSÕES: Observaram-se falhas na uniformização dos termos empregados para categorizar as mortes e as não conformidadades encontradas. Portanto, sugere-se a padronização da taxonomia da classificação das mortes e dos tipos de não conformidades observadas.OBJETIVO: Describir métodos y estimativas de mortalidad proporcional por muertes evitables y tipos de no concordancias de la atención relacionadas con tales eventos. MÉTODOS: Revisión sistemática de publicaciones sobre muertes evitables en víctimas con traumatismos entre 2000 y 2009. Se realizó investigación en las bases de datos Lilacs, SciELO y Medline utilizándose la estrategia de búsqueda con las palabras clave "trauma", "avoidable", "preventable", "interventions" y "complications" y los descriptores en

Generation Risk Assessment Using Fault Trees and Turbine Cycle Simulation: Case Studies

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Heo, Gyun Young; Park, Jin Kyun

2009-01-01

Since 2007, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute and Kyung Hee University have collaborated on the development of the framework to quantify human errors broken out during the test and maintenance (T and M) in secondary systems of nuclear power plants (NPPs). The project entitled 'Development of Causality Analyzer for Maintenance/Test Tasks in Nuclear Power Plants' for OPR1000 on the basis of the proposed framework is still on-going, and will come to fruition by 2010. The overall concept of GRA-HRE (Generation Risk Assessment for Human Related Events) which is the designation of the framework, and the quantification methods for evaluating risk and electric loss have introduced in other references. The originality emerged while implementing GRA-HRE could be evaluated in view of (1) recognizing the relative importance of human errors comparing with other types of mechanical and/or electrical failures, (2) providing the top-down path of the propagation of human errors by designating top events in the fault tree model as trip signals, and (3) analyzing electric loss using turbine cycle simulation. Recently, we were successfully to illustrate the applicability of GRA-HRE by simulating several abnormalities. Since the detailed methodologies were released enough to follow up, this paper is going to only exemplify the case studies

A literatura de cárcere em defesa de um condenado à pena de morte no Japão – “Lágrimas da ignorância”, de Norio Nagayama

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Lilian Yamamoto

2016-02-01

Full Text Available Apesar de o Japão da década de 1960 ter passado por uma fase de crescimento econômico acelerado, ainda restavam rincões de pobreza em várias regiões do país. Condenado à morte, Norio Nagayama, de origem humilde, é exemplo de criminoso influenciado por tal contexto. Nagayama foi autodidata no seu período de cárcere e logrou êxito na sua carreira literária, que culminou com o recebimento do prêmio japonês de Nova Literatura em 1983. Tendo sido preso após cometer quatro homicídios em 1968, seu caso constituiu um novo marco para o estabelecimento de critérios para a condenação à pena de morte no Japão. O presente artigo pretende analisar a influência da sua primeira obra, Muchi no Namida (Lágrimas da ignorância, 1971, na sua defesa apresentada nos tribunais. Essa obra é uma coletânea de seus cadernos de anotações de poesia e prosa com referência direta a eventos da sua infância e adolescência, a ideias sobre justiça social e, sobretudo, à sua viagem interna em busca da motivação de seus crimes. Assim, um exame sobre a persistência da pena de morte no sistema penal japonês se mostra de fundamental importância para maior entendimento do contexto em que o autor viveu.

A estrutura da representação social da morte na interface com as religiosidades em equipes multiprofissionais de saúde The structure of social representation of death in the interface with the religiosities of healthcare professionals groups

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Alexsandro Medeiros do Nascimento

2007-01-01

Full Text Available O estudo objetivou acessar a estrutura da representação social da morte em equipes multiprofissionais de saúde na interface com a religiosidade, no que esta interfere nas significações atribuídas à morte por esta população em específico. Utilizou-se um instrumento com questões abertas e fechadas sobre a morte e o morrer, bem como sobre a vivência religiosa singular dos participantes. Protocolos escritos foram capturados em uma amostra de 80 profissionais (49 médicos, 13 psicólogas, 18 enfermeiras pertencentes a 10 equipes multiprofissionais de saúde. Estes foram analisados através de Análise de Conteúdo e de Análise de Estrutura de Similaridade (SSA e interpretados pela Teoria das Representações Sociais. Os dados revelaram uma interferência expressiva das crenças religiosas na estruturação da representação da Morte.The study aims to investigate the structure of social representation of death in a Healthcare professional group establishing an interface with religiosity and how the latter interferes in the meaning attributed to death by this specific population. Open and closed questions on death or the act of dying, and on the singular religious experience of the participants were applied. Written protocols were collected from a sample of 80 professionals (49 physicians, 13 psychologists, and 18 nurses, which were analyzed according to content analysis and non-metric multidimensional analysis, SSA (Similarity Structure Analysis, and interpreted according to the theory of Social Representations, revealing a significant interference of religious believes in the structure of death representation.

Cell death induced by tamoxifen in human blood lymphocytes cultivated in vitro = Morte celular induzida pelo tamoxifeno em linfócitos humanos cultivados in vitro

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Selma Candelária Genari

2010-10-01

Full Text Available Many chemotherapeutic agents with a potential against solid tumors or leukemia can cause lymphopenia. Tamoxifen (TAM is a synthetic non-steroidal anti-estrogen drug employed in female breast cancer treatment. The present study investigated the capacity of TAM to induce cell death in human lymphocytes cultivated in vitro. Lymphocytes were obtained from young (25-30 years; n = 3 and elderly women (58-77 years; n = 3 and cultivated for 24 or 48h, with or without TAM (20 ƒÊM. After the culture, cell viability, immunocytochemical response and ultrastructure were evaluated. TAM affected lymphocytes in a time- dependent manner, and cells obtained from elderly women were the most sensitive to TAM. Immunocytochemicalanalysis evidenced higher frequency of apoptosis in treated cells, and the ultrastructural study revealed autophagic vacuoles, differing from the controls. In summary, the treated lymphocytes were affected by TAM, leading to cell death by apoptosis and autophagy.Muitos agentes quimioterapicos com potencial contra tumores solidos ou leucemias podem causar linfopenia. O Tamoxifeno (TAM e um agente antiestrogeno nao-esteroidal empregado no tratamento de cancer de mama feminino. O presente trabalho investigou a capacidade do TAM em induzir morte celular em linfocitos humanos cultivados in vitro. Oslinfocitos foram obtidos de mulheres jovens (25-30 anos; n = 3 e idosas (58-77 anos; n = 3 e cultivados por 24 ou 48h, com ou sem TAM (20 ƒÊM. Apos a cultura, foram analisadas a viabilidade celular, a resposta imunocitoquimica e a ultraestrutura. Os resultados indicam que o Tamoxifeno induziu morte celular em linfocitos de ambos os grupos, entretanto, as celulas das mulheres idosas apresentaram-se mais sensiveis ao tratamento. A analise imunocitoquimica mostrou maior frequencia de apoptose nas celulas tratadas e o estudo ultraestrutural revelou vacuolos autofagicos nos linfocitos expostos ao Tamoxifeno. Em conclusao, nosso estudo revelou que o TAM

Morte, Sacrifício Humano e Renascimento : uma interpretação Iconográfica da Runestone Viking de Hammar I

OpenAIRE

Langer, Johnni

2003-01-01

O presente artigo interpreta uma fonte iconográfica ainda sem estudos acadêmicos detalhados, a runestone Viking de Hammar I, originária da ilha de Gotland (Suécia). Um importante documento sobre a mentalidade religiosa dos escandinavos, suas concepções mitológicas sobre as divindades, sacrifícios humanos, vida após a morte e alguns símbolos importantes para o culto ao deus Óðinn. Outro fundamental aspecto de nossa interpretação é a possibilidade de compararmos as clássicas fontes islandesas, ...

Identification of subgroups by risk of graft failure after paediatric renal transplantation: application of survival tree models on the ESPN/ERA-EDTA Registry

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Lofaro, Danilo; Jager, Kitty J.; Abu-Hanna, Ameen; Groothoff, Jaap W.; Arikoski, Pekka; Hoecker, Britta; Roussey-Kesler, Gwenaelle; Spasojević, Brankica; Verrina, Enrico; Schaefer, Franz; van Stralen, Karlijn J.; Coppo, R.; Haffner, D.; Harambat, J.; Stefanidis, C.; Shitza, D.; Kramar, R.; Oberbauer, R.; Baiko, S.; Sukalo, A.; van Hoeck, K.; Collart, F.; des Grottes, J. M.; Pokrajac, D.; Resić, H.; Prnjavorac, B.; Roussinov, D.; Batinić, D.; Lemac, M.; Slavicek, J.; Seeman, T.; Vondrak, K.; Heaf, J. G.; Toots, U.; Finne, P.; Grönhagen-Riska, C.; Couchoud, C.; Lasalle, M.; Sahpazova, E.; Gersdorf, G.; Barth, C.; Scholz, C.; Tönshoff, B.; Ioannidis, G.; Kapogiannis, A.; Papachristou, F.; Reusz, G.; Túri, S.; Szabó, L.; Szabó, T.

2016-01-01

Identification of patient groups by risk of renal graft loss might be helpful for accurate patient counselling and clinical decision-making. Survival tree models are an alternative statistical approach to identify subgroups, offering cut-off points for covariates and an easy-to-interpret

Tree compression with top trees

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Bille, Philip; Gørtz, Inge Li; Landau, Gad M.

2013-01-01

We introduce a new compression scheme for labeled trees based on top trees [3]. Our compression scheme is the first to simultaneously take advantage of internal repeats in the tree (as opposed to the classical DAG compression that only exploits rooted subtree repeats) while also supporting fast...

Tree compression with top trees

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Bille, Philip; Gørtz, Inge Li; Landau, Gad M.

2015-01-01

We introduce a new compression scheme for labeled trees based on top trees. Our compression scheme is the first to simultaneously take advantage of internal repeats in the tree (as opposed to the classical DAG compression that only exploits rooted subtree repeats) while also supporting fast...

The dynamics of strangling among forest trees.

Science.gov (United States)

Okamoto, Kenichi W

2015-11-07

Strangler trees germinate and grow on other trees, eventually enveloping and potentially even girdling their hosts. This allows them to mitigate fitness costs otherwise incurred by germinating and competing with other trees on the forest floor, as well as minimize risks associated with host tree-fall. If stranglers can themselves host other strangler trees, they may not even seem to need non-stranglers to persist. Yet despite their high fitness potential, strangler trees neither dominate the communities in which they occur nor is the strategy particularly common outside of figs (genus Ficus). Here we analyze how dynamic interactions between strangling and non-strangling trees can shape the adaptive landscape for strangling mutants and mutant trees that have lost the ability to strangle. We find a threshold which strangler germination rates must exceed for selection to favor the evolution of strangling, regardless of how effectively hemiepiphytic stranglers may subsequently replace their hosts. This condition describes the magnitude of the phenotypic displacement in the ability to germinate on other trees necessary for invasion by a mutant tree that could potentially strangle its host following establishment as an epiphyte. We show how the relative abilities of strangling and non-strangling trees to occupy empty sites can govern whether strangling is an evolutionarily stable strategy, and obtain the conditions for strangler coexistence with non-stranglers. We then elucidate when the evolution of strangling can disrupt stable coexistence between commensal epiphytic ancestors and their non-strangling host trees. This allows us to highlight parallels between the invasion fitness of strangler trees arising from commensalist ancestors, and cases where strangling can arise in concert with the evolution of hemiepiphytism among free-standing ancestors. Finally, we discuss how our results can inform the evolutionary ecology of antagonistic interactions more generally

Contaminant Gradients in Trees: Directional Tree Coring Reveals Boundaries of Soil and Soil-Gas Contamination with Potential Applications in Vapor Intrusion Assessment.

Science.gov (United States)

Wilson, Jordan L; Samaranayake, V A; Limmer, Matthew A; Schumacher, John G; Burken, Joel G

2017-12-19

Contaminated sites pose ecological and human-health risks through exposure to contaminated soil and groundwater. Whereas we can readily locate, monitor, and track contaminants in groundwater, it is harder to perform these tasks in the vadose zone. In this study, tree-core samples were collected at a Superfund site to determine if the sample-collection location around a particular tree could reveal the subsurface location, or direction, of soil and soil-gas contaminant plumes. Contaminant-centroid vectors were calculated from tree-core data to reveal contaminant distributions in directional tree samples at a higher resolution, and vectors were correlated with soil-gas characterization collected using conventional methods. Results clearly demonstrated that directional tree coring around tree trunks can indicate gradients in soil and soil-gas contaminant plumes, and the strength of the correlations were directly proportionate to the magnitude of tree-core concentration gradients (spearman's coefficient of -0.61 and -0.55 in soil and tree-core gradients, respectively). Linear regression indicates agreement between the concentration-centroid vectors is significantly affected by in planta and soil concentration gradients and when concentration centroids in soil are closer to trees. Given the existing link between soil-gas and vapor intrusion, this study also indicates that directional tree coring might be applicable in vapor intrusion assessment.

Sleeping site selection by agile gibbons: the influence of tree stability, fruit availability and predation risk.

Science.gov (United States)

Cheyne, Susan M; Höing, Andrea; Rinear, John; Sheeran, Lori K

2012-01-01

Primates spend a significant proportion of their lives at sleeping sites: the selection of a secure and stable sleeping tree can be crucial for individual survival and fitness. We measured key characteristics of all tree species in which agile gibbons slept, including exposure of the tree crown, root system, height, species and presence of food. Gibbons most frequently slept in Dipterocarpaceae and Fabaceae trees and preferentially chose trees taller than average, slept above the mean canopy height and showed a preference for liana-free trees. These choices could reflect avoidance of competition with other frugivores, but we argue these choices reflect gibbons prioritizing avoidance of predation. The results highlight that gibbons are actively selecting and rejecting sleeping trees based on several characteristics. The importance of the presence of large trees for food is noted and provides insight into gibbon antipredatory behaviour. Copyright © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Generalising tree traversals and tree transformations to DAGs

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Bahr, Patrick; Axelsson, Emil

2017-01-01

We present a recursion scheme based on attribute grammars that can be transparently applied to trees and acyclic graphs. Our recursion scheme allows the programmer to implement a tree traversal or a tree transformation and then apply it to compact graph representations of trees instead. The resul......We present a recursion scheme based on attribute grammars that can be transparently applied to trees and acyclic graphs. Our recursion scheme allows the programmer to implement a tree traversal or a tree transformation and then apply it to compact graph representations of trees instead...... as the complementing theory with a number of examples....

Empirical relationships between tree fall and landscape-level amounts of logging and fire.

Science.gov (United States)

Lindenmayer, David B; Blanchard, Wade; Blair, David; McBurney, Lachlan; Stein, John; Banks, Sam C

2018-01-01

Large old trees are critically important keystone structures in forest ecosystems globally. Populations of these trees are also in rapid decline in many forest ecosystems, making it important to quantify the factors that influence their dynamics at different spatial scales. Large old trees often occur in forest landscapes also subject to fire and logging. However, the effects on the risk of collapse of large old trees of the amount of logging and fire in the surrounding landscape are not well understood. Using an 18-year study in the Mountain Ash (Eucalyptus regnans) forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria, we quantify relationships between the probability of collapse of large old hollow-bearing trees at a site and the amount of logging and the amount of fire in the surrounding landscape. We found the probability of collapse increased with an increasing amount of logged forest in the surrounding landscape. It also increased with a greater amount of burned area in the surrounding landscape, particularly for trees in highly advanced stages of decay. The most likely explanation for elevated tree fall with an increasing amount of logged or burned areas in the surrounding landscape is change in wind movement patterns associated with cutblocks or burned areas. Previous studies show that large old hollow-bearing trees are already at high risk of collapse in our study area. New analyses presented here indicate that additional logging operations in the surrounding landscape will further elevate that risk. Current logging prescriptions require the protection of large old hollow-bearing trees on cutblocks. We suggest that efforts to reduce the probability of collapse of large old hollow-bearing trees on unlogged sites will demand careful landscape planning to limit the amount of timber harvesting in the surrounding landscape.

Prospective identification of adolescent suicide ideation using classification tree analysis: Models for community-based screening.

Science.gov (United States)

Hill, Ryan M; Oosterhoff, Benjamin; Kaplow, Julie B

2017-07-01

Although a large number of risk markers for suicide ideation have been identified, little guidance has been provided to prospectively identify adolescents at risk for suicide ideation within community settings. The current study addressed this gap in the literature by utilizing classification tree analysis (CTA) to provide a decision-making model for screening adolescents at risk for suicide ideation. Participants were N = 4,799 youth (Mage = 16.15 years, SD = 1.63) who completed both Waves 1 and 2 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. CTA was used to generate a series of decision rules for identifying adolescents at risk for reporting suicide ideation at Wave 2. Findings revealed 3 distinct solutions with varying sensitivity and specificity for identifying adolescents who reported suicide ideation. Sensitivity of the classification trees ranged from 44.6% to 77.6%. The tree with greatest specificity and lowest sensitivity was based on a history of suicide ideation. The tree with moderate sensitivity and high specificity was based on depressive symptoms, suicide attempts or suicide among family and friends, and social support. The most sensitive but least specific tree utilized these factors and gender, ethnicity, hours of sleep, school-related factors, and future orientation. These classification trees offer community organizations options for instituting large-scale screenings for suicide ideation risk depending on the available resources and modality of services to be provided. This study provides a theoretically and empirically driven model for prospectively identifying adolescents at risk for suicide ideation and has implications for preventive interventions among at-risk youth. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).

Hábitos de sono relacionados à síndrome da morte súbita do lactente: estudo populacional Sleeping habits related to sudden infant death syndrome: a population-based study

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Lorena Teresinha Consalter Geib

2006-02-01

Full Text Available O estudo transversal, que descreve os hábitos de sono com risco potencial para a síndrome da morte súbita do lactente, incluiu todas as crianças nascidas vivas em 2003, em Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, com coleta de dados nas Declarações de Nascidos Vivos e em entrevistas, analisados com estatística descritiva e teste de qui-quadrado. Dos 2.634 nascidos vivos, selecionaram-se 2.285 (86,75%, com exclusão de 8,4% e perda de 5,2%. Dentre os hábitos protetores, constatou-se, em 77% dos lactentes, uso de vestuário adequado, 90% envolvidos frouxamente, 69% com cobertas de espessura fina, 98% dormindo no quarto dos pais e 56%, no berço. Dos hábitos com potencial risco, observaram-se decúbito lateral (92%, uso de travesseiro (88% e os pés distanciados da borda inferior do berço (96%. Nas classes econômicas pobres, o hábito da criança de compartilhar a cama foi significativo (p = 0,00. Assim, num município com baixa prevalência de síndrome da morte súbita, os lactentes são expostos tanto a hábitos de sono protetores como de risco, sugerindo que, em populações desfavorecidas de países em desenvolvimento, outros fatores de risco dessa síndrome devam ser considerados.This cross-sectional study on sleeping habits with potential risk for sudden infant death syndrome included all live births in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in 2003 with data collection from Certificates of Live Birth and interviews, analyzed with descriptive statistics and the qui-squared test. From the 2,634 live births, 2,285 children were selected (86.75%, with 8.4% exclusion and 5.2% losses. Protective habits included 77% of infants with appropriate clothing, 90% loosely wrapped, 69% with thin blankets, 98% sleeping in the parents' bedroom, and 56% in the crib. Potentially risky habits included lateral decubitus (92%, use of a pillow (88%, and feet far from the lower edge of the crib (96%. Among low-income families, bed-sharing with other

Surface tree languages and parallel derivation trees

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Engelfriet, Joost

1976-01-01

The surface tree languages obtained by top-down finite state transformation of monadic trees are exactly the frontier-preserving homomorphic images of sets of derivation trees of ETOL systems. The corresponding class of tree transformation languages is therefore equal to the class of ETOL languages.

Probabilistic Risk Analysis and Fault Trees as Tools in Improving the Delineation of Wellhead Protection Areas: An Initial Discussion

Science.gov (United States)

Rodak, C. M.; Silliman, S. E.

2010-12-01

Delineation of a wellhead protection area (WHPA) is a critical component of managing / protecting the aquifer(s) supplying potable water to a public water-supply well. While a number of previous authors have addressed questions related to uncertainties in advective capture zones, methods for assessing WHPAs in the presence of uncertainty in the chemistry of groundwater contaminants, the relationship between land-use and contaminant sources, and the impact on health risk within the receiving population are more limited. Probabilistic risk analysis (PRA) combined with fault trees (FT) addresses this latter challenge by providing a structure whereby four key WHPA issues may be addressed: (i) uncertainty in land-use practices and chemical release, (ii) uncertainty in groundwater flow, (iii) variability in natural attenuation properties (and/or remediation) of the contaminants, and (iv) estimated health risk from contaminant arrival at a well. The potential utility of PRA-FT in this application is considered through a simplified case study involving management decisions related both to regional land use planning and local land-use zoning regulation. An application-specific fault tree is constructed to visualize and identify the events required for health risk failure at the well and a Monte Carlo approach is used to create multiple realizations of groundwater flow and chemical transport to a well in a model of a simple, unconfined aquifer. Model parameters allowed to vary during this simplified case study include hydraulic conductivity, probability of a chemical spill (related to land use variation in space), and natural attenuation through variation in rate of decay of the contaminant. Numerical results are interpreted in association with multiple land-use management scenarios as well as multiple cancer risk assumptions regarding the contaminant arriving at the well. This case study shows significant variability of health risk at the well, however general trends were

Fungal diseases of tree stands under urbanized conditions of Moscow

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Smirnova Oksana G.

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Phytosanitary and ecological estimation of tree-stands has been con­ducted at the Forest Experimental Station of Moscow Agricultural Academy and parks of Northeast of Moscow in 2007-2011. Fomes fomentarius was proved to be a very serious pathogen of trees under conditions of Moscow, Piptoporus betulinus, Phellinus igniarius, and Fomitopsis pinicola also occurred and caused damage to trees. This rather bad phytosanitary situation depends on alarming ecological situation in Moscow. At the Forest Experimental Station of Moscow Agricultural Academy a number and cover of lichens decreased. In general, all trees in Moscow are in dynamic equilibrium with the urbanized environment. In connection with this, the following classification of tree-stands was proposed for the urbanized environment: 1 - healthy trees, 2 - affected trees which can be managed, 3 - dry woods, 3a - very diseased. Many tree-stands in investigated regions of Moscow are found to belong to the groups 2 and 3c. All tree-stands must be carefully monitored and managed in order to provide a well-timed decision on the support system for preservation of trees as ‘lungs of city’ and avoid unpredictable tree falling which put people and traffic at risk.

TreePics: visualizing trees with pictures

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Nicolas Puillandre

2017-09-01

Full Text Available While many programs are available to edit phylogenetic trees, associating pictures with branch tips in an efficient and automatic way is not an available option. Here, we present TreePics, a standalone software that uses a web browser to visualize phylogenetic trees in Newick format and that associates pictures (typically, pictures of the voucher specimens to the tip of each branch. Pictures are visualized as thumbnails and can be enlarged by a mouse rollover. Further, several pictures can be selected and displayed in a separate window for visual comparison. TreePics works either online or in a full standalone version, where it can display trees with several thousands of pictures (depending on the memory available. We argue that TreePics can be particularly useful in a preliminary stage of research, such as to quickly detect conflicts between a DNA-based phylogenetic tree and morphological variation, that may be due to contamination that needs to be removed prior to final analyses, or the presence of species complexes.

Efeito da escopolamina sobre o desenvolvimento de Chrysomya putoria (Diptera: Calliphoridae e sua importância para a estimativa do intervalo pós-morte

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Patricia Jacqueline Thyssen

2011-09-01

Full Text Available A presença de drogas nos tecidos de um corpo pode afetar o desenvolvimento de larvas de moscas necrófagas que são encontradas alimentando-se neste substrato. Essa observação já foi constatada para várias drogas tais como heroína, cocaína, certos analgésicos, e compostos anfetamínicos e benzodiazepínicos, entre outras. Assim, neste estudo investigamos o efeito da escopolamina – uma droga amplamente usada como analgésico – sobre a taxa de desenvolvimento de larvas de Chrysomya putoria (Diptera: Calliphoridae, visando também avaliar e quantificar as conseqüências de tal interferência para a estimativa do intervalo pós-morte (IPM. Os resultados aqui obtidos mostram claramente que a escopolamina afetou significativamente a taxa de desenvolvimento de imaturos de C. putoria, quando presente em seu substrato alimentar. Tendo em vista que o IPM em muitos casos é calculado levando em consideração o peso ou a idade dos imaturos coletados em um corpo, a não consideração deste fator de interferência negativa pode conseqüentemente levar a uma subestimativa do tempo de morte em até 48 horas, em certos casos.

Significados latentes na fotografia em turismo: o caso do turismo negro na Costa Morte (Galiza

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Antonio Azevedo

2017-01-01

Full Text Available To what extent can a photograph be a representation of the identity of a place, spread emotions, simulate / emulate experiences and motivate the visit to the destination? This study seeks to explore the fascination (gaze, the influence of landscape interpretation, the perception of authenticity, the psychological density associated with images of black tourism? What elements and symbols are possible in an explicit or latent way? What is the role of the tourist in the co ‑ creation of the image of destiny? This study has as its starting point and unit of analysis the intangible heritage and the “aura” emanated by various places and landscapes of the Costa da Morte (Coast of Death in Galicia spiced by the legends and mythology of a rich in events historical past. Using a methodological approach that included qualitative selection and analysis of photographs, documentaries and books, direct observation, passive netnography and photo elicitation several latent content elements or classification categories were proposed.

Percepções da morte e do morrer para residentes de medicina em um hospital terciário / Perceptions of death and dying for medical residents of a tertiary hospital

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Iolanda Cristina da Costa

2017-12-01

Full Text Available Introdução: A abordagem histórica da morte aponta uma significativa mudança em relação às atitudes perante o tema nas sociedades ocidentais a partir do século XX. Esse fato se deve ao progresso das técnicas médicas, o qual viabilizou a transferência dos enfermos e da morte para o contexto hospitalar. Objetivos: Conhecer as percepções de médicos residentes em relação à morte e ao preparo acadêmico e profissional para lidar com situações de óbito hospitalar. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo de abordagem quantitativa, descritiva e transversal a partir de um questionário estruturado aplicado em 40 residentes do Hospital Escola da Faculdade de Medicina de Itajubá (HE/FMIt. Resultados: Do total de residentes entrevistados, 62,5% afirmam terem tido capacitação acadêmica para lidar com a morte de pacientes; a preparação teórica e prática para comunicação de óbito aos familiares foi apontada como regular por 45,0% dos entrevistados; 57,5% sentem-se seguros no ato de transmitir a má noticia. Os recursos pessoais apontados pelos residentes para o enfrentamento das situações de óbito foram o controle emocional (60,0% e o amor pela profissão (47,5%; os significados atribuídos à morte foram de Passagem (47,5% e Processo (40,0%. Conclusão: Conclui-se que as concepções dos residentes revelam uma preparação para situações de morte e morrer no contexto hospitalar suficiente para a prática clínica, embora ainda com lacunas na formação, o que reforça a necessidade de estudos sobre o tema e o planejamento de ações de humanização no cuidado aos pacientes, melhorando a qualidade da assistência à saúde. Introduction: The historical approach to death points to a change in attitude toward the subject in Western societies starting in the twentieth century. This fact is due to the progress of medical techniques which, without qualification, made the transfer of patients and death to the hospital context possible. Aims

Dynamic asset trees in the US stock market: Structure variation and market phenomena

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Huang, Wei-Qiang; Yao, Shuang; Zhuang, Xin-Tian; Yuan, Ying

2017-01-01

In this work, employing a moving window to scan through every stock price time series over a period from 2 January 1986 to 20 October 2015, we use cross-correlations to measure the interdependence between stock prices, and we construct a corresponding minimal spanning tree for 170 U.S. stocks in every given window. We show how the asset tree evolves over time and describe the dynamics of its normalized length, centrality measures, vertex degree and vertex strength distributions, and single- and multiple-step edge survival ratios. We find that the normalized tree length shows a tendency to decrease over the 30 years. The power-law of vertex degree or vertex strength distribution does not hold for all trees. The survival ratio analysis reveals an increased stability of the dependence structure of the stock market as time elapses. We then examine the relationship between tree structure variation and market phenomena, such as average, volatility and tail risk of stock (market) return. Our main observation is that the normalized tree length has a positive relationship with the level of stock market average return, and it responds negatively to the market return volatility and tail risk. Furthermore, the majority of stocks have their vertex degrees significantly positively correlated to their average return, and significantly negatively correlated to their return volatility and tail risk.

ColorTree: a batch customization tool for phylogenic trees.

Science.gov (United States)

Chen, Wei-Hua; Lercher, Martin J

2009-07-31

Genome sequencing projects and comparative genomics studies typically aim to trace the evolutionary history of large gene sets, often requiring human inspection of hundreds of phylogenetic trees. If trees are checked for compatibility with an explicit null hypothesis (e.g., the monophyly of certain groups), this daunting task is greatly facilitated by an appropriate coloring scheme. In this note, we introduce ColorTree, a simple yet powerful batch customization tool for phylogenic trees. Based on pattern matching rules, ColorTree applies a set of customizations to an input tree file, e.g., coloring labels or branches. The customized trees are saved to an output file, which can then be viewed and further edited by Dendroscope (a freely available tree viewer). ColorTree runs on any Perl installation as a stand-alone command line tool, and its application can thus be easily automated. This way, hundreds of phylogenic trees can be customized for easy visual inspection in a matter of minutes. ColorTree allows efficient and flexible visual customization of large tree sets through the application of a user-supplied configuration file to multiple tree files.

Mortes por doenças infecciosas em mulheres: ocorrências no ciclo gravídico-puerperal Deaths due to infectious diseases in women: occurrences in pregnancy and puerperium

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Ruy Laurenti

2009-01-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Descrever os óbitos por doenças infecciosas como causa básica ou múltipla, caracterizando os casos de doença infecciosa preexistente ou desenvolvida na gravidez, aqueles que são mortes maternas por causas obstétricas indiretas e os óbitos por Aids ou outras doenças infecciosas, ocorridos no ciclo gravídico puerperal, havendo dúvidas na classificação. MÉTODOS: Adotou-se a metodologia RAMOS (partindo-se da declaração de óbito -DO- original, dados reais são resgatados por entrevista domiciliar, consultas a prontuários hospitalares e laudos de autopsia; elaborando-se uma nova DO, com as reais causas de morte. População foi constituída pelos óbitos femininos de 10 a 49 anos, de residentes nas capitais brasileiras, do 1º semestre de 2002. As causas foram analisadas em básicas e múltiplas. RESULTADOS: Dos 7.332 óbitos, 917 apresentaram uma doença infecciosa como causa básica (Aids e tuberculose, principalmente. Em 37 casos, a falecida estava no ciclo gravídico puerperal ampliado (englobando, inclusive, mortes ocorridas de 43 dias até um ano pós-parto; 10 não foram classificadas como obstétricas indiretas permanecendo como infecciosas e 14 eram obstétricas indiretas. Quanto às causas múltiplas, para 791 mortes, cujas causas básicas não eram maternas nem infecciosas, houve 1.016 menções de doenças infecciosas (média de 1,28 menção/óbito. CONCLUSÃO: Como o número de mortes maternas é pequeno, recomenda-se, que investigações dos casos graves de complicações da gravidez, parto e puerpério que não faleceram (near-miss sejam feitas, pois, sendo mais numerosos, representam importante subsídio para estudos da mortalidade materna.OBJECTIVE: To describe deaths due to infectious diseases as an underlying or multiple cause, identifying cases of pre-existent infectious diseases or ones developed during pregnancy; deaths due to an indirect obstetric cause and deaths due to Aids or other infectious

All rights reserved and www.bioline.org.br/ja Assessment of Tree ...

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recent times, thereby posing appreciable risk of local extinction to some ... Fig 1: Map showing study area; fresh and mangrove swamp of. University of Lagos .... African oil palm. 43. 10. 29. ... Brazilian rose tree, blue trumpet tree. 52. 13. 41.

Assessing and monitoring the risk of desertification in Dobrogea, Romania, using Landsat data and decision tree classifier.

Science.gov (United States)

Vorovencii, Iosif

2015-04-01

The risk of the desertification of a part of Romania is increasingly evident, constituting a serious problem for the environment and the society. This article attempts to assess and monitor the risk of desertification in Dobrogea using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite images acquired in 1987, 1994, 2000, 2007 and 2011. In order to assess the risk of desertification, we used as indicators the Modified Soil Adjustment Vegetation Index 1 (MSAVI1), the Moving Standard Deviation Index (MSDI) and the albedo, indices relating to the vegetation conditions, the landscape pattern and micrometeorology. The decision tree classifier (DTC) was also used on the basis of pre-established rules, and maps displaying six grades of desertification risk were obtained: non, very low, low, medium, high and severe. Land surface temperature (LST) was also used for the analysis. The results indicate that, according to pre-established rules for the period of 1987-2011, there are two grades of desertification risk that have an ascending trend in Dobrogea, namely very low and medium desertification. An investigation into the causes of the desertification risk revealed that high temperature is the main factor, accompanied by the destruction of forest shelterbelts and of the irrigation system and, to a smaller extent, by the fragmentation of agricultural land and the deforestation in the study area.

Development of safety function assessment trees for pressurized heavy water reactor LP/SD operations

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yang, Hui Chang; Chung, Chang Hyun; Kim, Ki Yong; Jee, Moon Hak; Sung, Chang Kyoung

2003-01-01

The objective of Configuration Risk Management Program(CRMP) is to maintain the safety level by assuring the defense-in-depth of nuclear power plant while the configurations are changed during plant operations, especially for the LP/SD. Such a safety purpose can be achieved by establishing the risk monitoring programs with both quantitative and qualitative features. Generally, the quantitative risk evaluation models, i.e., PRA models are used for the risk evaluation during full power operation, and the qualitative risk evaluation models such as safety function assessment trees are used. Through this study, safety function assessment trees were developed

Representing cognitive activities and errors in HRA trees

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gertman, D.I.

1992-01-01

A graphic representation method is presented herein for adapting an existing technology--human reliability analysis (HRA) event trees, used to support event sequence logic structures and calculations--to include a representation of the underlying cognitive activity and corresponding errors associated with human performance. The analyst is presented with three potential means of representing human activity: the NUREG/CR-1278 HRA event tree approach; the skill-, rule- and knowledge-based paradigm; and the slips, lapses, and mistakes paradigm. The above approaches for representing human activity are integrated in order to produce an enriched HRA event tree -- the cognitive event tree system (COGENT)-- which, in turn, can be used to increase the analyst's understanding of the basic behavioral mechanisms underlying human error and the representation of that error in probabilistic risk assessment. Issues pertaining to the implementation of COGENT are also discussed

Percepção da morte pelo paciente oncológico ao longo do desenvolvimento Percepción de la muerte por el paciente oncológico a lo largo del desarrollo Perception of death by oncologycal patient along its development

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Alini Daniéli Viana Sabino Borges

2006-08-01

Full Text Available O propósito deste estudo é empreender uma revisão não-sistemática da literatura dedicada à percepção da morte e do morrer na perspectiva do paciente oncológico, de acordo com as diferentes fases do ciclo vital. Os resultados mostram que, na criança, a percepção da morte modifica-se conforme se desenvolvem o pensamento e a linguagem. No adulto, a concepção da morte depende muito da experiência física e psicológica por que se está passando. Por fim, no idoso a morte é mais bem aceita e sua percepção depende sobretudo da satisfação previamente auferida com a vida. Diante disso, a literatura ressalta que a percepção da morte é ainda uma experiência eminentemente individual e que, por isso, deve ser considerada a percepção subjetiva de cada paciente oncológico. Concluindo, as reflexões deste estudo enfatizam as transformações da percepção da morte ao longo do desenvolvimento, sustentando a noção da presença da morte como parte integrante da vida.El propósito de este estudio es emprender una revisión no-sistemática de la literatura dedicada a la percepción de la muerte y del morir en la perspectiva del paciente oncológico, según las diferentes fases del ciclo vital. Los resultados muestran que, en el niño, la percepción de la muerte se modifica conforme se desarrollan el pensamiento y el lenguaje. En el adulto, la concepción de la muerte depende mucho de la experiencia física y psicológica por la que está pasando. Por fin, en el anciano la muerte es mejor aceptada y su percepción depende sobretodo de la satisfacción previamente obtenida con la vida. Delante de eso, la literatura resalta que la percepción de la muerte es aún una experiencia eminentemente individual, y que, a causa de eso, debe ser considerada la percepción subjetiva de cada paciente oncológico. Concluyendo, las reflexiones de este estudio enfatizan las transformaciones de la percepción de la muerte a lo largo del desarrollo

Decision Tree Identified Risk Groups with High Suicidal Ideation in South Korea: A Population-Based Study.

Science.gov (United States)

Kim, Hyun Kyung; Kim, Ji Young; Kim, Jong Hyen; Hyoung, Hee Kyoung

2016-01-01

The aim of this study was to identify risk groups with high suicidal ideation among South Korean adults. A descriptive cross-sectional design was adopted using secondary data from the 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). A total of 5,963 adults aged 19 years and older who participated in the 2011 KNHANES served as participants. The prevalence of suicidal ideation and its related factors, including physical, psychological, health behavioral, and sociodemographic characteristics, were examined. Descriptive statistics and a decision tree were used for data analysis. Nine groups with high suicidal ideation were identified. The coexistence of depression and high levels of stress increased the prevalence of suicidal ideation. The highest risk group was widowed or divorced adults with depression and high levels of stress, and 82.5% of these participants had suicidal ideation (the prevalence rate of this group was 5.7 times higher than the mean suicidal ideation prevalence rate in this study). Public health nurses and community mental health professionals should recognize risk groups with high suicidal ideation, and target these groups when implementing preventive interventions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Tree Colors: Color Schemes for Tree-Structured Data.

Science.gov (United States)

Tennekes, Martijn; de Jonge, Edwin

2014-12-01

We present a method to map tree structures to colors from the Hue-Chroma-Luminance color model, which is known for its well balanced perceptual properties. The Tree Colors method can be tuned with several parameters, whose effect on the resulting color schemes is discussed in detail. We provide a free and open source implementation with sensible parameter defaults. Categorical data are very common in statistical graphics, and often these categories form a classification tree. We evaluate applying Tree Colors to tree structured data with a survey on a large group of users from a national statistical institute. Our user study suggests that Tree Colors are useful, not only for improving node-link diagrams, but also for unveiling tree structure in non-hierarchical visualizations.

TreePOD: Sensitivity-Aware Selection of Pareto-Optimal Decision Trees.

Science.gov (United States)

Muhlbacher, Thomas; Linhardt, Lorenz; Moller, Torsten; Piringer, Harald

2018-01-01

Balancing accuracy gains with other objectives such as interpretability is a key challenge when building decision trees. However, this process is difficult to automate because it involves know-how about the domain as well as the purpose of the model. This paper presents TreePOD, a new approach for sensitivity-aware model selection along trade-offs. TreePOD is based on exploring a large set of candidate trees generated by sampling the parameters of tree construction algorithms. Based on this set, visualizations of quantitative and qualitative tree aspects provide a comprehensive overview of possible tree characteristics. Along trade-offs between two objectives, TreePOD provides efficient selection guidance by focusing on Pareto-optimal tree candidates. TreePOD also conveys the sensitivities of tree characteristics on variations of selected parameters by extending the tree generation process with a full-factorial sampling. We demonstrate how TreePOD supports a variety of tasks involved in decision tree selection and describe its integration in a holistic workflow for building and selecting decision trees. For evaluation, we illustrate a case study for predicting critical power grid states, and we report qualitative feedback from domain experts in the energy sector. This feedback suggests that TreePOD enables users with and without statistical background a confident and efficient identification of suitable decision trees.

Two Trees: Migrating Fault Trees to Decision Trees for Real Time Fault Detection on International Space Station

Science.gov (United States)

Lee, Charles; Alena, Richard L.; Robinson, Peter

2004-01-01

We started from ISS fault trees example to migrate to decision trees, presented a method to convert fault trees to decision trees. The method shows that the visualizations of root cause of fault are easier and the tree manipulating becomes more programmatic via available decision tree programs. The visualization of decision trees for the diagnostic shows a format of straight forward and easy understands. For ISS real time fault diagnostic, the status of the systems could be shown by mining the signals through the trees and see where it stops at. The other advantage to use decision trees is that the trees can learn the fault patterns and predict the future fault from the historic data. The learning is not only on the static data sets but also can be online, through accumulating the real time data sets, the decision trees can gain and store faults patterns in the trees and recognize them when they come.

Generic event trees and the treatment of dependencies and non-proceduralized actions in a low power and shutdown Probabilistic Risk Assessment

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Forester, J.; Yakle, J.; Whitehead, D.; Darby, J.

1993-01-01

Sandia National Laboratories was tasked by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission to perform a Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) of a boiling water reactor (BWR) during low power and shutdown (LP ampersand S) conditions. The plant chosen for the study was Grand Gulf Nuclear Station (GGNS), a BWR 6. In performing the analysis, it was found that in comparison with full-power PRAs, the low decay heat levels present during LP ampersand S conditions result in a relatively large number of ways by which cooling can be provided to the core. In addition, because of the less stringent requirements imposed on system configurations possible is large and the availability of plant systems is more difficult to specify. These aspects of the LP ampersand S environment led to the development and use of ''generic'' event trees in performing the analysis. The use of ''generic'' event trees, in turn, had a significant impact on the nature of the human reliability analysis (HRA) that was performed. This paper describes the development of the event trees for the LP ampersand S PRA and important aspects of the resulting HRA

The future of large old trees in urban landscapes.

Science.gov (United States)

Le Roux, Darren S; Ikin, Karen; Lindenmayer, David B; Manning, Adrian D; Gibbons, Philip

2014-01-01

Large old trees are disproportionate providers of structural elements (e.g. hollows, coarse woody debris), which are crucial habitat resources for many species. The decline of large old trees in modified landscapes is of global conservation concern. Once large old trees are removed, they are difficult to replace in the short term due to typically prolonged time periods needed for trees to mature (i.e. centuries). Few studies have investigated the decline of large old trees in urban landscapes. Using a simulation model, we predicted the future availability of native hollow-bearing trees (a surrogate for large old trees) in an expanding city in southeastern Australia. In urban greenspace, we predicted that the number of hollow-bearing trees is likely to decline by 87% over 300 years under existing management practices. Under a worst case scenario, hollow-bearing trees may be completely lost within 115 years. Conversely, we predicted that the number of hollow-bearing trees will likely remain stable in semi-natural nature reserves. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the number of hollow-bearing trees perpetuated in urban greenspace over the long term is most sensitive to the: (1) maximum standing life of trees; (2) number of regenerating seedlings ha(-1); and (3) rate of hollow formation. We tested the efficacy of alternative urban management strategies and found that the only way to arrest the decline of large old trees requires a collective management strategy that ensures: (1) trees remain standing for at least 40% longer than currently tolerated lifespans; (2) the number of seedlings established is increased by at least 60%; and (3) the formation of habitat structures provided by large old trees is accelerated by at least 30% (e.g. artificial structures) to compensate for short term deficits in habitat resources. Immediate implementation of these recommendations is needed to avert long term risk to urban biodiversity.

Shifts in functional traits elevate risk of fire-driven tree dieback in tropical savanna and forest biomes.

Science.gov (United States)

Pellegrini, Adam F A; Franco, Augusto C; Hoffmann, William A

2016-03-01

Numerous predictions indicate rising CO2 will accelerate the expansion of forests into savannas. Although encroaching forests can sequester carbon over the short term, increased fires and drought-fire interactions could offset carbon gains, which may be amplified by the shift toward forest plant communities more susceptible to fire-driven dieback. We quantify how bark thickness determines the ability of individual tree species to tolerate fire and subsequently determine the fire sensitivity of ecosystem carbon across 180 plots in savannas and forests throughout the 2.2-million km(2) Cerrado region in Brazil. We find that not accounting for variation in bark thickness across tree species underestimated carbon losses in forests by ~50%, totaling 0.22 PgC across the Cerrado region. The lower bark thicknesses of plant species in forests decreased fire tolerance to such an extent that a third of carbon gains during forest encroachment may be at risk of dieback if burned. These results illustrate that consideration of trait-based differences in fire tolerance is critical for determining the climate-carbon-fire feedback in tropical savanna and forest biomes. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Research frontiers for improving our understanding of drought‐induced tree and forest mortality

Science.gov (United States)

Hartmann, Henrik; Moura, Catarina; Anderegg, William R. L.; Ruehr, Nadine; Salmon, Yann; Allen, Craig D.; Arndt, Stefan K.; Breshears, David D.; Davi, Hendrik; Galbraith, David; Ruthrof, Katinka X.; Wunder, Jan; Adams, Henry D.; Bloemen, Jasper; Cailleret, Maxime; Cobb, Richard; Gessler, Arthur; Grams, Thorsten E. E.; Jansen, Steven; Kautz, Markus; Lloret, Francisco; O’Brien, Michael

2018-01-01

Accumulating evidence highlights increased mortality risks for trees during severe drought, particularly under warmer temperatures and increasing vapour pressure deficit (VPD). Resulting forest die‐off events have severe consequences for ecosystem services, biophysical and biogeochemical land–atmosphere processes. Despite advances in monitoring, modelling and experimental studies of the causes and consequences of tree death from individual tree to ecosystem and global scale, a general mechanistic understanding and realistic predictions of drought mortality under future climate conditions are still lacking. We update a global tree mortality map and present a roadmap to a more holistic understanding of forest mortality across scales. We highlight priority research frontiers that promote: (1) new avenues for research on key tree ecophysiological responses to drought; (2) scaling from the tree/plot level to the ecosystem and region; (3) improvements of mortality risk predictions based on both empirical and mechanistic insights; and (4) a global monitoring network of forest mortality. In light of recent and anticipated large forest die‐off events such a research agenda is timely and needed to achieve scientific understanding for realistic predictions of drought‐induced tree mortality. The implementation of a sustainable network will require support by stakeholders and political authorities at the international level.

Parole et silence pour l’expression de l’éthique dans La mort est mon métier de Robert Merle

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

María Badiola Dorronsoro

2015-11-01

Full Text Available Thanks to a daring and original exercise of focusing the narrative in first person, Robert Merle makes a historical Nazi the hero and narrator of his novel La mort est mon métier. Adding to this fact a careful choice of what is said and what is omitted, the author shows that the “final solution to the Jewish problem” by Hitler was not a massacre organized by some bloodthirsty or revengeful individuals, but a «hard task» accomplished by a group of de¬humanized beings for whom the honor –and morals– consisted of total dedication to blind obe¬dience to their superiors.

Causas básicas e associadas de morte por Aids, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, 1998 Aids as underlying and associated causes of death, State of S. Paulo, Brazil, 1998

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Augusto Hasiak Santo

2000-12-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVOS: Descrever o padrão da mortalidade devida a Aids segundo causas básica e associadas de morte no Estado de São Paulo, em 1998. MÉTODOS: Os dados sobre a mortalidade e a população residente no Estado de São Paulo, SP, para 1998, foram obtidos na Fundação Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados (Seade. As causas de morte foram codificadas pelas disposições da Décima Revisão da Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde. Os registros de Aids como causa básica e associada de morte foram recuperados e revistos. RESULTADOS: A Aids foi a causa básica em 4.619 mortes, correspondendo à décima causa (2,0% e ao coeficiente de mortalidade de 13,1 por 100.000 habitantes. As razões das mortes e os respectivos coeficientes entre homens e mulheres foram de 2,4 e 2,5. A Aids foi a segunda causa entre os homens de 20 a 34 anos de idade e entre as mulheres de 25 a 34. A idade média ao morrer entre as mulheres (34,1±12,2 anos foi estatisticamente menor que a dos homens (36,4±10,7 anos -- pOBJECTIVES: To describe the Aids mortality according to its underlying and associated causes of death in the State of S. Paulo in 1998. METHODS: Mortality and population data for 1998 were obtained from the State Data Analysis System Department (Fundação Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados - Seade. Causes of death were coded according to the Tenth Revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. RESULTS: Aids was the underlying cause in 4,619 deaths, corresponding to the 10th leading cause of death (2.0% and a mortality rate of 13.1/100,000 population. Male/female death ratio and rate ratios were respectively 2.4 and 2.5. Aids was the second leading cause of death among men aged 20--34 and women aged 25--34 years. Median age at death for women (34.1±12.2 years old was lower than men (36.4±10.7 years old -- p<0,001. The main associated causes of Aids

Tree Nut Allergies

Science.gov (United States)

... Blog Vision Awards Common Allergens Tree Nut Allergy Tree Nut Allergy Learn about tree nut allergy, how ... a Tree Nut Label card . Allergic Reactions to Tree Nuts Tree nuts can cause a severe and ...

Fault tree technique: advances in probabilistic and logical analysis

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Clarotti, C.A.; Amendola, A.; Contini, S.; Squellati, G.

1982-01-01

Fault tree reliability analysis is used for assessing the risk associated to systems of increasing complexity (phased mission systems, systems with multistate components, systems with non-monotonic structure functions). Much care must be taken to make sure that fault tree technique is not used beyond its correct validity range. To this end a critical review of mathematical foundations of reliability fault tree analysis is carried out. Limitations are enlightened and potential solutions to open problems are suggested. Moreover an overview is given on the most recent developments in the implementation of an integrated software (SALP-MP, SALP-NOT, SALP-CAFT Codes) for the analysis of a wide class of systems

Seismic Investigation of the Glacier de la Plaine Morte, Switzerland

Science.gov (United States)

Laske, Gabi; Lindner, Fabian; Walter, Fabian; Krage, Manuel

2017-04-01

Glacier de la Plaine Morte is a plateau glacier along the border between Valais and Berne cantons. It covers a narrow elevation range and is extremely vulnerable to climate change. During snow melt, it feeds three marginal lakes that have experienced sudden subglacial drainage in recent years, thereby causing flooding in the Simme Valley below. Of greatest concern is Lac des Faverges at the southeastern end of the glacier that has drained near the end of July in recent years, with flood levels reaching capacity of flood control systems downstream. The lake levels are carefully monitored but precise prediction has not yet been achieved. In the search for precursory ice fracturing to the lake drainage to improve forecast, four seismic arrays comprised of five short-period borehole seismometers provided by Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), Zürich as well as fifteen 3-component geophones from the Geophysical Instrument Pool Potsdam (GIPP) collected continuous seismic data for about seven weeks during the summer of 2016. We present initial results on discharge dynamics as well as changing noise levels and seismicity before, during and after the drainage of Lac des Faverges. Compared to previous recent years, the 2016 drainage of Lac des Faverges occurred unusually late on August 28. With an aperture between 100 and 200 m, the small arrays recorded many hundred ice quakes per day. A majority of the events exhibits clearly dispersed, high-frequency Rayleigh waves at about 10 Hz and higher. A wide distribution of events allows us to study azimuthal anisotropy and its relationship with the orientation of glacial crevasses.

Big trees, old trees, and growth factor tables

Science.gov (United States)

Kevin T. Smith

2018-01-01

The potential for a tree to reach a great size and to live a long life frequently captures the public's imagination. Sometimes the desire to know the age of an impressively large tree is simple curiosity. For others, the date-of-tree establishment can make a big diff erence for management, particularly for trees at historic sites or those mentioned in property...

A Suffix Tree Or Not a Suffix Tree?

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Starikovskaya, Tatiana; Vildhøj, Hjalte Wedel

2015-01-01

In this paper we study the structure of suffix trees. Given an unlabeled tree r on n nodes and suffix links of its internal nodes, we ask the question “Is r a suffix tree?”, i.e., is there a string S whose suffix tree has the same topological structure as r? We place no restrictions on S, in part...

Temperature response surfaces for mortality risk of tree species with future drought

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Adams, Henry D.; Barron-Gafford, Greg A.; Minor, Rebecca L.; Gardea, Alfonso A.; Bentley, Lisa Patrick; Law, Darin J.; Breshears, David D.; McDowell, Nate G.; Huxman, Travis E.

2017-11-01

Widespread, high levels of tree mortality, termed forest die-off, associated with drought and rising temperatures, are disrupting forests worldwide. Drought will likely become more frequent with climate change, but even without more frequent drought, higher temperatures can exacerbate tree water stress. The temperature sensitivity of drought-induced mortality of tree species has been evaluated experimentally for only single-step changes in temperature (ambient compared to ambient + increase) rather than as a response surface (multiple levels of temperature increase), which constrains our ability to relate changes in the driver with the biological response. Here we show that time-to-mortality during drought for seedlings of two western United States tree species, Pinus edulis (Engelm.) and Pinus ponderosa (Douglas ex C. Lawson), declined in continuous proportion with increasing temperature spanning a 7.7 °C increase. Although P. edulis outlived P. ponderosa at all temperatures, both species had similar relative declines in time-to-mortality as temperature increased (5.2% per °C for P. edulis; 5.8% per °C for P. ponderosa). When combined with the non-linear frequency distribution of drought duration—many more short droughts than long droughts—these findings point to a progressive increase in mortality events with global change due to warming alone and independent of additional changes in future drought frequency distributions. As such, dire future forest recruitment patterns are projected assuming the calculated 7-9 seedling mortality events per species by 2100 under business-as-usual warming occurs, congruent with additional vulnerability predicted for adult trees from stressors like pathogens and pests. Our progressive projection for increased mortality events was driven primarily by the non-linear shape of the drought duration frequency distribution, a common climate feature of drought-affected regions. These

Temperature response surfaces for mortality risk of tree species with future drought

Science.gov (United States)

Adams, Henry D.; Barron-Gafford, Greg A.; Minor, Rebecca L.; Gardea, Alfonso A.; Bentley, Lisa Patrick; Law, Darin J.; Breshears, David D.; McDowell, Nate G.; Huxman, Travis E.

2017-11-01

Widespread, high levels of tree mortality, termed forest die-off, associated with drought and rising temperatures, are disrupting forests worldwide. Drought will likely become more frequent with climate change, but even without more frequent drought, higher temperatures can exacerbate tree water stress. The temperature sensitivity of drought-induced mortality of tree species has been evaluated experimentally for only single-step changes in temperature (ambient compared to ambient + increase) rather than as a response surface (multiple levels of temperature increase), which constrains our ability to relate changes in the driver with the biological response. Here we show that time-to-mortality during drought for seedlings of two western United States tree species, Pinus edulis (Engelm.) and Pinus ponderosa (Douglas ex C. Lawson), declined in continuous proportion with increasing temperature spanning a 7.7 °C increase. Although P. edulis outlived P. ponderosa at all temperatures, both species had similar relative declines in time-to-mortality as temperature increased (5.2% per °C for P. edulis; 5.8% per °C for P. ponderosa). When combined with the non-linear frequency distribution of drought duration—many more short droughts than long droughts—these findings point to a progressive increase in mortality events with global change due to warming alone and independent of additional changes in future drought frequency distributions. As such, dire future forest recruitment patterns are projected assuming the calculated 7-9 seedling mortality events per species by 2100 under business-as-usual warming occur, congruent with additional vulnerability predicted for adult trees from stressors like pathogens and pests. Our progressive projection for increased mortality events was driven primarily by the non-linear shape of the drought duration frequency distribution, a common climate feature of drought-affected regions. These results illustrate profound benefits for

L’écriture du corps: pulsion de mort dans l’œuvre d’Amélie Nothomb

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Marie-Ange Bugnot

2018-04-01

Full Text Available This article studies the role of specific corpographies, that is to say manifestations of body representations and perceptions in the work of Amélie Nothomb, and how they relate to the death drive. The world Nothomb creates in her novels is heir to the philosophy of Plato, Zoroaster and Nietzsche, as well as to the vision of literature expressed by Lacan. We focus on the analysis of a number of characters, in their physical and relating moral aspects, as well as in their own vision of themselves. The novel is structured according to a constant dualism: youth and old age, life and death, thinness and obesity, beauty and ugliness, all of them taken in their most extreme condition. A celebrity author, Nothomb transforms our modern world by screening reality through one the great traditions of Western thought; she adapts the facts to fiction in order to paint an exceptional world of her own, full of humour and derision. Cet article se centre sur le rôle des corpographies extrêmes, un motif narratif essentiel dans l’œuvre de Nothomb, et leur relation avec la pulsion de mort. La réflexion que nous retrouvons dans ses romans est en relation directe avec les idées platoniciennes, celles de Zoroastre ou celles de Nietzsche, de même qu’avec la vision lacanienne de la littérature. Notre analyse se centrera sur certains de ses personnages, autant quant à leur représentation physique et morale, deux aspects intimement imbriqués, que quant à la perception qu’ils ont d’eux-mêmes. La narration s’organise conformément à une dualité constante: la jeunesse et la vieillesse, la vie et la mort, la minceur et l’obésité, toutes prises au stade le plus extrême. Auteure médiatique, Nothomb récupère de cette façon l’actualité contemporaine qu’elle filtre au moyen d’une des grandes traditions de la pensée occidentale et intègre dans la fiction pour mettre en scène un monde propre exceptionnel, parsemé d’humour et de dérision.

Relação entre variáveis ambientais e a estrutura da comunidade de peixes em córregos das bacias do Rio das Mortes e do rio Xingu – MT, Brasil

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Priscylla Rodrigues Matos

2013-06-01

Full Text Available http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2013v26n3p139 As variáveis ambientais podem determinar e estruturar a composição da fauna de peixes. Estudos que comparem diferenças entre variáveis físicas e químicas da água entre bacias hidrográficas próximas são escassos. Este artigo teve por objetivo verificar quais variáveis limnológicas estão relacionadas à distribuição das espécies de peixes em duas bacias hidrográficas. Para tanto, foram amostrados 20 córregos, divididos entre as bacias do Rio das Mortes e do rio Xingu. Em cada ponto foram medidos um total de 8 variáveis ambientais. Os peixes foram coletados com rede de arrasto. A riqueza total foi de 57 espécies, sendo 29 da bacia do rio Xingu, 35 do Rio das Mortes e 7 espécies comuns a ambas as bacias. As análises demonstraram que os córregos dessas duas bacias têm características limnológicas e fauna distintas. Os córregos da bacia do rio Xingu tiveram menores valores de pH que podem ter sido influenciados pelas elevadas taxas de decomposição orgânica. Os córregos do Rio das Mortes apresentaram valores mais elevados de matéria em suspensão e clorofila, provavelmente ocasionadas pela maior degradação dos córregos e menores níveis de cobertura vegetal.

Fault tree analysis for urban flooding

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Ten Veldhuis, J.A.E.; Clemens, F.H.L.R.; Van Gelder, P.H.A.J.M.

2008-01-01

Traditional methods to evaluate flood risk mostly focus on storm events as the main cause of flooding. Fault tree analysis is a technique that is able to model all potential causes of flooding and to quantify both the overall probability of flooding and the contributions of all causes of flooding to

History of Tree Growth Declines Recorded in Old Trees at Two Sacred Sites in Northern China.

Science.gov (United States)

Li, Yan; Zhang, Qi-Bin

2017-01-01

Old forests are an important component in sacred sites, yet they are at risk of growth decline from ongoing global warming and increased human activities. Growth decline, characterized by chronic loss of tree vigor, is not a recent phenomenon. Knowledge of past occurrence of declines is useful for preparing conservation plans because it helps understand if present day forests are outside the natural range of variation in tree health. We report a dendroecological study of growth decline events in the past two centuries at two sacred sites, Hengshan and Wutaishan, in Shanxi province of northern China. Tree rings collected at both sites show distinct periods of declining growth evident as narrow rings. These occurred in the 1830s in both sites, in the 1920s in Wutaishan and in the 2000s in Hengshan. By comparing the pattern of grow declines at the two sites, we hypothesize that resistance of tree growth to external disturbances is forest size dependent, and increased human activity might be a factor additional to climatic droughts in causing the recent strong growth decline at Hengshan Park. Despite these past declines, the forests at both sites have high resilience to disturbances as evidenced by the ability of trees to recover their growth rates to levels comparable to the pre-decline period. Managers should consider reducing fragmentation and restoring natural habitat of old forests, especially in areas on dry sites.

History of Tree Growth Declines Recorded in Old Trees at Two Sacred Sites in Northern China

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Yan Li

2017-11-01

Full Text Available Old forests are an important component in sacred sites, yet they are at risk of growth decline from ongoing global warming and increased human activities. Growth decline, characterized by chronic loss of tree vigor, is not a recent phenomenon. Knowledge of past occurrence of declines is useful for preparing conservation plans because it helps understand if present day forests are outside the natural range of variation in tree health. We report a dendroecological study of growth decline events in the past two centuries at two sacred sites, Hengshan and Wutaishan, in Shanxi province of northern China. Tree rings collected at both sites show distinct periods of declining growth evident as narrow rings. These occurred in the 1830s in both sites, in the 1920s in Wutaishan and in the 2000s in Hengshan. By comparing the pattern of grow declines at the two sites, we hypothesize that resistance of tree growth to external disturbances is forest size dependent, and increased human activity might be a factor additional to climatic droughts in causing the recent strong growth decline at Hengshan Park. Despite these past declines, the forests at both sites have high resilience to disturbances as evidenced by the ability of trees to recover their growth rates to levels comparable to the pre-decline period. Managers should consider reducing fragmentation and restoring natural habitat of old forests, especially in areas on dry sites.

Tree-growth analyses to estimate tree species' drought tolerance

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Eilmann, B.; Rigling, A.

2012-01-01

Climate change is challenging forestry management and practices. Among other things, tree species with the ability to cope with more extreme climate conditions have to be identified. However, while environmental factors may severely limit tree growth or even cause tree death, assessing a tree

La voix de la raison e de la tolérance: O problema histórico da pena de morte e sua suspensão universal anunciada pela Assembléia Geral das Nações Unidas

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Raphael Spode

2010-10-01

Full Text Available O tema do presente artigo é a pena de morte, uma questão polêmica que possui diversas faces. Desse modo buscar-se-á analisar essa questão sob diversos prismas, interrelacionando-os.

TreeNetViz: revealing patterns of networks over tree structures.

Science.gov (United States)

Gou, Liang; Zhang, Xiaolong Luke

2011-12-01

Network data often contain important attributes from various dimensions such as social affiliations and areas of expertise in a social network. If such attributes exhibit a tree structure, visualizing a compound graph consisting of tree and network structures becomes complicated. How to visually reveal patterns of a network over a tree has not been fully studied. In this paper, we propose a compound graph model, TreeNet, to support visualization and analysis of a network at multiple levels of aggregation over a tree. We also present a visualization design, TreeNetViz, to offer the multiscale and cross-scale exploration and interaction of a TreeNet graph. TreeNetViz uses a Radial, Space-Filling (RSF) visualization to represent the tree structure, a circle layout with novel optimization to show aggregated networks derived from TreeNet, and an edge bundling technique to reduce visual complexity. Our circular layout algorithm reduces both total edge-crossings and edge length and also considers hierarchical structure constraints and edge weight in a TreeNet graph. These experiments illustrate that the algorithm can reduce visual cluttering in TreeNet graphs. Our case study also shows that TreeNetViz has the potential to support the analysis of a compound graph by revealing multiscale and cross-scale network patterns. © 2011 IEEE

Forest Management Intensity Affects Aquatic Communities in Artificial Tree Holes.

Science.gov (United States)

Petermann, Jana S; Rohland, Anja; Sichardt, Nora; Lade, Peggy; Guidetti, Brenda; Weisser, Wolfgang W; Gossner, Martin M

2016-01-01

Forest management could potentially affect organisms in all forest habitats. However, aquatic communities in water-filled tree-holes may be especially sensitive because of small population sizes, the risk of drought and potential dispersal limitation. We set up artificial tree holes in forest stands subject to different management intensities in two regions in Germany and assessed the influence of local environmental properties (tree-hole opening type, tree diameter, water volume and water temperature) as well as regional drivers (forest management intensity, tree-hole density) on tree-hole insect communities (not considering other organisms such as nematodes or rotifers), detritus content, oxygen and nutrient concentrations. In addition, we compared data from artificial tree holes with data from natural tree holes in the same area to evaluate the methodological approach of using tree-hole analogues. We found that forest management had strong effects on communities in artificial tree holes in both regions and across the season. Abundance and species richness declined, community composition shifted and detritus content declined with increasing forest management intensity. Environmental variables, such as tree-hole density and tree diameter partly explained these changes. However, dispersal limitation, indicated by effects of tree-hole density, generally showed rather weak impacts on communities. Artificial tree holes had higher water temperatures (on average 2°C higher) and oxygen concentrations (on average 25% higher) than natural tree holes. The abundance of organisms was higher but species richness was lower in artificial tree holes. Community composition differed between artificial and natural tree holes. Negative management effects were detectable in both tree-hole systems, despite their abiotic and biotic differences. Our results indicate that forest management has substantial and pervasive effects on tree-hole communities and may alter their structure and

Treatment of complementary events in event trees in constructing linked fault trees for level 1 and level 2 PRA

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jo, Y. G.

2008-01-01

Complementary events in the event trees for a PRA model should be treated properly in order to evaluate plant risk correctly. In this study, the characteristics of the following three different cut-set generation methods were investigated first in order to find the best practical way for treating complementary events: 1) exact method which treats complementary events logically, 2) no-delete term method which does not treat complementary events at all, and 3) delete term method which treats complementary events by deleting nonsense cut-sets which are generated as a result of ignoring complementary events. Then, practical methods for treating complementary events in constructing linked fault trees for level 1 and level 2 PRA in EPRI R and R workstation software environment, where CAFTA is the fault tree editor and FORTE is the cut-set engine, were suggested and demonstrated. The suggested methods deal with the following selected four typical cases: Case 1: an event tree event (E) is represented by a fault tree gate whose inputs consist of only fault tree gates, Case 2: E is represented by a single basic event, Case 3: E is represented by an OR fault tree gate which has a single basic event and a fault tree gate as inputs, and Case 4: E is represented by an AND fault tree gate which has a single basic event and a fault tree gate as inputs. In the suggested methods, first the high level logic structures of event tree events are examined and restructured, if needed. Then, the delete term method, the exact method, and the combination of the two methods are applied to Case 1, Case 2, and Cases 3 and 4, respectively. Also, it is recommended to treat complementary events, using the suggested methods, before level 1 and level 2 PRA fault trees are coupled. It should be noted that the selected four typical cases may not cover all different cases encountered in level 1 and level 2 PRA modeling. However, a process similar to the one suggested in this study may be used to find

TREE SELECTING AND TREE RING MEASURING IN DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sefa Akbulut

2004-04-01

Full Text Available Dendrochronology is a method of dating which makes use of the annual nature of tree growth. Dendrochronology may be divided into a number of subfields, each of which covers one or more aspects of the use of tree ring data: dendroclimatology, dendrogeomorphology, dendrohydrology, dendroecology, dendroarchaelogy, and dendrogylaciology. Basic of all form the analysis of the tree rings. The wood or tree rings can aid to dating past events about climatology, ecology, geology, hydrology. Dendrochronological studies are conducted either on increment cores or on discs. It may be seen abnormalities on tree rings during the measurement like that false rings, missing rings, reaction wood. Like that situation, increment cores must be extracted from four different sides of each tree and be studied as more as on tree.

O duo dissonante entre a voz do autor e a voz do narrador em Vida e morte de M. J. Gonzaga de Sá, de Lima Barreto

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José Osmar de Melo

2011-12-01

Full Text Available Este ensaio tem como objetivo demonstrar a consciência com que Lima Barreto, no romance Vida e morte de M. J. Gonzaga de Sá, lida com a linguagem e usa o humor e a ironia como elementos fundamentais para desmistificar sua narrativa como representação da realidade, apresentando-a como resultado estético de uma poética do artifício, que valoriza, sobretudo, o processo artístico e metalingüístico de construção do texto literário. Através dessa estratégia de criação literária, o autor procura demonstrar, mediante o recurso à ironia romântica, os artifícios dos procedimentos da construção textual, ao abrir as portas de sua oficina de produção de ilusões, para revelar ao leitor que sua arte constitui-se como um consciente e auto-consciente exercício de linguagem, fundamentado no lúdico (des velamento das artimanhas da criação ficcional que no romance em questão se confirma como jogo textual conscientemente elaborado como arte.Palavras-chave: Lima Barreto; Vida e morte de M. J. Gonzaga de Sá; Ironia romântica; Ironia humoresque; poética do artifício.

Visualizing Individual Tree Differences in Tree-Ring Studies

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Mario Trouillier

2018-04-01

Full Text Available Averaging tree-ring measurements from multiple individuals is one of the most common procedures in dendrochronology. It serves to filter out noise from individual differences between trees, such as competition, height, and micro-site effects, which ideally results in a site chronology sensitive to regional scale factors such as climate. However, the climate sensitivity of individual trees can be modulated by factors like competition, height, and nitrogen deposition, calling attention to whether average chronologies adequately assess climatic growth-control. In this study, we demonstrate four simple but effective methods to visually assess differences between individual trees. Using individual tree climate-correlations we: (1 employed jitter plots with superimposed metadata to assess potential causes for these differences; (2 plotted the frequency distributions of climate correlations over time as heat maps; (3 mapped the spatial distribution of climate sensitivity over time to assess spatio-temporal dynamics; and (4 used t-distributed Stochastic Neighborhood Embedding (t-SNE to assess which trees were generally more similar in terms of their tree-ring pattern and their correlation with climate variables. This suite of exploratory methods can indicate if individuals in tree-ring datasets respond differently to climate variability, and therefore, should not solely be explored with climate correlations of the mean population chronology.

Incidência da síndrome da morte súbita em coorte de lactentes The incidence of sudden death syndrome in a cohort of infants

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Lorena T. C. Geib

2006-02-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVOS: Quantificar a incidência de síndrome da morte súbita do lactente no município de Passo Fundo (RS e descrever o perfil dos óbitos. MÉTODOS: Coorte de base populacional, de nascidos vivos no período de fevereiro de 2003 a janeiro de 2004, domiciliados na zona urbana. Excluíram-se lactentes hospitalizados desde o nascimento, crianças em processo de adoção e óbitos ocorridos antes da coleta de dados. Dos 2.634 nascidos vivos, foram incluídas 2.411 crianças, acompanhando-se 2.285 (94,8%. Os dados foram coletados no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos, declarações de óbito, registros do comitê de mortalidade infantil e mediante entrevistas domiciliares com a mãe social. Os instrumentos foram adaptados de formulários validados previamente. Os dados foram analisados no Epi-Info, com estatística descritiva. RESULTADOS: Foram registrados 10 óbitos (0,4%. Quatro de causa indeterminada puderam ser incluídos na categoria III de síndrome da morte súbita do lactente. Ocorreram entre os 2 e 5 meses, no domicílio, em crianças que dormiam na posição lateral, em cama com adultos, utilizando colchão macio, travesseiro e fralda sobre a face. Eram filhos de mãe jovens, fumantes, pré-natal incompleto, multíparas e de classes econômicas desfavorecidas. A incidência de suspeita dessa síndrome foi de 1,75/1.000. CONCLUSÃO: A taxa de incidência de suspeita de síndrome da morte súbita do lactente em Passo Fundo é compatível com os maiores coeficientes internacionais, sugerindo medidas de vigilância e prevenção de riscos.OBJECTIVES: To quantify the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome in the town of Passo Fundo, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and to describe the profile of the deaths observed. METHODS: A population-based cohort study of the live births from February 2003 to January 2004 to parents resident in the urban area. Infants were excluded if they had been hospitalized since birth, were in the

Fault tree handbook

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Haasl, D.F.; Roberts, N.H.; Vesely, W.E.; Goldberg, F.F.

1981-01-01

This handbook describes a methodology for reliability analysis of complex systems such as those which comprise the engineered safety features of nuclear power generating stations. After an initial overview of the available system analysis approaches, the handbook focuses on a description of the deductive method known as fault tree analysis. The following aspects of fault tree analysis are covered: basic concepts for fault tree analysis; basic elements of a fault tree; fault tree construction; probability, statistics, and Boolean algebra for the fault tree analyst; qualitative and quantitative fault tree evaluation techniques; and computer codes for fault tree evaluation. Also discussed are several example problems illustrating the basic concepts of fault tree construction and evaluation

Perfis de causas múltiplas de morte relacionadas ao HIV/AIDS nos municípios de São Paulo e Santos, Brasil, 2001

OpenAIRE

Pereira,Claudia Cristina de Aguiar; Machado,Carla Jorge; Rodrigues,Roberto do Nascimento

2007-01-01

Após a introdução da terapia anti-retroviral de alta potência (TARV), o perfil da morbimortalidade relacionada ao HIV alterou-se, passando de óbitos causados por doenças oportunistas para quadros mórbido-crônicos de doenças "pré-AIDS", ou não definidoras de AIDS, causadas pelos efeitos adversos da terapia. Investigou-se a mortalidade relacionada ao HIV/AIDS através das causas múltiplas de morte, utilizando-se as declarações de óbito de residentes nos municípios de São Paulo e Santos, Brasil, ...

Motta Coqueiro ou a pena de morte: uma trama entre a memória social e a literatura

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marcos Teixeira de Souza

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Motta Coqueiro ou a pena de morte, escrito em 1877, por José do Patrocínio, rememora o caso real do último enforcamento no Brasil, o do fazendeiro Motta Coqueiro, suposto mandante de um violento crime ocorrido no norte fluminense em 1852, controverso até a presente data, contra uma família de agregados, que vivia nas terras do citado fazendeiro. Porém, não restrito ao evento trágico, o romancista leva perspicazmente o leitor para uma narrativa, que ressalta o drama dos negros, dos agregados e do fazendeiro na estrutura colonial; que desnuda os critérios de cor e classe social no Brasil colônia; que evidencia o papel da Memória como uma ferramenta manipulável, ativa e estratégica nas relações sociais.

Dynamic Event Tree advancements and control logic improvements

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Alfonsi, Andrea; Rabiti, Cristian; Mandelli, Diego; Sen, Ramazan Sonat; Cogliati, Joshua Joseph

2015-01-01

The RAVEN code has been under development at the Idaho National Laboratory since 2012. Its main goal is to create a multi-purpose platform for the deploying of all the capabilities needed for Probabilistic Risk Assessment, uncertainty quantification, data mining analysis and optimization studies. RAVEN is currently equipped with three different sampling categories: Forward samplers (Monte Carlo, Latin Hyper Cube, Stratified, Grid Sampler, Factorials, etc.), Adaptive Samplers (Limit Surface search, Adaptive Polynomial Chaos, etc.) and Dynamic Event Tree (DET) samplers (Deterministic and Adaptive Dynamic Event Trees). The main subject of this document is to report the activities that have been done in order to: start the migration of the RAVEN/RELAP-7 control logic system into MOOSE, and develop advanced dynamic sampling capabilities based on the Dynamic Event Tree approach. In order to provide to all MOOSE-based applications a control logic capability, in this Fiscal Year an initial migration activity has been initiated, moving the control logic system, designed for RELAP-7 by the RAVEN team, into the MOOSE framework. In this document, a brief explanation of what has been done is going to be reported. The second and most important subject of this report is about the development of a Dynamic Event Tree (DET) sampler named 'Hybrid Dynamic Event Tree' (HDET) and its Adaptive variant 'Adaptive Hybrid Dynamic Event Tree' (AHDET). As other authors have already reported, among the different types of uncertainties, it is possible to discern two principle types: aleatory and epistemic uncertainties. The classical Dynamic Event Tree is in charge of treating the first class (aleatory) uncertainties; the dependence of the probabilistic risk assessment and analysis on the epistemic uncertainties are treated by an initial Monte Carlo sampling (MCDET). From each Monte Carlo sample, a DET analysis is run (in total, N trees). The Monte Carlo employs a pre

Schistosoma mansoni reinfection: Analysis of risk factors by classification and regression tree (CART modeling.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Andréa Gazzinelli

Full Text Available Praziquantel (PZQ is an effective chemotherapy for schistosomiasis mansoni and a mainstay for its control and potential elimination. However, it does not prevent against reinfection, which can occur rapidly in areas with active transmission. A guide to ranking the risk factors for Schistosoma mansoni reinfection would greatly contribute to prioritizing resources and focusing prevention and control measures to prevent rapid reinfection. The objective of the current study was to explore the relationship among the socioeconomic, demographic, and epidemiological factors that can influence reinfection by S. mansoni one year after successful treatment with PZQ in school-aged children in Northeastern Minas Gerais state Brazil. Parasitological, socioeconomic, demographic, and water contact information were surveyed in 506 S. mansoni-infected individuals, aged 6 to 15 years, resident in these endemic areas. Eligible individuals were treated with PZQ until they were determined to be negative by the absence of S. mansoni eggs in the feces on two consecutive days of Kato-Katz fecal thick smear. These individuals were surveyed again 12 months from the date of successful treatment with PZQ. A classification and regression tree modeling (CART was then used to explore the relationship between socioeconomic, demographic, and epidemiological variables and their reinfection status. The most important risk factor identified for S. mansoni reinfection was their "heavy" infection at baseline. Additional analyses, excluding heavy infection status, showed that lower socioeconomic status and a lower level of education of the household head were also most important risk factors for S. mansoni reinfection. Our results provide an important contribution toward the control and possible elimination of schistosomiasis by identifying three major risk factors that can be used for targeted treatment and monitoring of reinfection. We suggest that control measures that target

Accident Fault Trees for Defense Waste Processing Facility

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sarrack, A.G.

1999-06-22

The purpose of this report is to document fault tree analyses which have been completed for the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) safety analysis. Logic models for equipment failures and human error combinations that could lead to flammable gas explosions in various process tanks, or failure of critical support systems were developed for internal initiating events and for earthquakes. These fault trees provide frequency estimates for support systems failures and accidents that could lead to radioactive and hazardous chemical releases both on-site and off-site. Top event frequency results from these fault trees will be used in further APET analyses to calculate accident risk associated with DWPF facility operations. This report lists and explains important underlying assumptions, provides references for failure data sources, and briefly describes the fault tree method used. Specific commitments from DWPF to provide new procedural/administrative controls or system design changes are listed in the ''Facility Commitments'' section. The purpose of the ''Assumptions'' section is to clarify the basis for fault tree modeling, and is not necessarily a list of items required to be protected by Technical Safety Requirements (TSRs).

Risk analysis of Odelouca cofferdam

OpenAIRE

Pimenta, L.; Caldeira, L.; Maranha das Neves, E.

2009-01-01

In this paper we present the risk analysis of Odelouca Cofferdam, using an event tree analysis. The initializing events, failure modes and analysed limit states are discussed based on an influence diagram. The constructed event trees and their interpretation are presented. The obtained risk values are represented in an FN plot superimposed to the acceptability and tolerability risk limits proposed for Portuguese dams. Initially, particular emphasis is placed on the main characteristic...

Computer-aided event tree analysis by the impact vector method

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lima, J.E.P.

1984-01-01

In the development of the Probabilistic Risk Analysis of Angra I, the ' large event tree/small fault tree' approach was adopted for the analysis of the plant behavior in an emergency situation. In this work, the event tree methodology is presented along with the adaptations which had to be made in order to attain a correct description of the safety system performances according to the selected analysis method. The problems appearing in the application of the methodology and their respective solutions are presented and discussed, with special emphasis to the impact vector technique. A description of the ETAP code ('Event Tree Analysis Program') developed for constructing and quantifying event trees is also given in this work. A preliminary version of the small-break LOCA analysis for Angra 1 is presented as an example of application of the methodology and of the code. It is shown that the use of the ETAP code sigmnificantly contributes to decreasing the time spent in event tree analyses, making it viable the practical application of the analysis approach referred above. (author) [pt

Assessing the risk caused by ground level ozone to European forest trees: A case study in pine, beech and oak across different climate regions

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Emberson, Lisa D.; Bueker, Patrick; Ashmore, Mike R.

2007-01-01

Two different indices have been proposed for estimation of the risk caused to forest trees across Europe by ground-level ozone, (i) the concentration based AOT40 index (Accumulated Over a Threshold of 40 ppb) and (ii) the recently developed flux based AFstY index (Accumulated stomatal Flux above a flux threshold Y). This paper compares the AOT40 and AFstY indices for three forest trees species at different locations in Europe. The AFstY index is estimated using the DO 3 SE (Deposition of Ozone and Stomatal Exchange) model parameterized for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), beech (Fagus sylvatica) and holm oak (Quercus ilex). The results show a large difference in the perceived O 3 risk when using AOT40 and AFstY indices both between species and regions. The AOT40 index shows a strong north-south gradient across Europe, whereas there is little difference between regions in the modelled values of AFstY. There are significant differences in modelled AFstY between species, which are predominantly determined by differences in the timing and length of the growing season, the periods during which soil moisture deficit limits stomatal conductance, and adaptation to soil moisture stress. This emphasizes the importance of defining species-specific flux response variables to obtain a more accurate quantification of O 3 risk. - A new flux-based model provides a revised assessment of risks of ozone impacts to European forests

Review: Evaluation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Control Using Fault Tree Analysis.

Science.gov (United States)

Isoda, N; Kadohira, M; Sekiguchi, S; Schuppers, M; Stärk, K D C

2015-06-01

An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) causes huge economic losses and animal welfare problems. Although much can be learnt from past FMD outbreaks, several countries are not satisfied with their degree of contingency planning and aiming at more assurance that their control measures will be effective. The purpose of the present article was to develop a generic fault tree framework for the control of an FMD outbreak as a basis for systematic improvement and refinement of control activities and general preparedness. Fault trees are typically used in engineering to document pathways that can lead to an undesired event, that is, ineffective FMD control. The fault tree method allows risk managers to identify immature parts of the control system and to analyse the events or steps that will most probably delay rapid and effective disease control during a real outbreak. The present developed fault tree is generic and can be tailored to fit the specific needs of countries. For instance, the specific fault tree for the 2001 FMD outbreak in the UK was refined based on control weaknesses discussed in peer-reviewed articles. Furthermore, the specific fault tree based on the 2001 outbreak was applied to the subsequent FMD outbreak in 2007 to assess the refinement of control measures following the earlier, major outbreak. The FMD fault tree can assist risk managers to develop more refined and adequate control activities against FMD outbreaks and to find optimum strategies for rapid control. Further application using the current tree will be one of the basic measures for FMD control worldwide. © 2013 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

Voltando aos registros paroquiais de Minas colonial: etnicidade em São José do Rio das Mortes, 1780-1810 Returning to the parish registers of colonial Minas Gerais: ethnicity in São José do Rio das Mortes, 1780-1810

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Douglas Cole Libby

2009-12-01

Full Text Available Este artigo trata dos complexos temas de etnicidade e classificação social no Brasil dos séculos XVIII e XIX. Bases de dados substanciais, de fontes primárias distintas, permitem vislumbrar um quadro integrado dessa complexidade, tal como evoluiu nas Minas Gerais. A lógica no uso das categorias étnicas/de cor e sociais emerge pelo cruzamento de nomes e características individuais nos registros de batismo e de casamento e em listas nominativas. O texto fo caliza a paróquia de São José do Rio das Mortes e fornece respostas preliminares para questões relativas às práticas de maternidade e de casamento, sugerindo como designações étnicas e de cor se consolidaram ao longo de várias gera ções. Os achados apontam para a pre-valência de exogamia entre os escravos, enquanto a endogamia e, talvez, até mesmo um processo de racialização teriam predominado entre a população livre e liberta de todas as designações étnicas e de cor.This article addresses the complex the mes of ethnicity and social classification in eighteenth -and nineteenth-century Brazil. The use of large data bases, derived from independent primary sources, makes it possible to envision the outline of that complexity as it evolved in Minas Gerais. Ethnic/color and social catego ries are carefully examined and the logic of their use begins to emerge through the intersecting of names and individual attributes as they appear in baptismal and marriage registers, as well as in nominal lists. As a detailed case study of the parish of São José do Rio das Mortes, it furnishes preliminary answers to que ries about maternity and marriage practices and sheds light on how ethnic and color designations were consolidated across several generations. Finally, the findings point to a prevalence of exogamic unions among slaves, while endoga my and perhaps even a process of racia lization held sway among the free and freed populations of all color and ethnic designations.

Modular tree automata

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Bahr, Patrick

2012-01-01

Tree automata are traditionally used to study properties of tree languages and tree transformations. In this paper, we consider tree automata as the basis for modular and extensible recursion schemes. We show, using well-known techniques, how to derive from standard tree automata highly modular...

Somatic embryogenesis and cryostorage for conservation and restoration of threatened forest trees

Science.gov (United States)

S.A. Merkle; A.R. Tull; H.J. Gladfelter; P.M. Montello; J.E. Mitchell; C. Ahn; R.D. McNeill

2017-01-01

Threats to North American forest trees from exotic pests and pathogens or habitat loss, make it imperative that every available tool be employed for conservation and restoration of these at risk species. One such tool, in vitro propagation, could greatly enhance conservation of forest tree genetic material and selection and breeding of resistant or...

Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size.

Science.gov (United States)

Stephenson, N L; Das, A J; Condit, R; Russo, S E; Baker, P J; Beckman, N G; Coomes, D A; Lines, E R; Morris, W K; Rüger, N; Alvarez, E; Blundo, C; Bunyavejchewin, S; Chuyong, G; Davies, S J; Duque, A; Ewango, C N; Flores, O; Franklin, J F; Grau, H R; Hao, Z; Harmon, M E; Hubbell, S P; Kenfack, D; Lin, Y; Makana, J-R; Malizia, A; Malizia, L R; Pabst, R J; Pongpattananurak, N; Su, S-H; Sun, I-F; Tan, S; Thomas, D; van Mantgem, P J; Wang, X; Wiser, S K; Zavala, M A

2014-03-06

Forests are major components of the global carbon cycle, providing substantial feedback to atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Our ability to understand and predict changes in the forest carbon cycle--particularly net primary productivity and carbon storage--increasingly relies on models that represent biological processes across several scales of biological organization, from tree leaves to forest stands. Yet, despite advances in our understanding of productivity at the scales of leaves and stands, no consensus exists about the nature of productivity at the scale of the individual tree, in part because we lack a broad empirical assessment of whether rates of absolute tree mass growth (and thus carbon accumulation) decrease, remain constant, or increase as trees increase in size and age. Here we present a global analysis of 403 tropical and temperate tree species, showing that for most species mass growth rate increases continuously with tree size. Thus, large, old trees do not act simply as senescent carbon reservoirs but actively fix large amounts of carbon compared to smaller trees; at the extreme, a single big tree can add the same amount of carbon to the forest within a year as is contained in an entire mid-sized tree. The apparent paradoxes of individual tree growth increasing with tree size despite declining leaf-level and stand-level productivity can be explained, respectively, by increases in a tree's total leaf area that outpace declines in productivity per unit of leaf area and, among other factors, age-related reductions in population density. Our results resolve conflicting assumptions about the nature of tree growth, inform efforts to undertand and model forest carbon dynamics, and have additional implications for theories of resource allocation and plant senescence.

TH-EF-BRC-03: Fault Tree Analysis

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Thomadsen, B. [University of Wisconsin (United States)

2016-06-15

This Hands-on Workshop will be focused on providing participants with experience with the principal tools of TG 100 and hence start to build both competence and confidence in the use of risk-based quality management techniques. The three principal tools forming the basis of TG 100’s risk analysis: Process mapping, Failure-Modes and Effects Analysis and fault-tree analysis will be introduced with a 5 minute refresher presentation and each presentation will be followed by a 30 minute small group exercise. An exercise on developing QM from the risk analysis follows. During the exercise periods, participants will apply the principles in 2 different clinical scenarios. At the conclusion of each exercise there will be ample time for participants to discuss with each other and the faculty their experience and any challenges encountered. Learning Objectives: To review the principles of Process Mapping, Failure Modes and Effects Analysis and Fault Tree Analysis. To gain familiarity with these three techniques in a small group setting. To share and discuss experiences with the three techniques with faculty and participants. Director, TreatSafely, LLC. Director, Center for the Assessment of Radiological Sciences. Occasional Consultant to the IAEA and Varian.

TH-EF-BRC-03: Fault Tree Analysis

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Thomadsen, B.

2016-01-01

This Hands-on Workshop will be focused on providing participants with experience with the principal tools of TG 100 and hence start to build both competence and confidence in the use of risk-based quality management techniques. The three principal tools forming the basis of TG 100’s risk analysis: Process mapping, Failure-Modes and Effects Analysis and fault-tree analysis will be introduced with a 5 minute refresher presentation and each presentation will be followed by a 30 minute small group exercise. An exercise on developing QM from the risk analysis follows. During the exercise periods, participants will apply the principles in 2 different clinical scenarios. At the conclusion of each exercise there will be ample time for participants to discuss with each other and the faculty their experience and any challenges encountered. Learning Objectives: To review the principles of Process Mapping, Failure Modes and Effects Analysis and Fault Tree Analysis. To gain familiarity with these three techniques in a small group setting. To share and discuss experiences with the three techniques with faculty and participants. Director, TreatSafely, LLC. Director, Center for the Assessment of Radiological Sciences. Occasional Consultant to the IAEA and Varian.

Fatores associados à morte materna em unidade de terapia intensiva

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Suzanne Vieira Saintrain

Full Text Available RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar os fatores associados à morte materna em pacientes internadas em unidade de terapia intensiva. Métodos: Estudo do tipo transversal realizado em unidade de terapia intensiva materna. Foram selecionados todos os prontuários de pacientes admitidas no período de janeiro de 2012 a dezembro de 2014. O critério de inclusão foi todas as pacientes obstétricas e puérperas, e o de exclusão as com diagnóstico de mola hidatiforme, gravidez ectópica e anembrionada, e as internadas por causas não obstétricas. Foi realizada análise comparativa entre os desfechos óbito e alta hospitalar. Resultados: Foram incluídas 373 pacientes, com idade entre 13 a 45 anos. As causas de internação na unidade de terapia intensiva foram síndromes hipertensivas relacionadas à gestação, cardiopatias, insuficiência respiratória e sepse; as complicações foram lesão renal aguda (24,1%, hipotensão (15,5%, hemorragia (10,2% e sepse (6,7%. Ocorreram 28 óbitos (7,5%. As causas de óbito foram choque hemorrágico, falência múltipla de órgãos, insuficiência respiratória e sepse. Os fatores de risco independentes para óbito foram lesão renal aguda (OR = 6,77, hipotensão (OR = 15,08 e insuficiência respiratória (OR = 3,65. Conclusão: A frequência de óbitos foi baixa. Lesão renal aguda, hipotensão e insuficiência respiratória foram os fatores de risco independentes associados à mortalidade materna.

The interaction between freezing tolerance and phenology in temperate deciduous trees

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Yann eVitasse

2014-10-01

Full Text Available Temperate climates are defined by a distinct temperature seasonality with large and often unpredictable weather during any of the four seasons. To thrive in such climates, trees have to withstand a cold winter and the stochastic occurrence of freeze events during any time of the year. The physiological mechanisms trees adopt to escape, avoid and tolerate freezing temperatures include a cold acclimation in autumn, a dormancy period during winter (leafless in deciduous trees, and the maintenance of a certain freezing tolerance during dehardening in early spring. The change from one phase to the next is mediated by complex interactions between temperature and photoperiod. This review aims at providing an overview of the interplay between phenology of leaves and species-specific freezing resistance. First, we address the long-term evolutionary responses that enabled temperate trees to tolerate certain low temperature extremes. We provide evidence that short term acclimation of freezing resistance plays a crucial role both in dormant and active buds, including re-acclimation to cold conditions following warm spells. This ability declines to almost zero during leaf emergence. Second, we show that the risk that native temperate trees encounter freeze injuries is low and is confined to spring and underline that this risk might be altered by climate warming depending on species-specific phenological responses to environmental cues.

The integration methods of fuzzy fault mode and effect analysis and fault tree analysis for risk analysis of yogurt production

Science.gov (United States)

Aprilia, Ayu Rizky; Santoso, Imam; Ekasari, Dhita Murita

2017-05-01

Yogurt is a product based on milk, which has beneficial effects for health. The process for the production of yogurt is very susceptible to failure because it involves bacteria and fermentation. For an industry, the risks may cause harm and have a negative impact. In order for a product to be successful and profitable, it requires the analysis of risks that may occur during the production process. Risk analysis can identify the risks in detail and prevent as well as determine its handling, so that the risks can be minimized. Therefore, this study will analyze the risks of the production process with a case study in CV.XYZ. The method used in this research is the Fuzzy Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (fuzzy FMEA) and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA). The results showed that there are 6 risks from equipment variables, raw material variables, and process variables. Those risks include the critical risk, which is the risk of a lack of an aseptic process, more specifically if starter yogurt is damaged due to contamination by fungus or other bacteria and a lack of sanitation equipment. The results of quantitative analysis of FTA showed that the highest probability is the probability of the lack of an aseptic process, with a risk of 3.902%. The recommendations for improvement include establishing SOPs (Standard Operating Procedures), which include the process, workers, and environment, controlling the starter of yogurt and improving the production planning and sanitation equipment using hot water immersion.

A Framework For Analyzing And Mitigating The Vulnerabilities Of Complex Systems Via Attack And Protection Trees

National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

Edge, Kenneth S

2007-01-01

.... Attack trees by themselves do not provide enough decision support to system defenders. This research develops the concept of using protection trees to offer a detailed risk analysis of a system...

Representing cognitive activities and errors in HRA trees

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gertman, D.I.

1992-01-01

This paper discusses development of a means by which to present cognitive information in human reliability assessment (HRA) event trees. The descriptions found in probabilistic risk assessments (PRAs) regarding the demands on, and the resulting performance of, nuclear power plant (NPP) crews often make use of the technique for human error rate prediction (THERP), which provides a mechanism, the HRA event tree, for presenting the analyst's conceptualization of the activities underlying performance and the errors associated with that performance. When using THERP, analysts have often omitted the more complex elements of human cognition from these trees. There has yet to be a concerted effort to take theory, principles, and data from cognitive psychology and wed it to the logic structure of the HRA event tree. This paper attempts to do so. The COGENT modeling scheme (cognitively based HRA event trees) adds two taxonomies to the HRA event tree proposed by Swain and Guttman. The first taxonomy, the one proposed by Norman and Reason, describes the type of error committed and implies something about the underlying cognition as well. The second of these, the Rasmussen taxonomy, provides description regarding the skill-based, rule-based, or knowledge-based behavior underlying the execution of tasks. It is not apparent and must be deduced from the pattern of errors exhibited by personnel

Causas de morte e razões para eutanásia de cães da Mesorregião do Centro Ocidental Rio-Grandense (1965-2004)

OpenAIRE

Fighera, Rafael A.; Souza, Tatiana M.; Silva, Marcia C.; Brum, Juliana S.; Graça, Dominguita L.; Kommers, Glaucia D.; Irigoyen, Luiz F.; Barros, Claudio S.L.

2008-01-01

Este estudo teve como objetivo principal determinar a prevalência das doenças que culminam em morte ou que fazem com que os cães da Mesorregião do Centro Ocidental Rio-Grandense sejam submetidos à eutanásia. Para isso, foram revisados todos os protocolos de necropsia de cães, arquivados no Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária (LPV) da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), realizadas entre janeiro de 1965 e dezembro de 2004. Nos arquivos do LPV-UFSM foram encontrados 4.844 protocolos de ...

A bijection between phylogenetic trees and plane oriented recursive trees

OpenAIRE

Prodinger, Helmut

2017-01-01

Phylogenetic trees are binary nonplanar trees with labelled leaves, and plane oriented recursive trees are planar trees with an increasing labelling. Both families are enumerated by double factorials. A bijection is constructed, using the respective representations a 2-partitions and trapezoidal words.

Morte materna mascarada: um caminho para sua identificação Muerte materna enmascarada: un camino para su identificación Identification of concealed or presumable maternal deaths

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Flávia Azevedo Gomes

2006-12-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: verificar a presença de mortes maternas mascaradas ou presumíveis a partir de procedimentos obstétricos e diagnósticos secundários registrados no Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH-SUS, nos Estados de São Paulo, Paraná, Pará, Ceará e Mato Grosso, nos anos de 1999 e 2000. MÉTODOS: utilizamos dados secundários dos CD-ROMs Movimento de Autorização de Internação Hospitalar (AIH do Sistema Único de Saúde, por meio de formulários das Autorização (AIHs. RESULTADOS: identificamos 651 mortes maternas declaradas pelo sistema e 55 foram mortes maternas mascaradas ou presumíveis, obtidas a partir de procedimentos obstétricos e diagnósticos secundários pertencentes ao Capítulo XV da CID 10 - Gravidez, parto e puerpério, registrados no SIH-SUS. CONCLUSÃO: o presente estudo revelou que tal sistema de informação pode ser utilizado como medida complementar para a identificação de mortes maternas não informadas.OBJETIVO: verificar la presencia de muertes maternas enmascaradas o presumibles a partir de procedimientos obstétricos y diagnósticos secundarios registrados en el Sistema de Informaciones Hospitalarios del Sistema Único de Salud (SIH-SUS, en los Estados de São Paulo, Paraná, Pará, Ceará e Mato Grosso, en los años de 1999 y 2000. MÉTODOS: utilizamos datos secundarios de los CD-ROMs Movimiento de Autorización de Internamiento Hospitalario (AIH del Sistema Único de Salud, por medio de formularios de las AIHs. RESULTADOS: identificamos 651 muertes maternas declaradas en el sistema y 55 fueron muertes maternas enmascaradas o presumibles, obtenidas a partir de procedimientos obstétricos y diagnósticos secundarios pertenecientes al Capítulo XV de la CID 10 - Embarazo, parto y puerperio, registrados en el SIH-SUS. CONCLUSIÓN: el presente estudio reveló que tal sistema de información puede ser utilizado como medida complementaria para la identificación de muertes

Guideliness for system modeling: fault tree [analysis

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lee, Yoon Hwan; Yang, Joon Eon; Kang, Dae Il; Hwang, Mee Jeong

2004-07-01

This document, the guidelines for system modeling related to Fault Tree Analysis(FTA), is intended to provide the guidelines with the analyzer to construct the fault trees in the level of the capability category II of ASME PRA standard. Especially, they are to provide the essential and basic guidelines and the related contents to be used in support of revising the Ulchin 3 and 4 PSA model for risk monitor within the capability category II of ASME PRA standard. Normally the main objective of system analysis is to assess the reliability of system modeled by Event Tree Analysis (ETA). A variety of analytical techniques can be used for the system analysis, however, FTA method is used in this procedures guide. FTA is the method used for representing the failure logic of plant systems deductively using AND, OR or NOT gates. The fault tree should reflect all possible failure modes that may contribute to the system unavailability. This should include contributions due to the mechanical failures of the components, Common Cause Failures (CCFs), human errors and outages for testing and maintenance. This document identifies and describes the definitions and the general procedures of FTA and the essential and basic guidelines for reving the fault trees. Accordingly, the guidelines for FTA will be capable to guide the FTA to the level of the capability category II of ASME PRA standard.

Guideliness for system modeling: fault tree [analysis

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lee, Yoon Hwan; Yang, Joon Eon; Kang, Dae Il; Hwang, Mee Jeong

2004-07-01

This document, the guidelines for system modeling related to Fault Tree Analysis(FTA), is intended to provide the guidelines with the analyzer to construct the fault trees in the level of the capability category II of ASME PRA standard. Especially, they are to provide the essential and basic guidelines and the related contents to be used in support of revising the Ulchin 3 and 4 PSA model for risk monitor within the capability category II of ASME PRA standard. Normally the main objective of system analysis is to assess the reliability of system modeled by Event Tree Analysis (ETA). A variety of analytical techniques can be used for the system analysis, however, FTA method is used in this procedures guide. FTA is the method used for representing the failure logic of plant systems deductively using AND, OR or NOT gates. The fault tree should reflect all possible failure modes that may contribute to the system unavailability. This should include contributions due to the mechanical failures of the components, Common Cause Failures (CCFs), human errors and outages for testing and maintenance. This document identifies and describes the definitions and the general procedures of FTA and the essential and basic guidelines for reving the fault trees. Accordingly, the guidelines for FTA will be capable to guide the FTA to the level of the capability category II of ASME PRA standard

Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size

Science.gov (United States)

Stephenson, N.L.; Das, A.J.; Condit, R.; Russo, S.E.; Baker, P.J.; Beckman, N.G.; Coomes, D.A.; Lines, E.R.; Morris, W.K.; Rüger, N.; Álvarez, E.; Blundo, C.; Bunyavejchewin, S.; Chuyong, G.; Davies, S.J.; Duque, Á.; Ewango, C.N.; Flores, O.; Franklin, J.F.; Grau, H.R.; Hao, Z.; Harmon, M.E.; Hubbell, S.P.; Kenfack, D.; Lin, Y.; Makana, J.-R.; Malizia, A.; Malizia, L.R.; Pabst, R.J.; Pongpattananurak, N.; Su, S.-H.; Sun, I-F.; Tan, S.; Thomas, D.; van Mantgem, P.J.; Wang, X.; Wiser, S.K.; Zavala, M.A.

2014-01-01

Forests are major components of the global carbon cycle, providing substantial feedback to atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Our ability to understand and predict changes in the forest carbon cycle—particularly net primary productivity and carbon storage - increasingly relies on models that represent biological processes across several scales of biological organization, from tree leaves to forest stands. Yet, despite advances in our understanding of productivity at the scales of leaves and stands, no consensus exists about the nature of productivity at the scale of the individual tree, in part because we lack a broad empirical assessment of whether rates of absolute tree mass growth (and thus carbon accumulation) decrease, remain constant, or increase as trees increase in size and age. Here we present a global analysis of 403 tropical and temperate tree species, showing that for most species mass growth rate increases continuously with tree size. Thus, large, old trees do not act simply as senescent carbon reservoirs but actively fix large amounts of carbon compared to smaller trees; at the extreme, a single big tree can add the same amount of carbon to the forest within a year as is contained in an entire mid-sized tree. The apparent paradoxes of individual tree growth increasing with tree size despite declining leaf-level and stand-level productivity can be explained, respectively, by increases in a tree’s total leaf area that outpace declines in productivity per unit of leaf area and, among other factors, age-related reductions in population density. Our results resolve conflicting assumptions about the nature of tree growth, inform efforts to understand and model forest carbon dynamics, and have additional implications for theories of resource allocation and plant senescence.

Evaluation of the seasonal and annual abortifacient risk of western juniper trees on Oregon rangelands

Science.gov (United States)

Needles from ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) trees are known to cause late term abortions in cattle. Recently, there have been several reports of abortion rates of 10-15% within cattle herds in Oregon after cattle were pastured in areas with abundant western juniper trees (Juniperus occidentalis)....

Compressão da mortalidade: um estudo da variabilidade da idade à morte na população do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, 1980-2005 Compression of mortality: a study on the variability of age at death in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, 1980-2005

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marcos Roberto Gonzaga

2009-07-01

Full Text Available Este trabalho analisou as mudanças na estrutura de mortalidade da população do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, entre 1980 e 2005, na tentativa de identificar os efeitos destas mudanças na variabilidade da idade à morte. As evidências de um deslocamento da distribuição de óbitos para as idades mais avançadas foram claras, pois o tempo médio de vida da população aumentou cerca de sete anos. Buscou-se analisar se esse deslocamento foi acompanhado por uma redução na variabilidade da idade à morte, o que daria suporte para o início de um processo de compressão da mortalidade. Dois períodos distintos de mudança na variabilidade da idade à morte foram evidenciados. No primeiro (1980 a 1995, identificou-se aumento na variabilidade da idade à morte. Já no segundo (1995 a 2005 reconheceu-se tendência de redução nessa variabilidade. Estimativas acima de determinado quartil da distribuição dos óbitos por idade indicaram que o processo de compressão da mortalidade ocorreu em quase todo o período. Destaca-se que as mulheres apresentaram variabilidade da idade à morte significativamente menor que os homens em todo o período analisado.In the present study, changes in the population mortality structure in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, were analyzed from 1980 to 2005, aimed at identifying the effects of these changes on the variability of age at death. Evidence of a change in the distribution of deaths toward more advanced ages was found, and the mean lifespan for the overall population increased by seven years during the period. Two different scenarios were observed. The first (1980-1995 showed an increase in the variability of age at death. The second (1995-2005 showed a downward trend in variability. Estimates beyond a given quartile of the death distribution by age indicated that compression of mortality took place throughout the entire period. However, variability of age at death was lower for males as compared to females.

IcyTree: rapid browser-based visualization for phylogenetic trees and networks.

Science.gov (United States)

Vaughan, Timothy G

2017-08-01

IcyTree is an easy-to-use application which can be used to visualize a wide variety of phylogenetic trees and networks. While numerous phylogenetic tree viewers exist already, IcyTree distinguishes itself by being a purely online tool, having a responsive user interface, supporting phylogenetic networks (ancestral recombination graphs in particular), and efficiently drawing trees that include information such as ancestral locations or trait values. IcyTree also provides intuitive panning and zooming utilities that make exploring large phylogenetic trees of many thousands of taxa feasible. IcyTree is a web application and can be accessed directly at http://tgvaughan.github.com/icytree . Currently supported web browsers include Mozilla Firefox and Google Chrome. IcyTree is written entirely in client-side JavaScript (no plugin required) and, once loaded, does not require network access to run. IcyTree is free software, and the source code is made available at http://github.com/tgvaughan/icytree under version 3 of the GNU General Public License. tgvaughan@gmail.com. © The Author(s) 2017. Published by Oxford University Press.

Perfil epidemiológico das mortes maternas ocorridas no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: 2004-2007 Epidemiological profile of maternal deaths in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: 2004-2007

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ioná Carreno

2012-06-01

Full Text Available Foi analisado o perfil epidemiológico das mortes maternas ocorridas no período de 2004-2007, no Rio Grande do Sul, através da Razão de Mortalidade Materna e da Razão de Mortalidade Materna Específica. Foram utilizados dados do Sistema de Informações de Saúde, sendo observados 323 óbitos maternos. Para a análise dos indicadores foi empregada a regressão de Poisson e testes estatísticos. Observou-se que no Estado houve um decréscimo na razão de mortalidade materna (0,98, contudo não foram encontradas diferenças nas medidas de estimativas (IC95% 0,87-1,10. A RMME foi maior em mulheres com mais de 40 anos, com baixo nível de escolaridade, de cor preta e sem companheiro. O período de maior estimativa de risco na morte materna foi durante a gravidez e o parto, e entre as principais causas diretas observadas foram constatadas hipertensão arterial e hemorragia. A mortalidade materna é um indicador importante que deve ser enfrentado e reduzido, pois a maior parte dos óbitos pode ser evitada.This study analyzed the epidemiological profile of maternal deaths that occurred from 2004 to 2007 in Rio Grande do Sul, by means of Maternal Mortality Rates and Specific Maternal Mortality Ratio. Data was obtained from the Health Information System database and 323 maternal deaths were identified. In order to analyze indicators, Poisson regression and statistical tests were carried out. A decrease in maternal mortality rates (0.98 was identified, although there was no difference in estimate measures (CI95% 0.87-1.10. Maternal deaths were more frequent in women who were over 40 years old, had low schooling, black skin and no partners. The period of highest risk of maternal death was during pregnancy and birth, and the main direct causes were arterial hypertension and bleeding. Maternal mortality is an important issue to be confronted and reduced, given most maternal deaths could have been avoided.

Introducing tree interactions in wind damage simulations

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Schelhaas, M.J.; Kramer, K.; Peltola, H.; Werf, van der D.C.; Wijdeven, S.M.J.

2007-01-01

Wind throw is an important risk factor in forest management in North-western Europe. In recent years, mechanistic models have been developed to estimate critical wind speeds needed to break or uproot the average tree of a forest stand. Based on these models, we developed a wind damage module for the

TreeScaper: Visualizing and Extracting Phylogenetic Signal from Sets of Trees.

Science.gov (United States)

Huang, Wen; Zhou, Guifang; Marchand, Melissa; Ash, Jeremy R; Morris, David; Van Dooren, Paul; Brown, Jeremy M; Gallivan, Kyle A; Wilgenbusch, Jim C

2016-12-01

Modern phylogenomic analyses often result in large collections of phylogenetic trees representing uncertainty in individual gene trees, variation across genes, or both. Extracting phylogenetic signal from these tree sets can be challenging, as they are difficult to visualize, explore, and quantify. To overcome some of these challenges, we have developed TreeScaper, an application for tree set visualization as well as the identification of distinct phylogenetic signals. GUI and command-line versions of TreeScaper and a manual with tutorials can be downloaded from https://github.com/whuang08/TreeScaper/releases TreeScaper is distributed under the GNU General Public License. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Silviculture and the assessment of climate change genetic risk for southern Appalachian forest tree species

Science.gov (United States)

Kevin M. Potter; Barbara S. Crane

2012-01-01

Changing climate conditions and increasing insect and pathogen infestations will increase the likelihood that forest trees could experience population-level extirpation or species-level extinction during the next century. Gene conservation and silvicultural efforts to preserve forest tree genetic diversity present a particular challenge in species-rich regions such as...

OBEST: The Object-Based Event Scenario Tree Methodology

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

WYSS, GREGORY D.; DURAN, FELICIA A.

2001-01-01

Event tree analysis and Monte Carlo-based discrete event simulation have been used in risk assessment studies for many years. This report details how features of these two methods can be combined with concepts from object-oriented analysis to develop a new risk assessment methodology with some of the best features of each. The resultant Object-Based Event Scenarios Tree (OBEST) methodology enables an analyst to rapidly construct realistic models for scenarios for which an a priori discovery of event ordering is either cumbersome or impossible (especially those that exhibit inconsistent or variable event ordering, which are difficult to represent in an event tree analysis). Each scenario produced by OBEST is automatically associated with a likelihood estimate because probabilistic branching is integral to the object model definition. The OBEST method uses a recursive algorithm to solve the object model and identify all possible scenarios and their associated probabilities. Since scenario likelihoods are developed directly by the solution algorithm, they need not be computed by statistical inference based on Monte Carlo observations (as required by some discrete event simulation methods). Thus, OBEST is not only much more computationally efficient than these simulation methods, but it also discovers scenarios that have extremely low probabilities as a natural analytical result--scenarios that would likely be missed by a Monte Carlo-based method. This report documents the OBEST methodology, the demonstration software that implements it, and provides example OBEST models for several different application domains, including interactions among failing interdependent infrastructure systems, circuit analysis for fire risk evaluation in nuclear power plants, and aviation safety studies

A classification tree for the prediction of benign versus malignant disease in patients with small renal masses.

Science.gov (United States)

Rendon, Ricardo A; Mason, Ross J; Kirkland, Susan; Lawen, Joseph G; Abdolell, Mohamed

2014-08-01

To develop a classification tree for the preoperative prediction of benign versus malignant disease in patients with small renal masses. This is a retrospective study including 395 consecutive patients who underwent surgical treatment for a renal mass classification tree to predict the risk of having a benign renal mass preoperatively was developed using recursive partitioning analysis for repeated measures outcomes. Age, sex, volume on preoperative imaging, tumor location (central/peripheral), degree of endophytic component (1%-100%), and tumor axis position were used as potential predictors to develop the model. Forty-five patients (11.4%) were found to have a benign mass postoperatively. A classification tree has been developed which can predict the risk of benign disease with an accuracy of 88.9% (95% CI: 85.3 to 91.8). The significant prognostic factors in the classification tree are tumor volume, degree of endophytic component and symptoms at diagnosis. As an example of its utilization, a renal mass with a volume of classification tree to predict the risk of benign disease in small renal masses has been developed to aid the clinician when deciding on treatment strategies for small renal masses.

Flowering Trees

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

IAS Admin

Flowering Trees. Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. (INDIAN TREE OF. HEAVEN) of Simaroubaceae is a lofty tree with large pinnately compound alternate leaves, which are ... inflorescences, unisexual and greenish-yellow. Fruits are winged, wings many-nerved. Wood is used in making match sticks. 1. Male flower; 2. Female flower.

Lesser prairie-chicken avoidance of trees in a grassland landscape

Science.gov (United States)

Lautenbach, Joseph M.; Plumb, Reid T.; Robinson, Samantha G.; Hagen, Christian A.; Haukos, David A.; Pitman, James C.

2016-01-01

Grasslands are among the most imperiled ecosystems in North America. Reasons that grasslands are threatened include conversion to row-crop agriculture, fragmentation, and changes in fire regimes. The reduction of fire processes in remaining prairies has resulted in tree encroachment and establishment in grasslands, further reducing grassland quantity and quality. Grassland birds have been experiencing precipitous population declines in recent decades, commensurate with landscape changes to grasslands. The lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus Ridgway) is a declining species of prairie grouse of conservation concern. We used second- and third-order habitat selection metrics to test if female lesser prairie-chickens avoid grasslands where trees were present. Our results indicated that female lesser prairie-chickens selected habitats avoiding the nearest trees by 283 m on average, nearly twice as far as would be expected at random. Lesser prairie-chickens were 40 times more likely to use habitats with tree densities of 0 trees ∙ ha− 1 than habitats with 5 trees ∙ ha− 1. Probability of use indicated that lesser prairie-chickens were 19 times more likely to use habitats 1000 m from the nearest tree when compared with using habitats 0 m from the nearest tree. Nest survival was not affected at densities 2 trees ∙ ha− 1. Avoidance of trees could be due to perceived increased predation risk, reduced habitat quality, or a combination of these potentially confounding factors. Preventing further establishment and expansion of trees in landscapes occupied by lesser prairie-chickens could contribute to the continued persistence of the species. Additionally, restoring grasslands through tree removal may facilitate conservation efforts for grassland species such as the lesser prairie-chicken by improving habitat quality and promoting expansion of occupied range.

Risk assessment

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kinchin, G.H.

1983-01-01

After defining risk and introducing the concept of individual and societal risk, the author considers each of these, restricting considerations to risk of death. Some probabilities of death arising from various causes are quoted, and attention drawn to the care necessary in making comparisons between sets of data and to the distinction between voluntary and involuntary categories and between early and delayed deaths. The presentation of information on societal risk is discussed and examples given. The history of quantified risk assessment is outlined, particularly related to the nuclear industry, the process of assessing risk discussed: identification of hazard causes, the development of accident chains and the use of event trees, the evaluation of probability through the collection of data and their use with fault trees, and the assessment of consequences of hazards in terms of fatalities. Reference is made to the human element and common-made failures, and to studies supporting the development of reliability assessment techniques. Acceptance criteria are discussed for individual and societal risk in the nuclear field, and it is shown that proposed criteria lead to risks conservative by comparison with risks from day-to-day accidents and other potentially hazardous industries. (U.K.)

Avaliação da Capacidade de Autodepuração do Rio das Mortes no Município de Vassouras/RJ

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Pedro Ricciardone

2015-07-01

Full Text Available Este trabalho apresenta uma simulação matemática da capacidade de autodepuração do Rio das Mortes no Município de Vassouras/RJ utilizando o modelo de Streeter-Phelps. A simulação do modelo é comparada com os dados experimentais medidos em campo de oxigênio dissolvido (OD e da demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO. Os resultados obtidos apresentam o grau de poluição do corpo d´água e o comprimento necessário para que o mesmo recuperasse os níveis adequados de OD e DBO, apenas por processos naturais, e retornasse a estabilidade.

Hypoglycin A in maple trees in the Netherlands and the risk of equine atypical myopathy

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Westermann, C.M.; van Leeuwen, Robbert; Mol, Hans

2016-01-01

The Acer (maple) genus of trees comprises over 120 species worldwide. Some of these contain the plant-toxin hypoglycin-A which has been proven to be a cause of the highly fatal condition called atypical myopathy (AM) in horses and ponies. In an earlier study of maple-tree samples (leaves and seeds)

Factors influencing bird foraging preferences among conspecific fruit trees

Science.gov (United States)

Foster, M.S.

1990-01-01

The rates at which birds visit fruiting individuals of Allophylus edulis (Sapindaceae) differ substantially among trees. Such avian feeding preferences are well-known, but usually involve fruits and trees of different species. Factors controlling avian preferences for particular trees in a population of conspecifics are generally undocumented. To address this issue, I attempted to correlate rates at which individual birds and species fed in trees of Allophylus with 27 fruit or plant characteristics. Birds that swallow fruits whole were considered separately from those that feed in other ways. Plant characters were selected on the basis of their potential influence on feeding efficiency or predation risk, assuming that birds would select feeding trees so as to maximize the net rate of energy or nutrient intake and to minimize predation. Correlations were found between feeding visits by some groups of birds and percent water in the pulp, milligrams of mineral ash in the pulp, and crop size. No character was correlated with feeding visits by all groups of birds in both years of the study. The correlations with water and mineral ash are unexplained and may be artifacts. The correlation with crop size may represent a tactic to minimize predation.

Scientometrics of Forest Health and Tree Diseases: An Overview

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marco Pautasso

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Maintaining forest health is a worldwide challenge due to emerging tree diseases, shifts in climate conditions and other global change stressors. Research on forest health is thus accumulating rapidly, but there has been little use of scientometric approaches in forest pathology and dendrology. Scientometrics is the quantitative study of trends in the scientific literature. As with all tools, scientometrics needs to be used carefully (e.g., by checking findings in multiple databases and its results must be interpreted with caution. In this overview, we provide some examples of studies of patterns in the scientific literature related to forest health and tree pathogens. Whilst research on ash dieback has increased rapidly over the last years, papers mentioning the Waldsterben have become rare in the literature. As with human health and diseases, but in contrast to plant health and diseases, there are consistently more publications mentioning “tree health” than “tree disease,” possibly a consequence of the often holistic nature of forest pathology. Scientometric tools can help balance research attention towards understudied emerging risks to forest trees, as well as identify temporal trends in public interest in forests and their health.

Tree genetic engineering and applications to sustainable forestry and biomass production.

Science.gov (United States)

Harfouche, Antoine; Meilan, Richard; Altman, Arie

2011-01-01

Forest trees provide raw materials, help to maintain biodiversity and mitigate the effects of climate change. Certain tree species can also be used as feedstocks for bioenergy production. Achieving these goals may require the introduction or modified expression of genes to enhance biomass production in a sustainable and environmentally responsible manner. Tree genetic engineering has advanced to the point at which genes for desirable traits can now be introduced and expressed efficiently; examples include biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, improved wood properties, root formation and phytoremediation. Transgene confinement, including flowering control, may be needed to avoid ecological risks and satisfy regulatory requirements. This and stable expression are key issues that need to be resolved before transgenic trees can be used commercially. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Event tree analysis for the system of hybrid reactor

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yang Yongwei; Qiu Lijian

1993-01-01

The application of probabilistic risk assessment for fusion-fission hybrid reactor is introduced. A hybrid reactor system has been analysed using event trees. According to the character of the conceptual design of Hefei Fusion-fission Experimental Hybrid Breeding Reactor, the probabilities of the event tree series induced by 4 typical initiating events were calculated. The results showed that the conceptual design is safe and reasonable. through this paper, the safety character of hybrid reactor system has been understood more deeply. Some suggestions valuable to safety design for hybrid reactor have been proposed

Mortes perinatais evitáveis em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, 1999 Avoidable perinatal deaths in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 1999

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sônia Lansky

2002-10-01

Full Text Available Tendo em vista a elevada taxa de mortalidade perinatal em Belo Horizonte, foi realizado estudo dos 826 óbitos perinatais da coorte de nascimentos ocorridos no município em 1999, com análise da possibilidade de sua prevenção, utilizando-se o enfoque de evitabilidade de Wigglesworth. A taxa de mortalidade perinatal observada foi 20,2 por mil e o risco de morte perinatal foi vinte vezes maior para as crianças com baixo peso ao nascer. Cerca de um quarto das crianças tinham peso maior que 2.500g e a asfixia intraparto foi a principal causa de óbito neste grupo. A causa anteparto contribuiu com 30% dos óbitos e 25% destas crianças tinham peso maior que 2.500g. Observou-se ainda a ocorrência de óbitos perinatais fora do hospital e óbitos de crianças cujas mães chegaram à maternidade já em período expulsivo. Cerca de 40% dos óbitos perinatais e 60% dos óbitos neonatais poderiam ter sido evitados. Estas mortes precoces sugerem falhas na assistência à gestante e ao recém-nascido no município, tanto no atendimento clínico como na organização da rede assistencial, sendo necessário avançar na qualificação e responsabilização dos serviços e do sistema de saúde como um todo sobre esta população.The perinatal mortality rate is still high in Belo Horizonte. This study investigated all 826 perinatal deaths taking place in 1999, focusing on the possibility of their prevention, using the Wigglesworth classification. The perinatal mortality rate was 20.2 per one thousand births, and the risk of perinatal death was 20 times higher in children with low birthweight. Some 24.6% of the children weighed more than 2,500g, and the main cause of death in this group was asphyxia during labor. The antepartum cause of death contributed to 30% of all deaths, and 25% of these children weighed more than 2,500g. Some deaths occurred out of hospital, and in some cases the mother arrived at hospital in end-stage labor. About 40% of all perinatal

Why do trees die? Characterizing the drivers of background tree mortality

Science.gov (United States)

Das, Adrian J.; Stephenson, Nathan L.; Davis, Kristin P.

2016-01-01

The drivers of background tree mortality rates—the typical low rates of tree mortality found in forests in the absence of acute stresses like drought—are central to our understanding of forest dynamics, the effects of ongoing environmental changes on forests, and the causes and consequences of geographical gradients in the nature and strength of biotic interactions. To shed light on factors contributing to background tree mortality, we analyzed detailed pathological data from 200,668 tree-years of observation and 3,729 individual tree deaths, recorded over a 13-yr period in a network of old-growth forest plots in California's Sierra Nevada mountain range. We found that: (1) Biotic mortality factors (mostly insects and pathogens) dominated (58%), particularly in larger trees (86%). Bark beetles were the most prevalent (40%), even though there were no outbreaks during the study period; in contrast, the contribution of defoliators was negligible. (2) Relative occurrences of broad classes of mortality factors (biotic, 58%; suppression, 51%; and mechanical, 25%) are similar among tree taxa, but may vary with tree size and growth rate. (3) We found little evidence of distinct groups of mortality factors that predictably occur together on trees. Our results have at least three sets of implications. First, rather than being driven by abiotic factors such as lightning or windstorms, the “ambient” or “random” background mortality that many forest models presume to be independent of tree growth rate is instead dominated by biotic agents of tree mortality, with potentially critical implications for forecasting future mortality. Mechanistic models of background mortality, even for healthy, rapidly growing trees, must therefore include the insects and pathogens that kill trees. Second, the biotic agents of tree mortality, instead of occurring in a few predictable combinations, may generally act opportunistically and with a relatively large degree of independence from

Flowering Trees

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Flowering Trees. Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq. (Helicopter Tree) of Hernandiaceae is a moderate size deciduous tree that grows to about 12 m in height with a smooth, shining, greenish-white bark. The leaves are ovate, rarely irregularly ... flowers which are unpleasant smelling. Fruit is a woody nut with two long thin wings.

Calculating Adversarial Risk from Attack Trees: Control Strength and Probabilistic Attackers

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Pieters, Wolter; Davarynejad, Mohsen

2015-01-01

Attack trees are a well-known formalism for quantitative analysis of cyber attacks consisting of multiple steps and alternative paths. It is possible to derive properties of the overall attacks from properties of individual steps, such as cost for the attacker and probability of success. However, in

Dynamic Event Tree advancements and control logic improvements

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Alfonsi, Andrea [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States); Rabiti, Cristian [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States); Mandelli, Diego [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States); Sen, Ramazan Sonat [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States); Cogliati, Joshua Joseph [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)

2015-09-01

The RAVEN code has been under development at the Idaho National Laboratory since 2012. Its main goal is to create a multi-purpose platform for the deploying of all the capabilities needed for Probabilistic Risk Assessment, uncertainty quantification, data mining analysis and optimization studies. RAVEN is currently equipped with three different sampling categories: Forward samplers (Monte Carlo, Latin Hyper Cube, Stratified, Grid Sampler, Factorials, etc.), Adaptive Samplers (Limit Surface search, Adaptive Polynomial Chaos, etc.) and Dynamic Event Tree (DET) samplers (Deterministic and Adaptive Dynamic Event Trees). The main subject of this document is to report the activities that have been done in order to: start the migration of the RAVEN/RELAP-7 control logic system into MOOSE, and develop advanced dynamic sampling capabilities based on the Dynamic Event Tree approach. In order to provide to all MOOSE-based applications a control logic capability, in this Fiscal Year an initial migration activity has been initiated, moving the control logic system, designed for RELAP-7 by the RAVEN team, into the MOOSE framework. In this document, a brief explanation of what has been done is going to be reported. The second and most important subject of this report is about the development of a Dynamic Event Tree (DET) sampler named “Hybrid Dynamic Event Tree” (HDET) and its Adaptive variant “Adaptive Hybrid Dynamic Event Tree” (AHDET). As other authors have already reported, among the different types of uncertainties, it is possible to discern two principle types: aleatory and epistemic uncertainties. The classical Dynamic Event Tree is in charge of treating the first class (aleatory) uncertainties; the dependence of the probabilistic risk assessment and analysis on the epistemic uncertainties are treated by an initial Monte Carlo sampling (MCDET). From each Monte Carlo sample, a DET analysis is run (in total, N trees). The Monte Carlo employs a pre-sampling of the

Science in the city: Urban trees, forests, and people

Science.gov (United States)

Kathleen L. Wolf

2016-01-01

The article, intended for professional and manager audiences, is an overview of current research in urban forestry. Topics include tree science, forest risks, forest management and assessment, ecosystem services, and urban socio-ecological systems (including governance and stewardship).

Optimizing continuous cover management of boreal forest when timber prices and tree growth are stochastic

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Timo Pukkala

2015-03-01

Full Text Available Background Decisions on forest management are made under risk and uncertainty because the stand development cannot be predicted exactly and future timber prices are unknown. Deterministic calculations may lead to biased advice on optimal forest management. The study optimized continuous cover management of boreal forest in a situation where tree growth, regeneration, and timber prices include uncertainty. Methods Both anticipatory and adaptive optimization approaches were used. The adaptive approach optimized the reservation price function instead of fixed cutting years. The future prices of different timber assortments were described by cross-correlated auto-regressive models. The high variation around ingrowth model was simulated using a model that describes the cross- and autocorrelations of the regeneration results of different species and years. Tree growth was predicted with individual tree models, the predictions of which were adjusted on the basis of a climate-induced growth trend, which was stochastic. Residuals of the deterministic diameter growth model were also simulated. They consisted of random tree factors and cross- and autocorrelated temporal terms. Results Of the analyzed factors, timber price caused most uncertainty in the calculation of the net present value of a certain management schedule. Ingrowth and climate trend were less significant sources of risk and uncertainty than tree growth. Stochastic anticipatory optimization led to more diverse post-cutting stand structures than obtained in deterministic optimization. Cutting interval was shorter when risk and uncertainty were included in the analyses. Conclusions Adaptive optimization and management led to 6%–14% higher net present values than obtained in management that was based on anticipatory optimization. Increasing risk aversion of the forest landowner led to earlier cuttings in a mature stand. The effect of risk attitude on optimization results was small.

Cache-Oblivious Search Trees via Binary Trees of Small Height

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Brodal, G.S.; Fagerberg, R.; Jacob, R.

2002-01-01

We propose a version of cache oblivious search trees which is simpler than the previous proposal of Bender, Demaine and Farach-Colton and has the same complexity bounds. In particular, our data structure avoids the use of weight balanced B-trees, and can be implemented as just a single array......, and range queries in worst case O(logB n + k/B) memory transfers, where k is the size of the output.The basic idea of our data structure is to maintain a dynamic binary tree of height log n+O(1) using existing methods, embed this tree in a static binary tree, which in turn is embedded in an array in a cache...... oblivious fashion, using the van Emde Boas layout of Prokop.We also investigate the practicality of cache obliviousness in the area of search trees, by providing an empirical comparison of different methods for laying out a search tree in memory....

Flowering Trees

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Flowering Trees. Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. (Indian Frankincense tree) of Burseraceae is a large-sized deciduous tree that is native to India. Bark is thin, greenish-ash-coloured that exfoliates into smooth papery flakes. Stem exudes pinkish resin ... Fruit is a three-valved capsule. A green gum-resin exudes from the ...

Systolic trees and systolic language recognition by tree automata

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Steinby, M

1983-01-01

K. Culik II, J. Gruska, A. Salomaa and D. Wood have studied the language recognition capabilities of certain types of systolically operating networks of processors (see research reports Cs-81-32, Cs-81-36 and Cs-82-01, Univ. of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada). In this paper, their model for systolic VLSI trees is formalised in terms of standard tree automaton theory, and the way in which some known facts about recognisable forests and tree transductions can be applied in VLSI tree theory is demonstrated. 13 references.

DupTree: a program for large-scale phylogenetic analyses using gene tree parsimony.

Science.gov (United States)

Wehe, André; Bansal, Mukul S; Burleigh, J Gordon; Eulenstein, Oliver

2008-07-01

DupTree is a new software program for inferring rooted species trees from collections of gene trees using the gene tree parsimony approach. The program implements a novel algorithm that significantly improves upon the run time of standard search heuristics for gene tree parsimony, and enables the first truly genome-scale phylogenetic analyses. In addition, DupTree allows users to examine alternate rootings and to weight the reconciliation costs for gene trees. DupTree is an open source project written in C++. DupTree for Mac OS X, Windows, and Linux along with a sample dataset and an on-line manual are available at http://genome.cs.iastate.edu/CBL/DupTree

Impact of a near-death experience and religious conversion on the mental health of a criminal: case report and literature review Impacto de uma experiência de quase-morte e conversão religiosa sobre a saúde mental de um criminoso: relato de caso e revisão da literatura

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Camilla C. Braghetta

2013-01-01

Full Text Available OBJECTIVE: Near-death experiences have been defined as profound psychological events that may occur to a person while close to death or in a situation of extreme physical or emotional distress. These experiences seem to have an important effect on the patients’ mental health and may occur in several situations despite their cultural and religious beliefs. CASE DESCRIPTION: The present case report describes the positive impact of a near-death experience (Greyson scale > 7 followed by religious conversion on the mental health of a former prisoner. COMMENTS: Investigation of the role of near-death experiences by the scientific community could shed light on the coping mechanisms and moral/ethical transformations that take place in these individuals.OBJETIVO: As experiências de quase-morte são definidas como eventos psicológicos profundos, que podem ocorrer quando uma pessoa está em morte iminente ou em situação de intensa crise física ou emocional. Essas experiências parecem ter efeito importante sobre a saúde mental desses pacientes e ocorrem em diversas situações, a despeito de culturas e crenças religiosas. RELATO DE CASO: O presente relato de caso descreve a influência positiva de uma experiência de quase-morte (escala de Greyson > 7 seguida de conversão religiosa sobre a saúde mental de um ex-detento. COMENTÁRIO: A investigação do papel de experiências de quase-morte em âmbito científico poderia ajudar a elucidar os mecanismos de coping e transformações éticas e morais que ocorrem nesses indivíduos.

Quantitative Attack Tree Analysis via Priced Timed Automata

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Kumar, Rajesh; Ruijters, Enno Jozef Johannes; Stoelinga, Mariëlle Ida Antoinette; Sankaranarayanan, Sriram; Vicario, Enrico

The success of a security attack crucially depends on the resources available to an attacker: time, budget, skill level, and risk appetite. Insight in these dependencies and the most vulnerable system parts is key to providing effective counter measures. This paper considers attack trees, one of the

Flowering Trees

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

More Details Fulltext PDF. Volume 8 Issue 8 August 2003 pp 112-112 Flowering Trees. Zizyphus jujuba Lam. of Rhamnaceae · More Details Fulltext PDF. Volume 8 Issue 9 September 2003 pp 97-97 Flowering Trees. Moringa oleifera · More Details Fulltext PDF. Volume 8 Issue 10 October 2003 pp 100-100 Flowering Trees.

Embedding complete ternary tree in hypercubes using AVL trees

NARCIS (Netherlands)

S.A. Choudum; I. Raman (Indhumathi)

2008-01-01

htmlabstractA complete ternary tree is a tree in which every non-leaf vertex has exactly three children. We prove that a complete ternary tree of height h, TTh, is embeddable in a hypercube of dimension . This result coincides with the result of [2]. However, in this paper, the embedding utilizes

Photo guide for estimating risk to hardwood trees during prescribed burning operations in eastern oak forests

Science.gov (United States)

Patrick H. Brose

2009-01-01

A field guide of 40 photographs of common hardwood trees of eastern oak forests and fuel loadings surrounding their bases. The guide contains instructions on how to rapidly assess a tree's likelihood to be damaged or killed by prescribed burning.

Ghost-tree: creating hybrid-gene phylogenetic trees for diversity analyses.

Science.gov (United States)

Fouquier, Jennifer; Rideout, Jai Ram; Bolyen, Evan; Chase, John; Shiffer, Arron; McDonald, Daniel; Knight, Rob; Caporaso, J Gregory; Kelley, Scott T

2016-02-24

Fungi play critical roles in many ecosystems, cause serious diseases in plants and animals, and pose significant threats to human health and structural integrity problems in built environments. While most fungal diversity remains unknown, the development of PCR primers for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) combined with next-generation sequencing has substantially improved our ability to profile fungal microbial diversity. Although the high sequence variability in the ITS region facilitates more accurate species identification, it also makes multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis unreliable across evolutionarily distant fungi because the sequences are hard to align accurately. To address this issue, we created ghost-tree, a bioinformatics tool that integrates sequence data from two genetic markers into a single phylogenetic tree that can be used for diversity analyses. Our approach starts with a "foundation" phylogeny based on one genetic marker whose sequences can be aligned across organisms spanning divergent taxonomic groups (e.g., fungal families). Then, "extension" phylogenies are built for more closely related organisms (e.g., fungal species or strains) using a second more rapidly evolving genetic marker. These smaller phylogenies are then grafted onto the foundation tree by mapping taxonomic names such that each corresponding foundation-tree tip would branch into its new "extension tree" child. We applied ghost-tree to graft fungal extension phylogenies derived from ITS sequences onto a foundation phylogeny derived from fungal 18S sequences. Our analysis of simulated and real fungal ITS data sets found that phylogenetic distances between fungal communities computed using ghost-tree phylogenies explained significantly more variance than non-phylogenetic distances. The phylogenetic metrics also improved our ability to distinguish small differences (effect sizes) between microbial communities, though results were similar to non

Trees are good, but…

Science.gov (United States)

E.G. McPherson; F. Ferrini

2010-01-01

We know that “trees are good,” and most people believe this to be true. But if this is so, why are so many trees neglected, and so many tree wells empty? An individual’s attitude toward trees may result from their firsthand encounters with specific trees. Understanding how attitudes about trees are shaped, particularly aversion to trees, is critical to the business of...

Motta Coqueiro ou a pena de morte: uma trama entre a memória social e a literatura

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marcos Teixeira de Souza

2018-04-01

Full Text Available Motta Coqueiro ou a pena de morte, escrito em 1877, por José do Patrocínio, rememora o caso real do último enforcamento no Brasil, o do mandante de um violento crime ocorrido no norte fluminense em 1852, controverso até a presente data, contra uma família de agregados, que vivia nas terras do citado fazendeiro. Porém, não restrito ao evento trágico, o romancista leva perspicazmente o leitor para uma narrativa, que ressalta o drama dos negros, dos agregados e do fazendeiro na estrutura colonial; que desnuda os critérios de cor e classe social no Brasil colônia; que evidencia o papel da Memória como uma ferramenta manipulável, ativa e estratégica nas relações sociais. Palavras-chaves: José do Patrocínio; Motta Coqueiro; Memória Social.

Schistosomiasis risk mapping in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, using a decision tree approach, remote sensing data and sociological indicators

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Flávia T Martins-Bedê

2010-07-01

Full Text Available Schistosomiasis mansoni is not just a physical disease, but is related to social and behavioural factors as well. Snails of the Biomphalaria genus are an intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni and infect humans through water. The objective of this study is to classify the risk of schistosomiasis in the state of Minas Gerais (MG. We focus on socioeconomic and demographic features, basic sanitation features, the presence of accumulated water bodies, dense vegetation in the summer and winter seasons and related terrain characteristics. We draw on the decision tree approach to infection risk modelling and mapping. The model robustness was properly verified. The main variables that were selected by the procedure included the terrain's water accumulation capacity, temperature extremes and the Human Development Index. In addition, the model was used to generate two maps, one that included risk classification for the entire of MG and another that included classification errors. The resulting map was 62.9% accurate.

Multiple-purpose trees for pastoral farming in New Zealand: with emphasis on tree legumes. [Lucerne Tree: Medick Tree

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Davies, D J.G.; Macfarlane, R P

1979-01-01

The potential for soil conservation and agroforestry of several native and exotic legumes is discussed. Flowering period, chemical composition of leaves/pods, hardiness to frost and drought, timber value, forage potential for livestock and bees, ornamental value and other products are tabulated with information on up to 38 species. Two low-growing species that have proved useful for slope stabilization as well as forage are tree lucerne (Cytisus palmensis) and tree medick (Medicago arborea), the latter being shrubby and more suitable for cold districts. Gleditsia triacanthos is recommended as a shade and fodder tree for farm pasture.

Shedding light on tree growth : ring analysis of juvenile tropical trees

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Soliz Gamboa, C.C.

2010-01-01

In the understory of tropical forests light is believed to be the main limiting growth factor for the newly established trees. Trees growing in shade of the understory may experience periods of slow radial growth. It is expected that gaps created by tree or branch fall will provoke tree growth

Inferring species trees from incongruent multi-copy gene trees using the Robinson-Foulds distance

Science.gov (United States)

2013-01-01

Background Constructing species trees from multi-copy gene trees remains a challenging problem in phylogenetics. One difficulty is that the underlying genes can be incongruent due to evolutionary processes such as gene duplication and loss, deep coalescence, or lateral gene transfer. Gene tree estimation errors may further exacerbate the difficulties of species tree estimation. Results We present a new approach for inferring species trees from incongruent multi-copy gene trees that is based on a generalization of the Robinson-Foulds (RF) distance measure to multi-labeled trees (mul-trees). We prove that it is NP-hard to compute the RF distance between two mul-trees; however, it is easy to calculate this distance between a mul-tree and a singly-labeled species tree. Motivated by this, we formulate the RF problem for mul-trees (MulRF) as follows: Given a collection of multi-copy gene trees, find a singly-labeled species tree that minimizes the total RF distance from the input mul-trees. We develop and implement a fast SPR-based heuristic algorithm for the NP-hard MulRF problem. We compare the performance of the MulRF method (available at http://genome.cs.iastate.edu/CBL/MulRF/) with several gene tree parsimony approaches using gene tree simulations that incorporate gene tree error, gene duplications and losses, and/or lateral transfer. The MulRF method produces more accurate species trees than gene tree parsimony approaches. We also demonstrate that the MulRF method infers in minutes a credible plant species tree from a collection of nearly 2,000 gene trees. Conclusions Our new phylogenetic inference method, based on a generalized RF distance, makes it possible to quickly estimate species trees from large genomic data sets. Since the MulRF method, unlike gene tree parsimony, is based on a generic tree distance measure, it is appealing for analyses of genomic data sets, in which many processes such as deep coalescence, recombination, gene duplication and losses as

Les petits travailleurs du siècle : Sur Petites natures mortes au travail (2000 d’Yves Pagès

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Isabelle Bernard-Rabadi

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Many of the fictions of Yves Pagès claim a taste for political controversy and claims libertarians: Petites natures mortes au travail (2000 is one of them. Composed of 24 short stories, this fiction is written without exacerbating militancy but shows through the mode of fragment new world of work, where workers rush to part-time in entertainment industry. All Characters are contractors, unemployed at the end of Rights and precarious. I will follow a tri-axial plan to show that the writer Yves Pagès with his serie of painting develops a gallery of the working class of the French at the end of the XXth Century. The first part will explicit the poetic of fragment, the second will draw a provocative portrait of Pagès and the third will explain the changing world of real work in terms of fiction.

Trees

Science.gov (United States)

Al-Khaja, Nawal

2007-01-01

This is a thematic lesson plan for young learners about palm trees and the importance of taking care of them. The two part lesson teaches listening, reading and speaking skills. The lesson includes parts of a tree; the modal auxiliary, can; dialogues and a role play activity.

Spectra of chemical trees

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Balasubramanian, K.

1982-01-01

A method is developed for obtaining the spectra of trees of NMR and chemical interests. The characteristic polynomials of branched trees can be obtained in terms of the characteristic polynomials of unbranched trees and branches by pruning the tree at the joints. The unbranched trees can also be broken down further until a tree containing just two vertices is obtained. The effectively reduces the order of the secular determinant of the tree used at the beginning to determinants of orders atmost equal to the number of vertices in the branch containing the largest number of vertices. An illustrative example of a NMR graph is given for which the 22 x 22 secular determinant is reduced to determinants of orders atmost 4 x 4 in just the second step of the algorithm. The tree pruning algorithm can be applied even to trees with no symmetry elements and such a factoring can be achieved. Methods developed here can be elegantly used to find if two trees are cospectral and to construct cospectral trees

The application of a decision tree to establish the parameters associated with hypertension.

Science.gov (United States)

Tayefi, Maryam; Esmaeili, Habibollah; Saberi Karimian, Maryam; Amirabadi Zadeh, Alireza; Ebrahimi, Mahmoud; Safarian, Mohammad; Nematy, Mohsen; Parizadeh, Seyed Mohammad Reza; Ferns, Gordon A; Ghayour-Mobarhan, Majid

2017-02-01

Hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The goal of this study was to establish the factors associated with hypertension by using a decision-tree algorithm as a supervised classification method of data mining. Data from a cross-sectional study were used in this study. A total of 9078 subjects who met the inclusion criteria were recruited. 70% of these subjects (6358 cases) were randomly allocated to the training dataset for the constructing of the decision-tree. The remaining 30% (2720 cases) were used as the testing dataset to evaluate the performance of decision-tree. Two models were evaluated in this study. In model I, age, gender, body mass index, marital status, level of education, occupation status, depression and anxiety status, physical activity level, smoking status, LDL, TG, TC, FBG, uric acid and hs-CRP were considered as input variables and in model II, age, gender, WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT MCV, MCH, PLT, RDW and PDW were considered as input variables. The validation of the model was assessed by constructing a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The prevalence rates of hypertension were 32% in our population. For the decision-tree model I, the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and area under the ROC curve (AUC) value for identifying the related risk factors of hypertension were 73%, 63%, 77% and 0.72, respectively. The corresponding values for model II were 70%, 61%, 74% and 0.68, respectively. We have developed a decision tree model to identify the risk factors associated with hypertension that maybe used to develop programs for hypertension management. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Hydrodynamics of isohydric and anisohydric trees: insights from models and measurements

Science.gov (United States)

Novick, K. A.; Oishi, A. C.; Roman, D. T.; Benson, M. C.; Miniat, C.

2016-12-01

In an effort to understand and predict the mechanisms that govern tree response to hydrologic stress, plant hydraulic theory, which classifies trees along a continuum of isohydric to anisohydric water use strategies, is increasingly being used. Isohydry maintains relatively constant leaf water potential during periods of water stress, promoting wide hydraulic safety margins that reduce the risk of xylem cavitation. In contrast, anisohydry allows leaf water potential to fall as soil water potential falls, but in doing so trees incur a greater risk of hydraulic failure. As a result, unique patterns of stomatal functioning between isohydric and anisohydric species are both predicted and observed in leaf-, tree-, and stand-level water use. We use a novel model formulation to examine the dynamics of three mechanisms that are potentially limiting to leaf-level gas exchange in trees during drought: (1) a `demand limitation' driven by an assumption of stomatal optimization of water loss and carbon uptake; (2) `hydraulic limitation' of water movement from the roots to the leaves; and (3) `non-stomatal' limitations imposed by declining leaf water status within the leaf. Model results suggest that species-specific `economics' of stomatal behavior may play an important role in differentiating species along the continuum of isohydric to anisohydric behavior; specifically, we show that non-stomatal and demand limitations may reduce stomatal conductance and increase leaf water potential, promoting wide safety margins characteristic of isohydric species. Direct comparisons of modeled and measured stomatal conductance further indicated that non-stomatal and demand limitations reproduced observed patterns of tree water use well for an isohydric species but that a hydraulic limitation likely applies in the case of an anisohydric species. This modeling framework used in concert with climate data may help land managers and scientists predict when and what forest species and communities

MeshTree: A Delay optimised Overlay Multicast Tree Building Protocol

OpenAIRE

Tan, Su-Wei; Waters, A. Gill; Crawford, John

2005-01-01

We study decentralised low delay degree-constrained overlay multicast tree construction for single source real-time applications. This optimisation problem is NP-hard even if computed centrally. We identify two problems in traditional distributed solutions, namely the greedy problem and delay-cost trade-off. By offering solutions to these problems, we propose a new self-organising distributed tree building protocol called MeshTree. The main idea is to embed the delivery tree in a degree-bound...

Minimum variance rooting of phylogenetic trees and implications for species tree reconstruction.

Science.gov (United States)

Mai, Uyen; Sayyari, Erfan; Mirarab, Siavash

2017-01-01

Phylogenetic trees inferred using commonly-used models of sequence evolution are unrooted, but the root position matters both for interpretation and downstream applications. This issue has been long recognized; however, whether the potential for discordance between the species tree and gene trees impacts methods of rooting a phylogenetic tree has not been extensively studied. In this paper, we introduce a new method of rooting a tree based on its branch length distribution; our method, which minimizes the variance of root to tip distances, is inspired by the traditional midpoint rerooting and is justified when deviations from the strict molecular clock are random. Like midpoint rerooting, the method can be implemented in a linear time algorithm. In extensive simulations that consider discordance between gene trees and the species tree, we show that the new method is more accurate than midpoint rerooting, but its relative accuracy compared to using outgroups to root gene trees depends on the size of the dataset and levels of deviations from the strict clock. We show high levels of error for all methods of rooting estimated gene trees due to factors that include effects of gene tree discordance, deviations from the clock, and gene tree estimation error. Our simulations, however, did not reveal significant differences between two equivalent methods for species tree estimation that use rooted and unrooted input, namely, STAR and NJst. Nevertheless, our results point to limitations of existing scalable rooting methods.

Comparison of tree coring and soil gas sampling for screening of contaminated sites

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Nielsen, Mette Algreen; Stalder, Marcel; Riis, Charlotte

and then identify high risk areas. The uptake of BTEX into trees varies to a greater extent with the tree species and the site conditions than chlorinated solvents, which lead to greater uncertainty. Both methods have their advantages and disadvantages. Hence, the methods supplement each other. Based on results......Site characterization is often time consuming and a financial burden for the site owners, which raises a demand for rapid and inexpensive (pre)screening methods. Phytoscreening by tree coring has shown to be a useful tool to detect subsurface contamination, especially of chlorinated solvents...... suitable as initial screening methods for site characterization. The aim of this study is to compare tree coring and soil gas sampling to evaluate to which extent tree coring may supplement or substitute soil gas sampling as a site contaminant screening tool. And where both methods are feasible, evaluate...

TreePlus: interactive exploration of networks with enhanced tree layouts.

Science.gov (United States)

Lee, Bongshin; Parr, Cynthia S; Plaisant, Catherine; Bederson, Benjamin B; Veksler, Vladislav D; Gray, Wayne D; Kotfila, Christopher

2006-01-01

Despite extensive research, it is still difficult to produce effective interactive layouts for large graphs. Dense layout and occlusion make food webs, ontologies, and social networks difficult to understand and interact with. We propose a new interactive Visual Analytics component called TreePlus that is based on a tree-style layout. TreePlus reveals the missing graph structure with visualization and interaction while maintaining good readability. To support exploration of the local structure of the graph and gathering of information from the extensive reading of labels, we use a guiding metaphor of "Plant a seed and watch it grow." It allows users to start with a node and expand the graph as needed, which complements the classic overview techniques that can be effective at (but often limited to) revealing clusters. We describe our design goals, describe the interface, and report on a controlled user study with 28 participants comparing TreePlus with a traditional graph interface for six tasks. In general, the advantage of TreePlus over the traditional interface increased as the density of the displayed data increased. Participants also reported higher levels of confidence in their answers with TreePlus and most of them preferred TreePlus.

Refining discordant gene trees.

Science.gov (United States)

Górecki, Pawel; Eulenstein, Oliver

2014-01-01

Evolutionary studies are complicated by discordance between gene trees and the species tree in which they evolved. Dealing with discordant trees often relies on comparison costs between gene and species trees, including the well-established Robinson-Foulds, gene duplication, and deep coalescence costs. While these costs have provided credible results for binary rooted gene trees, corresponding cost definitions for non-binary unrooted gene trees, which are frequently occurring in practice, are challenged by biological realism. We propose a natural extension of the well-established costs for comparing unrooted and non-binary gene trees with rooted binary species trees using a binary refinement model. For the duplication cost we describe an efficient algorithm that is based on a linear time reduction and also computes an optimal rooted binary refinement of the given gene tree. Finally, we show that similar reductions lead to solutions for computing the deep coalescence and the Robinson-Foulds costs. Our binary refinement of Robinson-Foulds, gene duplication, and deep coalescence costs for unrooted and non-binary gene trees together with the linear time reductions provided here for computing these costs significantly extends the range of trees that can be incorporated into approaches dealing with discordance.

Mortes por suicídio: diferenças de gênero e nível socioeconômico

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Leticia Marín-León

2003-06-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Descrever a tendência da mortalidade por suicídio e o perfil sociodemográfico, identificando diferenças de sexo e nível socioeconômico. MÉTODOS: Analisou-se a tendência das taxas brutas de suicídio, em Campinas, SP, no período 1976-2001, segundo o sexo. Para a análise sociodemográfica dos óbitos, no período de 1996-2001, foi utilizado o Banco de Dados de Óbitos de Campinas. Para a análise das diferenças socioeconômicas utilizou-se abordagem ecológica, em que as 42 áreas de abrangência das unidades básicas dos serviços de saúde foram agrupadas em quatro estratos homogêneos. Calcularam-se taxas padronizadas por idade (método direto. RESULTADOS: Comparando a outros países, a mortalidade por suicídio no município foi baixa (<5 ób/100.000 hab. A sobremortalidade masculina foi superior a 2,7 suicídios masculinos para cada suicídio feminino. Em 1980-1985 as maiores taxas foram observadas nos adultos de 55 anos e mais; já em 1997-2001 as taxas são mais elevadas nos adultos de 35-54 anos. Entre os homens, os meios mais utilizados são o enforcamento (36,4% e as armas de fogo (31,8%. Entre as mulheres predomina o envenenamento (24,2%, seguido pelas armas de fogo e enforcamento (21,2% cada; este último ocorreu predominantemente no domicílio (75,7%; já as mortes por arma de fogo e envenenamento ocorreram em maior proporção em hospitais. Diferentemente dos homicídios, os suicídios não apresentam aumento progressivo das taxas com a diminuição do nível socioeconômico. CONCLUSÕES: As taxas são baixas, oscilando com aumentos e declínios sucessivos, sem tendência continua de crescimento ou redução. Os riscos de morte por suicídio são maiores nos homens e não aumentam com a redução do nível socioeconômico.

Effects of environmental factors and management practices on microclimate, winter physiology, and frost resistance in trees.

Science.gov (United States)

Charrier, Guillaume; Ngao, Jérôme; Saudreau, Marc; Améglio, Thierry

2015-01-01

Freezing stress is one of the most important limiting factors determining the ecological distribution and production of tree species. Assessment of frost risk is, therefore, critical for forestry, fruit production, and horticulture. Frost risk is substantial when hazard (i.e., exposure to damaging freezing temperatures) intersects with vulnerability (i.e., frost sensitivity). Based on a large number of studies on frost resistance and frost occurrence, we highlight the complex interactive roles of environmental conditions, carbohydrates, and water status in frost risk development. To supersede the classical empirical relations used to model frost hardiness, we propose an integrated ecophysiologically-based framework of frost risk assessment. This framework details the individual or interactive roles of these factors, and how they are distributed in time and space at the individual-tree level (within-crown and across organs). Based on this general framework, we are able to highlight factors by which different environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, light, flood, and drought), and management practices (pruning, thinning, girdling, sheltering, water aspersion, irrigation, and fertilization) influence frost sensitivity and frost exposure of trees.

Simple street tree sampling

Science.gov (United States)

David J. Nowak; Jeffrey T. Walton; James Baldwin; Jerry. Bond

2015-01-01

Information on street trees is critical for management of this important resource. Sampling of street tree populations provides an efficient means to obtain street tree population information. Long-term repeat measures of street tree samples supply additional information on street tree changes and can be used to report damages from catastrophic events. Analyses of...

TreeFam: a curated database of phylogenetic trees of animal gene families

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Li, Heng; Coghlan, Avril; Ruan, Jue

2006-01-01

TreeFam is a database of phylogenetic trees of gene families found in animals. It aims to develop a curated resource that presents the accurate evolutionary history of all animal gene families, as well as reliable ortholog and paralog assignments. Curated families are being added progressively......, based on seed alignments and trees in a similar fashion to Pfam. Release 1.1 of TreeFam contains curated trees for 690 families and automatically generated trees for another 11 646 families. These represent over 128 000 genes from nine fully sequenced animal genomes and over 45 000 other animal proteins...

Human Factors Reliability Analysis for Assuring Nuclear Safety Using Fuzzy Fault Tree

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Eisawy, E.A.-F. I.; Sallam, H.

2016-01-01

In order to ensure effective prevention of harmful events, the risk assessment process cannot ignore the role of humans in the dynamics of accidental events and thus the seriousness of the consequences that may derive from them. Human reliability analysis (HRA) involves the use of qualitative and quantitative methods to assess the human contribution to risk. HRA techniques have been developed in order to provide human error probability values associated with operators’ tasks to be included within the broader context of system risk assessment, and are aimed at reducing the probability of accidental events. Fault tree analysis (FTA) is a graphical model that displays the various combinations of equipment failures and human errors that can result in the main system failure of interest. FTA is a risk analysis technique to assess likelihood (in a probabilistic context) of an event. The objective data available to estimate the likelihood is often missing, and even if available, is subject to incompleteness and imprecision or vagueness. Without addressing incompleteness and imprecision in the available data, FTA and subsequent risk analysis give a false impression of precision and correctness that undermines the overall credibility of the process. To solve this problem, qualitative justification in the context of failure possibilities can be used as alternative for quantitative justification. In this paper, we introduce the approach of fuzzy reliability as solution for fault tree analysis drawbacks. A new fuzzy fault tree method is proposed for the analysis of human reliability based on fuzzy sets and fuzzy operations t-norms, co-norms, defuzzification, and fuzzy failure probability. (author)

Tree-space statistics and approximations for large-scale analysis of anatomical trees

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Feragen, Aasa; Owen, Megan; Petersen, Jens

2013-01-01

parametrize the relevant parts of tree-space well. Using the developed approximate statistics, we illustrate how the structure and geometry of airway trees vary across a population and show that airway trees with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease come from a different distribution in tree-space than...

Relating phylogenetic trees to transmission trees of infectious disease outbreaks.

Science.gov (United States)

Ypma, Rolf J F; van Ballegooijen, W Marijn; Wallinga, Jacco

2013-11-01

Transmission events are the fundamental building blocks of the dynamics of any infectious disease. Much about the epidemiology of a disease can be learned when these individual transmission events are known or can be estimated. Such estimations are difficult and generally feasible only when detailed epidemiological data are available. The genealogy estimated from genetic sequences of sampled pathogens is another rich source of information on transmission history. Optimal inference of transmission events calls for the combination of genetic data and epidemiological data into one joint analysis. A key difficulty is that the transmission tree, which describes the transmission events between infected hosts, differs from the phylogenetic tree, which describes the ancestral relationships between pathogens sampled from these hosts. The trees differ both in timing of the internal nodes and in topology. These differences become more pronounced when a higher fraction of infected hosts is sampled. We show how the phylogenetic tree of sampled pathogens is related to the transmission tree of an outbreak of an infectious disease, by the within-host dynamics of pathogens. We provide a statistical framework to infer key epidemiological and mutational parameters by simultaneously estimating the phylogenetic tree and the transmission tree. We test the approach using simulations and illustrate its use on an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease. The approach unifies existing methods in the emerging field of phylodynamics with transmission tree reconstruction methods that are used in infectious disease epidemiology.

Decision-Tree Program

Science.gov (United States)

Buntine, Wray

1994-01-01

IND computer program introduces Bayesian and Markov/maximum-likelihood (MML) methods and more-sophisticated methods of searching in growing trees. Produces more-accurate class-probability estimates important in applications like diagnosis. Provides range of features and styles with convenience for casual user, fine-tuning for advanced user or for those interested in research. Consists of four basic kinds of routines: data-manipulation, tree-generation, tree-testing, and tree-display. Written in C language.

Tree-growth analyses to estimate tree species' drought tolerance.

Science.gov (United States)

Eilmann, Britta; Rigling, Andreas

2012-02-01

Climate change is challenging forestry management and practices. Among other things, tree species with the ability to cope with more extreme climate conditions have to be identified. However, while environmental factors may severely limit tree growth or even cause tree death, assessing a tree species' potential for surviving future aggravated environmental conditions is rather demanding. The aim of this study was to find a tree-ring-based method suitable for identifying very drought-tolerant species, particularly potential substitute species for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Valais. In this inner-Alpine valley, Scots pine used to be the dominating species for dry forests, but today it suffers from high drought-induced mortality. We investigate the growth response of two native tree species, Scots pine and European larch (Larix decidua Mill.), and two non-native species, black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb. var. menziesii), to drought. This involved analysing how the radial increment of these species responded to increasing water shortage (abandonment of irrigation) and to increasingly frequent drought years. Black pine and Douglas fir are able to cope with drought better than Scots pine and larch, as they show relatively high radial growth even after irrigation has been stopped and a plastic growth response to drought years. European larch does not seem to be able to cope with these dry conditions as it lacks the ability to recover from drought years. The analysis of trees' short-term response to extreme climate events seems to be the most promising and suitable method for detecting how tolerant a tree species is towards drought. However, combining all the methods used in this study provides a complete picture of how water shortage could limit species.

A presença do Novo Mundo na iconografia da morte e dos sonhos de São Francisco Xavier: a missão jesuítica e as partes e gentes do Império Português

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Luís Filipe Silvério Lima

2014-08-01

Full Text Available A proposta deste artigo é analisar diferentes leituras pictóricas da morte e dos sonhos de S. Francisco Xavier, desde inícios do século XVII até a parte da pesquisa em relação à morte deriva de monografia defendida em 2010 na Unifesp. Versões da parte sobre o sonho foram apresentadas em congressos em 2010 e uma prévia bastante resumida foi publicada na Revista de História da Biblioteca Nacional (n. 93, Junho de 2013. Gostaríamos de agradecer às contribuições feitas naquelas ocasiões pela audiência e pela banca, bem como também agradecemos a André Tavares, Evergton Sales Souza, Renato Cymbalista e aos pareceristas. A pesquisa contou com o apoio do CNPq e da Fapesp. meados do século XVIII. Se o jesuíta, mesmo antes de sua canonização em 1622 era entendido como Apóstolo do Oriente, a partir da segunda metade do século XVII, ocorreu uma mudança iconográfica pela qual aos personagens e elementos asiáticos somaram-se africanos e índios americanos na representação da cena de sua morte e de seus sonhos. Pretende-se a partir desse câmbio imagético analisar a construção de um programa visual da hagiografia de Xavier, no qual a vinculação exclusiva com o Oriente é suplantada pelos esforços em caracterizá-lo como exemplo máximo para a Missão, aplicável também - e sobretudo - às Américas. Interessam aqui em particular essas modulações no caso do Brasil e do Império Português.

Are trees long-lived?

Science.gov (United States)

Kevin T. Smith

2009-01-01

Trees and tree care can capture the best of people's motivations and intentions. Trees are living memorials that help communities heal at sites of national tragedy, such as Oklahoma City and the World Trade Center. We mark the places of important historical events by the trees that grew nearby even if the original tree, such as the Charter Oak in Connecticut or...

Meta-analysis Reveals that Hydraulic Traits Explain Cross-Species Patterns of Drought-Induced Tree Mortality across the Globe

Science.gov (United States)

Anderegg, W.

2016-12-01

Drought-induced tree mortality has been observed globally and is expected to increase under climate change scenarios, with large potential consequences for the terrestrial carbon sink. Predicting mortality across species is crucial for assessing the effects of climate extremes on forest community biodiversity, composition, and carbon sequestration. However, the physiological traits associated with elevated risk of mortality in diverse ecosystems remain unknown, though these could greatly improve understanding and prediction of tree mortality in forests. We performed a meta-analysis on species' mortality rates across 475 species from 33 studies around the globe to assess which traits determine a species' mortality risk. We found that species-specific mortality anomalies from community mortality rate in a given drought were associated with plant hydraulic traits. Across all species, mortality was best predicted by a low hydraulic safety margin - the difference between typical minimum xylem water potential and that causing xylem dysfunction - and xylem vulnerability to embolism. Angiosperms and gymnosperms experienced roughly equal mortality risk. Our results provide broad support that hydraulic traits capture key mechanisms determining tree death and highlight that physiological traits can improve vegetation models' prediction of tree mortality during climate extremes. We conclude with thoughts about a revised framework for future tree mortality research.

Identification of subgroups by risk of graft failure after paediatric renal transplantation: application of survival tree models on the ESPN/ERA-EDTA Registry.

Science.gov (United States)

Lofaro, Danilo; Jager, Kitty J; Abu-Hanna, Ameen; Groothoff, Jaap W; Arikoski, Pekka; Hoecker, Britta; Roussey-Kesler, Gwenaelle; Spasojević, Brankica; Verrina, Enrico; Schaefer, Franz; van Stralen, Karlijn J

2016-02-01

Identification of patient groups by risk of renal graft loss might be helpful for accurate patient counselling and clinical decision-making. Survival tree models are an alternative statistical approach to identify subgroups, offering cut-off points for covariates and an easy-to-interpret representation. Within the European Society of Pediatric Nephrology/European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association (ESPN/ERA-EDTA) Registry data we identified paediatric patient groups with specific profiles for 5-year renal graft survival. Two analyses were performed, including (i) parameters known at time of transplantation and (ii) additional clinical measurements obtained early after transplantation. The identified subgroups were added as covariates in two survival models. The prognostic performance of the models was tested and compared with conventional Cox regression analyses. The first analysis included 5275 paediatric renal transplants. The best 5-year graft survival (90.4%) was found among patients who received a renal graft as a pre-emptive transplantation or after short-term dialysis (2.2 years). The Cox model including both pre-transplant factors and tree subgroups had a significantly better predictive performance than conventional Cox regression (P 30 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and dialysis 20 months). Also in this case combining tree findings and clinical factors improved the predictive performance as compared with conventional Cox model models (P tree model to be an accurate and attractive tool to predict graft failure for patients with specific characteristics. This may aid the evaluation of individual graft prognosis and thereby the design of measures to improve graft survival in the poor prognosis groups. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved.

There's Life in Hazard Trees

Science.gov (United States)

Mary Torsello; Toni McLellan

The goals of hazard tree management programs are to maximize public safety and maintain a healthy sustainable tree resource. Although hazard tree management frequently targets removal of trees or parts of trees that attract wildlife, it can take into account a diversity of tree values. With just a little extra planning, hazard tree management can be highly beneficial...

To core, or not to core: the impact of coring on tree health and a best-practice framework for collecting dendrochronological information from living trees.

Science.gov (United States)

Tsen, Edward W J; Sitzia, Tommaso; Webber, Bruce L

2016-11-01

Trees are natural repositories of valuable environmental information that is preserved in the growth and structure of their stems, branches and roots. Dendrochronological analyses, based on the counting, crossdating and characterisation of incrementally formed wood rings, offer powerful insights for diverse fields including ecology, climatology and archaeology. The application of this toolset is likely to increase in popularity over coming decades due to advances in the field and a reduction in the cost of analyses. In research settings where the continued value of living trees subject to dendrochronological investigation is important, the use of an increment bore corer to extract trunk tissue is considered the best option to minimise negative impacts on tree health (e.g. stress and fitness). A small and fragmented body of literature, however, reports significant after-effects, and in some cases fatal outcomes, from this sampling technique. As it stands, the literature documenting increment bore coring (IBC) impacts lacks experimental consistency and is poorly replicated, making it difficult for prospective users of the method to assess likely tree responses to coring. This paucity of information has the potential to lead to destructive misuse of the method and also limits its safe implementation in circumstances where the risk of impacts may be appropriate. If IBC is to fulfil its potential as a method of choice across research fields, then we must first address our limited understanding of IBC impacts and provide a framework for its appropriate future use. Firstly, we review the historical context of studies examining the impacts of IBC on trees to identify known patterns, focal issues and biases in existing knowledge. IBC wound responses, particularly those that impact on lumber quality, have been the primary focus of prior studies. No universal treatment was identified that conclusively improved wound healing and few studies have linked wound responses to tree

Fast Tree: Computing Large Minimum-Evolution Trees with Profiles instead of a Distance Matrix

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

N. Price, Morgan; S. Dehal, Paramvir; P. Arkin, Adam

2009-07-31

Gene families are growing rapidly, but standard methods for inferring phylogenies do not scale to alignments with over 10,000 sequences. We present FastTree, a method for constructing large phylogenies and for estimating their reliability. Instead of storing a distance matrix, FastTree stores sequence profiles of internal nodes in the tree. FastTree uses these profiles to implement neighbor-joining and uses heuristics to quickly identify candidate joins. FastTree then uses nearest-neighbor interchanges to reduce the length of the tree. For an alignment with N sequences, L sites, and a different characters, a distance matrix requires O(N^2) space and O(N^2 L) time, but FastTree requires just O( NLa + N sqrt(N) ) memory and O( N sqrt(N) log(N) L a ) time. To estimate the tree's reliability, FastTree uses local bootstrapping, which gives another 100-fold speedup over a distance matrix. For example, FastTree computed a tree and support values for 158,022 distinct 16S ribosomal RNAs in 17 hours and 2.4 gigabytes of memory. Just computing pairwise Jukes-Cantor distances and storing them, without inferring a tree or bootstrapping, would require 17 hours and 50 gigabytes of memory. In simulations, FastTree was slightly more accurate than neighbor joining, BIONJ, or FastME; on genuine alignments, FastTree's topologies had higher likelihoods. FastTree is available at http://microbesonline.org/fasttree.

TU-AB-BRD-03: Fault Tree Analysis

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Dunscombe, P. [University of Calgary (Canada)

2015-06-15

Current quality assurance and quality management guidelines provided by various professional organizations are prescriptive in nature, focusing principally on performance characteristics of planning and delivery devices. However, published analyses of events in radiation therapy show that most events are often caused by flaws in clinical processes rather than by device failures. This suggests the need for the development of a quality management program that is based on integrated approaches to process and equipment quality assurance. Industrial engineers have developed various risk assessment tools that are used to identify and eliminate potential failures from a system or a process before a failure impacts a customer. These tools include, but are not limited to, process mapping, failure modes and effects analysis, fault tree analysis. Task Group 100 of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine has developed these tools and used them to formulate an example risk-based quality management program for intensity-modulated radiotherapy. This is a prospective risk assessment approach that analyzes potential error pathways inherent in a clinical process and then ranks them according to relative risk, typically before implementation, followed by the design of a new process or modification of the existing process. Appropriate controls are then put in place to ensure that failures are less likely to occur and, if they do, they will more likely be detected before they propagate through the process, compromising treatment outcome and causing harm to the patient. Such a prospective approach forms the basis of the work of Task Group 100 that has recently been approved by the AAPM. This session will be devoted to a discussion of these tools and practical examples of how these tools can be used in a given radiotherapy clinic to develop a risk based quality management program. Learning Objectives: Learn how to design a process map for a radiotherapy process Learn how to

TU-AB-BRD-03: Fault Tree Analysis

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dunscombe, P.

2015-01-01

Current quality assurance and quality management guidelines provided by various professional organizations are prescriptive in nature, focusing principally on performance characteristics of planning and delivery devices. However, published analyses of events in radiation therapy show that most events are often caused by flaws in clinical processes rather than by device failures. This suggests the need for the development of a quality management program that is based on integrated approaches to process and equipment quality assurance. Industrial engineers have developed various risk assessment tools that are used to identify and eliminate potential failures from a system or a process before a failure impacts a customer. These tools include, but are not limited to, process mapping, failure modes and effects analysis, fault tree analysis. Task Group 100 of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine has developed these tools and used them to formulate an example risk-based quality management program for intensity-modulated radiotherapy. This is a prospective risk assessment approach that analyzes potential error pathways inherent in a clinical process and then ranks them according to relative risk, typically before implementation, followed by the design of a new process or modification of the existing process. Appropriate controls are then put in place to ensure that failures are less likely to occur and, if they do, they will more likely be detected before they propagate through the process, compromising treatment outcome and causing harm to the patient. Such a prospective approach forms the basis of the work of Task Group 100 that has recently been approved by the AAPM. This session will be devoted to a discussion of these tools and practical examples of how these tools can be used in a given radiotherapy clinic to develop a risk based quality management program. Learning Objectives: Learn how to design a process map for a radiotherapy process Learn how to

TreeRipper web application: towards a fully automated optical tree recognition software

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Hughes Joseph

2011-05-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Relationships between species, genes and genomes have been printed as trees for over a century. Whilst this may have been the best format for exchanging and sharing phylogenetic hypotheses during the 20th century, the worldwide web now provides faster and automated ways of transferring and sharing phylogenetic knowledge. However, novel software is needed to defrost these published phylogenies for the 21st century. Results TreeRipper is a simple website for the fully-automated recognition of multifurcating phylogenetic trees (http://linnaeus.zoology.gla.ac.uk/~jhughes/treeripper/. The program accepts a range of input image formats (PNG, JPG/JPEG or GIF. The underlying command line c++ program follows a number of cleaning steps to detect lines, remove node labels, patch-up broken lines and corners and detect line edges. The edge contour is then determined to detect the branch length, tip label positions and the topology of the tree. Optical Character Recognition (OCR is used to convert the tip labels into text with the freely available tesseract-ocr software. 32% of images meeting the prerequisites for TreeRipper were successfully recognised, the largest tree had 115 leaves. Conclusions Despite the diversity of ways phylogenies have been illustrated making the design of a fully automated tree recognition software difficult, TreeRipper is a step towards automating the digitization of past phylogenies. We also provide a dataset of 100 tree images and associated tree files for training and/or benchmarking future software. TreeRipper is an open source project licensed under the GNU General Public Licence v3.

Selection the Optimum Suppliers Compound Using a Mixed Model of MADM and Fault Tree Analysis

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Meysam Azimian

2017-03-01

Full Text Available In this paper, an integrated approach of MADM and fault tree analysis (FTA is provided for determining the most reliable combination of suppliers for a strategic product in IUT University. At first, risks of suppliers is estimated by defining the indices for evaluating them, determining their relative status indices and using satisfying and SAW methods. Then, intrinsic risks of utilized equipments in the products are qualified and the final integrated risk for equipments is determined. Finally, through all the different scenarios, the best composition of equipment suppliers is selected by defining the palpable top events and fault tree analysis. The contribution of this paper is about proposing an integrated method of MADM and FTA to determine the most reliable suppliers in order to minimize the final risk of providing a product.

Issues regarding Risk Effect Analysis of Digitalized Safety Systems and Main Risk Contributors

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kang, Hyun Gook; Jang, Seung-Cheol

2008-01-01

Risk factors of safety-critical digital systems affect overall plant risk. In order to assess this risk effect, a risk model of a digitalized safety system is required. This article aims to provide an overview of the issues when developing a risk model and demonstrate their effect on plant risk quantitatively. Research activities in Korea for addressing these various issues, such as the software failure probability and the fault coverage of self monitoring mechanism are also described. The main risk contributors related to the digitalized safety system were determined in a quantitative manner. Reactor protection system and engineered safety feature component control system designed as part of the Korean Nuclear I and C System project are used as example systems. Fault-tree models were developed to assess the failure probability of a system function which is designed to generate an automated signal for actuating both of the reactor trip and the complicated accident-mitigation actions. The developed fault trees were combined with a plant risk model to evaluate the effect of a digitalized system's failure on the plant risk. (authors)

Credibilistic multi-period portfolio optimization based on scenario tree

Science.gov (United States)

Mohebbi, Negin; Najafi, Amir Abbas

2018-02-01

In this paper, we consider a multi-period fuzzy portfolio optimization model with considering transaction costs and the possibility of risk-free investment. We formulate a bi-objective mean-VaR portfolio selection model based on the integration of fuzzy credibility theory and scenario tree in order to dealing with the markets uncertainty. The scenario tree is also a proper method for modeling multi-period portfolio problems since the length and continuity of their horizon. We take the return and risk as well cardinality, threshold, class, and liquidity constraints into consideration for further compliance of the model with reality. Then, an interactive dynamic programming method, which is based on a two-phase fuzzy interactive approach, is employed to solve the proposed model. In order to verify the proposed model, we present an empirical application in NYSE under different circumstances. The results show that the consideration of data uncertainty and other real-world assumptions lead to more practical and efficient solutions.

MixtureTree annotator: a program for automatic colorization and visual annotation of MixtureTree.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Shu-Chuan Chen

Full Text Available The MixtureTree Annotator, written in JAVA, allows the user to automatically color any phylogenetic tree in Newick format generated from any phylogeny reconstruction program and output the Nexus file. By providing the ability to automatically color the tree by sequence name, the MixtureTree Annotator provides a unique advantage over any other programs which perform a similar function. In addition, the MixtureTree Annotator is the only package that can efficiently annotate the output produced by MixtureTree with mutation information and coalescent time information. In order to visualize the resulting output file, a modified version of FigTree is used. Certain popular methods, which lack good built-in visualization tools, for example, MEGA, Mesquite, PHY-FI, TreeView, treeGraph and Geneious, may give results with human errors due to either manually adding colors to each node or with other limitations, for example only using color based on a number, such as branch length, or by taxonomy. In addition to allowing the user to automatically color any given Newick tree by sequence name, the MixtureTree Annotator is the only method that allows the user to automatically annotate the resulting tree created by the MixtureTree program. The MixtureTree Annotator is fast and easy-to-use, while still allowing the user full control over the coloring and annotating process.

On Determining if Tree-based Networks Contain Fixed Trees.

Science.gov (United States)

Anaya, Maria; Anipchenko-Ulaj, Olga; Ashfaq, Aisha; Chiu, Joyce; Kaiser, Mahedi; Ohsawa, Max Shoji; Owen, Megan; Pavlechko, Ella; St John, Katherine; Suleria, Shivam; Thompson, Keith; Yap, Corrine

2016-05-01

We address an open question of Francis and Steel about phylogenetic networks and trees. They give a polynomial time algorithm to decide if a phylogenetic network, N, is tree-based and pose the problem: given a fixed tree T and network N, is N based on T? We show that it is [Formula: see text]-hard to decide, by reduction from 3-Dimensional Matching (3DM) and further that the problem is fixed-parameter tractable.

Diversity makes a difference: Farmers managing inter- and intra-specific tree species diversity in Meru Kenya

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Lengkeek, A.G.

2003-01-01

Farmers plant trees in pursuit of their livelihood goals of income generation, risk management, household food security and optimum use of available land, labour and capital. Trees also play a crucial role in the cultural life of people. The many products, services and roles needed by people to be

Whole-tree distribution and temporal variation of non-structural carbohydrates in broadleaf evergreen trees.

Science.gov (United States)

Smith, Merryn G; Miller, Rebecca E; Arndt, Stefan K; Kasel, Sabine; Bennett, Lauren T

2018-04-01

Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) form a fundamental yet poorly quantified carbon pool in trees. Studies of NSC seasonality in forest trees have seldom measured whole-tree NSC stocks and allocation among organs, and are not representative of all tree functional types. Non-structural carbohydrate research has primarily focussed on broadleaf deciduous and coniferous evergreen trees with distinct growing seasons, while broadleaf evergreen trees remain under-studied despite their different growth phenology. We measured whole-tree NSC allocation and temporal variation in Eucalyptus obliqua L'Hér., a broadleaf evergreen tree species typically occurring in mixed-age temperate forests, which has year-round growth and the capacity to resprout after fire. Our overarching objective was to improve the empirical basis for understanding the functional importance of NSC allocation and stock changes at the tree- and organ-level in this tree functional type. Starch was the principal storage carbohydrate and was primarily stored in the stem and roots of young (14-year-old) trees rather than the lignotuber, which did not appear to be a specialized starch storage organ. Whole-tree NSC stocks were depleted during spring and summer due to significant decreases in starch mass in the roots and stem, seemingly to support root and crown growth but potentially exacerbated by water stress in summer. Seasonality of stem NSCs differed between young and mature trees, and was not synchronized with stem basal area increments in mature trees. Our results suggest that the relative magnitude of seasonal NSC stock changes could vary with tree growth stage, and that the main drivers of NSC fluctuations in broadleaf evergreen trees in temperate biomes could be periodic disturbances such as summer drought and fire, rather than growth phenology. These results have implications for understanding post-fire tree recovery via resprouting, and for incorporating NSC pools into carbon models of mixed

The effect of contaminated groundwater on tree growth: A tree-ring analysis

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

LeBlanc, D.C.; Loehle, C.

1990-10-01

A study was conducted on the effect of contaminated groundwater seepage on tree growth downslope from F- and H-Area seepage basins of the Savannah River Site. Trees in wetlands along Four Mile Creek began to show localized stress and mortality in the late 1970s. Extreme winter temperatures and high rainfall were ruled out as potential causal factors of tree stress. Drought was shown to affect trees in both contaminated and uncontaminated zones, but trees in uncontaminated areas exhibit better recovery after drought than trees in contaminated areas. Pollution-mediated alteration of soil acidity and aluminum, sodium, and heavy metal concentrations likely acted to predispose trees to decline, with severe drought acting as the trigger for decline initiation and tree death. Thus, a moderate pollution loading, not sufficient to cause visible damage of itself, may create conditions in which sudden, severe decline could result from natural stresses. This mechanism of forest decline is common, and should be considered in evaluations of the impact of pollution on wetland forest systems. 28 refs., 4 figs., 6 tabs

SILVA tree viewer: interactive web browsing of the SILVA phylogenetic guide trees.

Science.gov (United States)

Beccati, Alan; Gerken, Jan; Quast, Christian; Yilmaz, Pelin; Glöckner, Frank Oliver

2017-09-30

Phylogenetic trees are an important tool to study the evolutionary relationships among organisms. The huge amount of available taxa poses difficulties in their interactive visualization. This hampers the interaction with the users to provide feedback for the further improvement of the taxonomic framework. The SILVA Tree Viewer is a web application designed for visualizing large phylogenetic trees without requiring the download of any software tool or data files. The SILVA Tree Viewer is based on Web Geographic Information Systems (Web-GIS) technology with a PostgreSQL backend. It enables zoom and pan functionalities similar to Google Maps. The SILVA Tree Viewer enables access to two phylogenetic (guide) trees provided by the SILVA database: the SSU Ref NR99 inferred from high-quality, full-length small subunit sequences, clustered at 99% sequence identity and the LSU Ref inferred from high-quality, full-length large subunit sequences. The Tree Viewer provides tree navigation, search and browse tools as well as an interactive feedback system to collect any kinds of requests ranging from taxonomy to data curation and improving the tool itself.

Comparing alternative tree canopy cover estimates derived from digital aerial photography and field-based assessments

Science.gov (United States)

Tracey S. Frescino; Gretchen G. Moisen

2012-01-01

A spatially-explicit representation of live tree canopy cover, such as the National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD) percent tree canopy cover layer, is a valuable tool for many applications, such as defining forest land, delineating wildlife habitat, estimating carbon, and modeling fire risk and behavior. These layers are generated by predictive models wherein their accuracy...

Septímio Severo e a Consecratio de Pertinax: rituais de morte e poder Septimius Severus and the Pertinaces' Consecratio: death and power rithuals

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ana Teresa Marques Gonçalves

2007-01-01

Full Text Available Nosso objetivo neste artigo é analisar a cerimônia de deificação do Imperador Pertinax, que ocorreu após a sua morte, como definia a tradição romana, e foi promovida pelo seu sucessor, o Imperador Lúcio Septímio Severo. Esta cerimônia encontra-se descrita com riqueza de detalhes na obra de Dion Cássio, intitulada História Romana.Our aim is analyze the Emperor Pertinaces' deification cerimony, which occurred after his death, as defined by the Roman tradition, promoted by his successor, the Emperor Lucius Septimius Severus. That ceremony is described in detail in Dio Cassius' work, Roman History.

An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Tree-Based Models for Multi-Variate Flood Damage Assessment in Australia

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Roozbeh Hasanzadeh Nafari

2016-07-01

Full Text Available Flood is a frequent natural hazard that has significant financial consequences for Australia. In Australia, physical losses caused by floods are commonly estimated by stage-damage functions. These methods usually consider only the depth of the water and the type of buildings at risk. However, flood damage is a complicated process, and it is dependent on a variety of factors which are rarely taken into account. This study explores the interaction, importance, and influence of water depth, flow velocity, water contamination, precautionary measures, emergency measures, flood experience, floor area, building value, building quality, and socioeconomic status. The study uses tree-based models (regression trees and bagging decision trees and a dataset collected from 2012 to 2013 flood events in Queensland, which includes information on structural damages, impact parameters, and resistance variables. The tree-based approaches show water depth, floor area, precautionary measures, building value, and building quality to be important damage-influencing parameters. Furthermore, the performance of the tree-based models is validated and contrasted with the outcomes of a multi-parameter loss function (FLFArs from Australia. The tree-based models are shown to be more accurate than the stage-damage function. Consequently, considering more parameters and taking advantage of tree-based models is recommended. The outcome is important for improving established Australian flood loss models and assisting decision-makers and insurance companies dealing with flood risk assessment.

D2-tree

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Brodal, Gerth Stølting; Sioutas, Spyros; Pantazos, Kostas

2015-01-01

We present a new overlay, called the Deterministic Decentralized tree (D2-tree). The D2-tree compares favorably to other overlays for the following reasons: (a) it provides matching and better complexities, which are deterministic for the supported operations; (b) the management of nodes (peers...

Phylogenetic trees

OpenAIRE

Baños, Hector; Bushek, Nathaniel; Davidson, Ruth; Gross, Elizabeth; Harris, Pamela E.; Krone, Robert; Long, Colby; Stewart, Allen; Walker, Robert

2016-01-01

We introduce the package PhylogeneticTrees for Macaulay2 which allows users to compute phylogenetic invariants for group-based tree models. We provide some background information on phylogenetic algebraic geometry and show how the package PhylogeneticTrees can be used to calculate a generating set for a phylogenetic ideal as well as a lower bound for its dimension. Finally, we show how methods within the package can be used to compute a generating set for the join of any two ideals.

Miedo a la muerte y su relación con la inteligencia emocional de estudiantes de enfermería de Concepción Medo da morte e sua relação com a inteligência emocional de estudantes de enfermagem de Concepción Fear of death and its relationship with emotional intelligence of nursing students in Concepción

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Maritza Espinoza V.

2012-01-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Conocer el miedo a la muerte y su relación con la inteligencia emocional y otras variables en estudiantes de enfermería de los últimos años de estudio. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo y correlacional. Los estudiantes (n=188 respondieron a un cuestionario sobre: características socioculturales; Escalas de Miedo a la Muerte y de Inteligencia Emocional. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo un promedio medio-alto en miedo a la muerte (3,35. La percepción emocional se correlacionó positivamente con miedo a la muerte, mientras que la comprensión y la regulación emocional se correlacionaron negativamente con el miedo a la muerte. Las puntuaciones más altas de miedo a la muerte se asociaron con el sexo femenino, con los niveles inferiores de los cursos y con la percepción de menor preparación académica en el tema. CONCLUSIONES: Los niveles altos de inteligencia emocional, se asociaron con menos miedo a la muerte, lo que evidencia la necesidad de desarrollar en los estudiantes habilidades emocionales frente a situaciones trascendentales y desconocidas, como son la muerte y el proceso de morir.OBJETIVO: Conhecer o medo da morte e sua relação com a inteligência emocional e outras variáveis em estudantes de enfermagem dos últimos anos de estudo. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo e correlacional. Os estudantes (n=188 responderam a um questionário sobre: características socioculturais; Escalas de Medo da Morte e de Inteligência Emocional. RESULTADOS: Obteve-se uma medida de médio para alto em medo da morte (x=3,35 e também o componente percepção emocional se correlacionou positivamente com o medo da morte, enquanto a compreensão e regulação emocional se correlacionaram negativamente com o medo da morte. As pontuações mais altas de medo da morte associaram-se com o gênero feminino, com os niveis inferiores dos cursos e com a percepção de menor preparo acadêmico no tema. CONCLUSÕES: Os níveis altos de inteligência emocional, associaram

German risk study, phase B: Results of the event tree and fault tree analysis

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hoertner, H.

1987-01-01

This paper deals with the most important results of the level 1 analysis performed in Phase B of the German Risk Study and with the insights it provided. The question is raised, to what extent the results of risk analyses can be verified against available operating experience. In this respect the results of the German Risk Study will be compared with the estimates of the German Precursor Study. Finally, the results of the German investigations are briefly compared with the results of recent U.S. risk analyses. (orig.)

Identifying the rooted species tree from the distribution of unrooted gene trees under the coalescent.

Science.gov (United States)

Allman, Elizabeth S; Degnan, James H; Rhodes, John A

2011-06-01

Gene trees are evolutionary trees representing the ancestry of genes sampled from multiple populations. Species trees represent populations of individuals-each with many genes-splitting into new populations or species. The coalescent process, which models ancestry of gene copies within populations, is often used to model the probability distribution of gene trees given a fixed species tree. This multispecies coalescent model provides a framework for phylogeneticists to infer species trees from gene trees using maximum likelihood or Bayesian approaches. Because the coalescent models a branching process over time, all trees are typically assumed to be rooted in this setting. Often, however, gene trees inferred by traditional phylogenetic methods are unrooted. We investigate probabilities of unrooted gene trees under the multispecies coalescent model. We show that when there are four species with one gene sampled per species, the distribution of unrooted gene tree topologies identifies the unrooted species tree topology and some, but not all, information in the species tree edges (branch lengths). The location of the root on the species tree is not identifiable in this situation. However, for 5 or more species with one gene sampled per species, we show that the distribution of unrooted gene tree topologies identifies the rooted species tree topology and all its internal branch lengths. The length of any pendant branch leading to a leaf of the species tree is also identifiable for any species from which more than one gene is sampled.

O cinema do futuro: Entre novas e tradicionais tecnologias, entre a morte e a reinvenção

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Julio Bezerra

2010-03-01

Full Text Available O cinema não é mais a experiência audiovisual matriz em nossa “sociedade das imagens”. Essa enorme rede heterogênea que vai se constituindo no terreno da produção e circulação de imagens-sons tem nos mostrado que é preciso mudar a nossa percepção do lugar do cinema entre os demais dispositivos. O objetivo deste texto é pensar o cinema em suas relações com o que vem sendo chamado de novas mídias. Nossa posição se aproxima de certa maneira de Phillipe Dubois: afirmando o cinema como uma espécie de referência fundante para todo o audiovisual sem ressentimentos e/ou opiniões fechadas com relação às novas tecnologias. Neste caminho, passamos invariavelmente por algumas falsas questões, pela melancólica idéia da “morte do cinema”, pelo surgimento de uma novíssima cinefilia digital e rizomática, por um cinema contemporâneo pra lá de impuro.

Using Fault Trees to Advance Understanding of Diagnostic Errors.

Science.gov (United States)

Rogith, Deevakar; Iyengar, M Sriram; Singh, Hardeep

2017-11-01

Diagnostic errors annually affect at least 5% of adults in the outpatient setting in the United States. Formal analytic techniques are only infrequently used to understand them, in part because of the complexity of diagnostic processes and clinical work flows involved. In this article, diagnostic errors were modeled using fault tree analysis (FTA), a form of root cause analysis that has been successfully used in other high-complexity, high-risk contexts. How factors contributing to diagnostic errors can be systematically modeled by FTA to inform error understanding and error prevention is demonstrated. A team of three experts reviewed 10 published cases of diagnostic error and constructed fault trees. The fault trees were modeled according to currently available conceptual frameworks characterizing diagnostic error. The 10 trees were then synthesized into a single fault tree to identify common contributing factors and pathways leading to diagnostic error. FTA is a visual, structured, deductive approach that depicts the temporal sequence of events and their interactions in a formal logical hierarchy. The visual FTA enables easier understanding of causative processes and cognitive and system factors, as well as rapid identification of common pathways and interactions in a unified fashion. In addition, it enables calculation of empirical estimates for causative pathways. Thus, fault trees might provide a useful framework for both quantitative and qualitative analysis of diagnostic errors. Future directions include establishing validity and reliability by modeling a wider range of error cases, conducting quantitative evaluations, and undertaking deeper exploration of other FTA capabilities. Copyright © 2017 The Joint Commission. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Probabilistic risk assessment: Number 219

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bari, R.A.

1985-01-01

This report describes a methodology for analyzing the safety of nuclear power plants. A historical overview of plants in the US is provided, and past, present, and future nuclear safety and risk assessment are discussed. A primer on nuclear power plants is provided with a discussion of pressurized water reactors (PWR) and boiling water reactors (BWR) and their operation and containment. Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA), utilizing both event-tree and fault-tree analysis, is discussed as a tool in reactor safety, decision making, and communications. (FI)

Covering tree with stars

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Baumbach, Jan; Guo, Jiong; Ibragimov, Rashid

2015-01-01

We study the tree edit distance problem with edge deletions and edge insertions as edit operations. We reformulate a special case of this problem as Covering Tree with Stars (CTS): given a tree T and a set of stars, can we connect the stars in by adding edges between them such that the resulting...... tree is isomorphic to T? We prove that in the general setting, CST is NP-complete, which implies that the tree edit distance considered here is also NP-hard, even when both input trees having diameters bounded by 10. We also show that, when the number of distinct stars is bounded by a constant k, CTS...

Automated fault tree analysis: the GRAFTER system

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sancaktar, S.; Sharp, D.R.

1985-01-01

An inherent part of probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) is the construction and analysis of detailed fault trees. For this purpose, a fault tree computer graphics code named GRAFTER has been developed. The code system centers around the GRAFTER code. This code is used interactively to construct, store, update and print fault trees of small or large sizes. The SIMON code is used to provide data for the basic event probabilities. ENCODE is used to process the GRAFTER files to prepare input for the WAMCUT code. WAMCUT is used to quantify the top event probability and to identify the cutsets. This code system has been extensively used in various PRA projects. It has resulted in reduced manpower costs, increased QA capability, ease of documentation and it has simplified sensitivity analyses. Because of its automated nature, it is also suitable for LIVING PRA Studies which require updating and modifications during the lifetime of the plant. Brief descriptions and capabilities of the GRAFTER, SIMON and ENCODE codes are provided; an application of the GRAFTER system is outlined; and conclusions and comments on the code system are given

Seismic risk assessment of a BWR

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wells, J.E.; Bernreuter, D.L.; Chen, J.C.; Lappa, D.A.; Chuang, T.Y.; Murray, R.C.; Johnson, J.J.

1987-01-01

The simplified seismic risk methodology developed in the USNRC Seismic Safety Margins Research Program (SSMRP) was demonstrated by its application to the Zion nuclear power plant (PWR). The simplified seismic risk methodology was developed to reduce the costs associated with a seismic risk analysis while providing adequate results. A detailed model of Zion, including systems analysis models (initiating events, event trees, and fault trees), SSI and structure models, and piping models, was developed and used in assessing the seismic risk of the Zion nuclear power plant (FSAR). The simplified seismic risk methodology was applied to the LaSalle County Station nuclear power plant, a BWR; to further demonstrate its applicability, and if possible, to provide a basis for comparing the seismic risk from PWRs and BWRs. (orig./HP)

Trees in the city: valuing street trees in Portland, Oregon

Science.gov (United States)

G.H. Donovan; D.T. Butry

2010-01-01

We use a hedonic price model to simultaneously estimate the effects of street trees on the sales price and the time-on-market (TOM) of houses in Portland. Oregon. On average, street trees add $8,870 to sales price and reduce TOM by 1.7 days. In addition, we found that the benefits of street trees spill over to neighboring houses. Because the provision and maintenance...

Urban tree growth modeling

Science.gov (United States)

E. Gregory McPherson; Paula J. Peper

2012-01-01

This paper describes three long-term tree growth studies conducted to evaluate tree performance because repeated measurements of the same trees produce critical data for growth model calibration and validation. Several empirical and process-based approaches to modeling tree growth are reviewed. Modeling is more advanced in the fields of forestry and...

Project CAPTURE: a U.S. national prioritization assessment of tree species for conservation, management, and restoration

Science.gov (United States)

Kevin M. Potter; Barbara S. Crane; Valerie D. Hipkins

2017-01-01

that forest tree species will undergo population-level extirpation or species-level extinction during the next century. Project CAPTURE (Conservation Assessment and Prioritization of Forest Trees Under Risk of Extirpation) is a cooperative effort across the three U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service (USDA FS) deputy areas to establish a framework for...

Electron Tree

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Appelt, Ane L; Rønde, Heidi S

2013-01-01

The photo shows a close-up of a Lichtenberg figure – popularly called an “electron tree” – produced in a cylinder of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). Electron trees are created by irradiating a suitable insulating material, in this case PMMA, with an intense high energy electron beam. Upon discharge......, during dielectric breakdown in the material, the electrons generate branching chains of fractures on leaving the PMMA, producing the tree pattern seen. To be able to create electron trees with a clinical linear accelerator, one needs to access the primary electron beam used for photon treatments. We...... appropriated a linac that was being decommissioned in our department and dismantled the head to circumvent the target and ion chambers. This is one of 24 electron trees produced before we had to stop the fun and allow the rest of the accelerator to be disassembled....

Classification and regression trees

CERN Document Server

Breiman, Leo; Olshen, Richard A; Stone, Charles J

1984-01-01

The methodology used to construct tree structured rules is the focus of this monograph. Unlike many other statistical procedures, which moved from pencil and paper to calculators, this text's use of trees was unthinkable before computers. Both the practical and theoretical sides have been developed in the authors' study of tree methods. Classification and Regression Trees reflects these two sides, covering the use of trees as a data analysis method, and in a more mathematical framework, proving some of their fundamental properties.

AUTOET code (a code for automatically constructing event trees and displaying subsystem interdependencies)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wilson, J.R.; Burdick, G.R.

1977-06-01

This is a user's manual for AUTOET I and II. AUTOET I is a computer code for automatic event tree construction. It is designed to incorporate and display subsystem interdependencies and common or key component dependencies in the event tree format. The code is written in FORTRAN IV for the CDC Cyber 76 using the Integrated Graphics System (IGS). AUTOET II incorporates consequence and risk calculations, in addition to some other refinements. 5 figures

FB-Tree: A B+-Tree for Flash-Based SSDs

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Jørgensen, Martin V.; Rasmussen, René B.; Saltenis, Simonas

2011-01-01

Due to their many advantages, flash-based SSDs (Solid-State Drives) have become a mainstream alternative to magnetic disks for database servers. Nevertheless, database systems, designed and optimized for magnetic disks, still do not fully exploit all the benefits of the new technology. We propose....... As a consequence, the FB-tree outperforms a regular B+-tree in all scenarios tested. For instance, the throughput of a random workload of 75% updates increases by a factor of three using only two times the space of the B+-tree....

Benefit-based tree valuation

Science.gov (United States)

E.G. McPherson

2007-01-01

Benefit-based tree valuation provides alternative estimates of the fair and reasonable value of trees while illustrating the relative contribution of different benefit types. This study compared estimates of tree value obtained using cost- and benefit-based approaches. The cost-based approach used the Council of Landscape and Tree Appraisers trunk formula method, and...

Fragmentation of random trees

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kalay, Z; Ben-Naim, E

2015-01-01

We study fragmentation of a random recursive tree into a forest by repeated removal of nodes. The initial tree consists of N nodes and it is generated by sequential addition of nodes with each new node attaching to a randomly-selected existing node. As nodes are removed from the tree, one at a time, the tree dissolves into an ensemble of separate trees, namely, a forest. We study statistical properties of trees and nodes in this heterogeneous forest, and find that the fraction of remaining nodes m characterizes the system in the limit N→∞. We obtain analytically the size density ϕ s of trees of size s. The size density has power-law tail ϕ s ∼s −α with exponent α=1+(1/m). Therefore, the tail becomes steeper as further nodes are removed, and the fragmentation process is unusual in that exponent α increases continuously with time. We also extend our analysis to the case where nodes are added as well as removed, and obtain the asymptotic size density for growing trees. (paper)

FTAP, Minimal Cut Sets of Arbitrary Fault Trees. FRTPLT, Fault Tree Structure and Logical Gates Plot for Program FTAP. FRTGEN, Fault Trees by Sub-tree Generator from Parent Tree for Program FTAP

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Willie, Randall R.; Rabien, U.

1997-01-01

1 - Description of problem or function: FTAP is a general-purpose program for deriving minimal reliability cut and path set families from the fault tree for a complex system. The program has a number of useful features that make it well-suited to nearly all fault tree applications. An input fault tree may specify the system state as any logical function of subsystem or component state variables or complements of these variables; thus, for instance, 'exclusive-or' type relations may be formed. When fault tree logical relations involve complements of state variables, the analyst may instruct FTAP to produce a family of prime implicants, a generalization of the minimal cut set concept. The program offers the flexibility of several distinct methods of generating cut set families. FTAP can also identify certain subsystems as system modules and provide a collection of minimal cut set families that essentially expresses the system state as a function of these module state variables. Another feature allows a useful subfamily to be obtained when the family of minimal cut sets or prime implicants is too large to be found in its entirety; this subfamily may consist of only those sets not containing more than some fixed number of elements or only those sets 'interesting' to the analyst in some special sense. Finally, the analyst can modify the input fault tree in various ways by declaring state variables identically true or false. 2 - Method of solution: Fault tree methods are based on the observation that the system state, either working or failed, can usually be expressed as a Boolean relation between states of several large, readily identifiable subsystems. The state of each subsystem in turn depends on states of simpler subsystems and components which compose it, so that the state of the system itself is determined by a hierarchy of logical relationships between states of subsystems. A fault tree is a graphical representation of these relationships. 3 - Restrictions on the

Winter Birch Trees

Science.gov (United States)

Sweeney, Debra; Rounds, Judy

2011-01-01

Trees are great inspiration for artists. Many art teachers find themselves inspired and maybe somewhat obsessed with the natural beauty and elegance of the lofty tree, and how it changes through the seasons. One such tree that grows in several regions and always looks magnificent, regardless of the time of year, is the birch. In this article, the…

36 CFR 223.4 - Exchange of trees or portions of trees.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Exchange of trees or portions of trees. 223.4 Section 223.4 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER General Provisions § 223.4 Exchange of trees or...

How many trees are enough? Tree death and the urban canopy

Science.gov (United States)

Lara A. Roman

2014-01-01

Massive city tree planting campaigns have invigorated the urban forestry movement, and engaged politicians, planners, and the public in urban greening. Million tree initiatives have been launched in Los Angeles, CA; Denver, CO; New York City, NY; Philadelphia, PA, and other cities. Sacramento, CA even has a five million tree program. These...

Microcomputer applications of, and modifications to, the modular fault trees

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zimmerman, T.L.; Graves, N.L.; Payne, A.C. Jr.; Whitehead, D.W.

1994-10-01

The LaSalle Probabilistic Risk Assessment was the first major application of the modular logic fault trees after the IREP program. In the process of performing the analysis, many errors were discovered in the fault tree modules that led to difficulties in combining the modules to form the final system fault trees. These errors are corrected in the revised modules listed in this report. In addition, the application of the modules in terms of editing them and forming them into the system fault trees was inefficient. Originally, the editing had to be done line by line and no error checking was performed by the computer. This led to many typos and other logic errors in the construction of the modular fault tree files. Two programs were written to help alleviate this problem: (1) MODEDIT - This program allows an operator to retrieve a file for editing, edit the file for the plant specific application, perform some general error checking while the file is being modified, and store the file for later use, and (2) INDEX - This program checks that the modules that are supposed to form one fault tree all link up appropriately before the files are,loaded onto the mainframe computer. Lastly, the modules were not designed for relay type logic common in BWR designs but for solid state type logic. Some additional modules were defined for modeling relay logic, and an explanation and example of their use are included in this report

Keeping trees as assets

Science.gov (United States)

Kevin T. Smith

2009-01-01

Landscape trees have real value and contribute to making livable communities. Making the most of that value requires providing trees with the proper care and attention. As potentially large and long-lived organisms, trees benefit from commitment to regular care that respects the natural tree system. This system captures, transforms, and uses energy to survive, grow,...

Visualization of Uncertain Contour Trees

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kraus, Martin

2010-01-01

Contour trees can represent the topology of large volume data sets in a relatively compact, discrete data structure. However, the resulting trees often contain many thousands of nodes; thus, many graph drawing techniques fail to produce satisfactory results. Therefore, several visualization methods...... were proposed recently for the visualization of contour trees. Unfortunately, none of these techniques is able to handle uncertain contour trees although any uncertainty of the volume data inevitably results in partially uncertain contour trees. In this work, we visualize uncertain contour trees...... by combining the contour trees of two morphologically filtered versions of a volume data set, which represent the range of uncertainty. These two contour trees are combined and visualized within a single image such that a range of potential contour trees is represented by the resulting visualization. Thus...

Predicting long-term risk for relationship dissolution using nonparametric conditional survival trees.

Science.gov (United States)

Kliem, Sören; Weusthoff, Sarah; Hahlweg, Kurt; Baucom, Katherine J W; Baucom, Brian R

2015-12-01

Identifying risk factors for divorce or separation is an important step in the prevention of negative individual outcomes and societal costs associated with relationship dissolution. Programs that aim to prevent relationship distress and dissolution typically focus on changing processes that occur during couple conflict, although the predictive ability of conflict-specific variables has not been examined in the context of other factors related to relationship dissolution. The authors examine whether emotional responding and communication during couple conflict predict relationship dissolution after controlling for overall relationship quality and individual well-being. Using nonparametric conditional survival trees, the study at hand simultaneously examined the predictive abilities of physiological (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, cortisol) and behavioral (fundamental frequency; f0) indices of emotional responding, as well as observationally coded positive and negative communication behavior, on long-term relationship stability after controlling for relationship satisfaction and symptoms of depression. One hundred thirty-six spouses were assessed after participating in a randomized clinical trial of a relationship distress prevention program as well as 11 years thereafter; 32.5% of the couples' relationships had dissolved by follow up. For men, the only significant predictor of relationship dissolution was cortisol change score (p = .012). For women, only f0 range was a significant predictor of relationship dissolution (p = .034). These findings highlight the importance of emotional responding during couple conflict for long-term relationship stability. (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).

Smoking and Mortality in Eastern Europe: Results From the PrivMort Retrospective Cohort Study of 177 376 Individuals.

Science.gov (United States)

Stefler, Denes; Murphy, Michael; Irdam, Darja; Horvat, Pia; Jarvis, Martin; King, Lawrence; McKee, Martin; Bobak, Martin

2018-05-03

The estimated prevalence of smoking and proportion of deaths due to tobacco in Eastern European countries are among the highest in the world. Existing estimates of mortality attributable to smoking in the region are mostly indirect. The aim of this analysis was to calculate the proportion of tobacco-attributed deaths in three Eastern European countries using individual level cohort data. The PrivMort project established a cohort of relatives of participants in population sample surveys in Russia, Belarus and Hungary. Survey participants provided data on smoking habits and vital statistics of their close relatives between 1982 and 2013. Population attributable risk fractions (PARF) in men (n = 99528) and women (n = 77848) aged 40-79 years were calculated from the prevalence rates of smoking and hazard ratios of mortality for smokers versus non-smokers. Trends in PARF over four 8-year time periods (1982-1989, 1990-1997, 1998-2005, and 2006-2013) were examined. In men in the most recent period (2006-2013), the proportions of deaths attributable to tobacco were 23% in Russia, 22% in Belarus, and 22% in Hungary. The respective estimates in women were lower (2%, 2%, and 13%), possibly due to underestimation of smoking prevalence. PARF estimates have declined slightly since the early 1990s in men but increased in women. Consistently with existing indirect estimates, our results based on individual level cohort data suggest that over one fifth of all deaths in men aged 40-79 years are attributable to tobacco. While these proportions are lower in women, the increasing trend is a major concern. This is the first large scale, individual-level cohort study that estimated the mortality attributable to tobacco smoking directly in Eastern European population samples. The results confirm previous indirect estimates and show that more than 20% of all deaths in Eastern European men can be attributed to tobacco. The study also confirms the increasing trend in smoking-related deaths

Ozone uptake by adult urban trees based on sap flow measurement

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wang Hua; Zhou Weiqi; Wang Xiaoke; Gao Fuyuan; Zheng Hua; Tong Lei; Ouyang Zhiyun

2012-01-01

The O 3 uptake in 17 adult trees of six urban species was evaluated by the sap flow-based approach under free atmospheric conditions. The results showed very large species differences in ground area scaled whole-tree ozone uptake (F O 3 ), with estimates ranging from 0.61 ± 0.07 nmol m −2 s −1 in Robinia pseudoacacia to 4.80 ± 1.04 nmol m −2 s −1 in Magnolia liliiflora. However, average F O 3 by deciduous foliages was not significantly higher than that by evergreen ones (3.13 vs 2.21 nmol m −2 s −1 , p = 0.160). Species of high canopy conductance for O 3 (G O 3 ) took up more O 3 than those of low G O 3 , but that their sensitivity to vapour pressure deficit (D) were also higher, and their F O 3 decreased faster with increasing D, regardless of species. The responses of F O 3 to D and total radiation led to the relative high flux of O 3 uptake, indicating high ozone risk for urban tree species. - Highlights: ► O 3 uptake by urban trees varied considering contrasting species and study period. ►The responses of G O 3 to microclimate lead to relative high O 3 uptake by urban trees. ►Many urban species are susceptible to O 3 damage. ►The annual O 3 uptake in our study is greatly less than that from modeling approaches. ►The difference suggests considering the species-specific flux in O 3 risk assessment. - Sap flow-based O 3 uptake among urban species suggests high capacity and variation of ozone uptake, as well as potentially detrimental effects to urban species.

Forest FIRE and FIRE wood : tools for tree automata and tree algorithms

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Cleophas, L.G.W.A.; Piskorski, J.; Watson, B.W.; Yli-Jyrä, A.

2009-01-01

Pattern matching, acceptance, and parsing algorithms on node-labeled, ordered, ranked trees ('tree algorithms') are important for applications such as instruction selection and tree transformation/term rewriting. Many such algorithms have been developed. They often are based on results from such

I Have a Banana Tree in My Classroom

Science.gov (United States)

Williams, Patricia A.

2007-01-01

When the banana is growing, the broadest part of the banana is located at the bottom, while the tapered end points upward. It appears upside down, however, from the banana tree's perspective, it is growing right side up. The author observes that the students in her classroom labeled by society as "at risk," are also, in a sense, "upside down."…

Confiabilidade da declaração de causa básica de mortes infantis em região metropolitana do sudeste do Brasil

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mendonça Elisabeth F.

1994-01-01

Full Text Available A partir de dados coletados para um estudo sobre a mortalidade infantil na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil, foi selecionada uma amostra aleatória de óbitos infantis ocorridos em 1989, para avaliar a concordância da causa básica de morte registrada na declaração de óbito e a obtida após revisão detalhada do prontuário hospitalar da criança. Verificou-se que 11,7% dos óbitos neonatais não tiveram a causa básica registrada no atestado, confirmada pela investigação nos prontuários médicos (kappa = 0,61, o mesmo ocorrendo em 44,0% dos pós-neonatais (kappa = 0,47. Esta maior discordância no grupo pós-neonatal provavelmente se deveu a maior dificuldade de definição das causas contribuintes e da causa básica dos óbitos por diarréias, pneumonias e desnutrição, principais causas de mortalidade nesse grupo. Em relação aos óbitos por desnutrição e diarréia, observou-se associação entre ambas em 76,9% das vezes em que a diarréia foi selecionada como causa básica, mostrando que essas patologias podem ser destacadas como um mesmo grupamento em saúde pública. As discordâcias encontradas demonstram que os médicos ainda dão pouca importância ao seu papel como agentes geradores de informação de saúde. Os dados da declaração de óbito fornecem indicação razoável das principais causas de mortes infantis, principalmente quando se considera o grupamento diarréia-pneumonia-desnutrição, composto de patologias evitáveis e ainda de grande relevância como causa de mortalidade infantil na região.

Monitoring Million Trees LA: Tree performance during the early years and future benefits

Science.gov (United States)

E. Gregory McPherson

2014-01-01

Million Trees LA (MTLA) is one of several large-scale mayoral tree planting initiatives striving to create more livable cities through urban forestry. This study combined field sampling of tree survival and growth with numerical modeling of future benefits to assess performance of MTLA plantings. From 2006 to 2010 MTLA planted a diverse mix of 91,786 trees....

Rapid warming accelerates tree growth decline in semi-arid forests of Inner Asia.

Science.gov (United States)

Liu, Hongyan; Park Williams, A; Allen, Craig D; Guo, Dali; Wu, Xiuchen; Anenkhonov, Oleg A; Liang, Eryuan; Sandanov, Denis V; Yin, Yi; Qi, Zhaohuan; Badmaeva, Natalya K

2013-08-01

Forests around the world are subject to risk of high rates of tree growth decline and increased tree mortality from combinations of climate warming and drought, notably in semi-arid settings. Here, we assess how climate warming has affected tree growth in one of the world's most extensive zones of semi-arid forests, in Inner Asia, a region where lack of data limits our understanding of how climate change may impact forests. We show that pervasive tree growth declines since 1994 in Inner Asia have been confined to semi-arid forests, where growing season water stress has been rising due to warming-induced increases in atmospheric moisture demand. A causal link between increasing drought and declining growth at semi-arid sites is corroborated by correlation analyses comparing annual climate data to records of tree-ring widths. These ring-width records tend to be substantially more sensitive to drought variability at semi-arid sites than at semi-humid sites. Fire occurrence and insect/pathogen attacks have increased in tandem with the most recent (2007-2009) documented episode of tree mortality. If warming in Inner Asia continues, further increases in forest stress and tree mortality could be expected, potentially driving the eventual regional loss of current semi-arid forests. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Skewed Binary Search Trees

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Brodal, Gerth Stølting; Moruz, Gabriel