Srovnání Platónova a Aristotelova pojetí etiky ctnosti

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TISCHLEROVÁ, Monika

2014-01-01

This work deals with the comparison of Plato and Aristotle's conception of virtue ethics. The first part describes Plato's view of this area of philosophy. Plato puts his ethics based on the analogy between the municipality and the soul. Plato also operates with good ideas. In the second part, Aristotle view. First, I discuss the objectives of its philosophy, which is good, and then bliss. Then there is the division of the moral virtues and intellectual. Then describe each of Aristotle's virt...

Ancient philosophical ideas of the soul (Plato-Aristotelian tradition and Stoicism as a source of Patristic Thought

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Zaitsev Cornelius

2014-10-01

Full Text Available The article discusses the ancient idea of the soul that in the patristic era has been enriched by the perception of the methodology of ancient philosophy. Greek and Roman thinkers considered some properties of the soul, its immortality, revealed its “levels and strata” (Plato, Aristotle, expressed first guesses about the nature of sinful passions (the Stoics. But some aspects still remained unresolved so far. This is the issue of materiality or immateriality, of the soul, which "raised" in the Russian Empire in the 19th century (the dispute saints Theophan the Recluse and Ignatius Brianchaninov and remains relevant today.

An Alternative Analysis of the Discourse by Descartes, Kant and Hegel in terms of the Ethical Structure of the Kanun.

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Yamamoto, Kazuhiko

2015-06-01

The ethical structure of the Albanian customary code, the Kanun, is deemed to represent the ethical value system of a society without state power. In spite of the appearance of civilizations and the resultant advent of an incipient state power, humans seemed to have known only the ethical value system of a society without state power until Gotama, Socrates, Plato and Jesus proposed new religious and philosophical doctrines. The basic trait of these religious and philosophical doctrines, which try to antagonize the ethical value system of a society without state power by eliminating the emotional aspect of humanity from the ethical value system, has been inherited by western philosophers such as Descartes, Kant and Hegel. The discourses by Descartes, Kant and Hegel were reviewed while paying attention to how they dealt with the sensuous and emotional aspects of humanity. The metaphysical implications of the ethical structure of the Kanun surfaced through the critical reviewing of their philosophy, and a hypothesis concerning its origin was presented.

Regarding Descartes' meditations as meditational

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Hettche, Matthew

1995-01-01

Descartes' Meditations on First Philosophy is often hailed as one of the great classics of western philosophy. First-time readers of the Meditations are often struck by Descartes' clear and accessible writing style. Within recent scholarship (e.g., most notably, Amelie Osksenberg Rorty's collection of Essays on Descartes' Meditations [1986]), much attention has been focused toward examining the philosophical import of Descartes' literary techniques. In particular, discussion...

Descartes, Foucault, Derrida

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Thein, Karel

2010-01-01

Roč. 58, č. 2 (2010), s. 171-202 ISSN 0015-1831 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z90090514 Keywords : Derrida, Jacques * Foucault , Michel * Descartes, René * Descartes' Meditations * dreaming and madness Subject RIV: AA - Philosophy ; Religion

Finding Ernst Mayr's Plato.

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Powers, Jack

2013-12-01

Many biologists have accepted Ernst Mayr's claim that evolutionary biology undermined an essentialist or typological view of species that had its roots in Platonic philosophy. However, Mayr has been accused of failing to support with textual evidence his attributions to Plato of these sorts of views about biology. Contemporary work in history and philosophy of biology often seems to take onboard Mayr's account of Plato's view of species. This paper seeks to provide a critical account of putative inconsistencies between an evolutionary view of species and Platonic philosophy with renewed attention to the Platonic texts in light of recent Plato scholarship; I argue that claims that Plato held an essentialist view of species inconsistent with evolutionary biology are inadequately supported by textual evidence. If Mayr's essentialist thesis fails, one might think that the intuition that Platonic philosophy is in tension with Darwinian evolution could nonetheless be accounted for by Plato's apparent privileging of a certain sort of teleological explanation, a thesis that Mayr suggests in his 1959 paper on Louis Agassiz. However, this thesis also faces difficulties. Ernst Mayr's Plato is more likely to be found in the writings of anti-evolutionary 19th century biologists like Mayr's frequent target, Agassiz, than in a cautious reading of the Platonic dialogues themselves. Interlocutors in discussions of the history of biological thought and classificatory methods in biology should be cautious in ascribing views about biology to Plato and using terms like "Platonic essentialism." Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Význam čísel mezi Platónem a Aristotelem

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Šíma, Antonín

2016-01-01

1 Abstract Meaning of numbers between Plato and Aristotle Antonín Šíma The dissertation titled "The Transformation of the Concept of Number between Plato and the Early Academy" deals with the problem of numbers in early Platonism between Aristotle and Plato. In Plato's dialogues, within professional mathematical disciplines of knowledge, numbers fulfil a function of propaedeutic procedure to the method of thinking − dialectic. Dialectic engages in the most general structures of thinking whose...

The Possibility of Phenomenology in Heidegger

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denise

“democracy to come has always been suicidal” (read: not “life-assured”) .... Plato and Aristotle: “Phenomenology radicalized in ... of Plato and Aristotle brought back to life: the repetition, the ..... notwithstanding, simply to fight the fight is to lose it.

The Impacts of Corruption on Economic Development in Afghanistan: A Study of the Effects of Nepotism and Bribery

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2011-12-16

corruption as it changes over time. He references philosophers such as Plato , Aristotle and Machiavelli.2 Plato introduces the initial analyses of...corruption as human flaw introduced into governments that distorts and perverts them. Aristotle takes Plato further by identifying the transformation...reemphasizes that while corrupt practices are condoned and rationalized , more damaging forms of corruption will become acceptable. Corruption can co-exist with

Angle Defect and Descartes' Theorem

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Scott, Paul

2006-01-01

Rene Descartes lived from 1596 to 1650. His contributions to geometry are still remembered today in the terminology "Descartes' plane". This paper discusses a simple theorem of Descartes, which enables students to easily determine the number of vertices of almost every polyhedron. (Contains 1 table and 2 figures.)

Descartes' visit to the town library, or how Augustinian is Descartes' neurophysiology?

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Smith, C U

1998-08-01

Rene Descartes was early accused of taking his central philosophical proposition from St Augustine. Did he also take his central neurophysiological concept from the same source? This is the question which this paper sets out to answer. It is concluded that the foundational neurophysiology propounded in L'Homme does indeed show strong and interesting resemblences to Augustine's largely Erasistratean version. Descartes, however, working within the new paradigm of seventeenth-century physical science, introduced a new principle: whereas Augustine's neurophysiology is pervaded throughout by a vital factor, the pneuma, Descartes' theory involved only inanimate material forces. It is concluded, further, that in spite of the interesting similarities between Augustinian and Cartesian neurophysiology there is no evidence for any direct plagiarism. It seems more likely that Augustine's influence was filtered through the Galenical physiologists of Descartes' own time and of the preceding century.

Rozdíly v chápání ctnosti u Platóna, Aristotela a Aurelia Augustina

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Kavanová, Blanka

2011-01-01

Bachelor's Thesis: Difference in Plato's, Aristotle's and Aurelius Augustinus' Understanding to Virtue Name: Blanka Kavanová Faculty: Faculty of Education, Charles University in Prague Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy Year: 2011 ABSTRACT The bachelor's thesis is concerned with the development and differences in Plato's, Aristotle's and Aurelius Augustinus' concept of virtue. The first part is focused on Plato's concept of four basic virtues, i.e. moderation/reasonableness, justice...

[Plato psychiatrist, Foucault platonic].

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Mathov, Nicolás

2016-05-01

This work explores the links between the concepts of "soul", "law" and "word" in Plato's work, in order to highlight the importance and the centrality of the philosophical-therapeutic dimension in the Greek philosopher's thought. In that way, this work pretends to show that "contemporary" problems usually discussed within "Human Sciences" in general, and Psychiatry in particular, should confront their knowledge with Plato's work, mainly due to the profound influence his ideas have had in our Greco-Christian culture. In that sense, and with that objective, this work also explores Michel Foucault's lucid and controversial interpretation of Plato.

[Feelings as considered by preplatonic and contemporary philosophers--coincidence or influence?].

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Zaborowski, Robert

2007-01-01

Feelings' role in ancient Greek conceptions up till now has not become clear. As far as the researchers of antiquity are interested in Aristotle's and Hellenistic philosophers, Plato's and his predecessors has not been analysed from this point of view yet. It is often connected with a fact that Preplatonic philosophy is so-called philosophy of physis, and/or its nature is exclusively rationalistic. Thanks to the analysis of three passages (Heraclitus fr. B 85, Parmenides fr. B 3 and Democritus fr. B 31), and multilevel interpretation of Plato's conception one can indicate--if focus one's attention on the elements concerning the affectivity--the similarities to contemporary philosophers' outlooks. Among others, they concern 1) Heraclitus (and Parmenides fr. B 1, 1) versus Hume, Pascal, Ribot, Brentano, Bergson, 2) Parmenides versus Descartes, 3) Democritus versus Ribot, 4) Plato versus Scheler and Hartmann. Such analyses and interpretations let conquer conventional thinking of the Greek emotionality issue, because on the one hand they reveal a kind of deformations and misconstructions in searches, and on the other show a current importance of ancient conceptions. In support of the statement it is worth reminding of the formulation emotional intelligence that recently has enjoyed great popularity. His origins can be found already in Greek philosophers' thought.

Plato's patricide in the sophist

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Deretić Irina J.

2012-01-01

Full Text Available In this paper, the author attempts to elucidate validity of Plato's criticism of Parmenides' simplified monistic ontology, as well as his concept of non-being. In contrast to Parmenides, Plato introduces a more complex ontology of the megista gene and redefines Parmenides' concept of non-being as something absolutely different from being. According to Plato, not all things are in the same sense, i. e. they have the different ontological status. Additionally, he redefines Parmenides' concept of absolute non-being as 'difference' or 'otherness.' .

Descartes' dreams.

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Withers, Robert

2008-11-01

René Descartes is often regarded as the 'father of modern philosophy'. He was a key figure in instigating the scientific revolution that has been so influential in shaping our modern world. He has been revered and reviled in almost equal measure for this role; on the one hand seen as liberating science from religion, on the other as splitting soul from body and man from nature. He dates the founding of his philosophical methods to the night of 10(th) November 1619 and in particular to three powerful dreams he had that night. This article utilizes Descartes' own interpretations of the dreams, supported by biographical material, as well as contemporary neuroscientific and psychoanalytic theory, to reach a new understanding of them. It is argued that the dreams can be understood as depicting Descartes' personal journey from a state of mind-body dissociation to one of mind-body deintegration. This personal journey may have implications for a parallel journey from Renaissance to modern culture and from modernity to post-modern culture.

Plato's Anti-Kohlbergian Program for Moral Education

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Jonas, Mark E.

2016-01-01

Following Lawrence Kohlberg it has been commonplace to regard Plato's moral theory as "intellectualist", where Plato supposedly believes that becoming virtuous requires nothing other than "philosophical knowledge or intuition of the ideal form of the good". This is a radical misunderstanding of Plato's educational programme,…

Aristotle on Memory and Recollection

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Bloch, David Kristian

Twentieth-century scholarship on Aristotle's De Memoria et Reminiscentia was dominated by the view that Aristotle's theories of memory and recollection are basically very similar to ours. By means of a new critical edition of the Greek text, an essay on Aristotle's own theories and an essay...... on these theories as they were received in the Latin West, the present book offers material that challenges the opinio communis. The result is a new interpretation of Aristotle's De Memoria et Reminiscentia and its relevance to the concerns of 21st-century philosophers, both regarding the concepts of memory...

Thomas Aquinas on the Soul: Old problems, New Solutions. Guiding Premises for a Thomistic Synthesis

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Yevgeniy Shilov

2012-12-01

Full Text Available This article examines two main approaches to the doctrine of the soul: that of Plato and that of Aristotle. Each of these approaches had its own development and its own interpretations. Plato and his school was more important during the Middle Ages. Through the neo-platonic philosophers it reached Saint Augustine and became a part of the western cultural and religious heritage until finally it was taken up by member of the Franciscan order - Roger Bacon and Bonaventure. But this paradigm could not solve a host of problems connected with the soul and many of them remained unresolved. The end of the twelfth century brought the growth of the universities and the teaching of Aristotle - a new paradigm - transmitted by the Arabic philosophers which was rediscovered by the West. Two commentators on Aristotle - Averroes and Avicenna -were the most important for the West, especially since Avicenna exerted a great influence on Albert the Great. But both Plato and Aristotle, when taken separately, proved to be quite useless in resolving certain problems. But Thomas Aquinas was able to splice the Gordian knot concealing a solution to the problem of the soul. By combining the psychology of Plato with the metaphysics of Aristotle, Thomas succeeded in creating a new concept of the human person. The author of this article has tried to explain the difficulties which faced Thomas and the way in which Thomas was able to resolve a problem which had troubled philosophy through the ages - the problem of reconciling Plato with Aristotle and finding a way to make their conflicting philosophies agree with each other

Relations as Plural-Predications in Plato

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Scaltsas, Theodore

2013-01-01

Plato was the first philosopher to discover the metaphysical phenomenon of plural-subjects and plural-predication; e.g. you and I are two, but neither you, nor I are two. I argue that Plato devised an ontology for plural-predication through his Theory of Forms, namely, plural-partaking in a Form. Furthermore, I argue that Plato used plural-partaking to offer an ontology of related individuals without reifying relations. My contention is that Plato’s theory of plural-relatives has evaded detec...

Mathematics in Aristotle

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Heath, Thomas

2015-01-01

Originally published in 1949. This meticulously researched book presents a comprehensive outline and discussion of Aristotle's mathematics with the author's translations of the greek. To Aristotle, mathematics was one of the three theoretical sciences, the others being theology and the philosophy of nature (physics). Arranged thematically, this book considers his thinking in relation to the other sciences and looks into such specifics as squaring of the circle, syllogism, parallels, incommensurability of the diagonal, angles, universal proof, gnomons, infinity, agelessness of the universe, surface of water, meteorology, metaphysics and mechanics such as levers, rudders, wedges, wheels and inertia. The last few short chapters address 'problems' that Aristotle posed but couldn't answer, related ethics issues and a summary of some short treatises that only briefly touch on mathematics.

Irreflexivity and Aristotle's Syllogismos

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Duncombe, Matthew

Aristotle's definition of syllogismos at Prior Analytics 24b18–20 specifies syllogistic consequence as an irreflexive relation: the conclusion must be different from each premise and any conjunction of the premises. Typically, commentators explain this irreflexivity condition as Aristotle's attempt

Metafysica en fysica bij Descartes

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Hoeven, Pieter van der

1961-01-01

Ons rest tenslotte nog, in het kort aan te geven door welke gezichtspunten wij ons bij de bespreking en beoordeling van het verband tussen metafysica en fysica bij Descartes hebben laten leiden. Wij kunnen, samenvattend, zeggen dat Descartes ons in zijn denken met drie fundamentele .problemen heeft

Peers on Socrates and Plato

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Mackenzie, Jim

2014-01-01

There is more to be said about two of the topics Chris Peers addresses in his article "Freud, Plato and Irigaray: A morpho-logic of teaching and learning" (2012, Educational Philosophy and Theory, 44, 760-774), namely the Socratic method of teaching and Plato's stance with regard to women and feminism. My purpose in this article is…

On matters of mind and body: regarding Descartes.

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Urban, Elizabeth

2018-04-01

In this paper the author considers Descartes' place in current thinking about the mind-body dilemma. The premise here is that in the history of ideas, the questions posed can be as significant as the answers acquired. Descartes' paramount question was 'How do we determine certainty?' and his pursuit of an answer led to cogito ergo sum. His discovery simultaneously raised the question whether mind is separate from or unified with the body. Some who currently hold that brain and subjectivity are unified contend that the philosopher 'split' mind from body and refer to 'Descartes' error'. This paper puts forward that Descartes' detractors fail to recognise Descartes' contribution to Western thought, which was to introduce the Enlightenment and to give a place to human subjectivity. Added to this, evidence from Descartes' correspondence with Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia supports the conclusion that Descartes did in fact believe in the unity of mind and body although he could not reconcile this rationally with the certainty from personal experience that they were separate substances. In this Descartes was engaged in just the same dilemma as that of current thinkers and researchers, a conflict which still is yet to be resolved. © 2018, The Society of Analytical Psychology.

Aristotle's Example: The Rhetorical Induction.

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Benoit, William Lyon

1980-01-01

Examines the concept of example in Aristotle's inventional theory. Rejects recent claims that the example reasons from part to part, without a mediating generalization, and then explicates Aristotle's view of the example. (JMF)

Is Aristotle a Virtue Ethicist?

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Aufderheide, Joachim

2017-01-01

The chapter explores whether we should take Aristotle to be a virtue ethicist, understood as distinct from consequentialist and deontological approaches. For Aristotle the decisive questions whether virtue is prior to ethically good action or vice versa is equivalent to the question which mean is prior, the one characterising virtue or the one characterising good action. I argue that Aristotle would not seem to be a virtue ethicist because a) the definition of virtue in EN 2.6 tends towards p...

About Descartes: Uses and Misuses

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Sages, Roger

2011-01-01

In this Forum paper I examine how Orlander and Wickman represent Descartes philosophy, noting that while it might be tempting to apply one facet of a philosopher's argument, such as Descartes separation of mind and body, by doing that we do not capture the development of his thinking. I propose the phenomenological philosophy of Edmund Husserl can…

Stock Issues in Aristotle's Rhetoric

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Harpine, Bill

1977-01-01

Defines "stock issue" by the manner in which they function in Aristotle's theory, reviews examples of modern theories of stock issues, examines previous investigations of the "Rhetoric," and analyzes Aristotle's approach to this aspect of argumentation. (MH)

Judgment, Probability, and Aristotle's Rhetoric.

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Warnick, Barbara

1989-01-01

Discusses Aristotle's five means of making judgments: intelligence, "episteme" (scientific knowledge), "sophia" (theoretical wisdom), "techne" (art), and "phronesis" (practical wisdom). Sets Aristotle's theory of rhetorical argument within the context of his overall view of human judgment. Notes that…

Reversing Plato’s Anti-Democratism: Castoriadis’ “Quirky” Plato

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Hamblet, Wendy C.

2008-12-01

Full Text Available This paper considers the conflicting "loves" of Cornelius Castoriadis--his love for the ancients, and especially Plato, and for the common person of the demos. A detailed study of Castoriadis' analysis of Plato's Statesman exposes that Castoriadis attempts to resolve the paradox by rereading Plato as a radical democrat. I argue that this unorthodox reading is at best "quirky, " (a charge Castoriadis levels at Plato at worst a groundless sophism. However, I conjecture that Castoriadis' reading may not constitute a serious attempt to describe a Platonic politics, so much as a prescriptive reading of what otherwise might have been, given certain strands of political generosity evident elsewhere in Plato's corpus.

Did René Descartes Have Exploding Head Syndrome?

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Otaiku, Abidemi Idowu

2018-04-15

René Descartes (1596-1650), "the Father of Modern Philosophy" and advocate of mind-body dualism, had three successive dreams on November 10, 1619 that changed the trajectory of his life and the trajectory of human thought. Descartes' influential dreams have been of interest to a number of commentators including the famous neurologist and psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Descartes' second dream in particular, in which he heard a loud noise in his head before seeing a bright flash of light upon awakening, has been discussed extensively. Commentators have employed psychoanalytic and medical explanations to account for Descartes' unusual nocturnal experience. In this tradition, I propose that Descartes' second dream was not a dream at all; rather, it was an episode of exploding head syndrome; a benign and relatively common parasomnia. I further suggest that Adrien Baillet's account of Descartes' experience constitutes the earliest description of exploding head syndrome, predating the account described by Silas Weir Mitchell in 1876 by nearly 200 years. © 2018 American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

Descartes' pineal neuropsychology.

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Smith, C U

1998-02-01

The year 1996 marked the quattrocentenary of Descartes' birth. This paper reviews his pineal neuropsychology. It demonstrates that Descartes understood the true anatomical position of the pineal. His intraventricular pineal (or glande H) was a theoretical construct which allowed him to describe the operations of his man-like "earthen machine." In the Treatise of Man he shows how all the behaviors of such machines could then be accounted for without the presence of self-consciousness. Infrahuman animals are "conscious automata." In Passions of the Soul he adds, but only for humans, self-consciousness to the machine. In a modern formulation, only humans not only know but know that they know. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.

Phusis and Nomos in Plato

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Zahra Nouri Sanghdehi

2017-07-01

Full Text Available One of the greatest problems in Plato that appears in different forms in his works is the relation of nomos and phusis. This thesis has been in fifth century B.C as the contradiction of phusis and nomos among big thinkers. In this essay, we tried to investigate the relation of phusis and nomos in Plato’s thoughts according to current theories of the contradiction of these in dialogues Gorgias, Republic and Protagoras. Plato tries to minimize consequences of belief to contradiction of phusis and nomos in social and political life by assertion large scale relation between phusis and nomos. Plato depicts the ultimate solution of this problem in Law. There he accounts nomos as raised from phusis that is sub sovereignty of divine. Indeed union of phusis and gods in Plato’s thought is sanction for the identity of phusis and nomos.

Simplicius on Aristotle physics 81-5

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Bodnár, István; Share, Michael

2013-01-01

In this commentary on Aristotle Physics book eight, chapters one to five, the sixth-century philosopher Simplicius quotes and explains important fragments of the Presocratic philosophers, provides the fragments of his Christian opponent Philoponus Against Aristotle On the Eternity of the World, and makes extensive use of the lost commentary of Aristotles leading defender, Alexander of Aphrodisias. This volume contains an English translation of Simplicius important commentary, as well as a detailed introduction, explanatory notes and a bibliography.

ROLE OF ANCIENT HERITAGE IN FORMING CHRISTIAN WORLD PICTURE

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Vadim Vadimovich Kortunov

2014-11-01

Full Text Available The article compares the views of Plato and Aristotle in terms of their relation to the problem of rationality. In fact, Plato and Aristotle have absolutely opposite positions on the question of the essence of philosophy, its subject, its methods; they call for a completely incompatible with each other interpretations of the basis of the life. For Plato, true being is spiritual, transcendental that does not fit into any rational-logical framework. For Aristotle true being is subject-sensual, quite rationally knowable within the boundaries of logical thinking. For Plato, the subject-sensual - is illusory "shadow" of the spirit; for Aristotle absolute spirit is a theoretical assumption, assumption forced, as a kind of methodological assumption to justify the reality of the subject-sensual, "flesh" world. Aristotle most clearly formulated the idea of the rational-logical totality, as a whole it is quite popular for the ancient metaphysics, with which the natural philosophers, and Eleatics, and sophists were largely agreed. Plato, "Opened" transcendence, outlined ways to super-rational, and in many respects to the irrational and mystical understanding of the philosophical problems. And in this sense, as well as Orphics and the Pythagoreans, he left some opposition to the rational-logical tradition of ancient Greece. Plato argued that the truth - it is itself a spiritual reality, which is originally opened to man: it is beyond controversy, representing the true being. From this he concluded that the forms of life and forms of logical thinking differ from each other. For Aristotle, on the contrary, the truth is the correspondence of the forms of thinking to the forms of being; it is not a reality, but it is a reflection of the reality in the structures of human consciousness. And we need to dad that just such interpretation of truth firmly established in Western philosophy and science.These two tendencies, aimed at forming rational and irrational

Descartes and His Peculiar Sleep Pattern.

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Damjanovic, Aleksandar; Milovanovic, Srdjan D; Trajanovic, Nikola N

2015-01-01

Rene Descartes (1596-1650) was a mathematician, philosopher, and scholar, whose work set a foundation for modern science. Among other interests, he focused on locating the "core and the seat of the soul" and concluded that the pineal gland was such a structure. Recent scientific findings validate Descartes' deep interest in pineal gland, appreciating its role as part of the circadian rhythm system. On the other hand, the biographical information suggests that Descartes had an aberration of the circadian rhythm (delayed sleep phase). Coincidentally, this meant that one of the most important things in his private life and one of the most significant areas of his research intersected in an overlooked way.

Aristotelian Presocratics A Look at Aristotle\\'s Interpretation of Presocratic Phiolosophers

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Mehdi Qavam Safari

2015-03-01

Full Text Available Aristotle's understanding of Presocratic philosophers and his interpretation of their theses based on his own framework has always been a matter of dispute among scholars. His role of representing them as one of the main sources of Presocratic philosophy makes this is more. Here in this paper we try to investigate, analyzing Metaphysics, Physics and Generation and Destruction, how Aristotle interprets all the Presocratics in the same way and based on his own framework. He understands their arche as a simple element came out of nothing and constructing all other things and even considers it as substance while every other thing as accident which is obviously on the basis of his own distinction. He also interprets their change on the basis of his own distinction between change on the one hand and generation and destruction on the other that is itself based on the substance-accident distinction. All these show that he interprets them Aristotelian and this is what we should be aware of while we look at Presocratic philosophers through Aristotle.

A history of erotic philosophy.

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Soble, Alan

2009-01-01

This essay historically explores philosophical views about the nature and significance of human sexuality, starting with the Ancient Greeks and ending with late 20th-century Western philosophy. Important figures from the history of philosophy (and theology) discussed include Sappho, Plato, Aristotle, St. Augustine, St. Jerome, the Pelagians, St. Thomas Aquinas, Michel de Montaigne, Rene Descartes, Thomas Hobbes, David Hume, Immanuel Kant, Søren Kierkegaard, Arthur Schopenhauer, Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Sigmund Freud, Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Wilhelm Reich, and Herbert Marcuse. Contemporary philosophers whose recent work is discussed include Michel Foucault, Thomas Nagel, Roger Scruton, Karol Wojtyla (Pope John Paul II), Catharine MacKinnon, Richard Posner, and John Finnis. To show the unity of the humanities, the writings of various literary figures are incorporated into this history, including Mark Twain, Arthur Miller, James Thurber, E. B. White, Iris Murdoch, and Philip Roth.

New Perspectives on Aristotle's De caelo

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Bowen, Alan

2009-01-01

Aristotle's great ambition in his "De caelo" was to determine the nature and structure of the geocentric universe. This collection of essays addresses key epistemological and methodological issues raised by the numerous arguments that Aristotle offers.

The Greekless Reader and Aristotle's "Rhetoric."

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Conley, Thomas M.

1979-01-01

Discusses the inadequacy of translations of Aristotle's "Rhetoric," particularly three passages from the commonly used translation by Lane Cooper. The misleading nature of these passages is cited as a major cause for the lack of understanding of Aristotle. (JMF)

The Method of Hypothesis in Plato's Philosophy

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Malihe Aboie Mehrizi

2016-09-01

Full Text Available The article deals with the examination of method of hypothesis in Plato's philosophy. This method, respectively, will be examined in three dialogues of Meno, Phaedon and Republic in which it is explicitly indicated. It will be shown the process of change of Plato’s attitude towards the position and usage of the method of hypothesis in his realm of philosophy. In Meno, considering the geometry, Plato attempts to introduce a method that can be used in the realm of philosophy. But, ultimately in Republic, Plato’s special attention to the method and its importance in the philosophical investigations, leads him to revise it. Here, finally Plato introduces the particular method of philosophy, i.e., the dialectic

Human Flourishing from the Foot's Viewpoint Regarding to Aristotle's Ideas

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Majid Mollayousefi Mollayousefi; Sakine Aflatooni Aflatooni

2011-01-01

Aristotle's virtue ethics is a teleological ethics, namely, for him, the purpose of achieving moral virtues by human beings is to obtain eudaimonia. The best interpretation of eudaimonia in Aristotle is human flourishing that is the main axis of Aristotle's ethics and also contemporary virtue ethics. Aristotle's analysis of human flourishing that is performed in biological context is based on the concept of ergon or function. Therefore, Aristotle, in description of human flourishing, emphasiz...

Preliminary design studies for the DESCARTES and CIDER codes

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Eslinger, P.W.; Miley, T.B.; Ouderkirk, S.J.; Nichols, W.E.

1992-12-01

The Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction (HEDR) project is developing several computer codes to model the release and transport of radionuclides into the environment. This preliminary design addresses two of these codes: Dynamic Estimates of Concentrations and Radionuclides in Terrestrial Environments (DESCARTES) and Calculation of Individual Doses from Environmental Radionuclides (CIDER). The DESCARTES code will be used to estimate the concentration of radionuclides in environmental pathways, given the output of the air transport code HATCHET. The CIDER code will use information provided by DESCARTES to estimate the dose received by an individual. This document reports on preliminary design work performed by the code development team to determine if the requirements could be met for Descartes and CIDER. The document contains three major sections: (i) a data flow diagram and discussion for DESCARTES, (ii) a data flow diagram and discussion for CIDER, and (iii) a series of brief statements regarding the design approach required to address each code requirement

PLATO Esperanto Materials.

Science.gov (United States)

Sherwood, Judith

1981-01-01

A summary is presented of types of Esperanto materials available on PLATO--a general overview section, a picture introduction, lessons that accompany a textbook, vocabulary drills, crossword puzzles, dictation drills, reading practice, and a concentration game. The general overview lesson gives a comprehensive summary of the history and…

Descartes: um naturalista?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Lígia Fraga Silveira

1989-01-01

Full Text Available As dificuldades e soluções encontradas por Descartes para resolver o problema da união das substâncias, vistas a partir de uma aproximação entre suas concepções médicas e morais.

[Descartes and medicine].

Science.gov (United States)

Jeune, Bernard

2004-01-01

The French philosopher and mathematician René Descartes (1596-1650) gave a high priority to medicine and dedicated a great deal of his life to medical studies. Nevertheless his relation to medicine has always been much discussed. However, a number of recent works have contributed to reassessing the earlier critique which nearly wrote him out from medical history. The recent biographical dismissal of a number of earlier allegations and the recent interpretations of the medical contents of his collected writings ought to result in Descartes' reinstatement in medical history. His novel anti-Aristotelian methodology had a crucial influence on the medicine of the subsequent decades. Also his early defense of Harvey's theory of blood circulation had great influence. Especially his thoughts about a mechanical physiology by means of which the functions of the body could be explained without involvement of "occult faculties" influenced that time. His empirical mistakes, including the central role which he ascribed to the corpus pineale, are offset, which already Steno noted, by his brilliant thoughts about the function and importance of the brain. Although he did not make any really new empirical discoveries within medicine, he advanced a number of concrete ideas which later lead to actual discoveries such as visual accommodation, the reflex concept and the reciprocal innervations of antagonistic muscles. Descartes' psychosomatic view of the importance of the interplay between sensations, "the passions of the soul", and the free will in the preservation of health shows in addition that his fundamental soul-body dualism was far more nuanced than is often claimed.

A critical introduction to the metaphysics of time

CERN Document Server

Curtis, Benjamin

2016-01-01

What is the nature of time? Does it flow? Do the past and future exist? Drawing connections between historical and present-day questions, A Critical Introduction to the Metaphysics of Time provides an up-to-date guide to one of the most central and debated topics in contemporary metaphysics. Introducing the views and arguments of Parmenides, Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Newton and Leibniz, this accessible introduction covers the history of the philosophy of time from the Pre-Socratics to the beginning of the 20th Century. The historical survey presents the necessary background to understanding more recent developments, including McTaggart's 1908 argument for the unreality of time, the open future, the perdurance/endurance debate, the possibility of time travel, and the relevance of current physics to the philosophy of time. Informed by cutting-edge philosophical research, A Critical Introduction to the Metaphysics of Time evaluates influential historical arguments in the context of contemporary developments. ...

Descartes on the Creation of the Eternal Truths

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Danielle Macbeth

2017-06-01

Full Text Available On 15 April 1630, in a letter to Mersenne, Descartes announced that on his view God creates the truths of mathematics. Descartes returned to the theme in subsequent letters and some of his Replies but nowhere is the view systematically developed and defended. It is not clear why Descartes came to espouse the creation doctrine, nor even what exactly it is. Some have argued that his motivation was theological, that God creates the eternal truths, including the truths of logic, because and insofar as God is omnipotent andthe creator of all things. I develop and defend a different reading according to which Descartes was led to espouse the creation doctrine by a fundamental shift in his understanding of the correct mode of inquiry in metaphysics and mathematics: by 1630, the God-created truths came to play the role in inquiry that until then, in the Rules for the Direction of the Mind, had been played by images.

Aristotle, De Memoria et Reminiscentia. Text, Translation and Interpretive Essays

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Bloch, David Kristian

2006-01-01

The dissertation analyses Aristotle's De Memoria et Reminiscentia. It contains an introduction, a critical edition accompanied by an English translation, an essay on Aristotle's own theories and an essay on the Aristotelian tradition.......The dissertation analyses Aristotle's De Memoria et Reminiscentia. It contains an introduction, a critical edition accompanied by an English translation, an essay on Aristotle's own theories and an essay on the Aristotelian tradition....

Anamnesis and the Silent Narrator in Plato and John

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George L. Parsenios

2017-03-01

Full Text Available The Gospel of John is often compared to the dialogues of Plato by those who connect Johannine theology and Platonic philosophy. The comparison operates on the level of ideas. The present paper does not ignore issues of theology and philosophy but grounds a comparison of John and Plato first and foremost on the literary level. In several key places in John 1, 3, and 14, the Johannine narrator recedes from view and is unexpectedly silent where one would expect a narrator’s comment to organize the conversations and interactions between characters in John. Plato also renders the voice of the narrator silent in a dialogue like the Theaetetus. This paper argues that John and Plato both suppress the narrator’s voice in order to further their anamnetic efforts and to make later generations not only readers but participants in their original conversations.

Plato, Nightingale, and Nursing: Can You Hear Me Now?

Science.gov (United States)

Arnone, Jacqueline Michele; Fitzsimons, Virginia

2015-10-01

A historical perspective on how the writings of Plato influenced Florence Nightingale in the formation of nursing as a respected profession for women. Comparing Nightingale's life and legacy to Platonic philosophy demonstrates how philosophy continues to speak to the profession of nursing practice as guardians of society in the 21st century. A review of the literature using EBSCO, SAGEpub, MEDLINE, and CINAHL databases and hand searches of literature were initiated for the years 1990-2014 using the terms "Plato," "Nightingale," and "nursing" restricted to English. Florence Nightingale, known as the mother of modern-day nursing, embodied her life and work after the philosophic tenets of Plato. Plato's Allegory of the Cave influenced Nightingale's attitudes with regard to the value of education, knowledge of the good, and the importance of imparting learned knowledge to others. Plato's work spoke of educating both men and women to seek the truth, affording both sexes to become competent as future leaders in the role of guardians to society. Nightingale's emphasis of education for women as a conduit for their usefulness to society mirrored Plato's philosophy. Over 100 years after her death, the impact Florence Nightingale still has on professional nursing practice remains. Scholarship in nursing education today is infused with a liberal arts background in philosophy, ethics, and the sciences. Nightingale's holistic concepts of person, health, and environment in the practice of nursing coalesced with her statistical analyses in validating nursing actions foreshadowed the development of universal nursing knowledge and language base and meta-paradigm concepts in nursing. Further classification and categorization of Nightingale's concepts of assessing, implementing, and evaluating delivery of care became the linguistic precursors for the identification of nursing process, nursing actions, and nursing diagnoses. Plato's and Nightingale's holistic, scientific, and

The problem of slavery in Aristotle

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Miguel Ángel García Mercado

2015-03-01

Full Text Available Aristotle, without a doubt, is one of the greatest geniuses of all time, not only for his philosophical and scientific works, but also for his profound ethical disposition in his writings. In his works he asks the human being to live in accordance with the best that is in him. However, Aristotle is also recognized as one of the defenders of slavery. How can we explain this fact to the contemporary human being? This question requires special attention to the methodological and historical reasons in which Aristotle’s thought is immersed. There are also other deeper reasons that allow Aristotle to justify the existence of men who are slaves by nature, even considering the slave as «a possession with a soul».

Public Speaking Practices: Analysis of Aristotle's "Rhetoric."

Science.gov (United States)

Markham, Reed

Aristotle's "Rhetoric" is divided into three books which describe the stages of preparing a public address. Book One establishes the philosophical position of rhetoric to logic. It also establishes four purposes of rhetoric and discusses three types of proof. Aristotle defines rhetoric as a faculty for providing two modes of…

Descartes, Cardiac Heat, and Alchemy.

Science.gov (United States)

Heitsch, Dorothea

2016-11-01

René Descartes (1596-1650) insisted on a heat and light theory to explain cardiac movement, and used concepts such as distillation of the vital spirits, fermentation in the digestive process, and fermentation in the circulation of the blood. I argue that his theory of the body as a heat-exchange system was based on alchemical and natural philosophical notions of fire and light expounded by precursors and contemporaries who included Jean D'Espagnet, Jean Fernel, Jan Baptist van Helmont, and Andreas Libavius. Descartes endeavoured to mechanise their approaches, creating a theory in which fire and heat, a legacy from thermal explanations of physiology, were transformed into alchemical fire, and then into mechanistic or physicalist heat.

Descartes, est-ce la France ?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Pierre Macherey

2004-04-01

Full Text Available Le cas de Descartes présente un intérêt privilégié pour l’examen des conditions dans lesquelles une philosophie vient à être considérée comme représentant un esprit national. Le livre d’A. Glucksman, Descartes, c’est la France, publié en 1987 à l’occasion du 350e anniversaire de la parution du Discours de la méthode, constitue un exemple extrême de ce type d’opération, qui exploite une doctrine en en infléchissant certains enjeux fondamentaux.Descartes’ case is particularly interesting to examine the conditions under which a philosophy comes to the point of being considered to represent a national thought. A. Glucksman’s book, Descartes, c’est la France, published in 1987, for the 350th anniversary of the publication of the Discours de la méthode is an extreme example of that kind of process, which exploits a doctrine inflecting some of its fundamental stakes.

PLATO IV Accountancy Index.

Science.gov (United States)

Pondy, Dorothy, Comp.

The catalog was compiled to assist instructors in planning community college and university curricula using the 48 computer-assisted accountancy lessons available on PLATO IV (Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operation) for first semester accounting courses. It contains information on lesson access, lists of acceptable abbreviations for…

Plato and the teaching of entrepreneurship studies as general ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Secondly to use Plato's model of education to stress the importance of the practical aspect of entrepreneurial studies so as to avoid the old syndrome of breeding certificate Laden, theory filled entrepreneurial studies. For Plato, education should be tailored to suit the learner specialization; that is a carpenter should be taught ...

Descartes, Cartesianism, and Theology

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Goudriaan, A.; Lehner, Ulrich; Muller, Richard A.; Roeber, Gregory

2015-01-01

While insisting on the need to separate theology from philosophy, Descartes developed a philosophical theology that was intensely debated in the early modern period. This article asks the question how the receptions of Cartesian philosophy were related to different confessional profiles.

Transference and katharsis, Freud to Aristotle.

Science.gov (United States)

Turri, Maria Grazia

2015-04-01

Aristotle's theory of tragic katharsis is the most ancient and debated theory of the effect of the theatrical experience on the audience. It affirms that tragedy effects the katharsis of fear and pity, engaging readers with the controversy whether by katharsis Aristotle meant purification of the emotions (i.e. their perfection within the mind) or purification of the mind from the emotions (i.e. their abreaction from the mind). In this paper I will explore how Freud's theory of transference can suggest a new interpretation of Aristotle's tragic katharsis. Transference allows for the representation and expression of repressed emotions through the re-enactment of past relational dynamics. Although this process is essential to the psychoanalytic method, it is the subsequent analytic endeavour which allows for the "working through" of repressed emotions, bringing into effect the transference cure. I argue that the dynamic between emotional arousal in re-enactment and emotional distancing in analysis offers an effective parallel of the dynamic between katharsis of fear and katharsis of pity in Aristotle's theory. Such interpretation of tragic katharsis suggests that the theatrical effect in audiences may be an opportunity for self-analysis and the 'working through' of unconscious psychic dynamics. Copyright © 2014 Institute of Psychoanalysis.

Future development of the PLATO Observatory for Antarctic science

Science.gov (United States)

Ashley, Michael C. B.; Bonner, Colin S.; Everett, Jon R.; Lawrence, Jon S.; Luong-Van, Daniel; McDaid, Scott; McLaren, Campbell; Storey, John W. V.

2010-07-01

PLATO is a self-contained robotic observatory built into two 10-foot shipping containers. It has been successfully deployed at Dome A on the Antarctic plateau since January 2008, and has accumulated over 730 days of uptime at the time of writing. PLATO provides 0.5{1kW of continuous electrical power for a year from diesel engines running on Jet-A1, supplemented during the summertime with solar panels. One of the 10-foot shipping containers houses the power system and fuel, the other provides a warm environment for instruments. Two Iridium satellite modems allow 45 MB/day of data to be transferred across the internet. Future enhancements to PLATO, currently in development, include a more modular design, using lithium iron-phosphate batteries, higher power output, and a light-weight low-power version for eld deployment from a Twin Otter aircraft. Technologies used in PLATO include a CAN (Controller Area Network) bus, high-reliability PC/104 com- puters, ultracapacitors for starting the engines, and fault-tolerant redundant design.

A cladistic analysis of Aristotle's animal groups in the Historia animalium.

Science.gov (United States)

von Lieven, Alexander Fürst; Humar, Marcel

2008-01-01

The Historia animalium (HA) of Aristotle contains an extraordinarily rich compilation of descriptions of animal anatomy, development, and behaviour. It is believed that Aristotle's aim in HA was to describe the correlations of characters rather than to classify or define animal groups. In order to assess if Aristotle, while organising his character correlations, referred to a pre-existing classification that underlies the descriptions in HA, we carried out a cladistic analysis according to the following procedure: by disentangeling 147 species and 40 higher taxa-designations from 157 predicates in the texts, we transcribed Aristotle's descriptions on anatomy and development of animals in books I-V of HA into a character matrix for a cladistic analysis. By analysing the distribution of characters as described in his books, we obtained a non-phylogenetic dendrogram displaying 58 monophyletic groups, 29 of which have equivalents among Aristotle's group designations. Eleven Aristotelian groupings turned out to be non-monophyletic, and six of them are inconsistent with the monophyletic groups. Twelve of 29 taxa without equivalents in Aristotle's works have equivalents in modern classifications. With this analysis we demonstate there exists a fairly consistent underlying classification in the zoological works of Aristotle. The peculiarities of Aristotle's character basis are discussed and the dendrogram is compared with a current phylogenetic tree.

True believers: the recption of Descartes's meditations by Malebranche and Huet

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

D. Anthony Larivière

2002-12-01

Full Text Available Both Nicholas Malebranche and Pierre-Daniel Huet were at first positively influenced by Descartes's Meditations, and both came to perceive shortcomings in that work. With respect to mind-body dualism, Malebranche attempted to strengthen Descartes's position by jettisoning clarity and distinctness basing it instead on a principle of intentionality. Huet jettisoned the whole position in favor of skepticism. The source of their different responses lay in their different estimations of Descartes's integrity.Tanto Nicholas Malebranche como Pierre-Daniel Huet foram inicialmente positivamente influenciados pelas Meditações de Descartes e ambos terminaram por perceber falhas nesta obra. No que concerne o dualismo mente e corpo, Malebranche buscou fortalecer a posição cartesiana abandonando o critério de clareza e distinção em favor de um princípio de intencionalidade. Huet abandonou o cartesianismo como um todo em favor do ceticismo. A fonte destas respostas diversas está nas avaliações distintas que fizeram da integridade de Descartes.

Aristotelian pre-Socratics, A glance at Aristotle's Narrative from pre-Socratics

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mehdi Qavam Safari

2015-02-01

Full Text Available In this article, it's tried to study Aristotle's narrative of  pre-Socratics on the base of Aristotle's texts and mainly using  metaphysics, physics, genesis and decadence books. It is also tried to show how Aristotle has interpreted all the pre-Socratics in one way and on the base of his own philosophy framework. He interprets pre-Socratic Arche as an element that means comprehensive matter which is nothing itself, but everything is combination of it and even considers that as substance and the other things as accident. He interprets the distinction of Arche and other things on the basis of this contrast in his philosophy. Aristotle, also analyzes pre-Socratics' viewpoint to change on the base of his distinction among change, genesis and corruption. All these cases show that Aristotle has interpreted the pre-Socratics on the basis of his thought, as Aristotelians. On this basis, since Aristotle's thoughts are the first and the most important sources of pre-Socratic philosophy, Aristotle's role should be considered in studies.

Plato's Theories of Knowledge and Education: an Examination of the ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Plato's Theories of Knowledge and Education: an Examination of the Interpretations of Cloete and Agyemang. ... UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities ... views, this article reveals some serious logical and factual errors in Cloete's interpretations, and thereby clarifies Plato's epistemology and theories of education.

Schelling og Nietzsche som kritikere af Descartes

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Liisberg, Sune

2008-01-01

: 'Hvad er det første for mig' - og svaret var: 'Det er jeg selv'. Cogito-argumentet, der implicerer en forudgående beslutning om at drage alt i tvivl, manifesterer således en historisk enestående 'frigørelse fra al autoritet' (Schelling). Ifølge Schelling - der ligesom Schopenhauer og Nietzsche havde...... blik for, at cogito-argumentet og dets problemer har med dets sprogbundethed at gøre - er ytringsdimensionen nu helt afgørende for cogito-argumentets meningsfuldhed, da allerede 'den blotte tanke 'Jeg er' kan forstås som en indre ytring og forudsætter et talende jeg'. Nietzsche henleder opmærksomheden...... på, at 'eftersom Descartes formulerer cogito-argumentet sprogligt, kan det ikke være nogen umiddelbar, første erkendelse'. Nietzsche antager nemlig, at Descartes selv fejlagtigt betragtede cogito-argumentet som en umiddelbar vished - altså strengt taget ikke som et argument. Men Descartes blev...

What It Is and that It Is

Science.gov (United States)

Cannatella, Howard

2012-01-01

The title of this paper comes from Aristotle's "Metaphysics." It appropriately captures how he understood art education. In what follows, a considerable amount of the author's thinking is indebted to Plato's and Aristotle's understanding of art education as mimetic education. On first view, an art mimetic educational approach may appear worryingly…

User instructions for the DESCARTES environmental accumulation code

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Miley, T.B.; Eslinger, P.W.; Nichols, W.E.; Lessor, K.S.; Ouderkirk, S.J.

1994-05-01

The purpose of the Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction (HEDR) Project is to estimate the radiation dose that individuals could have received as a result of emissions since 1944 from the Hanford Site near Richland, Washington. The HEDR Project work is conducted under several technical and administrative tasks, among which is the Environmental Pathways and Dose Estimates task. The staff on this task have developed a suite of computer codes which are used to estimate doses to individuals in the public. This document contains the user instructions for the DESCARTES (Dynamic estimates of concentrations and Accumulated Radionuclides in Terrestrial Environments) suite of codes. In addition to the DESCARTES code, this includes two air data preprocessors, a database postprocessor, and several utility routines that are used to format input data needed for DESCARTES

Aristotle on the Pleasure of Knowledge and Learning

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Bloch, David

2013-01-01

This paper examines Aristotle's views on the pleausre of learning with particular reference to the Nicomachean Ethics, the Rhetorics and the Poetics.......This paper examines Aristotle's views on the pleausre of learning with particular reference to the Nicomachean Ethics, the Rhetorics and the Poetics....

Riemann-Hypothesis Millennium-Problem(MP) Physics Proof via CATEGORY-SEMANTICS(C-S)/F =C Aristotle SQUARE-of-OPPOSITION(SoO) DEduction-LOGIC DichotomY

Science.gov (United States)

Baez, Joao-Joan; Lapidaryus, Michelle; Siegel, Edward Carl-Ludwig

2013-03-01

Riemann-hypothesis physics-proof combines: Siegel-Antono®-Smith[AMS Joint Mtg.(2002)- Abs.973-03-126] digits on-average statistics HIll[Am. J. Math 123, 3, 887(1996)] logarithm-function's (1,0)- xed-point base =units =scale-invariance proven Newcomb [Am. J. Math. 4, 39(1881)]-Weyl[Goett. Nachr.(1914); Math. Ann.7, 313(1916)]-Benford[Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 78, 4, 51(1938)]-law [Kac,Math. of Stat.-Reasoning(1955); Raimi, Sci. Am. 221, 109(1969)] algebraic-inversion to ONLY Bose-Einstein quantum-statistics(BEQS) with digit d = 0 gapFUL Bose-Einstein Condensation(BEC) insight that digits are quanta are bosons because bosons are and always were quanta are and always were digits, via Siegel-Baez category-semantics tabular list-format matrix truth-table analytics in Plato-Aristotle classic ''square-of-opposition'' : FUZZYICS =CATEGORYICS/Category-Semantics, with Goodkind Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC) ABOVE ground-state with/and Rayleigh(cut-limit of ''short-cut method''1870)-Polya(1922)-''Anderson''(1958) localization [Doyle and Snell,Random-Walks and Electrical-Networks, MAA(1981)-p.99-100!!!] in Brillouin[Wave-Propagation in Periodic-Structures(1946) Dover(1922)]-Hubbard-Beeby[J.Phys.C(1967)] Siegel[J.Nonxline-Sol.40,453(1980)] generalized-disorder collective-boson negative-dispersion mode-softening universality-principle(G...P) first use of the ``square-of-opposition'' in physics since Plato and Aristote!!!

The Aldine Edition of Aristotle's De Sensu

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Bloch, David Kristian

2006-01-01

This small article examines the quality of and the textual foundation for the først printed edition ever of Aristotle's De Sensu et Sensibilibus, that is, Aldus Manutius' (1497).......This small article examines the quality of and the textual foundation for the først printed edition ever of Aristotle's De Sensu et Sensibilibus, that is, Aldus Manutius' (1497)....

The PLATO Dome A site-testing observatory: Power generation and control systems

Science.gov (United States)

Lawrence, J. S.; Ashley, M. C. B.; Hengst, S.; Luong-van, D. M.; Storey, J. W. V.; Yang, H.; Zhou, X.; Zhu, Z.

2009-06-01

The atmospheric conditions above Dome A, a currently unmanned location at the highest point on the Antarctic plateau, are uniquely suited to astronomy. For certain types of astronomy Dome A is likely to be the best location on the planet, and this has motivated the development of the Plateau Observatory (PLATO). PLATO was deployed to Dome A in early 2008. It houses a suite of purpose-built site-testing instruments designed to quantify the benefits of Dome A site for astronomy, and science instruments designed to take advantage of the observing conditions. The PLATO power generation and control system is designed to provide continuous power and heat, and a high-reliability command and communications platform for these instruments. PLATO has run and collected data throughout the winter 2008 season completely unattended. Here we present a detailed description of the power generation, power control, thermal management, instrument interface, and communications systems for PLATO, and an overview of the system performance for 2008.

Plato the Pederast: Rhetoric and Cultural Procreation in the Dialogues.

Science.gov (United States)

Ervin, Elizabeth

1993-01-01

Examines Plato's Dialogues by reading them through two cultural lenses: the role of eros in classical Greece and its analogous relationship to language and rhetoric; and the educational function of eros within the ancient institution of pederasty. Shows how the cultural values of ancient Greece manifested themselves in Plato's erotic educational…

Aristotle and Social-Epistemic Rhetoric: The Systematizing of the Sophistic Legacy.

Science.gov (United States)

Allen, James E.

While Aristotle's philosophical views are more foundational than those of many of the Older Sophists, Aristotle's rhetorical theories inherit and incorporate many of the central tenets ascribed to Sophistic rhetoric, albeit in a more systematic fashion, as represented in the "Rhetoric." However, Aristotle was more than just a rhetorical…

Aristotelés a Nová rétorika

OpenAIRE

Boháček, K. (Kryštof)

2014-01-01

The author shows how important was the rhetorical alternative for Plato's constitution of theoretical philosophy. The second part describes the decline of classical rhetoric from the Greek most influential discourse to the 'zero point' around 1900. Third part is dedicated to Perelman and the 'Rhetorical Turn', treated as return to Aristotle. The last part confronts Aristotle with Perelman's understanding of Aristotelian rhetoric, and asks, if the New Rhetoric really returned to Aristotle?

[The mark of envy: metaphysics and embryology according to Descartes].

Science.gov (United States)

Gaudemard, Lynda

2012-01-01

This paper explores the interaction between medicine and metaphysics in modern natural philosophy and especially in Descartes' philosophy. I argue that Descartes hypothetical account of birthmarks in connection with his embryology provides an argumentative proof of the metaphysical necessity of a substantial union between mind and body, which however does not threaten his doctrine of the real distinction between these two substances. It would appear that his argument relies on a temporal conception of alethic modalities and provides a new answer to Henricus Regius who in 1641 claimed that, for Descartes, the human being is an ensper accidens.

Phänomenologie des Raumes bei Descartes und Husserl

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Granz, Holger

2010-09-01

Full Text Available In this text, spatiality will be discussed from a philosophical point of view, in examining the positions of Descartes and Husserl. On the one hand, the philosophy of Descartes marks the beginning of the modern era. Next to Francis Bacon, he is the one to pave the way for the upcoming sciences, especially physics, by an analytical geometry that roots in his philosophy. On the other hand, Husserl shall be examined,a quite different approach to spatiality than the one employed by Descartes. Because Husserl’s phenomenology centers upon the analysis of experience,intending that the objects themselves shall “tell” us what they are. Both approaches became influential for attempts to comprehend spatiality, since other conceptions to follow are referring to them.

Rationality and Motivation: Moral Psychology in Plato's Socratic Dialogues

OpenAIRE

Neiders, Ivars

2011-01-01

"Rationality and Motivation: Moral Psychology in Plato's Socratic Dialogues" Annotation The dissertation "Rationality and Motivation: Moral Psychology in Plato's Socratic Dialogues" is a philosophical study of Socratic views in moral psychology. Particular attention is paid to what the author calls (1) Doxastic competence and (2) Orectic competence. It is argued that according to Socrates these two different epistemic relations are important aspects of our self-understanding. The doxast...

Four Educators in Plato's "Theaetetus"

Science.gov (United States)

Mintz, Avi I.

2011-01-01

Scholars who have taken interest in "Theaetetus'" educational theme argue that Plato contrasts an inferior, even dangerous, sophistic education to a superior, philosophical, Socratic education. I explore the contrasting exhortations, methods, ideals and epistemological foundations of Socratic and Protagorean education and suggest that Socrates'…

Aristotle on justice in exchange:commensurability by fiat

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mark Peacock

2016-11-01

Full Text Available This essay offers an interpretation of Aristotle's remarks on the commensurability of goods in Book V of the Nicomachean Ethics. It explores the term ‘by hypothesis’ (ἐξ ὑποθέσεως which Aristotle uses to describe the institution of currency through which commensurability is established. The term implies that Aristotle conceives the origins of currency to lie in a conscious act of stipulation rather than through a spontaneous process in which currency is established via the unintended consequences of individual action. In conclusion, contemporary theories of money are considered and it is asked with which Aristotle’s conception of money aligns most closely.

"Kairos" in Aristotle's "Rhetoric."

Science.gov (United States)

Kinneavy, James L.; Eskin, Catherine R.

1994-01-01

Considers how Aristotle uses the Greek term "kairos" (right timing and due measure) in his "Rhetoric." Examines each of the 16 references to "kairos" in the "Rhetoric." Argues for a fuller understanding of Aristotelian "kairos" among contemporary theorists of rhetoric. (HB)

Discourse, Dialectic and Intrapersonal Rhetoric: A Reinterpretation of Plato's Rhetorical Theory.

Science.gov (United States)

Hikins, James W.

The idea that rhetoric might operate in epistemologically significant ways was first presented by Plato. This paper argues that the heart of Plato's conception of epistemic discourse is a recognition of the centrality of intrapersonal rhetoric. Through a careful study of Platonic writing, particularly the "Phaedrus," three principal…

The PLATO 2.0 mission

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Rauer, H.; et al., [Unknown; Hekker, S.

2014-01-01

PLATO 2.0 has recently been selected for ESA’s M3 launch opportunity (2022/24). Providing accurate key planet parameters (radius, mass, density and age) in statistical numbers, it addresses fundamental questions such as: How do planetary systems form and evolve? Are there other systems with planets

Evaluating PLATO: postgraduate teaching and learning online.

Science.gov (United States)

Brown, Menna; Bullock, Alison

2014-02-01

  The use of the Internet as a teaching medium has increased rapidly over the last decade. PLATO (postgraduate learning and teaching online) was launched in 2008 by the e-learning unit (ELU) of Wales Deanery. Located within Learning@NHSWales, a Moodle virtual learning environment (VLE), it hosts a wide range of freely available courses and resources tailored to support the education, training and continuing professional development (CPD) needs of health care professionals working across the National Health Service (NHS) Wales. The evaluation aimed to identify the costs and benefits of PLATO, report its value as attributed by users, identify potential cost savings and make recommendations.   Five courses (case studies) were selected, representing the range of available e-learning resources: e-induction; fetal heart monitoring; cervical screening; GP prospective trainers; and tools for trainers. Mixed methods were used: one-to-one qualitative interviews, focus group discussions and surveys explored user views, and identified individual and organisational value.   Qualitative findings identified six key areas of value for users: ELU support and guidance; avoidance of duplication and standardisation; central reference; local control; flexibility for learners; and specific features. Survey results (n=72) indicated 72 per cent of consultants reported that PLATO was easy to access and user friendly. E-learning was rated as 'very/important' for CPD by 79 per cent of respondents. Key challenges were: access, navigation, user concerns, awareness and support.   PLATO supports education and helps deliver UK General Medical Council standards. Future plans should address the suggested recommendations to realise cost savings for NHS Wales and the Wales Deanery. The findings have wider applicability to others developing or using VLEs. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

DESCARTES AND THE METEOROLOGY OF THE WORLD

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Patrick BRISSEY

2012-11-01

Full Text Available Descartes claimed that he thought he could deduce the assumptions of his Meteorology by the contents of the Discourse. He actually began the Meteorology with assumptions. The content of the Discourse, moreover, does not indicate how he deduced the assumptions of the Meteorology. We seem to be left in a precarious position. We can examine the text as it was published, independent of Descartes’ claims, which suggests that he incorporated a presumptive or hypothetical method. On the other hand, we can take Descartes’ claims as our guide and search for the epistemic foundations of the Meteorology independent of the Discourse. In this paper, I will pursue the latter route. My aim is to explain why, and how, Descartes thought that he had deduced the assumptions of the Meteorology. My interest, in this case, is solely Descartes’ physical foundation for the Meteorology, in the physics and physiology that resulted in Descartes’ explanation. With this aim, I provide an interpretation of Descartes’ World where many of its conclusions serve as evidence for the assumptions of the Meteorology. I provisionally conclude that Descartes thought that his World was the epistemic foundation for his Meteorology.

"Most brilliant in judgment": Alexander the Great and Aristotle.

Science.gov (United States)

Lainas, Panagiotis; Panutsopulos, Dimitrios; Skandalakis, Panagiotis N; Zoras, Odysseas; Skandalakis, John E

2005-03-01

From historical sources, it is evident that Alexander the Great was indebted to one of his teachers, Aristotle of Stagira. It was the teaching of Aristotle that evoked all the nascent talents of young Alexander and turned him into a great man. Alexander was extremely interested in the secrets of medicine and considered it an art. The medical knowledge he acquired from Aristotle may have saved his life and the lives of his troops on many occasions. If Alexander did not possess medical knowledge and if his everyday life had not been so greatly influenced by medicine, he might never have been able to create his empire.

Expected asteroseismic performances with the space project PLATO

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Goupil Mariejo

2017-01-01

Full Text Available The PLATO (PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of star space project will observe about fifty percents of the sky with the main purpose of detecting, confirming and characterizing transiting exoplanets of (superEarth sizes in the habitable zone of solar-like stars. Determining masses, radii and ages of exoplanets require the knowledge the masses, radii and ages of the host stars. We give a brief presentation of the main features of the mission. We then discuss some expected seismic performances of PLATO for characterizing bright solar-like stars, focusing on the challenging determination of accurate/precise stellar ages.

Quoting Plato in Porphyrius' Cuestiones homericas

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Lucía Rodríguez‑Noriega Guillén

2016-08-01

Full Text Available This paper studies the quotations of Plato in Porphyry’s Homeric Questions,including their typology (literal quotation, allusion, paraphrase, etc., their beingor not direct citations, their function in the work, and their possible parallels inother authors.

Statistical inference and Aristotle's Rhetoric.

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Macdonald, Ranald R

2004-11-01

Formal logic operates in a closed system where all the information relevant to any conclusion is present, whereas this is not the case when one reasons about events and states of the world. Pollard and Richardson drew attention to the fact that the reasoning behind statistical tests does not lead to logically justifiable conclusions. In this paper statistical inferences are defended not by logic but by the standards of everyday reasoning. Aristotle invented formal logic, but argued that people mostly get at the truth with the aid of enthymemes--incomplete syllogisms which include arguing from examples, analogies and signs. It is proposed that statistical tests work in the same way--in that they are based on examples, invoke the analogy of a model and use the size of the effect under test as a sign that the chance hypothesis is unlikely. Of existing theories of statistical inference only a weak version of Fisher's takes this into account. Aristotle anticipated Fisher by producing an argument of the form that there were too many cases in which an outcome went in a particular direction for that direction to be plausibly attributed to chance. We can therefore conclude that Aristotle would have approved of statistical inference and there is a good reason for calling this form of statistical inference classical.

Piaget's Clay and Descartes' Wax.

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Jardine, David W.

1988-01-01

Exploration of a coincidental similarity between the work of Rene Descartes and Jean Piaget relating to the contemporary pedagogical conception of understanding as an active construction of reality points out some of the images that coalesce around this conception and reflects upon alternatives to the conception. (CB)

Prospects for detecting decreasing exoplanet frequency with main-sequence age using PLATO

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Veras, D.; Brown, D. J. A.; Mustill, A. J.; Pollacco, D.

2017-09-01

The space mission PLATO will usher in a new era of exoplanetary science by expanding our current inventory of transiting systems and constraining host star ages, which are currently highly uncertain. This capability might allow PLATO to detect changes in planetary system architecture with time, particularly because planetary scattering due to Lagrange instability may be triggered long after the system was formed. Here, we utilize previously published instability time-scale prescriptions to determine PLATO's capability to detect a trend of decreasing planet frequency with age for systems with equal- mass planets. For two-planet systems, our results demonstrate that PLATO may detect a trend for planet masses which are at least as massive as super-Earths. For systems with three or more planets, we link their initial compactness to potentially detectable frequency trends in order to aid future investigations when these populations will be better characterized.

Nursing Philosophy 2016, response to Peter Allmark's article, "Aristotle for Nursing".

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Whelton, Beverly J B

2017-10-01

Preparing to lecture on Aristotle's contribution to Nursing at the International Philosophy of Nursing Conference August 22, 2016, in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, I came upon the recently published article by my IPONS colleague, Allmark (2016), "Aristotle for Nursing." Allmark (2016) provides a comprehensive and understandable overview of Aristotle's philosophical system including the substantial nature of being and the four causes of change. Nurses using Aristotle to support practice and theoretical research will benefit from a careful reading of Allmark to enrich their use of the realist understanding of knowledge of nature (epistemology) and the matter-form causal relationships within natural being (ontology and teleology). Allmark carefully displays the distinction between good health and flourishing; a distinction sometimes hard to grasp. Nurses are concerned with the end of health, but cannot achieve for others, the fullness of living which is flourishing. We will limit ourselves to expanding three areas that seem important, first, that nursing is much more than a productive science or craft, second, that Aristotle does provide an important note on the persistence of the soul, and, third, while Aristotle does not address the possibility of a personal creative highest being as Allmark says, his references to the divine are worth considering. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Rene descartes: Colossus of binaries – real or perceived?

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Sandeep Alex

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Rene Descartes lived in the 17th century and is considered as the father of Western philosophy. He is generally credited with popularizing the concept of mind–body dualism. Cartesian dualism cannot be interpreted devoid of its historical origins. This article attempts to contextualize Descartes for students of medicine by reviewing the historical background of his formulations, its impact then and now, current relevance of mind–body dichotomy, and the controversies surrounding the concept.

Descartes: a new generation system for neutronic calculations

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Calvin, Ch.

2005-01-01

Descartes is a common project between CEA, Framatome and EDF for the development of a new generation system for neutronic calculations. The main objectives which have leaded the design of the platform are the following: - flexible: from best-estimate calculations to industrial design; - open: easy coupling with other disciplines (thermo mechanics, thermal hydraulics); - enlarged scope: criticality, shielding, all types of reactors; - robust: well known behavior in its field of application; - safe: qualified and uncertainties assessment; and - User-friendly: user interface, databases; Descartes is based on the object oriented method using UML design and programmed in C++ and the Python interpreted script language. We will present in this paper the general architecture of the platform and the internal data model used which allows the definition of common exchange structures between solvers and the different modules which can be used either for lattice or core calculations. In a second time we will present a short description of the main solvers implemented within the Descartes platform. We will conclude with some first results of industrial PWR calculations. (author)

Benchmarking studies for the DESCARTES and CIDER codes

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Eslinger, P.W.; Ouderkirk, S.J.; Nichols, W.E.

1993-01-01

The Hanford Envirorunental Dose Reconstruction (HEDR) project is developing several computer codes to model the airborne release, transport, and envirormental accumulation of radionuclides resulting from Hanford operations from 1944 through 1972. In order to calculate the dose of radiation a person may have received in any given location, the geographic area addressed by the HEDR Project will be divided into a grid. The grid size suggested by the draft requirements contains 2091 units called nodes. Two of the codes being developed are DESCARTES and CIDER. The DESCARTES code will be used to estimate the concentration of radionuclides in environmental pathways from the output of the air transport code RATCHET. The CIDER code will use information provided by DESCARTES to estimate the dose received by an individual. The requirements that Battelle (BNW) set for these two codes were released to the HEDR Technical Steering Panel (TSP) in a draft document on November 10, 1992. This document reports on the preliminary work performed by the code development team to determine if the requirements could be met

Radionuclides at Descartes in the central highlands

Science.gov (United States)

Wrigley, R. C.

1973-01-01

Throium, uranium, potassium, aluminium-26, and sodium-22 were measured by nondestructive gamma ray spectrometry in six soil and two rock samples gathered by Apollo 16 in the lunar central highlands. The soil samples probably include both major geologic formations in the vicinity, the Cayley and Descartes Formations, although it is possible that the Descartes Formation is not represented. The rock samples have low concentrations of primordial radionuclides. The Al concentrations were lower than could be expected from the high abundance of alumina in the Apollo 16 soils reported earlier, but this could be due to lower concentrations of target elements in these soils, sampling depth variations, or regolithic mixing (exposure age variations).

The geometry of René Descartes

CERN Document Server

Descartes, René

1954-01-01

The great work that founded analytical geometry. Includes the original French text, Descartes' own diagrams, and the definitive Smith-Latham translation. "The greatest single step ever made in the progress of the exact sciences." - John Stuart Mill.

Aristotle's "Rhetoric": Reinterpreting Invention.

Science.gov (United States)

Quandahl, Ellen

1986-01-01

Shows that Aristotle's common topics are part of a theory of interpretation rather than a collection of devices for invention. Argues that it is more Aristotelian and more useful to understand composing as interpretation and not invention. Uses scholarship to inform pedagogy and to reorient composing toward acts of reading. (EL)

Plato's Cosmic Theology: A Rationale for a Polytheistic Astrology?

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Henriques, André

2015-05-01

Plato's cosmology influenced classical astronomy and religion, but was in turn influenced by the polytheistic context of its time. Throughout his texts, including the cosmological treatise Timaeus, and the discussions on the soul in the Phaedrus, Plato (c.428-c.348 BC) established what can be generalised as Platonic cosmological thought. An understanding of the philosophical and mythical levels of Platonic thought can provide a rationale for polytheistic and astrological worldviews, pointing to some cosmological continuity, alongside major shifts, from ancient Greek religion to the astrological thought of ancient astronomers such as Claudius Ptolemy.

Is There Abduction in Aristotle? Peirce, Eco, and Some Further Remarks

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Giampaolo Proni

2016-12-01

Full Text Available In several places of the Collected Papers , Peirce states that Abduction, or adoption of a Hypothesis, the form of inference he has discovered and described, could be found in Aristotle, though not fully developed. Umberto Eco (1983, investigates, following Peirce, the presence of abductive elements in Aristotle, and extends Peirce's scope, finding more traces of hypothetical logic. The purpose of this article is to extend and refine the inquiry, trying to answer the question "Did Aristotle know Abductive reasoning?"

An Explanation of True Dreams: Aristotle and Jung

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Ali Sanai

2016-12-01

Full Text Available The naturalistic explanation of realized dream (or dreams that come true means that this phenomen will be explained regardless of supernatural agents. Aristotle in Parva naturalia and Jung in his works explained dream visionary. In this article by scrutiny on these thinkers’ theory, we will indicate the naturalistic approach to dream that is far- fetched for followers of metaphysics. In spite of this fact that Aristotle and Jung both belongs to different historical contexts, they have common aspects in terms of naturalistic method; in the universal or broad sense of word, but in terms of content both explain the true dream by the term “coincidence” or accidental conformity between objective events and psychological affairs. It also seems that the notion of Neutral monism in Jung is adaptive to Hylomorphism in Aristotle psychology, and this, provides a path for naturalistic approach to dream as one forms of consciousness.

Aristotelian pre-Socratics, A glance at Aristotle's Narrative from pre-Socratics

OpenAIRE

Mehdi Qavam Safari; M.B Ghomi

2015-01-01

In this article, it's tried to study Aristotle's narrative of  pre-Socratics on the base of Aristotle's texts and mainly using  metaphysics, physics, genesis and decadence books. It is also tried to show how Aristotle has interpreted all the pre-Socratics in one way and on the base of his own philosophy framework. He interprets pre-Socratic Arche as an element that means comprehensive matter which is nothing itself, but everything is combination of it and even considers that as substance and ...

From Pericles to Plato

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Larsen, Øjvind

2012-01-01

Plato is normally taken as one of the founders of Western political philosophy, not at least with his Republic. Here, he constructs a hierarchy of forms of governments, beginning with aristocracy at the top as a critical standard for the other forms of governments, and proceeding through timocracy......’ funeral oration is used to show that Pericles presented a democratic political philosophy that can serve as a counterpoint to Plato’s political philosophy in the Republic....

Rhetorical Constructions: Dialogue and Commitment.

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Knoblauch, C. H.

1988-01-01

Reviews Paulo Freire's concept of "praxis." Discusses ontological (Aristotle), objectivist (Descartes, Locke), expressionist (Kant), and sociological or "dialogical" (Marx) statements, and explains their potential application to the teaching of rhetoric. (JK)

Descartes' Passions of the soul--seeds of psychiatry?

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Albuquerque, Joy; Deshauer, Dorian; Grof, Paul

2003-09-01

Rene Descartes (1596-1650), often called the 'father of modern philosophy', aimed at rooting all knowledge in certainty so that our understanding of the world could progress without error. To achieve this, he needed at least one sure thing on which to build. Starting with the most basic knowledge, the fact of his own existence--cogito ergo sum (I think therefore I am), he systematically proceeded to explain the world. Such systematic understanding would be accessible to anyone who applied the Cartesian method, and in turn would lead to a good life. Descartes' Passions of the Soul was written according to his method of certainty and fits in with a meticulously refined worldview. It is one of the first systematic treatises to explain a wide array of emotions, both normal and abnormal. Based on the Cartesian dualistic model of mind and body, the work helps ground a long medical tradition of separating 'rational' consciousness from emotions. For Descartes, emotions arose from two sources, the intellect and the body (Passions of the Soul and Passions of the Body). The more subtle 'Passions of the Soul' were viewed as superior to coarser and often-troublesome emotions taking root in the body. It is interesting to note the absence of clarity, however, in Descartes' division of intellectual emotions from bodily emotions, perhaps revealing an enduring weakness in the dualistic model itself. The work grapples with the multi-causal nature of psychopathology and brings out complex interactions between temperament and life experience. While modern neuroscience makes ever-tighter associations between physiology and experience, many of the basic scientific challenges we face today are outlined in this 350-year-old book.

The Similarities of the Mean between Confucius and Aristotle

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

苗亚男; 庄梦琪

2017-01-01

The doctrine of the Mean is praised by Aristotle and Confucius. It has an important academic position in ethics theories both in the Western and Eastern philosophical fields. Having a better understanding of the doctrine of the Mean will benefit us in further study of virtuous ethical theories. By comparison, we can discover that the thoughts of Confucius and Aristotle have many similar places.

[From Vesalius to Descartes: the heart, the life].

Science.gov (United States)

Bitbol-Hespériès, Annie

2014-01-01

At the end of 1629, Descartes, settled in the Lower Countries, began studying anatomy and performing dissections in order to write L'Homme (The Treatise on Man). He acknowledged his debt towards "Vezalius and the others". In those years, in Europe, the influence of Vesalius was increasing, as shown by Rembrandt's Anatomy of Dr Tulp and by the Theatrum anatomicum by Caspar Bauhin. Descartes rejected the divisions of the soul, then a common place in medical treatises, and he stated a principle of life defined by the heath in the heart linked to the new demonstration of the circulation of the blood by William Harvey.

Aristotle, Motion, and Rhetoric.

Science.gov (United States)

Sutton, Jane

Aristotle rejects a world vision of changing reality as neither useful nor beneficial to human life, and instead he reaffirms both change and eternal reality, fuses motion and rest, and ends up with "well-behaved" changes. This concept of motion is foundational to his world view, and from it emerges his theory of knowledge, philosophy of…

Descartes region - Evidence for Copernican-age volcanism.

Science.gov (United States)

Head, J. W., III; Goetz, A. F. H.

1972-01-01

A model that suggests that the high-albedo central region of the Descartes Formation was formed by Copernican-age volcanism was developed from Orbiter photography, Apollo 12 multispectral photography, earth-based spectrophotometry, and thermal IR and radar data. The bright surface either is abundant in centimeter-sized rocks or is formed from an insulating debris layer overlying a surface with an abundance of rocks in the 1- to 20-cm size range. On the basis of these data, the bright unit is thought to be a young pyroclastic deposit mantling older volcanic units of the Descartes Formation. Since the Apollo 16 target point is only 50 km NW of the central part of this unit, evidence for material associated with this unique highland formation should be searched for in returned soil and rock samples.

Aristotle and the Theory of Decision (Prohairesis

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Leila Shirkhan

2017-07-01

Full Text Available The term of prohairesis was systematically entered in philosophical debates by Aristotle. This concept is generally translated as intention, will, purpose, choice, purposive choice, rational choice, and deliberative choice that the later seems to be Aristotle’s definition of prohairesis. To understand the internal structure of prohairesiss, we have to understand the conceptions of action, intention, belief, whish, will, and virtues. For Aristotle if an action will be done through a decision, this action is voluntary, but its contrary is not credible. He believes that the children and animals act voluntarily, but they have not any decision, because they have not any deliberation.

The issue of life: Aristotle in nursing perspective.

Science.gov (United States)

Elstad, Ingunn; Torjuul, Kirsti

2009-10-01

This paper explores the issue of life and its relevance to nursing, through Aristotle's philosophy and an Aristotelian interpretation of Nightingale's Notes on Nursing. Life as process and becoming has ontological status in Aristotle's philosophy and this dynamism is particularly relevant for nursing. The paper presents aspects of Aristotle's philosophy of life: his account of life as inherent powers of the individual, his analysis of change and time, and his understanding of sickness and health as qualitative states of living beings. It is shown how the Greek medical-philosophical tradition, continued by Galenic medicine and hygiene into modern time, influenced Nightingale's nursing. Individuals' life-maintaining metabolic relations to their surroundings are investigated through Aristotle and modern philosophy of biology and through Nightingale's nursing emphasis on the patient's relation to her or his immediate surroundings. It is argued that Nightingale's concern is really the processes of individual life, which in sickness necessitate temporally continuous nursing observation. Humans' radical dependency on their surroundings is actualized as interpersonal interdependency. The paper argues that the end of nursing care, the telos for which sake it is practised, is inherent in the individual course of the patients' life. When life processes are affected by sickness, infirmity, medical interventions or mental suffering, individuals need competent help to live - and to live as well as possible. It is suggested that the special responsibility of nursing is to facilitate, relieve and protect individual life continuously during such times.

Galileo and Descartes on Copernicanism and the cause of the tides.

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Schmaltz, Tad M

2015-06-01

Galileo and Descartes were on the front lines of the defense of Copernicanism against theological objections that took on special importance during the seventeenth century. Galileo attempted to overcome opposition to Copernicanism within the Catholic Church by offering a demonstration of this theory that appeals to the fact that the double motion of the earth is necessary as a cause of the tides. It turns out, however, that the details of Galileo's tidal theory compromise his demonstration. Far from attempting to provide a demonstration of the earth's motion, Descartes ultimately argued that his system is compatible with the determination of the Church that the earth is at rest. Nonetheless, Descartes's account of the cause of the tides creates difficulty for this argument. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The pancreas from Aristotle to Galen.

Science.gov (United States)

Tsuchiya, Ryoichi; Kuroki, Tamotsu; Eguchi, Susumu

2015-01-01

The first description of the pancreas in literature is found in Aristotle's Historia Animalium, but it is modified by "so-called". Therefore, the origin is pursued more extensively. The Greek-English Lexicon recommends three treatises as a possible original source. These three and Galen's other papers are investigated. In 2005, Sachs et al. suggested an origin of the pancreas might have derived from the intestinal divination using the avian pancreas. This report is evaluated. The avian pancreas which is the intraperitoneal organ, might have been well known by the intestinal divination, and people have called the organ pankreas or kallikreas. Anatomical dissection on human body was not accepted before the Aristotle's time. "So-called pancreas" in Historia must have been interpolated by Theophrastus. He was the most faithful and reliable disciple of Aristotle and succeeded the Aristotle's school. He and Macedonian ruler of Egypt Ptolemy I had known each other and there had been a strong link between them. The contemporary Herophilus performed many public dissections on both human and animal bodies in Alexandria. He named the various parts of the human body and designated the beginning intestine as duodenum. Yet in his extant works, the pancreas is not found. It is surmised that Herophilus may be the first to recognize the human pancreas, which is fixed with retroperitoneal tissue, and he named it "so-called pancreas". Theophrastus might have interpolated Herophilus' designation in Historia Animalium. Galen also uses "so-called pancreas" to designate the human pancreas. Galen's descriptions, that is, "Nature created 'so-called pancreas 'and spread it beneath all vessels" are not generally acceptable but propose the very rare portal vein anomalies. Since the early years of the 20th century, cases with a preduodenal portal vein or a prepancreatic portal vein have been reported. Although the incidence is very rare, its surgical importance is emphasized. Copyright © 2014

Nicholas Steno and Renè Descartes

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Olden-Jørgensen, Sebastian

2009-01-01

Den danske videnskabsmand Niels Steensen (1638-86) læste allerede som ung student Renè Descartes og blev grebet af hans metode, som han forblev tro i hele sit videnskabelige virke. Cartesianismen kan beskrives som Steensens videnskabelige paradigme (Kuhn), men det var også et paradigme, han testede...

Přítel Aristotelés

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Boháček, Kryštof

2015-01-01

Roč. 7, č. 13 (2015), s. 34-45 ISSN 1803-7860 Institutional support: RVO:67985955 Keywords : Aristotle's philosophy of friendship * Plato's philosophy of friendship * medieval philosophy of friendship Subject RIV: AA - Philosophy ; Religion

Plato and the Modern American "Right": Agendas, Assumptions, and the Culture of Fear

Science.gov (United States)

Ramsey, Paul

2009-01-01

This article presents an interpretation of Plato's "Republic" that has many striking similarities to the social agenda of modern educational conservatives in the United States, which is particularly timely because George W. Bush's administration is, at this writing, coming to an end. Plato's ideal city is best seen as one that promoted an…

Aristotle vs. Plato: The Balkans' Paradoxical Enlightenment

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D. Michalopoulos

2007-09-01

Full Text Available As it occurred in West, Aristotle’s thought was in Byzantium the main organon of philosophical meditation within the frame of the Christian Faith. Nonetheless, from the ninth century on it was a revival of Platonism that took place – of Neo-Platonism at the beginning and of Platonism itself at the end. The Church, initially indifferent, became suspicious only when, at the turning of the fourteenth to the fifteenth century, the Platonism seemed to engender somewhat a latent paganism; but the Patriarchate was not then able to fight that tendency. So only after the 1453 capture of Constantinople by the Ottomans, Gennadius Scholarius managed to root out from the Greek lands Platonism and its crypto-pagan extension. Be that as it may; the main paradox of the Balkan history is that in the early seventeenth century some leading Greek scholars endorsed the materialist interpretation of Aristotle’s thought – as it was taught in the University of Padua by Cesare Cremonini; and as a corollary this materialistic philosophical system began being taught in both Constantinople and Athens. It was that very way that the Enlightenment took birth in the Balkans – and somehow became a State ideology - long before its prevalence in France. And of course all this had as a result a turn toward Physics and Chemistry with far-reaching consequences

Isocrates and Plato on Rhetoric and Rhetorical Education.

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Benoit, William L.

1991-01-01

Compares the views of Isocrates and Plato on rhetoric and rhetorical education. Elucidates their criticisms of the sophists, their general assumptions about the nature and function of rhetoric, and their views on rhetorical education. (PRA)

Aristotle's "De Caelo" III introduction, translation and commentary

CERN Document Server

Kouremenos, Theokritos

2013-01-01

This is the first full-scale commentary on Aristotle's de Caelo III to appear in recent decades. de Caelo III can serve as a good introduction to Aristotle's physics and its character. In it he answers some very general questions about the elements of all material things except celestial objects: how many these elements are, why they cannot be infinitely many but must be more than one, whether they are eternal or can be generated and decay, and, if the second, how. His discussion is often framed as a critique of rival theories, and he argues systematically against the geometri

Rhetorical Inventions and Cultural Diversity--A Historical Approach: Aristotle and Confucius.

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Haixia

While Aristotle treats the nature of rhetoric as philosophical, political/practical, and artistic/technical, Confucius views language use as philosophical and political/practical but not as artistic/technical, with the result that Confucius does not seem to offer as much as Aristotle does. In their essay "Refiguring Rhetoric as an Art:…

Hvad er rum?

OpenAIRE

Nawa, Bashir Ahmad; Hagemann Hansen, Simone

2013-01-01

This report is an exposition of space in the history of philosophy, since Aristotle to The Enlightenment in Europe. We have discussed different views of space of the major philosophers and scientists including Aristotle, Descartes, Leibniz, Newton and Kant. Interestingly each of the mentioned philosophers and scientists holds widely different understanding of space from the others. These views are explained in the following historical order: Aristotle’s space, Descartes’ locomotion and mechan...

Dealing with Diversity: On the Uses of Common Sense in Descartes and Montaigne

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De Marzio, Darryl M.

2010-01-01

This essay attempts to retrieve the notion of "common sense" within the writings of Descartes and Montaigne. I suggest that both writers represent distinct traditions in which the notion is employed. Descartes represents a modernist tradition in which common sense is understood to be a cognitive faculty, while Montaigne represents a humanist…

Vertical view of Apollo 16 landing site located Descartes area lunar nearside

Science.gov (United States)

1971-01-01

A vertical view of the Apollo 16 landing site located in the Descartes area lunar nearside. The overlay indicates the location of the proposed touchdown point for the Apollo 16 Lunar Module. Descartes is located west of the Sea of Nectar and southwest of the Sea of Tranquility. This photograph was taken with a 500mm lens camera from lunar orbit by the Apollo 14 crew.

Aristotle revisited: the function of pyloric caeca in fish.

OpenAIRE

Buddington, R K; Diamond, J M

1986-01-01

The function of the pyloric caeca of fish has been uncertain since their detailed description in 345 B.C. by Aristotle. He suggested three hypotheses about their function: "to store up the food," "putrify it up," and "concoct it" (i.e., storage, fermentation, and digestion). Our results for trout, cod, largemouth bass, and striped bass support the third but not the first or second of Aristotle's theories. In all four species, the caeca prove to be a major site of sugar, amino acid, and dipept...

Samuel Hartlib on the death of Descartes: a rediscovered letter to Henry More

Science.gov (United States)

Penman, Leigh T. I.

2015-01-01

This paper discloses the content of a previously overlooked epistle by the Anglo-Prussian intelligencer Samuel Hartlib to Henry More concerning the death of René Descartes. After a discussion situating the letter within the sequence of the More–Hartlib correspondence, an analysis of the rhetorical structure of the epistle is offered, followed by a brief assessment of Hartlib's attitude towards Descartes, and the identification of his source concerning the news of the philosopher's death. An account of the transmission of the letter via a nineteenth-century periodical is also provided. The text of Hartlib's letter and an overlooked passage of Hartlib's diary concerning Descartes's death, which draws on the content of the More letter, are presented as appendixes.

The Correspondence between Descartes and Henricus Regius

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Bos, J.J.F.M.

2002-01-01

In 1638 the Dutch philosopher and physician Henricus Regius (1598 1679) introduced himself to René Descartes (1596 1650), allegedly because he owed his appointment as professor of theoretical medicine at Utrecht University to his being a Cartesian. During the following years Regius established

Beautiful Surfaces. Style and Substance in Florentius Schuyl's Illustrations for Descartes' Treatise on Man.

Science.gov (United States)

Chan, Eleanor

2016-01-01

The assumption that the Cartesian bête-machine is the invention of René Descartes (1596-1650) is rarely contested. Close examination of Descartes' texts proves that this is a concept founded not on the basis of his own writings, but a subsequent critical interpretation, which developed and began to dominate his work after his death. Descartes' Treatise on Man, published posthumously in two rival editions, Florentius Schuyl's Latin translation De Homine (1662), and Claude Clerselier's Traité de l'homme, has proved particularly problematic. The surviving manuscript copies of the Treatise on Man left no illustrations, leaving both editors the daunting task of producing a set of images to accompany and clarify the fragmented text. In this intriguing case, the images can be seen to have spoken louder than the text which they illustrated. This paper assesses Schuyl's choice to represent Descartes' Man in a highly stylized manner, without superimposing Clerselier's intentions onto De Homine.

Plato crater, first observative session: not any "hook" but a shark fin? (Italian Title: La 1° Campagna Osservativa del cratere Plato: non un "uncino" ma una "pinna di squalo"?)

Science.gov (United States)

Mercatali, A.

2018-01-01

On 1st March 2012 an observative session of Moon's Plato crater was made. The purpose of these observations was to check the presence of one shadow with "hook" form at the inner of Plato crater already reported by H. Percy Wilkins, 3th April 21:30 UT, 1952. The results obtained by us have not shown any shadow with an hook form, but a shadow like a shark fin.

Fysis v rétorice

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Boháček, Kryštof

2013-01-01

Roč. 5, č. 10 (2013), s. 7-31 ISSN 1803-7860 Institutional support: RVO:67985955 Keywords : Physis * rhetoric * Aristotle * Gorgias * Plato * necessity * nature * destiny * free action Subject RIV: AA - Philosophy ; Religion http://hdl.handle.net/11104/0239423

Democratic institutions: the spell of Plato and the return to the classics

OpenAIRE

Colen, José

2012-01-01

The purpose of this paper, that reflects an ongoing research, is to suggest the usefulness of an analysis of the readings of Karl Popper and Leo Strauss on Plato's political philosophy. Very different as they are, both thinkers saw in the Republic one of the most powerful critics of democracy and built interpretations and polemic arguments by contrast with Plato's arguments. There are currently two arguments questioning liberal or constitutional democracy. The first originates in the social s...

The Relationship between Virtue and Happiness in Aristotle and Al-Fārābī’s Views

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Ali Sabri

2016-09-01

and regarding to its species is a middle term. All in all, he believed in doctrine of virtue as being a “golden mean” between the extremes of excess and deficiency. Concerning the relationship between happiness and virtue, he believed that these two elements are neither dependent on nor independent of one another. Therefore, to distinguish between these two ends, attention must be paid to rules and goals: happiness is according to goals and virtue is according to rules .He contended that virtue does not guarantee happiness and that happiness requires something more than virtue. As the founder of Islamic philosophy, Al-Fārābī’s definition of happiness is similar to that introduced by Aristotle. That is, he knows happiness as the perfection that appeals to all humans and every in some ways attempt to reach it. In civil science whose aim is to define happiness, Al-Fārābī divides happiness into two categories: true happiness which is gained because of its essence and speculative happiness which is delusive one. The latter can be also named as common shares such as wealth, knowledge, etc. What Al-Fārābī speaks of virtue is mostly like what Greek people conceived of ‘Arête’. He named virtue as a thing with inherent goodness and as a fundamental concept of achieving happiness. He classifies virtues into four classes of theoretical virtues, intentional virtues, moral virtues, and practical arts. Following Plato, Al-Fārābī deems of 'virtuous city' ('al-madīnat al-fāḍilah' as a healthy complete body whose parts would function well. In this view, 'virtuous city' ('al-madīnat al-fāḍilah' is a society where its members know happiness, cooperate to achieve it and ultimate destiny of all members is interweaved. For exemplifying the relationship between happiness and virtue, he presents the allegory of soul and body. In his viewpoint, both happiness and virtue imply perfection in a way that humans can achieve the second perfection (happiness through

The role of the poet in Plato's ideal cities of Callipolis and Magnesia

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Gerard Naddaf

2008-01-01

Full Text Available Plato's attitude toward the poets and poetry has always been a flashpoint of debate, controversy and notoriety, but most scholars have failed to see their central role in the ideal cities of the Republic and the Laws, that is, Callipolis and Magnesia. In this paper, I argue that in neither dialogue does Plato "exile" the poets, but, instead, believes they must, like all citizens, exercise the expertise proper to their profession, allowing them the right to become full-fledged participants in the productive class. Moreover, attention to certain details reveals that Plato harnesses both positive and negative factors in poetry to bring his ideal cities closer to a practical realization. The status of the poet and his craft in this context has rarely to my knowledge been addressed.

Presbyterian Patriots: The Historical Context of the Shared History and Prevalent Ideologies of Delaware’s Ulster-Scots who took up Arms in the American Revolution

Science.gov (United States)

2009-05-01

including Francis Bacon, Descartes, Grotius, Marcus Aurelius , and 71 The Newark Academy is the...34In fine I believe in the divinity of L. S. (Lord Shaftesbury) the saintship of Marcus Antoninus, the perspicuity and sublimity of Aristotle, and

Aristotle's Definition of Rhetoric in the "Rhetoric": The Metaphors and Their Message.

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Newman, Sara J.

2001-01-01

Investigates Aristotle's metaphorical definitions of rhetoric in book 1 of his "Rhetoric," using his own theory of metaphor as a measure of his practice in these definitions. Indicates that Aristotle's practice in the situation does not match his theory, a circumstance that has consequences for one's reading of the "Rhetoric."…

Being qua becoming: Aristotle's "Metaphysics", quantum physics, and Process Philosophy

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Johnson, David Kelley

In Aristotle's First Philosophy, science and philosophy were partners, but with the rise of empiricism, went their separate ways. Metaphysics combined the rational and irrational (i.e. final cause/unmoved mover) elements of existence to equate being with substance, postulating prime matter as pure potential that was actuated by form to create everything. Modern science reveres pure reason and postulates its theory of being by a rigorous scientific methodology. The Standard Model defines matter as energy formed into fundamental particles via forces contained in fields. Science has proved Aristotle's universe wrong in many ways, but as physics delves deeper into the quantum world, empiricism is reaching its limits concerning fundamental questions of existence. To achieve its avowed mission of explaining existence completely, physics must reunite with philosophy in a metascience modeled on the First Philosophy of Aristotle. One theory of being that integrates quantum physics and metaphysics is Process Philosophy.

Descartes and the notion of animal spirits: a brief historico-philosophical remark on Sonya Marie Scott’s ‘Crises, confidence, and animal spirits: exploring subjectivity in the dualism of Descartes and Keynes’

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Kurt Smith

2018-05-01

Full Text Available In ‘Crises, confidence, and animals spirits: exploring subjectivity in the dualism of Descartes and Keynes,’ Sonya Marie Scott sets out to deepen our understanding of Keynes’ use of animal spirits in his influential work in economics, by exploring one of the sources from which he appears to have acquired the notion—in the work of Seventeenth-Century philosopher René Descartes. The examination to follow will focus almost exclusively on Descartes’s view, where I hope to bring to light, for future discussion, both historical and philosophical troubles lurking in the account of Descartes as found in Scott’s article. I shall focus on two issues: first, I shall say a few critical words about the analogy offered by Scott, the analogy between Descartes’s and Keynes’ respective ‘dualisms;’ secondly, I shall look briefly at Scott’s reading of Descartes on animal spirits. As a quick bit of preliminary stage-setting, let me preface my remarks with a brief account of Descartes’s dualism and his account of the human being.

Aristotle on Love and Friendship

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Konstan, David

2008-06-01

Full Text Available David Konstan (Brown University, Providence argues that the term philia, in Aristotle, represents an elective, affective relationship, and not, as many scholars have maintained, a relation of mutual obligation, like that of kinship, with no necessary affective element; in addition, he disambiguates two senses of philia, one corresponding to “love”, the other designating the reciprocal affection characteristic of friendship.

34 Evaluation of Descartes' Rational Foundationalism Chuka A ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Ike Odimegwu

agitation pushed philosophers into the desire to acquire ... could trace knowledge back to reason just as Descartes did. However, it is only a few thinkers ... clear ground for other premises and the conclusion. ... and their mode of operation.

Identity Dilemmas: The Consequence of Identity in Protracted Conflict

Science.gov (United States)

2011-03-24

prescribe method, or promote thought, the contributions of Thucydides, Plato , Aristotle, Hobbes, Locke, Kant and others offer penetrating insight into...Lebow, A Cultural Theory, 180. 28 Ibid., 180. For an exceptional examination of ontological security-seeking behavior and how rational security

Beyond the pineal gland assumption: a neuroanatomical appraisal of dualism in Descartes' philosophy.

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Berhouma, Moncef

2013-09-01

The problem of the substantial union of the soul and the body and therefore the mechanisms of interaction between them represents the core of the Cartesian dualistic philosophy. This philosophy is based upon a neuroanatomical obvious misconception, consisting mainly on a wrong intraventricular position of the pineal gland and its capacity of movement to act as a valve regulating the flow of animal spirits. Should we consider the Cartesian neurophysiology as a purely anatomical descriptive work and therefore totally incorrect, or rather as a theoretical conception supporting his dualistic philosophy? From the various pre-Cartesian theories on the pineal organ, we try to explain how Descartes used his original conception of neuroanatomy to serve his dualistic philosophy. Moreover, we present an appraisal of the Cartesian neuroanatomical corpus from an anatomical but also metaphysical and theological perspectives. A new interpretation of Descartes' writings and an analysis of the secondary related literature shed the light on the voluntary anatomical approximations aiming to build an ad hoc neurophysiology that allows Descartes' soul-body theory. By its central position within the brain mass and its particular shape, the pineal gland raised diverse metaphysical theories regarding its function, but the most original theory remains certainly its role as the seat of soul in René Descartes' philosophy and more precisely the organ where soul and body interact. The author emphasizes on the critics raised by Descartes' theories on the soul-body interaction through the role of the pineal gland. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Correspondence of René Descartes: 1643

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Verbeek, T.; Bos, E.-J. (Erik-Jan); Ven, Jeroen van de

2003-01-01

There is little disagreement that the standard edition of Descartes by Charles Adam and Paul Tannery (1897-1913, known as AT) should be redone, in any case as far as the correspondence is concerned. The reason is not only that its chronology is defective and that in its latest reprint the

Worldly and Otherworldly Virtue: Likeness to God as Educational Ideal in Plato, Plotinus, and Today

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Zovko, Marie-Élise

2018-01-01

In Plato, 'Becoming like God' constitutes the "telos" of the philosophical life. Our 'likeness to God' is rooted in the relationship of the divine paradeigma to its image established in the generation of the Cosmos. This relationship makes knowledge and virtue possible, and informs Plato's theory of education. Related concepts preexist…

Space, Time, Matter, and Form Essays on Aristotle's Physics

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Bostock, David

2006-01-01

Space, Time, Matter, and Form collects ten of David Bostock's essays on themes from Aristotle's Physics, four of them published here for the first time. The first five papers look at issues raised in the first two books of the Physics, centred on notions of matter and form, and the idea of substance as what persists through change. They also range over other of Aristotle's scientific works, such as his biology and psychology and the account of change in his De Generatione et Corruptione. The volume's remaining essays examine themes in later books of the Physics, including infinity, place, time

[Where Descartes got it right: the implications for science, biomedicine, and public health].

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Mendonça, André Luis de Oliveira; Camargo, Kenneth Rochel de

2016-01-01

The "received view" of Descartes has shaped the image of a dualist thinker who radically separated mind and body and thus laid the foundations for a "divided modernity". Numerous epithets have been applied to Cartesian thinking, all of which now sound depreciative: mechanicism, determinism, and reductionism, among others. This article contends that Descartes was not the type of dualist that is normally assumed. Based on a rereading of two essential works (Discourse on Method and Metaphysical Meditations) and a dialogue with the new literature on the theme, we contend that overcoming the "received view" of Descartes can shed new light on discussions in (and of) the collective health field and highlight the so-called expanded health paradigm (including aspects beyond the biological or physiological, such as the psychological, social, economic, cultural, and political).

Plato: from Socrates to Pre-Socratics?

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YU. SHICHALIN

2015-04-01

Full Text Available The traditional view on the chronology of the Corpus Platonicum (CP texts turns out to be anachronistic from several, especially formal and historical, points of view. From the formal point of view all the CP texts can be divided into speeches, framed dialogues and dialogues in dramatic form; there are serious reasons for correlating these groups of dialogues with different chronological periods. Historically, to view Plato’s works as modern philosophical and scholarly literature is incorrect; instead, it would seem expedient to correlate the three groups of dialogues mentioned with their changing audiences for which Plato wrote before the establishment of the Academy, during the first stage of its existence (before the second trip to Sicily and in the later period. The evolution of Plato’s philosophy is to be correlated with the evolution of the school created by him. Lack of attention to these methods can lead to incorrect assumptions concerning Plato’s evolution which found their way, among others, into the book “Plato and the Post-Socratic Dialogue” by Prof. Ch. Kahn where he speaks of a transition from Socratic to Pre-Socratic problems in Plato’s works; the book is critically examined by the author of the present article.

Teaching Public Speaking Using Aristotle's "Rhetoric."

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Finkel, Candida

Rather than relegating Aristotle's "Rhetoric" to history of rhetoric courses, where it is regarded with only an antiquarian interest, it can be used as a practical text for introductory public speaking courses. The advantages would be threefold: (1) its emphasis is essentially on rhetoric as a speaking art rather than an art of…

On Three Locations Connected with Aristotle: Ancient Stagira - Mieza - Athens

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Valentin Kalan

2004-07-01

Full Text Available The last decade has witnessed well-nigh simultaneous discoveries on three archaeological sites connected with Aristotle, which have eliminated many cliches and mistaken assumptions about the philosopher's life and work. These are: (1 his native town of Stagira, or Stagirus; (2 his school in the Macedonian town of Mieza; and (3 the location of the Peripatetic school, the Lyceum, at Athens. The first part of the article thus briefly surveys the most important discoveries about the layout of ancient Stagira, as described in the monograph by Konstantinos Sismanidis. The  main  archaeological finds include an early classical town-wall (an admirable example of military architecture, the  stoa,  an  aqueduct, the  foundations of three  temples, silver coins with the type of a wild boar, etc.-The second part moves from a preliminary description of Mieza to an  attempt at  reconstructing the philosophical ideas transmitted by Aristotle to Alexander and  his peers at Mieza- not  Pella-, using  Plutarch's Life of Alexander as a starting-point. Such education would have been  impossible if the Macedonians had not been  Greeks  and  their  language a Greek  dialect, and  it is the failure to realize this fact that has long impeded- and  still does- our understanding of Aristotle's attitude to Philip and  Alexander. The article touches on  the potential relevance of Alexander's politics for  the  present, which  may be sought in  its interplay of  two processes: the  spreading of Greek culture abroad on  the  one hand, and, on  the  other, the  preservation of  other cultures with which  the Greeks came into contact. The third part, drawing on  Rupp's book Peripatoi, presents the  latest archaeological discoveries relating to the exact location of Aristotle's Peripatos in Athens. In 323 BC -immediately after Alexander's death- Aristotle retired from Athens for the  second time, his life endangered by the  prevailing anti

Stratigraphy of the Descartes region /Apollo 16/ - Implications for the origin of samples

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Head, J. W.

1974-01-01

Analysis of terrain in the Apollo 16 Descartes landing region shows a series of features that form a stratigraphic sequence which dominates the history and petrogenesis at the site. An ancient 150-km diam crater centered on the Apollo 16 site is one of the earliest recognizable major structures. Nectaris ejecta was concentrated in a regional low at the base of the back slope of the Nectaris basin to form the Descartes Mountains. Subsequently, a 60-km diam crater formed in the Descartes Mountains centered about 25 km to the west of the site. This crater dominates the geology and petrogenetic history of the site. Stone and Smoky Mountains represent the degraded terraced crater walls, and the dark matrix breccias and metaclastic rocks derived from North and South Ray craters represent floor fallback breccias from this cratering event. The interpretation is developed that the stratigraphy of the Cayley and Descartes, and thus the historical record of the Apollo 16 region, documents the complex interaction of deposits and morphology of local and regional impact cratering events. Large local 60- to 150-km diam craters have had a dramatic and previously unrecognized effect on the history and petrology of the Apollo 16 site.

Aristotle Meets Zeno: Psychophysiological Evidence

OpenAIRE

Papageorgiou, Charalabos; Stachtea, Xanthi; Papageorgiou, Panos; Alexandridis, Antonio T.; Tsaltas, Eleftheria; Angelopoulos, Elias

2016-01-01

This study, a tribute to Aristotle's 2400 years, used a juxtaposition of valid Aristotelian arguments to the paradoxes formulated by Zeno the Eleatic, in order to investigate the electrophysiological correlates of attentional and /or memory processing effects in the course of deductive reasoning. Participants undertook reasoning tasks based on visually presented arguments which were either (a) valid (Aristotelian) statements or (b) paradoxes. We compared brain activation patterns while partic...

The role of the poet in Plato's ideal cities of Callipolis and Magnesia

OpenAIRE

Gerard Naddaf

2008-01-01

Plato's attitude toward the poets and poetry has always been a flashpoint of debate, controversy and notoriety, but most scholars have failed to see their central role in the ideal cities of the Republic and the Laws, that is, Callipolis and Magnesia. In this paper, I argue that in neither dialogue does Plato "exile" the poets, but, instead, believes they must, like all citizens, exercise the expertise proper to their profession, allowing them the right to become full-fledged participants in ...

Substantial Union or Substantial Distinction of Mind and Body in Descartes' Metaphysics

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Fahime Jamei

2009-01-01

Full Text Available According to Descartes’ metaphysics there are two different kinds of substances in the world of creatures: “thinking substance” and “extended substance” or soul and matter. In Descartes’ philosophy the soul is equal to the mind and considered as a “thinking substance”. This immaterial substance is the essence of the human being. Body, being considered as a “matter“, is an “extended substance” and entirely distinct from the soul. The soul, therefore, exists and may be known prior to body and, not being corporeal, can exist after human death. Hence, Descartes can prove the immortality of human soul in the framework of the principle of substantial distinction. On the other hand, as a physiologist and psychologist, Descartes indeed believes in mind-body union, so that some causal interactions between mind and body show their substantial union. In this essay, the authors show that Descartes faces a serious problem in combining substantial union of mind and body with their substantial distinction; despite of his efforts in introducing the idea of pineal gland, the problem remains unsolved. Therefore it seems that as he cannot dispense with his only reason for proving the immortality of human soul, he has to hold the mind-body distinction theory in his metaphysics. Indeed, Descartes prefers to support the distinction theory rather than union theory in confronting a thesis and an antithesis stating one of two theories

Substantial :union: or Substantial Distinction of Mind and Body in Descartes\\' Metaphysics

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f Jamei

2009-06-01

Full Text Available According to Descartes’ metaphysics there are two different kinds of substances in the world of creatures: “thinking substance” and “extended substance” or soul and matter. In Descartes’ philosophy the soul is equal to the mind and considered as a “thinking substance”. This immaterial substance is the essence of the human being. Body, being considered as a “matter“, is an “extended substance” and entirely distinct from the soul. The soul, therefore, exists and may be known prior to body and, not being corporeal, can exist after human death. Hence, Descartes can prove the immortality of human soul in the framework of the principle of substantial distinction. On the other hand, as a physiologist and psychologist, Descartes indeed believes in mind-body :union:, so that some causal interactions between mind and body show their substantial :union:. In this essay, the authors show that Descartes faces a serious problem in combining substantial :union: of mind and body with their substantial distinction despite of his efforts in introducing the idea of pineal gland, the problem remains unsolved. Therefore it seems that as he cannot dispense with his only reason for proving the immortality of human soul, he has to hold the mind-body distinction theory in his metaphysics. Indeed, Descartes prefers to support the distinction theory rather than :union: theory in confronting a thesis and an antithesis stating one of two theories.

Noncommutative phase spaces on Aristotle group

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Ancille Ngendakumana

2012-03-01

Full Text Available We realize noncommutative phase spaces as coadjoint orbits of extensions of the Aristotle group in a two dimensional space. Through these constructions the momenta of the phase spaces do not commute due to the presence of a naturally introduced magnetic eld. These cases correspond to the minimal coupling of the momentum with a magnetic potential.

Three Misunderstandings of Plato's Theory of Moral Education

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Jonas, Mark E.

2016-01-01

In this essay, Mark Jonas argues that there are three broadly held misconceptions of Plato's philosophy that work against his relevance for contemporary moral education. The first is that he is an intellectualist who is concerned only with the cognitive aspect of moral development and does not sufficiently emphasize the affective and conative…

the rhetorical analysis of the letter to the galatians: 1995-2005

African Journals Online (AJOL)

2002a:11) points out that sophistic rhetoric was not aimed at reflecting truth or even at achieving logical consistency, but rather at winning the ar- gument at all costs. Furthermore, Vos (2002a:14ff.) describes the attempts by. Plato and Aristotle to ...

An integrativist attempt to dissolve and reconstruct Richard Rorty's ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

He calls those who engage in the former activity ''ironists,'' people like Proust, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Hegel and Derrida, and calls those who engage in the latter activity ''metaphysicians,'' people like Plato, Descartes and Kant (RORTYa 1989, 96—97). The ironists, he says, have radical and continuing doubts about their ...

Husserl's Evidence Problem | Oktem | Indo-Pacific Journal of ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

This paper examines the concept of evidence, with specific focus on the problem of evidence in Husserl's phenomenology. How this problem was dealt with and resolved by philosophers such as Plato, Descartes and Kant is compared and contrasted with Husserl's approach, and the implications of the solution offered by ...

Descartes and the “metaphysical dualism”: Excesses in interpreting a classic

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Ştefan Afloroaei

2010-06-01

Full Text Available The article focuses on one of the most serious accusations brought against Descartes and modern philosophy, namely “the dualism of substance”. The accusers claim that the human body and soul were viewed as completely separate; consequently, their relationship as such and the united being of man become incomprehensible. As has been shown above, the idea of the separation of the soul from the body did not originate with Descartes; it was formulated much earlier, and repeated by a disciple of Descartes’, Henry Leroy, known as Regius. When Descartes became aware of this bizarre interpretation he was dismayed and sought to clarify the matter. He sought to distinguish between two terms, “distinction” and “separation” and to illuminate the relationship between body and soul at three different levels, i.e. ordinary experience, analytical mind and metaphysical meditation.Eventually, he embraced the paradox of the two natures – the double substantial make-up of the human being, a paradox of patristic inspiration. However, the later history of ideas was not sympathetic to Descartes: nowadays, when one looks up the term “metaphysical dualism” in dictionaries or glossaries, even in the studies of prestigious researchers, one will find views similar to those of the unfaithful disciple Regius. The resilience of this locus obscurus is explained both by the power of a new mode of interpreting discourse (as technical or logical analysis and by the ever more privilegedposition of the reader (intentio lectoris. Both attitudes are related to modern ideologies and to changes which have occurred in the intersubjective lifeworld, especially in the communication of the scholarly and academic world.

Plato's Critique of Rhetoric in the "Gorgias" (447a-466a): Epistemology, Methodology, and the Lyotardian Differend.

Science.gov (United States)

McComiskey, Bruce

The uncritical acceptance of Plato's treatment of sophistic doctrines (specifically in Plato's dialogue the "Gorgias") in the university has resulted in an impoverished contemporary view of sophistic rhetoric. Since Socrates' foundational epistemology allows for the knowledge of immutable truth and Gorgias' relativistic epistemology does…

The Aristotle, McDonald's, "Star Trek" Connection.

Science.gov (United States)

Bensinger, Steve

1985-01-01

Explains a method of teaching students about the modes of persuasion (i.e., through logic, emotion, and ethos) identified by Aristotle. Explains how a class discussion of two familiar entities (i.e., a fast food chain and a media production) can introduce these concepts to students. (DMM)

Perspectives on Rhetorical History: Aristotle's Rhetorical Theory.

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Markham, Reed

The most important historical theory of persuasion is Aristotelian Rhetorical Theory. Aristotle's work, "The Rhetoric," is divided into three books, each of which discuss principles relevant to persuasion. Book One establishes the philosophical position of rhetoric to logic; establishes the purposes of rhetoric; discusses three types of…

Preconocimiento en Platón y Aristóteles

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Juan Andrés Mercado M.

2013-11-01

Full Text Available In spite of the fact that Aristotle often criticizes Plato's theories -especially his conception of reminiscence- some of their explanations of human knowledge seem to present important similarities. Some texts of Meno and De memoria et reminiscentia show one of these interesting parallelisms.

Plagiarism and Prosecution: A New Approach at Air University.

Science.gov (United States)

1988-04-01

Isocrates, Demosthenes, Aes- chines, Menander and Plutarch indulged in it at times. Aristotle lifted whole pages from Democritus. . . . And Plato...There are speeches in Antony and Cleopatra which * are pure Plutarch . Malone painstakingly analyzed Parts I, II, and III of Henry VI, and came to the

The Art of Wondering: A Revisionist Return to the History of Rhetoric.

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Covino, William A.

Reacting to the tradition which has reduced rhetorics to summaries of rules and principles, this book presupposes that Plato's "Phaedrus," Aristotle's "Rhetoric," and Cicero's "De Oratore" cannot be reduced to summary information or pedagogical advice. The book considers that these works, on the contrary, along with…

Mind-body dualism and the biopsychosocial model of pain: what did Descartes really say?

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Duncan, G

2000-08-01

In the last two decades there have been many critics of western biomedicine's poor integration of social and psychological factors in questions of human health. Such critiques frequently begin with a rejection of Descartes' mind-body dualism, viewing this as the decisive philosophical moment, radically separating the two realms in both theory and practice. It is argued here, however, that many such readings of Descartes have been selective and misleading. Contrary to the assumptions of many recent authors, Descartes' dualism does attempt to explain the union of psyche and soma - with more depth than is often appreciated. Pain plays a key role in Cartesian as well as contemporary thinking about the problem of dualism. Theories of the psychological origins of pain symptoms persisted throughout the history of modern medicine and were not necessarily discouraged by Cartesian mental philosophy. Moreover, the recently developed biopsychosocial model of pain may have more in common with Cartesian dualism than it purports to have. This article presents a rereading of Descartes' mental philosophy and his views on pain. The intention is not to defend his theories, but to re-evaluate them and to ask in what respect contemporary theories represent any significant advance in philosophical terms.

1 Plato's Theories of Knowledge and Education: an Examination of ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Ngozi Ezenwa-Ohaeto

doing introduced some of the most insightful theories of knowledge that ..... major deductions he makes from that quotation (but does not explain), are: (i). That Plato 'assumes' that there is 'a pre- linguistic realm whose representation either.

The Concept of Philosophical Education

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Boyum, Steinar

2010-01-01

Strangely, the concept of philosophical education is not much in use, at least not as a "philosophical" concept. In this essay, Steinar Boyum attempts to outline such a philosophical concept of philosophical education. Boyum uses Plato's Allegory of the Cave, Rene Descartes's life of doubt, and Immanuel Kant's criticism of metaphysics as paradigms…

Aristoteles'in Sanata Dair Düşünceleri

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Didem Demiralp

2015-11-01

Full Text Available One of Plato’s pupils, Aristotle, whose studying activity might be divided into three periods has been known as a great thinker throughout the history of thought. He was a thinker who could achieve to systematize philosophy. The many sided thinker wrote on logic, grammar, rhetoric, literature critique, natural history, psychology and history of philosophy. Today it seems interesting how often he mentioned some samples of art and artistic creations in his writings to illuminate his principles. It may be said, he followed his teacher Plato with this practice. But we know that the two thinkers' principles differed in many ways such as the way they perceived artistic activity and it’s works. For example; according to Plato, it was impossible to see beauty on a statue of a sculpturor like Polycleitus. Because the real beauty existed only in the universe of ideas. But for Aristotle, it was impossible to comprehension beauty if a beautiful object didn’t exist

Welcome home, Descartes! rethinking the anthropology of the body.

Science.gov (United States)

Ecks, Stefan

2009-01-01

For many scholars, the Cartesian mind/body split is one of the fundamental mistakes of the Western scientific tradition. Anthropologists who study notions of the body in cultures around the world regularly take Descartes as their point of departure. Many also suggest that breaking free from Descartes is politically liberating: if the mindful body could be rediscovered, society could move away from its materialist, positivist, and commodity-fetishizing ways. Beyond the Body Proper is anthropology's best and most comprehensive anti-Cartesian manifesto to date. This volume brings together some of the finest studies on the cultural and historical diversity of bodies and minds. Yet anthropologists' blanket rejection of the mind/body dualism seems politically self-defeating. If anthropologists want to criticize racism, gender hierarchies, or discrimination against disabled people, they need to believe that the mind is independent from the body. In other words, they need to uphold the Cartesian split.

William Harvey, Aristotle and astrology.

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Gregory, Andrew

2014-06-01

In this paper I argue that William Harvey believed in a form of astrology. It has long been known that Harvey employed a macrocosm-microcosm analogy and used alchemical terminology in describing how the two types of blood change into one another. This paper then seeks to examine a further aspect of Harvey in relation to the magical tradition. There is an important corollary to this line of thought, however. This is that while Harvey does have a belief in astrology, it is strongly related to Aristotle's views in this area and is quite restricted and attenuated relative to some contemporary beliefs in astrology. This suggests a more general thesis. While Harvey was amenable to ideas which we associate with the natural magic tradition, those ideas had a very broad range of formulation and there was a limit to how far he would accept them. This limit was largely determined by Harvey's adherence to Aristotle's natural philosophy and his Christian beliefs. I argue that this is also the case in relation to Harvey's use of the macrocosm-microcosm analogy and of alchemical terminology, and, as far as we can rely on the evidence, this informs his attitudes towards witches as well. Understanding Harvey's influences and motives here is important in placing him properly in the context of early seventeenth-century thought.

The necessity of dialectics according to Plato and Adorno

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Olsen, Anne-Marie Eggert

2009-01-01

The paper deals with the notion of philosophy as, on the one hand, an academic or scientific discipline and, on the other, something perhaps superior to the disciplines and in any case dealing with what is not a 'disciplinary' matter. Through an interpretation of Plato's concept of dialectics and...

PLATO[R] Achieve Now. What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report

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What Works Clearinghouse, 2010

2010-01-01

"PLATO[R] Achieve Now" is a software-based curriculum for the elementary and middle school grades. Instructional content is delivered via the PlayStation Portable (PSP[R]) system, allowing students to access learning materials in various settings. Software-based assessments are used to customize individual instruction, allowing students…

Pemikiran Epistemologi Barat: dari Plato Sampai Gonseth

OpenAIRE

Nunu Burhanuddin

2015-01-01

This paper riviewing the Western epistemology thought. The theme focuses on Plato to Gonseth. The Epistemology that referred in this article, is to think about "how humans acquire knowledge?". From this then appear four types of sect modern western epistemology thought, namely: sect of empiricism, rationalism sect, kantinian sect, sect of positivism. Furthermore, the social positivism sciences developed by Comte leaves serious problems associated with the loss of the role of the subject. This...

Purification through Emotions: The Role of Shame in Plato's "Sophist" 230B4-E5

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Candiotto, Laura

2018-01-01

This article proposes an analysis of Plato's "Sophist" (230b4--e5) that underlines the bond between the logical and the emotional components of the Socratic "elenchus", with the aim of depicting the social valence of this philosophical practice. The use of emotions characterizing the 'elenctic' method described by Plato is…

What Descartes Did Not Know

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Ahlström, Kristoffer

2010-01-01

Descartes’ epistemologies of meditation and sense imply that we cannot know anything about the mind-body union, either in the Cartesian sense of having scientia or, more interestingly, in terms of any other concept of knowledge available to Descartes. After considering the implications...... of this conclusion for what we may know about mind-body interaction, it becomes clear that, on Descartes’ view, we at best can be said to know that mind-body interaction, if it does in fact take place, does not violate a set of causal principles, without knowing how mind and body interact, or even if they interact...

Descartes and Contemporary Anti-Skeptical Strategies

OpenAIRE

Gómez Alonso, Modesto; Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, Salamanca, España – University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Reino Unido

2017-01-01

It is usual to claim that Descartes’ epistemological project is such that its main objective (overturning the doubts of the sceptics) and the means to attain it (the method of doubt) are incompatible, so that Descartes necessarily blocks his own project. In this paper I argue that the above opinion comes from a blindness of sorts that prevents us from appreciating both the therapeutical nature of Descartes’ method and the specific procedures that he uses to work himself into a position from w...

Philosophy and Morality.

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Ediger, Marlow

Philosophical thinking which has stood the test of time is summarized in this document. The rationale is that all students benefit from studies of philosophical thinking emphasizing moral standards. Thinkers included are: Plato, Aristotle, Peter Abelard, Francis Bacon, Sir Thomas More, Thomas Campanella, Thomas Hobbes, Benedict Spinoza, John…

Greek Astronomy

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Heath, Thomas L.

2014-03-01

Prefatory note; 1. Introduction; 2. Doxography; 3. Plato; 4. Eudoxus (and Callippus); 5. Aristotle; 6. Heraclides of Pontus; 7. Euclid; 8. Aristarchus of Samos; 9. Eratosthenes; 10. Aratus; 11. Posidonius; 12. Geminus; 13. Hipparchus; 14. Ptolemy; 15. Strabo; 16. Treatise 'De mundo'; 17. Cleomedes; 18. Plutarch; Appendix; Index.

"Techne" and Technical Communication: Toward a Dialogue.

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Gordon, Jay

2002-01-01

Offers background on how the term "techne" was used up through the fourth century BCE. Discusses how modern discourse on technical communication both converges with and departs from Plato's and Aristotle's statements on the relationship between "techne" and rhetoric. Points out areas for further discussion as teachers of…

The First Sophists and the Uses of History.

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Jarratt, Susan C.

1987-01-01

Reviews the history of intellectual views on the Greek sophists in three phases: (1) their disparagement by Plato and Aristotle as the morally disgraceful "other"; (2) nineteenth century British positivists' reappraisal of these relativists as ethically and scientifically superior; and (3) twentieth century versions of the sophists as…

Philosophy as Pharmakon : Towards the hermeneutics of healing ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

The history of philosophy gives us an insight into what good life portends. Plato, Aristotle and other ancient classics developed guiding principles on the ethical basis for behavioural cognition and existential logic. Hence, the interest of philosophy in other disciplines such as medicine and psychology is well known.

René Descartes, Specimina philosophiae. Introduction and Critical Edition

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Vermeulen, C.L.

2007-01-01

The Specimina philosophiae (Amsterdam: Elzevier, 1644) are preceded by a notice in which Descartes authorizes the text as a faithful translation of his Discours and Essais, and announces that he has made some changes in the original content. This raises questions about the nature, extent and

Rekindling the Dialogue: Education According to Plato and Dewey

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Van Luchene, Stephen R.

2004-01-01

Since passage of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, thinking about America's schools has been taken over by something like philosopher Rene Descartes's malignant demon of doubt. The act's exclusive focus on assessing student achievement and faculty accountability in terms that can be "proved" mathematically has cast into doubt a…

Data model description for the DESCARTES and CIDER codes

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Miley, T.B.; Ouderkirk, S.J.; Nichols, W.E.; Eslinger, P.W.

1993-01-01

The primary objective of the Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction (HEDR) Project is to estimate the radiation dose that individuals could have received as a result of emissions since 1944 from the US Department of Energy's (DOE) Hanford Site near Richland, Washington. One of the major objectives of the HEDR Project is to develop several computer codes to model the airborne releases. transport and envirorunental accumulation of radionuclides resulting from Hanford operations from 1944 through 1972. In July 1992, the HEDR Project Manager determined that the computer codes being developed (DESCARTES, calculation of environmental accumulation from airborne releases, and CIDER, dose calculations from environmental accumulation) were not sufficient to create accurate models. A team of HEDR staff members developed a plan to assure that computer codes would meet HEDR Project goals. The plan consists of five tasks: (1) code requirements definition. (2) scoping studies, (3) design specifications, (4) benchmarking, and (5) data modeling. This report defines the data requirements for the DESCARTES and CIDER codes

Socrates the Pythagorean: an Invention of Plato?

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Yury Shichalin

2012-06-01

Full Text Available This article discusses the image of Socrates as found in the Works of Plato and Aristophanes. The author discovers Pythagorean traits in the image of Socrates as portrayed by these two ancient authors. The author also discusses the Pythagoreans and their role in the creation of stable schools of Philosophy. He likewise shows that the sophists were not the only ones contributing to the creation of centres of education and learning in the ancient world

[History and reception of the translations of Plato's Dialogues by Antoni Bronikowski].

Science.gov (United States)

Mróz, Tomasz

2014-01-01

The article presents the history of translations of Plato's dialogues as made by A. Bronikowski (1817-1884), their assessment formulated by the contemporary for the translator recipients and today's opinions on them. Bronikowski began his translation work on the legacy of Plato in the '50s of the 19th century and carried them out systematically, despite the many adversities, until his death. The article presents the most important criticisms of the reviewers of Bronikowski's translations, which focused on the flaws of his style. The critics pointed out numerous shortcomings, archaisms, which hindered and prevented smooth reading of the text by readers unfamiliar with the language of the original. Most of the criticisms came from the Warsaw environment, especially from K. Kozłowski, the son of the first Polish translator of Plato, FA. Kozłowski. Among the defenders of Bronikowski there were K. Libelt and J.I. Kraszewski. They raised the subject of difficulty which the translator had to deal with and the lack of literary taste of the audience. It seems that both parties were partially right. Bronikowski's text was indeed not suitable for smooth reading in many places, however, it could serve as a useful tool for students who acquainted themselves with the Greek originals of the dialogues.

Books and Becoming Good: Demonstrating Aristotle's Theory of Moral Development in the Act of Reading

Science.gov (United States)

Cain, Amanda

2005-01-01

In the Nicomachean ethics, Aristotle sets down a scattered and fractional account of the development of moral virtue within young people. Philosopher Martha Nussbaum defends Aristotle's neglect of a systematic account of moral development and argues that more complex expressions of character-building, such as learning to expose oneself to proper…

Mysticism and/in the Old Testament: Methodological orientation and ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

2015-11-17

Nov 17, 2015 ... suppositions (most directly the concepts rendered by Plato and Aristotle) and rhetorical ... possibilities here would lie the ideals of the disappearance-of-being, when ... There is thus no problem with historically identifying the ... ways typical of the era in which we live under Western(ised) cultural hegemony.

The Boundaries of Language and Rhetoric: Some Historical Considerations.

Science.gov (United States)

Payne, Robert O.

1968-01-01

Important ideas and events in the history of rhetoric are examined in order to illumine the present situation, especially the problem of defining the concept of rhetoric. From Plato's hostility to rhetoric and Aristotle's epistomological rehabilitation of it to the later ethical emphasis of Cicero and the Medieval Christian rhetoriticians, the…

O encontro de Fracastoro com Descartes: reflexão sobre a temporalidade do método

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Luiz Alberto Peregrino Ferreira

2010-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo es demostrar la importancia del método en la práctica científica a partir de la emergencia de la ciencia moderna y su modelo de racionalidad. Se trata de una reflexión filosófica, una aproximación imaginaria mediante cartas entre Fracastoro y Descartes, siendo fundamentadas a través de las bibliografías encontradas en LILACS, SciELO y el buscador Google. Los autores utilizaron la descripción por medio de cartas de un contacto ficticio entre Girolamo Fracastoro y René Descartes. El primero, a partir de sus obras Syphilis Sive Morbus Gallicus y De contagione et contagiosis morbis et curatione, y el segundo con el Discurso del Método, obra utilizada como modelo de la ciencia moderna, y Reglas para la Dirección del Espíritu. La aproximación imaginada por los autores, entre Fracastoro y Descartes nos revela que el método propuesto por Descartes, si hubiese sido utilizado por el científico italiano, abriría nuevas posibilidades de visibilidad y proyección de la obra de su autoría.

Plato, Freud and Marx on Human Nature: A Comparative Analysis ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

This paper examines the conceptions of human nature by Plato, Sigmund Freud and Karl Marx, with a view to revealing and explaining the convergence and divergence between these conceptions. It shows that agreement or disagreement on the distinguishing characteristics of human individuals can be situated on ...

Plato and Play: Taking Education Seriously in Ancient Greece

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D'Angour, Armand

2013-01-01

In this article, the author outlines Plato's notions of play in ancient Greek culture and shows how the philosopher's views on play can be best appreciated against the background of shifting meanings and evaluations of play in classical Greece. Play--in various forms such as word play, ritual, and music--proved central to the development of…

The historical origins of the vegetative state: Received wisdom and the utility of the text.

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Adams, Zoe M; Fins, Joseph J

2017-01-01

The persistent vegetative state (PVS) is one of the most iconic and misunderstood phrases in clinical neuroscience. Coined as a diagnostic category by Scottish neurosurgeon Bryan Jennett and American neurologist Fred Plum in 1972, the phrase "vegetative" first appeared in Aristotle's treatise On the Soul (circa mid-fourth century BCE). Aristotle influenced neuroscientists of the nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, Xavier Bichat and Walter Timme, and informed their conceptions of the vegetative nervous system. Plum credits Bichat and Timme in his use of the phrase, thus putting the ancient and modern in dialogue. In addition to exploring Aristotle's definition of the "vegetative" in the original Greek, we put Aristotle in conversation with his contemporaries-Plato and the Hippocratics-to better apprehend theories of mind and consciousness in antiquity. Utilizing the discipline of reception studies in classics scholarship, we demonstrate the importance of etymology and historical origin when considering modern medical nosology.

Revisiting Aristotle's causality: model for development in Nigeria ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Thus, the development equation must be balanced. Aristotle‟s theory of causality balances the equation. Since Aristotle has no theory of development therefore every individual, nation or industry in pursuit of development should seek to drive economic growth and human capital development together rather than focus on ...

Platón, Aristóteles y la narrativa histórica

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Javier Picón Casas

2013-09-01

Full Text Available One of the most showy questions about the works of Plato and Aristotle rests on them silence brings over of the history. They read and criticized physicists, philosophers, mathematicians, biologists, poets, rhetorical, political, etc. Nevertheless, their appointments about the historians of that moment would fit in a sheet of paper. In this brief article we try to offer an explanation about such an omission. Likewise, we are useful to offer a reason of the Menexenus and to contribute a confirmation of the reasons that L. Edelstein led to questioning the genuineness of seventh and eighth letters attributed to Plato.

Descartes' Calculus of Subnormals: What Might Have Been

Science.gov (United States)

Boudreaux, Gregory Mark; Walls, Jess E.

2013-01-01

Rene Descartes' method for finding tangents (equivalently, subnormals) depends on geometric and algebraic properties of a family of circles intersecting a given curve. It can be generalized to establish a calculus of subnormals, an alternative to the calculus of Newton and Leibniz. Here we prove subnormal counterparts of the well-known…

The Classical Tradition of Dialectics and American Legal Education.

Science.gov (United States)

Epstein, William

1981-01-01

The case method is a modern discipline of mind, based on classical models of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, and well suited to the education of lawyers, whether in scholarly work or advocacy. It produces sharpness and speed of tongue and mind and a facility for precision, clarity, and quality of expression. (MSE)

Rhetoric. The Bobbs-Merrill Series in Composition and Rhetoric.

Science.gov (United States)

Larson, Richard L., Ed.

Reflecting the opinions of both classical theorists and recent authors, 16 papers on rhetorical theory are collected in this publication. Selections in Part 1, concerned with the definition and objectives of rhetoric, are by Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, Kenneth Burke, Donald C. Bryant, and Martin Steinmann, Jr. In Part 2, selections from the pedagogy…

Belief in the Spirits of the Dead in Africa: A Philosophical Interpretation

African Journals Online (AJOL)

... view that in this rapidly changing world, philosophy should inquire not only in to theoretical problems, but also into practical ones. Plato and Aristotle's theories of the soul being some of the most carefully discussed philosophical theories on immortality or lack of it, will provide the background of deliberation in this paper.

Platón ako Pseudo-Sókratés? Niekoľko poznámok k problematike autorstva filozofického textu v antike ( “Plato as Pseudo-Socrates? Some Remarks on the Problems Related to the Autorship of a Philosophical Text in Antiquity“

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František Škvrnda ml.

2017-12-01

Full Text Available The following paper deals with the problematic category of authorship in ancient philosophical literature. Philosophers are divided into two groups: the first consist of non-writing protagonists (e. g. Socrates, Ammonius of Saccas, while the second category includes writing authors (e. g. Plato, Aristotle. Paper argues that with regard to their „historicity“, between these two groups of philosophers is no substantial difference. Philosophical texts were often written in co-authorship. Many students and later adherents passed their own doctrines off as teacherʼs originals. Moreover, due to the fact that the very texts were transcribed countless times, there is no certainty about original phrasing of the documents that came down to our modern or renaissance era. The „historicity“ of philosophersʼ attitudes and ideas therefore can not be deduced from the existence of authorized text, written by some particular author.

ANÁLISE DO DESCARTE DE MEDICAMENTOS VENCIDOS: UM ESTUDO DE CASO NO MUNICÍPIO DE RIO DAS OSTRAS (RJ)

OpenAIRE

Guerrieri, Fernanda de Mesquita; Henkes, Jairo Afonso

2017-01-01

É preocupante não apenas o hábito da automedicação no Brasil, mas também os impactos ambientais e de saúde pública que podem ser causados com o descarte inadequado de medicamentos vencidos ou fora de uso. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar o descarte de medicamentos vencidos de uso domiciliar, no município de Rio das Ostras, RJ. Buscou-se verificar de que forma este descarte é realizado, se existem locais adequados para a coleta e se o público-alvo está ciente sobre os im-pactos negativos dec...

Go Tell Alcibiades: Tragedy, Comedy, and Rhetoric in Plato's "Symposium"

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Crick, Nathan; Poulakos, John

2008-01-01

Plato's "Symposium" is a significant but neglected part of his elaborate and complex attitude toward rhetoric. Unlike the intellectual discussion of the "Gorgias" or the unscripted conversation of the "Phaedrus," the "Symposium" stages a feast celebrating and driven by the forces of "Eros." A luxuriously stylish performance rather than a rational…

Aristotle's Humanistic Ethics | Onwuegbusi | Global Journal of Social ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

This paper is an attempt to argue that Aristotle has no clear metaphysical basis for his ethical treatise as presented in his Nicomachean Ethics. What he claims as the supreme good for man which is happiness in accordance with the highest virtue of the soul has no metaphysical foundation in his metaphysical system.

Good and Bad: Love and Intimacy From Plato to Melanie Klein.

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Stromberg, David

2018-06-01

Melanie Klein's theories on love outline a complex system of relations-an oscillating dynamic of psychical and emotional tendencies following from both actual experience and fantasies produced by the mind. Her insights are often discussed and applied in psychoanalytical contexts, but the philosophical implications of her theory-especially in relation to Platonic thought-have rarely been discussed. In this article, I will attempt to address this gap by setting out some preliminary yet core considerations shared by both Plato and Klein. First, I will describe some structural parallels between Kleinian and Platonic thought, especially in dialectical terms. Second, I will outline Plato's covert influence on Freud as passing through the teachings of philosopher Franz Brentano. And last, I will discuss intimacy as a struggle between the forces of good and bad, creativity and destruction, and love and hate-suggesting that Klein's conception of love emerges as a moral exigency.

A mean book. Descartes or the dark fate of libertinisme érudit

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Pedro Lomba Falcón

2013-07-01

Full Text Available In this article we search the sense of some letters that Descartes exchanges with Mersenne about a “mean book” in which some emblematic theses of the so called libertinisme érudit are exposed. The correspondance of the 30’s, the period in which the philosopher is constructing his system of metaphysics, shows clearly his antagonic position against the theoretical world of libertinism, and, therefore, the philosophical importance of this intellectual movement at the very moment that the “new philosophy” is being constructed. The relevance that the metaphysics of Descartes gains in historiography of philosophy, might be the reason why that libertinisme érudit has fallen into oblivion until at least the second half of XXth century.

Legitimacy: First Principles and Efficacy in R2P Operations

Science.gov (United States)

2013-05-23

offender. At its core, natural law is then focused on one overriding telos or end, which is to 21 Plato and Aristotle are considered the first scholars...related to some a priori notion in natural law; it is the result of the rational choice of various rulers. Krasner’s argument is persuasive, but he does

Aristarchus of Samos the ancient Copernicus

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Heath, Sir Thomas

2004-01-01

This classic work traces Aristarchus of Samos's anticipation by two millennia of Copernicus's revolutionary theory of the orbital motion of the earth. Heath's history of astronomy ranges from Homer and Hesiod to Aristarchus and includes quotes from numerous thinkers, compilers, and scholasticists from Thales and Anaximander through Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle, and Heraclides. 34 figures.

On the (Im)potentiality of an African Philosophy of Education to Disrupt Inhumanity

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Waghid, Yusef

2015-01-01

Despite the advances made in the liberal Western philosophical and educational tradition to counteract unethical, immoral and inhumane acts committed by the human species, these acts of inhumanity persist. It would be inapt to apportion blame only to Western thinking, which has its roots in Greek antiquity, as Plato and Aristotle, for instance,…

Humane Letters: Notes on the Concept of Integrity and the Meanings of Humanism

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Higgins, Chris

2009-01-01

In this article, the author calls for an analysis of integrity and contends that attempting to describe wholeness precisely and incisively is not necessarily a contradiction in terms. The author makes some distinctions about integrity using two moves, one inspired by Plato, and one by Aristotle. The author uses the phrase "humane letters" to name…

Physics as a Part of Liberal Education

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Evans, James

2001-05-01

The natural sciences once had a distinguished place among the liberal arts. Indeed, the arts degree at the medieval university was a science major's degree. The quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, harmonics and astronomy) represented a conscious revival of the school curriculum of late antiquity, which had deep roots in Platonism. In the Middle Ages, all who aspired to enter the higher faculties (theology, medicine, law) had first to take a science degree. This was because scientific education mattered--it offered something essential for understanding both the world of nature and the world of man. When in the twelfth century the lost works of Aristotle were recovered, university professors risked excommunication in order to teach the new philosophy of nature. Aristotle's physics and cosmology passionately mattered, and within a century they had won a place in the core curriculum. A few centuries later, the followers of Descartes risked their careers to get Aristotle back out of the curriculum and Descartes in. Despite the supposed primacy of science in our own day, it has been a long while since comparable battles were waged over a curriculum of physics. In a profound way, the sciences matter less to the broader culture than they once did. In this talk I shall address the question of how this came to be and what purpose physics might have in a program of liberal education.

Aristotle on Animals in the Politics

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Bloch, David Kristian

2006-01-01

This article examines the apparently very harsh views on animals that are found in two passages of the Politics. These passages have not received much scholarly attention, but they have regularly been invoked by defenders of animal rights. In this article it is argued that an interpretation...... of these passages demands close scrutiny of the context, and furthermore that they must be taken into consideration along with the psychological and the biological writings if Aristotle's views on animals are to be convincingly established....

Philosophical Creationism: Thomas Aquinas’ Metaphysics of Creatio ex Nihilo

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Andrzej Maryniarczyk

2016-03-01

Full Text Available All philosophers, beginning with the pre-Socratics, through Plato and Aristotle, and up to Thomas Aquinas, accepted as a certain that the world as a whole existed eternally. The foundation for the eternity of the world was the indestructible and eternal primal building material of the world, a material that existed in the form of primordial material elements (the Ionians, in the form of ideas (Plato, or in the form of matter, eternal motion, and the first heavens (Aristotle. The article outlines the main structure of the philosophical theory of creation ex nihilo developed by St. Thomas Aquinas and indebted to his metaphysical thought. It shows the wisdom-based and ratiocinative foundation of the rational cognition of reality—reality that comes from the personal creative act of God. It concludes that the perception that the beings called to existence by the personal act of God the Creator are intelligible is the ultimate rational justification for the fact that our human cognition, love, and spiritual creativity are rational.

Historical antecedents to the philosophy of Paul Feyerabend.

Science.gov (United States)

Munévar, Gonzalo

2016-06-01

Paul Feyerabend has been considered a very radical philosopher of science for proposing that we may advance hypotheses contrary to well-confirmed experimental results, that observations make theoretical assumptions, that all methodological rules have exceptions, that ordinary citizens may challenge the judgment of experts, and that human happiness should be a key value for science. As radical as these theses may sound, they all have historical antecedents. In defending the Copernican view, Galileo exemplified the first two; Mill, Aristotle and Machiavelli all argued for pluralism; Aristotle gave commonsense reasons for why ordinary citizens may be able to judge the work of experts; and a combination of Plato's and Aristotle's views can offer strong support for the connection between science and happiness. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Approach to the problem of motion in Plato

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Ignacio García Peña

2013-07-01

Full Text Available Since the first philosophers began to reflect about the idea of nature, the problem of motion became a crucial topic in their discussions. The entire pre-Socratic tradition was gathered by Plato, whose reflections are often triggered by fragments of Parmenides and Heraclitus. The Athenian philosopher analyzed motion in relation to the visible and intelligible regions that he distinguishes in the sphere of reality, as well as the fine line that links it to the soul

Simulation results for PLATO: a prototype hybrid X-ray photon counting detector with a low energy threshold for fusion plasma diagnostics

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Habib, A.; Menouni, M.; Pangaud, P.; Morel, C.; Fenzi, C.; Colledani, G.; Moureau, G.; Escarguel, A.

2017-01-01

PLATO is a prototype hybrid X-ray photon counting detector that has been designed to meet the specifications for plasma diagnostics for the WEST tokamak platform (Tungsten (W) Environment in Steady-state Tokamak) in southern France, with potential perspectives for ITER. PLATO represents a customized solution that fulfills high sensitivity, low dispersion and high photon counting rate. The PLATO prototype matrix is composed of 16 × 18 pixels with a 70 μm pixel pitch. New techniques have been used in analog sensitive blocks to minimize noise coupling through supply rails and substrate, and to suppress threshold dispersion across the matrix. The PLATO ASIC is designed in CMOS 0.13 μm technology and was submitted for a fabrication run in June 2016. The chip is designed to be bump-bonded to a silicon sensor. This paper presents pixel architecture as well as simulation results while highlighting novel solutions.

Mimesis in Bible Didactics – an outline in the context of religious ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

'Mimesis' is a concept explored in Antiquity as well as in cultural history. It also plays an important role in the Bible. In this article we argue for 'mimesis' as a role model for Bible teaching in religious education. In the first part we give some insights into the concept of mimesis, drawing on ancient philosophers (Aristotle, Plato) ...

Education in the Virtues: Tragic Emotions and the Artistic Imagination

Science.gov (United States)

Penwell, Derek L.

2009-01-01

The profoundly thoughtful--not to mention extensive--character of the scholarship historically applied to the nature of the difference between Plato and Aristotle on the issue of the tragic emotions raises the obvious question: What new is there left to say? In this article, the author seeks to hold together two separate issues that have occupied…

Iqbal--Education and Cultivation of Self: A Way Forward for Muslims of the Subcontinent

Science.gov (United States)

Nauman, Sarwat

2018-01-01

Whether all educationists were philosophers or not, one thing is clear--that all philosophers were educationists--directly or indirectly. May it be Plato, Aristotle, Rousseau or Dewey, they all came up with the notion that to bring about any change at a greater level in a society, change in its educational system is fundamental. Dr. Mohammad…

A scientific approach to Plato's Atlantis

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Massimo Rapisarda

2015-09-01

Full Text Available The myth of Atlantis is hard to die. This attempt to use scientific evidence to give it the final smash ends up with the doubt that it might not be totally unsubstantiated. The time of the supposed existence of Atlantis (around twelve thousand years ago was, in fact, characterized by technological revolutions, acknowledged by archaeology, and abrupt climate changes, documented by geology. In principle, it cannot therefore be ruled out that some of those dramatic events left a memory, later used by Plato as a basis for its tale. The climate changes involved the majority of the northern hemisphere, thus all the ancient civilizations (Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Indian and Chinese could have preserved reminiscence, but it is clear that the events occurring closer to Greece would have been more accessible to Plato. Among the Mediterranean sites that experienced the cataclysms of the beginning of the Holocene, a good candidate to host a primordial civilization might have been the archipelago then existing in the Strait of Sicily, a natural maritime link between Tunisia and Italy, prized by the presence of an obsidian source at Pantelleria. Eleven thousand five hundred years ago, a sudden sea level rise erased the archipelago, submerging the possible settlements, but Pantelleria obsidian ores are still there and could provide a significant clue. In fact, the potential discovery of artefacts, originating from a source now submerged by the sea level rise, would imply that the collection of the mineral took place when it was still emerged, namely at the time of Atlantis. Even if such discovery would not be sufficient to prove the existence of the mythical island, it would be enough to shake up the timeline of the human occupation in the region.

Aristotle and the Postmodern World

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Alfredo Marcos

2012-12-01

Full Text Available With the support of recent scholarship the author proposes an understanding of the Aristotelian Corpus inspired by the biological works. He points out that this understanding is bound up with other current philosophical discussions, especially on biology, rationality, realism, the knowledge of an individual, metaphor, and poetics. The author concludes that Aristotle offers the most promising ontological, epistemological and anthropological basis not only for undertaking a series of urgent reconciliations (of facts and values, of theoretical and practical reason, of understanding and sensation, and of intelligence and emotion, but also for solving many dualisms of modern times, in their Platonic or materialist varieties.

Difference between the Approach of Aristotle and Avicenna in Proof of the Existence of God

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Mohammad Saeedimehr

2012-04-01

Full Text Available Comparing between approach of Aristotle and Avicenna in proof of the existence of God, is a sign of basic difference between Peripatetic idea of Aristotle and Avicenna, also the different way that has been gone in the Muslim world compared to the west, in proof of the existence of God.   Aristotle in “Philosophies”, has been mentioned to the two arguments: "degrees of perfection argument" and "teleological argument", but his main argument on the existence of God, is “the argument from motion” that has explained details of it in the Lambda Book of Metaphysics and Physics. Each of the three above arguments has a cosmological approach and is categorized as the posteriori arguments.   For Avicenna, acceptance of that Aristotle had wanted to prove the existence of God by natural things, such as world motion, is very hard. According to this thinking, he focused all his efforts on not using the cosmological arguments to prove the existence of God. Avicenna used “the proof of middle and the end” and “the proof from contingency and necessity” in several of his books and his latest exposition of the proof from contingency and necessity has named “proof of the truthful”. His argument is ontological and priori too.

Difference between the Approach of Aristotle and Avicenna in Proof of the Existence of God

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Saleh Tayebnia, M

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Comparing between approach of Aristotle and Avicenna in proof of the existence of God, is a sign of basic difference between Peripatetic idea of Aristotle and Avicenna, also the different way that has been gone in the Muslim world compared to the west, in proof of the existence of God.Aristotle in “On Philosophies”, has been mentioned to the two arguments: "degrees of perfection argument" and "teleological argument", but his main argument on the existence of God, is “the argument from motion” that has explained details of it in the Lambda Book of Metaphysics and Physics. Each of the three above arguments has a cosmological approach and is categorized as the posteriori arguments.For Avicenna, acceptance of that Aristotle had wanted to prove the existence of God by natural things, such as world motion, is very hard. According to this thinking, he focused all his efforts on not using the cosmological arguments to prove the existence of God. Avicenna used “the proof of middle and the end” and “the proof from contingency and necessity” in several of his books and his latest exposition of the proof from contingency and necessity has named “proof of the truthful”. His argument is ontological and priori too

Difference between the Approach of Aristotle and Avicenna in Proof of the Existence of God

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Mohammadsaleh Tayebnia

2012-05-01

Full Text Available   Comparing between approach of Aristotle and Avicenna in proof of the existence of God, is a sign of basic difference between Peripatetic idea of Aristotle and Avicenna, also the different way that has been gone in the Muslim world compared to the west, in proof of the existence of God.   Aristotle in “Philosophies”, has been mentioned to the two arguments: "degrees of perfection argument" and "teleological argument", but his main argument on the existence of God, is “the argument from motion” that has explained details of it in the Lambda Book of Metaphysics and Physics. Each of the three above arguments has a cosmological approach and is categorized as the posteriori arguments.   For Avicenna, acceptance of that Aristotle had wanted to prove the existence of God by natural things, such as world motion, is very hard. According to this thinking, he focused all his efforts on not using the cosmological arguments to prove the existence of God. Avicenna used “the proof of middle and the end” and “the proof from contingency and necessity” in several of his books and his latest exposition of the proof from contingency and necessity has named “proof of the truthful”. His argument is ontological and priori too.

Classical mathematics from Al-Khwarizmi to Descartes

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Rashed, Roshdi

2014-01-01

This book follows the development of classical mathematics and the relation between work done in the Arab and Islamic worlds and that undertaken by the likes of Descartes and Fermat.'Early modern,' mathematics is a term widely used to refer to the mathematics which developed in the West during the sixteenth and seventeenth century. For many historians and philosophers this is the watershed which marks a radical departure from 'classical mathematics,' to more modern mathematics; heralding the arrival of algebra, geometrical algebra, and the mathematics of the continuous. In this book, Roshdi Ra

The Rhetoric of Explanation: Explanatory Rhetoric from Aristotle to 1850.

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Conners, Robert J.

1984-01-01

Follows the slow growth of a body of knowledge about how information could best be communicated without necessary references to overt persuasion from Aristotle's "Rhetoric" through the beginnings of a theory of written discourse in the American nineteenth century. (FL)

Pemikiran Epistemologi Barat: dari Plato Sampai Gonseth

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Nunu Burhanuddin

2015-06-01

Full Text Available This paper riviewing the Western epistemology thought. The theme focuses on Plato to Gonseth. The Epistemology that referred in this article, is to think about "how humans acquire knowledge?". From this then appear four types of sect modern western epistemology thought, namely: sect of empiricism, rationalism sect, kantinian sect, sect of positivism. Furthermore, the social positivism sciences developed by Comte leaves serious problems associated with the loss of the role of the subject. This problem being the background of epistemology philosophy appears that by Emund Husserl developed through the phenomenology, Habermas through hermeneutics, and Ferdinand Gonseth through critical theory.

Plato's ghost the modernist transformation of mathematics

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Gray, Jeremy

2008-01-01

Plato's Ghost is the first book to examine the development of mathematics from 1880 to 1920 as a modernist transformation similar to those in art, literature, and music. Jeremy Gray traces the growth of mathematical modernism from its roots in problem solving and theory to its interactions with physics, philosophy, theology, psychology, and ideas about real and artificial languages. He shows how mathematics was popularized, and explains how mathematical modernism not only gave expression to the work of mathematicians and the professional image they sought to create for themselves, but how modernism also introduced deeper and ultimately unanswerable questions

Genesis 2–3 and Alcibiades's speech in Plato's Symposium : A ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Genesis 2–3 and Alcibiades's speech in Plato's Symposium : A cultural critical reading. ... Abstract. The purpose of this article is to discuss some basic problems and methodological steps concerning the encounter between Hebrews and Greeks in the Classical period and its impact on the Hellenistic era. The relationship ...

The PLATO System: A Study in the Diffusion of an Innovation.

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Driscoll, Francis D.; Wolf, W. C., Jr.

This study was designed to ascertain the relationships between the steps of a tool designed to link knowledge production and the needs of knowledge users (the Wolf-Welsh Linkage Methodology or WWLM) with milestones in the evolution of an innovative computer-assisted instructional system called PLATO (Programming Logic for Advanced Teaching…

ANÁLISE DO CONHECIMENTO DA POPULAÇÃO SOBRE DESCARTE DE MEDICAMENTOS EM BELO HORIZONTE/MG.

OpenAIRE

Ferreira, Claudiney Luís; Faculdade Pitágoras-BH; Faculdade de Minas - FAMINAS-BH; Conselho Regional de Farmácia de Minas Gerais.; Santos, Maria Aparecida Souza dos; Faculdade Pitágoras-BH; Rodrigues, Schirlene Campos; Faculdade Pitágoras-BH

2015-01-01

Medicamento é o produto farmacêutico tecnicamente obtido ou elaborado, com finalidade profilática, curativa, paliativa ou para fins de diagnóstico. O descarte aleatório de medicamentos vencidos pode culminar em impactos ambientais extremamente relevantes. A existência desse tipo de resíduos pode levar a reações adversas em seres aquáticos e terrestres. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o processo de descarte de medicamentos pela população do Município de Belo Horizonte/MG. Foi realizada uma...

FORMA DE DESCARTE DE PILHAS E BATERIAS DE CELULARES USADAS POR MORADORES DO MUNICÍPIO DE CAMPOS DOS GOYTACAZES E CONSCIÊNCIA AMBIENTAL QUANTO O DESCARTE ADEQUADO

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FORMA DE DESCARTE DE PILHAS E BATERIAS DE CELULARES USADAS POR MORADORES DO MUNICÍPIO DE CAMPOS DOS GOYTACAZES E CONSCIÊNCIA AMBIENTAL QUANTO O DESCARTE ADEQUADO

2015-12-01

Full Text Available O descarte de pilhas e baterias é um problema que não envolve somente órgãos responsáveis, mas também a população como um todo. A cooperação da comunidade pode contribuir para a diminuição dos impactos causados por resíduos perigosos no meio ambiente. O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar as formas de descarte de pilhas e baterias usadas pelos moradores dos bairros Calabouço, Jardim Carioca e Parque Guarus do município de Campos dos Goytacazes – RJ. Foi elaborado um questionário de seis perguntas fechadas, sendo duas perguntas sobre informações pessoais dos participantes e quatro perguntas sobre o descarte de pilhas e baterias. O mesmo foi aplicado a um total de 308 moradores (numero de pessoas alcançadas num período de seis meses dos bairros selecionados, sendo 98 do calabouço, 107 do Jardim Carioca e 103 do Parque Guarus. O resultado dos questionários foi tabulado, devidamente analisado e discutido com base no objetivo proposto pelo presente trabalho. Analisando os dados de modo geral é possível dizer que, embora a população não apresente conhecimento sobre os problemas ocasionados pelo descarte indevido, é necessário que haja por parte dos órgãos governamentais a implementação de políticas públicas que viabilizem o descarte correto e responsável uma vez que segundo a lei 12.305/2010 (que trata da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos a responsabilidade pelo gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos, incluindo os perigosos é dos geradores, do poder público e dos instrumentos econômicos aplicáveis (Sistema de Gestão Integrada. Os fabricantes de pilhas e baterias ainda de acordo com a lei 12.305/2010 devem estruturar e implementar sistemas de logística reversa, ou seja, o retorno dos produtos após o uso pelo consumidor. Esse sistema quando colocado em prática traz benefícios como: o retorno de alguns materiais para o processo produtivo e redução do volume de resíduos despejados em aterros, no

Finding Aristotle's Golden Mean: Social Justice and Academic Excellence

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Rivera, John

2005-01-01

Over 2,000 years ago, Aristotle wrote a treatise on ethics in which he proposed that there were both intellectual and moral virtues to be developed in the human being. Virtue ("aristeia") was roughly equivalent to the English word "excellence" and the unifying virtue that was both a moral and an intellectual virtue was…

A Comparative Vision Between Bharata and Aristotle

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Sergio Armando Rentería Alejandre

2013-05-01

Full Text Available The forms of love in India are as complex as in the rest of cultures; especially when they are reflected in literature. One of the tasks of Indian literary poets about these forms is concentrated on the cultural and the social field. The Indian lyric poetry reflects images which go beyond linguistic structural morphosyntactic forms. For both Indian and Greek theorists and poets it is very important not only the structural form of poetry but also the images in it. With this I refer to alamkaras or rhetoric figures, as it is usual translate them thanks to all poetic Greek tradition, of which Aristotle, with his Poetics and Rhetorics, is the representative maximum. The rupaka or metaphor is a figure very used by both Indian and Greek poets. The stylistic reach of rupaka or metaphor manages to transcend into theoretical and poetical texts. In this sense, into this essay I set out a comparison between the definition of metaphor in Aristotle’s Poetics and Rhetorics and the definition of rupaka in Bharata’s Natyashastra, treatise about playwriting, very important for the studies on Indian theater as well as for those on Indian poetry. All this comparative theory helps me to find the aim of metaphor into Sanskrit poetry, through the vision of Aristotle and Bharata, thanks to the poetic reach of rupaka or metaphor.

The originality of Descartes' theory about the pineal gland.

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Lokhorst, G J; Kaitaro, T T

2001-03-01

René Descartes thought that the pineal gland is the part of the body with which the soul is most immediately associated. Several prominent historians (such as Soury, Thorndike and Sherrington) have claimed that this idea was not very original. We re-examine the evidence and conclude that their assessment was wrong. We pay special attention to the thesis about the pineal gland which Jean Cousin defended in January, 1641.

[Essentialism and typological thinking in biological systematics].

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Vasil'eva, L N

2003-01-01

In biological literature, essentialism and typological thinking are believed to be incompatible with evolutionary ideas. At present, the same considerations underlay the claims to abandon the Linnaean hierarchy, or the fundamental classificatory structure rooted in essentialism. This paper suggests to reconsider the negative views of Plato's typology and Aristotle's essentialism following the narrow interpretations that have nothing to do with the classification of living beings. Plato's theory of 'ideas' (or 'forms') is the basis of classificatory theory; it provided such concepts as 'species', 'genus', 'essence', 'dichotomous division' but the development of this theory in the framework of moral and esthetic values could not be beneficial to biology. Aristotle's essentialism is more complicated and exists in two forms; one of these, or classificatory essentialism, is a modification of Plato's typology; another one, or organismal essentialism, represents the shift of 'essence' from the world of relations between objects to the realm of particular things, where the concept of essence lost its basic meaning. It is senseless to look for unreal 'type of an organism' ('essence of a thing') but precisely this kind of essentialism is attractive for biologists and philosophers. Organismal essentialism is the underlying basis of so-called 'individuality thesis' that is used as a weapon against classificatory essentialism. The same thesis is associated with an extensional vision of taxa that also explains the criticism of Linnaean hierarchy, while the latter is the intentional structure and the first tool suggested for the rank coordination of many unequal taxa.

The Failure of Memory: Reflections on Rhetoric and Public Remembrance

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Phillips, Kendall R.

2010-01-01

The rapid growth of public memory studies in the field of rhetoric suggests the need to reflect upon the ways in which the practices of rhetoric and the notion of memory intersect. In this essay, I trace the intersection between memory and rhetoric back to the works of Plato and Aristotle. These early works suggest that one reason for attending to…

Freud, Plato and Irigaray: A Morpho-Logic of Teaching and Learning

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Peers, Chris

2012-01-01

This article discusses two well-known texts that respectively describe learning and teaching, drawn from the work of Freud and Plato. These texts are considered in psychoanalytic terms using a methodology drawn from the philosophy of Luce Irigaray. In particular the article addresses Irigaray's approach to the analysis of speech and utterance as a…

O robe de Descartes: uma discussão em torno da melancolia e da origem da razão moderna [Descartes' robe: a discussion on melancholy and the origin of modern reason

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Ronaldo Manzi Filho

2017-05-01

Full Text Available A melancolia é descrita no século XVII na Enciclopédia de Diderot e d’Alembert como um “delírio da alma” que pode ser notado por outra pessoa através do comportamento, da linguagem, do estado de humor, etc. Mas como eu mesmo poderia saber se estou delirando ou não? Esse verbete parece ter um endereço: a própria raiz da Razão moderna. Não é esse o tema central em Descartes: a fundamentação da Razão e a possibilidade da loucura? No Discurso do método e nas Meditações metafísicas, Descartes parte de situações “fictícias”: sua própria vida, sua experiência diante de uma lareira com seu robe, etc. – fictícias porque não se sabe exatamente se se trata de um delírio ou não. Sua obra é descrita como uma fábula, como ele mesmo o diz. O tempo todo ele está diante de “fantasmas”: a possibilidade da loucura, de um Gênio Maligno... Não é exatamente essa descrição da melancolia que Descartes temia – de uma possibilidade de se viver numa “doença da alma”? Este texto busca mostrar que a Razão moderna, ao invés de tentar excluir o delírio de seu interior, é credora, no fundo, de uma reflexão que leva a sério a possibilidade da loucura. [Melancholy is described in the eighteenth century in Diderot and d'Alembert’s Encyclopedia as a “delirium of the soul” that can be noticed by others through one’s behavior, language, mood, etc. But how could one know whether or not one is delirious? This entry seems to be addressing: the very root of modern reason. Is this not the central theme in Descartes: the foundation of Reason and the possibility of madness? In Discourse on the Method and Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes starts from of a “fictitious” situations: his life, his experience in front of a fireplace with his robe, etc. Fictitious because it is not known exactly whether this is just a delusion or not. His work is described as a fable, as he himself says. All the time he is facing

Artist's concept of eastward view of Apollo 16 Descartes landing site

Science.gov (United States)

1972-01-01

An artist's concept illustrating an eastward view of the Apollo 16 Descartes landing site. The white overlay indicates the scheduled tranverses by the Apollo 16 astronauts in the Lunar Roving Vehicle. The Roman numerals are the extravehicular activities (EVA's); and the Arabic numbers are the station stops along the traverse.

Philoponus on Aristotle physics 41-5

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Algra, Keimpe; van Ophuijsen, Johannes

2013-01-01

Aristotles account of place, in which he defined a things place as the inner surface of its nearest immobile container, was supported by the Latin Middle Ages, even 1600 years after his death, though it had not convinced many ancient Greek philosophers. The sixth century commentator Philoponus took a more common-sense view. For him, place was an immobile three-dimensional extension, whose essence did not preclude its being empty, even if for other reasons it had always to be filled with body. However, Philoponus reserved his own definition for an excursus, already translated in this series, Th

[Odontology and the beginning of cartesianism (1673--1650) (Rene Descartes)].

Science.gov (United States)

Gysel, C

1979-01-01

In the seventeenth century the universities of the Netherlands underwent the influence of Descartes in all the faculties. In medicine three periods can be distinguished: in the first, pathology and therapy are still galenic; the second, by the application of the cartesian method, triumphs in physiology; and the third, corrected by the views of Newton is integrated in a moderate biomechanism.

Descartes highlands: Possible analogs around the Orientale Basin, part D

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Carroll, A. H.

1972-01-01

Two possible analogs, although not entirely satisfactory, offer reasonable alternatives to the volcanic interpretation of the Descartes highlands. Reconsideration of this complex terrain, prompted by the preliminary results of the Apollo 16 mission, will lead to the revision of some theories on lunar volcanism and also to a better understanding of the landforms caused by the formation of multi-ring basins.

Apollo 16 Lunar Module 'Orion' at the Descartes landing site

Science.gov (United States)

1972-01-01

The Apollo 16 Lunar Module 'Orion' is part of the lunar scene at the Descartes landing site, as seen in the reproduction taken from a color television transmission made by the color TV camera mounted on the Lunar Roving Vehicle. Note the U.S. flag deployed on the left. This picture was made during the second Apollo 16 extravehicular activity (EVA-2).

Aristotle in the medical works of Arnau de Vilanova (c. 1240-1311).

Science.gov (United States)

Grau Torras, Sergi

2014-01-01

Arnau de Vilanova, one of the most important physicians of the Latin Middle Ages, was familiar with the vast majority of Aristotle's works that had been translated into Latin. He used a wide range of them, such as the Organon--the introductory books on logic - and the natural philosophical books, which cover a different branches of knowledge. He used Aristotle as an authority, trying to reconcile him with the field of medicine as practiced in his time. In so going, he defined a new theoretical model of medicine by the standards of natural philosophy, while continuing to emphasize the boundaries between medicine and natural philosophy. This paper represents to a first attempt to investigate the Aristotelian quotations in the medical writings of Arnau de Vilanova.

Baruch Spinoza and the naturalisation of the Bible: An epistemological investigation

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Nicolaas J. Gronum

2015-09-01

Full Text Available This article investigates the naturalisation of the Bible. Three voices are of special importance in the narrative presented in this article; they are Aristotle (384–322 BC, Rene Descartes (1596–1650 and Baruc Spinoza (1632–1677. This article will investigate the scientific method and metaphysics espoused by each of the three scholars, thereby highlighting changes in scientific method and metaphysics that lead to the naturalisation of the Bible. Firstly, Aristotle pioneered a scientific method (his logic that would dominate for centuries, as well as a highly influential metaphysics. Secondly, Descartes, witnessing the horrors of the Thirty Years War and seeing first-hand the new discoveries that brought about the scientific revolution, reacted against Aristotle’s metaphysics. Ironically he then used Aristotle’s scientific method to provide a foundation for the new science resulting in Descartes’s famous dualism. Thirdly, Spinoza, equally horrified by the amount of religious violence of his time, reacts against Descartes’s dualism, providing scholars with a monist metaphysics that would contribute greatly to the naturalisation of the Bible. This article will be relevant to theologians who wish to engage more fully with contemporary Western culture.

Photogeology: Part D: Descartes highlands: possible analogs around the Orientale Basin

Science.gov (United States)

Hodges, Carroll Ann

1972-01-01

The Descartes highlands are adjacent to the terra plain on which the Apollo 16 lunar module landed (fig. 29-13). A variety of volcanic origins was proposed for the highlands before the mission (refs. 29-4, 29-21, and 29-35 to 29-37), but the returned samples of the area consist almost exclusively of nonvolcanic breccias. The breccias obtained from Stone Mountain have not been identified conclusively as sample materials of the Descartes Mountains (ref. 29-35). A volcanic origin is thus not yet precluded (sec. 6 of this report), but a review of possible impact-related origins seems to be appropriate. The orbital photography acquired during the Apollo 16 mission provides excellent imagery on which geomorphic interpretations may be based. No obvious local crater is a plausible source of the material, but there may be a relation to either the Nectaris or Imbrium Basin. The less degraded Orientale Basin (fig. 29-24) provides a model by which these comparisons can be made (part F of this section).

PHILOSOPHY OF DESCARTES: BASIC INTENTION AND STATUS OF ANTHROPOLOGY ABSTRACT

OpenAIRE

Malivskyi, Anatolii M.

2013-01-01

The purpose of the article is to emphasize the insufficiency of reductionist interpretation of Descartes’ heritage and to bring into focus the constitutive role of anthropology in Descartes authentic project. Scientific novelty. Substantiation of anthropology in Descartes’ philosophical structure is based upon recognition of key importance of anthropological intention in previous philosophy as well as anthropological one in philosopher’s own works. Therefore, the insufficiency of established ...

O dualismo de Descartes como princípio de sua Filosofia Natural

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Zelia Ramozzi-Chiarottino

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Procuraremos mostrar que o imaginário ocidental a respeito da filosofia cartesiana como um "dualismo" não superado e responsável pela ruptura do homem com cultura e natureza colide com as reais posições do filósofo. Na aurora da filosofia moderna, com Descartes, um dualismo ainda metafísico entre "dois modos da mesma substância" transforma-se num dualismo gnoseológico entre, de um lado, um sujeito do conhecimento científico (sujeito epistêmico, e, de outro, sistemas a serem explicados: corpo humano e natureza, ou seja, sistemas de conceitos bioquímicos e físicos. Assim, a filosofia de Descartes reúne em si o conteúdo filosófico de toda investigação anterior a ela, convertendo-se no centro do qual se irradiam os múltiplos caminhos e tendências da crítica do conhecimento e da filosofia das ciências.

METAPHYSICAL REVOLUTION OF DESCARTES AND TRANSFORMATION OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL PROJECT

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Anatolii M. Malivskyi

2015-05-01

Full Text Available The purpose is to reveal and comprehend forms of influence metaphysical' revolution for a way of interpretation of the anthropological project by Descartes on the basis of investigations of modern dekartes's researchers, that is the recognition of a fundamental role of metaphysics. Methodology. As methodological base modern investigations of dekartes's researchers accenting a fundamental role of metaphysics and expediency of unbiassed judgment of heritage of the great thinker are used. The scientific novelty. The transformation of the anthropological project is outlined as manifestation of metaphysical revolution. It is about a transcendencecy of naive anthropology (as an embodiment of reductive mindset, that is interpretations of human nature as its corporality and transition to metaphysical anthropology which consists in upholding of unconditional priority of human thinking as associated with God. As result of transition concentration of attention on intense human nature, that is at tension between sensuality and intelligence, aspiration to truth and tendency to delusion, between Life and Nothing, etc. Conclusions. The appeal to the incomplete anthropological project of Descartes on the basis of innovative researches allows proving the thesis about influence of metaphysical revolution on a way of its interpretation. The main forms of oriented to science ideals of naive anthropology, trust in evidence of the senses, atheism, interpretation of science as the main form of detection rationality of human nature, which Descartes tends constructively to overcome in the text of "meditation", are highlighted. During creation of metaphysical anthropology the attention of the thinker is drawn by the fact of impossibility of comprehension of human nature by means of natural-science rationality and expediency of the appeal to metaphysics. The subject of attention of the thinker is the tension between sensuality and intelligence, need

L’ÉPISTEMOLOGIE DE LA JALOUSIE : Proust et Descartes

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Roy Groen

2013-12-01

Full Text Available In this article I attempt to read Marcel Proust’s Remembrance of Things Past in the light of Descartes’ sceptical philosophy.  Instead of a more traditional comparative study, I have opted here for what could be called a “negative” approach, allowing me to read the Recherche from a certain angle, and to uncover the presence of Descartes in some of the more out-of-the-way places of Proust’s Universe.

Inflamed with Study: Eighteenth-Century Higher Education and the Formation of the American Constitutional Mind

Science.gov (United States)

1989-09-30

the Constitution makers included among the Greeks Plato, Aristotle, Demosthenes, Polybius, Strabo, Thucydides, Xenophon, Plutarch and Dionysius of...condition of the weaker members of the Amphyctionic Confederacy. Plutarch (life of Themistocles) will inform us that it happened but too often that the...in the same essay, in describing the deficiencies of the system, he reiterates, "It happened but too often, according to Plutarch , that the deputies

Visión anatomo-mecánica del cuerpo humano en Descartes

OpenAIRE

Idoate García, Victor M.

1999-01-01

Pese a que Descartes concibe al cuerpo humano como constituido por un cuerpo (res extensa) y una alma (res cogitans), en este trabajo sólo se considerará la parte que corresponde a la descripción anatómico y mecánica del cuerpo humano.

Attempts by Descartes and Roberval to evaluate the centre of oscillation of compound pendulums.

Science.gov (United States)

Capecchi, Danilo

2014-01-01

This paper re-examines the first documented attempts to establish the quantitative law of motion for a body oscillating about a fixed axis (a compound pendulum). This is quite a complex problem as weight and motion are not concentrated in a point, but are spread over a volume. Original documents by René Descartes and Gilles Personne de Roberval, who made the first contributions to solving the problem, are discussed. The two scientists had important insights into the problem which, although they were incomplete, nevertheless somehow complemented each other - at least when seen from the viewpoint of modern mechanics. Descartes was right in considering only the absolute value of the inertia forces, Roberval was right in assuming that the force of gravity should also be taken into account.

Vehicles to Belief: Aristotle's Enthymeme and George Campbell's Vivacity Compared.

Science.gov (United States)

Roob, Andy

The central concepts from two rhetorical systems (the enthymeme in Aristotle's rhetoric and vivacity in George Campbell's) may be understood as the connection between speech act and ascension to belief. A review of the literature indicates a gap in the scholarly works seeking to compare and contrast the periods developed by D. Ehninger's systems…

[Plato's conceptions of disorders of the soul (Ta peri psuchên nosêmata). Timaeus as the beginning of a dynamic and ethic psychopathology].

Science.gov (United States)

Godderis, J

1998-01-01

This contribution to the study of the evolution of fundamental concepts in psychiatry, and in particular of the interpretative models of mental disease, focuses on Plato's conceptions concerning the "disorders of the soul". Plato's "psychopathological" work suggests the decline of an hereditary conglomeration of interpretative arrangements of the irrational phenomena related to mental disease which, corresponding to the social needs of that time, had been united by the belief in myth and its therapeutic value. These archaic religious conceptions have most certainly been reversed by Plato, especially in his Timaeus, one of the three most influential of his dialogues. In a notable passage in this cosmological dialogue (86b ff.) Plato treats of those diseases of the soul which are caused by things physical, whether this be a "defective bodily constitution" or "faulty education". The diseases of the soul are thus no longer considered having a divine origin. Mental diseases to which man is unwittingly subject by defects in birth or education concern himself and his inner life and they cannot be dismissed with simplistic allegories. According to Plato they originate from a conflict, supported by a secret, hidden, irrational "self" that has its roots in the sôma, the rational "self" being only able to recuperate its total integrity if it manages, through self-discipline and knowledge, to check the somatic impulses, the folly of the body. Also, Plato offers a series of remedies to correct the undue influence of body on soul and soul on body, with a view to instituting a right balance and proportion between them. This, together with a stress on "care of the soul", particularly of the divine and immortal element, implicitly assumes that it is in man's power to apply the necessary remedies to himself and effect some sort of readjustment.

ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes in the Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Armstrong, Paul W; Siha, Hany; Fu, Yuling

2012-01-01

Ticagrelor, when compared with clopidogrel, reduced the 12-month risk of vascular death/myocardial infarction and stroke in patients with ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes intended to undergo primary percutaneous coronary intervention in the PLATelet inhibition and patient Outcomes (PLATO...

Descarte de medicamentos vencidos e em desuso: um levantamento do comportamento dos consumidores em São Mateus/ES

OpenAIRE

Balista, Wagner Cezário; Chaves, Gisele de Lorena Diniz; Sales, Ramiles; Lobo, Ludimila de Oliveira

2015-01-01

O descarte incorreto de medicamentos vencidos e em desuso em posse da população ocasiona grandes impactos ao meio ambiente e à saúde pública. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento da população em relação ao descarte destes resíduos. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa de levantamento no município de São Mateus – ES, estruturada por um questionário aplicado a 400 pessoas, de forma a garantir uma amostragem estatisticamente significativa. Com os resultados obtidos e ...

Redefining the role of experiment in Bacon's natural history: how Baconian was Descartes before emerging from his cocoon?

Science.gov (United States)

Georgescu, Laura; Giurgea, Mădălina

2012-01-01

In this article we argue that the views that Francis Bacon and René Descartes held about the role of experiments in the process of discovery are closer than previously accepted. Looking at the way experiments and the heuristics of experimentation are embedded in Bacon's posthumous History of Dense and Rare and Descartes' Discourses 8, 9, 10 of the Meteorology, we will show that experiments help the investigator both in solving specific problems that could not have otherwise been foreseen and in generating relevant information that advances the scope of the investigation.

DESCARTES E A FUNDAÇÃO DO CONHECIMENTO

OpenAIRE

Evani Inês Krügel

2009-01-01

A presente dissertação consiste no estudo dos fundamentos do conhecimento da filosofia moderna, de acordo com o filósofo francês René Descartes. Por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, procuramos explorar três elaborações do autor, as quais, apesar dos diferentes momentos e temas que as caracterizam, denotam uma continuidade ímpar. A questão metodológica, abordada a partir das Regras, permitiu-nos explicar as condições racionais do entendimento humano (intuição e dedução) e do método. Com o conhe...

Análise dos modelos de tomada decisão sob o enfoque cognitivo ANALYSIS OF MODELS OF DECISION MAKING IN THE COGNITIVE APPROACH

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Eugênio de Oliveira Simonetto

2010-08-01

Full Text Available The rationality has been defined from the Greeks as one of the main characteristic that distinguishes man from the other animals. The Greeks ‘influence like Plato and Aristotle and the philosophers empiricist /rationalist,as Descartes and Thomas Hobbes, were remarkable for the formation of models of decision making in organizations proposed by Simon, Allison and Lindblon. This study aims to identify the mainly decision making models and check how the cognitive aspects can affect the behavior of the agents involved in the process. The results show that there is no way to overlook the subjective factors, the different cognitive styles in the decision, there is a system of relations between the elements of nature objective and subjective elements,whichever is the predominant influence of the values of decision makers involved, which is seen as a motivator for the decision.A racionalidade vem sendo definida a partir dos gregos como uma das principais características que distingue o homem dos outros animais. A influência dos gregos, como Platão e Aristóteles, e dos filósofos empiristas/racionalistas, como Descartes e Thomas Hobbes, foram marcantes para a formação dos modelos de tomadas de decisão nas organizações propostas por Simon, Allison e Lindblon. Assim, este trabalho tem o objetivo de identificar os principais modelos de tomada de decisão e verificar como os aspectos cognitivos podem afetar o comportamento dos agentes envolvidos no processo. Os resultados demonstram que não há como negligenciar os fatores subjetivos e os diferentes estilos cognitivos na decisão, pois há um sistema de relações entre os elementos de natureza objetiva e os elementos de natureza subjetiva, prevalecendo o predomínio da influência dos valores dos decisores envolvidos, o que é visto como elemento motivador da decisão.

Vertical view Apollo 16 Descartes landing sites as photographed by Apollo 14

Science.gov (United States)

1972-01-01

An almost vertical view of the Apollo 16 Descartes landing sites as photographed from the Apollo 14 spacecraft. Overlays are provided to point out extravehicular activity (EVA), Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) travers routes and the nicknames of features. The Roman numerals indicate the EVA numbers and the Arabic numbers point out stations or traverse stops.

CUTTING BACK THE STEM: CULTIVATING LIBERAL ARTS IN OFFICER ACCESSIONS

Science.gov (United States)

2016-06-01

another. Ancient polymaths like Plato and Aristotle did not separate mathematics and astronomy from the logic and aesthetics of philosophy...know and what you don’t. - Anatole France No way of thinking or doing, however ancient , can be trusted without proof. - Henry David Thoreau...particular focus on diversity and technical degrees.”16 What diversity means is not explicit, but the given rationale includes historic references to

Descartes on the Unification of Arithmetic, Algebra and Geometry Via the Theory of Proportions

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Crippa, Davide

2017-01-01

Roč. 73, č. 3/4 (2017), s. 1239-1258 ISSN 0870-5283 Institutional support: RVO:67985955 Keywords : algebra * Descartes * Euclid * geometry * multiplication * proportion theory * structure Subject RIV: AA - Philosophy ; Religion OBOR OECD: Philosophy, History and Philosophy of science and technology

[The epiglottis in antiquity in medicine and philosophy].

Science.gov (United States)

Repici, L

1990-01-01

In Antiquity, the epiglottis and the related question whether drink enters the lung is a problem embracing both differently organized philosophical strategies and differently developed medical competences. Over the centuries, the history of a physiological question gradually turns into a debate where we find philosophers disagreeing with philosophers and physicians with physicians. A peculiar feature of this debate is that from a certain time on it involves a division between those who defend Plato's view on the subject and those who (philosophers as well as physicians) criticize it. Plato, Aristotle and Chrysippus, the Hippocratic authors and Erasistratus in the testimony of Aulus Gellius, Plutarch and indirectly also of Cicero, and then Galen and Macrobius have a special place in the development of this topic.

Viewpoint: Central adjudication of myocardial infarction in outcome-driven clinical trials--common patterns in TRITON, RECORD, and PLATO?

Science.gov (United States)

Serebruany, Victor L; Atar, Dan

2012-09-01

Central adjudication in randomised controlled outcome-driven trials represents a traditional approach to maintain data integrity by applying uniformed rules for assessment of clinical events. It was the purpose of this investigation to determine the patterns of myocardial infarction (MI) adjudication in the TRITON, RECORD, and PLATO trials. We were matching centrally-adjudicated MI's (CAMI's) from the official trial publication with the site-reported MI (SRMI's) count from the Food and Drug Administration's secondary analyses for the investigational compounds prasugrel (TRITON), rosiglitazone (RECORD), and ticagrelor (PLATO). CAMI numbers showed a remarkable discrepancy to SRMI's by more than a doubling of the difference: from 72 to 145 events in TRITON favoring prasugrel (from a hazard ratio [HR]=0.76, p=0.08; to a HR=0.76, p<0.001), and from 44 to 89 events in favour of ticagrelor in PLATO (from a HR=0.94, p=0.095; to a HR=0.84, p<0.001). In contrast, in the RECORD trial, the CAMI count was less than the SRMI count (from 24 to 8 events, from a HR=1.42, p=0.93; to a HR=1.14, p=0.96), in this case diminishing cardiovascular hazards in favour of rosiglitazone. In conclusion, central adjudication in the TRITON, the RECORD, and the PLATO trial turned out to have a critical impact on study outcomes. Trial publications should in the future include site-reported major efficacy and safety endpoints to preserve data integrity. The regulatory authorities should consider independent audits when there is a major disagreement between centrally adjudicated and site reported events influencing the results of a major clinical trial.

From Plato to Erikson: How the War on "Bad Play" Has Impoverished Higher Education

Science.gov (United States)

Carnes, Mark C.

2015-01-01

For centuries, the titans of educational reform--Plato, Rousseau, Dewey, Piaget, Erikson, Csikszentmihalyi and others--have championed the educational benefits of play. Yet many professors and administrators are boggled by the idea of playing academic games in college. They instantly dismiss faculty initiatives like "Reacting to the…

What Plato and Murdoch Think About Love

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Shadi Shakouri

2012-07-01

Full Text Available There are many interpretations of love and lots of scholars write and talk on love; however, what exactly is the meaning of love? Iris Murdoch’s works are an accumulation of emotional relationships and feelings of love. Her great subject is love, both sexual and non-sexual, and her characters are the portrayal of a small group of people caught up in convoluted ties of love and hate, with Eros ruling over them (Cohen 22. Murdoch was one of the most respected British writers and philosophers of the second half of the twentieth century and, of course, the postwar period. In Murdoch’s novels, love is one of the central themes—marriage, as the institution of love, more often binds than frees. Her characters are mainly ego-centric people who struggle to love and are often overwhelmed by the factor of self-obsession, jealousy, ambition, fascination with suffering and charismatic power. They are absolutely ordinary people with a consuming demand for love, and mental and physical exile. Murdoch was inspired by Plato’s ideas in many ways. Like art, here again Plato’s idea of love is more skeptical than Murdoch’s, whereas Murdoch kept it only as a way to the Good, creation, and happiness. Murdoch and Plato saw love more as a Freudian concept, the Eros, the word that comes from the name of the first Greek god of love. Both the philosophers, Plato and Murdoch, believed that this erotic longing and desires revived by Eros can led to a new direction, a way toward virtue and truth. Her protagonist or marginalized characters are usually tackling it with either vulgarity or the heavenly, which results in creation, art or salvation. Murdoch, as a major moral philosopher, usually grasps the chances to encapsulate her moral visions in her works, and created novels that should be counted as meditations on human love and goodness.

The role of the poet in Plato's ideal cities of Callipolis and Magnesia

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Gerard Naddaf

2007-12-01

Full Text Available Plato's attitude toward the poets and poetry has always been a flashpoint of debate, controversy and notoriety, but most scholars have failed to see their central role in the ideal cities of the Republic and the Laws, that is, Callipolis and Magnesia. In this paper, I argue that in neither dialogue does Plato "exile" the poets, but, instead, believes they must, like all citizens, exercise the expertise proper to their profession, allowing them the right to become full-fledged participants in the productive class. Moreover, attention to certain details reveals that Plato harnesses both positive and negative factors in poetry to bring his ideal cities closer to a practical realization. The status of the poet and his craft in this context has rarely to my knowledge been addressed.A atitude de Platão com relação aos poetas e à poesia tem sempre sido um ponto de debate, controvérsia e notoriedade, mas a maioria dos estudiosos não consegue ver seu papel central nas cidades ideais da República e das Leis, ou seja, Callipolis e Magnésia. Neste artigo, defendo que em nenhum dos dois diálogos Platão exila os poetas, mas, ao contrário, acredita que eles devem, como todos os cidadãos, exercitar a competência própria à sua profissão, permitindo-lhes o direito de se tornarem participantes com todos os direitos da classe produtora. Principalmente, se prestarmos a atenção devida em certos detalhes, veremos que Platão controla tanto os fatores positivos, como os negativos na poesia, para aproximar mais suas cidades ideais da realização prática. A meu ver, o estatuto do poeta e de sua habilidade, nesse contexto, foram raramente estudados.

Rhetoric and Truth: A Note on Aristotle, Rhetoric 1355a 21-24

Science.gov (United States)

Grimaldi, William M. A.

1978-01-01

A passage from Aristotle is discussed and interpreted. Rhetoric represents truth and justice in any situation for the auditor through the use of language. The usefulness of rhetoric lies in its ability to assure an adequate and competent articulation of truth and justice. (JF)

The Relationship between Virtue and Happiness in Aristotle and Al-Fārābī’s Views

OpenAIRE

Ali Sabri; Seyed Mohammad Kazem Alavi

2016-01-01

Throughout the history, different schools including both descriptive and non-descriptive ones, have been concerned with revealing relationship between happiness and virtue. As the First and Second teachers, Aristotle and Al-Fārābī can be named as having very important roles in this sense. So, the main tenet of ethics for these two philosophers is happiness, which is mostly derived from virtue. Considering theories of these two philosophers, it became evident that Aristotle had significant eff...

Los platos de los peces y el más allá

OpenAIRE

Aranegui Gascó, Carmen

1996-01-01

- Interpretación de la decoración de los platos de peces ibéticos como expresión de una determinada concepción del orden del universo y del tránsito a la otra vida. Flores, estrellas y espirales son la expresion de los tres elementos, mientras que el pez muestra el camino hacia el más allá.

Software Development Plan for DESCARTES and CIDER

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Eslinger, P.W.

1992-01-01

This Software Development Plan (SDP) outlines all software activities required to obtain functional environmental accumulation and individual dose codes for the Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction (HEDR) project. The modeling activities addressed use the output of the air transport-code HATCHET to compute radionuclide concentrations in environmental pathways, and continue on through calculations of dose for individuals. The Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction (HEDR) Project has a deliverable in the June 1993 time frame to be able to start computing doses to individuals from nuclear-related activities on the Hanford Site during and following World War II. The CIDER code will compute doses and their uncertainties for individuals living in the contaminated environment computed by DESCARTES. The projected size of the code is 3000 lines

Descartes the doctor: rationalism and its therapies.

Science.gov (United States)

Shapin, S

2000-06-01

During the Scientific Revolution one important gauge of the quality of reformed natural philosophical knowledge was its ability to produce a more effective medical practice. Indeed, it was sometimes thought that philosophers who pretended to possess new and more potent philosophical knowledge might display that possession in personal health and longevity. Rene Descartes repeatedly wrote that a better medical practice was a major aim of his philosophical enterprise. He said that he had made important strides towards achieving that aim, on that basis, he offered practical medical advice to others and advertised the expectation that, taking his own advice, he would live a very long time. This paper describes what Cartesian medicine looked like in practice and what that practice owed to the power of modernist Reason.

An Analysis of the Agency and Providence in Platonic, Aristotelian and Avicennan Metaphysics

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Vahideh Hadad

2013-12-01

One neither in Plato's own words nor in his commentators' exegeses. Moreover, Demiurge's state of agency in relation to particulars on the one hand, and the quality of the relationship of ideas with material objects on the other, are covered up by ambiguity and such analogies as participation and imitation do not help much to tackle this ambiguity around. In Parmenides, this ambiguity as to the quality of procession of particulars from the ideas has been noted and no slight beam of light ever been shed on it.    Browsing through Aristotelian corpse one would approve the fact that Stagrite's metaphysics could be epitomized in the theory of unmoved mover. Since Aristotle was also a biologist, by studying the movement of heavens he came to the conclusion that celestial spheres are ceaselessly moving around a circle like orbit and whereas every movement needs power to get started (every departure from potentiality toward actuality requires an agent and celestial movement is eternal then it is needless to say that it could not have been occasioned by a corporeal power as corporeality implies limitation and there have to be some non-corporeal entities to take on this movement. Aristotle christens these entities as "intellect" which are purely incorporeal. Aristotelian intellects are thus related to the celestial spheres. Aristotle believed in 55 celestial spheres and 55 correspondent intellects whom he called unmoved movers. Since in Aristotle's view first heaven should be eternal what moves it must be eternal too. Thus Aristotle reached the First Intellect or the Unmoved Mover. (Upon the annulment of circular and infinite regress one can see that the dilemmas which Aristotle was grappling with in physics led him to the domain of metaphysics.    Reading through the works of Avicenna one could find that his core idea as regards to the problem of agency is the very effective and practical theory of "providence". This theory was mooted as a practical theory in Islamic

An Analysis of the Agency and Providence in Platonic, Aristotelian and Avicennan Metaphysics

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

S. Mahdi Emamijomeh

2014-01-01

One neither in Plato's own words nor in his commentators' exegeses. Moreover, Demiurge's state of agency in relation to particulars on the one hand, and the quality of the relationship of ideas with material objects on the other, are covered up by ambiguity and such analogies as participation and imitation do not help much to tackle this ambiguity around. In Parmenides, this ambiguity as to the quality of procession of particulars from the ideas has been noted and no slight beam of light ever been shed on it.    Browsing through Aristotelian corpse one would approve the fact that Stagrite's metaphysics could be epitomized in the theory of unmoved mover. Since Aristotle was also a biologist, by studying the movement of heavens he came to the conclusion that celestial spheres are ceaselessly moving around a circle like orbit and whereas every movement needs power to get started (every departure from potentiality toward actuality requires an agent and celestial movement is eternal then it is needless to say that it could not have been occasioned by a corporeal power as corporeality implies limitation and there have to be some non-corporeal entities to take on this movement. Aristotle christens these entities as "intellect" which are purely incorporeal. Aristotelian intellects are thus related to the celestial spheres. Aristotle believed in 55 celestial spheres and 55 correspondent intellects whom he called unmoved movers. Since in Aristotle's view first heaven should be eternal what moves it must be eternal too. Thus Aristotle reached the First Intellect or the Unmoved Mover. (Upon the annulment of circular and infinite regress one can see that the dilemmas which Aristotle was grappling with in physics led him to the domain of metaphysics.    Reading through the works of Avicenna one could find that his core idea as regards to the problem of agency is the very effective and practical theory of "providence". This theory was mooted as a practical theory in Islamic

Slovenian test case Vrbanski Plato aquifer in the EU HORIZON 2020 FREEWAT project

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Irena Kopač

2017-09-01

Full Text Available The Slovenian case study in the EU HORIZON 2020 FREEWAT project was Vrbanski Plato aquifer. Slovenia is divided into two river basin districts: the Danube and the North Adriatic. The Vrbanski Plato aquifer, which he presents both natural and artificial bank filtration from the river Drava, is a part of the Danube river basin district and is the most important water source for 14 municipalities in the northeastern part of Slovenia. We investigated the groundwatersurface water interaction between river Drava and the porous aquifer in the geological old riverbed and possible reduction of city impact. This site is the oldest managed artificial groundwater recharge with riverbank filtration and has more than thirty years of successful operation. It is something special, very abundant in a small space, independent of drought and climate changes, but vulnerable due to the impact of the city. Under the city there is watershed dividing, which is shifting with different water management condition and we would like to have the least possible impact of the city. For optimal water management we decided to use FREEWAT plug-in within QGIS platform. With new developed FREEWAT plug-in in project FREEWAT, we made steady-state and transient groundwater model for presenting this shift of the watershed dividing under the city and optimal water management for this area. The model was designed in a way that it identifies and describes all major aspects of the physical hydrogeological system and water management. During the running of a project, there was an accident with heating oil spillage in city area, right on the watershed dividing. So we oriented with the transient groundwater model as well on heating oil spillage and pumping with additional wells at the place of the accident to present successful rehabilitation and the importance of the managed groundwater recharge. Our experience with FREEWAT platform during the Vrbanski Plato aquifer case study was very

Newton's Metaphysics of Space as God's Emanative Effect

Science.gov (United States)

Jacquette, Dale

2014-09-01

In several of his writings, Isaac Newton proposed that physical space is God's "emanative effect" or "sensorium," revealing something interesting about the metaphysics underlying his mathematical physics. Newton's conjectures depart from Plato and Aristotle's metaphysics of space and from classical and Cambridge Neoplatonism. Present-day philosophical concepts of supervenience clarify Newton's ideas about space and offer a portrait of Newton not only as a mathematical physicist but an independent-minded rationalist philosopher.

Tracing the roots of European bioethics back to the Ancient Greek philosophersphysicians

OpenAIRE

Kalokairinou, Eleni M.

2011-01-01

Contrary to the usual claim that Bioethics is a contemporary discipline, I argue that its origins can be traced back to the Ancient Greek philosophers-healers. In classical antiquity philosophy was almost inseparable from medicine not only in the sense that philosophers like Empedocles, Plato and Aristotle contributed to its development, but also in that later philosophers conceived of moral principles and rules in order to prevent the physicians’ malpractice and the patients’ harassment. Fro...

Prudential Versus Probative Arguments for Religious Faith: Descartes and Pascal on Reason and Faith

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Dennis Sansom

2017-07-01

Full Text Available In this article, I show that Pascal’s prudential agenda, centered on the Wager, more successfully overcomes the restrictions of Pyrrhonic skepticism expressed by Montaigne than Descartes’ probative philosophy, which was based on his “ontological argument” for God’s existence. Descartes’ attempt to base natural science on the metaphysical certainty of a non-deceiving God fails because he cannot prove that a non-deceiving Perfect Being is a “clear and distinct” idea. Pascal’s attempt to base the knowledge of God upon the “reasons of the heart” accepts the epistemological restrictions of skepticism but provides a reason to develop passionate faith, thereby overcoming skepticism. I also show that Descartes and Pascal had different assumptions about the workings of the mind; Descartes relied on a model of the mind as a “theater,” which hindered his agenda, and Pascal upon a “holistic” model, which enabled him to make a prudential argument which was cognitively convincing.

[Descartes' influence on the development of the anatomoclinical method].

Science.gov (United States)

González Hernández, A; Domínguez Rodríguez, M V; Fabre Pi, O; Cubero González, A

2010-01-01

The development of the anatomical-clinical method was a huge advance for modern medicine since it revealed a new approach to understanding diagnostic procedures. This change in medical thinking towards a more scientific basis has gradually evolved over several centuries, reaching its brilliant zenith with the contributions of the French school. There are certain similarities between the guidelines of the anatomical-clinical method and René Descartes' philosophical principles, so it is fair to consider him as one of the major precursors in this new line of thinking that definitely influenced the historical course of medicine.

Simulation scenarios in the Star Trek universe reject solipsism

OpenAIRE

Grech, Victor E.

2016-01-01

WE RARELY THINK to question the true nature of reality, which seems unambiguous and clear to our senses – a Materialist viewpoint. However, since that which we sense and come to know comes about through a potentially fallible sensory interface, it may well be that the nature of reality is different to that which we perceive, experience, and take as given. Many thinkers have attempted to come to grips with this contentious issue, and a short list includes Plato, Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, Mil...

'Teraz' u Parminidesa: B 8.5 ('NOW' ACCORDING TO PARMENIDES: B 8.5

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Jerzy Pawliszcze

2008-06-01

Full Text Available The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the concept of time in Parmenides' poem. The author begins with comparison between Parmenides and the concept of eternity in Plato's Timaeus. Some historian agree, that concept of eternity was alien for Parmenides and argue from fragm. 8, 5-6, where Parmenides uses the term 'now' - nyn in non-eternal sense. The author reads the conceptions of Schofield, Kahn, Gallop and Groarke (and many other writers and observe some difficulties with their interpretations. He makes entrance with strictly philological analysis of nyn (Plato, Sophocles, Aristotle and compares their use of 'now' with poems of Pindar. The author introduces the concept of 'cyclical' time, where order of moments is irrelevant and men can achieve salvation relatively easy to access.

The Figures of Speech, "Ethos," and Aristotle: Notes toward a Rhetoric of Business Communication.

Science.gov (United States)

Kallendorf, Craig; Kallendorf, Carol

1985-01-01

Demonstrates that business writers rely far more heavily than expected on classical figures of speech. Uses Aristotle's "Rhetoric" to show that figures of speech offer a powerful tool for the persuasive function of modern business communication. (PD)

On-ground and in-orbit characterisation plan for the PLATO CCD normal cameras

Science.gov (United States)

Gow, J. P. D.; Walton, D.; Smith, A.; Hailey, M.; Curry, P.; Kennedy, T.

2017-11-01

PLAnetary Transits and Ocillations (PLATO) is the third European Space Agency (ESA) medium class mission in ESA's cosmic vision programme due for launch in 2026. PLATO will carry out high precision un-interrupted photometric monitoring in the visible band of large samples of bright solar-type stars. The primary mission goal is to detect and characterise terrestrial exoplanets and their systems with emphasis on planets orbiting in the habitable zone, this will be achieved using light curves to detect planetary transits. PLATO uses a novel multi- instrument concept consisting of 26 small wide field cameras The 26 cameras are made up of a telescope optical unit, four Teledyne e2v CCD270s mounted on a focal plane array and connected to a set of Front End Electronics (FEE) which provide CCD control and readout. There are 2 fast cameras with high read-out cadence (2.5 s) for magnitude ~ 4-8 stars, being developed by the German Aerospace Centre and 24 normal (N) cameras with a cadence of 25 s to monitor stars with a magnitude greater than 8. The N-FEEs are being developed at University College London's Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL) and will be characterised along with the associated CCDs. The CCDs and N-FEEs will undergo rigorous on-ground characterisation and the performance of the CCDs will continue to be monitored in-orbit. This paper discusses the initial development of the experimental arrangement, test procedures and current status of the N-FEE. The parameters explored will include gain, quantum efficiency, pixel response non-uniformity, dark current and Charge Transfer Inefficiency (CTI). The current in-orbit characterisation plan is also discussed which will enable the performance of the CCDs and their associated N-FEE to be monitored during the mission, this will include measurements of CTI giving an indication of the impact of radiation damage in the CCDs.

Dialectic of Eros and Myth of the Soul in Plato's Phaedrus

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Larsen, Jens Kristian

2010-01-01

In this paper, I question a widespread reading of a passage in the last part of the Phaedrus dealing with the science of dialectic. According to this reading, the passage announces a new method peculiar to the later Plato aiming at defining natural kinds. I show that the Phaedrus itself does not ...... not support such a reading. As an alternative reading, I suggest that the science of dialectic, as discussed in the passage, must be seen as dealing primarily with philosophical rhetoric and knowledge of human souls....

Aristotle, alive and well in Papua New Guinea science classrooms

Science.gov (United States)

Boeha, Beno B.

1990-09-01

National High School students from Papua New Guinea were interviewed about two situations; the results of their Aristotle-like views regarding `forced' and `natural' motion are presented and discussed. Twenty-one National High School Students were interviewed about two situations similarly used elsewhere (Osborne and Gibert 1979, 1980, Osborne 1980a) and the results of these Aristotle-like views possessed by students have been presented and discussed above. With each of the six summary statements some extracts have been provided from interviews conducted by the author with students who had come from various parts of Pupua New Guinea. Students' views have been compiled to give a composite picture of the Aristotle-like ideas. Some impression of the commonality of the ideas/beliefs has been provided by reference to the work of others who have reported similar tendencies in testing and interviewing physics students. Throughout the study, students' Aristotlean-like views have been given a respected status that reflects their widespread use, their internal coherence and their tenacity in the face of classroom teaching in a Pupua New Guinea National High School. In analysing individual interview transcripits, attempts were made to construct ideas/beliefs that can account for statements by each student in a manner that statements are consistent with each other. The assumption that all of a student's statements are logically compatible to a listener or reader is difficult to maintain. However, it is one that has to be made as a hypothesis to work with, otherwise it is too easy to discount sections of a student's discourse that seem inconsistent with understandable parts. The aims of this part of the study have been to provide science educationalists with a repertoire of common Aristolean-like beliefs which have persisted in students. These views differ in some ways from the orthodox physics views. By better understanding of the students' beliefs and commitments about

LAS CRÍTICAS DE ARISTÓTELES A PLATÓN EN METAFÍSICA I, 9 ARISTOTLE’S CRITICISMS OF PLATO IN METAPHYSICS I, 9

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Silvana Gabriela Di Camillo

2011-03-01

Full Text Available

O recurso à exposição crítica das doutrinas anteriores é um procedimento metodológico usual em Aristóteles. Mas a característica distintiva do Livro I da Metafísica é que, ao invés de estabelecer uma nova doutrina, o exame dos predecessores serve para confirmar os próprios conceitos aristotélicos, os quais ele usa para avaliar os êxitos e os erros das doutrinas analisadas. Essa imposição de conceitos próprios lhe valeu a acusação de ter uma compreensão histórica distorcida. Com a análise detalhada das críticas da teoria platônica das Idéias na Metafísica I, 9, pretendemos mostrar: a que as críticas de manipulação e distorção das opiniões dos seus antecessores ofuscam o grau em que as suas próprias posições emergem de uma análise crítica do pensamento anterior; e b que a imposição de conceitos próprios não é uma distorção, mas uma proposta de solução para os problemas que as teorias anteriores deixaram sem solução.

On social justice: Comparing Paul with Plato, Aristotle and the Stoics ...

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On social justice: Comparing Paul with Plato, Aristotle and the Stoics ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO USE AJOL... for Researchers · for Librarians · for Authors · FAQ's · More about AJOL · AJOL's Partners · Terms and Conditions of Use · Contact AJOL · News. OTHER RESOURCES... for Researchers · for Journals · for Authors · for Policy Makers · about Open Access · Journal Quality.

On social justice: Comparing Paul with Plato, Aristotle and the Stoics

African Journals Online (AJOL)

p1243322

If Paul tried to establish egalitarian and sharing Christian communities under ... study on Paul for the debate on universal human values – except to suggest ... challenge until, at least for many, Caesar's apotheosis meant not ... just the promise, but the start of the world's salvation, redemption, ..... All will be on a par together.

The Quest for a Poetics of Goodness in Plato and Aristotle

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Dairo Orozco

2012-01-01

Full Text Available El artículo compara las concepciones de actividad artística en Platón y Aristóteles y se divide en tres partes. En la primera, se discuten la mimesis y la technē en el Ion de Platón, así como el papel de la poesía en la República. En la segunda, se hace un recuento de la idea de felicidad de Aristóteles como fin de la acción. En la última se discute el intento de reconciliación de las posiciones de Platón y Aristóteles realizado por el pensador neoplatónico renacentista, Torquato Tasso.

On social justice: Comparing Paul with Plato, Aristotle and the Stoics ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Although Crossan elsewhere demonstrates the deep roots of this concern in the Jewish tradition, he tends to downplay the importance of Greek contributions in this regard. The purpose of this essay will be to offer, in constant dialogue with. Crossan (and Reed), a more refined comparison of social justice in Paul on the one ...

Ockham, Suarez and Descartes: the transition from the late medieval Noethics to modern Philosophy

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Leopoldo Prieto

2016-06-01

Full Text Available The article studies some important ideas of the theory of knowledge in the fourteenth century that are estimated to be particularly relevant in the origin of modern philosophy, especially in the philosophy of Descartes. Among others, some of the ideas are: a the Scotus notion of notitia abstractiva and its correlation with the avicennan conceptus objectivus; b the trend present in a substantial amount of Franciscan authors, that, in the process of knowledge, puts the emphasis more in the knower than thing known; c the theological idea of divine omnipotence that, de potentia absoluta, applied in human knowledge, believes that it is possible to know without an object; d a diffuse tendency to the scepticism, which is based on two sources: the Augustinian theory of the illumination and the change that in the fourteenth century the logic experiences moving forward to the dialectic. In these ideas we discover a common line among Ockham, Suárez (and the conimbricenses and Descartes, in whose philosophies the intentionality and the certitude of knowledge are jeopardised.

One aspect of the methodology of cognition in Plato and Dionysius the Areopagite

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Moiseev, Petr

2008-06-01

Full Text Available Petr Moiseev (Perm State Institute of Arts and Cultureshows how the concept of ascension to truth, first formulated by Plato, was later reworked and reevaluated in new cognitive context by such later thinkers, as Plutarch, Iamblichus and, finally, Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite. Special attention is given to the concept of knowledge beyond human cognition and the role symbolism played in the process of its development.

Clockwise rotation of the Santa Marta massif and simultaneous Paleogene to Neogene deformation of the Plato-San Jorge and Cesar-Ranchería basins

Science.gov (United States)

Montes, Camilo; Guzman, Georgina; Bayona, German; Cardona, Agustin; Valencia, Victor; Jaramillo, Carlos

2010-10-01

A moderate amount of vertical-axis clockwise rotation of the Santa Marta massif (30°) explains as much as 115 km of extension (stretching of 1.75) along its trailing edge (Plato-San Jorge basin) and up to 56 km of simultaneous shortening with an angular shear of 0.57 along its leading edge (Perijá range). Extensional deformation is recorded in the 260 km-wide, fan-shaped Plato-San Jorge basin by a 2-8 km thick, shallowing-upward and almost entirely fine-grained, upper Eocene and younger sedimentary sequence. The simultaneous initiation of shortening in the Cesar-Ranchería basin is documented by Mesozoic strata placed on to lower Eocene syntectonic strata (Tabaco Formation and equivalents) along the northwest-verging, shallow dipping (9-12° to the southeast) and discrete Cerrejón thrust. First-order subsidence analysis in the Plato-San Jorge basin is consistent with crustal stretching values between 1.5 and 2, also predicted by the rigid-body rotation of the Santa Marta massif. The model predicts about 100 km of right-lateral displacement along the Oca fault and 45 km of left-lateral displacement along the Santa Marta-Bucaramanga fault. Clockwise rotation of a rigid Santa Marta massif, and simultaneous Paleogene opening of the Plato-San Jorge basin and emplacement of the Cerrejón thrust sheet would have resulted in the fragmentation of the Cordillera Central-Santa Marta massif province. New U/Pb ages (241 ± 3 Ma) on granitoid rocks from industry boreholes in the Plato-San Jorge basin confirm the presence of fragments of a now segmented, Late Permian to Early Triassic age, two-mica, granitic province that once spanned the Santa Marta massif to the northernmost Cordillera Central.

The micro-fascism of Plato's good citizen: producing (dis)order through the construction of risk.

Science.gov (United States)

O'Byrne, Patrick; Holmes, Dave

2007-04-01

The human body has come to be seen as forever susceptible to both external and internal hazards, which in many circumstances require immediate, heroic, and expensive intervention. In response to this, there has been a shift from a treatment-based healthcare model to one of prevention wherein nurses play an integral role by identifying and assessing risks for individuals, communities, and populations. This paper uses Deborah Lupton's outline of the spectrum of risk and applies the theoretical works of Foucault and Plato to demonstrate the means by which nurses maintain social order by identifying and counselling risk takers. It also utilizes the work of Deleuze and Guattari to illustrate how Plato's framework for creating social order through the creation of the good citizen can be viewed as a micro-fascist system, which has been adopted wholeheartedly by preventative health professionals. The goal of this paper is to present an alternate understanding of risk to provide nurses and other healthcare professionals with a non-traditional appreciation of certain aspects of their practice as researchers and clinicians.

Aristotle Meets Zeno: Psychophysiological Evidence.

Science.gov (United States)

Papageorgiou, Charalabos; Stachtea, Xanthi; Papageorgiou, Panos; Alexandridis, Antonio T; Tsaltas, Eleftheria; Angelopoulos, Elias

2016-01-01

This study, a tribute to Aristotle's 2400 years, used a juxtaposition of valid Aristotelian arguments to the paradoxes formulated by Zeno the Eleatic, in order to investigate the electrophysiological correlates of attentional and /or memory processing effects in the course of deductive reasoning. Participants undertook reasoning tasks based on visually presented arguments which were either (a) valid (Aristotelian) statements or (b) paradoxes. We compared brain activation patterns while participants maintained the premises / conclusions of either the valid statements or the paradoxes in working memory (WM). Event-related brain potentials (ERPs), specifically the P300 component of ERPs, were recorded during the WM phase, during which participants were required to draw a logical conclusion regarding the correctness of the valid syllogisms or the paradoxes. During the processing of paradoxes, results demonstrated a more positive event-related potential deflection (P300) across frontal regions, whereas processing of valid statements was associated with noticeable P300 amplitudes across parieto-occipital regions. These findings suggest that paradoxes mobilize frontal attention mechanisms, while valid deduction promotes parieto-occipital activity associated with attention and/or subsequent memory processing.

Soul and body: Transcending the dialectical intellectual legacy of the West with an integral biblical view?

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Danie Strauss

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Greek philosophy informed the Medieval dualistic understanding of ‘body’ and ‘soul’, which continued to influence modern Humanism and Christian views during and after the Middle Ages. These fluctuating conceptions express the directing role of dialectical basic motives. It was mainly the Greek motive of matter and form which directed the thought of Plato and Aristotle, resulting in a dualistic view of the relationship between a so-called material body and rational soul. At the Council of Vienne (1312, the Aristotelian-Thomistic doctrine of the soul as the substantial form of the body was adopted. Within Protestant circles, the‘two-substances’ view caused a distinction between a (temporal material body and an (eternal rational soul (see article 7 of the Swiss Confessio Helvetica Posterior and the Westminster Confession Chapter 4, paragraph 2. Dooyeweerd shows how modern philosophy has received its deepest motivation from the dialectical motive of nature and freedom, which informed the development from Descartes up to Gould and Jaspers. Finally, in the last sections, the main contours of a biblically informed view are articulated with reference to the centrality of the human I-ness, to the theory of enkaptic interlacements and to the problem of supra-temporality. Siel en liggaam: Is dit moontlik om die dialektiese intellektuele erfenis van die Westevanuit ‘n integrale bybelse siening te bowe te kom? Die Griekse filosofie vorm die agtergrond van die Middeleeuse dualistiese verstaan van ‘liggaam’ en ‘siel’ wat op sy beurt die moderne Humanisme en latere Christelike opvattinge beïnvloed het – almal in die greep van dialektiese grondmotiewe. Dit was hoofsaaklik die Griekse basiese vorm-materie-motief wat die dualistiese siening van ’n materie-liggaam en ’n redelike siel tot gevolg gehad het, soos dit in die denke van Plato en Aristoteles beslag gekry het. By die Konsilie van Wenen (1312 is die Aristotelies

Which kind of mathematics was known by and referred to by those who wanted to integrate mathematics in «Wisdom» - Neopythagoreans and others?

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Høyrup, Jens

Plato, so the story goes, held mathematics in high esteem, and those philosopher-kings that ought to rule his republic should have a thorough foundation in mathematics. This may well be true - but an observation made by Aristotle suggests that the mathematics which Plato intends is not the one...... based on theorems and proofs which we normally identify with "Greek mathematics". Most other ancient writers who speak of mathematics as a road towardWisdom also appear to be blissfully ignorant of the mathematics of Euclid, Archimedes, Apollonios, etc. The aim of the paper is to identify the kinds...... of mathematics which were available as external sources for this current (on the whole leaving out of consideration Liberal-Arts mathematics as not properly external). A number of borrowings can be traced to various practitioners' traditions - but always as bits borrowed out of context....

From the Snell-Descartes refraction law, to the Hamilton equations in the phase space of geometrical optics

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lopez Moreno, E.; Wolf, K.B.

1989-01-01

Starting from the Snell-Descartes' refraction law, we obtain in a brief and direct way the Hamilton equations of Geometrical Optics. We show the global structure of phase space and compare it with that used in paraxial optics. (Author)

Aristotle on Sentence Types and Forms of Speech

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Gábor Bolonyai

2005-12-01

Full Text Available According to the Hermeneutics, Ch. 4, the analysis of non-assertoric sentences such as wishes, commands, etc. belongs to rhetoric or poetics. They are, however, examined neither in the Rhetoric nor in the Poetics, where (Ch. 20 their treatment. is explicitly excluded from the art of poetry and referred to that of delivery or performance. The paper gives an explanation for this discrepancy, based on an interpretation of Aristotle's rejection of Protagoras' criticism of Homer. The sophist found fault with the first line of the Iliad where Homer invokes the Muse by the imperative Menin aeide, thea thus uttering a command while believing that he is expressing a prayer. Aristotle's grounds for rejecting this criticism remain implicit, but it appears very likely that he thought that, if uttered or performed in the right manner, the sentence could he taken as a prayer. From this observation, which is certainly valid in this particular case, he drew the conclusion that performative or vocal features in themselves, i.e. rhythm, intonation and volume of sound, are always sufficient to identify particular „figures of speech“, as he calls non-assertoric sentence types in the Poetics. This conclusion is, however, not entirely justified. Performative features are not always enough to differentiate between two `figures of speech'; the possible range of verbal moods and sentence types is likewise determined by morphological marks (e.g. mood signs, syntactical features (word-order, and lexical items (certain adverbs or particles. Aristotle’s decision to dismiss figures of speech altogether from the field of lexis may also have contributed to the later development of keeping linguistics and theory of style apart as two separate branches of inquiry.

Dialectic and science: Galen, Herophilus and Aristotle on phenomena.

Science.gov (United States)

Tieleman, T

1995-01-01

This paper examines the nature of Galen's argument in the De placitis Hippocratis et Platonis, books 2-3, concerned with the location of the psychic functions within the body. To this question Galen applies a coherent set of methodological principles, integrating Aristotelian dialectic and scientific demonstration based on anatomical experiments. Galen disagrees with Aristotle in that he relegates the endoxa from the realm of dialectic to that of rhetoric. His attitude is marked by a distinctive emphasis on perceptible phenomena as the starting point for scientific inquiry. This and other features can be traced back to the Hellenistic scientist Herophilus.

The Use of Aristotelian Dialectics: Reception and Scientific Meaning

OpenAIRE

José Miguel López Molina-Niñirola

2016-01-01

This article shows the relevance of Aristotelian dialectic in the twentieth century, which has a scientific use, basically in the construction and development of science. It allows, reasoning from éndoxa, to establish the value of truth in propositions and to understand the common principles of science and the principles inherent to individual sciences. The diaporétic procedure theorized by Aristotle is a method and not a piece of knowledge, unlike Plato, but rooted in the Platonic dialectic ...

Přátelství jako hodnota v klasické řecké filosofii a etice

OpenAIRE

Grospičová, Simona

2012-01-01

TITLE: Friendship as a Virtue in Classical Greek Philosophy and Ethics AUTHOR: Simona Grospičová DEPARTMENT: Social Sciences and Philosophy Department SUPERVISOR: PhDr. Miloslava Blažková, CSc. ABSTRACT: This work analyses friendship, in Greek philia, as a virtue in Classical Greek philosophy and ethics. The study concentrates on works concerning friendship of two most significant authors of the stated period Plato and Aristotle. Friendship is examined not only as a separated theme but also a...

THE LOGIC OF JUSTICE IN ARISTOTLE'S NICOMACHEAN ETHICS, BOOK V

OpenAIRE

HIDEYA, YAMAKAWA; 桃山学院大学文学部

1999-01-01

In this paper I probe into the geometrical structure which lurks behind Aristotle's argument of justice in distribution (το διανεμητικον δικαιου) and especially justice in reciprocity (το αντιπεπονθοζ δικαιον) in the Book V of Nicomachean Ethics, and present a new solution for the interpretation of justice in reciprocity.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL INTENTION OF PHILOSOPHIZING OF RENE DESCARTES AND ITS MANIFESTATION IN THE TEXT «THE RULES»

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Anatolii Malivskyi

2015-12-01

Full Text Available Purpose. Based on the understanding of The New Time philosophy as a response to the challenges of the era in relation to the construction of an objective picture of the world and the self-creation of man, to analyze the main options for evaluating the ambivalence of the basic intention of the philosophy of Descartes in the research literature and to clarify the nature of ambiguity. To justify the dominant nature of anthropological intention in the text of the «Rules for Guiding the Mind in Searching for the Truth». Novelty. The nature of the ambivalence of the basic intention of the text of the "Rules" is clarified as a form of two basic existences, opposite to the New Time, namely the query on the objectivity of scientific knowledge and inquiry in anthropology as a cornerstone of philosophy. The author of the article proves the domination of anthropological component of the text «The Rules» in front of scientific knowledge. Conclusions. The main manifestations of ambivalence of basic directivity of philosophizing of Rene Descartes to construction of an objective picture of the world and self-creation of person were described. The determining influence on the process of the establishment of basic intention of the specificity of the experience of mathematical knowledge and Plato’s and Aristotle’s tradition of philosophizing for the first, and of personal tradition of Christianity in the second place was emphasized. In the reference to the text «The Rules» of Descartes the ambiguity of the basic direction was argued, the nature and domination of the anthropological intention were justified.

Descartes' dogma and damage to Western psychiatry.

Science.gov (United States)

Ventriglio, A; Bhugra, D

2015-10-01

René Descartes described the concept of mind-body dualism in the 16th century. This concept has been called his error but we prefer to call it his dogma because the error was recognised much later. We studied the original writings translated by various scholars. We believe that his dogma has caused tremendous amount of damage to Western psychiatry. This dualism has created boundaries between mind and body but as we know they are inextricably interlinked and influence each other. This has affected clinical practice and has increased the dichotomy between psychiatric services and the physical health care services in the West at least. This dualism has also contributed to stigma against mental illness, the mentally ill and the psychiatric services. We propose that it is time to abandon this mind-body dualism and to look at the whole patient and their illness experiences as is done in some other health care systems such as Ayurveda.

The "Physically Educated" Person: Physical Education in the Philosophy of Reid, Peters and Aristotle

Science.gov (United States)

MacAllister, James

2013-01-01

This article will derive a definition and account of the physically educated person, through an examination of the philosophy of Andrew Reid, Richard Peters and Aristotle. Initially, Reid's interpretation of Peters' views about the educational significance of practical knowledge (and physical education) will be considered. While it will…

Using Hip-Hop Music and Music Videos to Teach Aristotle's Three Proofs

Science.gov (United States)

Sciullo, Nick J.

2014-01-01

Aristotle's three proofs remain central to students' understanding of argumentation and persuasion. They are fundamental for those just beginning rhetorical study, as well as being of interest to experienced scholars. Investing time in learning the proofs supports students' future practice and study of rhetoric. Unfortunately, the…

Plato: A localised orbital based density functional theory code

Science.gov (United States)

Kenny, S. D.; Horsfield, A. P.

2009-12-01

The Plato package allows both orthogonal and non-orthogonal tight-binding as well as density functional theory (DFT) calculations to be performed within a single framework. The package also provides extensive tools for analysing the results of simulations as well as a number of tools for creating input files. The code is based upon the ideas first discussed in Sankey and Niklewski (1989) [1] with extensions to allow high-quality DFT calculations to be performed. DFT calculations can utilise either the local density approximation or the generalised gradient approximation. Basis sets from minimal basis through to ones containing multiple radial functions per angular momenta and polarisation functions can be used. Illustrations of how the package has been employed are given along with instructions for its utilisation. Program summaryProgram title: Plato Catalogue identifier: AEFC_v1_0 Program summary URL:http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AEFC_v1_0.html Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen's University, Belfast, N. Ireland Licensing provisions: Standard CPC licence, http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/licence/licence.html No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 219 974 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 1 821 493 Distribution format: tar.gz Programming language: C/MPI and PERL Computer: Apple Macintosh, PC, Unix machines Operating system: Unix, Linux and Mac OS X Has the code been vectorised or parallelised?: Yes, up to 256 processors tested RAM: Up to 2 Gbytes per processor Classification: 7.3 External routines: LAPACK, BLAS and optionally ScaLAPACK, BLACS, PBLAS, FFTW Nature of problem: Density functional theory study of electronic structure and total energies of molecules, crystals and surfaces. Solution method: Localised orbital based density functional theory. Restrictions: Tight-binding and density functional theory only, no exact exchange. Unusual features: Both atom centred and uniform meshes available

Numbers Rule The Vexing Mathematics of Democracy, from Plato to the Present

CERN Document Server

Szpiro, George G

2010-01-01

Since the very birth of democracy in ancient Greece, the simple act of voting has given rise to mathematical paradoxes that have puzzled some of the greatest philosophers, statesmen, and mathematicians. Numbers Rule traces the epic quest by these thinkers to create a more perfect democracy and adapt to the ever-changing demands that each new generation places on our democratic institutions. In a sweeping narrative that combines history, biography, and mathematics, George Szpiro details the fascinating lives and big ideas of great minds such as Plato, Pliny the Younger, Ramon Llull, Pierre Simo

Aristotle's Rhetoric, Hitler's Program, and the Ideological Problem of Praxis, Power, and Professional Discourse.

Science.gov (United States)

Katz, Steven B.

1993-01-01

Examines Hitler's use of propaganda to construct praxis and define phronesis in Nazi Germany in terms of the rational but open-ended nature of Aristotle's political-ethical thought. Examines the failure of professional discourse surrounding the siting of a low-level nuclear waste facility to create a persuasive reality and yet ideologically…

Aristotle Meets Zeno: Psychophysiological Evidence.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Charalabos Papageorgiou

Full Text Available This study, a tribute to Aristotle's 2400 years, used a juxtaposition of valid Aristotelian arguments to the paradoxes formulated by Zeno the Eleatic, in order to investigate the electrophysiological correlates of attentional and /or memory processing effects in the course of deductive reasoning. Participants undertook reasoning tasks based on visually presented arguments which were either (a valid (Aristotelian statements or (b paradoxes. We compared brain activation patterns while participants maintained the premises / conclusions of either the valid statements or the paradoxes in working memory (WM. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs, specifically the P300 component of ERPs, were recorded during the WM phase, during which participants were required to draw a logical conclusion regarding the correctness of the valid syllogisms or the paradoxes. During the processing of paradoxes, results demonstrated a more positive event-related potential deflection (P300 across frontal regions, whereas processing of valid statements was associated with noticeable P300 amplitudes across parieto-occipital regions. These findings suggest that paradoxes mobilize frontal attention mechanisms, while valid deduction promotes parieto-occipital activity associated with attention and/or subsequent memory processing.

Hot heads and cold brains. Aristotle, Galen and the "radiator theory".

Science.gov (United States)

Longo, O

1996-01-01

The Author examines two similar theories about the functioning of human brain as a refrigerator: Falk's and Fialkowski's (1990) and Aristotle's (IVth century b.C.). There are surprising, although fortuitous, convergences between the two, with the remarkable difference, however, that Artistotle's doctrine (later severely criticized by Galen) thinks of the brain merely as an organ for the cooling of the body's (the heart's) heat, while according to the modern radiator theory the human brain developed starting as a refrigerator of itself.

The brain of René Descartes (1650): A neuro-anatomical analysis.

Science.gov (United States)

Philippe, Charlier; Isabelle, Huynh-Charlier; Philippe, Froesch; Russell, Shorto; Nadia, Benmoussa; Alain, Froment; Dominique, Grimaud-Hervé; Saudamini, Deo; Anaïs, Augias; Lou, Albessard; Antoine, Balzeau

2017-07-15

The skull of René Descartes is held in the National Museum of Natural History since the 19th c. Up to date, only anthropological examinations were carried out, focusing on the cranial capacity and phrenological interpretation of the skull morphology. Using CT-scan based 3D technology, a reconstruction of the endocast was performed, allowing for its first complete description and inter-disciplinary analysis: assessment of metrical and non-metrical features, retrospective diagnosis of anatomical anomalies, and confrontation with neuro-psychological abilities of this well-identified individual. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Education and the doctrine of the Mean in Aristotle and in Confucius

OpenAIRE

Panos ELIOPOULOS

2014-01-01

Aristotle and Confucius elaborate their theories on the basis of a complex apprehen - sion of the ethical and political problem as one. The Greek and the Chinese philosopher focus on the importance of virtue, which signifies a passage from an initial understanding of communal life to a life with others that becomes self-fulfilling and facilitates self improvement and excellence. The individual goal is the same as the collective goal; this becomes the foundation o...

Which kind of mathematics was known and referred to by those who wanted to integrate mathematics in «Wisdom»

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Høyrup, Jens

2016-01-01

Plato, so the story goes, held mathematics in high esteem, and those philosopher-kings that ought to rule his republic should have a thorough foundation in mathematics. This may well be true – but an observation made by Aristotle suggests that the mathematics which Plato intends is not the one...... based on theorems and proofs which we normally identify with “Greek mathematics”. Most other ancient writers who speak of mathematics as a road toward Wisdom also appear to be blissfully ignorant of the mathematics of Euclid, Archimedes, Apollonios, etc. – though not necessarily of their names. The aim...... of the paper is to identify the kinds of mathematics which were available as external sources for this current (on the whole leaving out of consideration Liberal-Arts mathematics as not properly external). A number of borrowings can be traced to various practitioners' traditions – but always as bits borrowed...

O dualismo de Descartes como princípio de sua Filosofia Natural

OpenAIRE

Zelia Ramozzi-Chiarottino; José-Jozefran Freire

2013-01-01

Procuraremos mostrar que o imaginário ocidental a respeito da filosofia cartesiana como um "dualismo" não superado e responsável pela ruptura do homem com cultura e natureza colide com as reais posições do filósofo. Na aurora da filosofia moderna, com Descartes, um dualismo ainda metafísico entre "dois modos da mesma substância" transforma-se num dualismo gnoseológico entre, de um lado, um sujeito do conhecimento científico (sujeito epistêmico), e, de outro, sistemas a serem explicados: corpo...

The idea in John Duns Scotus’ turn-about Between Plato and Descartes

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Francesco Fiorentino

2017-12-01

Full Text Available The theoretical distance between the Cartesian concept, on the one hand, and the Platonic concept and Medieval tradition, on the other, would be incomprehensible unless one were to take into account the fundamental link, that lies in the thought of John Duns Scotus. The scope of this contribution is to illustrate the theoretical bearing of the turnabout in theology operated by Scotus as regards the concept of ideas. In fact, for Scotus, as we shall see, the concept of the idea is profoundly transformed, loses its exemplary value and takes on a new semblance that is nearer to the Cartesian concept, all this starting from a theological framework.

[The haematogenous reproduction theory of Aristotle].

Science.gov (United States)

Kremer, J

2003-12-20

From the very beginning, man has been fascinated by the continuous coming into being of new life on Earth. Archeological and anthropological data indicate that in prehistoric times, reproduction was attributed to a fertility goddess that required no sperm for this purpose. In the early historical Middle East it was believed that a godly being brought about pregnancy by using male and female semen. It was the merit of the Greek philosophers of the 6th-3rd century B.C. to realize that reproduction was governed by natural laws. Several theories were developed to understand how reproduction could occur. The haematogenous theory of reproduction, developed by Aristotle, has received the most attention. The essence of this theory is that the male sperm, with a haematogenous origin, causes the development of an embryo from menstrual blood present in the female uterus. The theory survived about 2000 years, with modifications, and was also introduced into Christianity. It was only about 150 years ago that the reproduction theory based on hypotheses was changed into a reproduction science based on facts.

76 FR 37290 - Children's Online Privacy Protection Rule; Aristotle International, Inc.'s Application for Safe...

Science.gov (United States)

2011-06-27

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Análise normativa para descarte de resíduos de medicamentos - Estudo de caso da Região Sudeste do Brasil

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FALQUETO, Elda

2012-07-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste artigo é analisar aspectos normativos para o gerenciamento de resíduos de medicamentos numa região do Brasil e descrever os elementos fundamentais para a sua prática, valendo-se de exemplos bem-sucedidos e das principais políticas nacionais que norteiam o tema. Este trabalho analisa a legislação federal e da Região Sudeste em relação ao descarte de resíduos de medicamentos visando verificar em que medida as proposições legais contribuem para um gerenciamento eficaz de resíduos. São também avaliadas experiências bem-sucedidas de descarte de medicamentos vencidos. Observou-se que nas legislações existentes há lacunas. Elas estabelecem responsabilidades para os fabricantes, distribuidores e serviços de saúde, mas não instituem ações para o descarte de medicamentos pelos usuários, nem determinam o tipo de tratamento em função das diferentes classes de medicamentos, o que pode prejudicar o correto gerenciamento desses resíduos. Quanto às experiências bem-sucedidas, observou-se que houve articulação entre diferentes atores sociais e esferas de governo para o descarte de medicamentos vencidos. O artigo finaliza com propostas de ações em relação às duas lacunas identificadas. Quanto à conscientização dos usuários, é sugerida ação articulada com programas que têm inserção comunitária como Saúde da Família. A respeito do tratamento específico para classes farmacêuticas, propõe-se ação conjunta universidade- empresa-governo na pesquisa desses tratamentos. Por fim, sugere-se revisão das normas relacionadas aos resíduos de medicamentos.

ESTUDO DE ETNOECODESIGN DE IMAGENS SACRAS EM GESSO DANIFICADAS E DESCARTADAS PELO USUÁRIO. ESTUDO DE MODELO SUSTENTÁVEL DE NICHO DE DESCARTE.

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Paulo Sergio de Sena

2016-10-01

Full Text Available O Etnoecodesingn trata-se de um estudo interdisciplinar onde o dialogo envolve os critérios culturais, sociais e ambientais. Os componentes etnoecológicos do estudo das Imagens Sacras de Gesso se materializam no grupo de artesãos tradicionais locais (mais de 100 anos de exploração da técnica e recurso natural gesso. Na produção de imagens sacras, como souvenir, em Aparecida- SP, que agrega processos e materiais que contribuem significativamente para contaminação do ambiente, durante a pré-produção, produção, pós-produção e descarte, principalmente quando houve constatação, no projeto anterior, de matéria prima contaminada por metais pesados. Este trabalho trata dos possíveis impactos causados pelo descarte das imagens, uma vez danificadas, diretamente no ambiente por conta de uma prática cultural denominada de “Santa Cruz” e vem contribuir para o estudo comparado dos atuais modelos de nicho de descarte e a proposta de um modelo mais sustentável para a Santa Cruz.

Economic Thinking from Hesiod to Richard Cantillon

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Gina Ioan

2016-05-01

Full Text Available The paper makes an analysis between the two effects, considering the general case of an Allen utility function. We can say that about economics that it is a relatively young science, economic and social phenomena we find debated in philosophical thinking of Hesiod Xenophon, Plato, Aristotle. These phenomena were only economic management rules of common affairs of the city. Thus, the study of the economy began to emerge timidly, gaining not only the form that we know it today, but also the importance for a developed society, the very cornerstone of its.

The Use of Aristotelian Dialectics: Reception and Scientific Meaning

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José Miguel López Molina-Niñirola

2016-02-01

Full Text Available This article shows the relevance of Aristotelian dialectic in the twentieth century, which has a scientific use, basically in the construction and development of science. It allows, reasoning from éndoxa, to establish the value of truth in propositions and to understand the common principles of science and the principles inherent to individual sciences. The diaporétic procedure theorized by Aristotle is a method and not a piece of knowledge, unlike Plato, but rooted in the Platonic dialectic of Parmenides.

Mevlana'nın Mesnevi'sinde Tanrı'nın Varlığının Kanıtları

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Hasan Çiçek

2015-11-01

Full Text Available Mevlana, like Plato, Aristotle, Farabi and other philosophers before him, believes that God can be proved rationally and he explains the relevant proofs in his Mesnevi with metaphors, stories, and fables. These indicate that it is possible to deduce the most perfect Being from the imperfect things in the universe; it is also possible to deduce the existence of God from the fact that what is known and seen cannot come to exist without any cause, or that there must be a Creator for the things that are created

Descarte de peixes na pesca comercial em Tefé, médio Solimões, Amazônia Central = Discarded catches from commercial fisheries in the middle Solimões river, Central Amazon region

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Vandick da Silva Batista

2008-01-01

Full Text Available Descartes são comuns na pesca comercial, sendo avaliados para apoiar o manejo da pesca na região. Por meio de acompanhamentos diários das pescarias da frota comercial de Tefé, foi descrito o descarte de pescado no médio Solimões. Utilizando análises de correlação e covariância, foram avaliados fatores que determinam o descarte com três modalidades distintas de pesca. Os pescadores selecionaram o pescado no momento da captura por espécie e tamanho. As espécies de pescados mais descartados foram jaraquis, tucunarés e branquinhas, porém os mais freqüentes, no descarte, foram espécies dos Siluriformes. Os apetrechos de pesca analisados apresentaram diferenças nas características de seu descarte. O descarte foi menor na enchente-cheia (5-17% da captura, conforme apetrecho que durante a vazante-seca (20-62%, conforme apetrecho. Discards are common in commercial fishery, and are evaluated in order to support fisheries management in the region. Fish discards in themiddle Solimões River were described through daily monitoring of fishing activities by the commercial fleet of the town of Tefé. By making use of analyses of correlation and covariance, determinant factors for discards in three different types of fisheries wereevaluated. The crew selected the fish at the moment of capture, by species and size. Among the most discarded fish species were jaraquis Semaprochilodus spp., tucunarés Cichla spp. and branquinhas Curimatidae; however, the most frequently discarded were Siluriform species. The fishing gear analyzed featured differences in their discarding characteristics. Discard was lower during the flood period (5-17% of catches, depending on gear than during the dry season (20-62% of catches, depending on gear.

Apixaban vs. warfarin with concomitant aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation: insights from the ARISTOTLE trial

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Alexander, J.H.; Lopes, R.D.; Thomas, L.; Alings, M.; Atar, D.; Aylward, P.; Goto, S.; Hanna, M.; Huber, K.; Husted, S.; Lewis, B.S.; McMurray, J.J.; Pais, P.; Pouleur, H.; Steg, P.G.; Verheugt, F.W.A.; Wojdyla, D.M.; Granger, C.B.; Wallentin, L.

2014-01-01

AIMS: We assessed the effect of concomitant aspirin use on the efficacy and safety of apixaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS AND RESULTS: In ARISTOTLE, 18 201 patients were randomized to apixaban 5 mg twice daily or warfarin. Concomitant aspirin use was

Civic Friendship in Aristotle: Concord and Fraternity

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Oriol Farrés Juste

2015-05-01

Full Text Available the article shows the importance of friendship in the context of Aristotelian political philosophy. this importance is verified in its specific weight compared with justice. As it is known, Aristotle argues that the pursuit of friendship outranks the pursuit of justice in the polis. Particularly, the article focuses on the role of concord, as a special type of civic friendship, in terms of preserving the unity and stability of the polis. to grasp its significance, we have to consider the role of concord as a supplement of the political condition of the human being. Concord is necessary in the light of the trend to the struggle between the parts of the city, between the demos and the oligarchs. Since this fight endangers the continuity of the polis, concord among citizens becomes a privileged background of early republican fraternity, which has not enjoyed sufficient attention in the field of history of political philosophy.

El genio maligno de Suárez: Suárez y Descartes

OpenAIRE

Baciero Ruiz, Francisco Tadeo

2007-01-01

[ES] Tradicionalmente se ha considerado la filosofía cartesiana como un comienzo casi absoluto en la historia de la Filosofía. Sin embargo, las conocidas hipótesis del “genio maligno” y del “Dios engañador”, parte fundamental del artificio de la “duda metódica” en las Meditaciones metafísicas, se encuentran en la Disputación metafísica 9 de Suárez (la única mención de Suárez en todo Descartes, precisamente en las “Respuestas” a las Meditaciones). Parece claro, a partir de la correspondencia d...

[Scientific revolution and embryology: rejection or transformation of antiquity? A comparison between the procreation teachings of Cesare Cremonini, William Harvey und René Descartes].

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Lo Presti, Roberto

2014-01-01

In this paper I address the issue of the theoretical and epistemological status of embryology at the rise of the so-called "Scientific Revolution" (also in the first half of the seventeenth-century) and raise the question, in what sense and to what extent the historiographical concept of "Scientific Revolution" is applicable to the domain of embryology. To achieve this aim I compare the theories of three protagonists of the medical, scientific and philosophical debate of that age, namely Cesare Cremonini, William Harvey and René Descartes, who had very different views on the world structure and human nature and a very different concept of science, but who shared, as concerns embryological issues, an epigenetic conception of the development of the embryo. Their theories are discussed and compared in light of following questions: 1) What do Cremonini's, Harvey's and Descartes's embryological theories exactly aim to?; 2) In developing their theories, do these thinkers deal explicitly or implicitly with the Aristotelian and the Galenic embryological paradigm?; 3)Do they refer polemically to the Aristotelian and the Galenic tradition and what theoretical and/or rhetorical function have these polemical references?; 4) Do the embryological theories of Cremonini, Harvey and Descartes reflect the century-long dispute between "(Aristotelian) philosophers" and "(Galenic) doctors"?; 5) How is represented embryology as a 'scientific' and/or 'theoretical' domain? And what relationship between concepts of 'truth', 'research', 'tradition' and 'scientific progress' is implied or proposed in the embryological works of these three thinkers? What kind of use do Cremonini, Harvey and Descartes make of the argumenta ex ratione and of those ex experientia?

The Unifying Strands: Formalism and Gestalt Theory in the Musical Philosophies of Aristoxenus, Descartes, and Meyer

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Amanda N. Staufer

2018-03-01

Full Text Available In every age, philosophers deal with inquiries concerning musical meaning and the effect of music on the listener. Instead of answering the formidable question of musical meaning, this essay demonstrates the parallel aspects of three musical theories from ancient, Enlightenment, and modern times. Using the two criteria of musical formalism and Gestalt Theory, this essay systematically connects the philosophies of Aristoxenus of Tarentum, René Descartes, and Leonard Meyer. Musical formalism holds that music’s nature is innate, self-evident, able to be systematically deduced, and rational. According to formalism, musical meaning is defined by things objectively ‘there’ in the music, musical experience relies on cognition, and music is less a matter of sense than of mind. Gestalt Theory asserts that music is a unified totality—the whole gives meaning to the parts. This project demonstrates that three seemingly dissimilar musical philosophies include and prefigure the same foundational principles, although the theories reach different conclusions about musical meaning. In the research process, this essay utilizes documentary evidence. This essay concludes that the philosophies of Aristoxenus, Descartes, and Meyer are united by tendencies toward musical formalism and strands of the Gestalt view of music.

Three Aspects of PLATO Use at Chanute AFB: CBE Production Techniques, Computer-Aided Management, Formative Development of CBE Lessons.

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Klecka, Joseph A.

This report describes various aspects of lesson production and use of the PLATO system at Chanute Air Force Base. The first chapter considers four major factors influencing lesson production: (1) implementation of the "lean approach," (2) the Instructional Systems Development (ISD) role in lesson production, (3) the transfer of…

The New Alliance between Science and Education: Otto Neurath's Modernity beyond Descartes' "Adamitic" Science

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Oliverio, Stefano

2014-01-01

Starting from a suggestion of Stephen Toulmin and through an interpretation of the criticism to which Neurath, one of the founders of the Vienna Circle, submits Descartes' views on science, the paper attempts to outline a pattern of modernity opposed to the Cartesian one, that has been obtaining over the last four centuries. In particular, it…

Why does a woman’s deliberative faculty have no authority? Aristotle on the political role of women

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Deretić Irina

2015-01-01

Full Text Available In this paper I will discuss Aristotle’s controversial philosophical views on women. I will critically examine three main interpretations of his claim that women have deliberative faculty “without authority”. According to the first line of interpretation, Aristotle has in mind that women’s incapacity of advice-giving and decision-making in public affairs are determined by conventions in the political context of his time. I will attempt to point out the disadvantages of this kind of interpretation. Furthermore, I will put forward the reasons why is implausible the more recent interpretation, given by Marguerite Deslauriers. According to her reading, the lack of authority of deliberative faculty in women means nothing else than the tasks over which women have authority are for the purpose of the tasks put forth by men. The prevailing interpretation among scholars is that, in Aristotle’s view, women are naturally inferior to men, due to the fact that they are all too frequently overruled by the irrational “forces” of their nature. I will argue that this line of interpretation elucidates what Aristotle presumably has in mind, although it makes his account of women and their rationality, if not inconclusive, then indisputably problematic. In other words, I attempt to prove that, if the prevailing line of interpretation is correct, such view of women produces some philosophically “insurmountable” problems for Aristotle. The aim of the last section of the paper is to point out how some of these problems could eventually be resolved. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije: History of Serbian Philosophy

Synergies Between the Kepler, K2 and TESS Missions with the PLATO Mission (Revised)

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Jenkins, Jon M.

2017-01-01

Two transit survey missions will have been flown by NASA prior to the launch of ESA's PLATO Mission in 2026, laying the groundwork for exoplanet discovery via the transit method. The Kepler Mission, which launched in 2009, collected data on its 100+ square degree field of view for four years before failure of a reaction wheel ended its primary mission. The results from Kepler include 2300+ confirmed or validated exoplanets, 2200+ planetary candidates, 2100+ eclipsing binaries. Kepler also revolutionized the field of asteroseismology by measuring the pressure mode oscillations of over 15000 solar-like stars spanning the lifecycle of such stars from hydrogen-burning dwarfs to helium-burning red giants. The re-purposed Kepler Mission, dubbed K2, continues to observe fields of view in and near the ecliptic plane for 80 days each, significantly broadening the scope of the astrophysical investigations as well as discovering an additional 156 exoplanets to date. The TESS mission will launch in 2017 to conduct an all-sky survey for small exoplanets orbiting stars 10X closer and 100X brighter than Kepler exoplanet host stars, allowing for far greater follow-up and characterization of their masses as well as their sizes for at least 50 small planets. Future assets such as James Webb Space Telescope, and ground-based assets such as ESOs Very Large Telescope (VLT) array, the Exremely Large Telescope (ELT), and the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) will be able to characterize the atmospheric composition and properties of these small planets. TESS will observe each 24 X 96 field of view for 30 days and thereby cover first the southern and then the northern hemisphere over 13 pointings during each year of the primary mission. The pole-most camera will observe the James Webb continuous viewing zone for one year in each hemisphere, permitting much longer period planets to be detected in this region. The PLATO mission will seek to detect habitable Earth-like planets with an instrument

Dosimetric evaluation of PLATO and Oncentra treatment planning systems for High Dose Rate (HDR) brachytherapy gynecological treatments

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Singh, Hardev; De La Fuente Herman, Tania; Showalter, Barry; Thompson, Spencer J.; Syzek, Elizabeth J.; Herman, Terence; Ahmad, Salahuddin [Department of Radiation Oncology, Peggy and Charles Stephenson Oklahoma Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 (United States)

2012-10-23

This study compares the dosimetric differences in HDR brachytherapy treatment plans calculated with Nucletron's PLATO and Oncentra MasterPlan treatment planning systems (TPS). Ten patients (1 T1b, 1 T2a, 6 T2b, 2 T4) having cervical carcinoma, median age of 43.5 years (range, 34-79 years) treated with tandem and ring applicator in our institution were selected retrospectively for this study. For both Plato and Oncentra TPS, the same orthogonal films anterior-posterior (AP) and lateral were used to manually draw the prescription and anatomical points using definitions from the Manchester system and recommendations from the ICRU report 38. Data input for PLATO was done using a digitizer and Epson Expression 10000XL scanner was used for Oncentra where the points were selected on the images in the screen. The prescription doses for these patients were 30 Gy to points right A (RA) and left A (LA) delivered in 5 fractions with Ir-192 HDR source. Two arrangements: one dwell position and two dwell positions on the tandem were used for dose calculation. The doses to the patient points right B (RB) and left B (LB), and to the organs at risk (OAR), bladder and rectum for each patient were calculated. The mean dose and the mean percentage difference in dose calculated by the two treatment planning systems were compared. Paired t-tests were used for statistical analysis. No significant differences in mean RB, LB, bladder and rectum doses were found with p-values > 0.14. The mean percent difference of doses in RB, LB, bladder and rectum are found to be less than 2.2%, 1.8%, 1.3% and 2.2%, respectively. Dose calculations based on the two different treatment planning systems were found to be consistent and the treatment plans can be made with either system in our department without any concern.

How old is surface science?

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Paparazzo, E.

2004-01-01

Philosophical and literary testimonies from the Classical World (5th century B.C. to 3rd century A.D.) involving solid surfaces are reviewed. Plato thought the surface to be a real entity, whereas Aristotle considered it to possess an unqualified existence, i.e. not to be a substance, but just an accidental entity. The Old Stoics asserted that surfaces do not possess any physical existence, although the Stoic philosopher Posidonius--apparently the only exception in his school--held them to exist both in thought and reality. While both the Atomists and the Epicureans were very little interested in them, the Sceptic philosopher Sextus Empiricus considered surfaces to be the limits of a body, although he maintained that both the view that they are corporeal or the view that they are incorporeal present unsurmountable difficulties. Among Roman authors, the testimony from Pliny the Elder is mostly concerned with metallic surfaces, chemical change occurring there, and surface treatments used in antiquity. Besides the philosophical motivations, the implications of the testimonies are discussed in the light of surface science. The purely geometrical surface of Plato is found to compare favorably to single-crystal surface, Posidonius' 'corporeal' surface is best likened to an air-oxidized, or otherwise ambient-modified surface, and ancient accounts on mixture are compared to XPS results obtained in adhesion studies of enameled steels. I argue that the long-standing dominance of Aristotle's view from antiquity onwards may have had a part in delaying theoretical speculation into solid surfaces

Distribution of inert gases in fines from the Cayley-Descartes region

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Walton, J. R.; Lakatos, S.; Heymann, D.

1973-01-01

The inert gases in 14 different fines and in one sample of 2 to 4 mm fines from Apollo 16 were measured by mass spectroscopy with respect to trapped solar wind gases, cosmogenic gases, and 'parentless' Ar-40. Such studies are helpful for the understanding of regolith evolution, of transport of regolith fines, and of the lunar atmosphere. The Apollo 16 soils are unique because they represent, after Luna 20, the second and much more extensive record from the lunar highlands. The landing site presents the problem of materials from the Cayley Formation vs those from the Descartes Formation. There are two large, relatively fresh craters in the area, North Ray and South Ray, whose ejecta patterns may be recognized in the inert-gas record.

Dreams, katharsis and anxiety.

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Kilborne, Benjamin

2013-06-01

Over the centuries, the importance and the nature of the relationship of "inside" and "outside" in human experience have shifted, with consequences for notions of mind and body. This paper begins with dreams and healing in the Asklepian tradition. It continues with Aristotle's notions of psuche and how these influenced his conception of katharsis and tragedy. Jumping then to the 17th century, we will consider Descartes' focus on dreams in his theories of thinking. Finally, we will turn explicitly to Freud's use of dreams in relation to his theories of anxiety, of psychic processes and of the Oedipus Complex.

[Art-chance and art-experience in classical Greece].

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Ban, Deokjin

2011-06-30

In Classical Greece, works defining the nature of art appeared in the various disciplines like medicine, rhetoric, dietetics, architecture and painting. Hippocratic authors tried to show that an art of medicine existed indeed. They contrasted the concept of art with that of chance, not experience that Plato and Aristotle distinguished from art. In fact there are similarities and discrepancies between Hippocratic epistemology and Platoic epistemology. Hippocratic authors maintained that the products of chance were not captured by art. They distinguished the domain of art charactered by explanatory knowledge and prediction from the domain of chance ruled by the unexplained and the unforeseeable. They minimized the role of luck and believed the role of art. Hippocratic authors thought that professional ability contained both knowledge and experience. In Hippocratic corpus, experience is a synonym of competence and usually has a positive meaning. But Plato gave empirical knowledge the disdainful sense and decided a ranking between two types of knowledge. Both Hippocratic authors and Plato held that a genuine art had connection with explanatory knowledge of the nature of its subject matter. A common theme that goes through arguments about art-chance and art-chance is the connection between art and nature. Hippocratic authors and Plato regarded art as a highly systematic process. Art provides us with general and explanatory knowledge of human nature. Art and nature is a mutual relationship. The systematic understanding of nature helps us gain the exactness of art and an exact art helps us understand nature well.

Entre Merleau-Ponty, Lacan et Kripke : le(s) Descartes de Lyotard

OpenAIRE

Smith, Claude

2018-01-01

Cette contribution tente d'interroger les enjeux de l'usage de la référence à Descartes dans l'œuvre de Lyotard. Partant du constat que la référence prend ici la forme de lectures successives, très différentes du point de vue du style comme du point de vue du type de démonstration qu'elles viennent appuyer, on se propose de distinguer trois temps significatifs : -celui d'une lecture d'inspiration phénoménologique, mais également d'emblée critique vis-à-vis des présupposés ou des méthodes mise...

[Plato's philosophy and the bioethical debate on the end of life: intersections in public health].

Science.gov (United States)

Siqueira-Batista, Rodrigo; Schramm, Fermin Roland

2004-01-01

This article discusses bioethical aspects of medical futility, focusing on some of its intersections in public health. Starting from a demarcation of finitude in the core of the philosophical and bioethical debate on the end of life, we confront the contemporary criticism regarding medical futility with the ideas of Plato (427-347 B.C.), a philosopher who proposed significant considerations on numerous features of the medicine of his time. We thus explore novel theoretic references to guide the disputes related to this essential problem, the implications of which are decisive to health and life.

ABOUT ARISTOTLE'S PHILOSOPHY ON MIND È POSSIBILE UNA FILOSOFIA DELLA MENTE IN ARISTOTELE?

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Barbara Botter

2011-03-01

Full Text Available In the three books of the De Anima Aristotle ranges over a diverse array of philosophical and scientific topics, such as the nature of life, self-movement, the senses, perception, imagination, thought, and the relation between mind and body. As a result, this work may seem to be a strange collection of only marginally related philosophical and biological topics given our modern sensibilities. Nonetheless it is united by Aristotle's basic concern for the nature and functioning of life in all its diverse forms. This inquiry offers modern readers significant insight into contemporary debates in the philosophy of mind.

Nei tre libri del De Anima Aristotele presenta differenti argomenti di interesse filosofico e scientifico in relazione alla natura della vita, al movimento, ai sensi, alla percezione e immaginazione, al pensiero e alla relazione fra mente e corpo. De Anima sembra, pertanto, una accozzaglia di teorie filosofiche e biologiche che solo marginalmente potrebbero impressionare un ricercatore contemporaneo. Nondimeno, questa impressione è solo superficiale, in quanto l’unità dell’opera è fornita da una acuta analisi della natura dell’essere vivente e delle sue funzioni proprie. Lo studio di Aristotele si rivela, perciò, un contributo significativo nel moderno dibattito nella filosofia della mente.

Social developmnet of ecologically sensitive rural areas: Case studies of the Moravian Karst (Czech Republic) and the Devetashko Plato (Bulgaria)

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Zapletalová, Jana; Stefanová, D.; Vaishar, Antonín; Stefanov, P.; Dvořák, Petr; Tcherkezova, E.

3-4, 3-4 (2016), s. 65-84 ISSN 0204-7209 Institutional support: RVO:68145535 Keywords : social development * rural sensitive areas * Devetashko Plato * Bulgaria * Moravian karst - Czech Republic Subject RIV: DE - Earth Magnetism, Geodesy, Geography OBOR OECD: Cultural and economic geography http://geoproblems.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2016_34/4_zapletalova.pdf

Reason and madness in the structure of the Cartesian cogito. Three interpretations of Rene Descartes' Meditation

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Karachevtseva Larysа Mykolaivna

2013-06-01

Full Text Available The article analyses the polemics between Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida that took place in the sixties of the 20th century. This polemics was dedicated to the elucidation of the role of reason and madness within Cartesian radical doubt – that thought experiment maintained the formula ego cogito ergo sum. The article also examines Emmanuel Levinas's interpretation of Descartes' idea of the infinite. It is shown that the idea of the infinite constitutes cogito.

Leibniz e o incomparável Manual de Epicteto: A propósito da crítica à arte da paciência de Descartes

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William de Siqueira Piauí

2017-03-01

Full Text Available O filósofo alemão Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716 menciona muitas vezes a filosofia estoica, especialmente a de Epicteto (55-135? e mesmo a defendida no Encheirídion ou Manual, e talvez o melhor exemplo da importância que o Manual assume para o alemão seja as muitas menções feitas na Teodiceia; entretanto, dentre muitas outras, existe uma carta endereçada ao teólogo luterano o abade Gerhard Wolter Molanus (1633-1722, carta que recebeu a datação de mais ou menos 1679, em que não só o “incomparável Manual de Epicteto” é mencionado como ficam estabelecidos os termos em que ele é preferível com relação àquilo que Leibniz chamou de a arte da paciência, supostamente defendida pelo filósofo francês René Descartes (1596-1650, arte duramente criticada pelo alemão em favor de um cristianismo platônico ou de uma moral verdadeiramente cristã. Dito assim, nosso objetivo é problematizar alguns dos motivos das muitas menções aos estoicos, daí a Epicteto e especialmente ao seu Manual, e os termos em que se deu a crítica a Descartes por parte de Leibniz. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Leibniz, Epicteto, Molanus, Descartes, Enchiridion.

Petrologic comparisons of Cayley and Descartes on the basis of Apollo 16 soils from stations 4 and 11

Science.gov (United States)

Basu, A.; Mckay, D. S.

1984-01-01

Petrologic aspects of the Cayley and Descartes formations are reviewed in the light of new data on Apollo 16 soils. Specific comparison of the modal abundances of lithic fragments in drive tube sample 64001/2 from the slopes of Stone Mountain (station 4) and in soil 67941 from the North Ray Crater rim (station 11) shows that melt rocks, especially poikilitic rocks, are more abundant at station 4 than at station 11; the reverse is true for fragmental breccias. Such lithologic differences suggest that stations 4 and 11 do not belong to the same geologic formation. Metamorphosed breccias are pervasive in both the formations and may represent a local component that has been reworked and diluted as fresh materials were added. Lithologic compositions inferred from the study of soil samples are different from lithologic compositions inferred from the study of rake samples or breccia clasts. This difference may be related to a mixing of material of different grain size distributions. The petrology of soils at the Apollo 16 site may not accurately reflect original material associated with either the Descartes or the Cayley formation because of extensive mixing with local material.

Mosaic of Apollo 16 Descartes landing site taken from TV transmission

Science.gov (United States)

1972-01-01

A 360 degree field of view of the Apollo 16 Descartes landing site area composed of individual scenes taken from a color transmission made by the color RCA TV camera mounted on the Lunar Roving Vehicle. This panorama was made while the LRV was parked at the rim of North Ray crater (Stations 11 and 12) during the third Apollo 16 lunar surface extravehicular activity (EVA-3) by Astronauts John W. Young and Charles M. Duke Jr. The overlay identifies the directions and the key lunar terrain features. The camera panned across the rear portion of the LRV in its 360 degree sweep. Note Young and Duke walking along the edge of the crater in one of the scenes. The TV camera was remotely controlled from a console in the Mission Control Center.

Innate ideas in Islamic philosophy

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Halilović Tehran

2017-01-01

Full Text Available The human soul is the subject of debates in numerous scientific disciplines. Philosophical considerations encompass a special dimension of the human soul that is related to ontological truths. Among different philosophical questions raised regarding the human soul, the issue of innate ideas particularly stands out. Well-known points of disagreement between Plato and Aristotle regarding this question are usually focused on whether a person possesses knowledge and thoughts from their creation, i.e. birth, or they acquire them through time and experience. With the appearance of Cartesian scepticism and following the solutions Descartes offered for the problem of certain knowledge, the issue of innate ideas has remained the focal question for many prominent philosophers. In the Islamic philosophy, the rational explanation of the nature of innate ideas originates from the more comprehensive theory of the human soul and it states that a person, according to their nature, possesses already existent cognitive abilities they were born with. Innate cognitive abilities discussed in the Islamic philosophy do not refer just to theoretical, but to practical knowledge, as well. Therefore, the analysis of innate ideas in the works of Muslim philosophers is connected to a larger number of scientific disciplines than when it comes to most Western philosophers. The difference between the practical and theoretic intellect will serve as a cognitive basis for defining another aspect of innate ideas. The products of a practical intellect, the human will and his actions, are personal and particular and, therefore, can be connected to the everyday life of a person. Owing to the general presence of the practical intellect in all life spheres, the influence of innate ideas, which are determined in a human being, is recognizable in all most detailed moments of their life.

Tracing the Origin of the Concept of Ethics in the West: An Existentialist Interpretation of Aristotle's Concept of Ethics%西方伦理学概念溯源--亚里士多德伦理学概念的实存论阐释

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

邓安庆

2006-01-01

@@ Western "ethics" as an independent discipline gained its definition from Aristotle.However, in none of his works - The Nicomachean Ethics, Magna Moralia, Ethics Eudemia, and The Politics (in Aristotle's view, ethics belonged to politics) - have people found a clear definition of ethics. Mr Miao Litian translated Aristotle's The Nicomachean Ethics from Greek into Chinese.

The DESCARTES-Nantes survey of kidney transplant recipients displaying clinical operational tolerance identifies 35 new tolerant patients and 34 almost tolerant patients

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Massart, Annick; Pallier, Annaïck; Pascual, Julio

2016-01-01

BACKGROUND: Kidney recipients maintaining a prolonged allograft survival in the absence of immunosuppressive drugs and without evidence of rejection are supposed to be exceptional. The ERA-EDTA-DESCARTES working group together with Nantes University launched a European-wide survey to identify new...

The DESCARTES-Nantes survey of kidney transplant recipients displaying clinical operational tolerance identifies 35 new tolerant patients and 34 almost tolerant patients

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Massart, Annick; Pallier, Annaïck; Pascual, Julio; Viklicky, Ondrej; Budde, Klemens; Spasovski, Goce; Klinger, Marian; Sever, Mehmet Sukru; Sørensen, Søren Schwartz; Hadaya, Karine; Oberbauer, Rainer; Dudley, Christopher; de Fijter, Johan W.; Yussim, Alexander; Hazzan, Marc; Wekerle, Thomas; Berglund, David; de Biase, Consuelo; Pérez-Sáez, María José; Mühlfeld, Anja; Orlando, Giuseppe; Clemente, Katia; Lai, Quirino; Pisani, Francesco; Kandus, Aljosa; Baas, Marije; Bemelman, Frederike; Ponikvar, Jadranka Buturovic; Mazouz, Hakim; Stratta, Piero; Subra, Jean-François; Villemain, Florence; Hoitsma, Andries; Braun, Laura; Cantarell, Maria Carmen; Colak, Hulya; Courtney, Aisling; Frasca, Giovanni Maria; Howse, Matthew; Naesens, Maarten; Reischig, Tomas; Serón, Daniel; Seyahi, Nurhan; Tugmen, Cem; Alonso Hernandez, Angel; Beňa, Luboslav; Biancone, Luigi; Cuna, Vania; Díaz-Corte, Carmen; Dufay, Alexandre; Gaasbeek, André; Garnier, Arnaud; Gatault, Philippe; Gentil Govantes, Miguel Angel; Glowacki, François; Gross, Oliver; Hurault de Ligny, Bruno; Huynh-Do, Uyen; Janbon, Bénédicte; Jiménez del Cerro, Luis Antonio; Keller, Frieder; La Manna, Gaetano; Lauzurica, Ricardo; Le Monies de Sagazan, Hervé; Thaiss, Friedrich; Legendre, Christophe; Martin, Séverine; Moal, Marie-Christine; Noël, Christian; Pillebout, Evangeline; Piredda, Gian Benedetto; Puga, Ana Ramírez; Sulowicz, Wladyslaw; Tuglular, Serhan; Prokopova, Michaela; Chesneau, Mélanie; Le Moine, Alain; Guérif, Pierrick; Soulillou, Jean-Paul; Abramowicz, Marc; Giral, Magali; Racapé, Judith; Maggiore, Umberto; Brouard, Sophie; Abramowicz, Daniel

2016-01-01

Kidney recipients maintaining a prolonged allograft survival in the absence of immunosuppressive drugs and without evidence of rejection are supposed to be exceptional. The ERA-EDTA-DESCARTES working group together with Nantes University launched a European-wide survey to identify new patients,

The DESCARTES-Nantes survey of kidney transplant recipients displaying clinical operational tolerance identifies 35 new tolerant patients and 34 almost tolerant patients

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Massart, A.; Pallier, A.; Pascual, J.; Viklicky, O.; Budde, K.; Spasovski, G.; Klinger, M.; Sever, M.S.; Sorensen, S.S.; Hadaya, K.; Oberbauer, R.; Dudley, C.; Fijter, J.W. de; Yussim, A.; Hazzan, M.; Wekerle, T.; Berglund, D.; Biase, C. De; Perez-Saez, M.J.; Muhlfeld, A.; Orlando, G.; Clemente, K.; Lai, Q.; Pisani, F.; Kandus, A.; Baas, M.C.; Bemelman, F.; Ponikvar, J.B.; Mazouz, H.; Stratta, P.; Subra, J.F.; Villemain, F.; Hoitsma, A.; Braun, L.; Cantarell, M.C.; Colak, H.; Courtney, A.; Frasca, G.M.; Howse, M.; Naesens, M.; Reischig, T.; Seron, D.; Seyahi, N.; Tugmen, C.; Hernandez, A.; Bena, L.; Biancone, L.; Cuna, V.; Diaz-Corte, C.; Dufay, A.; Gaasbeek, A.; Garnier, A.; Gatault, P.; Gentil Govantes, M.A.; Glowacki, F.; Gross, O.; Hurault de Ligny, B.; Huynh-Do, U.; Janbon, B.; Jimenez Del Cerro, L.A.; Keller, F.; Manna, G. La; Lauzurica, R.; Monies De Sagazan, H. Le; Thaiss, F.; Legendre, C.; Martin, S.; Moal, M.C.; Noel, C.; Pillebout, E.; Piredda, G.B.; Puga, A.R.; Sulowicz, W.; Tuglular, S.; Prokopova, M.; Chesneau, M.; Moine, A. Le; Guerif, P.; Soulillou, J.P.; Abramowicz, M.; Giral, M.; Racape, J.; Maggiore, U.; Brouard, S.; Abramowicz, D.

2016-01-01

BACKGROUND: Kidney recipients maintaining a prolonged allograft survival in the absence of immunosuppressive drugs and without evidence of rejection are supposed to be exceptional. The ERA-EDTA-DESCARTES working group together with Nantes University launched a European-wide survey to identify new

Irreconcilable demands: friendship and the question of the political in Aristotle, Kant and Schmitt

OpenAIRE

McDonald, Blair

2017-01-01

This thesis takes issue with the politics and ethics of friendship vis-à-vis the Western philosophic tradition, in particular, the work of Aristotle, Immanuel Kant and Carl Schmitt in the aftermath of Jacques Derrida’s study Politics of Friendship (Politiques de l’amitié). I consider the relation between philosophy, politics, ethics and friendship and ask in what ways we can use the topic of friendship as grounds for rethinking the demands of ethical responsibility and calls for new politica...

Efficient methods for solving discrete topology design problems in the PLATO-N project

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Canh, Nam Nguyen; Stolpe, Mathias

This paper considers the general multiple load structural topology design problems in the framework of the PLATO-N project. The problems involve a large number of discrete design variables and were modeled as a non-convex mixed 0–1 program. For the class of problems considered, a global...... optimization method based on the branch-and-cut concept was developed and implemented. In the method a large number of continuous relaxations were solved. We also present an algorithm for generating cuts to strengthen the quality of the relaxations. Several heuristics were also investigated to obtain efficient...... algorithms. The branch and cut method is used to solve benchmark examples which can be used to validate other methods and heuristics....

COMIC AGENTS: FROM A POETIC TO AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL PARADIGM OF COMEDY (ARISTOTLE AND ALFRED GELL)

OpenAIRE

ANNA KAWALEC

2016-01-01

Aristotle was concerned with the comedy genre as a kind of poetry. Its creators, the comic poets, interested him only marginally. This genological approach to its subject-matter dominated the theory and philosophy of art for subsequent centuries as evidenced by the subsequent elaborations of interpretations of Aristotle’s catharsis. The alternative approach focused instead on subjects as creators of art. As a consequence of the long-term development of anthropocentrism in the humanities...

Descartes Mountains and Cayley Plains - Composition and provenance

Science.gov (United States)

Drake, M. J.; Taylor, G. J.; Goles, G. G.

1974-01-01

Trace element compositions of petrographically characterized 2-4 mm lithic fragments from Apollo 16 soil samples are used to calculate initial REE concentrations in liquids in equilibrium with lunar anorthosites and to discuss the provenance of the Cayley Formation. Lithic fragments may be subdivided into four groups: (1) ANT rocks, (2) K- and SiO2-rich mesostasis-bearing rocks, (3) poikiloblastic rocks, and (4) (spinel) troctolites. Model liquids in equilibrium with essentially monominerallic anorthosites have initial REE concentrations 5-8 times those of chondrites. The REE contents of K- and SiO2-rich mesostasis-bearing rocks and poikiloblastic rocks are dominated by the mesostasis phases. ANT rocks appear to be more abundant in the Descartes Mountains, while poikiloblastic rocks appear to be more abundant in the Cayley Plains. Poikiloblastic rocks have intermediate to high LIL-element concentrations yet the low gamma-ray activity of Mare Orientale implies low LIL-element concentrations. Consequently, it is unlikely that the Cayley Formation is Orientale ejecta. A local origin as ejecta from smaller impacts is a more plausible model for the deposition of the Cayley Formation.

COMPORTAMENTO PRÓ-AMBIENTAL E DESCARTE DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS POR ESTUDANTES DE ARQUITETURA: APONTAMENTOS PARA A EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Wellington Francisco Bescorovaine

2016-12-01

Full Text Available O presente estudo visa caracterizar o comportamento pró-ambiental de estudantes do curso de arquitetura e urbanismo com ênfase ao descarte e à reciclagem de resíduos, bem como tecer alguns apontamentos para a educação ambiental no ensino superior. Participaram da pesquisa, de natureza exploratória, 58 estudantes concluintes do curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo matriculados em uma instituição de ensino particular, situada na região Sul do Brasil. Foi aplicada a Escala de Comportamento Ecológico e um questionário sobre a produção de lixo e o seu descarte. Referente ao comportamento pró-ambiental, a maior média se apresentou em limpeza urbana e a menor em ativismo e consumo. Quanto aos comportamentos de economia de água e energia, e reciclagem, os alunos evidenciaram tendência a realizá-los ocasionalmente. As respostas aos questionários mostraram que 59,9% dos estudantes não se preocupam com a quantidade de lixo produzida; 68,8 % procuram separar os lixos recicláveis; 37,86% raramente ou nunca reutilizam as embalagens de produtos; 41,32 % procuram lavá-las antes de descartá-las; e somente 10,34% já participaram ou participam de programas que incentivam a preservação ambiental. Os dados obtidos sinalizam a necessidade da ambientalização nas Instituições de Ensino Superior, levando em consideração as crenças e os valores ambientais dos estudantes e envolvendo-os em projetos sociais, visando o desenvolvimento de atitudes pró-ambientais.

Plato (power load analysis tool) - a module of west wall monitoring system

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ranjan, Sutapa; Travere, Jean-marcel; Moreau, P.

2015-01-01

The mandate of the WEST (W Environment for Steady-state Tokamak) project, is to upgrade the medium- sized superconducting Tokamak, Tore Supra in a major scale. One of it's objectives, is to also act as a test-bed for ITER divertor components, to be procured and used in ITER. WEST would be installing actively cooled Tungsten divertor elements, like the ones to be used in ITER. These components would be tested under two experimental scenarios: high power (Ip = 0.8MA, lasting 30s with 15MW injected power) and high fluence (Ip = 0.6 MA, lasting 1000s with 12 MW injected power). Heat load on the divertor target will range from a few MW/m 2 up to 20 MW/m 2 depending on the X point location and the heat flux decay length. The tungsten Plasma Facing Components (PFCs) are less tolerant to overheating than their Carbon counterparts and prevention of their burnout is a major concern. It is in this context that the Wall Monitoring System (WMS) - a software framework aimed at monitoring the health of the Wall components, was conceived. WMS has been divided into three parts: a) a pre-discharge power load analysis tool to check compatibility between plasma scenario and PFC's operational limits in terms of heat flux b) a real-time system during discharge, to take into account all necessary measurements involved in the PFCs protection c) a set of analysis tools that would be used post-discharge, that would access WEST database and compare predicted and experimental results. This paper presents an overview of PLATo - the pre-pulse module of WMS that has been recently developed under IPR-IRFM research collaboration. PLAto has two major components - one that produces heat flux information of the PFCS and the other that produces energy graphs depending on shot profile defined by time variant magnetic equilibrium and injected power profiles. Preliminary results will be presented based on foreseen WEST plasma reference scenarios. (author)

Unstructured 3D core calculations with the descartes system application to the JHR research reactor

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Baudron, A. M.; Doderlein, C.; Guerin, P.; Lautard, J. J.; Moreau, F.

2007-01-01

Recent developments in the DESCARTES system enable neutronics calculations dealing with very complex unstructured geometrical configurations. The discretization can be made either by using a very fine Cartesian mesh and the fast simplified transport (SPN) solver MINOS, or a discretization based on triangles and the SP1 solver MINARET. In order to perform parallel calculations dealing with a very fine mesh in 3D, a domain decomposition with non overlapping domains has been implemented. To illustrate these capabilities, we present an application on the future European research reactor JHR dedicated to technological irradiations. (authors)

Emotions in aristotle: animic faculties in the formation of opinions and judgments

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Luis Fernando Garcés Giraldo

2018-04-01

Full Text Available Emotions for Aristotle are emotional faculties in human beings, which can generate susceptibility and cause at some point that judgments be changed and other types of impressions be generated; they are accompanied by pleasure and pain, depending on the moods (that are present at the moment of feeling some emotion. In this article, in addition to developing a reflection on emotions from the Stagirita, there are described some of them and their opposites, which are the most common in all his writings, such as anger and calmness; love and hate; fear and trust; shame and shamelessness; compassion and indignation; and finally, envy and emulation.

Percutaneous coronary intervention and antiplatelet therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving apixaban or warfarin: Insights from the ARISTOTLE trial

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Kopin, D.; Jones, W.S.; Sherwood, M.W.; Wojdyla, D.M.; Wallentin, L.; Lewis, B.S.; Verheugt, F.W.A.; Vinereanu, D.; Bahit, M.C.; Halvorsen, S.; Huber, K.; Parkhomenko, A.; Granger, C.B.; Lopes, R.D.; Alexander, J.H.

2018-01-01

BACKGROUND: We assessed antiplatelet therapy use and outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) during the ARISTOTLE trial. METHODS: Patients were categorized based on the occurrence of PCI during follow-up (median 1.8 years); PCI details and outcomes post-PCI are

Music: Its Expressive Power and Moral Significance

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sarah Whitfield

2010-05-01

Full Text Available The creation and practice of music is tightly wound with human emotion, character, and experience. Music arouses sentiment and cannot be underestimated as a powerful shaper of human virtue, character, and emotion. As vehicles of musical expression, musicians possess the ability to profoundly influence an audience for good or for evil. Thus, the nature of music and the manner in which musicians utilize it creates innumerable ramifications that cannot be ignored. The pervasiveness of this notion is largely attributed to the Greek theorists, who ascribed various emotions and moral implications to particular modes. The prominent Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle affirmed that music contained an intrinsic element that was conducive to the promotion of moral or spiritual harmony and order in the soul. Plato and his contemporaries attributed specific character-forming qualities to each of the individual harmonia, or musical modes, believing that each could shape human character in a distinct way. These ideas inevitably persisted and continue to endure. Theorists throughout history have agreed that music profoundly influences human character and shapes morality.

ARISTOTLE (All Risk Integrated System TOward The hoListic Early-warning): a multi-hazard expert advice system for the EU disaster response

Science.gov (United States)

Michelini, A.; Wotawa, G.; Arnold-Arias, D.

2017-12-01

ARISTOTLE (http://aristotle.ingv.it/) is a Pilot Project funded by the DG ECHO (EU Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection) that provides expert scientific advice on natural disasters around the world that may cause a country to seek international help to the EU's Emergency Response Coordination Centre (ERCC) and, consequently, to the Union Civil Protection Mechanism Participating States. The EU is committed to providing disaster response in a timely and efficient manner and to ensure European assistance meets the real needs in the population affected, whether in Europe or beyond. When a disaster strikes, every minute counts for saving lives and rapid, coordinated and pre-planned response is essential. The ARISTOTLE consortium includes 15 partner institutions (11 from EU Countries; 2 from non-EU countries and 2 European organizations) operating in the Meteorological and Geophysical domains. The project coordination is shared among INGV and ZAMG for the geophysical and meteorological communities, respectively. ARISTOTLE harnesses operational expertise from across Europe to form a multi-hazard perspective on natural disasters related to volcanoes, earthquake (and resulting tsunami), severe weather and flooding. Each Hazard Group brings together experts from the particular hazard domain to deliver a `collective analysis' which is then fed into the partnership multi-hazard discussions. Primary target of the pilot project has been the prototyping and the implementation of a scalable system (in terms of number of partners and hazards) capable of providing to ERCC the sought advice. To this end, the activities of the project have been focusing on the establishment of a "Multi-Hazard Operational Board" that is assigned the 24*7 operational duty regulated by a "Standard Operating Protocol" and the implementation of a dedicated IT platform to assembly the resulting reports. The project has reached the point where the routine and emergency advice services are being provided and

O DESCARTE DE EMBRIÕES EM FACE DOS DIREITOS DA PERSONALIDADE

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sarita Von Roeder Michels

2017-04-01

Full Text Available As novas técnicas de reprodução humana levadas a efeito no âmbito da Medicina, especialmente através da fertilização in vitro, exigem posicionamento da comunidade científica em face dos questionamentos delas decorrentes. O tratamento religioso, ético e jurídico dado à reprodução humana convencional não se aplica àquela que a ciência recente coloca à disposição da sociedade. O Direito, a Bioética e o Biodireito, de forma interdisciplinar, buscam o aperfeiçoamento doutrinário e legal a fim de recepcionar as novas descobertas de ciência médica. Assim, o presente estudo pretende, em linhas sinópticas, analisar o descarte de embriões em face das teorias da personalidade.

René Descartes, the Robots and the Soul in the debate between Tommaso Ceva and Guido Grandi

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Alfredo Serrai

2016-05-01

Full Text Available Descartes outlined human intelligence as a divine gift, albeit in a system governed by universal laws of physics and mathematics. In the eighteenth century the camaldolite Guido Grandi and Tommaso Ceva, both mathematicians, had a dispute about the interpretation of the Cartesian model of human intelligence. This case provides an opportunity to retrace the path of a speculative techno-philosophical question concerning the human possibility to equipping robots with the ability to experience a self-consciousness.

Eugenics concept: from Plato to present.

Science.gov (United States)

Güvercin, C H; Arda, B

2008-01-01

All prospective studies and purposes to improve cure and create a race that would be exempt of various diseases and disabilities are generally defined as eugenic procedures. They aim to create the "perfect" and "higher" human being by eliminating the "unhealthy" prospective persons. All of the supporting actions taken in order to enable the desired properties are called positive eugenic actions; the elimination of undesired properties are defined as negative eugenics. In addition, if such applications and approaches target the public as a whole, they are defined as macro-eugenics. On the other hand, if they only aim at individuals and/or families, they are called micro-eugenics. As generally acknowledged, Galton re-introduced eugenic proposals, but their roots stretch as far back as Plato. Eugenic thoughts and developments were widely accepted in many different countries beginning with the end of the 19th to the first half of the 20th centuries. Initially, the view of negative eugenics that included compulsory sterilizations of handicapped, diseased and "lower" classes, resulted in tens of thousands being exterminated especially in the period of Nazi Germany. In the 1930s, the type of micro positive eugenics movement found a place within the pro-natalist policies of a number of countries. However, it was unsuccessful since the policy was not able to become effective enough and totally disappeared in the 1960s. It was no longer a fashionable movement and left a deep impression on public opinion after the long years of war. However, developments in genetics and its related fields have now enabled eugenic thoughts to reappear under the spotlight and this is creating new moral dilemmas from an ethical perspective.

Aristotle and Aquinas on the Teleology of Parts and Wholes

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

C.F.J. Martin

2013-11-01

Full Text Available Aristotle, in the first book of the Nicomachean Ethics, makes two attempts at establishing the thesis that being a human being has a point (a telos, using two parallel sets of examples. His first step is to claim that whenever anything has a characteristic activity (ergon that activity is its end (telos, using the example of “the flute-player, the sculptor, and in general any craftsman”. This identification of the characteristic activity of a craftsman with the location of his “good and well”, qua craftsman, and thus presumably with the telos of the craftsman may be questioned, of course, but it does not affect the course of the arguments and the use of the examples I wish to pursue. It is enough that for given roles there should be a teleological relation to some point for that role.

«... Cercare l'esperienza alla sua fonte». Il dono della verità

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Vincenzo Vitiello

2011-11-01

Full Text Available Un cammino nel territorio della conoscenza, da Wittgenstein a Kant, da Aristotele a Platone, con finale apertura all’etica dell’«accanto», dell’io tu a se medesimo e di se medesimo, ovvero: alla filosofia come testimonianza, alla verità come dono d’altri. «...Look for the experience at its source». The gift of truth A path into the territory of knowledge, from Wittgenstein to Kant, from Aristotle to Plato, with a final opening to the ethics of 'beside', of the I (that is «You» towards Himself and of Himself; that is, to philosophy as witness, to truth as others' gift.

Recent advances in kidney transplantation: a viewpoint from the Descartes advisory board.

Science.gov (United States)

Abramowicz, Daniel; Oberbauer, Rainer; Heemann, Uwe; Viklicky, Ondrej; Peruzzi, Licia; Mariat, Christophe; Crespo, Marta; Budde, Klemens; Oniscu, Gabriel C

2018-01-12

Transplantation medicine is a rapidly evolving field. Keeping afloat of the published literature to offer the best clinical care to our patients is a daunting task. As part of its educational mission, the Descartes advisory board identified seven topics in kidney transplantation where there has been substantial progresses over the last years: kidney allocation within Eurotransplant; kidney exchange strategies; kidney machine perfusion strategies; the changing landscape of anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies; the new immunosuppressive drugs in the pipeline; strategies for immunosuppression minimization; and the continuous enigma of focal segmental glomerular sclerosis recurrence after transplantation. Here, we have summarized the main knowledge and the main challenges of these seven topics with the aim to provide transplant professionals at large with key bullet points to successfully understand these new concepts.

[Innovations in medical undergraduate pathology education: The Paris Descartes medicine faculty experience].

Science.gov (United States)

Just, Pierre-Alexandre; Verkarre, Virginie; Mansuet-Lupo, Audrey; Rabant, Marion; Daniliuc, Cristina; Radenen, Brigitte; Harent, Marion; Cassanelli, Lucien; Cherel, Éric; Javaux, Hubert; Tesniere, Antoine; Terris, Benoît; Badoual, Cécile

2016-08-01

At the Paris Descartes medicine faculty, we tested some newly developed tools to enhance the pedagogic value of the pathology teaching. In our faculty, this teaching is largely multidisciplinary and integrated in various teaching units; a large part is dedicated to practice works with thirteen 90min sessions. Virtual slides have been used for years in numerous medicine faculties; we successfully implemented this tool by adding contextual annotations, which facilitate students revising. We showed that rewarding students' assiduity enhanced their exam success. To do so, we now propose a short continuous assessment exam at the beginning of each practice session in the form of electronic multi-choice questions. Finally, we now propose a completely computerized final exam, on touchpads, that enhanced its docimologic value. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Minos: a SPN solver for core calculation in the DESCARTES system

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Baudron, A.M.; Lautard, J.J.

2005-01-01

This paper describes a new development of a neutronic core solver done in the context of a new generation neutronic reactor computational system, named DESCARTES. For performance reasons, the numerical method of the existing MINOS solver in the SAPHYR system has been reused in the new system. It is based on the mixed dual finite element approximation of the simplified transport equation. The solver takes into account assembly discontinuity coefficients (ADF) in the simplified transport equation (SPN) context. The solver has been rewritten in C++ programming language using an object oriented design. Its general architecture was reconsidered in order to improve its capability of evolution and its maintainability. Moreover, the performances of the old version have been improved mainly regarding the matrix construction time; this result improves significantly the performance of the solver in the context of industrial application requiring thermal hydraulic feedback and depletion calculations. (authors)

FABLES IN THE AGORA: FROM ARISTOTLE TO THE CENTURY OF ENLIGHTENMENT

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Márcia Seabra Neves

2013-12-01

Full Text Available Having been long established in western poetic tradition as a short composition of ethical intent, usually performed by anthropomorphized animals and conveying a rule of behavior, the fable has represented, ever since its origins, a key strategy of persuasion at the service of orators seeking to convince and influence an audience. Originally defined as a rhetorical genre and inevitably mirroring social and historical mutations, the fable as well as the moralities inferred from it have played varying functions and accomplished different goals in the course of centuries, so as to accommodate changing communicative needs. In this article, we seek to provide a critical and diachronic survey of the resonance of classical rhetoric in the definition of fable as a genre and examine its literary manifestations from Aristotle to the Enlightenment.

Comments on three-dimensional modeling in ancient greek and roman architecture: Herodotus, Aristotle and Vitruvius

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Artur Rozestraten

2007-12-01

Full Text Available This article reviews Herodotus' and Aristotle's text's extracts refered on specific bibliography as proofs of the use of architectural scale models in greek ancient architect's design process. This review of the original texts reveals mistaken traductions over whom insustainable historical perspectives have been built. The historical documents review extends to the roman world and analizes Vitruvius' text's extracts. This study aims, by relating textual documents and objects gattered by archaeology, to build new interpretations on the subject of representation and design process in Antiquity.

Love and/in psychoanalysis: a commentary on Lacan's reading of Plato's Symposium in Seminar VIII: Transference.

Science.gov (United States)

Fink, Bruce

2015-02-01

What is love and what part does it play in psychoanalysis? Where are the analyst and the analysand situated in relation to the roles defined as those of the "lover" and the "beloved"? Jacques Lacan explores these and other questions in his soon-to-be-published Seminar VIII: Transference by providing an extensive commentary on Plato's most famous dialogue on love, the Symposium. This paper outlines some of the major points about love that grow out of Lacan's reading of the dialogue and examines their relevance to the analytic setting. Can the analyst be characterized as a sort of modern-day Socrates?

DESARROLLO DE UN PROCESO BIOTECNOLOGICO PARA LA REVALORIZACION DE DESCARTES DE LA INDUSTRIA DE PROCESAMIENTO DE BERRIES

OpenAIRE

ZUÑIGA HANSEN, MARIA ELVIRA

2013-01-01

El proyecto Desarrollo de un Proceso Biotecnológico para la revalorización de descartes de la industria procesadora de Berries (Proyecto FONDEF D07i105) tuvo como objetivo establecer una estrategia para la recuperación y obtención de un extracto con capacidad antioxidante elevada y que pueda competir en el mercado nacional e internacional, a partir de aquellos residuos sólidos generados en el procesamiento de berries, como frambuesa, arándano, maqui, mora entre otros, y que de est...

Infância e educação em Platão Childhood and education in Plato

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Walter Omar Kohan

2003-06-01

Full Text Available Este trabalho estuda, desde uma perspectiva filosófica, o conceito de infância em Platão, com ênfase nos seguintes diálogos: Alcibíades I, Górgias, A República e As Leis. Num primeiro momento, situamos a questão da infância no marco mais ampliado do projeto filosófico e político de Platão. A seguir, propomos quatro traços principais do conceito de infância em Platão: a como possibilidade (as crianças podem ser qualquer coisa no futuro; b como inferioridade (as crianças - como as mulheres, estrangeiros e escravos - são inferiores em relação ao homem adulto cidadão; c como superfluidade (a infância não é necessária à pólis; d como material da política (a utopia se constrói a partir da educação das crianças. Não há a pretensão de levar Platão a algum tribunal. Busca-se apenas delimitar um problema e uma forma específica de enfrentá-lo, com vistas a contribuir para a análise da produtividade dessa perspectiva na história da filosofia da infância e da educação ocidental, bem como nas atuais teorias e práticas educacionais. Ao mesmo tempo, de forma implícita, procura-se oferecer elementos para problematizar uma visão já consolidada entre os historiadores da infância - particularmente desde o já clássico História social da infância e da família de Philippe Ariès -, segundo a qual a infância seria uma invenção moderna e ela não teria sido "pensada" pelos antigos enquanto tal.This work investigates from a philosophical perspective the concept of childhood in Plato, with an emphasis on the following dialogues: Alcibiades I, Gorgias, The Republic, and The Laws. Initially, we situate the issue of childhood within the wider scenario of Plato's political and philosophical project. We then propose four main features of the concept of childhood in Plato: a as possibility (children can become anything in future; b as inferiority (children - like women, foreigners and slaves - are inferior to the male

Magnitude and consequences of undertreatment of high-risk patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: insights from the DESCARTES Registry.

Science.gov (United States)

Heras, M; Bueno, H; Bardají, A; Fernández-Ortiz, A; Martí, H; Marrugat, J

2006-11-01

To analyse intensity of treatment of high-risk patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTEACS) included in the DESCARTES (Descripción del Estado de los Sindromes Coronarios Agudos en un Registro Temporal Español) registry. Patients with NSTEACS (n = 1877) admitted to 45 randomly selected Spanish hospitals in April and May 2002 were studied. Patients with ST segment depression and troponin rise were considered high risk (n = 478) and were compared with non-high risk patients (n = 1399). 46.9% of high-risk patients versus 39.5% of non-high-risk patients underwent angiography (p = 0.005), 23.2% versus 18.8% (p = 0.038) underwent percutaneous revascularisation, and 24.9% versus 7.4% (p or = 4, 2-3 and or = 4 (OR 2.87, 95% CI 1.27 to 6.52, p = 0.012). Class I recommended treatments were underused in high-risk patients in the DESCARTES registry. This undertreatment was an independent predictor of death of patients with an acute coronary syndrome.

DESCARTES’ COMPREHENSION OF HUMAN NATURE IN «DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD»

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A. M. Malivskyi

2014-12-01

Full Text Available The purpose of the article is to analyze the text "Discourse on the Method" as one of the first experiences of understanding human’s nature in modern age philosophy. The condition of realization the designated purpose is to solve the following problems: 1 To Define the diversity of Descartes position on the issue of essentiality to the true knowledge of human nature; 2 To find out the manner influence of methodology of understanding the mathematical truth to the way of interpretation of human nature; 3 To clarify the question of Descartes awareness of boundaries rationalist methodology in understanding of human nature. Methodology. As the methodological base is proposed to use the heuristic potential of phenomenology and existentialism, as well as those publications of foreign Descartes’ researchers of recent times, which introduce the new way for understanding of Descartes’ philosophical heritage. Scientific novelty. For the first time ever in the scientific literature Descartes text "Discourse on Method" becomes the object of special attention as a form of deployment the substantial request for the development of the anthropological project. The affinity and heredity of philosophical doctrines of Aristotle and Descartes on the problem of human nature are accented that is the recognition of the key importance of the need for truth in human nature. It is argued that beyond Descartes’ vision there was no limitation of rationalistic methodology during the comprehension of human nature. Conclusions. The implemented analysis confirms the validity of the thesis about text of the "Discourse on Method" by Descartes as a request of substantial unfolding of the anthropological project. The determining influence methodology of comprehension the mathematical truths to the way of interpretation of human nature were shown. The fact of Descartes’ awareness the limitation of methodology of mathematics in the understanding of human nature and

From Aristotle to Schrödinger the curiosity of physics

CERN Document Server

Modinos, Antonis

2014-01-01

From Aristotle to Schrödinger: The Curiosity of Physics offers a novel introduction to the topics commonly encountered in the first two years of an undergraduate physics course, including classical mechanics, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, electromagnetism, relativity, quantum mechanics, atomic and molecular physics, and astrophysics. The book presents physics as it evolved historically; it covers in considerable depth the development of the subject from ancient Greece to the present day. Though the emphasis is on the observations, experiments, theories, and applications of physics, there are additionally short sections on the life and times of the main protagonists of physics. This book grew out of the author's long experience in giving undergraduate and graduate courses in classical physics and in quantum mechanics and its elementary applications. Although meant primarily for the student and teacher of physics, it will be of interest to other scientists and to historians of science, and to those...

The Case against the Arts from Plato to Tolstoy and Its Implications for Why and How the Arts Should Be Taught in Schools

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Tate, Nicholas

2016-01-01

From Plato onwards many of the great Western thinkers have explored the nature of the arts, their contribution to society and their role in education. This has often involved a discussion of the potentially negative impact of the arts. The recurring message has been that the arts can warp judgment, elevate emotion at the expense of reason,…

公正作为德性——亚里士多德公正德性探析%Justice as a virtue: An analysis of Aristotle's virtue of justice

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

黄显中

2007-01-01

People currently regard justice as the main principle of institutions and society,while in ancient Greek people took it as the virtue of citizens.This article analyzes Aristotle's virtue of justice in his method of virtue ethics,discussing the nature of virtue,how justice is the virtue of citizens,what kind of virtue the iustice of citizens is,and the prospect of the virtue of iustice against a background of institutional justice.Since virtue can be said to be a specific individual character,Aristotle also defines the virtue of justice as the character of justice,with which citizens act justly and desire to do what is just.The virtue of justice is also an individual ethical virtue,differing from others for it is at the same time a social ethic.We can call the virtue of justice a"non-individual individual ethical virtue."It has been explained as between pure altruism and egoism,which is a wrong explanation.John Rawls regards justice as the first virtue of social institutions,challenging Aristotle's virtue,of justice,an assertion which also needs further deliberation.

The Algebra of Geometric Impossibility: Descartes and Montucla on the Impossibility of the Duplication of the Cube and the Trisection of the Angle

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Lützen, Jesper

2010-01-01

: Descartes' (1637) Montuclas (1754) og Condorcets (1775). Det konkluderes at disse tidlige beviser indeholder mange gode ideer, som indgår i det moderne bevis, bl.a. oversættelsen af problemet til algebra og ideen om at der er en sammenhæng mellem konstruktion med passer og lineal og løsning af...

Farmácia caseira e descarte de medicamentos no bairro Luiz Fogliatto do Município de Ijuí – RS

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Cristiane Schmalz Bueno

2009-12-01

Full Text Available O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a prevalência da farmácia caseira, conhecer os medicamentos que a compõem, os locais destinados ao armazenamento e descarte. Realizou-se estudo transversal junto a famílias do bairro Luiz Fogliatto, Ijuí, RS, cadastradas na Unidade Básica de Saúde deste bairro. As entrevistas foram realizadas nos domicílios de junho a agosto de 2008. Dentre 640 famílias, foram visitadas 321, das quais 91,59% possuíam medicamentos em casa. Encontraramse 1.234 medicamentos, com predomínio dos atuantes no sistema nervoso (27,28%. A cozinha foi o principal local de armazenamento. Foram encontrados medicamentos vencidos em 17 residências, predominando o descarte no lixo (56,87%. Não foi encontrada legislação que regulamente o descarte de medicamentos em nível domiciliar. O conhecimento quanto ao tema abordado ainda é restrito e impede sua adequada organização em nível domiciliar. O farmacêutico deve orientar quanto ao armazenamento e descarte, capacitando os Agentes Comunitários de Saúde, visando evitar a exposição da população a riscos, assim como a contaminação do meio ambiente. Palavras-chave: Armazenagem de Medicamentos. Saúde Pública. Resíduos Domésticos. Estudos Transversais. Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of household stocks of medicine, to know which medicines are stocked in the home and the places where they are stored and discarded. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with families from the Luiz Fogliatto neighborhood of Ijuí city (RS, registered at the neighborhood Health Service clinic. The interviews were carried out at home in June to August, 2008. There are 640 families in the neighborhood and 321 were visited, of which 91.59% had some medicines at home. In all, 1234 medicines were found, mostly those that act on the nervous system (27.28%. The kitchen was the main place used to store medicines. Expired medicines were found

Theories About Blood Coagulation in the Writings of Ancient Greek Medico-philosophers.

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Tsoucalas, Gregory; Karamanou, Marianna; Papaioannou, Theodoros G; Sgantzos, Markos

2017-01-01

Anaxagoras and Empedocles both established during the Presocratic era a pioneering theory for the creation of everything in the universe. Macrocosmos' impact through the "Four Elements Theory" explained the conglomeration of the blood inside the vessels. Hippocrates, who instituted the "Four Humours theory", clearly understood blood's coagulation and introduced the term "thrombus". Plato, Aristotle and Galen, all engaged with the clotting phenomenon trying to interpret it. After eons of inquiry, it was the innovative thinking of the ancient Greek medico philosophers that set the scientific bases towards the understanding of a process that had been analyzing until our era. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.

Greek theories on eugenics.

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Galton, D J

1998-08-01

With the recent developments in the Human Genome Mapping Project and the new technologies that are developing from it there is a renewal of concern about eugenic applications. Francis Galton (b1822, d1911), who developed the subject of eugenics, suggested that the ancient Greeks had contributed very little to social theories of eugenics. In fact the Greeks had a profound interest in methods of supplying their city states with the finest possible progeny. This paper therefore reviews the works of Plato (The Republic and Politics) and Aristotle (The Politics and The Athenian Constitution) which have a direct bearing on eugenic techniques and relates them to methods used in the present century.

Eugenics: some lessons from the past.

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Galton, D J

2005-03-01

Eugenics was first debated by the ancient Greeks, particularly Plato and Aristotle, developed in the nineteenth century by Francis Galton and Charles Darwin, and then abused in the twentieth century by right-wing politicians. With the new methods of assisted conception combined with the use of genetic markers, all the old problems of eugenics have resurfaced. Gender selection, embryo selection, preimplantation genetic diagnosis of common disease, and gene replacement techniques (somatic cells) have added greatly to the power of the modern eugenicist. How are these procedures to be monitored and regulated? What is the role of the State compared with individual families for the implementation of the new methodologies? Some of these issues will be discussed.

Elements for the Theory of Value in Ancient Philosophy

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Ivan Ivlampie

2013-12-01

Full Text Available Although axiology is a new philosophical discipline (the second half of the 19th century, we can talk about both a prehistory and a protohistory of axiology. The most important aspect of axiology belongs to its prehistory. Examining the doctrines of ancient philosophers one can conclude that, although no Greek thinker had the distinct conscience of a specific realm of values, yet each generation had intuitions proper to the axiological perspective. Their intuitions regarded the human act of founding the world of values (the Sophists, or the argumentation in favour of the general character of values (Plato and Aristotle or a hierarchy of values as a model of human education and formation.

Patients who make terrible therapeutic choices.

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Curzer, Howard J

2014-01-01

The traditional approaches to dental ethics include appeals to principles, duties (deontology), and consequences (utilitarianism). These approaches are often inadequate when faced with the case of a patient who refuses reasonable treatment and does not share the same ethical framework the dentist is using. An approach based on virtue ethics may be helpful in this and other cases. Virtue ethics is a tradition going back to Plato and Aristotle. It depends on forming a holistic character supporting general appropriate behavior. By correctly diagnosing the real issues at stake in a patient's inappropriate oral health choices and working to build effective habits, dentists can sometimes respond to ethical challenges that remain intractable given rule-based methods.

Amenable to reason: Aristotle's rhetoric and the moral psychology of practical ethics.

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London, A J

2000-12-01

An Aristotelian conception of practical ethics can be derived from the account of practical reasoning that Aristotle articulates in is Rhetoric and this has important implications for the way we understand the nature and limits of practical ethics. an important feature of this conception of practical ethics is its responsiveness to the complex ways in which agents form and maintain moral commitments, and this has important implications for the debate concerning methods of ethics in applied ethics. In particular, this feature enables us to understand casuistry, narrative, and principlism as mutually supportive modes of moral inquiry, rather than divergent and mutually exclusive methods of ethics. As a result, an Aristotelian conception of practical ethics clears the conceptual common ground upon which practical ethicists can forge a stable and realistic self-understanding.

Las Bellas Artes como Terapia en Aristóteles The Fine Arts as Therapy in Aristotle

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Sergio González A

2010-01-01

Full Text Available Desde Homero en adelante, los textos griegos abundan en menciones a la función terapéutica de las bellas artes. En los diálogos platónicos se encuentra el sistema más acabado respecto a este tema en sus diversas manifestaciones, sin embargo los múltiples análisis aristotélicos se encuentran dispersos y aislados. Para empezar, se expone la visión de la salud como armonía en el pensamiento de Aristóteles, a continuación se describen y comparan los conceptos de tékhne y phrónesis, se demuestra la necesidad del arte para la paideía, y se detalla el uso terapéutico de diferentes artes para preservar o restaurar la salud.From Homer onwards, Greek texts show abundant references to the therapeutic applications of the fine arts. The most complete system dealing with this issue in its diverse manifestations is to be found in the Platonic dialogues. However, Aristotle's manifold analyses are scattered and isolated. First, the view of health as harmony in Aristotle's thought is expounded, then the concepts of tékhne and phrónesis are described and compared, the necessity of art to paideía is demonstrated, and finally the therapeutic use of the different arts in order to preserve or restore health is examined'm detall.

Shedding genomic light on Aristotle's lantern.

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Sodergren, Erica; Shen, Yufeng; Song, Xingzhi; Zhang, Lan; Gibbs, Richard A; Weinstock, George M

2006-12-01

Sea urchins have proved fascinating to biologists since the time of Aristotle who compared the appearance of their bony mouth structure to a lantern in The History of Animals. Throughout modern times it has been a model system for research in developmental biology. Now, the genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is the first echinoderm genome to be sequenced. A high quality draft sequence assembly was produced using the Atlas assembler to combine whole genome shotgun sequences with sequences from a collection of BACs selected to form a minimal tiling path along the genome. A formidable challenge was presented by the high degree of heterozygosity between the two haplotypes of the selected male representative of this marine organism. This was overcome by use of the BAC tiling path backbone, in which each BAC represents a single haplotype, as well as by improvements in the Atlas software. Another innovation introduced in this project was the sequencing of pools of tiling path BACs rather than individual BAC sequencing. The Clone-Array Pooled Shotgun Strategy greatly reduced the cost and time devoted to preparing shotgun libraries from BAC clones. The genome sequence was analyzed with several gene prediction methods to produce a comprehensive gene list that was then manually refined and annotated by a volunteer team of sea urchin experts. This latter annotation community edited over 9000 gene models and uncovered many unexpected aspects of the sea urchin genetic content impacting transcriptional regulation, immunology, sensory perception, and an organism's development. Analysis of the basic deuterostome genetic complement supports the sea urchin's role as a model system for deuterostome and, by extension, chordate development.

PLATO: a computer code for the analysis of fission product plateout in HTGRs

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Suzuki, Katsuo; Morimoto, Toshio.

1981-01-01

The computer code PLATO for estimating plateout activities on surfaces of primary cooling system of HTGRs has been developed, and in this report, analytical model and digital calculation method incorporated in the code are described. The code utilizes the mass transfer model analogous to heat transfer coupled with an expression for adsorption-desorption phenomenon, and is able to analyze plateout behaviours in a closed circuit, like a reactor cooling system, which is constructed from a various kind of components, as well as in an open-ended tube. With the code, fission product concentration in the coolant and plateout amount on the surfaces are calculated along the coolant stream, and total removal rate by the plateout process is also obtained. Comparison of the analytical results with the experimental results, including checks of the effects of some calculation conditions on the results, and preliminary analysis on the VHTR plant have been made. (author)

Cardiocentric neurophysiology: the persistence of a delusion.

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Smith, C U M

2013-01-01

Aristotle is well known to have taught that the brain was a mere coolant apparatus for overheated blood and to have located the hegemonikon in the heart. This teaching was hotly disputed by his immediate successors in the Alexandrian Museum, who showed that the brain played the central role in psychophysiology. This was accepted and developed by the last great biomedical figure of classical antiquity - Claudius Galen. However, Aristotle's cardiocentric theory did not entirely disappear and this article traces its influence through the Arabic physicians of the Islamic ascendancy, into the European Middle Ages where Albertus Magnus' attempt to reconcile cardiocentric and cerebrocentric physiology was particularly influential. It shows how cardiocentricity was sufficiently accepted to attract the attention of, and require refutation by, many of the great names of the Renaissance, including Vesalius, Fernel, and Descartes, and was still taken seriously by luminaries such as William Harvey in the mid-seventeenth century. The article, in rehearsing this history, shows the difficulty of separating the first-person perspective of introspective psychology and the third-person perspective of natural science. It also outlines an interesting case of conflict between philosophy and physiology.

[From Descartes to fMRI. Pain theories and pain concepts].

Science.gov (United States)

Handwerker, H O

2007-08-01

In the seventeenth century the philosopher Rene Descartes was the forerunner by establishing a scientific hypothesis on the origin of pain. Much later, in the nineteenth century, pain hypotheses emerged which explained the pain sensation either on the basis of intense stimulation of any kind of nerve fibers (intensity hypothesis) or on the basis of specific nociceptors (specificity hypothesis). The "gate control theory" established by Melzack and Wall (1964) offered an explanation of modulations of pain sensation by the interaction between nociceptive and non-nociceptive nerve fibers and by descending control in the central nervous system. Though this hypothesis is outdated in its original form, it had - in a more common formulation - a great influence on our understanding of pain. For building a bridge to our present knowledge, the molecular structure of the nociceptor membrane is of particular importance. On this basis also new pain therapies have been developed. On the other hand, the methods of functional imaging allow the identification of brain regions related to pain processing at a macroscopic level. This new technology opened up new ways of understanding chronic pain processes and new possibilities for the control of therapeutic effects.

The Four Causes of ADHD: Aristotle in the Classroom.

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Pérez-Álvarez, Marino

2017-01-01

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most well-established and at the same time controversial disorders to the extreme of being placed in doubt. In the first of two parts, the established position is critically reviewed, beginning with showing fallacious reasoning on which the diagnosis is based, lacking clinical proof. Similarly, a certain rhetoric and metaphysics in genetic and neurobiological research is highlighted, where, for example, a meager accumulation of data is offered as robust conclusions, and correlates and correlations as causes and bases. However, that may be, the controversy is silenced in a dialog of the deaf between "defenders" and "critics." with no way out in sight in empirical and scientific terms. A new meta-scientific position is necessary to analyze the science of ADHD itself and its social uses. In this respect, the second part introduces Aristotle's four causes, material, formal, efficient, final, as an instrument of enquiry. According to this analysis, ADHD is not the pretended clinical entity as presented, but a practical entity providing a variety of functions. The implications would be rather different from the usual.

Selected Philosophers’ Views of the Family [Rodzina w poglądach wybranych filozofów

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Agnieszka SZCZAP

2017-11-01

Full Text Available The subject matter of this article is the history of philosophical speculation on the family. Philosophical reflections on the family date back to Antiquity. The main points of reference for the entire socio-philosophical literature are the views of Plato and Aristotle. Plato’s recognition of private property and the family as the main barriers in the way of a perfect state has weighed on all concepts of equality for many centuries. On the other hand, Aristotle, recognizing the family as the basic social group, place of formation of virtues and one of the conditions of a happy life, contributed to consolidate the view of the distribution of social roles based on sex as natural and necessary. Medieval philosophers placed the family in the perspective of creation, this life, and salvation. Modern philosophical concepts of the family were completely different and sometimes contradictory. On the one hand, there were ideas of such thinkers as John J. Rousseau, with emphasis on the polarization of education and social roles by gender, on the other, strongly egalitarian views of Mary Wollstonecraft. Feminist considerations of Simone de Beauvoire conclude the review of philosophical views on the family

Descartes discarded? Introspective self-awareness and the problems of transparency and compositionality.

Science.gov (United States)

Werning, Markus

2010-09-01

What has the self to be like such that introspective awareness of it is possible? The paper asks if Descartes's idea of an inner self can be upheld and discusses this issue by invoking two principles: the phenomenal transparency of experience and the semantic compositionality of conceptual content. It is assumed that self-awareness is a second-order state either in the domain of experience or in the domain of thought. In the former case self-awareness turns out empty if experience is transparent. In the latter, it can best be conceived of as a form of mental quotation. Various proposed analyses of direct and indirect quotation are discussed and tested regarding their applicability to thought. It is concluded that, on the assumption of compositionality, the inner self is only insofar accessible to awareness as it has an accessible phonological (or otherwise subsymbolic) structure, as apparently only inner speech does. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

El Quijote, Descartes y la tradición de la novela autoconsciente

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Jensen, Julio Hans C.

2015-01-01

and Cartesian philosophy emerges that is related to, on the one hand, the appearance of the natural sciences in the sixteenth century and, on the other, to Renaissance individualism. Ultimately, the intention is to situate Don Quixote in its proper historical paradigm. Resumen El presente artículo compara el...... Quijote con la filosofía de Descartes para así indagar en la prácticamente simultánea aparición de, respectivamente, la novela autoconsciente o metaficcional y la filosofía del sujeto. Emerge así una serie de rasgos comunes a la narrativa cervantina y a la filosofía cartesiana, los cuales remiten, por un...... lado, a la aparición de las ciencias naturales en el s. XVI y, por otro, al individualismo renacentista. En definitiva, la intención es ubicar la obra maestra cervantina en el paradigma histórico al que pertenece....

Sexism and anatomy, as discerned in textbooks and as perceived by medical students at Cardiff University and University of Paris Descartes.

Science.gov (United States)

Morgan, Susan; Plaisant, Odile; Lignier, Baptiste; Moxham, Bernard J

2014-03-01

Contemporary textbooks of anatomy and surface anatomy were evaluated to ascertain whether they were gender-neutral. The evidence of this, and previous studies, suggests that, both in terms of imagery and text, many textbooks lack neutrality. To further investigate such matters, we provided second-year medical students studying at Cardiff University (n = 293) and at the Paris Descartes University (n = 142) during the 2011-2012 academic year with a questionnaire inviting them to address the possibility that social/gender factors hinder the dispassionate representation of anatomy. Ethical approval was obtained from both Cardiff and Paris universities. Eighty-six percent of the students at Cardiff and 39% at Paris Descartes responded and provided data for analysis. The hypothesis tested is that medical students perceive a gender bias that is reflected in the books they read and the tuition they receive. Our findings suggest that, while students recognise the importance of gender issues and do not wish to associate with sexism, most are unaware of the possible negative aspects of sexism within anatomy. In this respect, the findings do not support our hypothesis. Nevertheless, we recommended that teachers of anatomy and authors of anatomy textbooks should be aware of the possibility of adverse effects on professional matters relating to equality and diversity issues. © 2013 Anatomical Society.

Análise da forma de descarte de medicamentos por usuários de uma Unidade de Saúde no município de Porto Alegre/RS

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Gelson Antonio IOB

2013-12-01

Full Text Available Não há em nosso país uma normatização que regulamente o descarte de medicamentos domiciliares. Em vista disso, realizou-se um estudo quantitativo, contemporâneo, observacional, realizado por meio da aplicação de um questioná- rio estruturado objetivando analisar a forma mais comum de descarte de medicamentos por usuários da Unidade de Saúde Parque dos Maias (USPM do Grupo Hospitalar Conceição (GHC, localizada no município de Porto Alegre/ RS. O estudo incluiu 238 moradores, com erro aceitável de 5% e um nível de confiança de 95%. Em relação à análise da população estudada observou-se que 97,9% relataram que possuem medicamentos em suas residências; 86,6% nunca receberam orientação de como descartar medicamentos; 60% descartam no meio ambiente os medicamentos vencidos encontrados nos domicílios. A investigação estatística realizada pelo teste de Qui-quadrado para as variáveis analisadas não apresentou associação estatisticamente significativa entre escolaridade e renda com boa parte das ações de descarte de medicamentos pesquisadas. Constatou-se que medidas efetivas deveriam ser melhor organizadas para diminuir e regulamentar a geração e o destino dos medicamentos impróprios para o consumo presentes nas residências, minimizando assim danos ao meio ambiente e a saúde pública.

An Account of the Inaugural Tessier Skull Exhibition at the University of Paris Descartes.

Science.gov (United States)

Dusseldorp, Joseph Richard; Firmin, Françoise

2015-10-01

Paul Tessier is widely regarded as the father of modern craniofacial surgery. Upon his passing in 2008, his private collection of human skulls was purchased by the French Association of Facial Surgeons to ensure the collection would remain in France. The first public exhibition of the skulls was held in the medical museum of the University of Paris Descartes in April 2014. From this collection of skulls and the imagination of Tessier an entirely new specialty was created. Modern craniofacial surgery, now is an integral part of any pediatric plastic surgery department. Cranial and facial osteotomies have also become commonplace in both traumatic and aesthetic surgery. The goals for craniofacial deformity are now a return to completely normal appearance and function, as Tessier always believed they should be.

Essaying the mechanical hypothesis: Descartes, La Forge, and Malebranche on the formation of birthmarks.

Science.gov (United States)

Wilkin, Rebecca M

2008-01-01

This essay examines the determination by Cartesians to explain the maternal imagination's alleged role in the formation of birthmarks and the changing notion of monstrosity. Cartesians saw the formation of birthmarks as a challenge through which to demonstrate the heuristic capacity of mechanism. Descartes claimed to be able to explain the transmission of a perception from the mother's imagination to the fetus' skin without having recourse to the little pictures postulated by his contemporaries. La Forge offered a detailed account stating that the failure to explain the maternal imagination's impressions would cast doubt on mechanism. Whereas both characterized the birthmark as a deformation or monstrosity in miniature, Malebranche attributed a role to the maternal imagination in fashioning family likenesses. However, he also charged the mother's imagination with the transmission of original sin.

Patterns of Light Chasing the Spectrum from Aristotle to LEDs

CERN Document Server

Beeson, Steven

2008-01-01

Light is all around us – even when we do not see it. Our eyes do not detect the higher energy and shorter-than-visible-wavelength ultraviolet radiation, yet we know it is there from the sunburn we receive in Arizona. We know that window glass can block ultraviolet rays so we do not get a burn while driving with the windows rolled up. Our eyes do not detect the low-energy, long-wavelength infrared (IR) radiation but we know it exists from discussions of war applications and televised images of guided weapons targets. We also know about radio waves from the little boxes that talk to us and x-rays from the dentist's office. Patterns of Light, Chasing the Spectrum from Aristotle to LEDs, written by Steve Beeson and Jim Mayer starts with the visible – the straight path of light. It continues with chapters detailing reflection (mirrors, storefront windows) and refraction (eyeglasses, binoculars). Color is then introduced with the query "Why is the sky blue?" After answering that and other similar questions ("Wh...

Descartes de origem animal e o crescimento e ganho de peso do jacaré-de-papo-amarelo, Caiman latirostris (Daudin, 1802, em cativeiro

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Sarkis-Gonçalves Fabianna

2002-01-01

Full Text Available O custo da alimentação é o principal fator limitante para a criação de jacarés em cativeiro. O uso de descartes e subprodutos como fontes de alimento em fazendas de criação de jacarés poderá auxiliar a resolver este problema. No presente estudo, quatro diferentes tipos de descartes provenientes da produção animal foram avaliados como alimento para o jacaré-de-papo-amarelo (Caiman latirostris durante o primeiro ano de vida. Um total de 120 filhotes provenientes de seis ninhadas foram mantidos em quatro diferentes tanques dentro de uma estufa plástica. As seguintes dietas foram usadas: peixe, suino, frango e mista (peixe + suino + frango em iguais proporções. O delineamento experimental foi de ANOVA por blocos. Ganho de peso e taxas de crescimento do comprimento rostro-anal e da cintura comercial foram medidos e modelos de crescimento foram estabelecidos. A dieta mista resultou em melhores taxas de crescimento e ganho de peso, mas não foram detectadas diferenças consistentes entre as dietas usadas quanto aos modelos de crescimento.

Descarte de peixes na pesca comercial em Tefé, médio Solimões, Amazônia Central - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v30i1.1471 Discarded catches from commercial fisheries in the middle Solimões river, Central Amazon region - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v30i1.1471

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Wuerles Bessa Barbosa

2008-03-01

Full Text Available Descartes são comuns na pesca comercial, sendo avaliados para apoiar o manejo da pesca na região. Por meio de acompanhamentos diários das pescarias da frota comercial de Tefé, foi descrito o descarte de pescado no médio Solimões. Utilizando análises de correlação e covariância, foram avaliados fatores que determinam o descarte com três modalidades distintas de pesca. Os pescadores selecionaram o pescado no momento da captura por espécie e tamanho. As espécies de pescados mais descartados foram jaraquis, tucunarés e branquinhas, porém os mais freqüentes, no descarte, foram espécies dos Siluriformes. Os apetrechos de pesca analisados apresentaram diferenças nas características de seu descarte. O descarte foi menor na enchente-cheia (5-17% da captura, conforme apetrecho que durante a vazante-seca (20-62%, conforme apetrechoDiscards are common in commercial fishery, and are evaluated in order to support fisheries management in the region. Fish discards in the middle Solimões River were described through daily monitoring of fishing activities by the commercial fleet of the town of Tefé. By making use of analyses of correlation and covariance, determinant factors for discards in three different types of fisheries were evaluated. The crew selected the fish at the moment of capture, by species and size. Among the most discarded fish species were silver prochilodus, peacock bass, and curimata inormata; however, the most frequently discarded were Siluriform species. The fishing gear analyzed featured differences in their discarding characteristics. Discard was lower during the flood period (5-17% of catches, depending on gear than during the dry season (20-62% of catches, depending on gear

Long-term risks of kidney living donation: review and position paper by the ERA-EDTA DESCARTES working group.

Science.gov (United States)

Maggiore, Umberto; Budde, Klemens; Heemann, Uwe; Hilbrands, Luuk; Oberbauer, Rainer; Oniscu, Gabriel C; Pascual, Julio; Schwartz Sorensen, Soren; Viklicky, Ondrej; Abramowicz, Daniel

2017-02-01

Two recent matched cohort studies from the USA and Norway published in 2014 have raised some concerns related to the long-term safety of kidney living donation. Further studies on the long-term risks of living donation have since been published. In this position paper, Developing Education Science and Care for Renal Transplantation in European States (DESCARTES) board members critically review the literature in an effort to summarize the current knowledge concerning long-term risks of kidney living donation to help physicians for decision-making purposes and for providing information to the prospective live donors. Long-term risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) can be partially foreseen by trying to identify donors at risk of developing ‘de novo’ kidney diseases during life post-donation and by predicting lifetime ESRD risk. However, lifetime risk may be difficult to assess in young donors, especially in those having first-degree relatives with ESRD. The study from Norway also found an increased risk of death after living donor nephrectomy, which became visible only after >15 years of post-donation follow-up. However, these findings are likely to be largely the result of an overestimation due to the confounding effect related to a family history of renal disease. DESCARTES board members emphasize the importance of optimal risk–benefit assessment and proper information to the prospective donor, which should also include recommendations on health-promoting behaviour post-donation. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved.

ARISTOTLE AND THE ECONOMY WITHIN THE BOUNDS OF PRACTICAL REASON

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MATTHIAS VOLLET

2007-08-01

Full Text Available Resumen: Comparada con la economía de hoy, la de la Grecia antigua —por lo menos en una de sus concepciones— era una economía limitada. Exteriormente,porque en Hesíodo sirve para el sustento de la casa, y en Aristóteles para el sustento de la ciudad; interiormente y de manera sistemática, en el primer caso, por su origen divino y su sentido dentro de la relación hombre-dioses, y en el segundo caso, por su subordinación a la teleología ética y política de la vida humana, tal y como la concibe Aristóteles. La autarquía, como límite de la economía, es doble. Por una parte, autarquía económica en sentido estricto, ya que la economía sólo ha de llegar hasta el punto de poder asegurar la supervivencia de la comunidad que es su sujeto. Pero, por otra, la autarquía, para Aristóteles, tiene sobre todo un sentido antropológico: el hombre más autárquico es el que practica aquello que, para su praxis, no necesita de otra cosa: esta praxis más alta es la de la razón, desarrollada en la Polis, que es su meta. Esta autarquía del ser razonable da sentido y también límite al buen actuar económico, que es una mera herramienta.Abstract: By contrast to the contemporary economy, Ancient Greece had a closed economy. In what follows I distinguish an outer and an inner perspective. The outer perspective is determined by the autarky of the household (Hesiod or of the city (Aristotle, which is the exclusive moral aim for economic activity. The inner perspective is determined by the moral implications of economic activity, founded in the gods (Hesiod or in practical human reason (Aristotle. Both of these perspectives limit the scope and range of an economy and of economic influence on society. The distinction between the persepcectives gives us the basis for another distinction explicitly stated in Aristotle’s Politics. That distinction has influenced economic thought for several centuries and consistsin distinguishing two forms of

About Being a Friend: Friendship and Metaphysics by Plato, Aristotle, Augustine and Albert the Great

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Andrés Quero Sánchez

2014-11-01

of friendship in his commentaries on the Nicomachian Ethics (both Super Ethica and Ethica and we show how his metaphysics should be considered as Christian Aristotelism, according to the traditional interpretation, which has, as is known, been questioned for decades

Why Did Socrates Deny That He Was a Teacher? Locating Socrates among the New Educators and the Traditional Education in Plato's "Apology of Socrates"

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Mintz, Avi I.

2014-01-01

Plato's "Apology of Socrates" contains a spirited account of Socrates' relationship with the city of Athens and its citizens. As Socrates stands on trial for corrupting the youth, surprisingly, he does not defend the substance and the methods of his teaching. Instead, he simply denies that he is a teacher. Many scholars have…

Die saamspeel van hand, oog en passie: gedagtes oor erotiek en estetika

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DP Veldsman

2006-09-01

Full Text Available In critical dismissal on the one hand of the viewpoint of Augustine on original sin, and on the other hand of a proposed viewpoint with regard to a theology of God�s good creation, this article explores the intimate interwoveness of aesthetics, erotism and religious experience. The basic communication structure of sender-message-receiver is taken as vantage point and translated into questions regarding the artist, the medium and� the enjoyer of art / art critic. Against a historical-terminological background of aesthetics and erotism from Plato and Aristotle to contemporary views, a theological viewpoint is developed� in playful metaphoric utilization of the concepts hand, eye and passion. Passion is acquitted in this viewpoint in which hamartological short-sightedness is replaced by loving far-sightedness.

A few philosophical ruminations on the human condition and choosing to live well

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Blake E. Hestir

2008-06-01

Full Text Available The notion that life is meaningful through choosing to live well has historically received substantive attention in various philosophical circles, notably the ancient Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, and more recently several of the existentialists. In some respects, the idea of choosing to live well is a “thematization” of two widely-recognized, independent components of a meaningful life: happiness and authenticity. I develop this notion of choosing to live well by exploring, developing, and relating these conceptions of happiness and authenticity. By appealing to a very basic account of human nature that has found favor among a great number of people, I show how happiness and authenticity complement each other as conditions for the possibility of living meaningfully.

Developing the DESCARTE Model: The Design of Case Study Research in Health Care.

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Carolan, Clare M; Forbat, Liz; Smith, Annetta

2016-04-01

Case study is a long-established research tradition which predates the recent surge in mixed-methods research. Although a myriad of nuanced definitions of case study exist, seminal case study authors agree that the use of multiple data sources typify this research approach. The expansive case study literature demonstrates a lack of clarity and guidance in designing and reporting this approach to research. Informed by two reviews of the current health care literature, we posit that methodological description in case studies principally focuses on description of case study typology, which impedes the construction of methodologically clear and rigorous case studies. We draw from the case study and mixed-methods literature to develop the DESCARTE model as an innovative approach to the design, conduct, and reporting of case studies in health care. We examine how case study fits within the overall enterprise of qualitatively driven mixed-methods research, and the potential strengths of the model are considered. © The Author(s) 2015.

O Método no Tempo e na Obra de Descartes e a Inspiração Matemática

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Luciano Marques de Jesus

2017-02-01

Full Text Available No presente artigo, aborda-se a questão do método, preâmbulo da filosofia cartesiana. Analisa-se a posição do método no tempo, na filosofia e no caminho intelectual de Descartes; a inspiração matemática: a influência da lógica, da análise dos antigos e da álgebra dos modernos, no que possuem de positivo e válido, sem os seus defeitos e limitações, na constituição do método.

From Pericles to Plato – from democratic political praxis to totalitarian political philosophy

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Øjvind Larsen

2012-03-01

Full Text Available Plato is normally taken as one of the founders of Western political philosophy, not at least with his Republic. Here, he constructs a hierarchy of forms of governments, beginning with aristocracy at the top as a critical standard for the other forms of governments, and proceeding through timocracy and oligarchy to democracy and tyranny at the bottom. Following Karl Popper, the paper argues that Plato’s is a totalitarian philosophy that emphasizes the similarities between democracy and tyranny, which it considers to be the two worst forms of government. Plato’s denigration of democracy has dominated the tradition of political philosophy until recent times. This paper, however, shows that political philosophy in fact originates in democracy, especially as developed by the sophists and that philosophy is only a form of sophism with a similar origin in ancient Greek democracy. A discussion of Pericles’ funeral oration is used to show that Pericles presented a democratic political philosophy that can serve as a counterpoint to Plato’s political philosophy in the Republic.

Dua Mazhab Emanasi dalam Filsafat Islam Klasik dan Implikasi Teologisnya

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Ibnu Ali

2016-11-01

Full Text Available Islamic philosophy, which has been an accumulation of relation between pure logic and religious texts (naql, has a uniquely different features from the philosophy of Aristotle. This is because the Islamic philosophy has met not only with the pre-Islamic sciences but it also has thoroughly interacted with various branches of the Islamic knowledge such as theology, taṣawwuf, uṣûl al-fiqh, and târîkh al-tashrîʻ. The interaction has resulted in numerous different thoughts within the Islamic philosophy itself as can be identified among the peripatetic Islamic philosophers. The article is intended to describe that in discussing cosmological matter, the majority of these philosophers put emphasis on Plotinus’s concept of emanation. However, the concept has led to distinctively diverse schools of philosophy in Islam. The study finds that the philoso-phers with strong background of scientific disciplines produced considerably different thought of emanation from those with strong background of Islamic knowledge. The first school consists of scientists-philosophers affiliated to the thought of Pythagoras, Plato, and Aristotle though with new concepts they proposed. The second school comprises Sufi-philosophers whose concepts have been strongly influenced by intuition though there have been conceptual differences based on their spiritual experiences.

Farmácia caseira e descarte de medicamentos no bairro Luiz Fogliatto do Município de Ijuí – RS

OpenAIRE

Cristiane Schmalz Bueno; Débora Weber; Karla Renata de Oliveira

2009-01-01

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a prevalência da farmácia caseira, conhecer os medicamentos que a compõem, os locais destinados ao armazenamento e descarte. Realizou-se estudo transversal junto a famílias do bairro Luiz Fogliatto, Ijuí, RS, cadastradas na Unidade Básica de Saúde deste bairro. As entrevistas foram realizadas nos domicílios de junho a agosto de 2008. Dentre 640 famílias, foram visitadas 321, das quais 91,59% possuíam medicamentos em casa. Encontraramse 1.234 medicamentos, c...

Carne de ovinos de descarte na elaboração de mortadelas com diferentes teores de gordura suína.

OpenAIRE

GUERRA, I. C. D.; MEIRELES, B. R. L. de A.; FÉLEX, S. S. dos S.; CONCEIÇÃO, M. L. da; SOUZA, E. L. de; BENEVIDES, S. D.; MADRUGA, M. S.

2012-01-01

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial de utilização da carne de ovinos de descarte na elaboração de mortadelas. Três formulações de mortadela foram desenvolvidas, com 90, 80 e 70% de carne ovina, adicionadas de 10, 20 e 30% de gordura suína. Os resultados demonstraram que as três formulações de mortadela atenderam aos parâmetros microbiológicos preconizados pela legislação brasileira, sendo, portanto, seguros para o consumo humano. Para os parâmetros cinzas, amido, cloretos, pH e...

The power of semen: Aristotle and some Galen’s fallacies

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Andrey Darovskikh

2017-01-01

Full Text Available In this paper, I try to demonstrate how critical empiricism and philosophical reasoning intertwine with each other and affected the development of medicine. It is a case study considering the problems of generation and semen in the writings of Aristotle and Galen via relationship between such concepts as matter, form, movement, change, causes and some others. The main question addressed in the paper is the reason of Galen’s return to Hippocratic paradigm of two-semina (male and female. I argue that the reason is two-fold: 1 Different philosophical reasoning and erroneous understanding of some aspects of Aristotle’s embryological model by Galen. 2 Empirical discoveries, which proved to be wrong. I demonstrate that Galen’s understanding of form/matter relationship, and his view on matter as an underling principle conditioned his understanding of the notion of physical change, that allowed him to speak about conception only as quantitative mixture between equal substrata. Finally, I show that Galen’s view on teleology and his limited understanding of formal/final vs efficient causes and their relationship forced him to claim the inadequacy of Aristotle’s biology and necessitated Galen to introduce emendations in definitions of seminal faculties of genders and reproductive fluids.

Cardiovascular events in acute coronary syndrome patients with peripheral arterial disease treated with ticagrelor compared to clopidogrel: Data from the PLATO trials

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Patel, Manesh R.; Becker, Richard C.; Wojdyla, Daniel M.

Abstract 14299: Cardiovascular Events in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease Treated With Ticagrelor Compared to Clopidogrel: Data From the PLATO Trial Manesh R Patel1; Richard C Becker1; Daniel M Wojdyla2; Håkan Emanuelsson3; William Hiatt4; Jay Horrow5; Steen Husted6...... Uppsala, Sweden 10 Cardiology, Uppsala Clinical Rsch center, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden Background: Patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are at high risk for clinical events and are often difficult to manage. We evaluated cardiovascular outcomes of ACS patients...

Qualidade físico-química e sensorial da carne de peito de matrizes pesadas de descarte

OpenAIRE

Komiyama,Claudia Marie; Mendes,Ariel Antonio; Sanfelice,Cristiane; Cañizares,Marleide Costa; Roça,Roberto de Oliveira; Takahashi,Sabrina Endo; Rodrigues,Luciana; Cañizares,Gil Ignácio Lara; Paz,Ibiara Correia de Lima Almeida; Cardoso,Karen Franco de Godoi

2010-01-01

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar as características de qualidade: pH, cor, valor R, perda por exsudação, capacidade de retenção e absorção de água, capacidade de emulsificação, perdas por cocção, força de cisalhamento e análise sensorial da carne de matrizes pesadas de descarte de frangos de corte. A carne de peito de matrizes apresentou valores médios do parâmetro pH, valor R, perda por exsudação e valor de L* de 5,70, 1,43, 2,00 e 50,11, respectivamente. Para a capacidade de rete...

Permanente homoseksuele verhoudings van liefde en trou

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J Potgieter

2006-09-01

Full Text Available In this article, the argument is made that homosexual relationships of love and commitment was known by the writers of the Bible. Though definitions like �gay� or �homosexuality� was not known, sexual identity was known. According to the anthropology of the Mediterranean people, somebody�s identity was found in the way he or she lived: �If I have a homosexual relationship, then my identity was homosexual�. This article shows that permanent homosexual relationships of love and commitment were known among the Greek philosophers. People like Plato, Aristotle and Pausanius had permanent homosexual partners. Even Paul knew about permanent homosexual relationships of love and commitment. Sufficient evidence has been found in cities like Rome, Corinth and Ephesus on the existence of such relationships.

Flatland an edition with notes and commentary

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Abbott, Edwin A; Banchoff, Thomas F

2010-01-01

Flatland, Edwin Abbott Abbott's story of a two-dimensional universe, as told by one of its inhabitants who is introduced to the mysteries of three-dimensional space, has enjoyed an enduring popularity from the time of its publication in 1884. This fully annotated edition enables the modern-day reader to understand and appreciate the many "dimensions" of this classic satire. Mathematical notes and illustrations enhance the usefulness of Flatland as an elementary introduction to higher-dimensional geometry. Historical notes show connections to late-Victorian England and to classical Greece. Citations from Abbott's other writings as well as the works of Plato and Aristotle serve to interpret the text. Commentary on language and literary style includes numerous definitions of obscure words. An appendix gives a comprehensive account of the life and work of Flatland's remarkable author.

Rhétorique de l’ingenium et personnalité littéraire

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Cristina Müller

2001-12-01

Full Text Available The purpose of this study is to briefly outline the historical evolution of the ingenium in the premodern culture. A rhetorical and literary concept, the ingenium organizes the ancient notion of the capacity of invention and of artistic inspiration, and eventually becomes a central concept in the classic Aesthetic thought. But its meaning and evolution are also intimately related to the discovery of the individuality, and to the tension between natura (the natural, inborn characteristics and ars, doctrina (acquired, secondary, elaborated characteristics of an individual style. From Plato and Aristotle, through Cicero, Quintilian and Erasmus, the classic Aesthetics articulates a question still meaningful for the modern reflection on the individual : how can the tension between the acknowledged diversity of ingenia and the necessity for a unifying discipline like Rhetorics be ultimately reduced.

The Soul, the Virtues, and the Human Good: Comments on Aristotle's Moral Psychology

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Kathi Beier

2016-12-01

Full Text Available In modern moral philosophy, virtue ethics has developed into one of the major approaches to ethical inquiry. As it seems, however, it is faced with a kind of perplexity similar to the one that Elisabeth Anscombe has described in Modern moral philosophy with regard to ethics in general. For if we assume that Anscombe is right in claiming that virtue ethics ought to be grounded in a sound philosophy of psychology, modern virtue ethics seems to be baseless since it lacks or even avoids reflections on the human soul. To overcome this difficulty, the paper explores the conceptual connections between virtue and soul in Aristotle's ethics. It claims that the human soul is the principle of virtue since reflections on the soul help us to define the nature of virtue, to understand the different kinds of virtues, and to answer the question why human beings need the virtues at all.

Negosiasi antara Homoerotika dan Budaya Machismo dalam Novel Aristotle and Dante Discover the Secrets of the Universe

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Alberta Natasia Adji

2016-12-01

Full Text Available Artikel ini bertujuan mengungkap negosiasi antara homoerotika dan prinsip machismo yang dijunjung tinggi dalam budaya Meksiko serta pengaruh faktor kelas sosial dan pendidikan keluarga terhadap hubungan tersebut dalam sastra Amerika Latin kontemporer berjudul Aristotle and Dante Discover the Secrets of the Universe karya Benjamin Alire Sáenz. Masalah yang menjadi fokus penelitian adalah bagaimana negosiasi antara homoerotika dan prinsip machismo serta bagaimanakah faktor kelas sosial dan pendidikan keluarga memberikan pengaruh terhadapnya dalam novel tersebut. Dengan perspektif teori queer yang dicetuskan Annamarie Jagose dan metode pembacaan cermat, penelitian ini menghasilkan temuan bahwa machismo yang masih kuat dalam masyarakat Meksiko melahirkan perasaan homofobia, bahkan dalam diri kaum homoseksual sendiri. Kare-nanya, para gay cenderung menjadi rendah diri dengan orientasi seksualnya. Latar belakang pendidikan keluarga dan perbedaan kelas sosial memengaruhi persepsi tentangmachismo pada kaum lelaki. Keduanya merupakan faktor penting yang mendasari perilaku seseorang dalam me-nentukan orientasi seksualnya di lingkungan sekitar. The article strives to reveal the negotiation between homoeroticism and machismo norms highly valued in Mexican culture, as well as the impact of social class and academic background, toward such relationship in a contemporary Latin American literary work, Benjamin Alire Sáenz‘s Aristotle and Dante Discover the Secrets of the Universe. The focus of the study is how the negotiation between homoeroticism and machismo values, as well as social class and academic background, affect that relationship. Using Annamarie Jagose’s queer theory and close reading technique, the study results in the fact that machismo, still strongly held in Mexican communities, begets a homophobic feeling even for the homosexuals themselves. Therefore, the gays tend to feel inferior with their sexual orientation. The family’s academic

Análise normativa para descarte de resíduos de medicamentos - Estudo de caso da Região Sudeste do Brasil

OpenAIRE

Falqueto, Elda; Kligerman, Débora Cynamon

2012-01-01

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar aspectos normativos para o gerenciamento de resíduos de medicamentos numa região do Brasil e descrever os elementos fundamentais para a sua prática, valendo-se de exemplos bem-sucedidos e das principais políticas nacionais que norteiam o tema. Este trabalho analisa a legislação federal e da Região Sudeste em relação ao descarte de resíduos de medicamentos visando verificar em que medida as proposições legais contribuem para um gerenciamento eficaz de resíduo...

Perceiving the moral dimension of practice: insights from Murdoch, Vetlesen, and Aristotle.

Science.gov (United States)

Scott, P Anne

2006-07-01

This paper situates the moral domain of practice within the context of a particular description of nursing practice - one that sees human interaction at the heart of that practice. Such a description fits not only with professional rhetoric but also with literature from patients and recent empirical work exploring the nature of nursing practice. Martha Levine in her 1977 description of ethics, within the context of nursing practice, indicated that what was important from an ethical perspective was how we interact with each other, with patients and colleagues, on a daily basis. What enables such interaction to display moral sensitivity, insight into patient need, and a focus on the good for the patient? Of relevance when answering this question is the empirical evidence indicating that professional socialization, as a nurse or a doctor, may dull the individual's moral sense. If this is the case, cognizance needs to be taken of such evidence when identifying theoretical approaches from mainstream ethics that may provide insight and value for nurse education. It is suggested that such insight and value can be gained from a consideration of the work of Aristotle, Murdoch, and Vetlesen.

Quale etica per quale futuro? Le vie dell’etica – uno sguardo retrospettivo

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Francesca Caputo

2013-06-01

Full Text Available This paper, starting from the question “Which etichs for what future?”, retraces a few streets of ethical reflection, subdividing the exploration in moments of classical Greece (with Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, of modernity (with Kant, developments science, Hegel and of the current globalized world (with Jürgen Habermas and Karl-Otto Apel. The problem of values, in particular, and of ethics, in general, arises today, as in the past, in a double sense: regards, on the one hand, their possible foundation or legitimation, on the other, their possible sharing and acceptance by all members of the community. Discourse ethics, especially in the version theorized by Karl-Otto Apel, appears more congenial in outlining the minimum basis of a common ethics shared, guaranteed by the universal consensus of ethics intrinsic to the discourse.

ZENÓN DE ELEA Y COMPAÑÍA

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María Teresa Padilla Longoria

2013-11-01

Full Text Available In this article we have the aim of confronting Plato’s and Aristotle’s ideas on dialectic and other associated practices resourcing to the judgments that both philosophers made in that respect and the position that they showed before such practices achieved by Zeno of Elea and two archetypical sophists like Protagoras and Gorgias. All of this with the aim of emphasising, first, the risk that for Plato entailed the generalisation of such practices and the contrast that implied in relation with his philosophical project of dialogic examination and unselfish search for the truth and, second, with the aim of showing the way that Aristotle intended to open with the position that he had in relation with Zeno and the sophists and that led him to develop other ideas on dialectic itself, rhetoric and sophistic.

The philosophical origin of the social contract theory

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Todorović Tanja

2017-01-01

Full Text Available This paper shows the origin of the idea of a social contract in Greek ancient philosophy. The Greeks first discovered this idea in their mythological and cosmological notions. Sophists developed it on the basis of natural law. During its evolution in Greek ancient philosophy the social contract was differently understood: sometimes in a unity with natural law, sometimes in opposition to it. Socrates pointed out the abstract nature of the social contract, while Plato and Aristotle tried to solve the contradictions set by the sophists. The origins of these ideas are very important, because modern and contemporary theories of social contract which use both different customary language and are based on different rationalization of the notion of nature are in part developed on a logic similar to that which can be found in Greek ancient philosophy.

Das Barbarenbild des Poseidonios und seine Stellung in der philosophischen Tradition

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Reinar Müller

1993-06-01

Full Text Available The author gives an account of the ideas of the Greeks (Herodot, Hippocrates, Plato, Aristotle about the barbarians. They hesitate between admiring some barbarians, or, on the contrary, considering them unvalued people in comparison with the Greeks, and the theory of the climate, which would be definitive on the formation of the men’s bodies and souls. Poseidonios discusses this problem in a well known fragment in which he tells how the Mariandins submitted to Heraclea because they found themselves inferior. We can come across with traces of his thought on Cicero, De re publica III and Strabo, VI. In conclusion, Poseidonios justifies the Roman world power because its superiority, and this because the climate of Italy. However, he insists that this power must be used with justice and blames the bloody actions of the Sicilian slave war.

The Biological Implausibility of the Nature-Nurture Dichotomy & What It Means for the Study of Infancy.

Science.gov (United States)

Lewkowicz, David J

2011-01-01

Since the time of the Greeks, philosophers and scientists have wondered about the origins of structure and function. Plato proposed that the origins of structure and function lie in the organism's nature whereas Aristotle proposed that they lie in its nurture. This nature/nurture dichotomy and the emphasis on the origins question has had a powerful effect on our thinking about development right into modern times. Despite this, empirical findings from various branches of developmental science have made a compelling case that the nature/nurture dichotomy is biologically implausible and, thus, that a search for developmental origins must be replaced by research into developmental processes. This change in focus recognizes that development is an immensely complex, dynamic, embedded, interdependent, and probabilistic process and, therefore, renders simplistic questions such as whether a particular behavioral capacity is innate or acquired scientifically uninteresting.

Música e políticas socioculturais: a contribuição do canto coral para a inclusão social

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Rita de Cássia Fucci Amato

2009-05-01

Full Text Available The aim of this paper is to discuss the relevance of choral singing for projects of social inclusion. It presents and analyzes philosophically and historically the social role of singing together, highlighting the thoughts of philosophers as Plato, Aristotle and Rousseau; it also analyzes sociologically the potentialities of choirs for the socio-cultural inclusion of underprivileged communities – introducing concepts and reflections by Pierre Bourdieu, Domenico de Masi and Paulo Freire – and studies multiple cases of successful projects of inclusive choral singing in several regions of Brazil. Finally, it presents a model-proposal of an inclusive project (Pro-InCanto - Program of Social Inclusion through Choral Singing, which can be adapted to the different realities and social contexts of the country. The article concludes that there is a great social potential of choral singing yet to be explored.

Ghirlandaio, Ficino and Hermes Trismegistus: the Prisca Theologia in the Tornabuoni Frescoes

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Agata Anna Chrzanowska

2016-12-01

Full Text Available The study offers a Neoplatonic reading of certain iconographic elements of Domenico Ghirlandaio’s frescoes in the Tornabuoni Chapel in Florence. It focuses on the nude figure sitting on the steps in the “Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple” as well as the group of four listeners gathered on the right in the “Preaching of St. John the Baptist”. Following an investigation of the relationship between these figures and Marsilio Ficino’s philosophical ideas and the apocryphal gospels the author suggests that the nude represents Saturn and that the four men are Ficino’s famiglia filosofica: Hermes Trismegistus, Moses, Aristotle and Plato. This analysis therefore attempts to show that the decoration not only expresses the political supremacy of the Medicean faction but also conveys Ficino’s ideas about the prisca theologia.

Protecting the pipeline of science: openness, scientific methods and the lessons from ticagrelor and the PLATO trial.

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Coats, Andrew J Stewart; Nijjer, Sukhjinder S; Francis, Darrel P

2014-10-20

Ticagrelor, a potent antiplatelet, has been shown to be beneficial in patients with acute coronary syndromes in a randomised controlled trial published in a highly ranked peer reviewed journal. Accordingly it has entered guidelines and has been approved for clinical use by authorities. However, there remains a controversy regarding aspects of the PLATO trial, which are not immediately apparent from the peer-reviewed publications. A number of publications have sought to highlight potential discrepancies, using data available in publicly published documents from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) leading to disagreement regarding the value of open science and data sharing. We reflect upon potential sources of bias present in even rigorously performed randomised controlled trials, on whether peer review can establish the presence of bias and the need to constantly challenge and question even accepted data. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Toward a pro-active scientific advice on global volcanic activity within the multi-hazard framework of the EU Aristotle project

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Barsotti, Sara; Duncan, Melanie; Loughlin, Susan; Gísladóttir, Bryndis; Roberts, Matthew; Karlsdóttir, Sigrún; Scollo, Simona; Salerno, Giuseppe; Corsaro, Rosa Anna; Charalampakis, Marinos; Papadopoulos, Gerassimos

2017-04-01

The demand for timely analysis and advice on global volcanic activity from scientists is growing. At the same time, decision-makers require more than an understanding of hazards; they need to know what impacts to expect from ongoing and future events. ARISTOTLE (All Risk Integrated System TOwards Trans-boundary hoListic Early-warning) is a two-year EC funded pilot project designed to do just that. The Emergency Response Coordination Centre (ERCC) works to support and coordinate response to disasters both inside and outside Europe using resources from the countries participating in the European Union Civil Protection Mechanism. Led by INGV and ZAMG, the ARISTOTLE consortium comprises 15 institutions across Europe and aims to deliver multi-hazard advice on natural events, including their potential interactions and impact, both inside and outside of Europe to the ERCC. Where possible, the ERCC would like a pro-active provision of scientific advice by the scientific group. Iceland Met Office leads the volcanic hazards work, with BGS, INGV and NOA comprising the volcano observatory team. At this stage, the volcanology component of the project comprises mainly volcanic ash and gas dispersal and potential impact on population and ground-based critical infrastructures. We approach it by relying upon available and official volcano monitoring institutions' reporting of activity, existing assessments and global databases of past events, modelling tools, remote-sensing observational systems and official VAAC advisories. We also make use of global assessments of volcanic hazards, country profiles, exposure and proxy indicators of threat to livelihoods, infrastructure and economic assets (e.g. Global Volcano Model outputs). Volcanic ash fall remains the only hazard modelled at the global scale. Volcanic risk assessments remain in their infancy, owing to challenges related to the multitude of hazards, data availability and model representation. We therefore face a number of

Androgynes et gynandres : la relecture péladanienne du Banquet de Platon // Androgynes and gynandres : The Péladan’s reinterpretation of the Symposium by Plato

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Eva Voldřichová Beránková

2015-01-01

The Symposium alias The Banquet belongs to those hypotexts by Plato which have been constantly reread and reinterpreted by the authors of French decadence. This article is focused on the Péladan’s reinterpretation of one of its parts, the famous Aristophanes’s speech about love. It implies on one hand the masculine notion of “androgyne”, heavily valorised in the fin de siècle novels, and, on the other hand, the feminine concept of “gynandre”, perceived negatively, feared and mocke...

What is good sport: Plato's view Co je to dobrý sport: Platónův pohled

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Jernej Pisk

2006-02-01

Full Text Available One of Plato's most common questions found in his dialogues is "What is something?" By asking this question Plato usually brought his co-speakers to the recognition that in fact they do not have a full comprehension of what something is, although they have a partial comprehension of it. The awareness of one's incomplete cognition is the first step to be made on the philosophic way to truth. As in ancient times also today Plato asks us – the modern philosophers of sport – "What is sport?" or more precisely "What is good sport?" Probably the best of Plato's answers to this question can be found in the basic concepts of his philosophy regarding his hierarchical division of the state and human soul into three parts. Since sport is derived from human being also the goodness of sport can be divided into three stages. The lowest stage of sport corresponds to the first part of the soul – the appetite soul. On this stage sport is based on the gaining of material goods through prizes won at competitions. In the philosophic view, this is the lowest possible stage of goodness of sport. The second stage of sport corresponds to the second part of the soul – the emotional soul. Sport at this stage is based on the elementary ancient agon, which seeks fulfilment in the winning of honour and glory. The greatest and the most superior is the third part of the soul – the reasonable soul. According to this, also the sport corresponding to the third part of the soul is the best. For this kind of sport it is no longer necessary to compete with other contestants, since it can achieve it's fulfilment in perfect execution of movement or exercise, in which the perfect cooperation between reason (soul and body is attained. At this stage of sport it is the most important to compete and win over one's self, and this can be achieved by everyone, without regard to his/her physical abilities in comparison with others. In Plato's view, good sport is the sport directed

Aplicación de modelos matemáticos al proceso de secado asistido por infrarrojos de descartes de limón (Citrus limon (L. Burm. F. Cv. Genova

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Luis Puente-Díaz

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Los desechos agroindustriales son uno de los principales problemas ambientales a nivel mundial. Debido a las altas exigencias de calidad, la comercialización de limones de exportación genera grandes cantidades de desechos. Los descartes de limón contienen fibra, pectina, potasio, calcio y vitamina C. Por lo tanto, es importante desarrollar alternativas de procesamiento de estos sub-productos para agregarles valor y aumentar su vida útil. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue la aplicación del secado asistido por infrarrojos, como tecnología emergente, para estudiar el efecto de la temperatura de proceso sobre las cinéticas de secado de descartes de limón a 30, 40 y 50°C. Se utilizaron seis modelos matemáticos de capa fina encontrados en literatura para representar la cinética experimental. Basándose en análisis estadístico, el modelo Logarítmico presentó el mejor ajuste. Los valores de la difusividad efectiva del agua se estimaron en el rango de 9.45× 10-10 – 3.71× 10-9 m/s2. El valor de la energía de activación fue 55.90 kJ/mol.

Ethics and Dualism in Contemporary Psychology: From Avicenna and Descartes to Neuroscience

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Alma Jeftiċ

2014-12-01

Full Text Available From Avicenna and Descartes a long debate on the role of mind-body dilemma has left a huge impact on ethics of psychological research. That is especially applicable on researches that include both human and non-human participants, as well as their limitations and constraints that are connected to ethical principles. However, these principles are closely related to the interpretation of mind-body dilemma, which depends on different understandings of connection between soul and senses. The purpose of this paper is to examine the major impact of well-known “mind-body” dualism on ethics in psychological researches, with special emphasis on neuropsychology and neuroscience in general, as well as major constraints related to that dillema. The thought experiment has been recognized as a precursor to Rene Descartes’ famous ‘Cogito ergo sum’, as well as his body-mind dilemma. However, Avicenna's argument is more intended to demonstrate conceptually that Aristotle’s empirical axiom “there is nothing in the mind which was not first in the senses” is mistaken, since there is at least one thing in the mind which is not contingent upon experience, and that is self-awareness. The major contribution of this paper is the inclusion of two philosophical debates on mind-body dilemma while considering ethical approaches to neuropsychological research on both human and non-human participants.

COMIC AGENTS: FROM A POETIC TO AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL PARADIGM OF COMEDY (ARISTOTLE AND ALFRED GELL

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ANNA KAWALEC

2016-05-01

Full Text Available Aristotle was concerned with the comedy genre as a kind of poetry. Its creators, the comic poets, interested him only marginally. This genological approach to its subject-matter dominated the theory and philosophy of art for subsequent centuries as evidenced by the subsequent elaborations of interpretations of Aristotle’s catharsis. The alternative approach focused instead on subjects as creators of art. As a consequence of the long-term development of anthropocentrism in the humanities, however, this approach took over. The “ performative turn” represents its more recent version. It allows one to interpret Poetics and other classical works not in the context of an object (comedy, but in the context of the acting subject. I claim that social anthropology further explores the concept of comedy and itself presumes it in its conceptual foundations and research approach. I elaborate the argument on the basis of the concept of the “spirit of comedy” coined by Alfred Gell .

THE EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE ON KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT: EMOTION AND REASON FROM ARISTOTELE TO DAMASIO

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Maria Annarumma

2016-12-01

Full Text Available The analysis of the reason-emotion dynamics intersects several disciplinary fields, such as psychology, medicine, informatics, linguistics, neuroscience, with a specific relevance for Education Sciences, as it offers interesting perspectives over its influence on the learning process. Such issues are rooted in philosophical reflections by Plato, Aristotle and later by Descartes, Vico and Kant. These dualistic perspectives will be definitively abandoned in favour of a globalist vision of the mind-body relationship, during the first half of the XX century, particularly thanks to Dewey (1933 who, inspired by Darwin’s theories, was the first to support this unity by recognizing an intersection among physical, mental and environmental processes. Over the last decades, an imperatively anti-dualistic analysis has been developing in the field of neurosciences and cognitive linguistics: on the one hand, cognitivism, considering the mind in its function of symbolic manipulation; on the other hand, connectionism, studying neural networks. Furthermore, recent scientific research has allowed mapping in a detailed - albeit admittedly incomplete manner - the complex activity of the brain and highlighting analogies between elementary connections and complex interactions. The systemic perspective is hence considering “mind and body”, “reason and emotion” as two interconnected and essential aspects of human complexity. In this regard, Damasio’s research shows how participation of the organism to conscious experience returns to the consciousness itself those biological requirements which are essential to legitimate it as an object of scientific study. Knowledge is generated by socio-experiential relationships that play a crucial role within knowledge representation. The mind takes therefore an active role in shaping the representation of the world: understanding does not just consist in a mere reproduction of the external world in our mind; instead, it

Ethics and education: virtuous character and happy life in Aristotle - doi: 10.4025/actascieduc.v36i1.19276

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Marcos Alexandre Alves

2014-02-01

Full Text Available Ethical education in Aristotle is analyzed and the formation of the virtuous character as a key factor in the achievement of happiness is emphasized. The happy life is based on virtue which, in turn, is based on education and not on any other forms of life. The formation on the activity of the soul is not enough to achieve a happy life. Rational virtue differentiates the good man from the others. It manifests itself in good acts expressed through balanced attitudes and contemplation. Ethical education is the basic criterion for character formation. The constant practice of virtuous deeds makes the human being achieve discernment to do what is appropriate and thus achieve virtue and happiness.

Sustentabilidade nas organizações: a internalização dos gastos com o descarte do produto e/ou embalagem aos custos de produção

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Valmor Slomski

2012-06-01

Full Text Available Neste estudo, tem-se como objetivo analisar e discutir crenças, valores e aspectos práticos, considerando que a internalização dos gastos decorrentes do descarte do produto e/ou embalagens deve nortear a gestão de custos de produção de uma empresa. Por tratar-se de área do conhecimento ainda carente de estudos e sem solução consensual por parte de agentes do mercado, realizou-se um ensaio teórico em que são apresentados e discutidos posicionamentos, práticas e ações com potencial para mitigar os efeitos da degradação ambiental decorrentes de descartes inapropriados. Para isso são propostas ações por parte de empresas e de iniciativas voluntárias em negociações de títulos financeiros de compensação das externalidades, os quais foram denominados de créditos de internalização de custos privados (CICPs. Considera-se que o desenvolvimento com sustentabilidade é um processo que envolve negociações entre empresas, governos e sociedade civil, pois as políticas e metas não devem ser apenas economicamente viáveis, mas socialmente justas, ambientalmente corretas e culturalmente compartilhadas.

Gorduras de descarte e componentes externos do corpo de novilhos e vacas de descarte de diferentes grupos genéticos Trim fat and external components of the body of steers and cull cows from different genetic groups

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Jonatan Cattelan

2010-12-01

Full Text Available Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar as proporções das diferentes gorduras de descarte e os componentes externos do corpo de novilhos e vacas de descarte 5/8Charolês (Ch 3/8Nelore (Ne e 5/8Ne 3/8Ch. A idade média dos animais ao final do período experimental foi de 23 meses para os novilhos e 68 meses para as vacas de descarte. Os animais foram terminados em confinamento até atingirem acabamento para o abate. A dieta alimentar continha relação volumoso:concentrado de 40:60 (base na matéria seca, com 14,2% de proteína bruta e 2.869kcal de energia digestível kg-1 de matéria seca. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em um arranjo fatorial 2x2 (2 categorias x 2 grupos genéticos. Houve maior peso de abate (PAB (509,67 contra 414,50kg e de corpo vazio (PCVZ (433,01 contra 355,27kg para as vacas em relação aos novilhos. Quando os componentes foram expressos em valores absolutos e ajustados para PCVZ e PAB, as vacas apresentaram maiores pesos de gordura inguinal/úbere, gordura renal e no total de gordura interna. Quando os pesos dos componentes foram ajustados para PAB e PCVZ, os novilhos foram superiores no peso da cabeça, patas, vassoura da cauda e no total dos componentes externos. Os animais 5/8Ch 3/8Ne apresentaram maior peso absoluto da cabeça e maior peso relativo ao PCVZ da gordura ruminal, em relação aos 5/8Ne 3/8Ch. Por outro lado, os 5/8N e 3/8Ch apresentaram maiores pesos relativos ao PAB e PCVZ do couro e do PAB do total de componentes externos, quando comparados aos 5/8Ch 3/8Ne. Não houve correlação entre o rendimento de carcaça e os componentes não integrantes da carcaça.The objective of this research was to evaluate the trim fat and external components of the body of two categories, steers and cull cows, from two genetic groups: 5/8 Charolais (Ch 3/8 Nellore (Ne and 5/8Ne 3/8Ch. The average age of animals at the end of the experimental period was of 23 and 68 months, for steers and cull

A historical introduction to the philosophy of science

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Losee, John

1993-01-01

This new edition brings up to date this accessible study of the philosophy of science. Since the time of Plato and Aristotle, scientists and philosophers have raised questions about the proper evaluation of scientific interpretations. A Historical Introduction to the Philosophy of Science is an exposition of differing viewpoints on issues such as the distinction between scientific inquiry and other types of interpretation, the relationship between theories and observation reports; the evaluation of competing theories; and the nature of progress in science. The author makes accessible the philosophy of science to readers who may not have extensive knowledge of formal logic or the history of the several sciences. The third edition incorporates an extended discussion of recent developments. Historicist critics of Logical Empiricism have established that evaluative standards and cognitive aims have changed within the history of science. This edition examines these changes, the recent controversies over scientific...

Rapport sur l’affaire Darrieussecq // Report on the Darrieussecq affair

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Judit Lipták-Pikó

2015-12-01

Full Text Available Marie Darrieussecq, a contemporary French writer, had been accused of plagiarism several times during her career. Besides defending her reputation, these accusations forced her to think about her conceptions on fiction and writing. Finally, in Rapport de police, she succeeded in showing a mirror to the society of contemporary French writers, in which a tendency towards denying the legitimacy of fiction in certain cases can be observed. This phenomenon is diagnosed by Tiphaine Samoyault as the extension of the domain of plagiarism on simple particles of life. Behind this tendency resurges the old controversy of Plato and Aristotle on mimesis and fiction. Along with Jean-Marie Schaeffer’s analysis on the function of fiction from a cognitive point of view unfolds an apology for lecture and for a fictional writing that is capable of saying the inexpressible and speak for those who don’t have access to language.

VIRTUE ETHICS - NEW COORDINATES FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

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PUP ANCA

2010-12-01

Full Text Available Operating with business ethic we meet, some ethical systems, some of them developed in Antiquity, that still have a great influence upon economics development. One of these is the ethics of virtue. The aim of this paper work is to focus upon the one ethical system virtue ethics and to illustrate his influence in economical field, offering a new coordination in this direction. We understand the importance of the human character for a successful leadership and management. Recent ethical dilemmas illustrate us how a vicious character has an influence not only to the possessor of that type of character but also to the entire community where he develop his activities. For a comprehensive understanding I expose a briefly review on virtue ethics as it was developed by Plato and Aristotle, ant its new coordination and influence upon our contemporaneous economy, illustrated by some examples.

The case of the missing third.

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Robertson, Robin

2005-01-01

How is it that form arises out of chaos? In attempting to deal with this primary question, time and again a "Missing Third" is posited that lies between extremes. The problem of the "Missing Third" can be traced through nearly the entire history of thought. The form it takes, the problems that arise from it, the solutions suggested for resolving it, are each representative of an age. This paper traces the issue from Plato and Parmenides in the 4th--5th centuries, B.C.; to Neoplatonism in the 3rd--5th centuries; to Locke and Descartes in the 17th century; on to Berkeley and Kant in the 18th century; Fechner and Wundt in the 19th century; to behaviorism and Gestalt psychology, Jung, early in the 20th century, ethology and cybernetics later in the 20th century, then culminates late in the 20th century, with chaos theory.

[The discourse of psychosis in contemporary philosophy].

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Stompe, Thomas; Ritter, Kristina

2009-01-01

The preoccupation of philosophy with madness can be traced back till the Greek antiquity. For many philosophers like Descartes psychotic phenomena were symbols for the fragility of human mental powers, while others like Plato or Nietzsche saw madness as a way to escape the constraints of rationality. After 1960 three direction of contemporary philosophy dealt with the topics madness--schizophrenia--psychosis: Following Nietzsche and Bataille, Foucault as well as Deleuze and Guattari considered schizophrenia as the societal oppressed reverse of modern rationality, a notion which had a strong influence on the anti-psychiatric movement. Philosophical phenomenology primarily focussed on ontological problems of the psychotic existence. Finally Philosophy of Mind, the modern Anglo-American version of analytical philosophy, analyzed the logical coherence of psychotic inferences and experiences. Especially the insights of analytical philosophy may be important for a more sophisticated interpretation of psychopathological research as well as of the new findings of neuroscience.

The Beginnings of the History of Philosophy in Ancient Greece

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Ignacija J. Fridl

2010-12-01

Full Text Available Like many contemporary researchers into the ancient history of philosophy and into encyclopedic Hellenistic works (Mejer, Schoefield, Runia, Maasfeld ..., the author observes that a great deal of research into ancient doxography and Diogenes Laertius has focused on evaluation. Her own paper, on the other hand, turns to the question: What can Laertius’ attention to philosophers’ biographies in his Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers tell us about the Ancient Greek view of the philosophical thought from the past?  As noted by the author, the term ‘doxography’ itself, which bears the connotation of a less reliable source and is applied today to almost every ancient explanation of any philosophical doctrine, was established by Hermann Diels as late as the 19th century. Yet this view of earlier thought was in fact already developed by Aristotle. His treatise On the Soul defines the philosophical tenets of his precursors as ‘opinions’, which are then critically examined and rejected. This attitude to earlier philosophy informs all Aristotle’s writings and his methodology of philosophy in general, for his prima philosophia as a ‘science which considers the truth’ is founded precisely on the critique of earlier thought. He critically evaluates even the tenets of his teacher Plato, in order to surpass him with his own philosophy. Thus he lays the foundations of evolutionary historiography, which perceives history as a spiritual progress and has lasted through Hegel, Marx, and – with a negative historical connotation – Heidegger – to this day. Plato, by contrast, envisages, through the very form of the dialogue, the relation to earlier philosophy as a conversation, a constant interweaving and fertilisation of one’s own thought with the wisdom of one’s precursors. This perception is further reinforced by his doctrine of knowledge as a process of remembering, that is, of philosophy as a road to wisdom leading back

Synthetic biology and its alternatives. Descartes, Kant and the idea of engineering biological machines.

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Kogge, Werner; Richter, Michael

2013-06-01

The engineering-based approach of synthetic biology is characterized by an assumption that 'engineering by design' enables the construction of 'living machines'. These 'machines', as biological machines, are expected to display certain properties of life, such as adapting to changing environments and acting in a situated way. This paper proposes that a tension exists between the expectations placed on biological artefacts and the notion of producing such systems by means of engineering; this tension makes it seem implausible that biological systems, especially those with properties characteristic of living beings, can in fact be produced using the specific methods of engineering. We do not claim that engineering techniques have nothing to contribute to the biotechnological construction of biological artefacts. However, drawing on Descartes's and Kant's thinking on the relationship between the organism and the machine, we show that it is considerably more plausible to assume that distinctively biological artefacts emerge within a paradigm different from the paradigm of the Cartesian machine that underlies the engineering approach. We close by calling for increased attention to be paid to approaches within molecular biology and chemistry that rest on conceptions different from those of synthetic biology's engineering paradigm. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Greek underpinnings to his methodology in unraveling De Motu Cordis and what Harvey has to teach us still today.

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Pasipoularides, Ares

2013-10-09

William Harvey's writings betray amazing insights born out of countless hours of thoughtful experimentation. Throughout his life, Harvey worked as a tireless and thoughtful researcher and a transmitter and intermediary between the ancient Greek natural philosophers and physicians and the "moderns," for whom he founded two forward-looking, interlinked sciences: modern physiology and nascent cardiology. Harvey's methodology and demonstrations were of such fundamental and standardizing nature as to secure the sure progress of these two sciences. Thus, he rendered to them such a service as Descartes's cogito ergo sum furnished to Philosophy in giving it a rational standard of certainty, for want of which the more speculative minds of that era were inundated with extraordinary conjectures. If Harvey disproved Galen, he absorbed and continued in his physiologic research many a principle from Aristotle, whose supreme disciple he remains. The guidance and authority of Aristotle were strong with him to the end. Harvey's account of the motions of the heart and blood in the circulation demonstrated that complex physiological systems can be represented in straightforward mechanical terms, a concept which has remained fundamental to the present day. The philosophical implication of William Harvey's discovery of the circulation of the blood was the resolute application of the experimental method to cardiology. In my judgment, he established today's forward-looking discipline of translational cardiovascular research. In due course, he should be widely acknowledged to have done so. © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Klugheit. Grundbegriff des Praktischen bei Aristoteles [Prudence.The Basic Concept of the Practical in Aristotle

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Berthold Wald

2016-12-01

Full Text Available The article begins by recalling the most important understandings associated with the term prudence in the history of philosophy.Then it introduces the Aristotelian concept of prudence linked to practical truth—prudence seen in contrast to wisdom and knowledge of manufacturing. The article discusses various forms of rational knowledge associated with the right will, and proves the need of linking prudence to all the other ethical virtues based on moral principles. It emphasizes the problem of how to relate general principles to specific actions which involve particular goods. For resolving this problem, the article refers to Aristotle who sees the solution in political ethics which has a significant impact on individual behavior; consequently, good law and proper education are considered to be necessary conditions which allow to form the moral judgment skills for providing a morally good life. The article concludes with the claim that the proper field to capture the specificity of prudence includes the theory of human action and that of human morality.

Available means: manifestations of Aristotle's three modes of rhetorical appeal in antinuclear fiction

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Mannix, P.J.

1986-01-01

The abundance of sympathetic scientists, military men and clergymen in antinuclear fiction reflects a public perception that authorities speak most knowledgeably about an issue. Other antinuclear works employ characters with less traditional ethical appeals: nurturing women, vital youths, and even infallible computers. Antinuclear fiction uses enthymeme and example to reflect the history of the nuclear weapons debate. Some works attach the immorality of the weapons by examining the moral dilemmas of nuclear scientists. Others admit the permanence of the nuclear threat. By arousing emotions, fiction is capable of mobilizing its audience's active support for the ideas it presents. The principal emotions that various antinuclear works arouse highlight the close relationship between literature and rhetoric. The most dominant emotions, pity and fear, are the two Aristotle links to tragedy. Scorn, the principal emotion that Dr. Strangelove arouses - is the crucial emotion on which all satire depends. However, the other principal emotion in anti-nuclear fiction - hope - has principally a rhetorical function ensuring that the feelings the works provoke will be channeled constructively.

'Setting the joy free' with Cadbury UK : A CDA analysis of how persuasion is communicated within Cadbury UK's social media discourse, according to Aristotle's 'persuasive proofs'

OpenAIRE

Bell, Jordan

2017-01-01

This study uses a CDA analysis in order to take a critical look at how linguistic and visual techniques are used to create positive messages about a ‘modern’ brand, British confectionary company, Cadbury UK, in their social media discourse on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. The study goes further in exploring how these messages are constructed in a way which according to Aristotle, is ‘persuasive’, looking at how they appealed to emotion (pathos), the character or trustworthiness of the bran...

El sentido de la obra de Descartes a la luz de la tradición y su valor prospectivo

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Davide E. Daturi

2011-01-01

Full Text Available Se describe la relación de algunos temas centrales de la teoría cartesiana del conocimiento con la tradición filosófica y al mismo tiempo se pretende conectar las intuiciones epistemológicas de este autor con el nacimiento de la ciencia moderna, así como plantear el desarrollo, en la filosofía, de los conceptos de razón, sujeto y trascendentalidad, en los últimos tres siglos. Confirmamos que la descripción del sujeto que introduce Descartes vive en directa conexión con el individuo forjado en los estudia humanitatis que empiezan en el siglo xiv y con aquella figura novedosa de hombre práctico que se desprende del moderno mercader norteeuropeo, y, por otro lado resaltamos la importancia del trabajo cartesiano para la definición del rumbo de la moderna epistemología.

Estudo do descarte residencial de medicamentos vencidos na região de Paulínia (SP, Brasil

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Gláucia Maria Ferreira Pinto

2014-09-01

Full Text Available O avanço da ciência na área da saúde proporcionou um aumento na fabricação de medicamentos, que na maioria das vezes, depois de vencidos, são descartados de maneira inadequada, geralmente no lixo comum. Estes resíduos, quando em contato com o solo e a água, podem causar contaminação, que mesmo em uma rede de tratamento de esgoto não é eliminada completamente. O objetivo do estudo foi conhecer a destinação dada aos medicamentos vencidos de residências. Para isso foi feita uma pesquisa comportamental com alunos de cursos de graduação e técnicos situados na região de Paulínia, em São Paulo. Adicionalmente, levantou-se o grau de conhecimento do público-alvo sobre a existência de locais apropriados para o descarte de medicamentos e de campanhas públicas de esclarecimento. Os resultados indicam que a maioria das pessoas descarta inadequadamente por falta de esclarecimento sobre o assunto.

Beyond Descartes and Newton: Recovering life and humanity.

Science.gov (United States)

Kauffman, Stuart A; Gare, Arran

2015-12-01

Attempts to 'naturalize' phenomenology challenge both traditional phenomenology and traditional approaches to cognitive science. They challenge Edmund Husserl's rejection of naturalism and his attempt to establish phenomenology as a foundational transcendental discipline, and they challenge efforts to explain cognition through mainstream science. While appearing to be a retreat from the bold claims made for phenomenology, it is really its triumph. Naturalized phenomenology is spearheading a successful challenge to the heritage of Cartesian dualism. This converges with the reaction against Cartesian thought within science itself. Descartes divided the universe between res cogitans, thinking substances, and res extensa, the mechanical world. The latter won with Newton and we have, in most of objective science since, literally lost our mind, hence our humanity. Despite Darwin, biologists remain children of Newton, and dream of a grand theory that is epistemologically complete and would allow lawful entailment of the evolution of the biosphere. This dream is no longer tenable. We now have to recognize that science and scientists are within and part of the world we are striving to comprehend, as proponents of endophysics have argued, and that physics, biology and mathematics have to be reconceived accordingly. Interpreting quantum mechanics from this perspective is shown to both illuminate conscious experience and reveal new paths for its further development. In biology we must now justify the use of the word "function". As we shall see, we cannot prestate the ever new biological functions that arise and constitute the very phase space of evolution. Hence, we cannot mathematize the detailed becoming of the biosphere, nor write differential equations for functional variables we do not know ahead of time, nor integrate those equations, so no laws "entail" evolution. The dream of a grand theory fails. In place of entailing laws, a post-entailing law explanatory framework

El déficit del querer en Kierkegaard. Clarificación del concepto de «voluntad» en La enfermedad mortal

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Pablo Uriel Rodríguez

2015-06-01

Full Text Available The present paper explains why Kierkegaard affirms that the modern thinkers are wrong when they understand their own philosophy as a christian philosophy. The main problem of modern thought is that it lacks of a correct concept of sin. Because of that, the philosophy of the Modern age can only develop an ethic theory but not an ethic for the actual life. Only Christianity has a proper concept of sin that´s why the only true ethic is the christian one. First, the paper exposes and criticizes two objections (Aristotle and Descartes against the intellectual ethic from Kierkegaard´s point of view. Second, the paper reconstructs the notion of human will wich is developed in Either Or. Third, the paper analyzes the main argument of Sickness unto Death: without the christian idea of the will, as Kierkegaard interprets it in Sickness unto Death, the socratic and intellectual conception of the sin can not be overcome.

EL PLACER: ESCENARIO ESTÉTICO-VITALIZADOR DE LA EDUCACIÓN | PLEASURE: AESTHETIC VITALIZING-DESIGN OF EDUCATION

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Yolimar Herrera Bastardo

2016-08-01

Full Text Available The purpose of this article was to reveal the historicity of the category pleasure as the foundation of an aesthetic - vitalizing proposal of education. For this, genealogy is the alternative to build another rationality around pleasure. In that sense, the following themes were discussed: a pleasure, as a determinant factor in life. Woven ethical - aesthetic reconfigurator of education; b pleasure of divinity and of psychic life: aesthetic overlaps in pedagogy, c pleasure of modernity: scenario for the education of the future. With the theoretical contributions of Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus, St. Augustine, Freud, Foucault, Onfray and Lipovestky, discursive paths were rewritten in relation to pleasure and were placed interweaved with the educational context to reveal lines of escape that in the aesthetic ground make education a space for creativity, inter-subjectivity and otherness. In conclusion, the vitalizing power of pleasure makes the social meaning of education to transform towards the formation of a new citizen more human in the understanding of aiming the common good.

The unborn child: history, philosophy and religion

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Lucan Maria Casandra

2017-12-01

Full Text Available All throughout history the unborn, and implicitly its protection, have been subject for academics and practitioners of various areas. The problem of the origin of the soul and the exact determination of the moment when it is united with the body was crucial in enabling us to define the exact moment when the human life begins, and, consequently, for providing proper protection for the unborn child. In this context visions of the Greek philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas, and of the Latin writer Tertullian, as well as Christian perspectives were analysed in order to identify the starting point of the human being to help determine the level of protection provided for the unborn in history. Finally, considering the fact that not even today has consensus been achieved concerning the beginning of human life, it was and still is difficult to provide proper legal protection for the unborn child, but in our opinion this is by far not impossible.

Estimación del descarte por exceso de captura en la pesquería industrial de cerco del stock Norte-Centro de la anchoveta peruana Engraulis ringens a partir de un programa de observación a bordo

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Josymar Torrejón-Magallanes

2016-08-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se presenta la estimación del descarte por exceso de captura en la pesquería industrial de cerco del stock Norte-Centro de anchoveta peruana. Se define el descarte por exceso de captura, como la porción de captura que se arroja al mar cuando se ha capturado más de lo que la capacidad de bodega de la embarcación puede almacenar. El análisis de estimación para el periodo 2005 - 2014, se realizó a partir del “Programa de observadores a bordo de la flota de cerco” que ejecuta el Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE, en donde 5 837 viajes, que representan el 1.6% de los viajes totales, fueron muestreados. Las metodologías utilizadas en la estimación fueron: Modelo Lineal Generalizado (GLM y el Modelo Delta. Las estimaciones por el Modelo Delta y el GLM fueron diferentes en magnitudes pero similares en tendencias, sin embargo la evaluación del funcionamiento del Modelo Delta, indica que este modelo se ajusta mejor a los datos. El Modelo Delta estimó que la pesquería descarta por exceso de captura entre 2 954 y 199 164 toneladas, con un promedio de 121 312 toneladas para el periodo de estudio, el cual representó una tasa del 2.6% en relación a los desembarques. Se sugiere la incorporación de variables espaciales (p. ej. distancia a la costa, latitud, longitud, físicas (TSM y del comportamiento del cardumen (p.e. agregación, para mejorar el análisis y comprender mejor el comportamiento de este tipo de descarte.

Apixaban in Comparison With Warfarin in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Valvular Heart Disease: Findings From the Apixaban for Reduction in Stroke and Other Thromboembolic Events in Atrial Fibrillation (ARISTOTLE) Trial.

Science.gov (United States)

Avezum, Alvaro; Lopes, Renato D; Schulte, Phillip J; Lanas, Fernando; Gersh, Bernard J; Hanna, Michael; Pais, Prem; Erol, Cetin; Diaz, Rafael; Bahit, M Cecilia; Bartunek, Jozef; De Caterina, Raffaele; Goto, Shinya; Ruzyllo, Witold; Zhu, Jun; Granger, Christopher B; Alexander, John H

2015-08-25

Apixaban is approved for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. However, the Apixaban for Reduction in Stroke and Other Thromboembolic Events in Atrial Fibrillation (ARISTOTLE) trial included a substantial number of patients with valvular heart disease and only excluded patients with clinically significant mitral stenosis or mechanical prosthetic heart valves. We compared the effect of apixaban and warfarin on rates of stroke or systemic embolism, major bleeding, and death in patients with and without moderate or severe valvular heart disease using Cox proportional hazards modeling. Of the 18 201 patients enrolled in ARISTOTLE, 4808 (26.4%) had a history of moderate or severe valvular heart disease or previous valve surgery. Patients with valvular heart disease had higher rates of stroke or systemic embolism and bleeding than patients without valvular heart disease. There was no evidence of a differential effect of apixaban over warfarin in patients with and without valvular heart disease in reducing stroke and systemic embolism (hazard ratio [HR], 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.51-0.97 and HR, 0.84; 95%, CI 0.67-1.04; interaction P=0.38), causing less major bleeding (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.61-1.04 and HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.55-0.77; interaction P=0.23), and reducing mortality (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.84-1.22 and HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.73-0.96; interaction P=0.10). More than a quarter of the patients in ARISTOTLE with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation had moderate or severe valvular heart disease. There was no evidence of a differential effect of apixaban over warfarin in reducing stroke or systemic embolism, causing less bleeding, and reducing death in patients with and without valvular heart disease. URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00412984. © 2015 American Heart Association, Inc.

Atlas de los descartes de la flota de arrastre y enmalle en el caladero nacional Cantábrico-Noroeste. Instituto Español de Oceanografía

OpenAIRE

Valeiras, J. (Julio); Pérez-Contreras, M.N. (María Nélida); Araujo-Fernández, M.H. (María Hortensia); Salinas-Aguilera, M.I. (Miren Itxaso); Bellido-Millán, J.M. (José María)

2015-01-01

El Atlas recoge la información pesquera de seis pesquerías y 9 especies reguladas por la normativa europea, que se verán afectadas por la nueva regulación de “obligatoriedad de desembarque”www.mapdescar.org En diciembre de 2013 se ratificó por el Parlamento Europeo y el Consejo una nueva Política Pesquera Común (PPC) que incluyó la introducción gradual de una prohibición de descarte y obligatoriedad de desembarque para las flotas pesqueras de aguas europeas y determinadas flotas en otras a...

Descarte de medicamentos em municípios do Vale do Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais, Brasil | Drug disposal for municipalities in the Jequitinhonha Valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Maria Jesus Barreto Cruz

2017-02-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar as formas de descarte de medicamentos por famílias de crianças e adolescentes de 20 municípios do Vale do Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foi realizado um estudo transversal, tipo inquérito populacional domiciliar, com amostra aleatória estratificada proporcional por município de 555 moradores. Quando questionados sobre o acesso ao serviço de saúde, 98,2% e 94,0% residiam a menos de cinco quilômetros da Unidade Básica de Saúde e da farmácia básica, respectivamente. Em relação à última consulta médica realizada no período de um ano, 39,3% haviam realizado em até um mês da data da entrevista e o principal motivo foram afecções do sistema respiratório. Sobre o destino das sobras de medicamentos após o término do tratamento, 46,7% armazenaram em casa para uma posterior utilização. Em relação aos medicamentos vencidos, 88,5%descartavam no ambiente e 88,8% disseram nunca ter recebido informações quanto à forma correta de descarte dos medicamentos. Nota-se que a população descarta os medicamentos de forma incorreta e em locais inadequados, e que não receberam a orientação formal em relação ao descarte, demandando a realização de ações para a promoção do uso racional dos medicamentos e os impactos causados no meio ambiente. ===================================================== The objective of this work was to investigate the way families of children and adolescents from 20 municipalities of Vale do Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais, Brazil, dispose medications. A cross-sectional study was carried out, using a population-based household survey, with a proportional stratified random sample by municipality of 555 residents. When asked about access to the health service, 98.2% and 94.0% of respondents lived less than five kilometers from the Basic Health Unit and the basic pharmacy, respectively. In relation to the last medical appointment in a one-year period, 39.3% had

Création d’un espace collaboratif dans Moodle : retour d’expérience des bibliothèques universitaires de Paris Descartes

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Aurélie Coig

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Les environnements numériques d’apprentissage peuvent servir d’appui aux formations documentaires offertes par les bibliothèques universitaires tant à leur personnel qu’à leurs usagers. Ainsi, à l’Université Paris Descartes, la mise en place de la plateforme Moodle a permis aux formateurs des bibliothèques de disposer d’un espace commun contenant l’ensemble des outils nécessaires à la réalisation des cours de recherche documentaire et favorisant les retours d’expériences entre formateurs. Résultant de ces échanges, une base de questions accessible dans tous les cours de la plateforme a été créée pour accompagner les formations aux étudiants et personnels de l’Université et favoriser l’appropriation des contenus.

An object-oriented 3D nodal finite element solver for neutron transport calculations in the Descartes project

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Akherraz, B.; Lautard, J.J. [CEA Saclay, Dept. Modelisation de Systemes et Structures, Serv. d' Etudes des Reacteurs et de Modelisation Avancee (DMSS/SERMA), 91 - Gif sur Yvette (France); Erhard, P. [Electricite de France (EDF), Dir. de Recherche et Developpement, Dept. Sinetics, 92 - Clamart (France)

2003-07-01

In this paper we present two applications of the Nodal finite elements developed by Hennart and del Valle, first to three-dimensional Cartesian meshes and then to two-dimensional Hexagonal meshes. This work has been achieved within the framework of the DESCARTES project, which is a co-development effort by the 'Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique' (CEA) and 'Electricite de France' (EDF) for the development of a toolbox for reactor core calculations based on object oriented programming. The general structure of this project is based on the object oriented method. By using a mapping technique proposed in Schneider's thesis and del Valle, Mund, we show how this structuration allows us an easy implementation of the hexagonal case from the Cartesian case. The main attractiveness of this methodology is the possibility of a pin-by-pin representation by division of each lozenge into smaller ones. Furthermore, we will explore the use of non structured quadrangles to treat the circular geometry within a hexagon. It remains nevertheless, in the hexagonal case, the implementation of the acceleration of the internal iterations by the DSA (Diffusion Synthetic Acceleration) or the TSA. (authors)

Direct healthcare costs and cost-effectiveness of acute coronary syndrome secondary prevention with ticagrelor compared to clopidogrel: economic evaluation from the public payer's perspective in Poland based on the PLATO trial results.

Science.gov (United States)

Pawęska, Justyna; Macioch, Tomasz; Perkowski, Piotr; Budaj, Andrzej; Niewada, Maciej

2014-01-01

Ticagrelor is the first reversibly binding oral P2Y12 receptor antagonist designed to reduce clinical thrombotic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Compared to clopidogrel, ticagrelor has been proven to significantly reduce the rate of death from vascular causes, myocardial infarction (MI), or stroke without an increase in the rate of overall major bleeding in patients who have an ACS with or without ST-segment elevation (STEMI and NSTEMI) or unstable angina (UA). To evaluate the cost-effectiveness and healthcare costs associated with secondary prevention of ACS using ticagrelor or clopidogrel in patients after STEMI, NSTEMI and UA. An economic model based on results from the PLATO trial was used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of one-year therapy with ticagrelor or clopidogrel. The structure of the model consisted of two parts, i.e. the decision tree with one-year PLATO results and the Markov model with lifelong estimations, which exceeded PLATO follow-up data. The model was adjusted to Polish settings with country-specific data on death rates in the general population and direct medical costs calculated from the public payer's perspective. Costs were derived from the National Health Fund (NHF) and the Ministry of Health and presented in PLN 2013 values. Annual mean costs of second and subsequent years after stroke or MI were obtained from the literature. Uncertainty of assumed parameters was tested in scenarios and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. The adopted model allowed the estimation of an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for life years gained (LYG) and an incremental cost-utility ratio for quality adjusted life years (QALY). Total direct medical costs to the public payer at a one year horizon were 2,905 PLN higher with ticagrelor than with clopidogrel. However, mean healthcare costs at a one year horizon (excluding drug costs and concomitant drugs) were 690 PLN higher for patients treated with clopidogrel. In a lifetime horizon

Preliminary thoughts on the relevance of the research field of cognition for Practical Theology

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Ferdi P. Kruger

2016-03-01

Full Text Available In this research from the vantage point of Practical Theology, the author focusses on the importance and the possible value of the concept of cognition for further research. The philosophical roots of the concepts of knowledge and understanding are highlighted in a qualitative manner by means of a short selection from the insights of philosophers from the era of the Greek Philosophy to the nineteenth century. The insights of Plato, Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, Descartes and Kant are utilised. The purpose was to indicate the importance of the concepts of knowing and cognition from an early stage. Research from the field of cognitive science also received attention in this research. The purpose of this discussion is to indicate that cognition is not a mere intellectual activity. Cognition is important in the processes of perspective-making and moral choices. Cognitive distortions could possibly endanger people�s ability to have the right cognition about people, events and life itself. The concept of phronesis, as the concept that comes the nearest to the essence of cognition, is also investigated from the vantage point of Philippians 2:5 and Romans 12:3. Wisdom thinking is really important in research on the acts of people from a practical theological vantage point. Cognition must be regarded as people�s attempt to make sense out what they already know and also out of what they are observing. In the final part of the article, fields for possible further investigation are highlighted in order to make the statement that practical theologians can consider the fact to reclaim the field of investigation on cognition in further research. The importance of cognition for liturgy, homiletics, pastoral care and youth ministry is indicated.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article is undertaken from a practical theological vantage point in order to highlight the importance of the concept of cognition for further research. In

"Reutilização de seringas descartáveis para aplicação de insulina: uma prática comum no domicílio de pacientes com diabetes Mellitus"

OpenAIRE

Amparito Del Rocio Vintimilla Castro

2005-01-01

O Diabetes Mellitus com suas complicações agudas e crônicas, é considerado um problema de saúde pública que compromete a produtividade, qualidade de vida e sobrevida dos indivíduos, envolvendo custos elevados para seu controle e terapêutica. A falta de fornecimento de materiais pode levar à prática de reutilização de seringas descartáveis para aplicação de insulina. Para conhecer melhor essa prática, optou-se por realizar este estudo que tem por objetivos descrever as características sócio-de...

On the Contemporary Relevance of Greek παιδεία to the Concept of a Balanced Education: Aristotle, Nietzsche, Camus, H. Arendt

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Valentin Kalan

2009-12-01

Full Text Available Contemporary education systems are in a constant process of restructuring, thus requiring philosophy to reconsider the basic assumptions of education. The phenomenon of education can only be defined and clarified historically, i.e. with reference to the ancient Greek paideia. The Greek culture created a comprehensive system of both education and pedagogy as a theory of education, teaching, and knowledge (Dilthey.  (1 A phenomenological approach to Aristotle's pedagogy. Aristotle's theory of physical, moral, and political education (Nicomachean Ethics and Politics is founded upon the notion of the natural development of every being. In addition, Aristotle creates the concept of philosophical pedagogy. A philosophically educated person (ho pepaideumenos has the competence to treat problems emerging with the formation of particular sciences, and to reflect on the method of each scientific discipline. This philosophical culture is also connected with dialectic, rhetoric, and politics.  (2 Nietzsche's ideas on education and culture are presented in two of his early works: On the Future of Our Educational Institutions and We Philologists. In his criticism of the German education system of his time, he explains his basic historical assumption that the real homeland of education is the Hellenic world. A restructuring of the education system cannot be carried out without the Greek and Roman antiquity as the embodied categorical imperative of all culture. A general education which disregards antiquity is considered barbaric. However, Nietzsche's philosophy of education remains unfinished, giving no definite conclusions.  (3 Camus’ philosophy describes the modern West European culture as nihilistic. The essence of nihilism is a systematic ignorance of the limits of human nature, which can lead to historical crimes and to destroying the conditions for the human existence in the world. The formation of a world that will not be subdued by the

Philosophy as Inquiry Aimed at the Absolute Knowledge

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Ekaterina Snarskaya

2017-09-01

Full Text Available Philosophy as the absolute knowledge has been studied from two different but closely related approaches: historical and logical. The first approach exposes four main stages in the history of European metaphysics that marked out types of “philosophical absolutism”: the evolution of philosophy brought to light metaphysics of being, method, morals and logic. All of them are associated with the names of Aristotle, Bacon/Descartes, Kant and Hegel. Then these forms are considered in the second approach that defined them as subject-matter of philosophy as such. Due to their overall, comprehensive character, the focus of philosophy on them justifies its claim on absoluteness as far as philosophy is aimed at comprehension of the world’s unity regardless of the philosopher’s background, values and other preferences. And that is its prerogative since no other form of consciousness lays down this kind of aim. Thus, philosophy is defined as an everlasting attempt to succeed in conceiving the world in all its multifold manifestations. This article is to try to clarify the claim of philosophy on the absolute knowledge.

The paradox of imperfect duty in Kant's moral philosophy: A problem in 'applying' ethics'

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Richter Phillip

2015-01-01

Full Text Available The Applied Ethics debate has not yet sufficiently clarified what application of ethics exactly is. The issue of application is considered to be especially problematic in Kantian ethics or in discourse ethics. This article describes the concept of applying ethics in Kant. In discussing the duty of helping others and the theory of its application in Metaphysics of Morals it is shown that a strict separation of justification and application in ethical theory results in the paradox of imperfect duty. The paradox says that the duty to help others would be fulfilled without ever being fulfilled in action. To overcome the paradox it is necessary to form submaximes of helping, which are not arbitrarily but instructed by a theory of casuistry. This casuistry, if it is considered as a doctrine of application in Kantian ethics, can overcome the paradox of imperfect duty. However, the casuistry can overcome this paradox only if it is understood as a philosophy of prudence, which can be found in Aristotle or Descartes.

La Ciudad de Dios desde la perspectiva de la razón: la cuarta politeia de la antigüedad

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Óscar Velásquez

2011-01-01

Full Text Available Este artículo reflexiona acerca de la relación entre los conceptos de politeia, res publica y civitas en cuatro grandes obras: República de Platón, Política de Aristóteles, República de Cicerón y Ciudad de Dios de san Agustín, poniendo especial atención en esta última, en la medida en que se inserta en una tradición en la que Cicerón ocupa un lugar privilegiado de enlace con el pensamiento griego, y que, en fin, tuvo profundas repercusiones en la visión de mundo en occidente.This article reflects on the relationship between the concepts of politeia, res publica and civitas in four major works: The Republic by Plato, Politics by Aristotle, Republic by Cicero and City of God by Saint Augustine, with special attention on the latter, insofar as it is inserted in a tradition in which Cicero occupies a privileged position of a link with Greek thought, and which, in the end, had profound repercussions on the Western world view.

Sing to the Lord a New Song: John Calvin and the Spiritual Discipline of Metrical Psalmody

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Brandon J. Bellanti

2014-11-01

Full Text Available The purpose of this essay is to evaluate the way that psalmody - specifically metrical psalmody - serves as a sort of spiritual discipline. In other words, this essay seeks to demonstrate how the singing of psalms can be a tool to aid in spiritual growth. Much of the research for this essay focuses on the theological writings of the Protestant reformer John Calvin, as well as the way in which he incorporated metrical psalmody into his liturgical framework. The research also comprises primary writings from Aristotle, Plato, Saint John Chrysostom, Saint Basil, and Saint Augustine - all of whom influenced Calvin’s own philosophy regarding the use of art, music, and psalmody in worship. Additional areas examined in this research include the historical musical development of psalmody and the collection and arrangement of metrical psalms into psalters. For reference, specific examples of metrical psalms and psalters have been added. These additional areas and examples help to give a more holistic understanding of the nature of metrical psalmody, and they help to show how it may accurately be considered a spiritual discipline.

SCAMBI CULTURALI ALLE RADICI DELL’UMANESIMO

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Simonetta Valtieri

2014-12-01

Full Text Available he foundation of “Magna Greciae” colonies in Southern Italy has been a fundamental element of connection between East and West, allowing to Ancient Greece to reach high levels in the social, cultural and economic field, with libraries and study centers that have formed philosophers, writers, doctors, leading artists. Calabria in particular, has played a strategic role in the Mediterranean Sea for the development of European Western culture and of humanism. Calabria was the only Mediterranean region to have welcomed for centuries, and often at the same time, the two major cultures: the Eastern and the Western. In Calabria, people spoke ancient Greek language in modern age and until the last century there were areas where the Greek language was the only spoken language (Area Grecofona of Calabria. This circumstance explains the critical role the region had in the Middle Ages: libraries, study centers, scriptoria allowed the Latin translation and dissemination of the works of Plato and Aristotle, these two philosophers were at the basis of medieval scholasticism and, as a result, at the basis of the development of Humanism.

Man and «polis»; the gordian knot of education in Aristotle Hombre y «polis»: el nudo gordiano de la educación en Aristóteles

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Concepción NAVAL

2013-09-01

Full Text Available Education is better seen as a help in order to grow in freedom and dignity, inside a society. Aristotle helps us to better understand this question. He gives us suggestive insights of the concepts of man, and education, very much related to the polis. The social dimesion of education is always present in the Greek tradition, but in Aristotle there is also a genuine knowledge of the individual. There is no educative problem separeted to the social and political roots.La educación se puede ver como una ayuda para crecer en libertad y dignidad. Será educativo aquello que favorezca la perfección de la persona; y por eso, cuando se habla de la educación como un factor de reproducción social, se intentará referir unos factores externos a la propia persona, y determinarlos según la armonía personal. Esta cuestión de plena actualidad tienen un planteamiento sugerente en Aristóteles quien nos ofrece una visión del hombre y de la educación, en estrecha relación con la polis, que son de interés. El carácter social de la educación está siempre presente en la tradición y pensamiento griego, puesto que el hombre es un animal político. Sin embargo, también está vivo en este autor el conocimiento del valor individual. No existía un problema educativo separado del aspecto político y moral.