Depletion of the heaviest stable N isotope is associated with NH4+/NH3 toxicity in NH4+-fed plants

Science.gov (United States)

2011-01-01

Background In plants, nitrate (NO3-) nutrition gives rise to a natural N isotopic signature (δ15N), which correlates with the δ15N of the N source. However, little is known about the relationship between the δ15N of the N source and the 14N/15N fractionation in plants under ammonium (NH4+) nutrition. When NH4+ is the major N source, the two forms, NH4+ and NH3, are present in the nutrient solution. There is a 1.025 thermodynamic isotope effect between NH3 (g) and NH4+ (aq) which drives to a different δ15N. Nine plant species with different NH4+-sensitivities were cultured hydroponically with NO3- or NH4+ as the sole N sources, and plant growth and δ15N were determined. Short-term NH4+/NH3 uptake experiments at pH 6.0 and 9.0 (which favours NH3 form) were carried out in order to support and substantiate our hypothesis. N source fractionation throughout the whole plant was interpreted on the basis of the relative transport of NH4+ and NH3. Results Several NO3--fed plants were consistently enriched in 15N, whereas plants under NH4+ nutrition were depleted of 15N. It was shown that more sensitive plants to NH4+ toxicity were the most depleted in 15N. In parallel, N-deficient pea and spinach plants fed with 15NH4+ showed an increased level of NH3 uptake at alkaline pH that was related to the 15N depletion of the plant. Tolerant to NH4+ pea plants or sensitive spinach plants showed similar trend on 15N depletion while slight differences in the time kinetics were observed during the initial stages. The use of RbNO3 as control discarded that the differences observed arise from pH detrimental effects. Conclusions This article proposes that the negative values of δ15N in NH4+-fed plants are originated from NH3 uptake by plants. Moreover, this depletion of the heavier N isotope is proportional to the NH4+/NH3 toxicity in plants species. Therefore, we hypothesise that the low affinity transport system for NH4+ may have two components: one that transports N in the

The refractometry of the mechanically stressed RbNH4SO4 crystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Stadnik, V.J.; Romanyuk, M.O.

2001-01-01

The temperature (77-300K) and spectral (300-700hm) dependencies of refractive indices n i of mechanically unstressed and stressed by the pressures along general crystallophysic directions RbNH 4 SO 4 crystals were studied.the refractive indices were observed to decrease under pressure.The temperature and spectral dependencies of piezooptic constants were investigated.The changes of refraction,electron polarizability and the position of ultraviolet absorption effective center were calculated.The temperature and spectral dependencies of birefringence sign inversion of the mechanically unstressed and stressed RbNH 4 SO 4 crystals were analyzed

Depletion of the heaviest stable N isotope is associated with NH4+/NH3 toxicity in NH4+-fed plants

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Martins-Loução Maria A

2011-05-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background In plants, nitrate (NO3- nutrition gives rise to a natural N isotopic signature (δ15N, which correlates with the δ15N of the N source. However, little is known about the relationship between the δ15N of the N source and the 14N/15N fractionation in plants under ammonium (NH4+ nutrition. When NH4+ is the major N source, the two forms, NH4+ and NH3, are present in the nutrient solution. There is a 1.025 thermodynamic isotope effect between NH3 (g and NH4+ (aq which drives to a different δ15N. Nine plant species with different NH4+-sensitivities were cultured hydroponically with NO3- or NH4+ as the sole N sources, and plant growth and δ15N were determined. Short-term NH4+/NH3 uptake experiments at pH 6.0 and 9.0 (which favours NH3 form were carried out in order to support and substantiate our hypothesis. N source fractionation throughout the whole plant was interpreted on the basis of the relative transport of NH4+ and NH3. Results Several NO3--fed plants were consistently enriched in 15N, whereas plants under NH4+ nutrition were depleted of 15N. It was shown that more sensitive plants to NH4+ toxicity were the most depleted in 15N. In parallel, N-deficient pea and spinach plants fed with 15NH4+ showed an increased level of NH3 uptake at alkaline pH that was related to the 15N depletion of the plant. Tolerant to NH4+ pea plants or sensitive spinach plants showed similar trend on 15N depletion while slight differences in the time kinetics were observed during the initial stages. The use of RbNO3 as control discarded that the differences observed arise from pH detrimental effects. Conclusions This article proposes that the negative values of δ15N in NH4+-fed plants are originated from NH3 uptake by plants. Moreover, this depletion of the heavier N isotope is proportional to the NH4+/NH3 toxicity in plants species. Therefore, we hypothesise that the low affinity transport system for NH4+ may have two components: one that

Densities and apparent molar volumes of atmospherically important electrolyte solutions. 2. The systems H(+)-HSO4(-)-SO4(2-)-H2O from 0 to 3 mol kg(-1) as a function of temperature and H(+)-NH4(+)-HSO4(-)-SO4)2-)-H2O from 0 to 6 mol kg(-1) at 25 °C using a Pitzer ion interaction model, and NH4HSO4-H2O and (NH4)3H(SO4)2-H2O over the entire concentration range.

Science.gov (United States)

Clegg, S L; Wexler, A S

2011-04-21

A Pitzer ion interaction model has been applied to the systems H(2)SO(4)-H(2)O (0-3 mol kg(-1), 0-55 °C) and H(2)SO(4)-(NH(4))(2)SO(4)-H(2)O (0-6 mol kg(-1), 25 °C) for the calculation of apparent molar volume and density. The dissociation reaction HSO(4)(-)((aq)) ↔ H(+)((aq)) + SO(4)(2-)((aq)) is treated explicitly. Apparent molar volumes of the SO(4)(2-) ion at infinite dilution were obtained from part 1 of this work, (1) and the value for the bisulfate ion was determined in this study from 0 to 55 °C. In dilute solutions of both systems, the change in the degree of dissociation of the HSO(4)(-) ion with concentration results in much larger variations of the apparent molar volumes of the solutes than for conventional strong (fully dissociated) electrolytes. Densities and apparent molar volumes are tabulated. Apparent molar volumes calculated using the model are combined with other data for the solutes NH(4)HSO(4) and (NH(4))(3)H(SO(4))(2) at 25 °C to obtain apparent molar volumes and densities over the entire concentration range (including solutions supersaturated with respect to the salts).

X-ray and neutron single crystal diffraction on (NH4)3H(SO4)2. II. Refinement of crystal structure of phase II at room temperature

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Reehuis, M.; Wozniak, K.; Dominiak, P.; Smirnov, L.S.; Natkaniec, I.; Baranov, A.I.; Dolbinina, V.V.

2006-01-01

The (NH 4 ) 3 H(SO 4 ) 2 is of special interest due to the possible influence of ammonium ions on a series of phase transitions: I => II => III => IV => V => VII. Earlier, the X-ray single crystal diffraction study of phase II of (NH 4 ) 3 H(SO 4 ) 2 showed that the crystal structure of this compound has two crystallographically independent groups of ammonium ions NH 4 (1) and NH 4 (2), but orientational positions of these ammonium ions were not determined exactly. The refinement of NH 4 (1) and NH 4 (2) orientational positions in phase II is carried out with the help of the X-ray and neutron single crystal diffraction study. The analyses of differential Fourier maps of electron charge density and nuclear density point out the possibility of disordering of NH 4 (2) ammonium ions

Effects of urea and (NH4)2SO4 on nitrification and acidification of Ultisols from southern China.

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Tong, Deli; Xu, Renkou

2012-01-01

The mechanisms for the effects of ammonium-based fertilizers on soil acidification in subtropical regions are not well understood. Two Ultisols collected from cropland and a tea garden in Anhui and Jiangxi Provinces in subtropical southern China, respectively, were used to study the effects of urea and (NH4)2SO4 on the nitrification and acidification of soils with incubation experiments. Nitrification occurred at very low pH with no N fertilizer added and led to lowering of the soil pH by 0.53 and 0.30 units for the soils from Jiangxi and Anhui, respectively. Addition of urea accelerated nitrification and soil acidification in both Ultisols; while nitrification was inhibited by the addition of (NH4)2SO4, and greater input of (NH4)2SO4 led to greater inhibition of nitrification. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) played an important role in nitrification in cropland soil under acidic conditions. Addition of urea increased the soil pH at the early stages of incubation due to hydrolysis and stimulated the increase in the AOB population, and thus accelerated nitrification and soil acidification. At the end of incubation, the pH of Ultisol from Jiangxi had decreased by 1.25, 1.54 and 1.84 units compared to maximum values for the treatments with 150, 300 and 400 mg/kg of urea-N added, respectively; the corresponding figures were 0.95, 1.25 and 1.69 for the Ultisol from Anhui. However, addition of (N-H4)2SO4 inhibited the increase in the AOB population and thus inhibited nitrification and soil acidification. Soil pH for the treatments with 300 and 400 mg/kg of (NH4)2SO4-N remained almost constant during the incubation. AOB played an important role in nitrification of the cropland soil under acidic conditions. Addition of urea stimulated the increase in the AOB population and thus accelerated nitrification and soil acidification; while addition of (NH4)2SO4 inhibited the increase in the AOB population and thus inhibited nitrification.

Effect of NaCl-Stress on Metabolism of NO3-, NH4+ and NO2- at Several Rice Varieties

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M Zulman Harja Utama

2010-09-01

Full Text Available This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of NaCl-stress on metabolism of NO3-, NH4+ and NO2- at several rice varieties. The results showed that an addition of NaCl had lesser effect on NaCl-tolerant varieties as compared to NaCl-sensitive in term of reduction in NO3-, NH4+, and NO2- uptake. Rice adaptation ability to NaCl stress occurred through the mechanism of NO3-, NH4+, and N02- metabolism physiology. It was indicated by the difference concentration of NO3-, NH4+ and N02- between the tolerant (Cisadane, moderate (Batang Lembang, Rendah Kuning, and Batang Piaman and sensitive (IR 66 varieties. Concentration of NH4+ and N02- of tolerant rice (Cisadane at NaCl treatment were about 1.16 and 2.6 times higher than that at control, respectively, while concentration of NO3- was only 0.03 times lower than control. In contrast, concentration of NO3-, NH4+, and N02- of sensitive rice (IR 66, were about 0.09, 0.27, and 0.41 times lower than that in control respecting at NaCl treatment, respectively.

Biochar produced from oak sawdust by Lanthanum (La)-involved pyrolysis for adsorption of ammonium (NH4(+)), nitrate (NO3(-)), and phosphate (PO4(3-)).

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Zhanghong; Guo, Haiyan; Shen, Fei; Yang, Gang; Zhang, Yanzong; Zeng, Yongmei; Wang, Lilin; Xiao, Hong; Deng, Shihuai

2015-01-01

A series of biochars were prepared by pyrolyzing oak sawdust with/without LaCl3 involvement at temperature of 300-600 °C, and approximate and ultimate analyses were carried out to check their basic characteristics. Meanwhile, the releases of readily soluble NH4(+), NO3(-) and PO4(3-) from biochars and the adsorption of NH4(+), NO3(-) and PO4(3-) by biochars were investigated. Results indicated that the involvement of LaCl3 in pyrolysis could advance the temperature of maximum mass loss by 10 °C compared with oak sawdust (CK), and potentially promoted biochar yield. Overall, the releases of readily soluble NH4(+), NO3(-) and PO4(3-) from biochars were negatively related to pyrolysis temperature, and the releases were greatly weakened by La-biochars. Additionally, the adsorption to NH4(+) can be promoted by the biochars produced at low temperature. On the contrary, the NO3(-) adsorption can be improved by increasing pyrolysis temperature. The highest PO4(3-) adsorption was achieved by the biochars produced at 500 °C. According to the results of adsorption isotherms, the maximum adsorption capacity of NH4(+), NO3(-) and PO4(3-) can be significantly promoted by 1.9, 11.2, and 4.5 folds using La-biochars. Based on the observations of FT-IR, SEM-EDS, and surface functional groups, the improvement of NH4(+) adsorption was potentially associated with the existing acidic function groups (phenolic-OH and carboxyl C=O). The increased basic functional groups on La-biochars were beneficial to improve NO3(-) and PO4(3-) adsorption. Besides, PO4(3-) adsorption was also potentially related to the formed La2O3. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Rate constants of the equilibrium reactions SO⨪4 + HNO3 ⇄ HSO-4 + NO3 and SO⨪4 + NO-3 ⇄ SO2-4 + NO3

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Løgager, T.; Sehested, K.; Holcman, J.

1993-01-01

Rate constants of the following equilibrium reactions were determined by pulse radiolysis at high solute concentrations: SO4.- + HNO, half arrow right over half arrow left HSO4- + NO3. [k(f) = (2.7 +/- 0.5) x 10(6) M-1 s-1, k(r) = (5.6 +/- 1.0) x 10(3) M-1 s-1] and SO4.- + NO3- half arrow right...

Trends of NO-, NO 2-, and NH 3-emissions from gasoline-fueled Euro-3- to Euro-4-passenger cars

Science.gov (United States)

Heeb, Norbert V.; Saxer, Christian J.; Forss, Anna-Maria; Brühlmann, Stefan

Vehicular emissions of reactive nitrogen compounds (RNCs) such as nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), and ammonia (NH 3) have a substantial impact on urban air quality. NO and NO 2 support the photochemical formation of ozone, and NH 3 is involved in the atmospheric formation of secondary aerosols. Vehicular NO is mainly formed during combustion, whereas NO 2 and NH 3 are both secondary pollutants of the catalytic converter systems. Herein we report on tail-pipe RNC emissions of gasoline-fueled Euro-3- and Euro-4-passenger cars at transient driving from 0 to 150 km h -1. Two sets of 10 in-use vehicles with comparable engine size and mileage were studied with time-resolved chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (CI-MS). Each vehicle was tested in 7 different driving cycles including the legislative European (EDC) and the US FTP-75 driving cycles. Mean emission factors (EFs) for different traffic situations are reported and effects of cold start, velocity, acceleration, and deceleration are discussed. Furthermore, critical operating conditions supporting the de novo formation of NH 3 have been identified. In the EDC, mean NO- and NH 3-EFs of 57±26 and 16±12 mg km -1 were obtained for Euro-3-vehicles; those of the Euro-4-technology were lower by about 25% and 33% at the levels of 43±46 and 10±7 mg km -1, respectively. NO 2 emissions of the investigated three-way catalyst (TWC) vehicles accounted for exhaust. Velocity and acceleration had pronounced effects on the RNC emission characteristics. Mean velocity-dependent EFs for NO and NH 3 varied by about one order of magnitude from 10 to 74 and 15 to 161 mg km -1 for Euro-3-vehicles and from 12 to 44 and 7 to 144 mg km -1 for the Euro-4 fleet. We conclude that the investigated Euro-3- and Euro-4-vehicles are mainly operated under slightly reducing conditions, where the NH 3 emissions dominate over those of the NO. Under these conditions, both vehicle fleets on an average fulfilled the valid Euro-3 and Euro-4

Gold(I) Complexes with N-Donor Ligands. 2.(1) Reactions of Ammonium Salts with [Au(acac-kappaC(2))(PR(3))] To Give [Au(NH(3))L](+), [(AuL)(2)(&mgr;(2)-NH(2))](+), [(AuL)(4)(&mgr;(4)-N)](+), or [(AuL)(3)(&mgr;(3)-O)](+). A New and Facile Synthesis of [Au(NH(3))(2)](+) Salts. Crystal Structure of [{AuP(C(6)H(4)OMe-4)(3)}(3)(&mgr;(3)-O)]CF(3)SO(3).

Science.gov (United States)

Vicente, José; Chicote, María-Teresa; Guerrero, Rita; Jones, Peter G.; Ramírez De Arellano, M. Carmen

1997-09-24

The complexes [Au(acac-kappaC(2))(PR(3))] (acac = acetylacetonate, R = Ph, C(6)H(4)OMe-4) react with (NH(4))ClO(4) to give amminegold(I), [Au(NH(3))(PR(3))]ClO(4), amidogold(I), [(AuPR(3))(2)(&mgr;(2)-NH(2))]ClO(4), or nitridogold(I), [(AuPR(3))(4)(&mgr;(4)-N)]ClO(4), complexes, depending on the reaction conditions. Similarly, [Au(acac-kappaC(2))(PPh(3))] reacts with (NH(3)R')OTf (OTf = CF(3)SO(3)) (1:1) or with [H(3)N(CH(2))(2)NH(2)]OTf (1:1) to give (amine)gold(I) complexes [Au(NH(2)R')(PPh(3))]OTf (R' = Me, C(6)H(4)NO(2)-4) or [(AuPPh(3))(2){&mgr;(2)-H(2)N(CH(2))(2)NH(2)}](OTf)(2), respectively. The ammonium salts (NH(2)R'(2))OTf (R' = Et, Ph) react with [Au(acac-kappaC(2))(PR(3))] (R = Ph, C(6)H(4)OMe-4) (1:2) to give, after hydrolysis, the oxonium salts [(AuPR(3))(3)(&mgr;(3)-O)]OTf (R = Ph, C(6)H(4)OMe-4). When NH(3) is bubbled through a solution of [AuCl(tht)] (tht = tetrahydrothiophene), the complex [Au(NH(3))(2)]Cl precipitates. Addition of [Au(NH(3))(2)]Cl to a solution of AgClO(4) or TlOTf leads to the isolation of [Au(NH(3))(2)]ClO(4) or [Au(NH(3))(2)]OTf, respectively. The crystal structure of [(AuPR(3))(3)(&mgr;(3)-O)]OTf.Me(2)CO (R = C(6)H(4)OMe-4) has been determined: triclinic, space group P&onemacr;, a = 14.884(3) Å, b = 15.828(3) Å, c = 16.061(3) Å, alpha = 83.39(3) degrees, beta = 86.28(3) degrees, gamma = 65.54(3) degrees, R1 (wR2) = 0.0370 (0.0788). The [(AuPR(3))(3)(&mgr;(3)-O)](+) cation shows an essentially trigonal pyramidal array of three gold atoms and one oxygen atom with O-Au-P bond angles of ca. 175 degrees and Au.Au contacts in the range 2.9585(7)-3.0505(14) Å. These cations are linked into centrosymmetric dimers through two short Au.Au [2.9585(7), 3.0919(9) Å] contacts. The gold atoms of the dimer form a six-membered ring with a chair conformation.

Systems of Na/sup +/NO/sub 3/, Na/sub 2/SO/sub 4/, RbNO/sub 3/, Rb/sub 2/SO/sub 4/-H/sub 2/O and NaNO/sub 3/, Na/sub 2/SO/sub 4/, CsNO/sub 3/, Cs/sub 2/SO/sub 4/-H/sub 2/O at 25 and 75 deg C

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Poletaev, I F; Krasnenkova, L V

1975-08-01

Quaternary Na/sup +/, Rb/sup +///NO/sub 3/-, SO/sub 4//sup 2 -/-H/sub 2/O and Nsub(+), Cs/sup +///NO/sub 3/-, SO/sub 4//sup 2 -/-H/sub 2/O mutual systems have been studied isothermally. The following six fields of crystallization have been revealed in these systems at 25 deg C: Cs/sub 2/SO/sub 4/, Na/sub 2/SO/sub 4/, Na/sub 2/SO/sub 4/x10H/sub 2/O, NaNO/sub 3/xNa/sub 2/SO/sub 4/x2H/sub 2/O, NaNO/sub 3/, and CsNO/sub 3/.

Effects of NO3(-) and NH4(+) and urea on each other's uptake and incorporation

Science.gov (United States)

Huffaker, R. C.; Ward, M. R.

1986-01-01

The purpose was to determine the optimal use by wheat plants of the N sources expected from processing biological waste products, NO3(-),NO2(-)NH4(+), and urea. The approach was to determine the uptake and metabolic products of each N source (from single and multiple component solutions), inhibitory effects of each, feedback inhibition, and overall in vivo regulation of the rates of assimilation of each by wheat plants. Previously, researchers determined the interactions of NO3(-),NO2(-),NH4(+) on each other's uptake and incorporation. The assimilation and some of its effects on NO3(-) and NH4(+) assimilation which have been completed to data are discussed.

Appropriate NH4+: NO3- ratio improves low light tolerance of mini Chinese cabbage seedlings.

Science.gov (United States)

Hu, Linli; Liao, Weibiao; Dawuda, Mohammed Mujitaba; Yu, Jihua; Lv, Jian

2017-01-23

In northwest of China, mini Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) is highly valued by consumers, and is widely cultivated during winter in solar-greenhouses where low light (LL) fluence (between 85 and 150 μmol m -2 s -1 in day) is a major abiotic stress factor limiting plant growth and crop productivity. The mechanisms with which various NH 4 + : NO 3 - ratios affected growth and photosynthesis of mini Chinese cabbage under normal (200 μmol m -2 s -1 ) and low (100 μmol m -2 s -1 ) light conditions was investigated. The four solutions with different ratios of NH 4 + : NO 3 - applied were 0:100, 10:90, 15:85 and 25:75 with the set up in a glasshouse in hydroponic culture. The most appropriate NH 4 + : NO 3 - ratio that improved the tolerance of mini Chinese cabbage seedlings to LL was found in our current study. Under low light, the application of NH 4 + : NO 3 - (10:90) significantly stimulated growth compared to only NO 3 - by increasing leaf area, canopy spread, biomass accumulation, and net photosynthetic rate. The increase in net photosynthetic rate was associated with an increase in: 1) maximum and effective quantum yield of PSII; 2) activities of Calvin cycle enzymes; and 3) levels of mRNA relative expression of several genes involved in Calvin cycle. In addition, glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch and total carbohydrate, which are the products of CO 2 assimilation, accumulated most in the cabbage leaves that were supplied with NH 4 + : NO 3 - (10:90) under LL condition. Low light reduced the carbohydrate: nitrogen (C: N) ratio while the application of NH 4 + : NO 3 - (10:90) alleviated the negative effect of LL on C: N ratio mainly by increasing total carbohydrate contents. The application of NH 4 + :NO 3 - (10:90) increased rbcL, rbcS, FBA, FBPase and TK expression and/or activities, enhanced photosynthesis, carbohydrate accumulation and improved the tolerance of mini Chinese cabbage seedlings to LL. The results of this study would provide

Modulated crystal structures of VII and V phases in (NH4)3H(SO4)2. I. Neutron Laue diffraction

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

McIntyre, G.; Smirnov, L.S.; Baranov, A.I.; Dolbinina, V.V.; Frontas'eva, M.V.; Pavlov, S.S.; Pankratova, Yu.S.

2010-01-01

The study of crystal structures of VII and V phases of (NH 4 ) 3 H(SO 4 ) 2 by means of neutron Laue diffraction is carried out at temperatures from 5 to 300 K. It is found that crystal structures of VII and V phases have incommensurate modulation with different periods, and phase transition from phase VII to phase V is transition of the first type

Aquaporin 4 as a NH3 Channel

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Assentoft, Mette; Kaptan, Shreyas; Schneider, Hans-Peter

2016-01-01

-brain-interface, participate in the exchange of ammonia, which is required to sustain the glutamate-glutamine cycle. Here we observe that AQP4-expressing Xenopus oocytes display a reflection coefficient NH4Cl at pH 8.0, at which pH an increased amount of the ammonia occurs in the form of NH3 Taken together with an NH4......Cl-mediated intracellular alkalization (or lesser acidification) of AQP4-expressing oocytes, these data suggest that NH3 is able to permeate the pore of AQP4. Exposure to NH4Cl increased the membrane currents to a similar extent in uninjected oocytes and in oocytes expressing AQP4, indicating...... that the ionic NH4 (+) did not permeate AQP4. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed partial pore permeation events of NH3 but not of NH4 (+) and a reduced energy barrier for NH3 permeation through AQP4 compared with that of a cholesterol-containing lipid bilayer, suggesting AQP4 as a favored transmembrane...

Characteristics of NH4+ and NO3- fluxes in tea (Camellia sinensis) roots measured by scanning ion-selective electrode technique.

Science.gov (United States)

Ruan, Li; Wei, Kang; Wang, Liyuan; Cheng, Hao; Zhang, Fen; Wu, Liyun; Bai, Peixian; Zhang, Chengcai

2016-12-05

As a vital beverage crop, tea has been extensively planted in tropical and subtropical regions. Nitrogen (N) levels and forms are closely related to tea quality. Based on different N levels and forms, we studied changes in NO 3 - and NH 4 + fluxes in tea roots utilizing scanning ion-selective electrode technique. Our results showed that under both single and mixed N forms, influx rates of NO 3 - were much lower than those of NH 4 + , suggesting a preference for NH 4 + in tea. With the increase in N concentration, the influx rate of NO 3 - increased more than that of NH 4 + . The NH 4 + influx rates in a solution without NO 3 - were much higher than those in a solution with NO 3 - , while the NO 3 - influx rates in a solution without NH 4 + were much lower than those in a solution with NH 4 + . We concluded that (1) tea roots showed a preference for NH 4 + , (2) presence of NO 3 - had a negative effect on NH 4 + influx, and (3) NH 4 + had a positive effect on NO 3 - influx. Our findings not only may help advance hydroponic tea experiments but also may be used to develop efficient fertilization protocols for soil-grown tea in the future.

NO3-/NH4+ ratios affect nutritional homeostasis and production of Tanzania guinea grass under Cu toxicity.

Science.gov (United States)

de Souza Junior, João Cardoso; Nogueirol, Roberta Corrêa; Monteiro, Francisco Antonio

2018-05-01

Nitrogen (N) can alleviate metal toxicity. However, as of yet, there have been no studies showing the efficacy of NO 3 - /NH 4 + in mitigating Cu toxicity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Cu toxicity on the nutritional and productive attributes of Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania as well as the role of NO 3 - and NH 4 + ratios in nutritional homeostasis. The experiment was conducted using 3 × 4 factorial treatments arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The treatments were three NO 3 - /NH 4 + ratios (100/0, 70/30, and 50/50) and four Cu rates (0.3, 250, 500, and 1000 μmol L -1 ) in nutrient solution. Copper concentrations in the diagnostic leaves (DL) were highest in plants grown under 70/30 NO 3 - /NH 4 + ratios and a Cu rate of 1000 μmol L -1 . In this combination, it was observed that DL had higher concentrations of NH 4 + , greater glutamine synthetase activity, lower chlorophyll concentration (SPAD value), and lower shoot dry mass, suggesting high disorders of nutritional homeostasis. Plants receiving N in the form of NO 3 - and 1000 Cu μmol L -1 showed that DL had lower concentrations of Cu, higher concentration of chlorophyll, higher NO 3 - concentration, higher nitrate reductase activity, and higher NO 3 - accumulation in the roots, suggesting a reduction in disorders of nutritional homeostasis. The disorders on mineral uptake, N assimilation, and biomass production caused by Cu toxicity are shown to be affected by NO 3 - /NH 4 + ratios, and N supply via NO 3 - allowed for better homeostasis of the forage grass.

Increase in Ice Nucleation Efficiency of Feldspars, Kaolinite and Mica in Dilute NH3 and NH4+-containing Solutions

Science.gov (United States)

Kumar, A.; Marcolli, C.; Luo, B.; Krieger, U. K.; Peter, T.

2017-12-01

Semivolatile species present in the atmosphere are prone to adhere to mineral dust particle surfaces during long range transport, and could potentially change the particle surface properties and its ice nucleation (IN) efficiency. Immersion freezing experiments were performed with microcline (K-feldspar), known to be highly IN active, suspended in aqueous solutions of ammonia, (NH4)2SO4, NH4HSO4, NH4NO3, NH4Cl, Na2SO4, H2SO4, K2SO4 and KCl to investigate the effect of solutes on the IN efficiency. Freezing of emulsified droplets investigated with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) showed that the heterogeneous ice nucleation temperatures deviate from the water activity-based IN theory, describing heterogeneous ice nucleation temperatures as a function of solution water activity by a constant offset with respect to the ice melting point curve (Zobrist et al. 2008). IN temperatures enhanced up to 4.5 K were observed for very dilute NH3 and NH4+-containing solutions while a decrease was observed as the concentration was further increased. For all solutes with cations other than NH4+, the IN efficiency decreased. An increase of the IN efficiency in very dilute NH3 and NH4+-containing solutions followed by a decrease with increasing concentration was also observed for sanidine (K-feldspar) and andesine (Na/Ca-feldspar). This is an important indication towards specific chemical interactions between solutes and the feldspar surface which is not captured by the water activity-based IN theory. A similar trend is present but less pronounced in case of kaolinite and mica, while quartz is barely affected. We hypothesize that the hydrogen bonding of NH3 molecules with surface -OH groups could be the reason for the enhanced freezing temperatures in dilute ammonia and ammonium containing solutions as they could form an ice-like overlayer providing hydrogen bonding groups for ice to nucleate on top of it. This implies to possibilities of enhanced IN efficiency, especially

Effect of cationic substitution on the double-well hydrogen-bond potential in [K1-x(NH4)x]3H(SO4)2 proton conductors: a single-crystal neutron diffraction study.

Science.gov (United States)

Choudhury, R R; Chitra, R; Selezneva, E V; Makarova, I P

2017-10-01

The structure of the mixed crystal [K 1-x (NH 4 ) x ] 3 H(SO 4 ) 2 as obtained from single-crystal neutron diffraction is compared with the previously reported room-temperature neutron structure of crystalline K 3 H(SO 4 ) 2 . The two structures are very similar, as indicated by the high value of their isostructurality index (94.8%). It was found that the replacement of even a small amount (3%) of K + with NH 4 + has a significant influence on the short strong hydrogen bond connecting the two SO 4 2- ions. Earlier optical measurements had revealed that the kinetics of the superionic transition in the solid solution [K 1-x (NH 4 ) x ] 3 H(SO 4 ) 2 are much faster than in K 3 H(SO 4 ) 2 ; this reported difference in the kinetics of the superionic phase transition in this class of crystal is explained on the basis of the difference in strength of the hydrogen-bond interactions in the two structures.

Comparison of field data with a thermodynamic model for the H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ - HNO/sub 3/ - NH/sub 3/ system at high humidities and in fogs

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Jacob, D.J.; Munger, J.W.; Waldman, J.M.; Hoffmann, M.R.

1986-04-01

A systematic characterization of the atmospheric H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ - NH/sub 2/ system was conducted in the fogwater, the aerosol, and the gas phase at a network of sites in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Spatial patterns of concentrations were established that reflect the distribution of SO/sub 2/, NO/sub X/, and NH/sub 3/ emissions within the valley. The concept of atmospheric alkalinity was introduced to interpret these concentrations in terms of the buffering capacity of the atmosphere with respect to inputs of strong acids. Regions of predominantly acidic and alkaline fogwater were identified. Fogwater was found to be alkaline in most of the valley, but small changes in emission budgets could lead to widespread acid fog. An extended stagnation episode was studied in detail: progressive accumulation of H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ - HNO/sub 3/ - NH/sub 3/ species was documented over the course of the episode, and interpreted in terms of production and removal mechanisms. Secondary production of strong acids H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ and HNO/sub 3/ under stagnant conditions resulted in a complete titration of available alkalinity at sites furthest from NH/sub 3/ sources. A steady SO/sub 2/ conversion rate of 0.4 - 1.1% h/sup -1/ was estimated in the stagnant mixed layer of haze aerosol under overcast conditions, and was attributed to non-photochemical heterogeneous processes. Removal of SO/sub 2/ was enhanced in fog as compared to non-foggy conditions. Conversion of NO/sub X/ to HNO/sub 3/ slowed down during the stagnation episode because of reduced photochemical activity: fog did not appear to enhance conversion of NO/sub X/. Decreases in total HNO/sub 3/ concentrations were observed upon acidification of the atmosphere, and were attributed to displacement of NO/sub 3-/ by H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ in the aerosol followed by rapid deposition of HNO/sub 3/(g). The occurrence of fog was associated with general decreases of aerosol concentrations due to enhanced removal by deposition.

Photocrystallographic structure determination of a new geometric isomer of [Ru(NH3)4(H2O)(eta1-OSO)][MeC6H4SO3]2.

Science.gov (United States)

Bowes, Katharine F; Cole, Jacqueline M; Husheer, Shamus L G; Raithby, Paul R; Savarese, Teresa L; Sparkes, Hazel A; Teat, Simon J; Warren, John E

2006-06-21

The structure of a new metastable geometric isomer of [Ru(NH3)4(H2O)(SO2)][MeC6H4SO3]2 in which the SO2 group is coordinated through a single oxygen in an eta1-OSO bonding mode has been determined at 13 K; the new isomer was obtained as a 36% component of the structure within a single crystal upon irradiation using a tungsten lamp.

Catalytic reduction of NH4NO3 by NO. Effects of solid acids and implications for low temperature DeNOx processes

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Savara, Aditya; Li, Mei-Jun; Sachtler, Wolfgang M.H.; Weitz, Eric

2008-01-01

Ammonium nitrate is thermally stable below 250 C and could potentially deactivate low temperature NO x reduction catalysts by blocking active sites. It is shown that NO reduces neat NH 4 NO 3 above its 170 C melting point, while acidic solids catalyze this reaction even at temperatures below 100 C. NO 2 , a product of the reduction, can dimerize and then dissociate in molten NH 4 NO 3 to NO + + NO 3 - , and may be stabilized within the melt as either an adduct or as HNO 2 formed from the hydrolysis of NO + or N 2 O 4 . The other product of reduction, NH 4 NO 2 , readily decomposes at ≤100 C to N 2 and H 2 O, the desired end products of DeNO x catalysis. A mechanism for the acid catalyzed reduction of NH 4 NO 3 by NO is proposed, with HNO 3 as an intermediate. These findings indicate that the use of acidic catalysts or promoters in DeNO x systems could help mitigate catalyst deactivation at low operating temperatures (<150 C). (author)

Characteristics of NH4+ and NO3− fluxes in tea (Camellia sinensis) roots measured by scanning ion-selective electrode technique

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Ruan, Li; Wei, Kang; Wang, Liyuan; Cheng, Hao; Zhang, Fen; Wu, Liyun; Bai, Peixian; Zhang, Chengcai

2016-01-01

As a vital beverage crop, tea has been extensively planted in tropical and subtropical regions. Nitrogen (N) levels and forms are closely related to tea quality. Based on different N levels and forms, we studied changes in NO3− and NH4+ fluxes in tea roots utilizing scanning ion-selective electrode technique. Our results showed that under both single and mixed N forms, influx rates of NO3− were much lower than those of NH4+, suggesting a preference for NH4+ in tea. With the increase in N concentration, the influx rate of NO3− increased more than that of NH4+. The NH4+ influx rates in a solution without NO3− were much higher than those in a solution with NO3−, while the NO3− influx rates in a solution without NH4+ were much lower than those in a solution with NH4+. We concluded that (1) tea roots showed a preference for NH4+, (2) presence of NO3− had a negative effect on NH4+ influx, and (3) NH4+ had a positive effect on NO3− influx. Our findings not only may help advance hydroponic tea experiments but also may be used to develop efficient fertilization protocols for soil-grown tea in the future. PMID:27918495

[Isolation and purification of alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase in a polyethylene glycol/(NH4 )2SO4 aqueous two-phase system].

Science.gov (United States)

Meng, Yao; Jin, Jiagui; Liu, Shuangfeng; Yang, Min; Zhang, Qinglian; Wan, Li; Tang, Kun

2014-02-01

Alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase (alpha-GPO) from Enterococcus casseli flavus was successfully isolated and purified by using polyethylene glycol (PEG)/(NH4)2SO4 aqueous two-phase system (ATPS). The results showed that the chosen PEG/(NH4)2SO4 ATPS could be affected by PEG molecular weight, pH, concentration of PEG and (NH4)2SO4, and inorganic salt as well as additional amount of crude enzyme. After evaluating these influencing factors, the final optimum purification strategy was formed by 16.5% (m/m) PEG2000, 13.2% (m/m) (NH4)2SO4, pH 7.5 and 30% (m/m) additive crude enzyme, respectively. The NaCl was a negative influencing factor which would lead to lower purification fold and activity recovery. These conditions eventually resulted in the activity recovery of 89% (m/m), distribution coefficient of 1.2 and purification fold of 7.0.

In vitro growth of Brassocattleya orchid hybrid in different concentrations of KNO3, NH4NO3 and benzylaminopurine Cultivo in vitro de Brassocattleya (Orchidaceae em diferentes concentrações de KNO3, NH4NO3 e benzilaminopurina

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Jean C Cardoso

2011-09-01

Full Text Available One of the most important applications of plant tissue culture is mass propagation of ornamental plants. This experiment evaluated the effect of different concentrations of NH4NO3 and KNO3 and BAP on the in vitro growth of orchid hybrid Brassocattleya 'Pastoral'. Seedlings of this orchid hybrid were used as explants and cultivated in medium with mineral salts and vitamins from the MS medium (Murashige & Skoog, 1962, with the macronutrients P, Ca and Mg reduced by half, and with an addition of 25 g L-1 of sucrose, 0.1 g L-1 of myo-inositol and 1.5 g L-1 of activated charcoal. Agar-agar was added (6.5 g L-1 and the pH was adjusted to 5.8. As treatments, four concentrations of the NH4NO3 and KNO3 (2x; 1x; ½ and ¼ MS medium and three concentrations of BAP (0.0; 0.5 and 1.0 mg L-1 were assayed. The multiplication, growth in height, fresh and dry weight and sugar level in dry weight of sprouts were evaluated. There occurred a higher growth in height with 0.25x NH4NO3 and KNO3 salts concentrations of MS medium and higher rate of multiplication with combination of NH4NO3 and KNO3 reduced by half of the MS medium concentration and 1.0 mg L-1 BAP.Entre as maiores aplicações da cultura de tecidos de plantas está a propagação massal de mudas de plantas ornamentais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o cultivo in vitro de um híbrido de orquídea Brassocattleya em diferentes concentrações de NH4NO3, KNO3 e BAP. Foram utilizadas sementes do híbrido de orquídea Brassocattleya 'Pastoral' e as plantas foram cultivadas em meio MS com redução pela metade das fontes de P, Mg e Ca e adição de 25 g L-1 de sacarose, 100 mg L-1 de mio-inositol, 1,5 g L-1 de carvão ativo e 6,5 g L-1 de ágar-ágar, sendo o pH ajustado para 5,8. Como tratamentos foram usados quatro concentrações dos sais NH4NO3 e KNO3 (2x; 1x; ½ e ¼ do meio MS e três concentrações de BAP (0,0; 0,5 e 1,0 mg L-1. Avaliou-se a multiplicação, o crescimento em altura, massa fresca

Different fates of deposited NH4+ and NO3- in a temperate forest in northeast China: a 15 N tracer study.

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Liu, Jun; Peng, Bo; Xia, Zongwei; Sun, Jianfei; Gao, Decai; Dai, Weiwei; Jiang, Ping; Bai, Edith

2017-06-01

Increasing atmospheric reactive nitrogen (N) deposition due to human activities could change N cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the differences between the fates of deposited NH4+ and NO3- are still not fully understood. Here, we investigated the fates of deposited NH4+ and NO3-, respectively, via the application of 15 NH 4 NO 3 and NH 4 15 NO 3 in a temperate forest ecosystem. Results showed that at 410 days after tracer application, most 15NH4+ was immobilized in litter layer (50 ± 2%), while a considerable amount of 15NO3- penetrated into 0-5 cm mineral soil (42 ± 2%), indicating that litter layer and 0-5 cm mineral soil were the major N sinks of NH4+ and NO3-, respectively. Broad-leaved trees assimilated more 15 N under NH 4 15 NO 3 treatment compared to under 15 NH 4 NO 3 treatment, indicating their preference for NO3--N. At 410 days after tracer application, 16 ± 4% added 15 N was found in aboveground biomass under 15NO3- treatment, which was twice more than that under 15NH4+ treatment (6 ± 1%). At the same time, approximately 80% added 15 N was recovered in soil and plants under both treatments, which suggested that this forest had high potential for retention of deposited N. These results provided evidence that there were great differences between the fates of deposited NH4+ and NO3-, which could help us better understand the mechanisms and capability of forest ecosystems as a sink of reactive nitrogen. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Electrochemical formation of GaAs honeycomb structure using a fluoride-containing (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}SO{sub 4} solution

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Morishita, Yoshitaka, E-mail: morisita@cc.tuat.ac.jp; Yamamoto, Hitoshi; Yokobori, Kuniyuki

2014-04-01

GaAs substrates were anodized in the (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}SO{sub 4} electrolyte with various fluoride concentrations. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation showed that highly regular honeycomb hollows were formed on the substrates anodized in the (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}SO{sub 4} electrolyte with a small amount of HF concentration. The regularity of hollows decreased with the increase of HF concentration. The average diameter of hollows increased with increasing anodizing voltage. The regularity of hollow diameters increased with the increase of anodizing time, irrespective of the anodizing voltage. Cross-sectional SEM image showed that the average depth of regular hollows was about 5 nm. In addition to the peak in the region of fundamental adsorption of GaAs with the peak wavelength at about 870 nm, photoluminescence spectra of samples anodized in the (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}SO{sub 4} electrolyte with HF concentration of 0.5 ml showed several peaks at about 610, 635, 670 and 720 nm. - Highlights: • We report on the electrochemical formation of GaAs honeycomb structure. • High regular hollows were formed by anodization in HF-containing (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}SO{sub 4} solution. • A thin porous layer was formed by anodization in HF-containing (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}SO{sub 4} solution. • This process is useful for preparing patterned substrate with a thin porous layer.

Leach of the weathering crust elution-deposited rare earth ore for low environmental pollution with a combination of (NH4)2SO4 and EDTA.

Science.gov (United States)

Tang, Jie; Qiao, Jiyang; Xue, Qiang; Liu, Fei; Chen, Honghan; Zhang, Guochen

2018-05-01

High concentration of ammonium sulfate, a typical leaching agent, was often used in the mining process of the weathering crust elution-deposited rare earth ore. After mining, a lot of ammonia nitrogen and labile heavy metal fractions were residual in tailings, which may result in a huge potential risk to the environment. In this study, in order to achieve the maximum extraction of rare earth elements and reduce the labile heavy metal, extraction effect and fraction changes of lanthanum (La) and lead (Pb) in the weathering crust elution-deposited rare earth ore were studied by using a compound agent of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 -EDTA. The extraction efficiency of La was more than 90% by using 0.2% (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 -0.005 M EDTA, which was almost same with that by using 2.0% (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 solution. In contrast, the extraction efficiency of Pb was 62.3% when use 0.2% (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 -0.005 M EDTA, which is much higher than that (16.16%) achieved by using 2.0% (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 solution. The released Pb fractions were mainly acid extractable and reducible fractions, and the content of reducible fraction being leached accounted for 70.45% of the total reducible fraction. Therefore, the use of 0.2% (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 -0.005 M EDTA can not only reduce the amount of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , but also decrease the labile heavy metal residues in soil, which provides a new way for efficient La extraction with effective preventing and controlling environmental pollution in the process of mining the weathering crust elution-deposited rare earth ore. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Comparative study of wheat utilization of NH4 and NO3 as sources of N-fertilizer using N15 technique

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Khalifa, Kh.

1993-05-01

Two field experiments were conducted separately on wheat (Cultivar ACSAD-65) in 1987/1988 at the Research Station of Arabic Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands (ACSAD) in Deir-Ezzor, Using N 15 methodology to compare the efficient utilization of N 15 -NO 3 and N 15 -N H 4 radicals as sources of nitrogen applied in three different levels (50, 100 and 200 Kg N/ha and two placement methods (Top-dressed and Side-dressed). The results indicate that Ndff % in the from of N 15 -NH 4 was higher than N 15 -NO 3 in both placements, at different growth stages, consequently, when using N-NH 4 form, N-uptake was higher than N-NO 3 form; the efficiency of N-NH 4 was higher than N-NO 3 in most cases regardless of the method of placement; the rate of applied nitrogen in both forms (N-NH 4 and N-NO 3 ) had higher effect on yield more than the placements; side-dressed placement had higher effect on the efficiency of the utilization of N-NO 3 and N-NH 4 as well as on crop yield than the Top-dressed; using N-NO 3 , A-values in the three growth stages of crop at the nitrogen levels used, were higher than using N-NH 4 in both placements; and finally using N-NO 3 in the second and third stages of crop growth, the yield was higher than using N-NH 4 and almost similar in the first stages. (author). 9 refs., 26 tabs

A novel method of simultaneous NH4+ and NO3- removal using Fe cycling as a catalyst: Feammox coupled with NAFO.

Science.gov (United States)

Li, Xiang; Yuan, Yan; Huang, Yong; Liu, Heng-Wei; Bi, Zhen; Yuan, Yi; Yang, Peng-Bin

2018-08-01

The feasibility of using Feammox coupled with nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidizing (NAFO) to cause the simultaneous conversion of NH 4 + and NO 3 - was explored by inoculation with Feammox sludge and the use Fe cycling as catalyst. After 61days operation, the simultaneous conversion of NO 3 - and NH 4 + occurred with the presence of interconversion between Fe(III) and Fe(II). The conversion ratio of NH 4 + to NO 3 - stabilized at 0.9-1. The results of isotopic tracing and microbial diversity analysis indicated that NH 4 + was first oxidized to NO 2 - by Fe(III), then NO 3 - was reduced to NO 2 - and N 2 by the Fe(II) produced in Feammox process, and finally, the NO 2 - produced in NAFO process underwent an Anammox process with the remaining NH 4 + to yield N 2 . The results showed the simultaneous continuous conversion process of NO 3 - and NH 4 + with limited Fe as a catalyst was a coupled process of Feammox, Anammox, and NAFO under the anaerobic conditions. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

NH3 and NH4+ permeability in aquaporin-expressing Xenopus oocytes

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Holm, Lars M.; Jahn, Thomas Paul; Møller, Anders Laurell Blom

2005-01-01

We have shown recently, in a yeast expression system, that some aquaporins are permeable to ammonia. In the present study, we expressed the mammalian aquaporins AQP8, AQQP9, AQP3, AQP1 and a plant aquaporin TIP2;1 in Xenopus oocytes to study the transport of ammonia (NH3) and ammonium (NH4+) under...... inwards currents carried by NH4+. This conductivity increased as a sigmoid function of external [NH3]: for AQP8 at a bath pH (pH(e)) of 6.5, the conductance was abolished, at pH(e) 7.4 it was half maximal and at pH(e) 7.8 it saturated. NY4+ influx was associated with oocyte swelling. In comparison, native...... oocytes as well as AQP1 and tip2;1-expressing oocytes showed small currents that were associated with small and even negative volume changes. We conclude that AQP8, AQP9, AQP3, and TIP2;1, apart from being water channels, also support significant fluxes of NH3. These aquaporins could support NH4...

Crystal structure of NH4[La(SO42(H2O

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Meriem Benslimane

2015-06-01

Full Text Available The principal building units in the crystal structure of ammonium aquabis(sulfatolanthanate(III are slightly distorted SO4 tetrahedra, LaO9 polyhedra in the form of distorted tricapped trigonal prisms, and NH4+ ions. The La3+ cation is coordinated by eight O atoms from six different sulfate tetrahedra, two of which are bidentate coordinating and four monodentate, as well as one O atom from a water molecule; each sulfate anion bridges three La3+ cations. These bridging modes result in the formation of a three-dimensional anionic [La(SO42(H2O]− framework that is stabilized by O—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions. The disordered ammonium cations are situated in the cavities of this framework and are hydrogen-bonded to six surrounding O atoms.

Different transport behaviors of NH4 (+) and NH3 in transmembrane cyclic peptide nanotubes.

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Mingming; Fan, Jianfen; Xu, Jian; Weng, Peipei; Lin, Huifang

2016-10-01

Two water-filled transmembrane cyclic peptide nanotubes (CPNTs) of 8×cyclo-(WL)n=4,5/POPE were chosen to investigate the dependences of the transport properties of the positive NH4 (+) and neutral NH3 on the channel radius. Molecular dynamic simulations revealed that molecular charge, size, ability to form H-bonds and channel radius all significantly influence the behaviors of NH4 (+) and NH3 in a CPNT. Higher electrostatic interactions, more H-bonds, and water-bridges were found in the NH4 (+) system, resulting in NH4 (+) meeting higher energy barriers, while NH3 can enter, exit and permeate the channels effortlessly. This work sheds a first light on the differences between the mechanisms of NH4 (+) and NH3 moving in a CPNT at an atomic level. Graphical Abstract Snapshot of the simulation system of NH4 (+)_octa-CPNT with an NH4 (+) initially positioned at one mouth of the tube, PMF profiles for single NH4 (+) ion and NH3 molecule moving through water-filled transmembrane CPNTs of 8×cyclo-(WL)n=4,5/POPE and sketch graphs of the possible H-bond forms of NH3 and NH4 (+) with the neighboring water.

Reconstruction of spatially detailed global map of NH4+ and NO3- application in synthetic nitrogen fertilizer

Science.gov (United States)

Nishina, Kazuya; Ito, Akihiko; Hanasaki, Naota; Hayashi, Seiji

2017-02-01

Currently, available historical global N fertilizer map as an input data to global biogeochemical model is still limited and existing maps were not considered NH4+ and NO3- in the fertilizer application rates. This paper provides a method for constructing a new historical global nitrogen fertilizer application map (0.5° × 0.5° resolution) for the period 1961-2010 based on country-specific information from Food and Agriculture Organization statistics (FAOSTAT) and various global datasets. This new map incorporates the fraction of NH4+ (and NO3-) in N fertilizer inputs by utilizing fertilizer species information in FAOSTAT, in which species can be categorized as NH4+- and/or NO3--forming N fertilizers. During data processing, we applied a statistical data imputation method for the missing data (19 % of national N fertilizer consumption) in FAOSTAT. The multiple imputation method enabled us to fill gaps in the time-series data using plausible values using covariates information (year, population, GDP, and crop area). After the imputation, we downscaled the national consumption data to a gridded cropland map. Also, we applied the multiple imputation method to the available chemical fertilizer species consumption, allowing for the estimation of the NH4+ / NO3- ratio in national fertilizer consumption. In this study, the synthetic N fertilizer inputs in 2000 showed a general consistency with the existing N fertilizer map (Potter et al., 2010) in relation to the ranges of N fertilizer inputs. Globally, the estimated N fertilizer inputs based on the sum of filled data increased from 15 to 110 Tg-N during 1961-2010. On the other hand, the global NO3- input started to decline after the late 1980s and the fraction of NO3- in global N fertilizer decreased consistently from 35 to 13 % over a 50-year period. NH4+-forming fertilizers are dominant in most countries; however, the NH4+ / NO3- ratio in N fertilizer inputs shows clear differences temporally and geographically. This

The influence of NO3- and NH4+ on the sites of nitrogen assimilation of F1 hybrid cauliflower (Brassica oleracea. L. botrytis)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Asiah Ahmad; Parsons, R.; Md Razi Ismail

2002-01-01

The sites of Nitrogen assimilation of Fl hybrid cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) grown in vermiculite: pearlite on either NO 3 or NH 4 nutrition was investigated using 15 N techniques. Labelling studies using 15 NO 3 Or 15 NH 4 alone to follow a time course of 15 NO 3 or 15 NH 4 incorporated into amino compounds in Fl hybrid cauliflower was conducted over periods of up to 24 hours. The 15 N enrichment of amino compounds in various plant parts was measured using GC-MS and isotopic abundance mass spectrometry techniques. In roots of 15 NH 4 -N fed plant, the 15 N label rapidly appears in glutamate at high enrichment within 30 minutes and increased substantially up to 6 hours after feeding. The labelled glutamate appears to decrease slowly after 6 hours. In leaves, the glutamate shows much lower labelling within 30 minutes than in the roots and became slowly enriched 6 hours after feeding. Labelled glutamate was only detected in the curd 6 hours later. This may indicate that in NH 4 -N fed plants, most NH 4 is assimilated in the roots and translocated as amino acids to the leaves and curd. In contrast to 15 NO 3 -N fed plant, both the roots and leaves showed significant label in glutamate within 30 minutes and subsequently increased in labelled enrichment over the time period of 6 hours. The leaves contained higher labelled glutamate than the roots. The labelled glutamate in the leaves decreased significantly at 24 hours after feeding. Label was incorporated in glutamate at low level in the curd after 2 hours and became highly enriched at 6 and 24 hours after feeding. Thus in NO 3 -N fed plants, NO 3 reduction and assimilation occurred both in root and leaf which mainly occur in the leaf. Therefore differences in the response of plant growth to NO3 - and NH 4 + nutrition observed in other studies could be due to the fact that NO 3 is primarily assimilated in the leaf whereas NH 4 is root based. No significant labelling was found in serine in both roots of 15 NH 4 -N

Cs2SO4-Pr2(SO4)3-H2O and NiSO4-Pr2(SO4)3-H2O systems at 75 deg C

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Onishchenko, M.K.; Skorikov, V.M.; Shevchuk, V.G.; AN SSSR, Moscow. Inst. Obshchej i Neorganicheskoj Khimii)

1979-01-01

To investigate physico-chemical properties of equilibrium saturated solutions and to elucidate the chemical changes under way, the aqueous systems of cesium, nickel and praseodymium (3) sulfates are studied. The method of isothermal saturation of salts at 75 deg C is used. It has been found that in the system Cs 2 SO 4 -Pr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 -H 2 O in a wide concentration range the soluble binary salt Cs 2 SO 4 xPr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 csytallizes in a congruent way. For the system NiSO 4 -Pr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 -H 2 O a solubility curve of the eutonic type is obtained, there being no chemical interaction between the components. The solubility isotherms for the system are given

Reassessment of the NH4 NO3 thermal decomposition technique for calibration of the N2 O isotopic composition.

Science.gov (United States)

Mohn, Joachim; Gutjahr, Wilhelm; Toyoda, Sakae; Harris, Eliza; Ibraim, Erkan; Geilmann, Heike; Schleppi, Patrick; Kuhn, Thomas; Lehmann, Moritz F; Decock, Charlotte; Werner, Roland A; Yoshida, Naohiro; Brand, Willi A

2016-09-08

In the last few years, the study of N 2 O site-specific nitrogen isotope composition has been established as a powerful technique to disentangle N 2 O emission pathways. This trend has been accelerated by significant analytical progress in the field of isotope-ratio mass-spectrometry (IRMS) and more recently quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy (QCLAS). Methods The ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ) decomposition technique provides a strategy to scale the 15 N site-specific (SP ≡ δ 15 N α - δ 15 N β ) and bulk (δ 15 N bulk  = (δ 15 N α  + δ 15 N β )/2) isotopic composition of N 2 O against the international standard for the 15 N/ 14 N isotope ratio (AIR-N 2 ). Within the current project 15 N fractionation effects during thermal decomposition of NH 4 NO 3 on the N 2 O site preference were studied using static and dynamic decomposition techniques. The validity of the NH 4 NO 3 decomposition technique to link NH 4 + and NO 3 - moiety-specific δ 15 N analysis by IRMS to the site-specific nitrogen isotopic composition of N 2 O was confirmed. However, the accuracy of this approach for the calibration of δ 15 N α and δ 15 N β values was found to be limited by non-quantitative NH 4 NO 3 decomposition in combination with substantially different isotope enrichment factors for the conversion of the NO 3 - or NH 4 + nitrogen atom into the α or β position of the N 2 O molecule. The study reveals that the completeness and reproducibility of the NH 4 NO 3 decomposition reaction currently confine the anchoring of N 2 O site-specific isotopic composition to the international isotope ratio scale AIR-N 2 . The authors suggest establishing a set of N 2 O isotope reference materials with appropriate site-specific isotopic composition, as community standards, to improve inter-laboratory compatibility. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

X-ray and neutron single-crystal diffraction on [Rbx(NH4)1-x]3H(SO4)2. I. Refinement of crystal structure of phase II with x=0.11 at 300 K

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Loose, A.; Wozniak, K.; Dominiak, P.; Smirnov, L.S.; Natkaniec, I.; Frontas'eva, M.V.; Pomyakushina, E.V.; Baranov, A.I.; Dolbinina, V.V

2006-01-01

The study of [Rb x (NH 4 ) 1-x ] 3 H(SO 4 ) 2 mixed crystals by X-ray single-crystal diffraction is known up to now only for x=0.57 at the temperatures 293 and 180 K. The crystal structures at these temperatures as was determined [1] belong to monoclinic phase II (C2/c sp. gr., Z=4). In accordance with this work, ammonium ions should be considered as deformed tetrahedra. Monoclinic phase II on the x-T phase diagram of [Rb x (NH 4 ) 1-x ] 3 H(SO 4 ) 2 mixed crystals, which has earlier been determined by the dielectric spectroscopy, is stabilized below room temperature if Rb concentration exceeds 9%. The presented results of X-ray and neutron single-crystal diffraction of the [Rb 0.11 (NH 4 ) 0.89 ] 3 H(SO 4 ) 2 mixed crystal at T= 300 K show that ammonium ions could be considered as regular tetrahedra

Efeitos de relações CaSO4/CaCO3 na mobilidade de nutrientes no solo e no crescimento do algodoeiro

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

A. A. Silva

1998-09-01

Full Text Available O experimento, realizado em casa de vegetação no Departamento de Ciência do Solo da Universidade Federal de Lavras, teve por objetivo estudar o efeito de diferentes relações de CaSO4/CaCO3, que simulam o uso de gesso e calcário, na movimentação de nutrientes no solo e no crescimento do algodoeiro, cultivar IAC-20. As proporções de CaSO4/CaCO3 utilizadas foram: 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25 e 100/0, com base em peso equivalente, além de um tratamento-testemunha, sem aplicação de CaSO4 e CaCO3. Observou-se acentuada movimentação de cálcio e de sulfato em profundidade, como íons acompanhantes, com o aumento da relação CaSO4/CaCO3. Para o N-NO3- e Mg2+, ao contrário do N-NH4+ e K+, observou-se um acúmulo em profundidade, com a elevação da relação CaSO4/CaCO3. Neste estudo, o gesso teve pouco ou nenhum efeito sobre a acidez e Al trocável presentes nas camadas subsuperficiais. A produção de matéria seca do algodoeiro foi reduzida com o aumento da relação CaSO4/CaCO3, porém, quando comparada à do tratamento-testemunha, a aplicação de gesso aumentou-a significativamente, atestando o potencial de uso do gesso agrícola.

Comparison of NH4+-N and NO3--N nutrition in hybrid and conventional rice at the late growth stage

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yang Xiaoe; Sun Xi

1990-01-01

The difference of NH 4 + -N/NO 3 - -N nutrition between hybrid and conventional rice varieties at the late growth stage was studied by using 15 N-tracer technique. The results showed that the nitrate fertilizer utilization efficiency by the hybrid rice after anthesis was 7.8% higher than that by the ordinary rice variety, and the nitrate fertilizer recovery fraction by the former was 13.2% greater than that by the latter. The varietal difference in NO 3 - -N uptake and utilization was almost twice as that in NH 4 + -N. It was also showed that 15 N distribution in ear of the hybrid rice was about 20% greater than that of the conventional variety, but there were no obvious differences between NO 3 - -N and NH 4 + -N. However, 15 N distribution in the lower node leaves and root was found to be significant higher with NO 3 - -N than that with NH 4 + -N in both rice varieties, particularly in the hybrid rice. Compared with NH 4 + -N, NO 3 - -N top-dressing before anthesis was observed to have much greater positive effects on the uptake of calcium and magnesium and the growth of the superficial root and the grain yield of the tested rice varieties, especially of the hybrid rice

FTIR studies of plasticized poly(vinyl alcohol)-chitosan blend doped with NH 4NO 3 polymer electrolyte membrane

Science.gov (United States)

Kadir, M. F. Z.; Aspanut, Z.; Majid, S. R.; Arof, A. K.

2011-03-01

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy studies of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and chitosan polymer blend doped with ammonium nitrate (NH 4NO 3) salt and plasticized with ethylene carbonate (EC) have been performed with emphasis on the shift of the carboxamide, amine and hydroxyl bands. 1% acetic acid solution was used as the solvent. It is observed from the chitosan film spectrum that evidence of polymer-solvent interaction can be observed from the shifting of the carboxamide band at 1660 cm -1 and the amine band at 1591 cm -1 to 1650 and 1557 cm -1 respectively and the shift of the hydroxyl band from 3377 to 3354 cm -1. The hydroxyl band in the spectrum of PVA powder is observed at 3354 cm -1 and is observed at 3343 cm -1 in the spectrum of the PVA film. On addition of NH 4NO 3 up to 30 wt.%, the carboxamide, amine and hydroxyl bands shifted from 1650, 1557 and 3354 cm -1 to 1642, 1541 and 3348 cm -1 indicating that the chitosan has complexed with the salt. In the PVA-NH 4NO 3 spectrum, the hydroxyl band has shifted from 3343 to 3272 cm -1 on addition of salt from 10 to 30 wt.%. EC acts as a plasticizing agent since there is no shift in the bands as observed in the spectrum of PVA-chitosan-EC films. The mechanism of ion migration is proposed for the plasticized and unplasticized PVA-chitosan-NH 4NO 3 systems. In the spectrum of PVA-chitosan-NH 4NO 3-EC complex, the doublet C dbnd O stretching in EC is observed in the vicinity 1800 and 1700. This indicates that there is some interaction between the salt and EC.

The uptake of NO3-, NO2-, and NH4+ by intact wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings. I. Induction and kinetics of transport systems

Science.gov (United States)

Goyal, S. S.; Huffaker, R. C.

1986-01-01

The inducibility and kinetics of the NO3-, NO2-, and NH4+ transporters in roots of wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum cv Yercora Rojo) were characterized using precise methods approaching constant analysis of the substrate solutions. A microcomputer-controlled automated high performance liquid chromatography system was used to determine the depletion of each N species (initially at 1 millimolar) from complete nutrient solutions. Uptake rate analyses were performed using computerized curve-fitting techniques. More precise estimates were obtained for the time required for the extent of the induction of each transporter. Up to 10 and 6 hours, respectively, were required to achieve apparent full induction of the NO3- and NO2- transporters. Evidence for substrate inducibility of the NH4+ transporters requiring 5 hours is presented. The transport of NO3- was mediated by a dual system (or dual phasic), whereas only single systems were found for transport of NO2- and NH4+. The Km values for NO3-, NO2-, and NH4+ were, respectively, 0.027, 0.054, and 0.05 millimolar. The Km for mechanism II of NO3- transport could not be defined in this study as it exhibited only apparent first order kinetics up to 1 millimolar.

Modeling impacts of NH3 on uptake of H2SO4 by charged nucleating nanoparticles in the Earth's atmosphere

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nadykto, A. B.; Nazarenko, K. M.; Markov, P. N.; Yu, F.

2016-01-01

The understanding of the role of ammonia, a well-known stabilizer of binary sulfuric acid-water clusters, in the gas-to-nanoparticle conversion in the Earth atmosphere is critically important for the assessment of aerosol radiative forcing associated with the climate changes. The sulfuric acid H 2 SO 4 is present in the atmosphere in the form of the gas-phase hydrates (H 2 SO 4 )(H 2 O) n , whose interaction with NH 3 leads to the formation of more stable bisulfate clusters (NH 3 )(H 2 SO 4 )(H 2 O) n . Although the impact of NH 3 on the thermochemical stability of binary clusters nucleating homogeneously has been studied in some detail in the past, the effect of ammonia on other microphysical properties relevant to nucleation remains insufficiently well understood. In the present study, the effect of ammonia on the electrical dipole moment controlling the nucleation of airborne ions via the dipole-charge interaction has been investigated using the Density Functional Theory (DFT), ab initio MP2 and model chemistry G3 methods. The presence of ammonia in (H 2 SO 4 )(H 2 O) n is found to lead to very large enhancement in the dipole moment, which exceeds 2.0-2.5 Debyes (∼60-80%), 3.7-5.0 Debyes (∼90-180%), 1.4-4.5 Debyes (∼50-150%) and 2.1-5.5 Debyes (∼60-700%) for n = 0, n = 1, n = 2 and n = 3, respectively. The implications of this include the significantly increased uptake of the sulfuric acid, the key atmospheric nucleation precursor, by airborne ions and neutrals (due to dipole-dipole interaction), enhanced nucleation rates and the elevated production of ultrafine particles, which cause adverse health impacts.

NH{sub 4}-doped anodic WO{sub 3} prepared through anodization and subsequent NH{sub 4}OH treatment for water splitting

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Choi, Yong-Wook; Kim, Sunkyu; Seong, Mijeong; Yoo, Hyeonseok; Choi, Jinsub, E-mail: jinsub@inha.ac.kr

2015-01-01

Highlights: • NN{sub 4}-doped WO{sub 3} was successfully fabricated by a wet-based method using ammonium hydroxide (NH{sub 4}OH). • (NH{sub 4}){sub 10}W{sub 12}O{sub 41} phase was formed during the NH{sub 4}OH treatment. • Over-doped NH{sub 4} in WO{sub 3} led to reduced photo-electrochemical performance for OER. • The optimized surface was achieved by thermal treatment of anodic WO{sub 3} with 2 g of NH{sub 4}OH solution. - Abstract: Tungsten trioxide (WO{sub 3}) prepared by anodization of a W foil was doped with NH{sub 4} through NH{sub 4}OH treatment at 450 °C. Since aqueous NH{sub 4}OH was used during doping instead of NH{sub 3} gas, the treatment step does not require complicated annealing facilities. Moreover, the state of doped N is a form of NH{sub 3}-W instead of W{sub 2}N, which lowers the bandgap but increases photocorrosion. We found that incorporation of NH{sub 4} into WO{sub 3} leads to reduction of the bandgap from 2.9 eV to 2.2 eV, regardless of the amount of NH{sub 4}OH treatment, lowering the onset potential and increasing the current density at fixed potential for oxygen evolution reaction under illumination. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to investigate the surface morphologies, crystallinities of tungsten oxides and existence of NH{sub 4} doping, respectively. The bandgap energy was determined by UV–Vis spectroscopy to measure the transmittance and refraction. The water splitting performance of each sample was measured by electrochemical linear sweep voltammetry in a 3-electrode configuration under illumination.

Avaliação da liberação de NH4NO3 ocluido em zeólita 4A a partir de soluções salinas Assessment of release of NH4NO3 occluded zeolite 4A in solutions from salinas

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Jardel Cavalcante Rolim de Almeida Andrade

2010-01-01

Full Text Available The zeolite 4A was used to evaluate the thermo kinetics parameters of NH4+ and NO3- ions occluded in its structure. The Osawa method for activation energy calculation was used to evaluate its thermal stability, and the results shown that the ion species interact differently depending on the zeolite pores, which determines the controlled release by its structure.

The effects of H2SO4 and (NH42SO4 treatments on the chemistry of soil drainage water and pine seedlings in forest soil microcosms

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M. I. Stutter

2004-01-01

Full Text Available An experiment comparing effects of sulphuric acid and reduced N deposition on soil water quality and on chemical and physical growth indicators for forest ecosystems is described. Six H2SO4 and (NH42SO4 treatment loads, from 0 – 44 and 0 – 25 kmolc ha-1 yr-1, respectively, were applied to outdoor microcosms of Pinus sylvestris seedlings in 3 acid to intermediate upland soils (calc-silicate, quartzite and granite for 2 years. Different soil types responded similarly to H2SO4 loads, resulting in decreased leachate pH, but differently to reduced N inputs. In microcosms of calc-silicate soil, nitrification of NH4 resulted in lower pH and higher cation leaching than in acid treatments. By contrast, in quartzite and granite soils, (NH42SO4 promoted direct cation leaching, although leachate pH increased. The results highlighted the importance of soil composition on the nature of the cations leached, the SO4 adsorption capacities and microbial N transformations. Greater seedling growth on calc-silicate soils under both treatment types was related to sustained nutrient availability. Reductions in foliar P and Mg with higher N treatments were observed for seedlings in the calc-silicate soil. There were few treatment effects on quartzite and granite microcosm tree seedlings since P limitation precluded seedling growth responses to treatments. Hence, any benefits of N deposition to seedlings on quartzite and granite soils appeared limited by availability of co-nutrients, exacerbated by rapid depletion of soil exchangeable base cations. Keywords: acidification, manipulation, nitrogen, ammonium, deposition, soil, drainage, pine, microcosms, forest

MINERAL NITROGEN SOURCES (N-NO3- AND N-NH4+ ON GROWTH OF GRÁPIA (Apuleia leiocarpa (Vog. Macbride SEEDLINGS

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Fernando Teixeira Nicoloso

2010-08-01

Full Text Available Grápia (Apuleia leiocarpa (Vog. Macbride is an important native forest species that has been in extinction process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of mineral nitrogen source on growth of grápia seedlings. Five variations in the concentration of N-NO3- and N-NH4+ (5:0, 4:1, 2,5:2,5, 1:4, and 0:5 mM of N were tested in an entirely random statistical design with 16 replicates. The experimental unity consisted of a vessel containing 3,0 kg of a Paleudalf soil and two plants, under glasshouse conditions. From 60 to 150 days after fertilization (DAF, the plant growth and soil pH were monthly analyzed from four replicates randomly taken. Independently of the nitrogen source used, the soil pH decreased, and on 150 DAF the smallest pH variation was 0.33 and the largest one was 0.47 pH units, respectively, on treatments with 5 N-NO3-:0 N-NH4+ and 0 N-NO3-:5 N-NH4+ ratios. The presence of N-NH4+, from 1 to 5 mM, induced necrosis in old leaves and their ulterior abscission. To 150 DAF, in the presence of 5 mM N-NH4+, the plant survival was reduced to 31%. The effect of nitrogen sources on plant growth appeared to be depended on plant age and/or of their transformations in the soil. To 120 DAF, the presence of N-NH4+ from 2,5 to 5 mM reduced the number of stalk nodes, plant height, stem diameter, dry weight of leaves, of stem, of roots, and of the whole plant. However, to 150 DAF, because of the regain on the growth rate, these differences were not observed, with exception of the root/shoot dry weight ratio that was reduced on the exclusive presence of N-NH4+. The suitable N-NO3-:N-NH4+ ratio in the fertilization to grow grápia seedlings, can not exceed, respectively, 4:1.

Nitrogen uptake by wheat seedlings, interactive effects of four nitrogen sources: NO3-, NO2-, NH4+, and urea

Science.gov (United States)

Criddle, R. S.; Ward, M. R.; Huffaker, R. C.

1988-01-01

The net influx (uptake) rates of NO3-, NH4+, NO2-, and urea into roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv Yecora Rojo) seedlings from complete nutrient solutions containing all four compounds were monitored simultaneously. Although urea uptake was too slow to monitor, its presence had major inhibitory effects on the uptake of each of the other compounds. Rates of NO3-, NH4+, and NO2- uptake depended in a complex fashion on the concentration of all four N compounds. Equations were developed which describe the uptake rates of each of the compounds, and of total N, as functions of concentrations of all N sources. Contour plots of the results show the interactions over the range of concentrations employed. The coefficients of these equations provide quantitative values for evaluating primary and interactive effects of each compound on N uptake.

Role of NH3 and NH4+ transporters in renal acid-base transport.

Science.gov (United States)

Weiner, I David; Verlander, Jill W

2011-01-01

Renal ammonia excretion is the predominant component of renal net acid excretion. The majority of ammonia excretion is produced in the kidney and then undergoes regulated transport in a number of renal epithelial segments. Recent findings have substantially altered our understanding of renal ammonia transport. In particular, the classic model of passive, diffusive NH3 movement coupled with NH4+ "trapping" is being replaced by a model in which specific proteins mediate regulated transport of NH3 and NH4+ across plasma membranes. In the proximal tubule, the apical Na+/H+ exchanger, NHE-3, is a major mechanism of preferential NH4+ secretion. In the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop, the apical Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter, NKCC2, is a major contributor to ammonia reabsorption and the basolateral Na+/H+ exchanger, NHE-4, appears to be important for basolateral NH4+ exit. The collecting duct is a major site for renal ammonia secretion, involving parallel H+ secretion and NH3 secretion. The Rhesus glycoproteins, Rh B Glycoprotein (Rhbg) and Rh C Glycoprotein (Rhcg), are recently recognized ammonia transporters in the distal tubule and collecting duct. Rhcg is present in both the apical and basolateral plasma membrane, is expressed in parallel with renal ammonia excretion, and mediates a critical role in renal ammonia excretion and collecting duct ammonia transport. Rhbg is expressed specifically in the basolateral plasma membrane, and its role in renal acid-base homeostasis is controversial. In the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD), basolateral Na+-K+-ATPase enables active basolateral NH4+ uptake. In addition to these proteins, several other proteins also contribute to renal NH3/NH4+ transport. The role and mechanisms of these proteins are discussed in depth in this review.

Process for uranium separation and preparation of UO4.2NH3.2HF

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dokuzoguz, H.Z.

1976-01-01

A process for treating the aqueous effluents that are produced in converting gaseous UF 6 (uranium hexafluoride) into solid UO 2 (uranium dioxide) by way of an intermediate (NH 4 ) 4 UO 2 (CO 3 ) 3 (''AUC'' Compound) is disclosed. These effluents, which contain large amounts of NH 4 + , CO 3 2- , F - , and a small amount of U are mixed with H 2 SO 4 (sulfuric acid) in order to expel CO 2 (carbon dioxide) and thereby reduce the carbonate concentration. The uranium is precipitated through treatment with H 2 O 2 (hydrogen peroxide) and the fluoride is easily recovered in the form of CaF 2 (calcium fluoride) by contacting the process liquid with CaO (calcium oxide). The presence of SO 4 2- (sulfate) in the process liquid during CaO contacting seems to prevent the development of a difficult-to-filter colloid. The process also provides for NH 3 recovery and recycling. Liquids discharged from the process, moreover, are essentially free of environmental pollutants. The waste treatment products, i.e., CO 2 , NH 3 , and U are economically recovered and recycled back into the UF 6 → UO 2 conversion process. The process, moreover, recovers the uranium as a precipitate in the second stage. This precipitate is a new inorganic chemical compound UO 4 .2NH 3 .2HF [uranyl peroxide-2-ammonia-2-(hydrogen fluoride)

Influence of chromium III ions on the electrical properties of NaNH4SO4.2H2O crystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kassem, M.E.; El-Wahidy, E.F.; Hedewy, S.; Darwish, H.G.; Ramadan, T.

1991-07-01

The dielectric constant, ε, and electric conductivity, σ, of pure and Cr +3 doped samples of NaNH 4 SO 4 .2H 2 O are measured in the temperature range 20-300 K. The maximum value of dielectric constant in different crystallographic axes is presented and discussed. The effect of foreign ions on the critical behaviour and transition temperature T c is studied. (author). 18 refs, 2 figs, 1 tab

Improved GaSb surfaces using a (NH4)2S/(NH4)2S04 solution

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Murape, D.M.; Eassa, N.; Nyamhere, C.; Neethling, J.H.; Betz, R.; Coetsee, E.; Swart, H.C.; Botha, J.R.; Venter, A.

2012-01-01

Bulk (1 0 0) n-GaSb surfaces have been treated with a sulphur based solution ((NH 4 ) 2 S/(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ) to which sulphur has been added, not previously reported for the passivation of GaSb surfaces. Au/n-GaSb Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) fabricated on the treated material show significant improvement compared to that of the similar SBDs on the as-received material as evidenced by the lower ideality factor (n), higher barrier height (φ b ) and lower contact resistance obtained. Additionally, the reverse leakage current, although not saturating, has been reduced by almost an order of magnitude at −0.2 V. The sample surfaces were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The native oxide, Sb–O, present on the as-received material is effectively removed on treating with ([(NH 4 ) 2 S/(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ]+S) and (NH 4 ) 2 S. Analysis of the as-received surface by XPS, prior to and after argon sputtering, suggests that the native oxide layer is ≤8.5 nm.

Hyperhydricity Phenomena Problem in Embryonic Callus of Date Palm, Solving by Glutamine and NH4+: No3- Ratio in Basal Nutrient Medium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

El-Dawayaty, M.M.; Zayed, Z.E.; Abdel-Gelil, L.M.

2012-01-01

Hyperhydricity is a serious problem faced in vitro date palm propagation which directly effects on the commercial production. So we try to solve this problem by studying, the effect of glutamine as the organic source of nitrogen and NH 4 + :NO 3- ratio as the inorganic source of nitrogen to decrease hyperhydricity phenomena and to produce normal somatic embryos of date palm cv. Gondila.Vitrified embryonic callus were inoculated on MS basal nutrient medium modified with glutamine levels and NH 4 + : NO 3 - ratio. Five concentration ratios of NH 4 : NO 3 (10:15, 15:10, 0:20, 20:0, 0:0 ml/l) were used with 0.1 mg/l NAA for 8 weeks throughout 2 recultures. There were gradually increasing in the percentage of vitrified embryonic callus differentiation to normal somatic embryos by increasing glutamine levels from 0.0 to 400 mg/l. Glutamine at the lowest level (50 mg/l) increased significantly the number of vitrified somatic embryos. Ammonium as the sole source of N resulted in depression in somatic embryos differentiation and escalated the frequency of hyperhydricity whereas,if nitrate was used as the sole N source, somatic embryos good quality were produced and hyperhydricity was eliminated

In situ attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) study of the adsorption of NO2-, NH2OH, and NH4+ on Pd/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3.

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Ebbesen, S.D.; Mojet, Barbara; Lefferts, Leonardus

2008-01-01

In relation to the heterogeneous hydrogenation of nitrite, adsorption of NO2-, NH4+, and NH2OH from the aqueous phase was examined on Pt/Al2O3, Pd/Al2O3, and Al2O3. None of the investigated inorganic nitrogen compounds adsorb on alumina at conditions presented in this study. NO2-(aq) and NH4+(aq) on

Physiological Responses to N-NO3 and N-NH4 of Triazine Resistant and Susceptible Plants of Horseweed (Erigeron canadensis L.

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Ryszard Stanek

2013-12-01

Full Text Available Triazine resistant and susceptible biotypes of horseweed (Erigeron canadensis L. were grown under controlled conditions in nutrient solution with NH4 or NO3 ions as nitrogen source. Indicators such as: dry matter, CO2 assimilation, chloroplasts activity, dark respiration and the content of K, Ca, Mg in the above ground parts displayed lower levels when plants were fed with NH4 than with NO ions. Reduction of these indicators was stronger for the triazine susceptible plants which grew better than their resistant counterparts when fed with N-NO3. The triazine resistant plants grown with N-NH4 contained more protein-N and K than the susceptible ones. Chloroplasts of the resistant plants were also less sensitive to NH4CL treatment. It is concluded that the resistant plants appear to be more tolerant to NH4 ions as compared with their susceptible counterparts. For this reason application of ammonium forms of nitrogen fertilization in horticultural practice could favour spreading of triazine resistant horseweed.

Combined effects Na and SO{sub 2} in flue gas on Mn-Ce/TiO{sub 2} catalyst for low temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH{sub 3} simulated by Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4} doping

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zhou, Aiyi [Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023 (China); Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing 210023 (China); Yu, Danqing [School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081 (China); Yang, Liu [Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023 (China); Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing 210023 (China); Sheng, Zhongyi, E-mail: 09377@njnu.edu.cn [Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023 (China); Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing 210023 (China)

2016-08-15

Highlights: • Sodium sulfate (Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4}) was deposited on Mn-Ce/TiO{sub 2} catalyst to simulate the co-existing of sodium and SO{sub 2} in the flue gas. • Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4} had strong and fluctuant influence on Mn-Ce/TiO{sub 2} catalyst’s performance in SCR of NOx with NH{sub 3}, due to the combined effect of the deactivation of sodium salts and the enhanced performance of ceria with surface sulfation. • The changes of the surface chemical species and acid sites on the Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4} deposited catalysts could be considered as the main reasons for the fluctuation changes with the catalytic activity. - Abstract: A series of Mn-Ce/TiO{sub 2} catalysts were synthesized through an impregnation method and used for low temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with ammonia (NH{sub 3}). Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4} was added into the catalyst to simulate the combined effects of alkali metal and SO{sub 2} in the flue gas. Experimental results showed that Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4} had strong and fluctuant influence on the activity of Mn-Ce/TiO{sub 2}, because the effect of Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4} included pore occlusion and sulfation effect simultaneously. When Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4} loading content increased from 0 to 1 wt.%, the SCR activities of Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4}-doped catalysts decreased greatly. With further increasing amount of Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4}, however, the catalytic activity increased gradually. XRD results showed that Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4} doping could induce the crystallization of MnOx phases, which were also confirmed by TEM and SEM results. BET results showed that the surface areas decreased and a new bimodal mesoporous structure formed gradually with the increasing amount of Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4}. XPS results indicated that part of Ce{sup 4+} and Mn{sup 3+} were transferred to Ce{sup 3+} and Mn{sup 4+} due to the sulfation after Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4} deposition on the surface of the catalysts. When the doped amounts of Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4} increased, NH{sub 3

[Effect of NH4(+) -N/NO3(-)-N ratio in applied supplementary fertilizer on nitrogen metabolism and main chemical composition of Pinellia ternata].

Science.gov (United States)

Hu, Long-Jiao; Wang, Kang-Cai; Li, Can-Wen

2013-07-01

To study the effect of nitrogen forms on nitrogen metabolism and main chemical composition of Pinellia ternate. Through the soilless cultivation experiment and based at the same nitrogen level and different NH4(+) -N/NO3(-) -N ratios, nitrate reductase (NR) activity, glutamine synthetase (GS) activity, the content of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in different parts of P. ternate were determined. The contents of total alkaloid, free total organic acids and guanosine in the tuber were determined. The yield of bulbil and tuber was calculated. The test results showed that, with the NH4(+) -N/NO3(-) -N ratio increasing, the activity of nitrate reductase decreased, the content of nitrate nitrogen in the leaves, petioles and tuber increasing initially, then decreased, and the content of nitrate nitrogen in the root decreased. Meanwhile, with the NH4(+) -N/NO3(-) -N ratio increasing, the activity of glutamine synthetase in the leaves, petioles and root increased, the activity of glutamine synthetase in the tuber increasing initially, then decreased. The contents of ammonium nitrogen in the leaves, tuber and root increased initially, then decreased, and the contents of ammonium nitrogen in the petioles increased with the NH4(+)(-N/NO3(-)-N ratio increasing. The yield of bulbil and tuber were the highest at the NH4(+)-N/NO3(-) -N ratio of 75: 25. The content of total alkaloid and guanosine in the tuber were the highest at the NH4(+)-N/NO3(-) -N ratio of 0: 100, and the contents were 0.245% and 0.0197% respectively. With the NH4(+)-N/NO3(-) -N ratio of 50: 50, the content of free total organic acids was the highest, it reached 0.7%, however, the content of free total organic acids was the lowest at the NH4(+) -N/NO3(-) -N ratio of 0: 100. Nitrogen fertilization significant influences the nitrogen metabolism, the yield and main chemical composition of P. ternate.

[Effects of different NO3--N/NH4+-N ratios on cucumber seedlings growth, nitrogen absorption and metabolism under suboptimal temperature and light intensity].

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Xiao Cui; Liu, Yu Mei; Bai, Long Qiang; He, Chao Xing; Yu, Xian Chang; Li, Yan Su

2016-08-01

Cucumber (cv. Zhongnong 26) was used as material, the effects of NO 3 - -N/NH 4 + -N ratios on growth and physiological characteristics of cucumber seedlings under suboptimal temperature and light intensity (18 ℃/10 ℃,180 ± 20 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 ) were studied. Total nitrogen in the nutrient solution was equal and three NO 3 - -N/NH 4 + -N ratios, 26:2, 21:7 and 14:14, were applied as treatments. The results showed that cucumber treated by NO 3 - -N/NH 4 + -N=21:7 had the longest total root length, the biggest root volume and root surface area, and the maximum number of root tips. H + -ATPase activity and relative expression of genes encoding nitrate transporter (NRT) and ammonium transporter (AMT) in cucumber roots were increased significantly by the treatment of NO 3 - -N/NH 4 + -N=21:7. In addition, nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) in cucumber leaves under the treatment of NO 3 - -N/NH 4 + -N=21:7 were higher. As a result, the nitrogen content and biomass of cucumber were significantly increased. Compared with the plants under the treatment of NO 3 - -N/NH 4 + -N=26:2 or 14:14, cucumber seedlings under the treatment of NO 3 - -N/NH 4 + -N=21:7 had the highest biomass and total dry mass (DM) which were increased by 14.0% and 19.3% respectively under suboptimal temperature and light intensity. In conclusion, under suboptimal environmental conditions, NO 3 - -N/NH 4 + -N ratio could be adjusted to increase nitrogen absorption and metabolism of cucumber and alleviate the de-trimental effects caused by suboptimal conditions and promoted the cucumber growth.

Nature of phase transitions in ammonium oxofluorovanadates, a vibrational spectroscopy study of (NH4)3VO2F4 and (NH4)3VOF5.

Science.gov (United States)

Gerasimova, Yu V; Oreshonkov, A S; Laptash, N M; Vtyurin, A N; Krylov, A S; Shestakov, N P; Ershov, A A; Kocharova, A G

2017-04-05

Two ammonium oxofluorovanadates, (NH 4 ) 3 VO 2 F 4 and (NH 4 ) 3 VOF 5 , have been investigated by temperature-dependent infrared and Raman spectroscopy methods to determine the nature of phase transitions (PT) in these compounds. Dynamics of quasioctahedral groups was simulated within the framework of semi-empirical approach, which justified the cis-conformation of VO 2 F 4 3- (C 2v ) and the C 4v geometry of VOF 5 3- . The observed infrared and Raman spectra of both compounds at room temperature (RT) revealed the presence at least of two crystallographically independent octahedral groups. The first order PT at elevated temperatures is connected with a complete dynamic disordering of these groups with only single octahedral state. At lower temperatures, the octahedra are ordered and several octahedral states appear. This PT is the most pronounced in the case of (NH 4 ) 3 VOF 5 , when at least seven independent VOF 5 3- octahedra are present in the structure below 50K, in accordance with the Raman spectra. Ammonium groups do not take part in PTs at higher and room temperatures but their reorientational motion freezes at lower temperatures. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Improved GaSb surfaces using a (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}S/(NH{sub 4}){sub 2}S0{sub 4} solution

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Murape, D.M., E-mail: Davison.Murape@live.nmmu.ac.za [Department of Physics, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031 (South Africa); Eassa, N.; Nyamhere, C.; Neethling, J.H. [Department of Physics, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031 (South Africa); Betz, R. [Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031 (South Africa); Coetsee, E.; Swart, H.C. [Department of Physics, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300 (South Africa); Botha, J.R.; Venter, A. [Department of Physics, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031 (South Africa)

2012-05-15

Bulk (1 0 0) n-GaSb surfaces have been treated with a sulphur based solution ((NH{sub 4}){sub 2}S/(NH{sub 4}){sub 2}SO{sub 4}) to which sulphur has been added, not previously reported for the passivation of GaSb surfaces. Au/n-GaSb Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) fabricated on the treated material show significant improvement compared to that of the similar SBDs on the as-received material as evidenced by the lower ideality factor (n), higher barrier height ({phi}{sub b}) and lower contact resistance obtained. Additionally, the reverse leakage current, although not saturating, has been reduced by almost an order of magnitude at -0.2 V. The sample surfaces were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The native oxide, Sb-O, present on the as-received material is effectively removed on treating with ([(NH{sub 4}){sub 2}S/(NH{sub 4}){sub 2}SO{sub 4}]+S) and (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}S. Analysis of the as-received surface by XPS, prior to and after argon sputtering, suggests that the native oxide layer is {<=}8.5 nm.

Thermal Annealing of Paramagnetic Defects Induced by Gamma Irradiation in (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}SO{sub 4} and (ND{sub 4}){sub 2}SO{sub 4} Single Crystals: Experimental Verification of the Theory of Fletcher and Brown; Recuit Thermique des Defauts Paramagnetiques Induits par Irradiation Gamma dans des Monocristaux de (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}SO{sub 4} et (ND{sub 4}){sub 2}SO{sub 4}: Verification Experimentale de la Theorie de Fletcher et Brown; 0422 0415 0420 041c 0414 ; Regeneracion Termica de los Defectos Paramagneticos Inducidos por Irradiacion Gamma en Monocristales de (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}SO{sub 4} y (ND{sub 4}){sub 2}SO{sub 4}: Verificacion Experimental de la Teoria de Fletcher y Brown

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Calusaru, A.; Barbur, I.; Ursu, I. [Institut de Physique Atomique, Bucarest (Romania); Universite ' Babes' , Cluj (Romania)

1965-04-15

kinetika s edinym plato, sootvetstvujushhim obshhej rekombinacii radikalov. Dlja kazhdoj izotermy predstavljaetsja vozmozhnym sostavit' sootvetstvujushhee uravnenie, ispol'zuja pri jetom funkciju oshibok, vyvedennuju Fletcherom i Braunom pri rassmotrenii modeli i rekombinacii par, vnachale korrelirovannyh, a zatem vydelennyh v sootvetstvii s processom besporjadochnogo dvizhenija. Posle ispravlenija jetoj funkcii s uchetom kojefficienta q dannaja funkcija byla privedena v sootvetstvie s opytom. Sostavnaja krivaja otzhiga ochen' horosho otrazhaet funkciju ispravlennyh oshibok. Pri primenenii fenomenologicheskogo metoda Fletchera i Brauna dlja rascheta jenergii aktivacii bylo najdeno znachenie 1,594 jev, sootvetstvujushhee pervomu radikalu v (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}SO{sub 4}. Ispol'zuja izmenenie kojefficienta diffuzii'v zavisimosti ot temperatury, dlja toj zhe jenergii aktivacii bylo ustanovleno znachenie v 1,592 jev. S pomoshh'ju metoda Vand-Primak bylo najdeno znachenie v 1,45 jev, kotoroe javljaetsja men'shim po sravneniju s dvumja predydushhimi. V zakljuchenie otmechaetsja, chto model' rekombinacii par, korrelirovannyh v sootvetstvii s processom besporjadochnogo dvizhenija, primenima v forme, privedennoj v teorii, kogda imeetsja dovol'no slaboe vzaimodejstvie mezhdu obrazovavshimisja vidami i reshetkoj; takim putem pervonachal'no korrelirovannye pary mogut byt' vydeleny. (author)

Imaging a multidimensional multichannel potential energy surface: Photodetachment of H(-)(NH3) and NH4 (.).

Science.gov (United States)

Hu, Qichi; Song, Hongwei; Johnson, Christopher J; Li, Jun; Guo, Hua; Continetti, Robert E

2016-06-28

Probes of the Born-Oppenheimer potential energy surfaces governing polyatomic molecules often rely on spectroscopy for the bound regions or collision experiments in the continuum. A combined spectroscopic and half-collision approach to image nuclear dynamics in a multidimensional and multichannel system is reported here. The Rydberg radical NH4 and the double Rydberg anion NH4 (-) represent a polyatomic system for benchmarking electronic structure and nine-dimensional quantum dynamics calculations. Photodetachment of the H(-)(NH3) ion-dipole complex and the NH4 (-) DRA probes different regions on the neutral NH4 PES. Photoelectron energy and angular distributions at photon energies of 1.17, 1.60, and 2.33 eV compare well with quantum dynamics. Photoelectron-photofragment coincidence experiments indicate dissociation of the nascent NH4 Rydberg radical occurs to H + NH3 with a peak kinetic energy of 0.13 eV, showing the ground state of NH4 to be unstable, decaying by tunneling-induced dissociation on a time scale beyond the present scope of multidimensional quantum dynamics.

Modeling impacts of NH{sub 3} on uptake of H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} by charged nucleating nanoparticles in the Earth's atmosphere

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nadykto, A. B., E-mail: anadykto@gmail.com [Atmospheric Science Research Center, State University of New York at Albany, 251 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203 (United States); Department of Applied Mathematics, Moscow State University of Technology “STANKIN”, Vadkovsky per. 1, Moscow 127055 (Russian Federation); Nazarenko, K. M.; Markov, P. N. [Department of Applied Mathematics, Moscow State University of Technology “STANKIN”, Vadkovsky per. 1, Moscow 127055 (Russian Federation); Yu, F. [Atmospheric Science Research Center, State University of New York at Albany, 251 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203 (United States)

2016-06-08

The understanding of the role of ammonia, a well-known stabilizer of binary sulfuric acid-water clusters, in the gas-to-nanoparticle conversion in the Earth atmosphere is critically important for the assessment of aerosol radiative forcing associated with the climate changes. The sulfuric acid H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} is present in the atmosphere in the form of the gas-phase hydrates (H{sub 2}SO{sub 4})(H{sub 2}O){sub n}, whose interaction with NH{sub 3} leads to the formation of more stable bisulfate clusters (NH{sub 3})(H{sub 2}SO{sub 4})(H{sub 2}O){sub n}. Although the impact of NH{sub 3} on the thermochemical stability of binary clusters nucleating homogeneously has been studied in some detail in the past, the effect of ammonia on other microphysical properties relevant to nucleation remains insufficiently well understood. In the present study, the effect of ammonia on the electrical dipole moment controlling the nucleation of airborne ions via the dipole-charge interaction has been investigated using the Density Functional Theory (DFT), ab initio MP2 and model chemistry G3 methods. The presence of ammonia in (H{sub 2}SO{sub 4})(H{sub 2}O){sub n} is found to lead to very large enhancement in the dipole moment, which exceeds 2.0-2.5 Debyes (∼60-80%), 3.7-5.0 Debyes (∼90-180%), 1.4-4.5 Debyes (∼50-150%) and 2.1-5.5 Debyes (∼60-700%) for n = 0, n = 1, n = 2 and n = 3, respectively. The implications of this include the significantly increased uptake of the sulfuric acid, the key atmospheric nucleation precursor, by airborne ions and neutrals (due to dipole-dipole interaction), enhanced nucleation rates and the elevated production of ultrafine particles, which cause adverse health impacts.

Real-time observation of formation and relaxation dynamics of NH4 in (CH3OH)m(NH3)n clusters.

Science.gov (United States)

Yamada, Yuji; Nishino, Yoko; Fujihara, Akimasa; Ishikawa, Haruki; Fuke, Kiyokazu

2009-03-26

The formation and relaxation dynamics of NH4(CH3OH)m(NH3)n clusters produced by photolysis of ammonia-methanol mixed clusters has been observed by a time-resolved pump-probe method with femtosecond pulse lasers. From the detailed analysis of the time evolutions of the protonated cluster ions, NH4(+)(CH3OH)m(NH3)n, the kinetic model has been constructed, which consists of sequential three-step reaction: ultrafast hydrogen-atom transfer producing the radical pair (NH4-NH2)*, the relaxation process of radical-pair clusters, and dissociation of the solvated NH4 clusters. The initial hydrogen transfer hardly occurs between ammonia and methanol, implying the unfavorable formation of radical pair, (CH3OH2-NH2)*. The remarkable dependence of the time constants in each step on the number and composition of solvents has been explained by the following factors: hydrogen delocalization within the clusters, the internal conversion of the excited-state radical pair, and the stabilization of NH4 by solvation. The dependence of the time profiles on the probe wavelength is attributed to the different ionization efficiency of the NH4(CH3OH)m(NH3)n clusters.

Rapid ammonia gas transport accounts for futile transmembrane cycling under NH3/NH4+ toxicity in plant roots.

Science.gov (United States)

Coskun, Devrim; Britto, Dev T; Li, Mingyuan; Becker, Alexander; Kronzucker, Herbert J

2013-12-01

Futile transmembrane NH3/NH4(+) cycling in plant root cells, characterized by extremely rapid fluxes and high efflux to influx ratios, has been successfully linked to NH3/NH4(+) toxicity. Surprisingly, the fundamental question of which species of the conjugate pair (NH3 or NH4(+)) participates in such fluxes is unresolved. Using flux analyses with the short-lived radioisotope (13)N and electrophysiological, respiratory, and histochemical measurements, we show that futile cycling in roots of barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedlings is predominately of the gaseous NH3 species, rather than the NH4(+) ion. Influx of (13)NH3/(13)NH4(+), which exceeded 200 µmol g(-1) h(-1), was not commensurate with membrane depolarization or increases in root respiration, suggesting electroneutral NH3 transport. Influx followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics for NH3 (but not NH4(+)), as a function of external concentration (Km = 152 µm, Vmax = 205 µmol g(-1) h(-1)). Efflux of (13)NH3/(13)NH4(+) responded with a nearly identical Km. Pharmacological characterization of influx and efflux suggests mediation by aquaporins. Our study fundamentally revises the futile-cycling model by demonstrating that NH3 is the major permeating species across both plasmalemma and tonoplast of root cells under toxicity conditions.

Reactions of 11C recoil atoms in the systems H2O-NH3, H2O-CH4 and NH3-CH4

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nebeling, B.

1988-11-01

In this study the chemical reactions of recoil carbon 11 in the binary gas mixtures H 2 O-NH 3 , H 2 O-CH 4 and NH 3 -CH 4 in different mixing ratios as well as in solid H 2 O and in a solid H 2 O-NH 3 mixture were analyzed in dependence of the dose. The analyses were to serve e.g. the simulation of chemical processes caused by solar wind, solar radiation and cosmic radiation in the coma and core of comets. They were to give further information about the role of the most important biogeneous element carbon, i.e. carbon, in the chemical evolution of the solar system. Besides the actual high energy processes resulting in the so-called primary products, also the radiation-chemical changes of the primary products were also observed in a wide range of dosing. The generation of the energetic 11 C atoms took place according to the target composition by the nuclear reactions 14 N(p,α) 11 C, 12 C( 3 He,α) 11 C or the 16 O(p,αpn) 11 C reaction. The identification of the products marked with 11 C was carried out by means of radio gas chromatography or radio liquid chromatography (HPLC). (orig./RB) [de

Increasing Hydrogen Density with the Cation-Anion Pair BH4−-NH4+ in Perovskite-Type NH4Ca(BH43

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Pascal Schouwink

2015-08-01

Full Text Available A novel metal borohydride ammonia-borane complex Ca(BH42·NH3BH3 is characterized as the decomposition product of the recently reported perovskite-type metal borohydride NH4Ca(BH43, suggesting that ammonium-based metal borohydrides release hydrogen gas via ammonia-borane-complexes. For the first time the concept of proton-hydride interactions to promote hydrogen release is applied to a cation-anion pair in a complex metal hydride. NH4Ca(BH43 is prepared mechanochemically from Ca(BH42 and NH4Cl as well as NH4BH4 following two different protocols, where the synthesis procedures are modified in the latter to solvent-based ball-milling using diethyl ether to maximize the phase yield in chlorine-free samples. During decomposition of NH4Ca(BH43 pure H2 is released, prior to the decomposition of the complex to its constituents. As opposed to a previously reported adduct between Ca(BH42 and NH3BH3, the present complex is described as NH3BH3-stuffed α-Ca(BH42.

Synthesis and properties of ternary (K, NH4, H3O)-jarosites precipitated from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans cultures in simulated bioleaching solutions

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sandy Jones, F.; Bigham, Jerry M.; Gramp, Jonathan P.; Tuovinen, Olli H.

2014-01-01

The purpose of this study was to synthesize a series of solid solution jarosites by biological oxidation of ferrous iron at pH 2.2–4.4 and ambient temperature in media containing mixtures of K + (0, 1, 4, 6, 12, 31 mM) and NH 4 + (6.1, 80, 160, 320 mM). The starting material was a liquid medium for Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans comprised of 120 mM FeSO 4 solution and mineral salts at pH 2.2. Following inoculation with A. ferrooxidans, the cultures were incubated in shake flasks at 22 °C. As bacteria oxidized ferrous iron, ferric iron hydrolyzed and precipitated as jarosite-group minerals (AFe 3 (SO 4 ) 2 (OH) 6 ) and/or schwertmannite (idealized formula Fe 8 O 8 (OH) 6 (SO 4 )·nH 2 O). The precipitates were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), elemental analysis, and Munsell color. Schwertmannite was the dominant mineral product at low combinations of K + (≤ 4 mM) and NH 4 + (≤ 80 mM) in the media. At higher single or combined concentrations, yellowish jarosite phases were produced, and Munsell hue provided a sensitive means of detecting minor schwertmannite in the oxidation products. Although the hydrated ionic radii of K + and NH 4 + are similar, K + greatly facilitated the formation of a jarosite phase compared to NH 4 + . Unit cell and cell volume calculations from refinements of the powder XRD patterns indicated that the jarosite phases produced were mostly ternary (K, NH 4 , H 3 O)-solid solutions that were also deficient in structural Fe, especially at low NH 4 contents. Thus, ferric iron precipitation from the simulated bioleaching systems yielded solid solutions of jarosite with chemical compositions that were dependent on the relative concentrations of K + and NH 4 + in the synthesis media. No phase separations involving discrete, end-member K-jarosite or NH 4 -jarosite were detected in the un-aged precipitates. - Highlights: • Fe(III) precipitates formed in A. ferrooxidans culture solutions were characterized. • The monovalent cation

Dynamics of N-NH4 +, N-NO3 -, and total soil nitrogen in paddy field with azolla and biochar

Science.gov (United States)

Dewi, W. S.; Wahyuningsih, G. I.; Syamsiyah, J.; Mujiyo

2018-03-01

Nitrogen (N) is one of macronutrients which is dynamic in the soil and becomes constraint factor for rice crops. The addition of nitrogen fertilizers and its absorption in paddy field causes the dynamics of nitrogen, thus declines of N absorption efficiency. The aim of this research is to know influence Azolla, biochar and different varieties application on N-NH4 +, N-NO3 -, and total soil N in paddy field. This research was conducted in a screen house located in Jumantono Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sebelas Maret (UNS) with altitude 170 m asl from April to June 2016. Treatment factors that were examined consisted of azolla (0 and 10 tons/ha), biochar (0 and 2 tons/ha), and rice varieties (Cisadane, Memberamo, Ciherang, IR64). The results of this research showed that there was no interaction between azolla, biochar and varieties. Nevertheless, azolla treatment with dose of 10 tons/ha increased soil NH4 + content (41 days after planting, DAP) by 13.4% but tend to decrease at 70 and 90 DAP. Biochar treatment with dose of 2 ton/ha increases NO3 - soil content (70 DAP) by 1.7% but decreases total N soil by 5.8% (41 DAP) and 4.7% (90 DAP). Different rice varieties generated different soil NH4 + content (41 DAP) and rice root volume. Cisadane variety can increase soil NH4 + content (41 DAP) by 52.08% and root volume by 51.80% (90 DAP) compared with Ciherang variety. Organic rice field management with azolla and biochar affects the availability of N in the soil and increase N absorption efficiency through its role in increasing rice root volume.

Infrared spectra of the ammonium ion in ammonium metavanadate NH 4VO 3

Science.gov (United States)

de Waal, D.; Heyns, A. M.; Range, K.-J.; Eglmeier, C.

The ND stretching modes of isotopically dilute NH 3D + ions in NH 4VO 3 are in agreement with the predicted splitting into C s, C s and C1(2) components under C s site symmetry for the NH +4 ion. The three bands observed represent the three NH bonding distances in the crystal, and the position, shape and low temperature behaviour of each band confirms the existence of two types of hydrogen bonding in NH 4VO 3. The low temperature infrared modes of NH +4 and ND +4 in NH 4VO 3 and ND 4VO 3, respectively, can be assigned under space group Pbcm. Temperature dependence of these modes also reflects the presence of both normal and bifurcated hydrogen bonds in NH 4VO 3.

A liquid-based eutectic system: LiBH4·NH 3-nNH3BH3 with high dehydrogenation capacity at moderate temperature

KAUST Repository

Tan, Yingbin

2011-01-01

A novel eutectic hydrogen storage system, LiBH4·NH 3-nNH3BH3, which exists in a liquid state at room temperature, was synthesized through a simple mixing of LiBH 4·NH3 and NH3BH3 (AB). In the temperature range of 90-110 °C, the eutectic system showed significantly improved dehydrogenation properties compared to the neat AB and LiBH 4·NH3 alone. For example, in the case of the LiBH4·NH3/AB with a mole ratio of 1:3, over 8 wt.% hydrogen could be released at 90 °C within 4 h, while only 5 wt.% hydrogen released from the neat AB at the same conditions. Through a series of experiments it has been demonstrated that the hydrogen release of the new system is resulted from an interaction of AB and the NH3 group in the LiBH4·NH3, in which LiBH4 works as a carrier of ammonia and plays a crucial role in promoting the interaction between the NH3 group and AB. The enhanced dehydrogenation of LiBH 4·NH3/AB may result from the polar liquid state reaction environments and the initially promoted formation of the diammoniate of diborane, which will facilitate the B-H⋯H-N interaction between LiBH4·NH3 and AB. Kinetics analysis revealed that the rate-controlling steps of the dehydrogenation process are three-dimensional diffusion of hydrogen at temperatures ranging from 90 to 110 °C. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.

A Low Temperature Infrared Study Of Deuterated NH4VO3

Science.gov (United States)

de Waal, D.; Heyns, A. M.

1989-12-01

The existence of (NH4)2V6016 as an intermediate in the thermal decomposition of NH4V03 to V205 has been confirmed by vibrational spectroscopy, resulting in the following reaction in an open systeml: NH4VO3 1 bar, air, 50-200°C/(1) (NH4)2v6o16 1 bar, air, ca.360°C/(2) V205 The kinetics of reaction (1) was studied by means of Raman spectroscopy, and structural information on NH4V03 and (N114)V60 16 was required to obtain an accurate description of the reaction mechanism2. Information on the site symmetry of an ammonium ion and hydrogen bonding in a crystal can be obtained by considering the infrared spectra of isotopically dilute NH3D+ ions in the lattice at liquid nitrogen temperatures3, especially as the position of hydrogen atoms in (NHO2V6016 could not be determined by X-ray methods.

NH4+-NH3 removal from simulated wastewater using UV-TiO2 photocatalysis: effect of co-pollutants and pH.

Science.gov (United States)

Vohra, M S; Selimuzzaman, S M; Al-Suwaiyan, M S

2010-05-01

The main objective of the present study was to investigate the efficiency of titanium dioxide (TiO2) assisted photocatalytic degradation (PCD) process for the removal of ammonium-ammonia (NH4(+)-NH3) from the aqueous phase and in the presence of co-pollutants thiosulfate (S2O3(2-)) and p-cresol (C6H4CH3OH) under varying mixed conditions. For the NH4(+)-NH3 only PCD experiments, results showed higher NH4 -NH3 removal at pH 12 compared to pH 7 and 10. For the binary NH4(+)-NH3/S2O3(2-) studies the respective results indicated a significant lowering in NH4(+)-NH3 PCD in the presence of S2O32- at pH 7/12 whereas at pH 10 a marked increase in NH4(+)-NH3 removal transpired. A similar trend was noted for the p-cresol/NH4(+)-NH3 binary system. Comparing findings from the binary (NH4(+)-NH3/S2O3(2-) and p-cresol/NH4(+)-NH3) and tertiary (NH4(+)-NH3/S2O3(2-)/p-cresol) systems, at pH 10, showed fastest NH4(+)-NH3 removal transpiring for the tertiary system as compared to the binary systems, whereas both the binary systems indicated comparable NH4(+)-NH3 removal trends. The respective details have been discussed.

Sequence of phase transitions in (NH4)3SiF7.

Science.gov (United States)

Mel'nikova, S V; Molokeev, M S; Laptash, N M; Pogoreltsev, E I; Misyul, S V; Flerov, I N

2017-02-21

Single crystals of silicon double salt (NH 4 ) 3 SiF 7 = (NH 4 ) 2 SiF 6 ·NH 4 F = (NH 4 ) 3 [SiF 6 ]F were grown and studied by the methods of polarization optics, X-ray diffraction and calorimetry. A sequence of symmetry transformations with the temperature change was established: P4/mbm (Z = 2) (G 1 ) ↔ Pbam (Z = 4) (G 2 ) ↔ P2 1 /c (Z = 4) (G 3 ) ↔ P1[combining macron] (Z = 4) (G 4 ) ↔ P2 1 /c (Z = 8) (G 5 ). Crystal structures of different phases were determined. The experimental data were also interpreted by a group-theoretical analysis of the complete condensate of order parameters taking into account critical and noncritical atomic displacements. Strengthening of the N-HF hydrogen bonds can be a driving force of the observed phase transitions.

Interactions of NH4+ and L-glutamate with NO3- transport processes of non-mycorrhizal Fagus sylvatica roots

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Kreuzwieser, J; Herschbach, C; Stulen, [No Value; Wiersema, P; Vaalburg, W; Rennenberg, H

The processes of NO3- uptake and transport and the effects of NH4+ or L-glutamate on these processes were investigated with excised non-mycorrhizal beech (Fagus sylvatica L,) roots, NO3- net uptake followed uniphasic Michaelis-Menten kinetics in a concentration range of 10 mu M to 1 mM with an

Solid-phase synthesis of NH-1,2,3-triazoles using 4,4′- bismethoxybenzhydryl azide

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Cohrt, Anders Emil O'Hanlon; Le Quement, Sebastian Thordal; Nielsen, Thomas Eiland

2014-01-01

Readily available 4,4′-bismethoxybenzhydryl azide was found to be a useful building block for the synthesis of NH-1,2,3-triazoles through copper(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition reactions with solid-supported terminal alkynes, followed by acid-mediated deprotection. Peptide-containing NH-1,2,3-triazole...

Separation and Recovery of Iron and Rare Earth from Bayan Obo Tailings by Magnetizing Roasting and (NH42SO4 Activation Roasting

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Yan Zhou

2017-05-01

Full Text Available A novel approach for recovery of iron and rare earth elements (REEs from Bayan Obo tailings of Baotou, China, was developed by combining magnetizing roasting, magnetic separation, (NH42SO4 activation roasting, and water leaching. Thermodynamic analysis of carbothermal reduction was conducted to determine the temperature of magnetizing roasting, and it agreed well with the experimental results. The maximum recovery of Fe reached 77.8% at 600 °C, and the grade of total Fe in the magnetic concentrate was 56.3 wt. %. An innovative approach, using water to leach REEs after (NH42SO4 activation roasting, was used to extract REEs from magnetic separation tailings. The main influence factors of the leaching recovery during (NH42SO4 activation roasting, were investigated with the mass ratio of (NH42SO4 to magnetic separation tailings, roasting temperature and roasting time. The leaching recoveries of La, Ce and Nd reached 83.12%, 76.64% and 77.35%, respectively, under the optimized conditions: a mass ratio of 6:1, a roasting temperature of 400 °C and a roasting time of 80 min. Furthermore, the phase composition and reaction process during the (NH42SO4 activation roasting were analyzed with X-ray diffraction (XRD, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy & scanning electron microscopy (EDS-SEM and thermogravimetry & differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC, and the leaching solution and leaching residue were also characterized.

Crystal structure of [UO2(NH35]NO3·NH3

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Patrick Woidy

2016-12-01

Full Text Available Pentaammine dioxide uranium(V nitrate ammonia (1/1, [UO2(NH35]NO3·NH3, was obtained in the form of yellow crystals from the reaction of caesium uranyl nitrate, Cs[UO2(NO33], and uranium tetrafluoride, UF4, in dry liquid ammonia. The [UO2]+ cation is coordinated by five ammine ligands. The resulting [UO2(NH35] coordination polyhedron is best described as a pentagonal bipyramid with the O atoms forming the apices. In the crystal, numerous N—H...N and N—H...O hydrogen bonds are present between the cation, anion and solvent molecules, leading to a three-dimensional network.

Low-Temperature NH3–SCR of NO on Mesoporous Mn0.6Fe0.4/TiO2 Prepared by a Hydrothermal Method

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Schill, Leonhard; Putluru, Siva Sankar Reddy; Fehrmann, Rasmus

2014-01-01

higher (NH4)2SO4 tolerance at 150 °C compared to the impregnation preparation method. Regeneration of the (NH4)2SO4 loaded samples by heating to 400 °C was not possible whereas water washing yielded better regeneration. The catalysts are significantly more active than a commercial VWT SCR catalyst...

Gas-particle interactions above a Dutch heathland: I. Surface exchange fluxes of NH3, SO2, HNO3 and HCl

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

E. Nemitz

2004-01-01

Full Text Available A field measurement campaign was carried out over a Dutch heathland to investigate the effect of gas-to-particle conversion and ammonium aerosol evaporation on surface/atmosphere fluxes of ammonia and related species. Continuous micrometeorological measurements of the surface exchange of NH3, SO2, HNO3 and HCl were made and are analyzed here with regard to average fluxes, deposition velocities (Vd, canopy resistances (Rc and canopy compensation point for NH3. Gradients of SO2, HNO3 and HCl were measured with a novel wet-denuder system with online anion chromatography. Measurements of HNO3 and HCl indicate an Rc of 100 to 200 s m-1 during warm daytime periods, probably at least partly due to non-zero acid partial pressures above NH4NO3 and NH4Cl on the leaf surfaces. Although it is likely that this observation is exacerbated by the effect of the evaporation of airborne NH4+ on the gradient measurements, the findings nevertheless add to the growing evidence that HNO3 and HCl are not always deposited at the maximum rate. Ammonia (NH3 fluxes show mainly deposition, with some periods of significant daytime emission. The net exchange could be reproduced both with an Rc model (deposition fluxes only using resistance parameterizations from former measurements, as well as with the canopy compensation point model, using parameterizations derived from the measurements. The apoplastic ratio of ammonium and hydrogen concentration (Γs=[NH4+]/[H+] of 1200 estimated from the measurements is large for semi-natural vegetation, but smaller than indicated by previous measurements at this site.

Gas-particle interactions above a Dutch heathland: I. Surface exchange fluxes of NH3, SO2, HNO3 and HCl

Science.gov (United States)

Nemitz, E.; Sutton, M. A.; Wyers, G. P.; Jongejan, P. A. C.

2004-07-01

A field measurement campaign was carried out over a Dutch heathland to investigate the effect of gas-to-particle conversion and ammonium aerosol evaporation on surface/atmosphere fluxes of ammonia and related species. Continuous micrometeorological measurements of the surface exchange of NH3, SO2, HNO3 and HCl were made and are analyzed here with regard to average fluxes, deposition velocities (Vd), canopy resistances (Rc) and canopy compensation point for NH3. Gradients of SO2, HNO3 and HCl were measured with a novel wet-denuder system with online anion chromatography. Measurements of HNO3 and HCl indicate an Rc of 100 to 200 s m-1 during warm daytime periods, probably at least partly due to non-zero acid partial pressures above NH4NO3 and NH4Cl on the leaf surfaces. Although it is likely that this observation is exacerbated by the effect of the evaporation of airborne NH4+ on the gradient measurements, the findings nevertheless add to the growing evidence that HNO3 and HCl are not always deposited at the maximum rate. Ammonia (NH3) fluxes show mainly deposition, with some periods of significant daytime emission. The net exchange could be reproduced both with an Rc model (deposition fluxes only) using resistance parameterizations from former measurements, as well as with the canopy compensation point model, using parameterizations derived from the measurements. The apoplastic ratio of ammonium and hydrogen concentration (Γs=[NH4+]/[H+]) of 1200 estimated from the measurements is large for semi-natural vegetation, but smaller than indicated by previous measurements at this site.

Solvothermal indium fluoride chemistry: Syntheses and crystal structures of K5In3F14, β-(NH4)3InF6 and [NH4]3[C6H21N4]2[In4F21

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jayasundera, Anil C.A.; Goff, Richard J.; Li Yang; Finch, Adrian A.; Lightfoot, Philip

2010-01-01

The solvothermal syntheses and crystal structures of three indium fluorides are presented. K 5 In 3 F 14 (1) and β-(NH 4 ) 3 InF 6 (2) are variants on known inorganic structure types chiolite and cryolite, respectively, with the latter exhibiting a complex and apparently novel structural distortion. [NH 4 ] 3 [C 6 H 21 N 4 ] 2 [In 4 F 21 ] (3) represents a new hybrid composition displaying a unique trimeric metal fluoride building unit. - Graphical abstract: Solvothermal synthesis has been used to prepare three indium fluorides, including a novel hybrid material containing a unique [In 3 F 15 ] trimer templated by tren.

The Cs2SO4-Ce2(SO4)3-H2SO4-H2O system at 150 and 200 deg C

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bondar', S.A.; Belokoskov, V.I.; Trofimov, G.V.

1982-01-01

Solubility in the system Cs 2 SO 4 -Ce 2 (SO 4 ) 3 -H 2 SO 4 -H 2 O using the isothermal method at 150 and 200 deg C at molar ratios Cs 2 SO 4 :Ce 2 (SO 4 ) 3 =1:5 and conditions of sulfate crystallization Cs 2 SO 4 xCe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , Ce 2 (SO 4 ) 3 x0.5H 2 SO 4 xnH 2 O (n=2-3) and Ce 2 (SO 4 ) 3 x3H 2 SO 4 are determined. Double sulfate Cs 2 SO 4 xCe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 is studied using the methods of crystallooptical, thermal, X-ray phase analyses and IR spectroscopy

A liquid-based eutectic system: LiBH4·NH 3-nNH3BH3 with high dehydrogenation capacity at moderate temperature

KAUST Repository

Tan, Yingbin; Guo, Yanhui; Li, Shaofeng; Sun, Weiwei; Zhu, Yihan; Li, Qi; Yu, Xuebin

2011-01-01

A novel eutectic hydrogen storage system, LiBH4·NH 3-nNH3BH3, which exists in a liquid state at room temperature, was synthesized through a simple mixing of LiBH 4·NH3 and NH3BH3 (AB). In the temperature range of 90-110 °C, the eutectic system

The ternary system K2SO4MgSO4CaSO4

Science.gov (United States)

Rowe, J.J.; Morey, G.W.; Silber, C.C.

1967-01-01

Melting and subsolidus relations in the system K2SO4MgSO4CaSO4 were studied using heating-cooling curves, differential thermal analysis, optics, X-ray diffraction at room and high temperatures and by quenching techniques. Previous investigators were unable to study the binary MgSO4CaSO4 system and the adjacent area in the ternary system because of the decomposition of MgSO4 and CaSO4 at high temperatures. This problem was partly overcome by a novel sealed-tube quenching method, by hydrothermal synthesis, and by long-time heating in the solidus. As a result of this study, we found: (1) a new compound, CaSO4??3MgSO4 (m.p. 1201??C) with a field extending into the ternary system; (2) a high temperature form of MgSO4 with a sluggishly reversible inversion. An X-ray diffraction pattern for this polymorphic form is given; (3) the inversion of ??-CaSO4 (anhydrite) to ??-CaSO4 at 1195??C, in agreement with grahmann; (1) (4) the melting point of MgSO4 is 1136??C and that of CaSO4 is 1462??C (using sealed tube methods to prevent decomposition of the sulphates); (5) calcium langbeinite (K2SO4??2CaSO4) is the only compound in the K2SO4CaSO4 binary system. This resolved discrepancies in the results of previous investigators; (6) a continuous solid solution series between congruently melting K2SOP4??2MgSO4 (langbeinite) and incongruently melting K2SO4??2CaSO4 (calcium langbeinite); (7) the liquidus in the ternary system consists of primary phase fields of K2SO4, MgSO4, CaSO4, langbeinite-calcium langbeinite solid solution, and CaSO4??3MgSO4. The CaSO4 field extends over a large portion of the system. Previously reported fields for the compounds (K2SO4??MgSO4??nCaSO4), K2SO4??3CaSO4 and K2SO4??CaSO4 were not found; (8) a minimum in the ternary system at: 740??C, 25% MgSO4, 6% CaSO4, 69% K2SO4; and ternary eutectics at 882??C, 49% MgSO4, 19% CaSO4, 32% K2SO4; and 880??, 67??5% MgSO4, 5% CaSO4, 27??5% K2SO4. ?? 1967.

Structural determinants of NH3 and NH4+ transport by mouse Rhbg, a renal Rh glycoprotein.

Science.gov (United States)

Abdulnour-Nakhoul, Solange; Le, Trang; Rabon, Edd; Hamm, L Lee; Nakhoul, Nazih L

2016-12-01

Renal Rhbg is localized to the basolateral membrane of intercalated cells and is involved in NH 3 /NH 4 + transport. The structure of Rhbg is not yet resolved; however, a high-resolution crystal structure of AmtB, a bacterial homolog of Rh, has been determined. We aligned the sequence of Rhbg to that of AmtB and identified important sites of Rhbg that may affect transport. Our analysis positioned three conserved amino acids, histidine 183 (H183), histidine 342 (H342), and tryptophan 230 (W230), within the hydrophobic pore where they presumably serve to control NH 3 transport. A fourth residue, phenylalanine 128 (F128) was positioned at the upper vestibule, presumably contributing to recruitment of NH 4 + We generated three mutations each of H183, H342, W230, and F128 and expressed them in frog oocytes. Immunolabeling showed that W230 and F128 mutants were localized to the cell membrane, whereas H183 and H342 staining was diffuse and mostly intracellular. To determine function, we compared measurements of NH 3 /NH 4 + and methyl amine (MA)/methyl ammonium (MA + )-induced currents, intracellular pH, and surface pH (pHs) among oocytes expressing the mutants, Rhbg, or injected with H 2 O. In H183 and W230 mutants, NH 4 + -induced current and intracellular acidification were inhibited compared with that of Rhbg, and MA-induced intracellular alkalinization was completely absent. Expression of H183A or W230A mutants inhibited NH 3 /NH 4 + - and MA/MA + -induced decrease in pHs to the level observed in H 2 O-injected oocytes. Mutations of F128 did not significantly affect transport of NH 3 or NH 4 + These data demonstrated that mutating H183 or W230 caused loss of function but not F128. H183 and H342 may affect membrane expression of the transporter.

Fourier transform infrared study of the phase transitions in (NH4)3VO2FO4

Science.gov (United States)

de Waal, D.; Heyns, A. M.

1994-01-01

Ammonium oxofluorovanadate compounds are known to show some potential as ferroelectric materials. The whole series of ammonium and sodium oxofluorovanadate compounds including Na3VO2F4 have already been prepared and investigated by means of various techniques including x-ray diffraction, EPR, and vibrational spectroscopy. It was established that the pure ammonium compound shows the two above mentioned transitions from phase A (below 200 K) to phase B (between 200 and 400 K) and phase C (above 400 K) while Na(NH4)2VO2F4 has only one transition from phase A to phase B around 400 K4. In the present study various aspects regarding the nature of the structures of (NH4)3VO2F3 and Na(NH4)2VO2F4 and its influence on the phase transitions have been investigated.

Pressure induced polymorphism in ammonium azide (NH{sub 4}N{sub 3})

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Medvedev, S.A., E-mail: s.medvedev@mpic.de [Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry, Postfach 3060, D-55020 Mainz (Germany); Institute fuer Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, D-55099 Mainz (Germany); Eremets, M.I. [Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry, Postfach 3060, D-55020 Mainz (Germany); Evers, J.; Klapoetke, T.M. [Energetic Materials Research, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13(D), D-81377 Munich (Germany); Palasyuk, T. [Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry, Postfach 3060, D-55020 Mainz (Germany); Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw (Poland); Trojan, I.A. [Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry, Postfach 3060, D-55020 Mainz (Germany)

2011-07-28

Graphical abstract: Polymorph phase transition is observed in NH{sub 4}N{sub 3} at {approx}3 GPa by pressure dependent Raman studies. The strength of hydrogen bond appears to be modified at the phase transition as illustrated by dependence of N-H stretching frequency on pressure shown on figure. Highlights: {yields} Ammonium azide (NH{sub 4}N{sub 3}) studied at high pressures by Raman spectroscopy. {yields} Phase transition is observed at pressure {approx}3 GPa. {yields} Strength of hydrogen bond appears to be modified at the phase transition. {yields} NH{sub 4}N{sub 3} remain in molecular form up to pressures above 50 GPa. - Abstract: Pressure-dependent Raman spectroscopy studies reveal polymorph phase transition in simple molecular ionic crystal NH{sub 4}N{sub 3} at pressure {approx}3 GPa unobserved by recent abinitio evolutionary structure searches. Hydrogen bonding is spectroscopically evident in both low- and high-pressure phases. The strength of hydrogen bond appears to be modified at the phase transition: in the low-pressure phase NH{sub 4}N{sub 3} behaves as system with very strong hydrogen bonding whereas changes of spectra with pressure in the high-pressure phase are indicative of weak or medium-strength hydrogen bonds. The high pressure phase is most likely thermodynamically stable at least up to pressure {approx}55 GPa contradicting the abinitio studies predicting transformation of NH{sub 4}N{sub 3} to nonmolecular hydronitrogen solid at 36 GPa.

Rydberb bonding in (NH4)2

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Boldyrev, A.I.; Simons, J.

1992-01-01

Chemical binding of two monovalent Rydberg species to form a singlet-state Rydberg dimer molecule is predicted to be possible Ab initio electronic structure methods that include electron correlation (at levels up through QCISD(T)/6-31++G** MP2(full)/6-31++G** + ZPE) are shown to be essential to achieving a proper description of such bonding. The (NH 4 ) molecule, selected as the prototype for this study, is shown to be bound with respect to its Rydberg-species fragments, 2NH 4 by 7.5-9.7 kcal/mol, depending on the level of treatment of electron correlation, and to be electronically stable (by ca.4 eV) with respect to (NH 4 ) 2 + at the neutral's equilibrium geometry. The (NH 4 ) 2 Rydberg dimer is thermodynamically unstable with respect to 2NH 3 + H 2 by 86-89 kcal/mol mol yet possesses all real vibrational frequencies; it is thus a metastable molecular held together by a weak Rydberg bond. The dissociation energy of the (NH 4 ) 2 + cation to form NH 4 + + NH 4 is found to be larger than that of the neutral (NH 4 ) 2 . 12 refs., 4 figs., 9 tabs

Rapid Ammonia Gas Transport Accounts for Futile Transmembrane Cycling under NH3/NH4+ Toxicity in Plant Roots1[C][W

Science.gov (United States)

Coskun, Devrim; Britto, Dev T.; Li, Mingyuan; Becker, Alexander; Kronzucker, Herbert J.

2013-01-01

Futile transmembrane NH3/NH4+ cycling in plant root cells, characterized by extremely rapid fluxes and high efflux to influx ratios, has been successfully linked to NH3/NH4+ toxicity. Surprisingly, the fundamental question of which species of the conjugate pair (NH3 or NH4+) participates in such fluxes is unresolved. Using flux analyses with the short-lived radioisotope 13N and electrophysiological, respiratory, and histochemical measurements, we show that futile cycling in roots of barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedlings is predominately of the gaseous NH3 species, rather than the NH4+ ion. Influx of 13NH3/13NH4+, which exceeded 200 µmol g–1 h–1, was not commensurate with membrane depolarization or increases in root respiration, suggesting electroneutral NH3 transport. Influx followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics for NH3 (but not NH4+), as a function of external concentration (Km = 152 µm, Vmax = 205 µmol g–1 h–1). Efflux of 13NH3/13NH4+ responded with a nearly identical Km. Pharmacological characterization of influx and efflux suggests mediation by aquaporins. Our study fundamentally revises the futile-cycling model by demonstrating that NH3 is the major permeating species across both plasmalemma and tonoplast of root cells under toxicity conditions. PMID:24134887

Parallel Changes in Intracellular Water Volume and pH Induced by NH3/NH4+ Exposure in Single Neuroblastoma Cells

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Víctor M. Blanco

2013-12-01

Full Text Available Background: Increased blood levels of ammonia (NH3 and ammonium (NH4+, i.e. hyperammonemia, leads to cellular brain edema in humans with acute liver failure. The pathophysiology of this edema is poorly understood. This is partly due to incomplete understanding of the osmotic effects of the pair NH3/NH4+ at the cellular and molecular levels. Cell exposure to solutions containing NH3/NH4+ elicits changes in intracellular pH (pHi, which can in turn affect cell water volume (CWV by activating transport mechanisms that produce net gain or loss of solutes and water. The occurrence of CWV changes caused by NH3/NH4+ has long been suspected, but the mechanisms, magnitude and kinetics of these changes remain unknown. Methods: Using fluorescence imaging microscopy we measured, in real time, parallel changes in pHi and CWV caused by brief exposure to NH3/NH4+ of single cells (N1E-115 neuroblastoma or NG-108 neuroblastoma X glioma loaded with the fluorescent indicator BCECF. Changes in CWV were measured by exciting BCECF at its intracellular isosbestic wavelength (∼438 nm, and pHi was measured ratiometrically. Results: Brief exposure to isosmotic solutions (i.e. having the same osmolality as that of control solutions containing NH4Cl (0.5- 30 mM resulted in a rapid, dose-dependent swelling, followed by isosmotic regulatory volume decrease (iRVD. NH4Cl solutions in which either extracellular [NH3] or [NH4+] was kept constant while the other was changed by varying the pH of the solution, demonstrated that [NH3]o rather than [NH4+]o is the main determinant of the NH4Cl-induced swelling. The iRVD response was sensitive to the anion channel blocker NPPB, and partly dependent on external Ca2+. Upon removal of NH4Cl, cells shrank and displayed isosmotic regulatory volume increase (iRVI. Regulatory volume responses could not be activated by comparable CWV changes produced by anisosmotic solutions, suggesting that membrane stretch or contraction by themselves are

Electron paramagnetic resonance of gamma irradiated (CH3)3NHClO4 and CH3NH3ClO4 single crystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yavuz, Metin; Koeksal, Fevzi

1999-01-01

Gamma irradiation damage centers in (CH 3 ) 3 NHClO 4 and CH 3 NH 3 ClO 4 single crystals have been investigated at room temperature by the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique. It has been found that γ-irradiation produces the (CH 3 ) 3 N + radical in the first, and NH + 3 and ClO 3 radicals in the second compound. The EPR parameters of the observed radicals have been determined and discussed

NH4NO3 extractable trace element contents of soil samples prepared for proficiency testing--a stability study.

Science.gov (United States)

Traub, H; Scharf, H

2001-06-01

In view of its intended use as a sample for proficiency testing or as a reference material the stability of the extractable trace element contents of a soil from an irrigation field was tested using the extraction with 1 mol/L ammonium nitrate solution according to DIN 19730. Therefore, changes of the extractability of sterilized and non sterilized soil samples stored at different temperatures were evaluated over a period of 18 months. Sets of bottles were kept at -20 degrees C, +4 degrees C, about +20 degrees C and +40 degrees C, respectively. The NH4NO3 extractable contents of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined immediately after bottling and then after 3, 6, 12 and 18 months with ICP-AES or ETAAS. Appropriate storage conditions are of utmost importance to prevent deterioration of soil samples prepared for the determination of NH4NO3 extractable trace element contents. Temperatures above +20 degrees C must be avoided. The observed changes in the extractability of the metals (especially for Cr and Cu) most likely could be related to thermal degradation of the organic matter of the soil. There is no need to sterilize dry soil samples, because microbiological activity in soils with a low moisture content appears to be negligible with regard to trace element mobilization.

Evaluation of the SO(2) and NH(3) gas adsorption properties of CuO/ZnO/Mn(3)O(4) and CuO/ZnO/NiO ternary impregnated activated carbon using combinatorial materials science methods.

Science.gov (United States)

Romero, Jennifer V; Smith, Jock W H; Sullivan, Braden M; Macdonald, Landan; Croll, Lisa M; Dahn, J R

2013-02-11

Impregnated activated carbons (IAC) are widely used materials for the removal of toxic gases in personal respiratory protection applications. The combinatorial method has been employed to prepare IACs containing different types of metal oxides in various proportions and evaluate their adsorption performance for low molecular weight gases, such as SO(2) and NH(3), under dry conditions. Among the metal oxides used for the study, Mn(3)O(4) was found to have the highest capacity for retaining SO(2) gas under dry conditions. NiO and ZnO were found to have similar NH(3) adsorption capacities which are higher than the NH(3) capacities observed for the other metal oxide impregnants used in the study. Although Cu- or Zn-based impregnants and their combinations have been extensively studied and used as gas adsorbents, neither Mn(3)O(4) nor NiO have been incorporated in the formulations used. In this study, ternary libraries of IACs with various combinations of CuO/ZnO/Mn(3)O(4) and CuO/ZnO/NiO were studied and evaluated for their adsorption of SO(2) and NH(3) gases. Combinations of CuO, ZnO, and Mn(3)O(4) were found to have the potential to be multigas adsorbents compared to formulations that contain NiO.

Synthesis and properties of ternary (K, NH{sub 4}, H{sub 3}O)-jarosites precipitated from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans cultures in simulated bioleaching solutions

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sandy Jones, F.; Bigham, Jerry M. [School of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210 (United States); Gramp, Jonathan P. [Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 (United States); Tuovinen, Olli H., E-mail: tuovinen.1@osu.edu [Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 (United States)

2014-11-01

The purpose of this study was to synthesize a series of solid solution jarosites by biological oxidation of ferrous iron at pH 2.2–4.4 and ambient temperature in media containing mixtures of K{sup +} (0, 1, 4, 6, 12, 31 mM) and NH{sub 4}{sup +} (6.1, 80, 160, 320 mM). The starting material was a liquid medium for Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans comprised of 120 mM FeSO{sub 4} solution and mineral salts at pH 2.2. Following inoculation with A. ferrooxidans, the cultures were incubated in shake flasks at 22 °C. As bacteria oxidized ferrous iron, ferric iron hydrolyzed and precipitated as jarosite-group minerals (AFe{sub 3}(SO{sub 4}){sub 2}(OH){sub 6}) and/or schwertmannite (idealized formula Fe{sub 8}O{sub 8}(OH){sub 6}(SO{sub 4})·nH{sub 2}O). The precipitates were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), elemental analysis, and Munsell color. Schwertmannite was the dominant mineral product at low combinations of K{sup +} (≤ 4 mM) and NH{sub 4}{sup +} (≤ 80 mM) in the media. At higher single or combined concentrations, yellowish jarosite phases were produced, and Munsell hue provided a sensitive means of detecting minor schwertmannite in the oxidation products. Although the hydrated ionic radii of K{sup +} and NH{sub 4}{sup +} are similar, K{sup +} greatly facilitated the formation of a jarosite phase compared to NH{sub 4}{sup +}. Unit cell and cell volume calculations from refinements of the powder XRD patterns indicated that the jarosite phases produced were mostly ternary (K, NH{sub 4}, H{sub 3}O)-solid solutions that were also deficient in structural Fe, especially at low NH{sub 4} contents. Thus, ferric iron precipitation from the simulated bioleaching systems yielded solid solutions of jarosite with chemical compositions that were dependent on the relative concentrations of K{sup +} and NH{sub 4}{sup +} in the synthesis media. No phase separations involving discrete, end-member K-jarosite or NH{sub 4}-jarosite were detected in the un-aged precipitates

Isotopic effect in phase transitions of (NH4)2HPO4 and (ND4)2DPO4

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Diosa, J.E.; Coral, E.E.; Vargas, R.A.

1996-01-01

Specific heat and dielectric constant measurements at low frequency, have shown two transitions in the ionic systems (NH4)2HPO4 and (ND4)2DPO4 bellow 300 K. For (NH4)2HPO4, the transition are observed at 174 K and 246 K, while (ND4)2DPO4, they are observed at 147 K and 229 K. We have also found a shift of the transition temperatures to smaller values when the hydrogen is replaced by deuterium. The specific heat anomalies associated with these transitions are reversible in successive thermal cycles (heating and cooling) and we did not detect latent heat through them. Furthermore, we have detected anomalies in the dielectric constant in the same transition points. We have attributed these transition phases to reorientations of the tetrahedra of NH4 and ND4, so that the activation energy Ea for these process that we associated with the thermal energy KBTt required for the transition, is inversely related to the mass of the hydrogen isotope

submitter Thermodynamics of the formation of sulfuric acid dimers in the binary (H2SO4–H2O) and ternary (H2SO4–H2O–NH3) system

CERN Document Server

Kürten, A; Rondo, L; Bianchi, F; Duplissy, J; Jokinen, T; Junninen, H; Sarnela, N; Schobesberger, S; Simon, M; Sipilä, M; Almeida, J; Amorim, A; Dommen, J; Donahue, N M; Dunne, E M; Flagan, R C; Franchin, A; Kirkby, J; Kupc, A; Makhmutov, V; Petäjä, T; Praplan, A P; Riccobono, F; Steiner, G; Tomé, A; Tsagkogeorgas, G; Wagner, P E; Wimmer, D; Baltensperger, U; Kulmala, M; Worsnop, D R; Curtius, J

2015-01-01

Sulfuric acid is an important gas influencing atmospheric new particle formation (NPF). Both the binary $(H_2SO_4–H_2O)$ system and the ternary system involving ammonia $(H_2SO_4–H_2O–NH_3)$ may be important in the free troposphere. An essential step in the nucleation of aerosol particles from gas-phase precursors is the formation of a dimer, so an understanding of the thermodynamics of dimer formation over a wide range of atmospheric conditions is essential to describe NPF. We have used the CLOUD chamber to conduct nucleation experiments for these systems at temperatures from 208 to 248 K. Neutral monomer and dimer concentrations of sulfuric acid were measured using a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS). From these measurements, dimer evaporation rates in the binary system were derived for temperatures of 208 and 223 K. We compare these results to literature data from a previous study that was conducted at higher temperatures but is in good agreement with the present study. For the ternary sys...

Thin-Film Transformation of NH4 PbI3 to CH3 NH3 PbI3 Perovskite: A Methylamine-Induced Conversion-Healing Process.

Science.gov (United States)

Zong, Yingxia; Zhou, Yuanyuan; Ju, Minggang; Garces, Hector F; Krause, Amanda R; Ji, Fuxiang; Cui, Guanglei; Zeng, Xiao Cheng; Padture, Nitin P; Pang, Shuping

2016-11-14

Methylamine-induced thin-film transformation at room-temperature is discovered, where a porous, rough, polycrystalline NH 4 PbI 3 non-perovskite thin film converts stepwise into a dense, ultrasmooth, textured CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 perovskite thin film. Owing to the beneficial phase/structural development of the thin film, its photovoltaic properties undergo dramatic enhancement during this NH 4 PbI 3 -to-CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 transformation process. The chemical origins of this transformation are studied at various length scales. © 2016 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Evaluation of nutrients removal (NO3-N, NH3-N and PO4-P) with Chlorella vulgaris, Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus cereus and a consortium of these microorganisms in the treatment of wastewater effluents.

Science.gov (United States)

Gómez-Guzmán, Abril; Jiménez-Magaña, Sergio; Guerra-Rentería, A Suggey; Gómez-Hermosillo, César; Parra-Rodríguez, F Javier; Velázquez, Sergio; Aguilar-Uscanga, Blanca Rosa; Solis-Pacheco, Josue; González-Reynoso, Orfil

2017-07-01

In this research removal of NH 3 -N, NO 3 -N and PO 4 -P nutrients from municipal wastewater was studied, using Chlorella vulgaris, Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus cereus and an artificial consortium of them. The objective is to analyze the performance of these microorganisms and their consortium, which has not been previously studied for nutrient removal in municipal wastewater. A model wastewater was prepared simulating the physicochemical characteristics found at the wastewater plant in Chapala, Mexico. Experiments were carried out without adding an external carbon source. Results indicate that nutrient removal with Chlorella vulgaris was the most efficient with a removal of 24.03% of NO 3 -N, 80.62% of NH 3 -N and 4.30% of PO 4 -P. With Bacillus cereus the results were 8.40% of NO 3 -N, 28.80% of NH 3 -N and 3.80% of PO 4 -P. The removals with Pseudomonas putida were 2.50% of NO 3 -N, 41.80 of NH 3 -N and 4.30% of PO 4 -P. The consortium of Chlorella vulgaris-Bacillus cereus-Pseudomonas putida removed 29.40% of NO 3 -N, 4.2% of NH 3 -N and 8.4% of PO 4 -P. The highest biomass production was with Bacillus cereus (450 mg/l) followed by Pseudomonas putida (444 mg/l), the consortium (205 mg/l) and Chlorella vulgaris (88.9 mg/l). This study highlights the utility of these microorganisms for nutrient removal in wastewater treatments.

In vitro growth of Brassocattleya orchid hybrid in different concentrations of KNO3, NH4NO3 and benzylaminopurine

OpenAIRE

Cardoso,Jean C; Ono,Elizabeth O

2011-01-01

One of the most important applications of plant tissue culture is mass propagation of ornamental plants. This experiment evaluated the effect of different concentrations of NH4NO3 and KNO3 and BAP on the in vitro growth of orchid hybrid Brassocattleya 'Pastoral'. Seedlings of this orchid hybrid were used as explants and cultivated in medium with mineral salts and vitamins from the MS medium (Murashige & Skoog, 1962), with the macronutrients P, Ca and Mg reduced by half, and with an additi...

Hygroscopicity of internally mixed particles composed of (NH4)2SO4 and citric acid under pulsed RH change.

Science.gov (United States)

Shi, Xiao-Min; Wu, Feng-Min; Jing, Bo; Wang, Na; Xu, Lin-Lin; Pang, Shu-Feng; Zhang, Yun-Hong

2017-12-01

In this research, we applied a pulsed RH controlling system and a rapid scan vacuum FTIR spectrometer (PRHCS-RSVFTIR) to investigate hygroscopicity of internally mixed (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (AS)/citric acid (CA) particles. The water content and efflorescence ratio of AS in the particles and ambient relative humidity (RH) as a function of time were obtained with a subsecond time resolution. The hygroscopic behavior of AS aerosols in two different RH control processes (equilibrium and RH pulsed processes) showed that AS droplets crystallize with RH ranging from 42% to 26.5%. It was found that the half-life time ratio between the water content in the CA particles and the gas phase under RH pulsed change was greater than one under low RH conditions (humidity (ERH) of the mixed particles with AS/CA by molar ratio 3:1 was found between 22.7% and 5.9%, which was much lower than AS particles. No efflorescence process was observed for the 1:1 mixed particles, indicating that CA greatly suppressed nucleation of AS. Our results have shown that the PRHCS-RSVFTIR is effective to simulate hygroscopicity and water transport of aerosols under fast variations in RH in atmosphere. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Lead-free Perovskite Materials (NH4 )3 Sb2 Ix Br9-x.

Science.gov (United States)

Zuo, Chuantian; Ding, Liming

2017-06-01

A family of perovskite light absorbers (NH 4 ) 3 Sb 2 I x Br 9-x (0≤x≤9) was prepared. These materials show good solubility in ethanol, a low-cost, hypotoxic, and environmentally friendly solvent. The light absorption of (NH 4 ) 3 Sb 2 I x Br 9-x films can be tuned by adjusting I and Br content. The absorption onset for (NH 4 ) 3 Sb 2 I x Br 9-x films changes from 558 nm to 453 nm as x changes from 9 to 0. (NH 4 ) 3 Sb 2 I 9 single crystals were prepared, exhibiting a hole mobility of 4.8 cm 2  V -1  s -1 and an electron mobility of 12.3 cm 2  V -1  s -1 . (NH 4 ) 3 Sb 2 I 9 solar cells gave an open-circuit voltage of 1.03 V and a power conversion efficiency of 0.51 %. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Effects of N source concentration and NH4(+)/NO3(-) ratio on phenylethanoid glycoside pattern in tissue cultures of Plantago lanceolata L.: a metabolomics driven full-factorial experiment with LC-ESI-MS(3.).

Science.gov (United States)

Gonda, Sándor; Kiss-Szikszai, Attila; Szűcs, Zsolt; Máthé, Csaba; Vasas, Gábor

2014-10-01

Tissue cultures of a medicinal plant, Plantago lanceolata L. were screened for phenylethanoid glycosides (PGs) and other natural products (NPs) with LC-ESI-MS(3). The effects of N source concentration and NH4(+)/NO3(-) ratio were evaluated in a full-factorial (FF) experiment. N concentrations of 10, 20, 40 and 60mM, and NH4(+)/NO3(-) ratios of 0, 0.11, 0.20 and 0.33 (ratio of NH4(+) in total N source) were tested. Several peaks could be identified as PGs, of which, 16 could be putatively identified from the MS/MS/MS spectra. N source concentration and NH4(+)/NO3(-) ratio had significant effects on the metabolome, their effects on individual PGs were different despite these metabolites were of the same biosynthethic class. Chief PGs were plantamajoside and acteoside (verbascoside), their highest concentrations were 3.54±0.83% and 1.30±0.40% of dry weight, on media 10(0.33) and 40(0.33), respectively. NH4(+)/NO3(-) ratio and N source concentration effects were examined on a set of 89 NPs. For most NPs, high increases in abundance were observed compared to Murashige-Skoog medium. Abundances of 42 and 10 NPs were significantly influenced by the N source concentration and the NH4(+)/NO3(-) ratio, respectively. Optimal media for production of different NP clusters were 10(0), 10(0.11) and 40(0.33). Interaction was observed between NH4(+)/NO3(-) ratio and N source concentration for many NPs. It was shown in simulated experiments, that one-factor at a time (OFAT) experimental designs lead to sub-optimal media compositions for production of many NPs, and alternative experimental designs (e.g. FF) should be preferred when optimizing medium N source for optimal yield of NPs. If using OFAT, the N source concentration is to be optimized first, followed by NH4(+)/NO3(-) ratio, as this reduces the likeliness of suboptimal yield results. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Catalysts for selective hydrogenation of furfural derived from the double complex salt [Pd(NH 3 ) 4 ](ReO 4 ) 2 on γ-Al 2 O 3

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Thompson, Simon T.; Lamb, H. Henry

2017-06-01

The double complex salt [Pd(NH3)4](ReO4)2 was employed as precursor of supported bimetallic catalysts for selective hydrogenation of furfural. Direct reduction of [Pd(NH3)4](ReO4)2 on γ-Al2O3 in flowing H2 at 400 °C yields bimetallic nanoparticles 1–2 nm in size that exhibit significant interaction between the metals, as evidenced by temperature-programmed hydride decomposition (complete suppression of β-PdHx formation), extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy at the Pd K and Re LIII edges (PdRe distance = 2.72 Å), and scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis. In contrast, calcination of [Pd(NH3)4](ReO4)2 on γ-Al2O3 at 350 °C in air and subsequent reduction in H2 at 400 °C results in metal segregation and formation of large (>50 nm) supported Pd particles; Re species cover the Pd particles and γ-Al2O3 support. A PdRe 1:2 catalyst prepared by sequential impregnation and calcination using HReO4 and [Pd(NH3)4](NO3)2 has a similar morphology. The catalyst derived by direct reduction of [Pd(NH3)4](ReO4)2 on γ-Al2O3 exhibits remarkably high activity for selective hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol (FAL) at 150 °C and 1 atm. Suppression of H2 chemisorption via elimination of Pd threefold sites, as evidenced by CO diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, correlates with increased FAL selectivity.

Synthesis and structural characterization of two cobalt phosphites: 1-D (H3NC6H4NH3)Co(HPO3)2 and 2-D (NH4)2Co2(HPo3)3

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cheng, C.-C.; Chang, W.-K.; Chiang, R.-K.; Wang, S.-L.

2010-01-01

Two new cobalt phosphites, (H 3 NC 6 H 4 NH 3 )Co(HPO 3 ) 2 (1) and (NH 4 ) 2 Co 2 (HPO 3 ) 3 (2), have been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. All the cobalt atoms of 1 are in tetrahedral CoO 4 coordination. The structure of 1 comprises twisted square chains of four-rings, which contain alternating vertex-shared CoO 4 tetrahedra and HPO 3 groups. These chains are interlinked with trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane cations by hydrogen bonds. The 2-D structure of 2 comprises anionic complex sheets with ammonium cations present between them. An anionic complex sheet contains three-deck phosphite units, which are interconnected by Co 2 O 9 to form complex layers. Magnetic susceptibility measurements of 1 and 2 showed that they have a weak antiferromagnetic interaction. - Graphical abstract: The 2-D structure of (NH 4 ) 2 Co 2 (HPO 3 ) 3 comprises anionic complex sheets with ammonium cations present between them. An anionic complex sheet contains three-deck phosphite units, which are interconnected by dimmeric Co 2 O 9 to form complex layers.

Polyacrylamide+Al2(SO4)3 and polyacrylamide+CaO remove coliform bacteria and nutrients from swine wastewater

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Entry, J.A.; Phillips, Ian; Stratton, Helen; Sojka, R.E.

2003-01-01

Polyacrylamide mixture may be able to reduce run-off of enteric bacteria from animal wastes. - Animal wastes are a major contributor of nutrients and enteric microorganisms to surface water and ground water. Polyacrylamide (PAM) mixtures are an effective flocculent, and we hypothesized that they would reduce transport of microorganisms in flowing water. After waste water running at 60.0 l min -1 flowed over PAM+Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , or PAM+CaO in furrows, total coliform bacteria (TC) and fecal coliform bacteria (FC) were reduced by 30-50% at 1 and 50 m downstream of the treatments compared to the control. In a column study, PAM+Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , and PAM+CaO applied to sandy, sandy loam, loam, and clay soils reduced NH 4 + and ortho-P concentrations in leachate compared to the source waste water and the control. PAM+Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 and PAM+CaO applied to sandy, sandy loam and loam soils reduced both total and ortho-P, concentrations in leachate compared to the source wastewater and control treatment. In a field study, PAM+Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , or PAM+CaO treatments did not consistently reduce NH 4 + , NO 3 - , ortho-P, and total P concentrations in wastewater flowing over any soil compared to inflow wastewater or the control treatment. With proper application PAM+ Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 and PAM+CaO may be able to reduce the numbers of enteric bacteria in slowly flowing wastewater running off animal confinement areas, reducing the amount of pollutants entering surface water and groundwater

Importance of including ammonium sulfate ((NH42SO4 aerosols for ice cloud parameterization in GCMs

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

P. S. Bhattacharjee

2010-02-01

Full Text Available A common deficiency of many cloud-physics parameterizations including the NASA's microphysics of clouds with aerosol-cloud interactions (hereafter called McRAS-AC is that they simulate lesser (larger than the observed ice cloud particle number (size. A single column model (SCM of McRAS-AC physics of the GEOS4 Global Circulation Model (GCM together with an adiabatic parcel model (APM for ice-cloud nucleation (IN of aerosols were used to systematically examine the influence of introducing ammonium sulfate (NH42SO4 aerosols in McRAS-AC and its influence on the optical properties of both liquid and ice clouds. First an (NH42SO4 parameterization was included in the APM to assess its effect on clouds vis-à-vis that of the other aerosols. Subsequently, several evaluation tests were conducted over the ARM Southern Great Plain (SGP and thirteen other locations (sorted into pristine and polluted conditions distributed over marine and continental sites with the SCM. The statistics of the simulated cloud climatology were evaluated against the available ground and satellite data. The results showed that inclusion of (NH42SO4 into McRAS-AC of the SCM made a remarkable improvement in the simulated effective radius of ice cloud particulates. However, the corresponding ice-cloud optical thickness increased even more than the observed. This can be caused by lack of horizontal cloud advection not performed in the SCM. Adjusting the other tunable parameters such as precipitation efficiency can mitigate this deficiency. Inclusion of ice cloud particle splintering invoked empirically further reduced simulation biases. Overall, these changes make a substantial improvement in simulated cloud optical properties and cloud distribution particularly over the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ in the GCM.

Effect of interactions between carbon dioxide enrichment and NH4+/NO3- ratio on pH of culturing nutrient solution,growth and vigor of tomato root system

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

Juan LI; Jianmin ZHOU

2008-01-01

A growth chamber experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of NH4+/NO3- ratio and elevated CO2 concentration on the pH in nutrient solution,growth and root vigor system of tomato seedling roots,which attempts to understand whether the elevated CO2 concentration can alleviate the harmful effects of higher NH4+-N concentration in nutrient solutions on the tomato root system.Tomato (Lycopersicon esculenturn Mill.var.Hezuo 906) was grown in pots with nutrient solutions varying in NH4+/NO3- ratio (0:1,1:3,1:1,3:1and 1:0) and the growth chambers were supplied with with the growth process and CO2 concentration increased.At both CO2 levels,pH increased when 100% NO3--N was supplied and decreased in other treatments.The pH decrease in the nutrient solution was directly correlated to the NH4+-N proportion.The pH value was more reduced in 100% NH4+-N nutrient solution than increased in the 100% NO3--N nutrient solution.CO2 enrichment increased the dry weight of shoots and roots,root vigor system,total absorbing area and active absorbing area of tomato seedlings.All the measurement indexes above were increased in the elevated CO2 concentration treatment with the NO3- proportion increase in the nutrient solutions.Thus,under the elevated CO2 concentration,the dry weights of shoots and roots,root vigor system,total root absorbing area and active absorbing area were found to be inversely correlated to NH4+/NO3- ratio,leading to about 65.8%,78.0%,18.9%,12.9% and 18.9% increase,respectively,compared with that under the ambient CO2 concentration.Our results indicated that tomato seedling roots may benefit mostly from CO2 enrichment when 100% NO3--N nutrient solutions was supplied,but the CO2 concentration elevation did not alleviate the harmful effects when 100% NHa+-N was supplied.

Thermal properties and phase transition in the fluoride, (NH4)3SnF7

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kartashev, A.V.; Gorev, M.V.; Bogdanov, E.V.; Flerov, I.N.; Laptash, N.M.

2016-01-01

Calorimetric, dilatometric and differential thermal analysis studies were performed on (NH 4 ) 3 SnF 7 for a wide range of temperatures and pressures. Large entropy (δS 0 =22 J/mol K) and elastic deformation (δ(ΔV/V) 0 =0.89%) jumps have proven that the Pa-3↔Pm-3m phase transition is a strong first order structural transformation. A total entropy change of ΔS 0 =32.5 J/mol K is characteristic for the order–disorder phase transition, and is equal to the sum of entropy changes in the related material, (NH 4 ) 3 TiF 7 , undergoing transformation between the two cubic phases through the intermediate phases. Hydrostatic pressure decreases the stability of the high temperature Pm-3m phase in (NH 4 ) 3 SnF 7 , contrary to (NH 4 ) 3 TiF 7 , characterised by a negative baric coefficient. The effect of experimental conditions on the chemical stability of (NH 4 ) 3 SnF 7 was observed. - Graphical abstract: Strong first order structural transformation Pa-3↔Pm-3m in (NH 4 ) 3 SnF 7 is associated with very large total entropy change of ΔS 0 =32.5 J/mol K characteristic for the ordering processes and equal to the sum of entropy changes in the related (NH 4 ) 3 TiF 7 undergoing transformation between the same two cubic phases through the intermediate phases. - Highlights: • (NH 4 ) 3 SnF 7 undergoes strong first order Pa-3↔Pm-3m phase transition. • Anomalous behaviour of ΔC p and ΔV/V exists far below phase transition temperature. • Structural distortions are accompanied by huge total entropy change ΔS≈Rln50. • High pressure strongly increases the stability of Pa-3 phase in (NH 4 ) 3 SnF 7 . • Entropy of the Pa-3↔Pm-3m phase transition does not depend on pressure.

Surface study of platinum decorated graphene towards adsorption of NH_3 and CH_4

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rad, Ali Shokuhi; Pazoki, Hossein; Mohseni, Soheil; Zareyee, Daryoush; Peyravi, Majid

2016-01-01

To distinguish the potential of graphene sensors, there is a need to recognize the interaction between graphene sheet and adsorbing molecules. We used density functional theory (DFT) calculations to study the properties of pristine as well as Pt-decorated graphene sheet upon adsorption of NH_3 and CH_4 on its surface to exploit its potential to be as gas sensors for them. We found much higher adsorption, higher charge transfer, lower intermolecular distance, and higher orbital hybridizing upon adsorption of NH_3 and CH_4 gas molecules on Pt-decorated graphene compared to pristine graphene. Also our calculations reveal that the adsorption energies on Pt-decorated graphene sheet are in order of NH_3 >CH_4 which could be corresponded to the order of their sensitivity on this modified surface. We used orbital analysis including density of states as well as frontier molecular orbital study for all analyte-surface systems to more understanding the kind of interaction (physisorption or chemisorption). Consequently, the Pt-decorated graphene can transform the existence of NH_3 and CH_4 molecules into electrical signal and it may be potentially used as an ideal sensor for detection of NH_3 and CH_4 in ambient situation. - Highlights: • Pt-decorated graphene was investigated as an adsorbent for NH_3 and CH_4. • Much higher adsorption of NH_3 and CH_4 on Pt-decorated graphene than pristine graphene. • Higher adsorption of NH_3 compared to CH_4 on Pt-decorated graphene. • Pt influences the electronic structure of graphene.

Nitrogen fertilization (15NH4NO3 of palisadegrass and residual effect on subsequent no-tillage corn

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Emerson Borghi

2014-10-01

Full Text Available Nitrogen is required in large amounts by plants and their dinamics in corn and perennial forages intercropped is little known. This study analyzed the efficiency of nitrogen fertilization (15NH4NO3 applied after corn grain harvest to palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu in intercrops sown at two times, as well as the N residual effect on the subsequent corn crop. The field experiment was performed in Botucatu, São Paulo State, in southeastern Brazil, on a structured Alfisol under no-tillage. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design in a split plot scheme with four replications. The main plots consisted of two intercropping systems (corn and palisadegrass sown together and palisadegrass sown later, at corn top-dressing fertilization. The subplots consisted of four N rates (0, 30, 60, and 120 kg ha-1 N. The subplots contained microplots, in which enriched ammonium nitrate (15NH4NO3 was applied at the same rates. The time of intercrop sowing affected forage dry matter production, the amount of fertilizer-derived N in and the N use efficiency by the forage plants. Nitrogen applied in autumn to palisadegrass intercropped with corn, planted either at corn sowing or at N top-dressing fertilization, increased the forage yield up to a rate of 60 kg ha-1. The amount of fertilizer-derived N by the forage plants and the fertilizer use efficiency by palisadegrass were highest 160 days after fertilization for both intercrop sowing times, regardless of N rates. Residual N did not affect the N nutrition of corn plants grown in succession to palisadegrass, but increased grain yield at rates of 60 and 120 kg ha-1 N, when corn was grown on palisadegrass straw from the intercrop installed at corn fertilization (top-dressing. Our results indicated that the earlier intercropping allowed higher forage dry matter production. On the other hand, the later intercrop allowed a higher corn grain yield in succession to N-fertilized palisadegrass.

Biomass accumulation, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, nutrient contents and nitrate reductase activity in young rosewood plants (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke submitted to different NO3-:NH4+ ratios Acúmulo de biomassa, eficiência fotoquímica do fotossistema II, conteúdo de nutrientes e atividade da redutase do nitrato em plantas jovens de pau-rosa (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke submetidas a diferentes relações NO3-:NH4+

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Denize Caranhas de Sousa Barreto

2007-01-01

Full Text Available The rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke is a native tree species of Amazon rainforest growing naturally in acidic forest soils with reduced redox potential. However, this species can also been found growing in forest gaps containing oxide soils. Variations in the forms of mineral nitrogen (NO3- or NH4+ may be predicted in these different edaphic conditions. Considering that possibility, an experiment was carried out to analyze the effects of different NO3-:NH4+ ratios on the growth performance, mineral composition, chloroplastid pigment contents, photochemical efficiency photosystem II (PSII, and nitrate redutase activity (RN, E.C.1.6.6.1 on A. rosaeodora seedlings. Nine-month-old seedlings were grown in pots with a washed sand capacity of 7.5 kg and submitted to different NO3-:NH4+ ratios (T1 = 0:100%, T2 = 25:75%, T3 = 50:50%, T4 = 75:25%, and T5 = 100:0%. The lowest relative growth rate was observed when the NO3-:NH4+ ratio was equal to 0:100%. In general, high concentrations of NO3- rather than NH4+ favored a greater nutrient accumulation in different parts of the plant. For the chloroplastid pigment, the highest Chl a, Chl b, Chl tot, Chl a/b and Chl tot/Cx+c contents were found in the treatment with 75:25% of NO3-:NH4+, and for Chl b and Cx+c it was observed no difference. In addition, there was a higher photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm when high NO3- concentrations were used. A linear and positive response for the nitrate reductase activity was recorded when the nitrate content increased on the culture substrate. Our results suggest that A. rosaeodora seedlings have a better growth performance when the NO3- concentrations in the culture substrate were higher than the NH4+ concentrations.O pau-rosa (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke habita, naturalmente, solos florestais ácidos com potencial redox reduzido. No entanto, estas espécies têm sido encontradas também em clareiras que, teoricamente, apresentam solos mais oxidados. Nestas diferentes

Nitrogen-Utilization by Plant-Species from Acid Heathland Soils .2. Growth and Shoot/Root Partitioning of No3- Assimilation at Constant Low Ph and Varying No3-/Nh4+ Ratio

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Troelstra, S.R.; Wagenaar, R.; Smant, W.

1995-01-01

The growth of four heathland species, two grasses (D. flexuosa, M. caerulea) and two dwarf shrubs (C. vulgaris, E. tetralix), was tested in solution culture at pH 4.0 with 2 mol m(-3) N, varying the NO3-/NH4+ ratio up to 40% nitrate. In addition, measurements of NRA, plant chemical composition, and

Ferroelectric TGS ((NH sub 2 CH sub 2 COOH) sub 3 centre dot H sub 2 SO sub 4) under high pressure

CERN Document Server

Kobayashi, Y; Furuta, H; Endo, S; Deguchi, K

2002-01-01

The ferroelectric transition temperature T sub c of (NH sub 2 CH sub 2 COOH) sub 3 centre dot H sub 2 SO sub 4 (TGS), which is a typical order-disorder-type ferroelectric, was determined by dielectric constant and Raman scattering measurements under high pressure. T sub c increased, passed through a maximum and then decreased slightly with increasing pressure, and then abruptly dropped at about 2.5 GPa, where a transition to a new high-pressure phase was confirmed to exist. A tentative p-T phase diagram was proposed for TGS.

The preferential form of nitrogen absorption (15NH4+ or 15NO3-) by soy beans, beans, rice and corn crops

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Heinrichs, Reges; Gava, Glauber Jose; Corazza, Edemar Joaquim; Duete, Robson Rui Cotrin; Villanueva, Felipe Carlos Alvarez; Muraoka, Takashi

2006-01-01

In annual crops, the nitrogen fertilizer application practice can supply the nitrogen needed for maximum yield. However, taking into account the damaging effects on the environment of improperly planned fertilizer use, it is necessary to adjust the amount and the forms of N to be applied according to crop requirement. Viewing to determine the N form which is preferentially absorbed by the plants at their initial growth stage, an experiment was carried out under green house conditions in a Hapludox soil. Ammonium nitrate (AN) in which 2% of the N was labelled N ( 15 N) either as NH 4+ or as NO 3- was used. The AN solution was then applied onto the soil surface of each vase at the rate of 100 mg of N either at sowing or 10 days later. The results showed that the soybean plants, when fertilization was made at sowing, had no preferred form of N. But, if fertilization took place 10 days after sowing, the NH 4+ form was the preferred one. Common bean plants showed no preferred form. Rice plants preferred the NH 4+ form irrespective of fertilization time. Corn plants preferred the ammoniacal form when fertilization was made at sowing. (author)

Synthesis and crystal structure of 4-fluorobenzylammonium dihydrogen phosphate, [FC6H4CH2NH3]H2PO4

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ali Rayes

2016-12-01

Full Text Available The asymmetric unit of the title salt, [p-FC6H4CH2NH3]+·H2PO4−, contains one 4-fluorobenzylammonium cation and one dihydrogen phosphate anion. In the crystal, the H2PO4− anions are linked by O—H...O hydrogen bonds to build corrugated layers extending parallel to the ab plane. The FC6H4CH2NH3+ cations lie between these anionic layers to maximize the electrostatic interactions and are linked to the H2PO4− anions through N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional supramolecular network. Two hydrogen atoms belonging to the dihydrogen phosphate anion are statistically occupied due to disorder along the OH...HO direction.

Preparation and characterization of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite (C4H9NH3)2CuCl4

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Xiao Zelong; Chen Hongzheng; Shi Minmin; Wu Gang; Zhou Renjia; Yang Zhisheng; Wang Mang; Tang Benzhong

2005-01-01

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite (C 4 H 9 NH 3 ) 2 CuCl 4 was prepared via the reaction between copper chloride and butylammonium chloride. Its chemical structure was characterized by FT-IR and elemental analysis. Its thin film was obtained by spin-coating, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements indicated the formation of two-dimensional layered perovskites structure, with the c-axis perpendicular to the substrate surface. The electronic structure, thermal properties and electrical properties of the hybrid perovskite (C 4 H 9 NH 3 ) 2 CuCl 4 were also studied by UV-vis, photoluminescience (PL), TGA, DSC, and Hall measurement

Effect of sulfated CaO on NO reduction by NH{sub 3} in the presence of excess oxygen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Tianjin Li; Yuqun Zhuo; Yufeng Zhao; Changhe Chen; Xuchang Xu [Tsinghua University, Beijing (China). Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education

2009-04-15

The effect of sulfated CaO on NO reduction by NH{sub 3} in the presence of excess oxygen was investigated to evaluate the potential of simultaneous SO{sub 2} and NO removal at the temperature range of 700-850{sup o}C. The physical and chemical properties of the CaO sulfation products were analyzed to investigate the NO reduction mechanism. Experimental results showed that sulfated CaO had a catalytic effect on NO reduction by NH{sub 3} in the presence of excess O{sub 2} after the sulfation reaction entered the transition control stage. With the increase of CaO sulfation extent in this stage, the activity for NO reduction first increased and then decreased, and the selectivity of NH{sub 3} for NO reduction to N{sub 2} increased. The byproduct (NO{sub 2} and N{sub 2}O) formation during NO reduction experiments was negligible. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis showed that neither CaSO{sub 3} nor CaS was detected, indicating that the catalytic activity of NO reduction by NH{sub 3} in the presence of excess O{sub 2} over sulfated CaO was originated from the CaSO{sub 4} product. These results revealed that simultaneous SO{sub 2} and NOx control by injecting NH{sub 3} into the dry flue gas desulfurization process for NO reduction might be achieved. 38 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.

1/4-BPS M-theory bubbles with SO(3) x SO(4) symmetry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kim, Hyojoong; Kim, Kyung Kiu; Kim, Nakwoo

2007-01-01

In this paper we generalize the work of Lin, Lunin and Maldacena on the classification of 1/2-BPS M-theory solutions to a specific class of 1/4-BPS configurations. We are interested in the solutions of 11 dimensional supergravity with SO(3) x SO(4) symmetry, and it is shown that such solutions are constructed over a one-parameter familiy of 4 dimensional almost Calabi-Yau spaces. Through analytic continuations we can obtain M-theory solutions having AdS 2 x S 3 or AdS 3 x S 2 factors. It is shown that our result is equivalent to the AdS solutions which have been recently reported as the near-horizon geometry of M2 or M5-branes wrapped on 2 or 4-cycles in Calabi-Yau threefolds. We also discuss the hierarchy of M-theory bubbles with different number of supersymmetries

Imaging a multidimensional multichannel potential energy surface: Photodetachment of H{sup −}(NH{sub 3}) and NH{sub 4}{sup −}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hu, Qichi; Johnson, Christopher J.; Continetti, Robert E., E-mail: hguo@umn.edu, E-mail: rcontinetti@ucsd.edu [Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0340 (United States); Song, Hongwei; Guo, Hua, E-mail: hguo@umn.edu, E-mail: rcontinetti@ucsd.edu [Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 (United States); Li, Jun [School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044 (China)

2016-06-28

Probes of the Born-Oppenheimer potential energy surfaces governing polyatomic molecules often rely on spectroscopy for the bound regions or collision experiments in the continuum. A combined spectroscopic and half-collision approach to image nuclear dynamics in a multidimensional and multichannel system is reported here. The Rydberg radical NH{sub 4} and the double Rydberg anion NH{sub 4}{sup −} represent a polyatomic system for benchmarking electronic structure and nine-dimensional quantum dynamics calculations. Photodetachment of the H{sup −}(NH{sub 3}) ion-dipole complex and the NH{sub 4}{sup −} DRA probes different regions on the neutral NH{sub 4} PES. Photoelectron energy and angular distributions at photon energies of 1.17, 1.60, and 2.33 eV compare well with quantum dynamics. Photoelectron-photofragment coincidence experiments indicate dissociation of the nascent NH{sub 4} Rydberg radical occurs to H + NH{sub 3} with a peak kinetic energy of 0.13 eV, showing the ground state of NH{sub 4} to be unstable, decaying by tunneling-induced dissociation on a time scale beyond the present scope of multidimensional quantum dynamics.

A non-typical sequence of phase transitions in (NH4)3GeF7: optical and structural characterization.

Science.gov (United States)

Mel'nikova, S V; Molokeev, M S; Laptash, N M; Misyul, S V

2016-03-28

Single crystals of germanium double salt (NH4)3GeF7 = (NH4)2GeF6·NH4F = (NH4)3[GeF6]F were grown and studied by the methods of polarization optics and X-ray diffraction. The birefringence Δn = (no - ne), the rotation angle of the optical indicatrix ϕ(T) and unit cell parameters were measured in the temperature range 100-400 K. Three structural phase transitions were found at the temperatures: T1↓ = 279.2 K (T1↑ = 279.4 K), T2↑ = 270 K (T2↓ = 268.9 K), T3↓ = 218 K (T3↑ = 227 K). An unusual sequence of symmetry transformations with temperature change was established: P4/mbm (Z = 2) (G1) ↔ Pbam (Z = 4) (G2) ↔ P21/c (Z = 4) (G3) ↔ Pa3[combining macron] (Z = 8) (G4). The crystal structures of different phases were determined. The experimental data were additionally interpreted by a group-theoretical analysis of the complete condensate of order parameters taking into account the critical and noncritical atomic displacements. Strengthening of the N-HF hydrogen bonds can be a driving force of the observed phase transitions.

Изучение фазовых равновесий в четверных системах Co(NH2)2 - NH4Cl - (NH4)2SO4 - H2O и Co(NH2)2 - NH4Cl - (NH4)2HPO4 - H2O при 25C° оптимизированным методом сечений

OpenAIRE

Носков, М.; Мазунин, С.

2012-01-01

Оптимизированным методом сечений впервые были изучены фазовые равновесия в четверных системах CO(NH2)2 − NH4Cl − (NH4)2SO4 − H2O и CO(NH2)2 − NH4Cl − (NH4)2HPO4 − H2O и оконтуривающих трехкомпонентных системах CO(NH2)2 − NH4Cl − H2O (с образованием инконгруэнтно растворимого химического соединения), CO(NH2)2 − (NH4)2SO4 − H2O и CO(NH2)2 − (NH4)2HPO4 − H2O (изотермы простого эвтонического типа) при 25°C. Установлены составы равновесных жидких и твердых фаз, находящихся в эвтоническом и перитон...

Electrochemical and SEM studies of tetra-ammine platinum (II) (Pt(NH3)4)(OH)2 solution

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wan Jeffrey Basirun

2002-01-01

Electrochemical studies include cyclic voltammetry with microelectrodes were done on a solution of tetra-ammine platinum (II) (Pt(NH 3 ) 4 )(OH) 2 at pH 13 and showed that the electrochemical reduction of this compound was no different from the tetra-ammine platinum (II) (Pt(NH 3 ) 4 )(HPO 4 ) at pH 10.4. The solution was instable to high temperatures and results have shown that electroplating can be done at a limited temperature range for longer periods of time or at higher temperatures for short periods of time. Scanning electron microscopy was done on some of the constant current electrodeposited samples at high temperatures and result obtained was satisfactory. (Authors)

Separation and Recovery of Iron and Rare Earth from Bayan Obo Tailings by Magnetizing Roasting and (NH4)2SO4 Activation Roasting

OpenAIRE

Yan Zhou; He Yang; Xiang-xin Xue; Shuai Yuan

2017-01-01

A novel approach for recovery of iron and rare earth elements (REEs) from Bayan Obo tailings of Baotou, China, was developed by combining magnetizing roasting, magnetic separation, (NH4)2SO4 activation roasting, and water leaching. Thermodynamic analysis of carbothermal reduction was conducted to determine the temperature of magnetizing roasting, and it agreed well with the experimental results. The maximum recovery of Fe reached 77.8% at 600 °C, and the grade of total Fe in the magnetic conc...

Investigation of the Dynamics Of NH{sup +}{sub 4} and H{sub 2}O Molecular Groups in Crystals; Etude de la Dynamique des Groupes Moleculaires NH{sup +}{sub 4} et H{sub 2}O dans les Cristaux; 0418 0421 0421 041b 0415 0414 041e 0412 0410 041d 0418 0415 0414 0418 041d 0410 041c 0418 041a 0418 041c 041e 041b 0415 041a 0423 041b 042f 0420 041d 042b 0425 0413 0420 0423 041f 041f NH{sup +}{sub 4} H H{sub 2}O 0412 041a 0420 0418 0421 0422 0410 041b 041b 0410 0425 ; Estudio de la Dinamica de los Grupos Moleculares NH{sup +}{sub 4} Y H{sub 2}O en Cristales

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bajorek, A.; Machehina, T. A.; Parlin' Ski, K. [Ob' edinennyj Institut Jadernyh Issledovanij, Dubna, SSSR (Russian Federation)

1965-06-15

The authors give the results of thermal neutron scattering measurements in crystals containing ammonium ion (NH{sub 4}CI, NH{sub 4}Br, NH{sub 4}I, NH{sub 4}F, NH{sub 4}NO{sub 3}, NH{sub 4}CNS, (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}SO{sub 4}, (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}S{sub 2}O{sub 8}, (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}Cr{sub 2}O{sub 7}, (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}CO{sub 3}) and water of crystallization (BaCl{sub 2} * 2H{sub 2}O, SrCl{sub 2} * 6H{sub 2}O, CuSO{sub 4} * 5H{sub 2}O) . The investigations were made to study the influence of various crystal lattices on the dynamics of these groups and the connection between scattering processes and phase transitions. In spite of the structural differences of the substances examined, the spectra obtained at the temperature of liquid nitrogen proved to be similar. As a rule, there are two peaks, one in the 15-20 meV energy transfer range, and the other in the 35-70 meV range, associated with the torsional vibrations of.ammonium ions. The intensity of the peaks depends on the structure of the substances under examination and falls as the sample temperature rises. It was found that there is a jump in the elastic region of the spectrum at certain phase transitions (in the cases of NH{sub 4}I, NH{sub 4}NO{sub 3} and (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}SO{sub 4}). At increased temperatures an additional peak appears in NH{sub 4}Cl, NH{sub 4}Br and (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}(COO){sub 2} to the lower energy side of the rotational retardation peak. The spectra of neutrons scattered in crystals containing water of crystallization also resemble one another. Three groups of peaks are observed in the spectra, associated with optical vibrations and rotational retardation of the water molecules. (author) [French] Us auteurs indiquent les resultats qu'ils ont obtenus en mesurant la diffusion des neutrons thermiques par des cristaux contenant un ion ammonium (NH{sub 4}CI, NH{sub 4}Br, NH{sub 4}I, NH{sub 4}F, NH{sub 4}NO{sub 3}, NH{sub 4}CNS, (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}SO{sub 4}, (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}S{sub 2}O{sub 8}, (NH{sub 4

Infrared spectra of the ammonium ion in ammonium hexavanadate (NH 4) 2V 6O 16

Science.gov (United States)

de Waal, D.; Heyns, A. M.; Range, K.-J.; Eglmeier, C.

The infrared bands of the NH +4 and ND +4 groups in (NH 4) 2V 6O 16 and its deuterated analogue can be assigned with a fair amount of certainty at 90 K under the space group P2 1/ m( C22 h). The ND stretching modes of isotopically dilute NH 3D + ions in the crystal are in agreement with the predicted splitting into Cs, Cs and C1(2) components. The frequencies, shapes and temperature dependence of these modes suggest that both normal and bifurcated hydrogen bonds are formed. The latter closely resembles corresponding bonds in NH 4VO 3, but the normal hydrogen bonds are not as strong as the similar bonds in NH 4VO 3. This can be expected as NH +4 ions are dynamic in character in (NH 4) 2V 6O 16 and remain so down to temperatures of 90 K.

Complexing in (NH4)2SeO4-UO2SeO4 H2O system

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Serezhkina, L.B.

1994-01-01

Isotherm of solubility in the (NH 4 ) 2 SeO 4 -UO 2 SeO 4 -H 2 O system has been constructed at 25 deg C. (NH 4 ) 2 (UO 2 ) 2 (SeO 4 ) 3 x6H 2 O formation is established for the first time and certain its physicochemical properties are determined. Regularities of complexing in the R 2 Se) 4 -UO 2 SeO 4 -H 2 O systems, where R-univalent cation are under discussion. 6 refs.; 3 tabs

Potential NH{sub 4}{sup +} and NO{sub 3}{sup -} uptake on various Sphagnum species

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Jauhiainen, J [Joensuu Univ. (Finland). Dept. of Biology; Wallen, B; Malmer, N [Lund Univ. (Sweden). Dept. of Plant Ecology

1997-12-31

The objective of this research is to test differences in NH{sub 4}{sup +} and NO{sub 3}{sup -} uptake on various Sphagnum species under laboratory conditions. The studied species represent two gradients: the minerotrophy-ombrotrophy (mire margin - mire expanse) gradient, and the hummock-hollow gradient. There are distinct differences in the uptake rate between various Sphagnum species and these differences seem to be due to both structural and environmental factors: (1) on individual basis the highest uptake rate is in species with large capitulum and high number of ion exchange sites i.e. lawn species, (2) on dry mass basis the most effective species are the hummock species though they have a low DM, (3) from the ecosystem point of view, hummock species with high number of shoots per unit area and high uptake rate on dry mass basis, are the most effective species in filtering available nitrogen. (1 ref.)

Potential NH{sub 4}{sup +} and NO{sub 3}{sup -} uptake on various Sphagnum species

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Jauhiainen, J. [Joensuu Univ. (Finland). Dept. of Biology; Wallen, B.; Malmer, N. [Lund Univ. (Sweden). Dept. of Plant Ecology

1996-12-31

The objective of this research is to test differences in NH{sub 4}{sup +} and NO{sub 3}{sup -} uptake on various Sphagnum species under laboratory conditions. The studied species represent two gradients: the minerotrophy-ombrotrophy (mire margin - mire expanse) gradient, and the hummock-hollow gradient. There are distinct differences in the uptake rate between various Sphagnum species and these differences seem to be due to both structural and environmental factors: (1) on individual basis the highest uptake rate is in species with large capitulum and high number of ion exchange sites i.e. lawn species, (2) on dry mass basis the most effective species are the hummock species though they have a low DM, (3) from the ecosystem point of view, hummock species with high number of shoots per unit area and high uptake rate on dry mass basis, are the most effective species in filtering available nitrogen. (1 ref.)

NH4HCO3 gas-generating liposomal nanoparticle for photoacoustic imaging in breast cancer

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Xia J

2017-03-01

Full Text Available Jizhu Xia, Gang Feng, Xiaorong Xia, Lan Hao, Zhigang Wang Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China Abstract: In this study, we have developed a biodegradable nanomaterial for photoacoustic imaging (PAI. Its biodegradation products can be fully eliminated from a living organism. It is a gas-generating nanoparticle of liposome-encapsulating ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3 solution, which is safe, effective, inexpensive, and free of side effects. When lasers irradiate these nanoparticles, NH4HCO3 decomposes to produce CO2, which can absorb much of the light energy under laser irradiation with a specific wavelength, and then expand under heat to generate a thermal acoustic wave. An acoustic detector can detect this wave and show it as a photoacoustic signal on a display screen. The intensity of the photoacoustic signal is enhanced corresponding to an increase in time, concentration, and temperature. During in vivo testing, nanoparticles were injected into tumor-bearing nude mice through the caudal vein, and photoacoustic signals were detected from the tumor, reaching a peak in 4 h, and then gradually disappearing. There was no damage to the skin or subcutaneous tissue from laser radiation. Our developed gas-generating nanomaterial, NH4HCO3 nanomaterial, is feasible, effective, safe, and inexpensive. Therefore, it is a promising material to be used in clinical PAI. Keywords: Photoacoustic tomography, CO2, NH4HCO3, contrast agent, cancer

Order-disorder phase transition in the peroxidovanadium complex NH4[VO(O2)2(NH3)].

Science.gov (United States)

Schwendt, Peter; Gyepes, Róbert; Chrappová, Jana; Němec, Ivan; Vaněk, Přemysl

2018-07-05

Complex NH 4 [VO(O 2 ) 2 (NH 3 )] (1) undergoes an order-disorder phase transition at T c ~258K. This transition is accompanied by change in the space group of the orthorhombic lattice and also by significant structural rearrangements of the constituent molecules, which are pertinent mostly to their NH 4 + ions and their ammonia ligands. The low-temperature solid state IR and Raman spectra of 1 were corroborated by solid-state computations that employed Gaussian functions as the basis set. Results of these computations yielded excellent agreement with experimental data. On the curves of temperature dependence of vibrational modes, the phase transition is expressed by an abrupt change of the slope above T c . Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Surface study of platinum decorated graphene towards adsorption of NH{sub 3} and CH{sub 4}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rad, Ali Shokuhi, E-mail: a.shokuhi@gmail.com [Department of Chemical Engineering, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Pazoki, Hossein; Mohseni, Soheil [Department of Chemical Engineering, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Zareyee, Daryoush [Department of Chemistry, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Peyravi, Majid [Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol University of Technology, Babol (Iran, Islamic Republic of)

2016-10-01

To distinguish the potential of graphene sensors, there is a need to recognize the interaction between graphene sheet and adsorbing molecules. We used density functional theory (DFT) calculations to study the properties of pristine as well as Pt-decorated graphene sheet upon adsorption of NH{sub 3} and CH{sub 4} on its surface to exploit its potential to be as gas sensors for them. We found much higher adsorption, higher charge transfer, lower intermolecular distance, and higher orbital hybridizing upon adsorption of NH{sub 3} and CH{sub 4} gas molecules on Pt-decorated graphene compared to pristine graphene. Also our calculations reveal that the adsorption energies on Pt-decorated graphene sheet are in order of NH{sub 3} >CH{sub 4} which could be corresponded to the order of their sensitivity on this modified surface. We used orbital analysis including density of states as well as frontier molecular orbital study for all analyte-surface systems to more understanding the kind of interaction (physisorption or chemisorption). Consequently, the Pt-decorated graphene can transform the existence of NH{sub 3} and CH{sub 4} molecules into electrical signal and it may be potentially used as an ideal sensor for detection of NH{sub 3} and CH{sub 4} in ambient situation. - Highlights: • Pt-decorated graphene was investigated as an adsorbent for NH{sub 3} and CH{sub 4}. • Much higher adsorption of NH{sub 3} and CH{sub 4} on Pt-decorated graphene than pristine graphene. • Higher adsorption of NH{sub 3} compared to CH{sub 4} on Pt-decorated graphene. • Pt influences the electronic structure of graphene.

A feasible process for simultaneous removal of CO2, SO2 and NOx in the cement industry by NH3 scrubbing

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dong, Ruifeng; Lu, Hongfang; Yu, Yunsong; Zhang, Zaoxiao

2012-01-01

Highlights: ► Simultaneous removal of CO 2 , SO 2 and NO x is realized by NH 3 scrubbing with NaClO 2 . ► The crystallization process of NH 4 HCO 3 is employed instead of CO 2 regeneration. ► Energy consumption reduces hugely while CO 2 removal rate remains higher than 90%. ► Exergy calculation reveals that a higher thermodynamic perfection degree is achieved. -- Abstract: With the rapid economic and industrial development, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing enormously, which has greatly affected the global climate and human living environment. At present, a lot of technologies have been applied to CO 2 removal in fossil fuel-fired power plants, which are one of the main CO 2 emission sources. But few researches have been done in the cement industry, which is the third largest CO 2 emission source. There is no mature technology of CO 2 removal in cement industry mentioned before. This paper proposes a feasible process for simultaneous removal of CO 2 , SO 2 and NO x in the cement industry by NH 3 scrubbing. As there is no ready steam source for the regeneration of CO 2 -rich loading solvent after absorption, a process with the final product of ammonium bicarbonate is developed. With the oxidative additive of NaClO 2 added in the aqueous ammonium absorbent, the simultaneous removal of CO 2 , SO 2 and NO x is feasible by NH 3 scrubbing. The products of the process are mainly ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate, which are all good fertilizers for crops and plants. The crystallization of NH 4 HCO 3 is easier for storage and transportation than that for liquid carbon dioxide, which becomes more stable when dicyandiamide (DCD) is added. The thermodynamic analysis proves that the proposed process has the advantages of energy conservation and high thermodynamic perfection degree compared with the traditional ones.

The influence of a silica pillar in lamellar tetratitanate for selective catalytic reduction of NO{sub x} using NH{sub 3}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nogueira da Cunha, Beatriz; Gonçalves, Alécia Maria; Gomes da Silveira, Rafael [Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, C. Postal 131, CEP 74001-970 Goiânia, GO (Brazil); Urquieta-González, Ernesto A. [Laboratory of Applied Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis Km 235, C. Postal 676, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, SP (Brazil); Magalhães Nunes, Liliane, E-mail: lilianemnunes@gmail.com [Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, C. Postal 131, CEP 74001-970 Goiânia, GO (Brazil)

2015-01-15

Highlights: • Potassium ions significantly affected the SCR. • The introduction of silica in the catalyst promotes the NH{sub 3}-SCR reaction. • The catalysts activities were not significantly influenced by SO{sub 2} addition. - Abstract: Silica-pillared layered titanate (SiO{sub 2}–Ti{sub 4}O{sub 9}) was prepared by intercalating organosilanes into the interlayers of a layered K{sub 2}Ti{sub 4}O{sub 9} followed by calcination at 500 °C. The lamellar titanates produced were used as a support to prepare vanadium catalysts (1 and 2 wt%) through wet impregnation for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO. The catalysts were characterized using nitrogen adsorption (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed reduction (H{sub 2}-TPR), nuclear magnetic resonance ({sup 29}Si NMR), and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Reduction of NO by NH{sub 3} was studied in a fixed-bed reactor packed with the catalysts and fed a mixture comprising 1% NH{sub 3}, 1% NO, 10% O{sub 2}, and 34 ppm SO{sub 2} (when used) in helium. The results demonstrate that activity is correlated with the support, i.e., with acidic strength of catalysts. The potassium in the support, K{sub 2}Ti{sub 4}O{sub 9}, significantly affected the reaction and level of vanadium species reduction. The catalyst (1VSiT) with 1 wt% vanadium impregnated on the SiO{sub 2}–Ti{sub 4}O{sub 9} support reduced ∼80% of the NO. Approximately the same conversion rate was generated on the catalyst (2VSiT) with 2 wt% vanadium using the same support. The increased NH{sub 3} adsorption demonstrate that introduction of silica in the catalyst promotes the NH{sub 3}-SCR reaction. More importantly, 2VSiT and 1VSiT were strongly resistant to SO{sub 2} poisoning.

Chemiluminescence of the Ce{sup 3+}* ions, and the {sup 1}ГђЕѕ{sub 2} and ({sup 1}ГђЕѕ{sub 2}){sub 2} molecular species of oxygen induced by active surface of the (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}Ce(NO{sub 3}){sub 6} crystals at reduction of Ce{sup 4+} to Ce{sup 3+} by water in heterogeneous system «(NH{sub 4}){sub 2}Ce(NO{sub 3}){sub 6}-C{sub 6}H{sub 6}-H{sub 2}O»

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bulgakov, Ramil G., E-mail: profbulgakov@yandex.ru [Laboratory of Negative Ions Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics, Ufa Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71, Oktyabrya Prosp., 450054 Ufa (Russian Federation); Gazeeva, Dilara R., E-mail: galimovdi@mail.ru [Laboratory of High Energy Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis Russian Academy of Sciences, 141 Prosp. Oktyabrya, 450075 Ufa (Russian Federation); Galimov, Dim I. [Laboratory of High Energy Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis Russian Academy of Sciences, 141 Prosp. Oktyabrya, 450075 Ufa (Russian Federation)

2017-03-15

We have discovered an unusual new chemiluminescence (CL) in the title system, which is different from other known CL by unusual combination of various in nature emitters, namely, electronically excited state of the Ce{sup 3+}* ion (λ{sub max}=335 nm), singlet oxygen {sup 1}ГђЕѕ{sub 2} (emission near 1270 nm) and its dimer ({sup 1}ГђЕѕ{sub 2}){sub 2} (λ{sub max}=490, 645, 715 nm). The Ce{sup 3+}* ions and oxygen emitters {sup 1}O{sub 2} and ({sup 1}O{sub 2}){sub 2} are generated in the reaction of Ce{sup 4+} with water and hydrogen peroxide, respectively. CL is generated only in a heterogeneous system «(NH{sub 4}){sub 2}Ce(NO{sub 3}){sub 6}-C{sub 6}H{sub 6}-H{sub 2}O» and completely absent in a homogeneous solution (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}Ce(NO{sub 3}){sub 6} in water containing benzene. This is due to the fact that the redox processes and CL in the «(NH{sub 4}){sub 2}Ce(NO{sub 3}){sub 6}-C{sub 6}H{sub 6}-H{sub 2}O» system are induced by active surface of the (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}Ce(NO{sub 3}){sub 6} crystals. It is through the action of the active surface of the (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}Ce(NO{sub 3}){sub 6} crystals is carried out population of such a high energy level of 5d{sup 1} excited state of Ce{sup 3+}* ion (λ{sub max}=353 nm, 3.7 eV). Discovered CL is the first example of an experimental registration of the Ce{sup 3+}* ion emission in a chemical reaction, because formation of Ce{sup 3+}* ion previously assumed to be in a great many works on the study of CL in reactions of Ce{sup 4+} compounds with various reducing agents, including the reaction with water, initiated by light or catalysts. Possible mechanism generation of new CL in the system under study has been proposed in the paper. - Highlights: • A new chemiluminescence (CL) in the (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}Ce(NO{sub 3}){sub 2}-C{sub 6}H{sub 6}-H{sub 2}O system was discovered. • The emission of the Ce{sup 3+}* ion as a CL emitter has been registered for the first time. • Other emitters of this CL are

Polyacrylamide+Al{sub 2}(SO{sub 4}){sub 3} and polyacrylamide+CaO remove coliform bacteria and nutrients from swine wastewater

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Entry, J.A.; Phillips, Ian; Stratton, Helen; Sojka, R.E

2003-03-01

Polyacrylamide mixture may be able to reduce run-off of enteric bacteria from animal wastes. - Animal wastes are a major contributor of nutrients and enteric microorganisms to surface water and ground water. Polyacrylamide (PAM) mixtures are an effective flocculent, and we hypothesized that they would reduce transport of microorganisms in flowing water. After waste water running at 60.0 l min{sup -1} flowed over PAM+Al{sub 2}(SO{sub 4}){sub 3}, or PAM+CaO in furrows, total coliform bacteria (TC) and fecal coliform bacteria (FC) were reduced by 30-50% at 1 and 50 m downstream of the treatments compared to the control. In a column study, PAM+Al{sub 2}(SO{sub 4}){sub 3}, and PAM+CaO applied to sandy, sandy loam, loam, and clay soils reduced NH{sub 4}{sup +} and ortho-P concentrations in leachate compared to the source waste water and the control. PAM+Al{sub 2}(SO{sub 4}){sub 3} and PAM+CaO applied to sandy, sandy loam and loam soils reduced both total and ortho-P, concentrations in leachate compared to the source wastewater and control treatment. In a field study, PAM+Al{sub 2}(SO{sub 4}){sub 3}, or PAM+CaO treatments did not consistently reduce NH{sub 4}{sup +}, NO{sub 3}{sup -}, ortho-P, and total P concentrations in wastewater flowing over any soil compared to inflow wastewater or the control treatment. With proper application PAM+ Al{sub 2}(SO{sub 4}){sub 3} and PAM+CaO may be able to reduce the numbers of enteric bacteria in slowly flowing wastewater running off animal confinement areas, reducing the amount of pollutants entering surface water and groundwater.

SO ₂ Phototriggered Crystalline Nanomechanical Transduction of Aromatic Rotors in Tosylates: Rationalization via Photocrystallography of [Ru(NH ₃ ) ₄ SO ₂ X]tosylate ₂ (X = pyridine, 3-Cl-pyridine, 4-Cl-pyridine)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sylvester, Sven O.; Cole, Jacqueline M.; Waddell, Paul G.; Nowell, Harriott; Wilson, Claire

2014-07-24

Thermally-reversible solid-state linkage SO2 photoisomers of three complexes in the [Ru(NH3)4SO2X]tosylate2 family are captured in their metastable states using photocrystallography, where X = pyridine (1), 3-Cl-pyridine (2) and 4-Cl-pyridine (3). This photoisomerism only exists in the single-crystal form; accordingly, the nature of the crystalline environment surrounding the photo-active species controls its properties. In particular, the structural role of the tosylate anion needs to be understood against possible chemical influences due to varying the trans ligand, X. The photo-excited geometries, photoconversion levels and thermal stabilities of the photoisomers that form in 1-3 are therefore studied. 1 and 2 yield two photo-isomers at 100 K: the O-bound end-on n1-SO2 Page 1 of 32 ACS Paragon Plus Environment The Journal of Physical Chemistry (MS1) configuration and the side-bound n2-SO2 (MS2), while 3 only exhibits the more thermally stable MS2 geometry. The decay kinetics of the MS2 geometry for 1-3 demonstrate that the greater the free volume of the GS SO2 ligand for a given counterion, the greater the MS2 thermal stability. Furthermore, a rationalization is sought for the SO2 phototriggered molecular rotation of the phenyl ring in the tosylate anion; this is selectively observed in 2, manifesting as nanomechanical molecular transduction. This molecular transduction was not observed in 1, despite the presence of the MS1 geometry due to the close intermolecular interactions between the MS1 SO2 and the neighbouring tosylate ion. The decay of this anionic molecular rotor in 2, however, follows a non-traditional decay pathway, as determined by time-resolved crystallographic analysis; this contrasts with the well-behaved first-order kinetic decay of its MS1 SO2 phototrigger.

Формирование кристаллов систем NH4C1+H20 и NH4CI+c11so4+H2O

OpenAIRE

Фокин, Андрей; Брызгалов, Александр; Волков, Петр

2010-01-01

Экспериментально исследованы закономерности формирования кристаллов систем NH4Cl+H2O и NH4Cl+CuSO4+H2O. Выявлен переход кристаллов дендритной формы к ограненной путем замещения ионов (NH4)+ на Сu2+.

Rate-based modelling of combined SO2 removal and NH3 recycling integrated with an aqueous NH3-based CO2 capture process

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Li, Kangkang; Yu, Hai; Qi, Guojie; Feron, Paul; Tade, Moses; Yu, Jingwen; Wang, Shujuan

2015-01-01

Highlights: • A rigorous, rate-based model for an NH 3 –CO 2 –SO 2 –H 2 O system was developed. • Model predictions are in good agreement with pilot plant results. • >99.9% of SO 2 was captured and >99.9% of slipped ammonia was reused. • The process is highly adaptable to the variations of SO 2 /NH 3 level, temperatures. - Abstract: To reduce the costs of controlling emissions from coal-fired power stations, we propose an advanced and effective process of combined SO 2 removal and NH 3 recycling, which can be integrated with the aqueous NH 3 -based CO 2 capture process to simultaneously achieve SO 2 and CO 2 removal, NH 3 recycling and flue gas cooling in one process. A rigorous, rate-based model for an NH 3 –CO 2 –SO 2 –H 2 O system was developed and used to simulate the proposed process. The model was thermodynamically and kinetically validated by experimental results from the open literature and pilot-plant trials, respectively. Under typical flue gas conditions, the proposed process has SO 2 removal and NH 3 reuse efficiencies of >99.9%. The process is strongly adaptable to different scenarios such as high SO 2 levels in flue gas, high NH 3 levels from the CO 2 absorber and high flue gas temperatures, and has a low energy requirement. Because the process simplifies flue gas desulphurisation and resolves the problems of NH 3 loss and SO 2 removal, it could significantly reduce the cost of CO 2 and SO 2 capture by aqueous NH 3

Statistical generation of training sets for measuring NO3(-), NH4(+) and major ions in natural waters using an ion selective electrode array.

Science.gov (United States)

Mueller, Amy V; Hemond, Harold F

2016-05-18

Knowledge of ionic concentrations in natural waters is essential to understand watershed processes. Inorganic nitrogen, in the form of nitrate and ammonium ions, is a key nutrient as well as a participant in redox, acid-base, and photochemical processes of natural waters, leading to spatiotemporal patterns of ion concentrations at scales as small as meters or hours. Current options for measurement in situ are costly, relying primarily on instruments adapted from laboratory methods (e.g., colorimetric, UV absorption); free-standing and inexpensive ISE sensors for NO3(-) and NH4(+) could be attractive alternatives if interferences from other constituents were overcome. Multi-sensor arrays, coupled with appropriate non-linear signal processing, offer promise in this capacity but have not yet successfully achieved signal separation for NO3(-) and NH4(+)in situ at naturally occurring levels in unprocessed water samples. A novel signal processor, underpinned by an appropriate sensor array, is proposed that overcomes previous limitations by explicitly integrating basic chemical constraints (e.g., charge balance). This work further presents a rationalized process for the development of such in situ instrumentation for NO3(-) and NH4(+), including a statistical-modeling strategy for instrument design, training/calibration, and validation. Statistical analysis reveals that historical concentrations of major ionic constituents in natural waters across New England strongly covary and are multi-modal. This informs the design of a statistically appropriate training set, suggesting that the strong covariance of constituents across environmental samples can be exploited through appropriate signal processing mechanisms to further improve estimates of minor constituents. Two artificial neural network architectures, one expanded to incorporate knowledge of basic chemical constraints, were tested to process outputs of a multi-sensor array, trained using datasets of varying degrees of

Synthesis and molecular structure of [Cu(NH3)4][Ni(CN)4]: A missing piece in the [Cu(NH3)n][Ni(CN)4] story

Science.gov (United States)

Solanki, Dina; Hogarth, Graeme

2015-11-01

Reaction of CuCl2·2H2O and K2[Ni(CN)4]·2H2O in aqueous ammonia gave blue rod-like crystals of [Cu(NH3)4][Ni(CN)4]. An X-ray crystallographic reveals that square-planar anions and cations are weakly associated through coordination of a cis pair of cyanide ligands to copper, with one short and one long contact and thus the copper centre is best described as a square-based pyramid. Crystals lose ammonia readily upon removal from the solvent and this has been probed by TGA and DSC measurements. For comparison we have also re-determined the structure of the related ethylenediamine (en) complex [Cu(en)2][Ni(CN)4] at 150 K. This consists of a 1D chain in which a trans pair of cyanide ligands bind to copper such that the latter has an overall tetragonally distorted octahedral coordination geometry.

[Effect of humic acids on migration and transformation of NH4(+) -N in saturated aquifer].

Science.gov (United States)

Meng, Qing-Jun; Zhang, Yan; Feng, Qi-Yan; Zhang, Shuang-Sheng

2011-11-01

Isothermal adsorption experiment was used to study the adsorbing process of NH4(+) -N in quartz sands under the conditions with and without humic acid; the Langmuir and Freundlich equations were used to fit the absorption result and the maximum adsorption capacity of NH4(+) -N by quarts sands was calculated. Through the soil column experiments, the concentration of NH4(+) -N, NO3(-) -N and NO2(-) -N in effluent water in the tested soil column was investigated, and the effect of humic acid on migration and transformation of NH4(+) -N in saturated aquifer was analyzed, and Pseudo-second-order Kinetics Equation and Two-step Adsorption Kinetics Rate Equation were applied to fit the kinetic processes. The results showed that both Langmuir and Freundlich models can well describe the isothermal adsorption process of NH4(+) -N on the surface of quartz sands, which means that NH4(+) -N adsorbed by the quartz sand was mainly in the form of monolayer adsorption. The humic acid could increase the adsorption capacity of NH4(+) -N on quartz sand, and the saturated adsorption capacity was 0.354 mg x g(-1) under the condition with humic acid and 0.205 mg x g(-1) with the absence of humic acid. The experiment indicated that humic acid increased the adsorption capacity of NH4(+) -N on the surface of quartz sand by increasing adsorption space in the initial stage. After saturation, humic acid influenced the migration and transformation of NH4(+) -N to NO3(-) -N and NO2(-) -N probably through providing carbon source and energy for microorganisms such as nitrifying bacteria and then resulting in lower NH4(+) -N concentration in effluent water. Both Pseudo-second-order Kinetics Equation and Two-step Adsorption Kinetics Rate Equations can well describe the process of NH4(+) -N adsorption kinetics on quartz sand (R2 = 0.997 7 and R2 = 0.998 1 with humic acid; R2 = 0.992 3 and R2 = 0.994 4 without humic acid), indicating that this process was chemical adsorption. By comparing the

Hydrogen generation behaviors of NaBH4-NH3BH3 composite by hydrolysis

Science.gov (United States)

Xu, Yanmin; Wu, Chaoling; Chen, Yungui; Huang, Zhifen; Luo, Linshan; Wu, Haiwen; Liu, Peipei

2014-09-01

In this work, NH3BH3 (AB) is used to induce hydrogen generation during NaBH4 (SB) hydrolysis in order to reduce the use of catalysts, simplify the preparation process, reduce the cost and improve desorption kinetics and hydrogen capacity as well. xNaBH4-yNH3BH3 composites are prepared by ball-milling in different proportions (from x:y = 1:1 to 8:1). The experimental results demonstrate that all composites can release more than 90% of hydrogen at 70 °C within 1 h, and their hydrogen yields can reach 9 wt% (taking reacted water into account). Among them, the composites in the proportion of 4:1 and 5:1, whose hydrogen yields reach no less than 10 wt%, show the best hydrogen generation properties. This is due to the impact of the following aspects: AB additive improves the dispersibility of SB particles, makes the composite more porous, hampers the generated metaborate from adhering to the surface of SB, and decreases the pH value of the composite during hydrolysis. The main solid byproduct of this hydrolysis system is NaBO2·2H2O. By hydrolytic kinetic simulation of the composites, the fitted activation energies of the complexes are between 37.2 and 45.6 kJ mol-1, which are comparable to the catalytic system with some precious metals and alloys.

H2 dilution effect in the Cat-CVD processes of the SiH4/NH3 system

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ansari, S.G.; Umemoto, Hironobu; Morimoto, Takashi; Yoneyama, Koji; Izumi, Akira; Masuda, Atsushi; Matsumura, Hideki

2006-01-01

Gas-phase diagnostics in the catalytic chemical vapor deposition processes of the SiH 4 /NH 3 /H 2 system were carried out to examine the effect of H 2 dilution. The decomposition efficiency of NH 3 showed a sharp decrease with the introduction of a small amount of SiH 4 , but this decrease was recovered by the addition of H 2 when the NH 3 pressure was low. On the other hand, at higher NH 3 pressures, the decomposition efficiency showed a minor dependence on the H 2 partial pressure. The addition of SiH 4 to the NH 3 system decreases the H-atom density by one order of magnitude, but this decrease is also recovered by H 2 addition. H atoms produced from H 2 must re-activate the catalyzer surfaces poisoned by SiH 4 when the NH 3 pressure is low

Comparison of measured NH4 level and NO emission to declared tar and nicotine values of hundred cigarette brands

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Brunt TM; Verlaan APJ; Cleven RFMJ; Rambali B; Vleeming W; LEO; LAC; LPI

2003-01-01

De algemene hypothese bestaat dat NH4 gehalte in sigaretten en NO concentratie in sigarettenrook de nicotine beschikbaarheid in de longen beinvloedt en daardoor ook een factor speelt bij de tabaksverslaving. Een correlatie tussen het NH4 gehalte, de NO emissie en de gedeclareerde nicotine waarde

Interaction of (NH4)2ZrF6 and (NH4)3ZrF7 with strontium and lead nitrates

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Krysenko, G.F.; Mel'nichenko, E.I.; Ehpov, D.G.; Polishchuk, S.A.

1991-01-01

Methods of chemical, X-ray phase, thermogravimetric analysis and IR spectroscopy were used to study reactions between ammonium fluorozirconates and strontium and lead nitrates. Formation of anhydrous hexa- and octafluorozirconates of strontium and lead in the form of MZrF 6 ·0.5NH 4 F and M 2 ZrF 8 ·0.5NH 4 F double salts, which decompose at 315-430 deg C to corresponding hexa- and octafluorozirconates, was established. Effect of hydrofluoric acid on composition of lead fluorozirconates was studied

SO4--SO3- radical pair formation in Ce doped and Ce, U co-doped K3Na(SO4)2: EPR evidence and its role in TSL

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Natarajan, V.; Seshagiri, T.K.; Kadam, R.M.; Sastry, M.D.

2002-01-01

Thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies were carried out on cerium doped and cerium-uranium co-doped K 3 Na(SO 4 ) 2 samples after γ-irradiation. Three glow peaks around 352, 415 and 475 K were observed and their spectral characteristics have shown that Ce 3+ and UO 2 2+ act as the emission centres in K 3 Na(SO 4 ) 2 :Ce and K 3 Na(SO 4 ) 2 :Ce, U, respectively. In Ce-U co-doped sample, energy transfer from cerium to uranium takes place. The commonly occurring radiation-induced centres in sulphates, viz SO 3 - and SO 4 - were observed by EPR and SO 4 - radical ion was found to take part in the TSL emission at 415 K. The hitherto unknown information, however, is the formation of SO 4 - -SO 3 - radical pair creating deep traps in these lattices, apparently assisted by the dopants. This is the first observation of such radical pair formation leading to the identification of deep traps in this lattice. The radical pair, (SO 3 - -SO 4 - ) which is stable up to 970 K, decreases the intensity of the peak at 415 K due to the depletion of SO 4 - centres

Thermal properties and phase transition in the fluoride, (NH{sub 4}){sub 3}SnF{sub 7}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kartashev, A.V. [Kirensky Institute of Physics, Siberian Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 660036 Krasnoyarsk (Russian Federation); Astafijev Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University, 660049 Krasnoyarsk (Russian Federation); Gorev, M.V. [Kirensky Institute of Physics, Siberian Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 660036 Krasnoyarsk (Russian Federation); Institute of Engineering Physics and Radio Electronics, Siberian State University, 660074 Krasnoyarsk (Russian Federation); Bogdanov, E.V. [Kirensky Institute of Physics, Siberian Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 660036 Krasnoyarsk (Russian Federation); Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University, 660049 Krasnoyarsk (Russian Federation); Flerov, I.N. [Kirensky Institute of Physics, Siberian Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 660036 Krasnoyarsk (Russian Federation); Institute of Engineering Physics and Radio Electronics, Siberian State University, 660074 Krasnoyarsk (Russian Federation); Laptash, N.M. [Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok (Russian Federation)

2016-05-15

Calorimetric, dilatometric and differential thermal analysis studies were performed on (NH{sub 4}){sub 3}SnF{sub 7} for a wide range of temperatures and pressures. Large entropy (δS{sub 0}=22 J/mol K) and elastic deformation (δ(ΔV/V){sub 0}=0.89%) jumps have proven that the Pa-3↔Pm-3m phase transition is a strong first order structural transformation. A total entropy change of ΔS{sub 0}=32.5 J/mol K is characteristic for the order–disorder phase transition, and is equal to the sum of entropy changes in the related material, (NH{sub 4}){sub 3}TiF{sub 7}, undergoing transformation between the two cubic phases through the intermediate phases. Hydrostatic pressure decreases the stability of the high temperature Pm-3m phase in (NH{sub 4}){sub 3}SnF{sub 7}, contrary to (NH{sub 4}){sub 3}TiF{sub 7}, characterised by a negative baric coefficient. The effect of experimental conditions on the chemical stability of (NH{sub 4}){sub 3}SnF{sub 7} was observed. - Graphical abstract: Strong first order structural transformation Pa-3↔Pm-3m in (NH{sub 4}){sub 3}SnF{sub 7} is associated with very large total entropy change of ΔS{sub 0}=32.5 J/mol K characteristic for the ordering processes and equal to the sum of entropy changes in the related (NH{sub 4}){sub 3}TiF{sub 7} undergoing transformation between the same two cubic phases through the intermediate phases. - Highlights: • (NH{sub 4}){sub 3}SnF{sub 7} undergoes strong first order Pa-3↔Pm-3m phase transition. • Anomalous behaviour of ΔC{sub p} and ΔV/V exists far below phase transition temperature. • Structural distortions are accompanied by huge total entropy change ΔS≈Rln50. • High pressure strongly increases the stability of Pa-3 phase in (NH{sub 4}){sub 3}SnF{sub 7}. • Entropy of the Pa-3↔Pm-3m phase transition does not depend on pressure.

LPG and NH3 sensing characteristics of DC electrochemically deposited Co3O4 films

Science.gov (United States)

Shelke, P. N.; Khollam, Y. B.; Gunjal, S. D.; Koinkar, P. M.; Jadkar, S. R.; Mohite, K. C.

2015-03-01

Present communication reports the LPG and NH3 sensing properties of Co3O4 films prepared on throughly cleaned stainless steel (SS) and copper (CU) substrates by using DC electrochemical deposition method followed by air annealing at 350°C/2 h. The resultant films are characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The LPG and NH3 gas sensing properties of these films are measured at room temperature (RT) by using static gas sensing system at different concentrations of test gas ranging from 25 ppm to 350 ppm. The XRD and Raman spectroscopy studies clearly indicated the formation of pure cubic spinel Co3O4 in all films. The LPG and NH3 gas sensing properties of films showed (i) the increase in sensitivity factor (S.F.) with gas concentrations and (ii) more sensibility to LPG as compared to NH3 gas. In case of NH3 gas (conc. 150 ppm) and LPG gas (conc. 60 ppm) sensing, the maximum S.F. = 270 and 258 are found for the films deposited on CU substrates, respectively. For all films, the response time (3-5 min.) is found to be much higher than the recovery time (30-50 sec). For all films, the response and recovery time are found to be higher for LPG as compared to NH3 gas. Further, repeatability-reproducibility in gas sensing properties is clearly noted by analysis of data for number of cycles recorded for all films from different set of depositions.

ISORROPIA II: a computationally efficient thermodynamic equilibrium model for K+─Ca²+─Mg²+─NH4+─Na+─SO4²-─NO3-─Cl-─H2O aerosols

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

C. Fountoukis

2007-09-01

Full Text Available This study presents ISORROPIA II, a thermodynamic equilibrium model for the K+–Ca2+–Mg2+–NH4+–Na+–SO42−–NO3−–Cl−–H2O aerosol system. A comprehensive evaluation of its performance is conducted against water uptake measurements for laboratory aerosol and predictions of the SCAPE2 thermodynamic module over a wide range of atmospherically relevant conditions. The two models agree well, to within 13% for aerosol water content and total PM mass, 16% for aerosol nitrate and 6% for aerosol chloride and ammonium. Largest discrepancies were found under conditions of low RH, primarily from differences in the treatment of water uptake and solid state composition. In terms of computational speed, ISORROPIA II was more than an order of magnitude faster than SCAPE2, with robust and rapid convergence under all conditions. The addition of crustal species does not slow down the thermodynamic calculations (compared to the older ISORROPIA code because of optimizations in the activity coefficient calculation algorithm. Based on its computational rigor and performance, ISORROPIA II appears to be a highly attractive alternative for use in large scale air quality and atmospheric transport models.

Distribution of complemented 15N - (NH4)2SO4 in an ethanolic fermentation process on insolube-N and solube-N fractions

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lara Cabejas, W.A.R.; Trivelin, P.C.O.

1990-01-01

Looking for stillage labeling with 15 N for further utilization in studies of mineral fertilization of sugar-cane, 15 N-(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (43.5ppm, 45.401 atoms% 15 N) was supplemented in a single fermentative cycle, in a laboratory scale. A nitrogen fractionation was made between insoluble-N and soluble-N in several componentes of the fermentative process (yeast, sugar-cane juice, centrifugate wine, centrifugate yeast and stillage) with the objective of studying the added nitrogen distribution and its isotopic abundance composition. The nitrogen fractionation, and the isotopic analysis by mass spectrometry of 15 N, in the fractions of the several components of the fermentative process, showed 81.1% of N recovery, being 3.2% in stillage and mainly in a soluble-N fraction (71.4%), and the rest found in centrifugate yeast (77.9%), distributed mainly in a insoluble-N fraction (92.0%). Desuniform isotopic label was found in stillage, between soluble-N (1.333 atoms% 15 N) and insoluble-N fractions (0.744 atoms% 15 N). Means to improve the isotopic uniformity in these fractions is discussed. (autor) [pt

Nitrogen leaching and acidification during 19 years of NH4NO3 additions to a coniferous-forested catchment at Gardsjoen, Sweden (NITREX)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Moldan, Filip; Wright, Richard F.

2011-01-01

The role of nitrogen (N) in acidification of soil and water has become relatively more important as the deposition of sulphur has decreased. Starting in 1991, we have conducted a whole-catchment experiment with N addition at Gardsjoen, Sweden, to investigate the risk of N saturation. We have added 41 kg N ha -1 yr -1 as NH 4 NO 3 to the ambient 9 kg N ha -1 yr -1 in fortnightly doses by means of sprinkling system. The fraction of input N lost to runoff has increased from 0% to 10%. Increased concentrations of NO 3 in runoff partially offset the decreasing concentrations of SO 4 and slowed ecosystem recovery from acid deposition. From 1990-2002, about 5% of the total N input went to runoff, 44% to biomass, and the remaining 51% to soil. The soil N pool increased by 5%. N deposition enhanced carbon (C) sequestration at a mean C/N ratio of 42-59 g g -1 . - Research highlights: → The fraction of input N lost to runoff has increased from 0% to 10%. → Increased concentrations of NO 3 in runoff slowed ecosystem recovery from acid deposition. → About 5% of the total N input went to runoff, 44% to biomass, and the remaining 51% to soil. → N deposition enhanced carbon (C) sequestration at a mean C/N ratio of 42-59 g g -1 . - N addition has led to increased flux of N and increased C sequestration at a forested catchment in Sweden; the NO 3 released has partially offset recovery from acidification.

Response to Comment on "Synthesis and characterization of the pentazolate anion cyclo-N5- in (N5)6(H3O)3(NH4)4Cl".

Science.gov (United States)

Jiang, Chao; Zhang, Lei; Sun, Chengguo; Zhang, Chong; Yang, Chen; Chen, Jun; Hu, Bingcheng

2018-03-16

Huang and Xu argue that the cyclo -N 5 - ion in (N 5 ) 6 (H 3 O) 3 (NH 4 ) 4 Cl we described in our report is theoretically unfavorable and is instead protonated. Their conclusion is invalid, as they use an improper method to assess the proton transfer in a solid crystal structure. We present an in-depth experimental and theoretical analysis of (N 5 ) 6 (H 3 O) 3 (NH 4 ) 4 Cl that supports the results in the original paper. Copyright © 2018, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Effect of trace elements (ZnSO/sub 4/, MnSO/sub 4//sub /and Al/sub 2/(SO/sub 4/)/sub 3/) on soil Ph, Zinc and manganese concentrations in case of mature teat bushes

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nosheen, M.; Riaz, A.K.

2005-01-01

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of trace elements on growth and yield of mature tea bushes, at National Tea Research Inst., Shinkiari, Mansehra, Pakistan, during 2003. The treatments included control (no fertilizer), recommended dose of NPK (432:111:74 kg ha/sup -1/ alone and NPK in combination with either two doses of (5.5 and 11 kg ha/sup -1/) ZnSO/sub 4/ or (2.0 and 4.0 kg ha/sup -1/)MnSO/sub 4/ or (0.225 and 0.45 kg ha/sup -1/) Al/sub 2/(SO/sub 4/)/sub 3/ to soil and one dose of each (11 kg ha/sup -1/) ZnSO/sub 4/, (4.0 kg ha/sup -1) MnSO/sub 4/ and (0.45 kg ha/sup -1/) Al/sub 2/(SO/sub 4/)/sub 3/ applied as spray solution. Treatments including soil application of NPK alone and NPK + either ZnSO/sub 4/, MnSO/sub 4/ or Al/sub 2/(SO/sub 4/)/sub 3/ significantly (P < 0.001) increased tea yield (fresh weight of three leaves + bud), shoot height and tissue Zn and Mn concentrations with significant interactions (T x t) on tissue Zn and Mn levels. As compared to control the yield increased by 7.0,30,.37,42,37 and 34% with NPK alone, NPK + 5.5, + 11.0 ZnSO/sub 4/, + 2.0, + 4.0 MnSO/sub 4/, + 0.225, + 0.45 kg ha/sup -1/ Al/sub 2/(SO/sub 4/)/sub 3/, respectively during fist three months while the yield of six months plucking showed similar response to treatments but was significantly lower than the first three months. Soil pH, Zn and Mn concentrations were significantly affected by treatments, time of sampling, and depth of sampling. Except ZnSO/sub 4/, lower doses of MnSO/sub 4/ (2.0 kg ha-l) and Al/sub 2/(SO/sub 4/)/sub 3/ (0.225 kg ha/sup -1/), were more effective as compared to their higher doses when applied to soil, regarding tea yield and shoot height. Foliar application of 11 kg ha-l ZnSO/sub 4/ significantly increased yield as compared to its both levels when applied to soil. It is concluded that MnSO/sub 4/ and Al/sub 2/(SO/sub 4/)/sub 3/ should be applied at the rate of 2.0 and 0.225 kg ha/sup -l/. (author)

Neutron scattering studies of K3H(SO4)2 and K3D(SO4)2: the particle-in-a-box model for the quantum phase transition.

Science.gov (United States)

Fillaux, François; Cousson, Alain

2012-08-21

In the crystal of K(3)H(SO(4))(2) or K(3)D(SO(4))(2), dimers SO(4)···H···SO(4) or SO(4)···D···SO(4) are linked by strong centrosymmetric hydrogen or deuterium bonds whose O···O length is ≈2.50 Å. We address two open questions. (i) Are H or D sites split or not? (ii) Is there any structural counterpart to the phase transition observed for K(3)D(SO(4))(2) at T(c) ≈ 85.5 K, which does not exist for K(3)H(SO(4))(2)? Neutron diffraction by single-crystals at cryogenic or room temperature reveals no structural transition and no resolvable splitting of H or D sites. However, the width of the probability densities suggest unresolved splitting of the wavefunctions suggesting rigid entities H(L1/2)-H(R1/2) or D(L1/2)-D(R1/2) whose separation lengths are l(H) ≈ 0.16 Å or l(D) ≈ 0.25 Å. The vibrational eigenstates for the center of mass of H(L1/2)-H(R1/2) revealed by inelastic neutron scattering are amenable to a square-well and we suppose the same potential holds for D(L1/2)-D(R1/2). In order to explain dielectric and calorimetric measurements of mixed crystals K(3)D((1-ρ))H(ρ)(SO(4))(2) (0 ≤ ρ ≤ 1), we replace the classical notion of order-disorder by the quantum notion of discernible (e.g., D(L1/2)-D(R1/2)) or indiscernible (e.g., H(L1/2)-H(R1/2)) components depending on the separation length of the split wavefunction. The discernible-indiscernible isostructural transition at finite temperatures is induced by a thermal pure quantum state or at 0 K by ρ.

Experimental study of H2SO4 aerosol nucleation at high ionization levels

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Tomicic, Maja; Bødker Enghoff, Martin; Svensmark, Henrik

2018-01-01

One hundred and ten direct measurements of aerosol nucleation rate at high ionization levels were performed in an 8 m3 reaction chamber. Neutral and ion-induced particle formation from sulfuric acid (H2SO4) was studied as a function of ionization and H2SO4 concentration. Other species that could...... have participated in the nucleation, such as NH3 or organic compounds, were not measured but assumed constant, and the concentration was estimated based on the parameterization by Gordon et al. (2017). Our parameter space is thus [H2SO4]  = 4×106 − 3×107 cm−3, [NH3+ org]  =  2.2 ppb, T = 295 K, RH......  =  38 %, and ion concentrations of 1700–19 000 cm−3. The ion concentrations, which correspond to levels caused by a nearby supernova, were achieved with gamma ray sources. Nucleation rates were directly measured with a particle size magnifier (PSM Airmodus A10) at a size close to critical cluster size...

Physical Properties of (NH4)2Pt(CN)4[Clo.42].3H2O: A new Quasi-One-Dimensional Conductor

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Carneiro, Kim; Petersen, A. S.; Underhill, A. E.

1979-01-01

The quasi-one-dimensional conductor (NH4)2[Pt(CN)4]Cl0.42·3H2O, ACP(Cl), has been studied experimentally by means of electrical conduction measurements, x-ray diffuse scattering, and neutron inelastic scattering. This allows the determination of all the physical parameters of interest for the the......The quasi-one-dimensional conductor (NH4)2[Pt(CN)4]Cl0.42·3H2O, ACP(Cl), has been studied experimentally by means of electrical conduction measurements, x-ray diffuse scattering, and neutron inelastic scattering. This allows the determination of all the physical parameters of interest...

Formation of condensed phosphates when heating CdO with NH4H2PO4

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Atstinya, L.Zh.; Dindune, A.P.; Konstant, Z.A.

1987-01-01

A study was made on process of CdO thermal condensation with NH 4 H 2 PO 4 depending on the ratio of basic substances and temperature synthesis conditions. It was established that reaction between CdO and NH 4 H 2 PO 4 of pure for analysis grade was initiated when basic mixtures were pounded with a pestle. Heating of cadmium-ammonium triphosphate with products of ammonium dihydrophosphate polycondensation in 330-350 deg C range resulted to CdNH 4 (PO 3 ) 3 formation. Exoeffect on DTA curves corresponded at 540 deg C to formation of α-Cd(PO 3 ) 2 . α-Cd(PO 3 ) 2 → β-Cd(PO 3 ) 2 transition took place at 810 deg C with successive melting of β-Cd(PO 3 ) 2 at 850 deg C, which was supported by the DTA curve and sharp change of the relative electric conductivity

Response of eight tropical plants to enhanced ammonia deposition under field, conditions prevalent with SO{sub 2} and NH{sub 3}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rao, M.V.; Khijneri, S.; Dubey, P.S.; Kumawat, D.M. [Vikram University, Ujjain (India). School of Studies in Botany

1993-12-01

The impact of SO{sub 2} on the deposition of ammonia and the response of eight tropical tree species to excess deposition of ammonia was investigated. This was achieved by studying physiological aspects like total sugars, protein, nitrate reductace (NR) activity, organic/inorganic nitrogen ratio, specific leaf area and foliar injury in plants growing under field conditions prevalent with SO{sub 2} and NH{sub 3}. Analysis of water soluble substances present on foliar surfaces of the trees indicated enhanced NH{sub 4}{sup +} deposition and thereby result in enhanced foliar protein contents. Though the enhanced nitrogen was almost the same in different plants, the plants exhibited differential metabolic disturbances. Critical analysis of the reults indicated three distinct types of plant response. Plants like {ital Azadirachta indica}, {ital Acacia auriculiformis} and {ital Bambusa arundinaceae} maintained enhanced total sugars and NR activity and incorporated excess NH{sub 4}{sup +} into proteins, thus enabling the plant to compensate/alleviate SO{sub 2} induced injury. Ficus benghalensis and Ficus religiosa maintained unaltered total sugars and NR activity and could partly incorporate NH{sub 4}{sup +} into proteins, thus modifying rhe SO{sub 2} impact to some extent. {ital Dalbergia sissoo}, {ital Eucalyptus rostrat}a and {ital Mangifera indica} could not incorporate the excess NH{sub 4}{sup +}, mainly due to declined total sugars. The results indicate the ability of a plant to undergo species specific metabolic changes in order to cope with the excess nitrogen deposition, which may ultimately result in increasing or decreasing tolerance to SO{sub 2}. 23 refs., 3 figs., 9 tabs.

The influence of Uranium-Thorium ratio and heating time during gelation using as a CCl4(NH3) on the Gel quality

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Indra-Suryawan; Sukarsono, R; Setyo-Sulardi

1996-01-01

Gel has been prepared from a uranium-thorium sol using CCI 4 (NH 3 ) as a gelling medium. The uranium-thorium ratio and the heating time during gelation have been chosen as variables. The sol was prepared by mixing Th(NO 3 ) 4 and UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 solutions, heating the solution at 95 o C and adding NH 4 OH solution drop by drop until colloidal particles were formed. Sol was then fed into a gelation column containing CCI 4 (NH 3 ), where the sol was transformed into gel. A good gel has properties such as sphere in shape and elastic which it will not crack when it is dropped from 2 metres height. The experimental work resulted a good gel when the percentage of uranium was about 15 - 25 % at heating time of 40 - 50 minutes

Lithium insertion into Fe 2(SO 4) 3 frameworks

Science.gov (United States)

Manthiram, A.; Goodenough, J. B.

1989-05-01

The two polymorphs of Fe 2(SO 4) 3 consist of framework structures built up of tetrahedra sharing corners with octahedra and vice versa. One is rhombohedral, the other is monoclinic. Two moles of lithium insert rapidly into both structures at room temperature. However, lithium insertion into the rhombohedral phase is topotactic without any change of symmetry of the framework, whereas the monoclinic modification is converted to an orthorombic Li 2Fe 2(SO 4) 3 phase via a displacement transition; the existence of a two-phase region between Fe 2(SO 4) 3 and Li 2Fe 2(SO 4) 3 results in a flat OCV of 3.6 V versus lithium, which is 600 mV higher than is found for Li xFFe 2(WO 4) 3 or Li xFe 2(MoO 4) 3. This difference is discussed in terms of the influence of the counter cation on the solid-state Fe {3+}/{2+} redox couple.

Application of stable isotopes (δ{sup 34}S-SO{sub 4}, δ{sup 18}O-SO{sub 4,} δ{sup 15}N-NO{sub 3}, δ{sup 18}O-NO{sub 3}) to determine natural background and contamination sources in the Guadalhorce River Basin (southern Spain)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Urresti-Estala, Begoña, E-mail: b.urresti@uma.es [Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Ciencias, Grupo de Geodinámica Externa, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga (Spain); Vadillo-Pérez, Iñaki; Jiménez-Gavilán, Pablo [Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Ciencias, Grupo de Geodinámica Externa, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga (Spain); Soler, Albert [Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Medi Ambient, Fac. Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (Spain); Sánchez-García, Damián; Carrasco-Cantos, Francisco [Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Ciencias, Grupo de Geodinámica Externa, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga (Spain)

2015-02-15

The integrated use of isotopes (δ{sup 34}S-SO{sub 4}, δ{sup 18}O-SO{sub 4,} δ{sup 15}N-NO{sub 3}, δ{sup 18}O-NO{sub 3}), taking into account existing hydrogeological knowledge of the study area (mainly hydrochemical), was applied in the Guadalhorce River Basin (southern Spain) to characterise SO{sub 4}{sup 2−} and NO{sub 3}{sup −} sources, and to quantify natural background levels (NBLs) in groundwater bodies. According to Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC and, more recently, Groundwater Directive 2006/118/EC, it is important to determine NBLs, as their correct assessment is the first, essential step to characterising groundwater bodies, establishing threshold values, assessing chemical status and identifying trends in pollutant concentrations. In many cases, NBLs are high for some parameters and types of groundwater, making it difficult to distinguish clearly between factors of natural or human origin. The main advantages of using stable isotopes in a complex area like the Guadalhorce River Basin that exhibits widely varying hydrogeological and hydrochemical conditions and longstanding anthropogenic influences (mainly agriculture, but also many others) is accurate determination of pollution sources and precise quantification of NBLs. Since chemical analyses only provides the concentration of pollutants in water and not the source, three isotopic sampling campaigns for sulphates (δ{sup 34}S-SO{sub 4}, δ{sup 18}O-SO{sub 4}) were carried out, in 2006, 2007 and 2012, and another one was conducted for nitrates (δ{sup 15}N-NO{sub 3}, δ{sup 18}O-NO{sub 3}), in 2009, in groundwater bodies in order to trace the origins of each pollutant. The present study identified different pollution sources of dissolved NO{sub 3}{sup −} in groundwater using an isotopic composition and quantified the percentage of natural (lithology, chemical and biological processes) and anthropogenic (fertilisers, manure and sewage) SO{sub 4}{sup 2−} and matched a concentration

Structure-controlled synthesis and electrochemical properties of NH_4V_3O_8 as cathode material for Lithium ion batteries

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cheng, Yayi; Huang, Jianfeng; Li, Jiayin; Cao, Liyun; Xu, Zhanwei; Wu, Jianpeng; Cao, Shanshan; Hu, Hailing

2016-01-01

NH_4V_3O_8 flower, nanobelt, lath and sheet were synthesized using a facile microwave hydrothermal method. The formation mechanism of NH_4V_3O_8 with various structures was proposed. As an cathode in Li-ion battery, the NH_4V_3O_8 nanobelt with one-dimensional structure as well as nanosized morphology, presents excellent cycling stability and enhanced rate capability when comparing with other NH_4V_3O_8 structures. Further study finds that the NH_4V_3O_8 nanobelt could provide high Li ion diffusion, excellent structural stability and good reversibility during the charge/discharge process, indicating a strong connection between the morphology and the electrochemical performance of NH_4V_3O_8 cathode.

Crystal structure and characterization of the novel NH+⋯N hydrogen bonded polar crystal [NH2(CH2)4NH][BF4

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wojtaś, M.; Gagor, A.; Czupiński, O.; Medycki, W.; Jakubas, R.

2012-01-01

Dielectric properties and phase transitions of the piperazinium tetrafluoroborate ([NH 2 (CH 2 ) 4 NH][BF 4 ], abbreviated as PFB) crystal are related to the one-dimensional arrangement of the cations linked by the bistable NH + ⋯N hydrogen bonds and molecular motions of the [BF 4 ] − units. The crystal structure of [NH 2 (CH 2 ) 4 NH][BF 4 ] is monoclinic at room temperature with the polar space group Pn. The polar/acentric properties of the room temperature phase IV have been confirmed by the piezoelectric and pyroelectric measurements. DSC measurements show that the compound undergoes three first-order structural phase transitions: at 421/411 K (heating/cooling), at 386/372 K and at 364/349 K. 1 H and 19 F NMR measurements indicate the reorientational motions of [BF 4 ] − anions and piperazinium(+) cations as well as the proton motion in the hydrogen-bonded chains of piperazine along the [001] direction. Over the phase I the isotropic reorientational motions or even self-diffusion of the cations and anions are expected. The conductivity measurements in the vicinity of the II–I PT indicate a superionic phase over the phase I. - Graphical abstract: It must be emphasized that the titled compound represents the first organic–inorganic simple salt containing the single-protonated piperazinium cation which was studied by means of the wide variety of experimental techniques. A survey of Cambridge Structural Database (CSD version 5.32 (November 2010) and updates (May 2011)) for structure containing the piperazinium cations yields 248 compounds with the doubly protonated piperazinium(2+) cations and only eight compounds with the singly protonated piperazinium(+) cations. Among these structures only one is the hybrid organic–inorganic material. This is piperazinium nitrate characterized structurally. The crystal packing of [NH 2 (CH 2 ) 4 NH][BF 4 ], phase IV. The dashed lines stand for the hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen bonds to BF4 groups are not included for

Structure, phonon properties, and order-disorder transition in the metal formate framework of [NH4][Mg(HCOO)3].

Science.gov (United States)

Mączka, Mirosław; Pietraszko, Adam; Macalik, Bogusław; Hermanowicz, Krzysztof

2014-01-21

We report the synthesis, crystal structure, thermal, dielectric, IR, and Raman studies of [NH4][Mg(HCOO)3] formate. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction shows that it crystallizes in the hexagonal space group P6322, with orientationally disordered NH4(+) ions located in the cages of the network. Upon cooling, [NH4][Mg(HCOO)3] undergoes a phase transition at around 255 K to the ferroelectric P63 structure. Raman and IR spectra show a strong increase in intensity of the N-H stretching bands as well as narrowing of the bands related to the NH4(+) ions upon cooling. These changes indicate that the phase transition is due to orientational ordering of the NH4(+) ions. Analysis of the Raman data show, however, that the rotational and translational motions of NH4(+) do not freeze completely at the phase transition but exhibit further slowing down below 255 K, and the motional freezing becomes nearly complete below 140 K.

Crystal structure and characterization of the novel NH+⋯N hydrogen bonded polar crystal [NH2(CH2)4NH][BF4

Science.gov (United States)

Wojtaś, M.; Gaģor, A.; Czupiński, O.; Medycki, W.; Jakubas, R.

2012-03-01

Dielectric properties and phase transitions of the piperazinium tetrafluoroborate ([NH2(CH2)4NH][BF4], abbreviated as PFB) crystal are related to the one-dimensional arrangement of the cations linked by the bistable NH+⋯N hydrogen bonds and molecular motions of the [BF4]- units. The crystal structure of [NH2(CH2)4NH][BF4] is monoclinic at room temperature with the polar space group Pn. The polar/acentric properties of the room temperature phase IV have been confirmed by the piezoelectric and pyroelectric measurements. DSC measurements show that the compound undergoes three first-order structural phase transitions: at 421/411 K (heating/cooling), at 386/372 K and at 364/349 K. 1H and 19F NMR measurements indicate the reorientational motions of [BF4]- anions and piperazinium(+) cations as well as the proton motion in the hydrogen-bonded chains of piperazine along the [001] direction. Over the phase I the isotropic reorientational motions or even self-diffusion of the cations and anions are expected. The conductivity measurements in the vicinity of the II-I PT indicate a superionic phase over the phase I.

Reconstructive phase transition in (NH4)3TiF7 accompanied by the ordering of TiF6 octahedra.

Science.gov (United States)

Molokeev, Maxim; Misjul, S V; Flerov, I N; Laptash, N M

2014-12-01

An unusual phase transition P4/mnc → Pa\\bar 3 has been detected after cooling the (NH4)3TiF7 compound. Some TiF6 octahedra, which are disordered in the room-temperature tetragonal structure, become ordered in the low-temperature cubic phase due to the disappearance of the fourfold axis. Other TiF6 octahedra undergo large rotations resulting in huge displacements of the F atoms by 1.5-1.8 Å that implies a reconstructive phase transition. It was supposed that phases P4/mbm and Pm\\bar 3m could be a high-temperature phase and a parent phase, respectively, in (NH4)3TiF7. Therefore, the sequence of phase transitions can be written as Pm\\bar 3m → P4/mbm → P4/mnc → Pa\\bar 3. The interrelation between (NH4)3TiF7, (NH4)3GeF7 and (NH4)3PbF7 is found, which allows us to suppose phase transitions in relative compounds.

The effect of pressure on the conductivity behavior of the (NH4)3H(SeO4)2 superprotonic crystal

Science.gov (United States)

Lindner, Ł.; Zdanowska-Frączek, M.; Pawłowski, A.; Frączek, Z. J.; Masłowski, T.

2017-07-01

The impedance spectra of (NH4)3 H(SeO4)2 in low and high-conductive phases under various thermodynamic conditions were analyzed. The measurements were performed by the ac admittance technique along the trigonal c axis of the crystal, i.e., along the direction perpendicular to the plane in which, in the superionic phases, a dynamically disordered H-bond network was formed. Activation energies and activation volumes were calculated for different phases of the (NH4)3 H(SeO4)2 crystal from the baric dependencies of dc conductivity and they were correlated with pressure coefficients of the phase transitions. The experimental results were analyzed within the classical hopping model, in terms of the strong proton-phonon coupling and polaronic effect.

Kinetics of 15NH4+ assimilation in Zea mays

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Magalhaes, J.R.; Ju, G.C.; Rich, P.J.; Rhodes, D.

1990-01-01

Comparative studies of 15 NH 4 + assimilation were undertaken with a GDH1-null mutant of Zea mays and a related (but not strictly isogenic) GDH1-positive wild type from which this mutant was derived. The kinetics of 15 NH 4 + assimilation into free amino acids and total reduced nitrogen were monitored in both roots and shoots of 2-week-old seedlings supplied with 5 millimolar 99% ( 15 NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 via the aerated root medium in hydroponic culture over a 24-h period. The GDH1-null mutant, with a 10- to 15-fold lower total root GDH activity in comparison to the wild type, was found to exhibit a 40 to 50% lower rate of 15 NH 4 + assimilation into total reduced nitrogen. The lower rates of 15 NH 4 + assimilation in the mutant was associated with lower rates of labeling of several free amino acids (including glutamate, glutamine-amino N, aspartate, asparagine-amino N, and alanine) in both roots and shoots of the mutant in comparison to the wild type. Qualitatively, these labeling kinetics appear consistent with a reduced flux of 15 N via glutamate in the GDH1-null mutant. However, the responses of the two genotypes to the potent inhibitor of glutamine synthetase, methionine sulfoximine, and differences in morphology of the two genotypes (particularly a lower shoot:root ratio in the GDH1-null mutant) urge caution in concluding that GDH1 is solely responsible for these differences in ammonia assimilation rate

Estimates of emissions of SO sub 2 , NO sub x , HCl and NH sub 3 from Greater Manchester and the North-West of England

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lee, D.S.; Longhurst, J.W.S.

1990-11-01

Estimates of emissions of SO{sub 2}, NO{sub x}, HCl and NH{sub 3} have been made for Greater Manchester and the North West of England. These estimates were made using data on power generation, fuel useage, animal and human population statistics. A large fossil fuel fired power station is the largest known point source for emissions of SO{sub 2}, NO{sub x} and HCl. However, emissions from motor vehicles make the largest contribution to NO{sub x} emissions in the North-West as a whole. The largest contribution to NH{sub 3} emissions in the North-West is from cattle. However in the Metropolitan Counties of Merseyside and Greater Manchester, it has been calculated that humans could contribute 73% and 81%, respectively, to the emissions of NH{sub 3}. The uncertainties in the methodologies used are highlighted, and where possible, recommendations made as to how future emissions estimates might be improved. 33 refs., 9 figs., 7 tabs.

Limited overshooting of NH{sub 4}{sup +} ions in ammonium perchlorate; Ograniczene przeskoki jonow NH{sub 4}{sup +} w nadchloranie amonowym

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Birczynski, A.; Lalowicz, Z.T. [Inst. of Nuclear Physics, Cracow (Poland); Ingman, L.P.; Punkkinen, M.; Ylinen, E.E. [Wihuri Physical Lab., Turku Univ., Turku (Finland)

1995-12-31

The interpretation of NMR spectra for polycrystalline sample of ammonium perchlorate in helium temperature assumes the tunneling of NH{sub 4}{sup +}. Such interpretation does not agree with experimental data. The hypothesis of additional motion (fast rotation around one of C3 axis) has been checked and discussed on the base of NMR spectra of NH{sub 4}ClO{sub 4} monocrystal for the temperature range 2.1-25 K. 9 refs, 1 fig.

Limited overshooting of NH{sub 4}{sup +} ions in ammonium perchlorate; Ograniczene przeskoki jonow NH{sub 4}{sup +} w nadchloranie amonowym

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Birczynski, A; Lalowicz, Z T [Inst. of Nuclear Physics, Cracow (Poland); Ingman, L P; Punkkinen, M; Ylinen, E E [Wihuri Physical Lab., Turku Univ., Turku (Finland)

1996-12-31

The interpretation of NMR spectra for polycrystalline sample of ammonium perchlorate in helium temperature assumes the tunneling of NH{sub 4}{sup +}. Such interpretation does not agree with experimental data. The hypothesis of additional motion (fast rotation around one of C3 axis) has been checked and discussed on the base of NMR spectra of NH{sub 4}ClO{sub 4} monocrystal for the temperature range 2.1-25 K. 9 refs, 1 fig.

Effect of dispersed SiO2 on the phase behaviour of NH4HSO4

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Vargas, R. A.

2002-02-01

Full Text Available Phase equilibria and electrical conductivity of (1-xNH4HSO4-xSiO2 composites were studied by thermal and impedance measurements. Silica with particle size of 14 nm was used. The phase transitions of NH4HSO4 (AHS at 154 K and 420 K (melting point were not affected by the silica doping. No large changes in the low-temperature (T Estudiamos el equilibrio de fases y la conductividad eléctrica de las compositas (1-xNH4HSO4-xSiO2 por medidas térmicas y de impedancia. Se utilizaron partículas de silica de diámetro 14 nm. Las transiciones de fase del NH4HSO4 (AHS en 154 K y 420 K (punto de fusión no fueron afectadas con el dopaje de silica. No se observaron grandes cambios a bajas temperaturas (T < 420 K en la conductividad dc y la relajación eléctrica de las compositas al ser dopadas con silica. La parte imaginaria de la conductividad corregida (después de haber substraído la contribución de la conductividad dc, ε″(ω,T, como función de la frecuencia (f = ω/ 2π y la temperatura muestra un pico de dispersión alrededor de 1 MHz para pequeñas concentraciones de silica, cuya posición (fmax esta también térmicamente activada. Los resultados dieléctricos se discuten en términos del efecto de la polarización de las celdas sobre el movimiento de los protones.

Soil solution and sugar maple response to NH(4)NO (3) additions in a base-poor northern hardwood forest of Québec, Canada.

Science.gov (United States)

Moore, Jean-David; Houle, Daniel

2009-08-01

Nitrogen additions (NH4NO3) at rates of three- and ten-fold ambient atmospheric deposition (8.5 kg ha(-1) year(-1)) were realised in an acid- and base-poor northern hardwood forest of Québec, Canada. Soil solution chemistry, foliar chemistry, crown dieback and basal area growth of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) were measured. Except for a transitory increase of NO3 and NH4 concentrations, there was no persistent increase in their level in soil solution 3 years after N treatments, with the exception of one plot out of three, that received the highest N addition, beginning to show persistent and high NO3 concentrations after 2 years of N additions. Three years of N additions have significantly increased the N DRIS index of sugar maple but not N foliar concentration. Potassium, Ca and Mn foliar concentrations, as well as P and Ca DRIS indices, decreased in treated plots after 3 years. No treatment effect was observed for basal area growth and dieback rate. One unexpected result was the significant decrease in foliar Ca even in the treated plots that received low N rates, despite the absence of significant NO3-induced leaching of Ca. The mechanism responsible for the decrease in foliar Ca is not known. Our results, however, clearly demonstrate that increased N deposition at sites with low base saturation may affect Ca nutrition even when clear signs of N saturation are not observed.

DESENVOLVIMENTO INICIAL DO MILHO PIPOCA CULTIVADO SOB DIFERENTES RELAÇÕES NH4 +:NO3-

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Francisco de Assis de Oliveira

2008-01-01

Full Text Available The culture of the popcorn comes as a promising culture for region of the Brazilian northeast, however they are still scarce studies to make possible the expansion of this culture, especially as the fertilization. This experiment was accomplished in the department of Environmental Sciences of the Rural Federal University of the Semi-arid (UFERSA, Mossoró, RN, with the objective of evaluating the effect in different ammonium:nitrate ratios in the initial development of the popcorn. The design was used randomized entirely with five treatments and four repetitions, with the treatments being constituted of ratios different NH4 +: NO3 - (0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25 and 100/0 and the experimental unit acted by a plant/vase. To the 45 DAS the plants were collected and appraised, as for the height, number of leaves, leave area, diameter the stem and matter total dry. The results obtained in this work evidence that plants of popcorn present a larger development when the supply of nitrogen is accomplished with application of this nutritious one in the form ammonium.

AMT1;1 transgenic rice plants with enhanced NH4(+) permeability show superior growth and higher yield under optimal and suboptimal NH4(+) conditions.

Science.gov (United States)

Ranathunge, Kosala; El-Kereamy, Ashraf; Gidda, Satinder; Bi, Yong-Mei; Rothstein, Steven J

2014-03-01

The major source of nitrogen for rice (Oryza sativa L.) is ammonium (NH4(+)). The NH4(+) uptake of roots is mainly governed by membrane transporters, with OsAMT1;1 being a prominent member of the OsAMT1 gene family that is known to be involved in NH4(+) transport in rice plants. However, little is known about its involvement in NH4(+) uptake in rice roots and subsequent effects on NH4(+) assimilation. This study shows that OsAMT1;1 is a constitutively expressed, nitrogen-responsive gene, and its protein product is localized in the plasma membrane. Its expression level is under the control of circadian rhythm. Transgenic rice lines (L-2 and L-3) overexpressing the OsAMT1;1 gene had the same root structure as the wild type (WT). However, they had 2-fold greater NH4(+) permeability than the WT, whereas OsAMT1;1 gene expression was 20-fold higher than in the WT. Analogous to the expression, transgenic lines had a higher NH4(+) content in the shoots and roots than the WT. Direct NH4(+) fluxes in the xylem showed that the transgenic lines had significantly greater uptake rates than the WT. Higher NH4(+) contents also promoted higher expression levels of genes in the nitrogen assimilation pathway, resulting in greater nitrogen assimilates, chlorophyll, starch, sugars, and grain yield in transgenic lines than in the WT under suboptimal and optimal nitrogen conditions. OsAMT1;1 also enhanced overall plant growth, especially under suboptimal NH4(+) levels. These results suggest that OsAMT1;1 has the potential for improving nitrogen use efficiency, plant growth, and grain yield under both suboptimal and optimal nitrogen fertilizer conditions.

AMT1;1 transgenic rice plants with enhanced NH4 + permeability show superior growth and higher yield under optimal and suboptimal NH4 + conditions

Science.gov (United States)

Rothstein, Steven J.

2014-01-01

The major source of nitrogen for rice (Oryza sativa L.) is ammonium (NH4 +). The NH4 + uptake of roots is mainly governed by membrane transporters, with OsAMT1;1 being a prominent member of the OsAMT1 gene family that is known to be involved in NH4 + transport in rice plants. However, little is known about its involvement in NH4 + uptake in rice roots and subsequent effects on NH4 + assimilation. This study shows that OsAMT1;1 is a constitutively expressed, nitrogen-responsive gene, and its protein product is localized in the plasma membrane. Its expression level is under the control of circadian rhythm. Transgenic rice lines (L-2 and L-3) overexpressing the OsAMT1;1 gene had the same root structure as the wild type (WT). However, they had 2-fold greater NH4 + permeability than the WT, whereas OsAMT1;1 gene expression was 20-fold higher than in the WT. Analogous to the expression, transgenic lines had a higher NH4 + content in the shoots and roots than the WT. Direct NH4 + fluxes in the xylem showed that the transgenic lines had significantly greater uptake rates than the WT. Higher NH4 + contents also promoted higher expression levels of genes in the nitrogen assimilation pathway, resulting in greater nitrogen assimilates, chlorophyll, starch, sugars, and grain yield in transgenic lines than in the WT under suboptimal and optimal nitrogen conditions. OsAMT1;1 also enhanced overall plant growth, especially under suboptimal NH4 + levels. These results suggest that OsAMT1;1 has the potential for improving nitrogen use efficiency, plant growth, and grain yield under both suboptimal and optimal nitrogen fertilizer conditions. PMID:24420570

Ionothermal synthesis of β-NH4AlF4 and the determination by single crystal X-ray diffraction of its room temperature and low temperature phases

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Parnham, Emily R.; Slawin, Alex M.Z.; Morris, Russell E.

2007-01-01

β-NH 4 AlF 4 has been synthesised ionothermally using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate as solvent and template provider. β-NH 4 AlF 4 crystals were produced which were suitable for single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. A phase transition occurs between room temperature (298 K) and low temperature (93 K) data collections. At 298 K the space group=I4/mcm (no. 140), α=11.642(5), c=12.661(5) A, Z=2 (10NH 4 AlF 4 ), wR(F 2 )=0.1278, R(F)=0.0453. At 93 K the space group=P4 2 /ncm (no. 138), α=11.616(3), c=12.677(3) A, Z=2 (10NH 4 AlF 4 ), wR(F 2 )=0.1387, R(F)=0.0443. The single crystal X-ray diffraction study of β-NH 4 AlF 4 shows the presence of two different polymorphs at low and room temperature, indicative of a phase transition. The [AlF 4/2 F 2 ] - layers are undisturbed except for a small tilting of the AlF 6 octahedra in the c-axis direction. -Ionothermal synthesis, the use of an ionic liquid as the solvent in materials preparation, has been used to prepare β-NH 4 AlF 4 , and structural characterisation indicates that there are two versions of the structure, a low temperature primitive phase at 93 K and a high temperature body-centered phase at 298 K

The bovine TRPV3 as a pathway for the uptake of Na+, Ca2+, and NH4.

Science.gov (United States)

Schrapers, Katharina T; Sponder, Gerhard; Liebe, Franziska; Liebe, Hendrik; Stumpff, Friederike

2018-01-01

Absorption of ammonia from the gastrointestinal tract results in problems that range from hepatic encephalopathy in humans to poor nitrogen efficiency of cattle with consequences for the global climate. Previous studies on epithelia and cells from the native ruminal epithelium suggest functional involvement of the bovine homologue of TRPV3 (bTRPV3) in ruminal NH4+ transport. Since the conductance of TRP channels to NH4+ has never been studied, bTRPV3 was overexpressed in HEK-293 cells and investigated using the patch-clamp technique and intracellular calcium imaging. Control cells contained the empty construct. Divalent cations blocked the conductance for monovalent cations in both cell types, with effects higher in cells expressing bTRPV3. In bTRPV3 cells, but not in controls, menthol, thymol, carvacrol, or 2-APB stimulated whole cell currents mediated by Na+, Cs+, NH4+, and K+, with a rise in intracellular Ca2+ observed in response to menthol. While only 25% of control patches showed single-channel events (with a conductance of 40.8 ± 11.9 pS for NH4+ and 25.0 ± 5.8 pS for Na+), 90% of bTRPV3 patches showed much larger conductances of 127.8 ± 4.2 pS for Na+, 240.1 ± 3.6 pS for NH4+, 34.0 ± 1.7 pS for Ca2+, and ~ 36 pS for NMDG+. Open probability, but not conductance, rose with time after patch excision. In conjunction with previous research, we suggest that bTRPV3 channels may play a role in the transport of Na+, K+, Ca2+ and NH4+ across the rumen with possible repercussions for understanding the function of TRPV3 in other epithelia.

The bovine TRPV3 as a pathway for the uptake of Na+, Ca2+, and NH4+

Science.gov (United States)

Liebe, Franziska; Liebe, Hendrik

2018-01-01

Absorption of ammonia from the gastrointestinal tract results in problems that range from hepatic encephalopathy in humans to poor nitrogen efficiency of cattle with consequences for the global climate. Previous studies on epithelia and cells from the native ruminal epithelium suggest functional involvement of the bovine homologue of TRPV3 (bTRPV3) in ruminal NH4+ transport. Since the conductance of TRP channels to NH4+ has never been studied, bTRPV3 was overexpressed in HEK-293 cells and investigated using the patch-clamp technique and intracellular calcium imaging. Control cells contained the empty construct. Divalent cations blocked the conductance for monovalent cations in both cell types, with effects higher in cells expressing bTRPV3. In bTRPV3 cells, but not in controls, menthol, thymol, carvacrol, or 2-APB stimulated whole cell currents mediated by Na+, Cs+, NH4+, and K+, with a rise in intracellular Ca2+ observed in response to menthol. While only 25% of control patches showed single-channel events (with a conductance of 40.8 ± 11.9 pS for NH4+ and 25.0 ± 5.8 pS for Na+), 90% of bTRPV3 patches showed much larger conductances of 127.8 ± 4.2 pS for Na+, 240.1 ± 3.6 pS for NH4+, 34.0 ± 1.7 pS for Ca2+, and ~ 36 pS for NMDG+. Open probability, but not conductance, rose with time after patch excision. In conjunction with previous research, we suggest that bTRPV3 channels may play a role in the transport of Na+, K+, Ca2+ and NH4+ across the rumen with possible repercussions for understanding the function of TRPV3 in other epithelia. PMID:29494673

Response to nitrate/ammonium nutrition of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants overexpressing a prokaryotic NH4(+)-dependent asparagine synthetase.

Science.gov (United States)

Martínez-Andújar, Cristina; Ghanem, Michel Edmond; Albacete, Alfonso; Pérez-Alfocea, Francisco

2013-05-01

Nitrogen availability is an important limiting factor for plant growth. Although NH4(+) assimilation is energetically more favorable than NO3(-), it is usually toxic for plants. In order to study if an improved ammonium assimilatory metabolism could increase the plant tolerance to ammonium nutrition, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv P-73) plants were transformed with an NH4(+)-dependent asparagine synthetase (AS-A) gene from Escherichia coli (asnA) under the control of a PCpea promoter (pea isolated constitutive promotor). Homozygous (Hom), azygous (Az) asnA and wild type (WT) plants were grown hydroponically for 6 weeks with normal Hoagland nutrition (NO3(-)/NH4(+)=6/0.5) and high ammonium nutrition (NO3(-)/NH4(+)=3.5/3). Under Hoagland's conditions, Hom plants produced 40-50% less biomass than WT and Az plants. However, under NO3(-)/NH4(+)=3.5/3 the biomass of Hom was not affected while it was reduced by 40-70% in WT and Az plants compared to Hoagland, respectively. The Hom plants accumulated 1.5-4 times more asparagine, glycine, serine and soluble proteins and registered higher glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activities in the light-adapted leaves than the other genotypes, but had similar NH4(+) and NO3(-) levels in all conditions. In the dark-adapted leaves, a protein catabolism occurred in the Hom plants with a concomitant 25-40% increase in organic acid concentration, while asparagine accumulation registered the highest values. The aforementioned processes might be responsible for a positive energetic balance as regards the futile cycle of the transgenic protein synthesis and catabolism. This explains growth penalty under standard nutrition and growth stability under NO3(-)/NH4(+)=3.5/3, respectively. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

A pilot study of gaseous pollutants' measurement (NO2, SO2, NH3, HNO3 and O3) in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: contribution to an overview of gaseous pollution in African cities

Science.gov (United States)

Bahino, Julien; Yoboué, Véronique; Galy-Lacaux, Corinne; Adon, Marcellin; Akpo, Aristide; Keita, Sékou; Liousse, Cathy; Gardrat, Eric; Chiron, Christelle; Ossohou, Money; Gnamien, Sylvain; Djossou, Julien

2018-04-01

This work is part of the DACCIWA FP7 project (Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud Interactions in West Africa) in the framework of the Work Package 2 Air Pollution and Health. This study aims to characterize urban air pollution levels through the measurement of NO2, SO2, NH3, HNO3 and O3 in Abidjan, the economic capital of Côte d'Ivoire. Measurements of inorganic gaseous pollutants, i.e. NO2, SO2, NH3, HNO3 and O3 were performed in Abidjan during an intensive campaign within the dry season (15 December 2015 to 16 February 2016), using INDAAF (International Network to study Deposition and Atmospheric chemistry in AFrica) passive samplers exposed in duplicate for 2-week periods. Twenty-one sites were selected in the district of Abidjan to be representative of various anthropogenic and natural sources of air pollution in the city. Results from this intensive campaign show that gas concentrations are strongly linked to surrounding pollution sources and show a high spatial variability. Also, NH3, NO2 and O3 gases were present at relatively higher concentrations at all the sites. NH3 average concentrations varied between 9.1 ± 1.7 ppb at a suburban site and 102.1 ± 9.1 ppb at a domestic fires site. NO2 mean concentration varied from 2.7 ± 0.1 ppb at a suburban site to 25.0 ± 1.7 ppb at an industrial site. Moreover, we measured the highest O3 concentration at the two coastal sites of Gonzagueville and Félix-Houphouët-Boigny International Airport located in the southeast of the city, with average concentrations of 19.1 ± 1.7 and 18.8 ± 3.0 ppb, respectively. The SO2 average concentration never exceeded 7.2 ± 1.2 ppb over all the sites, with 71.5 % of the sampling sites showing concentrations ranging between 0.4 and 1.9 ppb. The HNO3 average concentration ranged between 0.2 and 1.4 ppb. All these results were combined with meteorological parameters to provide the first mapping of gaseous pollutants on the scale of the district of Abidjan using geostatistical analysis

??????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? NH4X (?=??,?1) ??? ??????????? CdxHgi-xTe ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???????

OpenAIRE

??????, ?. ?.; ?????????, ?. ?.; ???????, ?. ?.; ?????????, ?. ?.; ?????????, ?. ?.

2004-01-01

?? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? CdxHgi_xTe-Hg-NH4Br ??? ??????? ?????? Hg ? ????????? ?????????? 560-860? ? ??????????? ?????? ?? = 103-=-105 ?? ????????? ????????, ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ? ??????????????? ??????, ????? ? ?????? - CdBr2, Hg, ??2. ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? CdxHgi_xTe ??????? ? = 0.2; 0.3; 0.4 ?? ????????? ??? ??? ? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? (??? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ???????) ????????? ??????????? ???...

Solid-State Synthesis and Structure of the Enigmatic Ammonium Octaborate: (NH4)2[B7O9(OH)5]·3/4B(OH)3·5/4H2O.

Science.gov (United States)

Neiner, Doinita; Sevryugina, Yulia V; Schubert, David M

2016-09-06

The compound known since the 19th century as ammonium octaborate was structurally characterized revealing the ammonium salt of the ribbon isomer of the heptaborate anion, [B7O9(OH)5](2-), with boric acid and water molecules. Of composition (NH4)2B7.75O12.63·4.88H2O, it approximates the classical ammonium octaborate composition (NH4)2B8O13·6H2O and has the structural formula {(NH4)2[B7O9(OH)5]}4·3B(OH)3·5H2O. It spontaneously forms at room temperature in solid-state mixtures of ammonium tetraborate and ammonium pentaborate. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 11.4137(2) Å, b = 11.8877(2) Å, c = 23.4459(3) Å, β = 90.092(1)°, V = 3181.19(8) Å(3), and Z = 2 and contains well-ordered ammonium cations and [B7O9(OH)5](2-) anions and disordered B(OH)3 and H2O molecules linked by extensive H bonding. Expeditious solid-state formation of the heptaborate anion under ambient conditions has important implications for development of practical syntheses of industrially useful borates.

Effect of organic matter and of a nitrification inhibitor in the absorption of a 15NH4+ and 15NO3- by maize

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Saito, S.M.T.; Neptune, A.M.L.

1977-01-01

An experiment is discussed, carried out in greenhouse, aiming at verilying the effect of 15 NH4 + and 15 NO 3 - in presence or absence of organic matter, and of a nitrifiction inhibitor 'AM' (2-amino-4-cloro-6-metil-pyrimidine) in the mass production and nitrogen content of the plant, taken from the soil and the fertilizer. The test plant is hybrid maize 'Centralmex' and three soils of different physical and chemical characteristicas are used:'Regossol intergrade', 'Latossol roxo' and 'Podzolizado de Lins e Marilia, var. Marilia' [pt

[Co(NH3)6]3[Cu4(OH)(CO3)8].2H2O--a new carbonato-copper(II) anion stabilized by extensive hydrogen bonding.

Science.gov (United States)

Abrahams, Brendan F; Haywood, Marissa G; Robson, Richard

2004-04-21

Addition of Co(NH3)6(3+) to aqueous solutions of Cu(II) in excess carbonate promotes the assembly of a new highly charged carbonato-copper(II) anion, [Cu4(OH)(CO3)8](9-), which contains an unusual mu4 hydroxo-bridged square Cu4 arrangement, stabilised in the crystal by no less than forty hydrogen bonds (< 3 Angstrom) to hexammine cations.

Solid-state thermal decomposition of the [Co(NH3)5CO3]NO3·0.5H2O complex: A simple, rapid and low-temperature synthetic route to Co3O4 nanoparticles

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Farhadi, Saeid; Safabakhsh, Jalil

2012-01-01

Highlights: ► [Co(NH 3 ) 5 CO 3 ]NO 3 ·0.5H 2 O complex was used for preparing pure Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles. ► Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles were prepared at low temperature of 175 °C. ► Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles show a weak ferromagnetic behaviour at room temperature. ► The method is simple, low-cost and suitable for the production of Co 3 O 4 . - Abstract: Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles were easily prepared via the decomposition of the pentammine(carbonato)cobalt(III) nitrate precursor complex [Co(NH 3 ) 5 CO 3 ]NO 3 ·0.5H 2 O at low temperature (175 °C). The product was characterized by thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area measurements and magnetic measurements. The FT-IR, XRD, Raman and EDX results indicated that the synthesized Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles are highly pure and have a single phase. The TEM analysis revealed nearly uniform and quasi-spherical Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles with an average particle size of approximately 10 nm. The optical absorption spectrum of the Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles showed two direct band gaps of 2.18 and 3.52 eV with a red shift in comparison with previous reported values. The prepared Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles showed a weak ferromagnetic behaviour that could be attributed to uncompensated surface spins and/or finite-size effects. Using the present method, Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles can be produced without expensive organic solvents and complicated equipment. This simple, rapid, safe and low-cost synthetic route can be extended to the synthesis of other transition-metal oxides.

Utilizing Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Method to recognize chemical composition of low-carbon steel in NH3(NO)4 material

Science.gov (United States)

Saud Oraibi, Nissan

2018-05-01

A standoff laser Induced Break down Spectroscopy (L.I.B.S) technique has been used to characterization the organic material such as NH3(NO)4, a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm wavelength, 9 ns pulse width and 1 Hz repetition rate, 300 mJ is focused to the targets to generate plasma. HR 4000 CG-UV-NIR spectrum analyzer was used to collect the generated plasma emissions, specific signature of each targets material can be obtained by analysis the plasma emission spectrum Peak ratio analysis technique is used for the identification of energetic materials.

Prediction on electronic structure of CH3NH3PbI3/Fe3O4 interfaces

Science.gov (United States)

Hou, Xueyao; Wang, Xiaocha; Mi, Wenbo; Du, Zunfeng

2018-01-01

The interfacial electronic structures of CH3NH3PbI3(MAPbI3)/Fe3O4 heterostructures are predicted by density functional theory. Four models (MAI/FeBO, PbI2/FeBO, MAI/FeA and PbI2/FeA) are included. Especially, a half-metal to semiconductor transition of Fe3O4 appears in PbI2/FeA model. A series of electric field is added to PbI2/FeA model, and a direct-indirect bandgap transition of Fe3O4 appears at a 500-kV/cm field. The electric field can control the bandgap of Fe3O4 in PbI2/FeA model by modulating the hybridization. The prediction of spin-related bandgap characteristic in MAPbI3/Fe3O4 is meaningful for further study.

Synthesis, vibrational and optical properties of a new three-layered organic-inorganic perovskite (C4H9NH3)4Pb3I4Br6

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dammak, T.; Elleuch, S.; Bougzhala, H.; Mlayah, A.; Chtourou, R.; Abid, Y.

2009-01-01

An organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite (C 4 H 9 NH 3 ) 4 Pb 3 I 4 Br 6 was synthesized and studied by X-ray diffraction, Raman and infrared spectroscopies, optical transmission and photoluminescence. The title compound, abbreviated (C 4 ) 4 Pb 3 I 4 Br 6 , crystallises in a periodic two-dimensional multilayer structure with P2 1 /a space group. The structure is built up from alternating inorganic and organic layers. Each inorganic layer consists of three sheets of PbX 6 (X=I, Br) octahedra. Raman and infrared spectra of the title compound were recorded in the 100-3500 and 400-4000 cm -1 frequency ranges, respectively. An assignment of the observed vibration modes is reported. Optical transmission measurements, performed on thin films of (C 4 ) 4 Pb 3 I 4 Br 6 , revealed two absorption bands at 474 and 508 nm. Photoluminescence measurements have shown a green emission peak at 519 nm.

Thermodynamic modeling of Cl(-), NO3(-) and SO4(2-) removal by an anion exchange resin and comparison with Dubinin-Astakhov isotherms.

Science.gov (United States)

Dron, Julien; Dodi, Alain

2011-03-15

The removal of chloride, nitrate, and sulfate ions from wastewaters by a macroporous ion-exchange resin is studied through the experimental results obtained for six ion exchange systems, OH(-)/Cl(-), OH(-)/NO3(-), OH(-)/SO4(2-), and HCO3(-)/Cl(-), Cl(-)/NO3(-), Cl(-)/SO4(2-). The results are described through thermodynamic modeling, considering either an ideal or a nonideal behavior of the ionic species in the liquid and solid phases. The nonidealities are determined by the Davies equation and Wilson equations in the liquid and solid phases, respectively. The results show that the resin has a strong affinity for all the target ions, and the order of affinity obtained is OH(-) < HCO3(-) < Cl(-) < NO3(-) < SO4(2-). The calculation of the changes in standard Gibbs free energies (ΔG(0)) shows that even though HCO3(-) has a lower affinity to the resin, it may affect the removal of Cl(-), and in the same way that Cl(-) may affect the removal of NO3(-) and SO4(2-). The application of nonidealities in the thermodynamic model leads to an improved fit of the model to the experimental data with average relative deviations below 1.5% except for the OH(-)/SO4(2-) system. On the other hand, considering ideal or nonideal behaviors has no significant impact on the determination of the selectivity coefficients. The thermodynamic modeling is also compared with the Dubinin-Astakhov adsorption isotherms obtained for the same ion exchange systems. Surprisingly, the latter performs significantly better than the ideal thermodynamic model and nearly as well as the nonideal thermodynamic model.

CO2 Absorption and Magnesium Carbonate Precipitation in MgCl2–NH3–NH4Cl Solutions: Implications for Carbon Capture and Storage

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Chen Zhu

2017-09-01

Full Text Available CO2 absorption and carbonate precipitation are the two core processes controlling the reaction rate and path of CO2 mineral sequestration. Whereas previous studies have focused on testing reactive crystallization and precipitation kinetics, much less attention has been paid to absorption, the key process determining the removal efficiency of CO2. In this study, adopting a novel wetted wall column reactor, we systematically explore the rates and mechanisms of carbon transformation from CO2 gas to carbonates in MgCl2–NH3–NH4Cl solutions. We find that reactive diffusion in liquid film of the wetted wall column is the rate-limiting step of CO2 absorption when proceeding chiefly through interactions between CO2(aq and NH3(aq. We further quantified the reaction kinetic constant of the CO2–NH3 reaction. Our results indicate that higher initial concentration of NH4Cl ( ≥ 2 mol · L − 1 leads to the precipitation of roguinite [ ( NH 4 2 Mg ( CO 3 2 · 4 H 2 O ], while nesquehonite appears to be the dominant Mg-carbonate without NH4Cl addition. We also noticed dypingite formation via phase transformation in hot water. This study provides new insight into the reaction kinetics of CO2 mineral carbonation that indicates the potential of this technique for future application to industrial-scale CO2 sequestration.

Mild hydrothermal synthesis, crystal structure, thermal behavior, spectroscopic and magnetic properties of the (NH4)[Fe(AsO4)1-x(PO4)xF] (x=0.3, 0.6, 0.8) series. Thermal transformation of (NH4)[Fe(AsO4)0.7(PO4)0.3F] into the textural porous orthorhombic Fe(AsO4)0.7(PO4)0.3

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Berrocal, Teresa; Mesa, Jose L.; Pizarro, Jose L.; Bazan, Begona; Lezama, Luis; Arriortua, Maria I.; Rojo, Teofilo

2009-01-01

The (NH 4 )[Fe(AsO 4 ) 1-x (PO 4 ) x F] (x=0.3, 0.6, 0.8) series of compounds has been synthesized under mild hydrothermal conditions. The compounds crystallize in the orthorhombic Pna2 1 space group, with the unit-cell parameters a=13.1718(1), b=6.5966(6), c=10.797(1) A for x=0.3; a=13.081(1), b=6.5341(6), c=10.713(1) A for x=0.6 and a=13.0329(9), b=6.4994(4), c=10.6702(6) A for x=0.8, with the volumes 938.6(1), 915.7(1) and 903.8(1) A 3 , respectively, with Z=8. Single crystals of (NH 4 )[Fe(AsO 4 ) 0.7 (PO 4 ) 0.3 F] heated under air atmosphere at 465 deg. C remain as single crystals, changing the composition to Fe(AsO 4 ) 0.7 (PO 4 ) 0.3 . This later phase belongs to the orthorhombic Imam space group, with the unit cell parameters a=13.328(2), b=6.5114(5), c=10.703(1) A, V=928.9(2) A 3 and Z=12. The crystal structure of the ammonium phases consists of a KTP three-dimensional framework constructed by chains formed by alternating Fe(2)O 4 F 2 or Fe(1)O 4 F 2 octahedra and As/P(2)O 4 or As/P(1)O 4 tetrahedra, respectively. These octahedra and tetrahedra are linked by a common oxygen vertex. The chains run along the 'a' and 'b' crystallographic axes. The crystal structure of Fe(AsO 4 ) 0.7 (PO 4 ) 0.3 is a three-dimensional skeleton derived from that of the precursor, formed from (100) sheets stacked along the [001] direction, and interconnected by chains of alternating Fe(2)O 6 octahedra and As/P(2)O 4 tetrahedra sharing a vertex in the 'a' direction. Transmission electronic microscopy of this compound indicates the existence of unconnected external cavities with a BET surface area of 3.91(3) m 2 g -1 . The diffuse reflectance spectra in the visible region show the forbidden electronic transitions characteristic of the Fe(III) d 5 -high spin cation in slightly distorted octahedral geometry, for all the compounds. The ESR spectra for all the compounds, carried out from room temperature to 4.2 K, remain isotropic with variation in temperature; the g-value is 1

Wet Mechanochemical Processing of Celestine using (NH42CO3

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Deniz Bingöl

2017-06-01

Full Text Available In this study, traditional (univariate method of processing to the wet mechanochemical treatment were applied to obtain both SrCO3 and (NH42SO4 from celestite (SrSO4-(NH42CO3-H2O mixtures in a planetary ball mill. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and chemical analysis were used to analyze products formed during wet milling. A hydrometallurgical process was carried out to examine milling time, ball to grinding material mass ratio, (NH42CO3 to SrSO4 mole ratio and rotational speed of the mill in a planetary mill. Under optimum conditions, a conversion approaching 100% of SrCO3 was obtained.

Modelling of catalytic oxidation of NH3 and reduction of NO on limestone during sulphur capture

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kiil, Søren; Bhatia, Suresh K.; Dam-Johansen, Kim

1996-01-01

activity with respect to each species involved. An existing particle model, the Grain-Micrograin Model, which simulates sulphur capture on limestone under oxidizing conditions is considered in the modelling. Simulation results in good qualitative agreement with experimental data are obtained here......A theoretical study of the complex transient system of simultaneous sulphur capture and catalytic reactions of N-containing compounds taking place on a single limestone particle is conducted. The numerical technique developed previously by the authors (Kiil et al. 1994) based on collocation...... for the catalytic chemistry of NH3 during simultaneous sulphur capture on a Stevns Chalk particle. The reduction of NO by NH3 over CaSO4 (which is the product of the reaction between SO2, O2 and limestone) was found to be important because this reaction could explain the change in selectivity with increased solid...

Effects of hypoxia on 13NH4+ fluxes in rice roots: kinetics and compartmental analysis

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kronzucker, H.J.; Kirk, G.J.D.; Siddiqi, M.Y.; Glass, A.D.M.

1998-01-01

Techniques of compartmental (efflux) and kinetic influx analyses with the radiotracer 13NH4+ were used to examine the adaptation to hypoxia (15, 35, and 50% O2 saturation) of root N uptake and metabolism in 3-week-old hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L., cv IR72) seedlings. A time-dependence study of NH4+ influx into rice roots after onset of hypoxia (15% O2) revealed an initial increase in the first 1 to 2.5 h after treatment imposition, followed by a decline to less than 50% of influx in control plants by 4 d. Efflux analyses conducted 0, 1, 3, and 5 d after the treatment confirmed this adaptation pattern of NH4+ uptake. Half-lives for NH4+ exchange with subcellular compartments, cytoplasmic NH4+ concentrations, and efflux (as percentage of influx) were unaffected by hypoxia. However, significant differences were observed in the relative amounts of N allocated to NH4+ assimilation and the vacuole versus translocation to the shoot. Kinetic experiments conducted at 100, 50, 35, and 15% O2 saturation showed no significant change in the K(m) value for NH4+ uptake with varying O2 supply. However, V(max) was 42% higher than controls at 50% O2 saturation, unchanged at 35%, and 10% lower than controls at 15% O2. The significance of these flux adaptations is discussed

NH4In(SeO4)2x4H2O crystal structure interpretation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Soldatov, E.A.; Kuz'min, Eh.A.; Ilyukhin, V.V.

1979-01-01

The rhomb method has been applied to interpret the structure of monoclinic ammonium indium selenate NH 4 In(SeO 4 ) 2 x4H 2 O the elementary cell of which contains Z=4 formula units (a=10.728, b=9.434, c=11.086 A, γ=101.58). The space group is P2 1 /b. The structure foundation is composed of [In(SeO 4 ) 2 x2H 2 O] 1- mixed layers parallel to (100). ''Free'' H 2 O molecules and NH 4 + cations are situated between the layers