A new aqueous activity model for geothermal brines in the system Na-K-Ca-Mg-H-Cl-SO4-H2O from 25 to 300 degrees C

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Hingerl, Ferdinand F.; Wagner, Thomas; Kulik, Dmitrii A.

2014-01-01

A revised formulation (named REUNIQUAC) of the Extended Universal QUAsiChemical (EUNIQUAC) activity model has been developed, which fits excess thermodynamic properties of binary and selected aqueous ternary electrolyte solutions in the system Na-K-Ca-Mg-H-Cl-SO4-H2O over temperatures from 298 to...

Low temperature synthesis of CaZrO3 nanoceramics from CaCl2–NaCl molten eutectic salt

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Rahman Fazli

2015-06-01

Full Text Available CaZrO3 nanoceramics were successfully synthesized at 700 C using the molten salt method, and the effects of processing parameters, such as temperature, holding time, and amount of salt on the crystallization of CaZrO3 were investigated. CaCl2, Na2CO3, and nano-ZrO2 were used as starting materials. On heating, CaCl2–NaCl molten eutectic salt provided a liquid medium for the reaction of CaCO3 and ZrO2 to form CaZrO3. The results demonstrated that CaZrO3 started to form at about 600C and that, after the temperature was increased to 1,000C, the amounts of CaZrO3 in the resultant powders increased with a concomitant decrease in CaCO3and ZrO2 contents. After washing with hot distilled water, the samples heated for 3 h at 700C were single-phase CaZrO3 with 90–95 nm particle size. Furthermore, the synthesized CaZrO3 particles retained the size and morphology of the ZrO2 powders which indicated that a template mechanism dominated the formation of CaZrO3 by molten-salt method.

High-Order Ca(II)-Chloro Complexes in Mixed CaCl2-LiCl Aqueous Solution: Insights from Density Functional Theory and Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Yu-Lin; Wang, Ying; Yi, Hai-Bo

2016-07-21

In this study, the structural characteristics of high-coordinated Ca-Cl complexes present in mixed CaCl2-LiCl aqueous solution were investigated using density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The DFT results show that [CaClx](2-x) (x = 4-6) clusters are quite unstable in the gas phase, but these clusters become metastable when hydration is considered. The MD simulations show that high-coordinated Ca-chloro complexes are possible transient species that exist for up to nanoseconds in concentrated (11.10 mol·kg(-1)) Cl(-) solution at 273 and 298 K. As the temperature increases to 423 K, these high-coordinated structures tend to disassociate and convert into smaller clusters and single free ions. The presence of high-order Ca-Cl species in concentrated LiCl solution can be attributed to their enhanced hydration shell and the inadequate hydration of ions. The probability of the [CaClx](2-x)aq (x = 4-6) species being present in concentrated LiCl solution decreases greatly with increasing temperature, which also indicates that the formation of the high-coordinated Ca-Cl structure is related to its hydration characteristics.

Dry etching of MgCaO gate dielectric and passivation layers on GaN

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hlad, M.; Voss, L.; Gila, B.P.; Abernathy, C.R.; Pearton, S.J.; Ren, F.

2006-01-01

MgCaO films grown by rf plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy and capped with Sc 2 O 3 are promising candidates as surface passivation layers and gate dielectrics on GaN-based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) and metal-oxide semiconductor HEMTs (MOS-HEMTs), respectively. Two different plasma chemistries were examined for etching these thin films on GaN. Inductively coupled plasmas of CH 4 /H 2 /Ar produced etch rates only in the range 20-70 A/min, comparable to the Ar sputter rates under the same conditions. Similarly slow MgCaO etch rates (∼100 A/min) were obtained with Cl 2 /Ar discharges under the same conditions, but GaN showed rates almost an order of magnitude higher. The MgCaO removal rates are limited by the low volatilities of the respective etch products. The CH 4 /H 2 /Ar plasma chemistry produced a selectivity of around 2 for etching the MgCaO with respect to GaN

ALUMINUM CHLORIDE EFFECT ON Ca2+,Mg(2+)-ATPase ACTIVITY AND DYNAMIC PARAMETERS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION.

Science.gov (United States)

Nozdrenko, D M; Abramchuk, O M; Soroca, V M; Miroshnichenko, N S

2015-01-01

We studied enzymatic activity and measured strain-gauge contraction properties of the frog Rana temporaria m. tibialis anterior muscle fascicles during the action of aluminum chloride solution. It was shown that AlCl3 solutions did not affect the dynamic properties of skeletal muscle preparation in concentrations less than 10(-4) M Increasing the concentration of AlCl3 to 10(-2) M induce complete inhibition of muscle contraction. A linear correlation between decrease in Ca2+,Mg(2+)-ATPase activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum and the investigated concentrations range of aluminum chloride was observed. The reduction in the dynamic contraction performance and the decrease Ca2+,Mg(2+)-ATPase activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum under the effect of the investigated AlCl3 solution were minimal in pre-tetanus period of contraction.

Aluminum chloride effect on Ca(2+,Mg(2+-ATPase activity and dynamic parameters of skeletal muscle contraction

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

D. M. Nozdrenko

2015-10-01

Full Text Available We studied enzymatic activity and measured strain-gauge contraction properties of the frog Rana temporaria m. tibialis anterior muscle fascicles during the action of aluminum chloride solution. It was shown that AlCl3 solutions did not affect the dynamic properties of skeletal muscle preparation in concentrations less than 10-4 M. Increasing the concentration of AlCl3 to 10-2 M induce complete inhibition of muscle contraction. A linear correlation between decrease in Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum and the investigated concentrations range of aluminum chloride was observed. The reduction in the dynamic contraction performance and the decrease Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum under the effect of the investigated AlCl3 solution were minimal in pre-tetanus period of contraction.

Mg and Ca isotope fractionation during CaCO3 biomineralisation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chang, Veronica T.-C.; Williams, R.J.P.; Makishima, Akio; Belshawl, Nick S.; O'Nions, R. Keith

2004-01-01

The natural variation of Mg and Ca stable isotopes of carbonates has been determined in carbonate skeletons of perforate foraminifera and reef coral together with Mg/Ca ratios to assess the influence of biomineralisation processes. The results for coral aragonite suggest its formation, in terms of stable isotope behaviour, approximates to inorganic precipitation from a seawater reservoir. In contrast, results for foraminifera calcite suggest a marked biological control on Mg isotope ratios presumably related to its low Mg content compared with seawater. The bearing of these observations on the use of Mg and Ca isotopes as proxies in paleoceanography is considered

Textural and chemical characterization of activated carbon prepared from shell of african palm (Elaeis guineensis by chemical activation with CaCl2 and MgCl2

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Sergio Acevedo

2015-09-01

Full Text Available Activated carbons through chemical activation of African palm shells (Elaeis guineensis with magnesium chloride and calcium chloride solutions at different concentrations were obtained. The prepared materials were characterized textural and chemically. The results show that activated carbons with higher values of surface area and pore volume are obtained when solutions with lower concentrations of the activating agent are used. The obtained activated carbons have surface areas and pore volumes with values between 10 and 501 m2 /g and 0.01 and 0.29 cm3 /g respectively. Immersion enthalpies values of solids in water were between -14.3 and -32.8 J/g and benzene between -13.9 and -38.6 J/g. Total acidity and basicity of the activated carbons had values between 23 and 262 μmol/g 123 and 1724 μmol/g respectively. pH at the point of zero charge was also determined with values between 4.08 and 9.92 for set of activated carbons . The results show that activation with CaCl2 and MgCl2 salts produce activated carbons with pores in the range of mesopores for facilitate entry of the adsorbate into the materials.

A Raman spectroscopic study of the structural aspects of K2MgCl4 and Cs2MgCl4 as solid single crystals and molten salts

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Brooker, M.H.

1975-01-01

Polarized Raman spectra have been obtained for oriented single crystals of K 2 MgCl 4 and Cs 2 MgCl 4 at 77 and 298 K. The data are in excellent agreement with factor group analyses based on the space groups I 4 /mmm (D 17 4 /subh/) and Pnma (D 16 2 /subh/) for the K 2 MgCl 4 and Cs 2 MgCl 4 crystals. In K 2 MgCl 4 the magnesium is surrounded by six chloride ions in a distorted octahedral arrangement with a network structure such that neighboring octahedra share corners. In Cs 2 MgCl 4 a discrete tetrahedral MgCl 4 2- species is present. The 35 Cl-- 37 Cl isotopic splitting of the symmetric stetching mode of the tetrahedral MgCl 4 2- species has been resolved at 77 K and is similar to that observed for CCl 4 . Raman spectra for the high temperature solids and molten salts suggest that the coordination number of magnesium changes from six in solid K 2 MgCl 4 to four in the melt, whereas Cs 2 MgCl 4 melts with retention of the MgCl 4 2- tetrahedral complex. Additional evidence is presented to support previous reports that the MgCl 4 2- tetrahedral species is the principal complex ion in the melts, although a fraction of the magnesium appears to be present in a polynuclear complex, perhaps Mg 2 Cl 6 2-

In vitro degradation and electrochemical corrosion evaluations of microarc oxidized pure Mg, Mg-Ca and Mg-Ca-Zn alloys for biomedical applications.

Science.gov (United States)

Pan, Yaokun; He, Siyu; Wang, Diangang; Huang, Danlan; Zheng, Tingting; Wang, Siqi; Dong, Pan; Chen, Chuanzhong

2015-02-01

Calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramic coatings were fabricated on pure magnesium (Mg) and self-designed Mg-0.6Ca, Mg-0.55Ca-1.74Zn alloys by microarc oxidation (MAO). The coating formation, growth and biomineralization mechanisms were discussed. The coating degradability and bioactivity were evaluated by immersion tests in trishydroxymethyl-aminomethane hydrochloric acid (Tris-HCl) buffer and simulated body fluid (SBF) solutions, respectively. The coatings and corrosion products were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) and fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). The electrochemical workstation was used to investigate the electrochemical corrosion behaviors of substrates and coatings. Results showed that Mg-0.55Ca-1.74Zn alloy exhibits the highest mechanical strength and electrochemical corrosion resistance among the three alloys. The MAO-coated Mg-0.55Ca-1.74Zn alloy has the potential to be served as a biodegradable implant. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Influence of Calcium Chloride (CaCl/sub 2/) on Fruit Quality of Pear (Pyrus communis) cv. le conte During Storage

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sajid, M.; Mukhtiar, M.; Rab, M.; Shah, S.R.; Jan, I.

2014-01-01

An experiment was conducted at Postharvest laboratory, Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, during 2010 to evaluate the 'Influence of calcium chloride (CaCl/sub 2/) on fruit quality of pear (Pyrus communis) cv. Le-conte'. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three factors i.e. (CaCl/sub 2/) concentration (0,3,6 and 9%), dipping time (5,10 and 15 minutes) and storage durations (0,10,20,30 and 40 days). The maximum ascorbic acid (7.93 mg/100 g), reducing sugar (5.86%), while the least percent weight loss (4.52%), pH of fruit juice (4.42), total soluble solids (TSS) (19.83%) and percent disease incidence (2.56%) were observed in fruits treated with 9% CaCl/sub 2/ solution. The dipping time also significantly influenced the quality attributes of pear fruits during storage. The more ascorbic acid (6.88 mg/100 g) and reducing sugar (5.44%) were recorded in the pear fruits dipped for 15 minutes. Storage duration significantly affected the fruit quality 40 days storage. The highest reducing sugar recorded in fresh pear fruits while the highest ascorbic acid (7.83 mg/100 g) were observed in pear fruit stored for 10 days storage duration, while more non-reducing sugar (7.03%) recorded in the fruits stored for 30 days. In the interaction of CaCl/sub 2/ concentration x dipping time, the highest total soluble solid (31.88%) noted in the fruits stored for 40 days and dipped for 5 minutes in CaCl/sub 2/ solution. It is concluded that pear fruit perform best in the postharvest life when treated with 9% CaCl/sub 2/ solution and dipped for 15 minutes. It retained most of the quality attributes up to 10 days storage at ambient temperature while a significant decline was recorded in fruit quality when extended the storage duration from 20 to 40 days. (author)

Luminescence properties of undoped CsCaCl3 and CsSrCl3 crystalline scintillators

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fujimoto, Yutaka; Saeki, Keiichiro; Koshimizu, Masanori; Asai, Keisuke; Yanagida, Takayuki

2015-01-01

Intrinsic luminescence properties of undoped CsCaCl 3 and CsSrCl 3 crystalline scintillators were studied. The crystal samples were grown by a vertical Bridgman method. Photoluminescence spectra of the crystals showed Auger-free luminescence (AFL) at 310 nm and self-trapped emission (STE) at 400 nm for CsCaCl 3 and 465 nm for CsSrCl 3 , when vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light at 84 nm and 160 nm excited the crystals. X-ray excited radioluminescence spectra of the crystals showed some emission bands in the 280-600 nm wavelength range, which are owing to AFL, STE, and other origins such as lattice defects and impurities. Scintillation light yield was 400-300 ph/MeV, and the principal scintillation decay time about 2.5 ns and 12 ns for CsCaCl 3 and 1.8 ns and 13 ns for CsSrCl 3 . (author)

Electrochemical characterisation of CaCl2 deficient LiCl-KCl-CaCl2 eutectic melt and electro-deoxidation of solid UO2

Science.gov (United States)

Sri Maha Vishnu, D.; Sanil, N.; Mohandas, K. S.; Nagarajan, K.

2016-03-01

The CaCl2 deficient ternary eutectic melt LiCl-KCl-CaCl2 (50.5: 44.2: 5.3 mol %) was electrochemically characterised by cyclic voltammetry and polarization techniques in the context of its probable use as the electrolyte in the electrochemical reduction of solid UO2 to uranium metal. Tungsten (cathodic polarization) and graphite (anodic polarization) working electrodes were used in these studies carried out in the temperature range 623 K-923 K. The cathodic limit of the melt was observed to be set by the deposition of Ca2+ ions followed by Li+ ions on the tungsten electrode and the anodic limit by oxidation of chloride ions on the graphite electrode (chlorine evolution). The difference between the onset potential of deposition of Ca2+ and Li+ was found to be 0.241 V at a scan rate of 20 mV/s at 623 K and the difference decreased with increase in temperature and vanished at 923 K. Polarization measurements with stainless steel (SS) cathode and graphite anode at 673 K showed the possibility of low-energy reactions occurring on the UO2 electrode in the melt. UO2 pellets were cathodically polarized at 3.9 V for 25 h to test the feasibility of electro-reduction to uranium in the melt. The surface of the pellets was found reduced to U metal.

Hydrolysis of molten CaCl2-CaF2 with additions of CaO

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Espen Olsen

2017-10-01

Full Text Available Calcium halide based molten salts have recently attracted interest for a number of applications such as direct reduction of oxides for metal production and as liquefying agent in cyclic sorption processes for CO2 by CaO from dilute flue gases (Ca-looping. A fundamental aspect of these melts is the possible hydrolysis reaction upon exposure to gaseous H2O forming corrosive and poisonous hydrogen halides. In this work experiments have been performed investigating the formation of HCl and HF from a molten salt consisting of a 13.8 wt% CaF2 in CaCl2 eutectic exposed to a flowing gas consisting of 10 vol% H2O in N2. Hydrolysis has been investigated as function of content of CaO and temperature. HCl and HF are shown to be formed at elevated temperatures; HCl forms to a substantially larger extent than HF. Addition of CaO has a marked, limiting effect on the hydrolysis. Thermodynamic modeling of the reaction indicates activity coefficients for CaO above unity in the system. For cyclic CO2-capture based on thermal swing, it is advisable to keep the temperature in the carbonation (absorption reactor well below 850 ℃ while maintaining a high CaO content if molten CaCl2 is employed. Similar conclusions can be drawn with regards to CaF2.

Adjustment of the ratio of Ca/P in the ceramic coating on Mg alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yao Zhongping; Li Liangliang; Jiang Zhaohua

2009-01-01

The ceramic coatings containing Ca and P were prepared on AZ91D Mg alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation technique in NaOH system and Na 2 SiO 3 system, respectively. The phase composition, morphology and the element distribution of the coatings was studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The corrosion resistance of the coatings was examined by polarizing curve methods in a 0.9% NaCl solution. In NaOH system, there were a large number of micro-holes distributing evenly on the surface of the coating, and the coating was mainly composed of Mg, Al, P and Ca. In Na 2 SiO 3 system, the micro-holes in the coatings were reduced greatly in number and the distribution of the micro-holes was uneven, and the coating was mainly composed of Mg, Al, Si, P and Ca. The ratio of Ca/P in the coating can be controlled by the adjustment of the technique parameters to a certain extent. The adjustment of the concentration of Ca 2+ in the electrolyte was an effective method to change the ratio of Ca/P in the coating in both systems; the reaction time and the working voltage for the adjustment of the ratio of Ca/P in the coating was more suitable for the NaSi 2 O 3 system than the NaOH system. The polarizing curve tests showed the coatings improved the corrosion resistance of the AZ91D Mg alloy in 0.9% NaCl solution by nearly two orders of magnitude.

Interaction of different poisons with MgCl{sub 2}/TiCl{sub 4} based Ziegler-Natta catalysts

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bahri-Laleh, Naeimeh, E-mail: n.bahri@ippi.ac.ir

2016-08-30

Highlights: • The interactions between different classes of poison molecules and TiCl{sub 4}/MgCl{sub 2} type Ziegler-Natta catalyst is considered. • Poisons strongly stabilize MgCl{sub 2} crystal surfaces, mostly Ti active center relative to the unpoisoned solid. • Poison molecules decrease catalyst activity by increasing E{sub TS} in olefin polymerization. • Poison molecules do not have significant effect in stereospecifity of ZN catalysts in propylene polymerization. - Abstract: Adsorption of different poison molecules on activated MgCl{sub 2} is investigated within DFT using a cluster model of the MgCl{sub 2} surface with (MgCl{sub 2}){sub 16} formula containing four 4-coordinated and eight 5-coordinated Mg atoms as (110) and (104) surfaces, respectively. Studied poison molecules are chosen as possible impurities in hydrocarbon solvents and monomer feeds and contain water, hydrogensulfide, carbondioxide, molecular oxygen and methanol. First, adsorption of 1–4 molecules of different poisons to the (104) and (110) lateral cuts of MgCl{sub 2}, as well as their adsorption on [MgCl{sub 2}]/TiCl{sub 2}Et active center and AlEt{sub 3} cocatalyst is considered. Results reveal that poisons strongly stabilize both crystal surfaces, mostly Ti active center relative to the unpoisoned solid. Second, energy barrier (E{sub TS}) for ethylene insertion in the presence of different poisons located on the first and second Mg atom relative to the active Ti is calculated. While poison molecule located on the second Mg does not change E{sub TS}, coordination of it into the first Mg atom increases E{sub TS} by 0.9–1.2 kcal mol{sup −1}. In the last part of this manuscript, the stereoselective behavior of active Ti species, with and without poison molecules and external electron donor, is fully explored.

Effect of CaO addition on preparation of ferrotitanium from ilmenite by electrochemical reduction in CaCl_2−NaCl molten salt

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Xiong, Li; Hua, Yixin; Xu, Cunying; Li, Jian; Li, Yan; Zhang, Qibo; Zhou, Zhongren; Zhang, Yadong; Ru, Juanjian

2016-01-01

Ferro-titanium (FeTi) alloy was prepared successfully from synthesized ilmenite through electrochemical reduction method in equal-molar CaCl_2−NaCl molten salt at 973 K and a cell voltage of 3.2 V under inert atmosphere, where molybdenum rod and graphite were used as cathode and anode respectively. It is indicated that the CaO content in the molten salt has an appreciable effect on the phase transformation of reactants occurring in the electrolytic process. The optimized CaO content in the molten salt is 1 mol% and this suitable content of CaO can significantly improve the reduction rate of ilmenite. The micromorphology of the ferrotitanium product is porous with the amount of 1 mol%CaO addition. It is observed that the particles of ferrotitanium had a uniform size in the initial period of time. Along with the electrolysis time extension, however, the particles connected with each other to generate strips and then form a honeycomb structure. These findings provide a basis for scientifically discussion on the optimization of CaO addition amount during the electrochemical reduction of ilmenite and other oxides in molten salts. - Highlights: • Ferro-titanium was prepared from synthesized ilmenite in CaCl_2−NaCl molten salt. • CaO content has appreciable effect on the phase transformation of ilmenite reactant. • The optimized CaO content is 1 mol% which can significantly improve reaction rate. • The products are connected with each other to form strips as electrolysis time.

Selective recovery of uranium from Ca-Mg uranates by chlorination

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Pomiro, Federico J.; Gaviría, Juan P.; Quinteros, Raúl D.

2017-01-01

A chlorination process is proposed for the uranium extraction and separation using Calcium−Magnesium uranates such as starting reactants which were obtained by precipitation from uranyl nitrate solutions with calcium hydroxide. The study is based on thermodynamic and reaction analysis using chlorine gas as chlorination agent. The results showed that the chlorination reaction of Ca uranate is more feasible to occur than the Mg uranate. The products obtained after chlorination reactions were washed with deionized water to remove the chlorides produced and analyzed. The XRD patterns of the washed products indicated that the chlorination between 400 and 500 °C result in a single phase of calcium uranate (CaUO 4 ) as reaction product. The formation of U 3 O 8 and MgU 3 O 10 was observed at temperatures between 600 °C and 700 °C for 8 hs. The optimal conditions to recover uranium were 3 l h −1 of chlorine and 10 hs of reaction at 700 °C being U 3 O 8 the single uranium product obtained. - Highlights: •The chlorination is an effective method for the recovery uranium from Ca-Mg uranates. •The optimal conditions were: 10 hs of reaction time at 700 °C using 3 l/h of Cl 2 (g). •U 3 O 8 is recovery by washing out the chlorination by-products.

Effect of CaO addition on preparation of ferrotitanium from ilmenite by electrochemical reduction in CaCl{sub 2}−NaCl molten salt

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Xiong, Li [Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093 (China); State Key Lab of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming 650093 (China); Hua, Yixin, E-mail: yxhua@kmust.edu.cn [Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093 (China); State Key Lab of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming 650093 (China); Xu, Cunying; Li, Jian; Li, Yan; Zhang, Qibo; Zhou, Zhongren; Zhang, Yadong [Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093 (China); State Key Lab of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming 650093 (China); Ru, Juanjian [Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093 (China)

2016-08-15

Ferro-titanium (FeTi) alloy was prepared successfully from synthesized ilmenite through electrochemical reduction method in equal-molar CaCl{sub 2}−NaCl molten salt at 973 K and a cell voltage of 3.2 V under inert atmosphere, where molybdenum rod and graphite were used as cathode and anode respectively. It is indicated that the CaO content in the molten salt has an appreciable effect on the phase transformation of reactants occurring in the electrolytic process. The optimized CaO content in the molten salt is 1 mol% and this suitable content of CaO can significantly improve the reduction rate of ilmenite. The micromorphology of the ferrotitanium product is porous with the amount of 1 mol%CaO addition. It is observed that the particles of ferrotitanium had a uniform size in the initial period of time. Along with the electrolysis time extension, however, the particles connected with each other to generate strips and then form a honeycomb structure. These findings provide a basis for scientifically discussion on the optimization of CaO addition amount during the electrochemical reduction of ilmenite and other oxides in molten salts. - Highlights: • Ferro-titanium was prepared from synthesized ilmenite in CaCl{sub 2}−NaCl molten salt. • CaO content has appreciable effect on the phase transformation of ilmenite reactant. • The optimized CaO content is 1 mol% which can significantly improve reaction rate. • The products are connected with each other to form strips as electrolysis time.

Hyperfine structure of the X 2Σ+ ground state of Ca 35Cl and Ca 37Cl by molecular-beam, laser-rf double resonance

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Childs, W.J.; Cok, D.R.; Goodman, L.S.

1982-01-01

The hyperfine structure of the X 2 Σ + state of Ca 35 Cl and Ca 37 Cl, unresolved in previous studies, has been investigated in detail by the molecular-beam, laser-rf, double-resonance technique. Results for the spin-rotation interaction and the dipole and quadrupole hfs constants are given in the form of Dunham coefficients so that the N'' and v'' dependence of each constant can be explicitly exhibited. The results, after dividing out the purely nuclear effects, fall between the corresponding values for CaF and CaBr, as expected

Thermodynamics of HEDPA protonation in different media and complex formation with Mg2+ and Ca2+

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Foti, Claudia; Giuffrè, Ottavia; Sammartano, Silvio

2013-01-01

Highlights: • Acid–base properties of etidronic acid in different ionic media and at different ionic strengths. • Complex formation of etidronate with Na + , K + , Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ . • Dependence on ionic strength analysed by a Debye–Hückel type equation and the SIT approach. • Suggested protonation constants calculated at I = 0.1 mol · L −1 and t = 25 °C, in different ionic media. -- Abstract: Acid–base properties of etidronic acid [(1-Hydroxyethane-1,1-diyil)bis(phosphonic acid), HEDPA] in different ionic media and at different ionic strengths (NaCl, KCl: I ⩽ 2 mol · L −1 ; (C 2 H 5 ) 4 NI: I ⩽ 1 mol · L −1 ) were studied at t = 25 °C, determining, by potentiometric and calorimetric techniques, protonation constants and enthalpy changes. The differences in the protonation constants in the different supporting electrolytes were also interpreted in terms of weak complex formation with M i L (with i = 1, 2), MLH j (with j = 1, 2, 3) and M 2 LH species (with L = HEDPA; M = Na + , K + ). The formation constants for the species of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ , were determined by potentiometric titrations at different ionic strengths (0.1 ⩽ I/mol · L −1 ⩽ 1) in NaCl at t = 25 °C. The stability of these species is fairly high, as an example, at I = 0.1 mol · L −1 and t = 25 °C, for ML species, log β = 6.52 and 6.86, for Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ , respectively, obtained by considering simultaneously HEDPA–Na + interactions. The dependence on ionic strength was analysed by a Debye–Hückel type equation and the SIT (Specific ion Interaction Theory) approach for protonation thermodynamic parameters and by a Debye–Hückel type equation for Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ complex formation. The sequestering ability of HEDPA toward Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ was also analysed. A comparison with literature data is given

Selective recovery of uranium from Ca-Mg uranates by chlorination

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pomiro, Federico J., E-mail: pomiro@cab.cnea.gov.ar [Departamento de Fisicoquímica y Control de Calidad, Complejo Tecnológico Pilcaniyeu, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. Bustillo 9500, 8400 S.C. de Bariloche, Río Negro (Argentina); Gaviría, Juan P. [Departamento de Fisicoquímica y Control de Calidad, Complejo Tecnológico Pilcaniyeu, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. Bustillo 9500, 8400 S.C. de Bariloche, Río Negro (Argentina); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) (Argentina); Quinteros, Raúl D. [Departamento de Fisicoquímica y Control de Calidad, Complejo Tecnológico Pilcaniyeu, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. Bustillo 9500, 8400 S.C. de Bariloche, Río Negro (Argentina); and others

2017-07-15

A chlorination process is proposed for the uranium extraction and separation using Calcium−Magnesium uranates such as starting reactants which were obtained by precipitation from uranyl nitrate solutions with calcium hydroxide. The study is based on thermodynamic and reaction analysis using chlorine gas as chlorination agent. The results showed that the chlorination reaction of Ca uranate is more feasible to occur than the Mg uranate. The products obtained after chlorination reactions were washed with deionized water to remove the chlorides produced and analyzed. The XRD patterns of the washed products indicated that the chlorination between 400 and 500 °C result in a single phase of calcium uranate (CaUO{sub 4}) as reaction product. The formation of U{sub 3}O{sub 8} and MgU{sub 3}O{sub 10} was observed at temperatures between 600 °C and 700 °C for 8 hs. The optimal conditions to recover uranium were 3 l h{sup −1} of chlorine and 10 hs of reaction at 700 °C being U{sub 3}O{sub 8} the single uranium product obtained. - Highlights: •The chlorination is an effective method for the recovery uranium from Ca-Mg uranates. •The optimal conditions were: 10 hs of reaction time at 700 °C using 3 l/h of Cl{sub 2}(g). •U{sub 3}O{sub 8} is recovery by washing out the chlorination by-products.

Heat capacity of Sr10(PO4)6Cl2 and Ca10(PO4)6Cl2 by DSC

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Venkata Krishnan, R.; Jena, Hrudananda; Govindan Kutty, K.V.; Nagarajan, K.

2008-01-01

Strontium and calcium chloroapatites were synthesized by wet chemical method, characterized by X-ray diffraction and are found to be phase pure materials. The measured room temperature lattice parameter of Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 Cl 2 is a = 9.523 A, c = 6.855 A and for Sr 10 (PO 4 ) 6 Cl 2 is a = 9.876 A, c = 7.188 A. Heat capacity measurements were carried out on Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 Cl 2 and Sr 10 (PO 4 ) 6 Cl 2 by DSC in the temperature range 298-800 K. The heat capacity values of Sr 10 (PO 4 ) 6 Cl 2 is higher at all temperatures than Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 Cl 2 . Enthalpy and entropy increments were computed. Heat capacity values of Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 Cl 2 and Sr 10 (PO 4 ) 6 Cl 2 at 298 K are 758 and 868 J K -1 mol -1 , respectively

Effects of Ca on microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties and biocompatibility of Mg-Zn-Ca alloys.

Science.gov (United States)

Yin, Ping; Li, Nian Feng; Lei, Ting; Liu, Lin; Ouyang, Chun

2013-06-01

Zn and Ca were selected as alloying elements to develop an Mg-Zn-Ca alloy system for biomedical application due to their good biocompatibility. The effects of Ca on the microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties as well as the biocompatibility of the as-cast Mg-Zn-Ca alloys were studied. Results indicate that the microstructure of Mg-Zn-Ca alloys typically consists of primary α-Mg matrix and Ca₂Mg₆Zn₃/Mg₂Ca intermetallic phase mainly distributed along grain boundary. The yield strength of Mg-Zn-Ca alloy increased slightly with the increase of Ca content, whilst its tensile strength increased at first and then decreased. Corrosion tests in the simulated body fluid revealed that the addition of Ca is detrimental to corrosion resistance due to the micro-galvanic corrosion acceleration. In vitro hemolysis and cytotoxicity assessment disclose that Mg-5Zn-1.0Ca alloy has suitable biocompatibility.

Impact of seawater [Ca2+] on the calcification and calcite Mg / Ca of Amphistegina lessonii

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Mewes, A.; Langer, G.; Thoms, S.; Nehrke, G.; Reichart, G. J.; de Nooijer, L. J.; Bijma, J.

2015-01-01

Mg / Ca ratios in foraminiferal tests are routinely used as paleotemperature proxies, but on long timescales, they also hold the potential to reconstruct past seawater Mg / Ca. The impact of both temperature and seawater Mg / Ca on Mg incorporation in Foraminifera has been quantified by a number of

Electrochemical deposition of La-Mg alloys in LaCl3-MgCl2-KCl system with molten salt electrolysis process

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Sahoo Kumar D.

2014-01-01

Full Text Available La-Mg alloys of different compositions were prepared by electrolysis of LaCl3-MgCl2-KCl melts. Different phases of La-Mg alloys were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM. Energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES analyses showed that chemical compositions of La-Mg alloys were consistent with phase structures of XRD pattern, and magnesium content in the alloy could be controlled by electrolysis parameters. The effects of various process parameters such as concentration of magnesium chloride in the bath, temperature of electrolysis and cathode current density on the current efficiency have been investigated. A maximum current efficiency of 85% and yield of 80% was obtained from the bath at 12.5A/cm2 current density at an operating temp 850°C.

Theoretical descriptions of novel triplet germylenes M1-Ge-M2-M3 (M1 = H, Li, Na, K; M2 = Be, Mg, Ca; M3 = H, F, Cl, Br).

Science.gov (United States)

Kassaee, Mohamad Zaman; Ashenagar, Samaneh

2018-02-06

In a quest to identify new ground-state triplet germylenes, the stabilities (singlet-triplet energy differences, ΔE S-T ) of 96 singlet (s) and triplet (t) M 1 -Ge-M 2 -M 3 species were compared and contrasted at the B3LYP/6-311++G**, QCISD(T)/6-311++G**, and CCSD(T)/6-311++G** levels of theory (M 1  = H, Li, Na, K; M 2  = Be, Mg, Ca; M 3  = H, F, Cl, Br). Interestingly, F-substituent triplet germylenes (M 3  = F) appear to be more stable and linear than the corresponding Cl- or Br-substituent triplet germylenes (M 3  = Cl or Br). Triplets with M 1  = K (i.e., the K-Ge-M 2 -M 3 series) seem to be more stable than the corresponding triplets with M 1  = H, Li, or Na. This can be attributed to the higher electropositivity of potassium. Triplet species with M 3  = Cl behave similarly to those with M 3  = Br. Conversely, triplets with M 3  = H show similar stabilities and linearities to those with M 3  = F. Singlet species of formulae K-Ge-Ca-Cl and K-Ge-Ca-Br form unexpected cyclic structures. Finally, the triplet germylenes M 1 -Ge-M 2 -M 3 become more stable as the electropositivities of the α-substituents (M 1 and M 2 ) and the electronegativity of the β-substituent (M 3 ) increase.

Carbonate mineral solubility at low temperatures in the Na-K-Mg-Ca-H-Cl-SO 4-OH-HCO 3-CO 3-CO 2-H 2O system

Science.gov (United States)

Marion, Giles M.

2001-06-01

Carbonate minerals have played an important role in the geochemical evolution of Earth, and may have also played an important role in the geochemical evolution of Mars and Europa. Several models have been published in recent years that describe chloride and sulfate mineral solubilities in concentrated brines using the Pitzer equations. Few of these models are parameterized for subzero temperatures, and those that are do not include carbonate chemistry. The objectives of this work are to estimate Pitzer-equation bicarbonate-carbonate parameters and carbonate mineral solubility products and to incorporate them into the FREZCHEM model to predict carbonate mineral solubilities in the Na-K-Mg-Ca-H-Cl-SO 4-OH-HCO 3-CO 3-CO 2-H 2O system at low temperatures (≤25°C) with a special focus on subzero temperatures. Most of the Pitzer-equation parameters and equilibrium constants are taken from the literature and extrapolated into the subzero temperature range. Solubility products for 14 sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium bicarbonate and carbonate minerals are included in the model. Most of the experimental data are at temperatures ≥ -8°C; only for the NaHCO 3-NaCl-H 2O and Na 2CO 3-NaCl-H 2O systems are there bicarbonate and carbonate data to temperatures as low as -21.6°C. In general, the fit of the model to the experimental data is good. For example, calculated eutectic temperatures and compositions for NaHCO 3, Na 2CO 3, and their mixtures with NaCl and Na 2SO 4 salts are in good agreement with experimental data to temperatures as low as -21.6°C. Application of the model to eight saline, alkaline carbonate waters give predicted pHs ranging from 9.2 to 10.2, in comparison with measured pHs that range from 8.7 to 10.2. The model suggests that the CaCO 3 mineral that precipitates during seawater freezing is probably calcite and not ikaite. The model demonstrates that a proposed salt assemblage for the icy surface of Europa consisting of highly hydrated MgSO 4

LiCl+CaCl/sub 2//H/sub 2/O pair

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Isshiki, N; Kamoshida, J

1985-01-01

Absorption heat pump is very useful for the utilization of new energy of low temperature difference by the following four view points. (a) possibility of using any kind of heat source of low temperature difference natural energy and industrial waste heat. (b) Possibility of being used for either of both generation of heat and power (co-generation), (c) good for long term storage and distance transportation of energy. (d) Possibility of applying any kind of chemical pair which have reversible thermo-chemical reaction with a lot of varieties. Among many thermo-chemical pairs, the pair of LiCl + CaCl/sub 2//H/sub 2/O has been selected and investigated in the R and D of developing power generation system. The reason of this selection is that this pair have been thought to be most practical, inexpensive, and powerful for our purpose. The system of heat and power cogeneration system has been selected as the object of application of the absorption system, and especially power generation has been studied. Then, in order to inquire the possibility of power generation and energy storage, a four wheeled vehicle driven by the power of the pair of L1Cl = CaCl/sub 2//H/sub 2/O has been assembled and tested with success. In this paper the general aspects of this study is reported briefly, and the future possibility of the absorption heat pump and power generation is discussed.

Studies of the effects of TiCl3 in LiBH4/CaH2/TiCl3 reversible hydrogen storage system

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Liu Dongan; Yang Jun; Ni Jun; Drews, Andy

2012-01-01

Highlights: ► We systematically studied the effects of TiCl 3 in LiBH 4 /CaH 2 /TiCl 3 hydrogen storage system. ► It is found that adding 0.25 TiCl 3 produces fully reversible hydrogen absorption and desorption and a lower desorption temperature. ► LiCl experiences four different states, i.e. “formed-solid solution-molten solution-precipitation”, in the whole desorption process of the system. ► The incorporation of LiCl into LiBH 4 forms more viscous molten LiBH 4 ·LiCl, leading to fast kinetics. ► The precipitation and re-incorporation of LiCl into LiBH 4 lead to a fully reversible complex hydrogen storage system. - Abstract: In the present study, the effects of TiCl 3 on desorption kinetics, absorption/desorption reversibility, and related phase transformation processes in LiBH 4 /CaH 2 /TiCl 3 hydrogen storage system was studied systematically by varying its concentration (x = 0, 0.05, 0.15 and 0.25). The results show that LiCl forms during ball milling of 6LiBH 4 /CaH 2 /xTiCl 3 and that as temperature increases, o-LiBH 4 transforms into h-LiBH 4 , into which LiCl incorporates, forming solid solution of LiBH 4 ·LiCl, which melts above 280 °C. Molten LiBH 4 ·LiCl is more viscous than molten LiBH 4 , preventing the clustering of LiBH 4 and the accompanied agglomeration of CaH 2 , and thus preserving the nano-sized phase arrangement formed during ball milling. Above 350 °C, the molten solution LiBH 4 ·LiCl further reacts with CaH 2 , precipitating LiCl. The main hydrogen desorption reaction is between molten LiBH 4 ·LiCl and CaH 2 and not between molten LiBH 4 and CaH 2 . This alters the hydrogen reaction thermodynamics and lowers the hydrogen desorption temperature. In addition, the solid–liquid nano-sized phase arrangement in the nano-composites improves the hydrogen reaction kinetics. The reversible incorporation/precipitation of LiCl at the hydrogen reaction temperature and during temperature cycling makes the 6LiBH 4 /CaH 2 /0.25TiCl 3

Electrochemical characterisation of CaCl2 deficient LiCl–KCl–CaCl2 eutectic melt and electro-deoxidation of solid UO2

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sri Maha Vishnu, D.; Sanil, N.; Mohandas, K.S.; Nagarajan, K.

2016-01-01

The CaCl 2 deficient ternary eutectic melt LiCl–KCl–CaCl 2 (50.5: 44.2: 5.3 mol %) was electrochemically characterised by cyclic voltammetry and polarization techniques in the context of its probable use as the electrolyte in the electrochemical reduction of solid UO 2 to uranium metal. Tungsten (cathodic polarization) and graphite (anodic polarization) working electrodes were used in these studies carried out in the temperature range 623 K–923 K. The cathodic limit of the melt was observed to be set by the deposition of Ca 2+ ions followed by Li + ions on the tungsten electrode and the anodic limit by oxidation of chloride ions on the graphite electrode (chlorine evolution). The difference between the onset potential of deposition of Ca 2+ and Li + was found to be 0.241 V at a scan rate of 20 mV/s at 623 K and the difference decreased with increase in temperature and vanished at 923 K. Polarization measurements with stainless steel (SS) cathode and graphite anode at 673 K showed the possibility of low–energy reactions occurring on the UO 2 electrode in the melt. UO 2 pellets were cathodically polarized at 3.9 V for 25 h to test the feasibility of electro-reduction to uranium in the melt. The surface of the pellets was found reduced to U metal. - Highlights: • Electrochemically characterized LiCl–KCl–CaCl 2 (50.5: 44.2: 5.3 mol %) melt by CV, LSV and polarization techniques. • Ca 2+ deposits first on tungsten working electrode followed by Li + . Cl − discharges on graphite to liberate chlorine gas. • Surface of UO 2 pellet reduced to U in the melt with low carbon contamination of melt. • Slow reduction of UO 2 due to slow kinetics and low solubility of oxide ions in the low temperature melt.

A DFT-based comparative equilibrium study of thermal dehydration and hydrolysis of CaCl2 hydrates and MgCl2 hydrates for seasonal heat storage

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Pathak, A.D.; Gaastra-Nedea, S.V.; Zondag, H.A.; Rindt, C.C.M.; Smeulders, D.M.J.

2016-01-01

Salt hydrates store solar energy in chemical form via a reversible dehydration–hydration reaction. However, as a side reaction to dehydration, hydrolysis (HCl formation) may occur in chloride based salt hydrates (specially in MgCl2 hydrates), affecting the durability of the storage system. The

Modeling the Onset of Phase Separation in CaO-SiO2-CaCl2 Chlorine-Containing Silicate Glasses.

Science.gov (United States)

Swansbury, Laura A; Mountjoy, Gavin; Chen, Xiaojing; Karpukhina, Natalia; Hill, Robert

2017-06-08

The addition of chlorine into a bioactive glass composition is expected to reduce its abrasiveness and increase its bioactivity, which is important for dental applications such as toothpastes. There is a lack of information and understanding regarding the structural role of chlorine in chlorine-containing bioactive silicate glasses. This has prompted classical core-shell model molecular dynamics simulations of (50 - x/2)CaO-(50 - x/2)SiO 2 -xCaCl 2 glasses to be performed, where x ranges from x = 0.0 to 43.1 mol % CaCl 2 . These ternary glasses are advantageous for a fundamental study because they do not have additional network formers (e.g., phosphorus pentoxide) or modifiers (e.g., sodium) typically found in bioactive glass compositions. The (50 - x/2)CaO-(50 - x/2)SiO 2 -xCaCl 2 glasses were seen to become phase-separated around the x = 16.1 mol % CaCl 2 composition, and chlorine predominantly coordinated with calcium. These findings provide a solid foundation for further computational modeling work on more complex chlorine-containing bioactive glass compositions.

Quadruple-layered perovskite (CuCl)Ca2NaNb4O13

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kitada, A.; Tsujimoto, Y.; Yamamoto, T.; Kobayashi, Y.; Narumi, Y.; Kindo, K.; Aczel, A.A.; Luke, G.M.; Uemura, Y.J.; Kiuchi, Y.; Ueda, Y.; Yoshimura, K.; Ajiro, Y.; Kageyama, H.

2012-01-01

We will present the synthesis, structure and magnetic properties of a new quadruple-layered perovskite (CuCl)Ca 2 NaNb 4 O 13 . Through a topotactic ion-exchange reaction with CuCl 2 , the precursor RbCa 2 NaNb 4 O 13 presumably having an incoherent octahederal tliting changes into (CuCl)Ca 2 NaNb 4 O 13 with a 2a p ×2a p ×2c p superstructure (tetragonal; a=7.73232(5) Å, c=39.2156(4) Å). The well-defined superstructure for the ion-exchanged product should be stabilized by the inserted CuCl 4 O 2 octahedral layers that firmly connect with neighboring perovskite layers. Magnetic studies show the absence of long-range magnetic ordering down to 2 K despite strong in-plane interactions. Aleksandrov′s group theory and Rietveld refinement of synchrotron X-ray diffraction data suggest the structure to be of I4/mmm space group with in-phase tilting along the a and b axes, a two-tilt system (++0). - Graphical Abstract: We present a quadruple-layered copper oxyhalide (CuCl)Ca 2 NaNb 4 O 13 synthesized through a topotactic ion-exchange reaction of RbCa 2 NaNb 4 O 13 with CuCl 2 . The compound has a well-defined superstructure. Magnetic studies suggest the absence of magnetic order even at 2 K. Highlights: ► (CuCl)Ca 2 NaNb 4 O 13 was prepared by ion-exchange reaction of RbCa 2 NaNb 4 O 13 with CuCl 2 . ► Compound has a 2a p ×2a p ×2c p superstructure (tetragonal; a=7.73 Å, c=39.21 Å). ► Such a well-defined superstructure was not observed in the precursor compound. ► Aleksandrov′s theory and Rietveld study suggest a (++0) octahedral tilting (I4/mmm). ► Magnetic studies revealed the absence of magnetic order down to 2 K.

Hydrogen absorption kinetics and structural properties of Mg85Ni10Ca5 and Mg90Ni10

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Aoki, Masakazu; Saito, Katsushi; Towata, Shin-ichi

2005-01-01

Mg 85 Ni 10 Ca 5 and Mg 90 Ni 10 were prepared by melting mixtures of the elements in mild steel crucibles and pouring them into copper molds. Hydrogen absorption kinetics and structural properties of the alloys were characterized by the volumetric method using a Sievert's apparatus, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The crystallite size of Mg in Mg 85 Ni 10 Ca 5 , which is evaluated by XRD peak broadening, is about 50% smaller than that in Mg 90 Ni 10 . In addition, the nanometer-scale structure composed of Mg, Mg 2 Ni, Mg 2 Ca was observed in Mg 85 Ni 10 Ca 5 . Mg 85 Ni 10 Ca 5 shows better hydrogen absorption kinetics than Mg 90 Ni 10 in the temperature range of room temperature to 573 K. The better absorption kinetics of Mg 85 Ni 10 Ca 5 is mainly attributed to the nanometer-scale structure

Effect of sterilization process on surface characteristics and biocompatibility of pure Mg and MgCa alloys

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Liu, X.L.; Zhou, W.R.; Wu, Y.H.; Cheng, Y.; Zheng, Y.F.

2013-01-01

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of various sterilization methods on surface characteristics and biocompatibility of MgCa alloy, with pure Mg as a comparison, including steam autoclave sterilization (SA), ethylene oxide steam sterilization (EO), glutaraldehyde sterilization (GD), dry heat sterilization (DH) and Co60 γ ray radiation sterilization (R) technologies. The surface characterizations were performed by environmental scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, water contact angle and surface free energy measurement, whereas the cytotoxicity and hemocompatibility were evaluated by cellular adhesive experiment, platelet adhesion and hemolysis test. The results showed that the five sterilization processes caused more changes on the surface of MgCa alloy than that on the surface of pure Mg. The GD sterilization caused the most obvious changes on the surface of the pure Mg, and the SA sterilization made the largest alteration on the MgCa alloy surface. The GD and DH sterilization processes could cause increases on surface free energy for both pure Mg and MgCa alloys, while the other three sterilization processes reduced the surface free energy. The DH and GD sterilization processes caused the least alteration on the cell adhesion on pure Mg surface, whereas the EO sterilization performed the greatest impact on the cell adhesion on the Mg–Ca alloy surface. The hemolysis percentage of pure Mg and MgCa alloys were reduced by SA sterilization, meanwhile the other four sterilization processes increased their hemolysis percentages significantly, especially for the EO sterilization. - Highlights: • The effect of sterilization on surface chemistry and biocompatibility was studied. • Sterilization caused more surface changes on MgCa alloy than pure Mg. • Co60 γ ray radiation is the most appropriate sterilization process

Gastrointestinal transport of Ca2+ and Mg2+ during the digestion of a single meal in the freshwater rainbow trout.

Science.gov (United States)

Bucking, Carol; Wood, Chris M

2007-04-01

A diet containing an inert marker (ballotini beads, quantified by X-radiography) was used to quantify the transport of two essential minerals, Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) from the diet during the digestion and absorption of a single meal of commercial trout food (3% ration). Initially, net uptake of Ca(2+) was observed in the stomach followed by subsequent Ca(2+) fluxes along the intestine which were variable, but for the most part secretory. This indicated a net secretion of Ca(2+) along the intestinal tract resulting in a net assimilation of dietary Ca(2+) of 28%. Similar handling of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) was observed along the gastrointestinal tract (GI), although net assimilation differed substantially between the cations, with Mg(2+) assimilation being close to 60%, mostly a result of greater uptake by the stomach. The stomach displayed the highest net uptake rates for both cations (1.5 and 1.3 mmol kg(-1) fish body mass for Ca(2+) and Mg(2+), respectively), occurring within 2 h following ingestion of the meal. Substantial secretions of both Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) were observed in the anterior intestine, which were attributed to bile and other intestinal secretions, while fluxes in the mid and posterior intestine were small and variable. The overall patterns of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) handling in the GI tract were similar to those observed for Na(+) and K(+) (but not Cl(-)) in a previous study. Overall, these results emphasize the importance of dietary electrolytes in ionoregulatory homeostasis.

Study of CaCl2 as an agent that modifies the surface of activated carbon used in sorption/treatment cycles for nitrate removal

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

O. Zanella

2014-03-01

Full Text Available The efficiency of the application of a chemically-modified activated carbon surface was investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of treatment with CaCl2 solution at a concentration of 2000 mg.L-1 on the sorption of nitrate ions from aqueous solutions in successive sorption/t reatment cycles. The sorbent was initially subjected to chemical treatment with CaCl2 and subsequently to the sorption process. Nine sorption cycles were performed. The concentrations of nitrate ions in the solution were measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometry before and after sorption. The results show that treatment with CaCl2 caused a significant increase in the percentage removal for each treatment step, reaching a removal rate of 80% of nitrate in the solution after nine cycles.

Soluble salts addition modifies MgO hydration

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Santos, A.M.; Pandolfelli, V.C.; Salomao, R.

2012-01-01

Magnesium oxide (MgO) show great technological interest on refractories due to its high refractoriness, basic slag corrosion resistance and competitive cost. However, the hydration reaction of MgO produces magnesium hydroxide. This reaction generates a significant volumetric expansion that can lead to material breakdown inhibiting its use in refractory castables. This reaction can be affected by several factors such as magnesia source, purity, calcination temperature, pH, CaO/SiO 2 ratio and agitation speed. In the present work, soluble salts (CaCl 2 and MgCl 2 ) were used in MgO aqueous suspensions (caustic and sinter). The results were evaluated by means of techniques of degree of hydration (termogravimetric), Scanning electron microscopy, apparent volumetric expansion and x-ray Diffraction which showed that the degree of hydration was noticeably less to sinter aqueous and the expansive effects were less with the addition of CaCl 2 . (author)

Synthesis of Al₂Ca Dispersoids by Powder Metallurgy Using a Mg-Al Alloy and CaO Particles.

Science.gov (United States)

Fujita, Junji; Umeda, Junko; Kondoh, Katsuyoshi

2017-06-28

The elemental mixture of Mg-6 wt %Al-1 wt %Zn-0.3 wt %Mn (AZ61B) alloy powder and CaO particles was consolidated by an equal-channel angular bulk mechanical alloying (ECABMA) process to form a composite precursor. Subsequently, the precursor was subjected to a heat treatment to synthesize fine Al₂Ca particles via a solid-state reaction between the Mg-Al matrix and CaO additives. Scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and electron probe micro-analysis on the precursor indicated that 4.7-at % Al atoms formed a supersaturated solid solution in the α-Mg matrix. Transmission electron microscopy-EDS and X-ray diffraction analyses on the AZ61B composite precursor with 10-vol % CaO particles obtained by heat treatment confirmed that CaO additives were thermally decomposed in the Mg-Al alloy, and the solid-soluted Ca atoms diffused along the α-Mg grain boundaries. Al atoms also diffused to the grain boundaries because of attraction to the Ca atoms resulting from a strong reactivity between Al and Ca. As a result, needle-like (Mg,Al)₂Ca intermetallics were formed as intermediate precipitates in the initial reaction stage during the heat treatment. Finally, the precipitates were transformed into spherical Al₂Ca particles by the substitution of Al atoms for Mg atoms in (Mg,Al)₂Ca after a long heat treatment.

High-pressure X-ray diffraction, Raman, and computational studies of MgCl2 up to 1 Mbar: Extensive pressure stability of the β-MgCl2 layered structure.

Science.gov (United States)

Stavrou, Elissaios; Yao, Yansun; Zaug, Joseph M; Bastea, Sorin; Kalkan, Bora; Konôpková, Zuzana; Kunz, Martin

2016-08-12

Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) with the rhombohedral layered CdCl2-type structure (α-MgCl2) has been studied experimentally using synchrotron angle-dispersive powder x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy using a diamond-anvil cell up to 100 GPa at room temperature and theoretically using first-principles density functional calculations. The results reveal a pressure-induced second-order structural phase transition to a hexagonal layered CdI2-type structure (β-MgCl2) at 0.7 GPa: the stacking sequence of the Cl anions are altered resulting in a reduction of the c-axis length. Theoretical calculations confirm this phase transition sequence and the calculated transition pressure is in excellent agreement with the experiment. Lattice dynamics calculations also reproduce the experimental Raman spectra measured for the ambient and high-pressure phase. According to our experimental results MgCl2 remains in a 2D layered phase up to 100 GPa and further, the 6-fold coordination of Mg cations is retained. Theoretical calculations of relative enthalpy suggest that this extensive pressure stability is due to a low enthalpy of the layered structure ruling out kinetic barrier effects. This observation is unusual, as it contradicts with the general structural behavior of highly compressed AB2 compounds.

Textural improvement of salt-reduced Alaska pollack (Theragra chalcogramma) roe product by CaCl2.

Science.gov (United States)

Chen, Chaoping; Okazaki, Emiko; Osako, Kazufumi

2016-12-15

Salt-reduced Alaska pollack roe benefits public health by decreasing NaCl intake; however, it has a poor texture with low breaking strength. This study addresses the feasibility of NaCl reduction in salted roe products, with focusing on the improvement of breaking strength using CaCl2. Salted roe products were prepared by immersing Alaska pollack roe in either NaCl solutions (3.5, 7.0, 15.0, 20.0, and 25.0%) or 7.0% NaCl solutions with added CaCl2 (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0%). Breaking strength, moisture and salt contents, eggshell protein composition of the salted roe products, as well as total endogenous transglutaminase (TGase) activity in various NaCl and CaCl2 concentrations were analyzed. CaCl2 addition enhanced eggshell protein crosslinking and breaking strength of the salt-reduced roe products. An acyl transfer reaction catalyzed by calcium-dependent TGase may be responsible for the eggshell protein crosslinking and improved texture. Thus, we successfully developed a salt-reduced Alaska roe product using CaCl2. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Preparation of Ferrotitanium Alloys by Electrolysis-Assisted Calciothermic Reduction of Ilmenite in Equimolar CaCl2-NaCl Electrolyte: Effect of Calcium Oxide

Science.gov (United States)

Zhou, Zhongren; Zhang, Yingjie; Hua, Yixin; Xu, Cunying; Dong, Peng; Zhang, Qibo; Wang, Ding

2018-04-01

The effect of CaO content on the preparation of ferrotitanium alloys from ilmenite with the method of the electrolysis-assisted calciothermic reduction has been investigated by use of ilmenite powders as raw materials that positions them next to the cathodic molybdenum plate, equimolar CaCl2-NaCl molten salt with 2-7 mol.% CaO as electrolyte and graphite as anode at 700°C with cell voltage of 2.8 V under argon atmosphere. It is demonstrated that increasing the reactant CaO content is beneficial to the calciothermic reduction of ilmenite and the intermediate CaTiO3. Experimental results also show that after 14 h of calciothermic reduction process, the products are ferrotitanium alloys and the specific energy consumption is only about 10.21 kWh kg-1 when adding 5 mol.% CaO into equimolar CaCl2-NaCl molten salt and approximately 14.40 kWh kg-1 when CaO content is increased to 7 mol.%.

Biodegradable Orthopedic Magnesium-Calcium (MgCa Alloys, Processing, and Corrosion Performance

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Yuebin Guo

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Magnesium-Calcium (Mg-Ca alloy has received considerable attention as an emerging biodegradable implant material in orthopedic fixation applications. The biodegradable Mg-Ca alloys avoid stress shielding and secondary surgery inherent with permanent metallic implant materials. They also provide sufficient mechanical strength in load carrying applications as opposed to biopolymers. However, the key issue facing a biodegradable Mg-Ca implant is the fast corrosion in the human body environment. The ability to adjust degradation rate of Mg-Ca alloys is critical for the successful development of biodegradable orthopedic implants. This paper focuses on the functions and requirements of bone implants and critical issues of current implant biomaterials. Microstructures and mechanical properties of Mg-Ca alloys, and the unique properties of novel magnesium-calcium implant materials have been reviewed. Various manufacturing techniques to process Mg-Ca based alloys have been analyzed regarding their impacts on implant performance. Corrosion performance of Mg-Ca alloys processed by different manufacturing techniques was compared. In addition, the societal and economical impacts of developing biodegradable orthopedic implants have been emphasized.

In vitro degradation and cytotoxicity of Mg/Ca composites produced by powder metallurgy.

Science.gov (United States)

Zheng, Y F; Gu, X N; Xi, Y L; Chai, D L

2010-05-01

Mg/Ca (1 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 10 wt.% Ca) composites were prepared from pure magnesium and calcium powders using the powder metallurgy method, aiming to enlarge the addition of Ca content without the formation of Mg(2)Ca. The microstructures, mechanical properties and cytotoxicities of Mg/Ca composite samples were investigated. The corrosion of Mg/Ca composites in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) for various immersion intervals was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements and environmental scanning electron microscope, with the concentrations of released Mg and Ca ions in DMEM for various immersion time intervals being measured. It was shown that the main constitutional phases were Mg and Ca, which were uniformly distributed in the Mg matrix. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation of experimental composites decreased with increasing Ca content, and the UTS of Mg/1Ca composite was comparable with that of as-extruded Mg-1Ca alloy. The corrosion potential increased with increasing Ca content, whereas the current density and the impedance decreased. It was found that the protective surface film formed quickly at the initial immersion stage. With increasing immersion time, the surface film became compact, and the corrosion rate of Mg/Ca composites slowed down. The surface film consisted mainly of CaCO(3), MgCO(3)x3H(2)O, HA and Mg(OH)(2) after 72 h immersion in DMEM. Mg/1Ca and Mg/5Ca composite extracts had no significant toxicity (p>0.05) to L-929 cells, whereas Mg/10Ca composite extract induced approximately 40% reduced cell viability. Copyright (c) 2009 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

An Efficient, Solvent-Free Process for Synthesizing Anhydrous MgCl₂

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Motkuri, Radha K.; Vemuri, Venkata Rama S.; Barpaga, Dushyant; Schaef, Herbert T.; Loring, John S.; Martin, Paul F.; Lao, David; Nune, Satish K.; McGrail, Bernard P.

2018-01-02

A new efficient and solvent-free method for the synthesis of anhydrous MgCl2 from its hexahydrate is proposed. Fluidized dehydration of MgCl₂·6H₂O feedstock at 200 °C in a porous bed reactor yields MgCl2·nH2O (0 < n < 1), which has a similar diffraction pattern as activated MgCl2. The MgCl₂·nH₂O is then ammoniated directly using liquefied NH₃ in the absence of solvent to form MgCl₂·6NH₃. Calcination of the hexammoniate complex at 300 °C then yields anhydrous MgCl₂. Both dehydration and deammoniation were thoroughly studied using in situ as well as ex situ characterization techniques. Specifically, a detailed understanding of the dehydration process was monitored by in situ PXRD and in situ FTIR techniques where formation of salt with nH₂O (n = 4, 2, 1, <1) was characterized. Given the reduction in thermal energy required to produce dehydrated feedstock with this method compared with current strategies, significant cost benefits are expected. Overall, the combined effect of activation, macroporosity, and coordinated water depletion allows the formation of hexammoniate without using solvent, thus minimizing waste formation.

Seasonal variations in Na, K, Mg and Ca charge balance in marine brown algae from Saurashtra Coast (NW coast of India)

Digital Repository Service at National Institute of Oceanography (India)

Rao, Ch.K.; Singbal, S.Y.S.

) strongly correlated with Cl content suggesting that these cations were balanced by chloride ions. Divalent cations (Ca + Mg) seem to be balanced by the anion sulphate. Ash content of the algae was accounted by these major cations and anions. Charge...

Nature of complexing of glycogen with iodine in presence of CaCl2

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bobrova, L.N.

1986-01-01

The absorption and dichroic absorbance of an iodine complex of muscle glycogen were studied as a function of the CaCl 2 concentration. It was found that high CaCl 2 concentrations, at which the staining of glycogen upon interaction with iodine increases sharply, destabilize the α-glucan helix and lead to a disturbance in the formation of a specific chromophore of the iodine-glycogen complex, which is indicated by the loss of dichroism. The stained chromophore appearing upon a simultaneous decrease in the dichroism is evidently produced by a nonhelical mechanism and is therefore nonspecific. This nonspecific chromophore may be the source of errors in spectrophotometric characterization of the structure of glycogens. It was shown using rabbit skeletal muscle and liver glycogens that the Krisman method, in which concentrated solutions of CaCl 2 are used, does not reveal the differences in the structure of the glycogens that are found at low CaCl 2 concentrations. The unfavorable effect of high CaCl 2 concentrations on helix formation must be kept in mind in a determination of the stoichiometry of the interaction of iodine with α-glucan

Solid solubility of MgO in the calcium silicates of portland clinker. The effect of CaF2

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Puertas, F.

1992-03-01

Full Text Available The solid solubility of MgO in the calcium silicates of portland clinker has been determined by XRD and XDS. The influence that the presence of CaF2 has on said solubility has also been verified. The solid solution limit of MgO in C3S at 1275 ºC lies at about 1.0% wt, where the triclinic form II stabilizes. The presence of CaF2 does not alter the maximum value of the MgO solubilized in that silicate, although there does take place the stabilization of the triclinic polymorph II at lower MgO contents (between 0.3 - 0.6% wt. The maximum amount of solubilized MgO in βC2 at 1.050 ºC lies around 0.5% wt. This value does not change by the presence of CaF2.Se ha determinado por DRX y EDX la solubilidad sólida del MgO en los silicatos cálcicos del clínker portland. Se ha comprobado, así mismo la influencia que sobre dicha solubilidad tiene la presencia de CaF2. El límite de disolución sólida del MgO en el C3S a 1.275º C se sitúa alrededor del 1,0% en peso, estabilizándose la forma triclínica II. La presencia de CaF2 no altera el valor máximo de MgO solubilizado en este silicato, aunque si se produce la estabilización del polimorfo triclínico II a contenidos menores de MgO (entre 0,3 – 0,6% en peso. La cantidad máxima de MgO solubilizado en e/ βC2S a 1.050 ºC se sitúa en torno al 0,5% en peso. Este valor no se ve modificado por la presencia de CaF2.

Luminescence and energy transfer of Sm3+ and Eu3+ in Ca2PO4Cl

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wang, Zhijun; Li, Panlai; Yang, Zhiping; Guo, Qinglin

2014-01-01

Sm 3+ , Eu 3+ , and Sm 3+ –Eu 3+ doped Ca 2 PO 4 Cl phosphors are synthesized by a solid-state method. Ca 2 PO 4 Cl:Sm 3+ can produce red emission under the 400 nm radiation excitation, and the emission peak is located at 601 nm, which is assigned to the 4 G 5/2 → 6 H 7/2 transition of Sm 3+ . Ca 2 PO 4 Cl:Eu 3+ can create red emission under the 392 nm radiation excitation, and the strongest peak is located at 620 nm, which is attributed to the 5 D 0 → 7 F 2 transition of Eu 3+ . The energy transfer from Sm 3+ to Eu 3+ in Ca 2 PO 4 Cl has been validated and the critical distance (R c ) of Sm 3+ to Eu 3+ in Ca 2 PO 4 Cl is calculated to be 1.14 nm. With increasing Eu 3+ doping concentration, the energy transfer efficiency (Sm 3+ →Eu 3+ ) gradually increases to 53.7%. The luminescence property of Ca 2 PO 4 Cl:Sm 3+ , Eu 3+ can be tuned by properly tuning the relative ratio of Sm 3+ –Eu 3+ , and the emission intensity of Ca 2 PO 4 Cl:Eu 3+ can be greatly enhanced by codoped Sm 3+ . - Highlights: • Ca 2 PO 4 Cl:Sm 3+ , Eu 3+ can produce red emission under the 400 nm radiation excitation. • The energy transfer from Sm 3+ to Eu 3+ in Ca 2 PO 4 Cl has been validated. • The critical distance of Sm 3+ to Eu 3+ in Ca 2 PO 4 Cl is calculated to be 1.14 nm

Electrolytic recovery of calcium from molten CaO-CaCl2 salt-mix

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mishra, B.; Olson, D.L.

1993-01-01

Calciothermic reduction of plutonium oxide is an industrial process for producing plutonium metal. The process is carried out in a molten calcium chloride medium which has a significantly high solubility for calcium oxide. However, the CaO-CaCl 2 salt-mix is radioactively contaminated and can not be discarded as such. Fused salt electrolysis of a simulated mix has been carried out using graphite anode and steel cathode to produce calcium. The dissolved calcium in CaCl 2 salt can be used insitu to reduce plutonium oxide. The primary difficulty in obtaining a cathodic calcium deposit was the use of graphite anose which indirectly controls all the back-reactions in the cell through which the deposited calcium is lost. A porous ceramic sheath has been used to essentially keep the anodic and cathodic products separate. The porosity of the sheath has been optimized by measuring its diffusion coefficient as a function of temperature. The influence of a porous sheath on the cell potential has been also analyzed

Corrosion study of resorbable Ca60Mg15Zn25 bulk metallic glasses in physiological fluids

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Rafał Babilas

2017-10-01

Full Text Available The corrosion activity of amorphous plates of Ca60Mg15Zn25 alloy was investigated. The biocompatible elements were selected for the alloy composition. The electrochemical corrosion and immersion tests were carried out in a multi-electrolyte fluid and Ringer's solution. Better corrosion behavior was observed for the samples tested in a multi-electrolyte fluid despite the active dissolution of Ca and Mg in Ringer's solution. The experimental results indicated that reducing concentration of NaCl from 8.6 g/dm3 for Ringer's solution to 5.75 g/dm3 caused the decrease of the corrosion rate. The volume of the hydrogen evolved after 480 min in Ringer's solution (40.1 ml/cm2 was higher in comparison with that obtained in a multi-electrolyte fluid (24.4 ml/cm2. The values of open-circuit potential (EOCP for the Ca60Mg15Zn25 glass after 1 h incubation in Ringer's solution and a multi-electrolyte fluid were determined to be −1553 and −1536 mV vs. a saturated calomel electrode (SCE. The electrochemical measurements indicated a shift of the corrosion current density (jcorr from 1062 μA/cm2 for the sample tested in Ringer's solution to 788 μA/cm2 for the specimen immersed in a multi-electrolyte fluid. The corrosion products analysis was conducted by using the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS. The corrosion products were identified to be CaCO3, Mg(OH2, CaO, MgO and ZnO. The mechanism of corrosion process was proposed and described based on the microscopic observations. The X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR also indicated that Ca(OH2, CaCO3, Zn(OH2 and Ca(Zn(OH32·2H2O mainly formed on the surface of the studied alloy. Keywords: Ca-based metallic glasses, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Corrosion resistance, Hydrogen evaluation

Effect of Mg and Ca on the Stability of the MRI Contrast Agent Gd–DTPA in Seawater

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Johan Schijf

2018-04-01

Full Text Available Gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd–DTPA is widely applied as a contrast enhancer in medical MRI. As Gd–DTPA is only minimally captured in wastewater treatment plants (WTPs or degraded by UV light and other oxidative processes, concentrations in rivers have increased globally by orders of magnitude following its introduction in 1987. The complex also seems impervious to estuarine scavenging and is beginning to emerge in coastal waters, yet it is unknown how its stability is changed by competition for the DTPA ligand from major seawater cations. We performed potentiometric titrations at seawater ionic strength (0.7 M NaClO4 to determine dissociation constants of the five DTPA carboxylic acid groups, as well as stability constants of Mg, Ca, and Gd complexes with the fully deprotonated and single-protonated ligand. These are in general agreement with literature values at low ionic strength and confirm that complexes with Ca are more stable than with Mg. A new finding, that the DTPA complexes of Mg and Ca appear to be hydrolyzed at elevated pH, implies that their coordination in these chelates is less than hexadentate, enabling additional competition with Gd from dinuclear Mg and Ca species. Side-reaction coefficients for trace-metal-free seawater, calculated from our results, suggest that the higher abundance of Mg and Ca may significantly destabilize Gd–DTPA in coastal waters, causing dissociation and release of as much as 15% of the organically complexed Gd from the ligand. This effect could magnify the particle-reactivity and bioavailability of anthropogenic Gd in sensitive estuarine habitats, indicating an urgent need to further study the fate of this contaminant in marine environments.

Effect of MgCl2 addition on the sintering behavior of MgAl2O4 spinel and formation of nano-particles

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Mohammadi F.

2014-01-01

Full Text Available In this paper, the effect of MgCl2 addition on the sintering behavior of MgAl2O4 spinel produced via oxide mixture method was investigated. For this reason, the stoichiometric mixture of magnesite and calcined alumina as raw materials was calcined at 1100°C. The calcined mixture was milled, pressed and then, fired at 1300 and 1500°C after addition of various amounts of MgCl2. Besides, the physical properties, phase composition and microstructure of fired samples were investigated. The results showed that MgCl2 addition has great effect on the densification and particle size of spinel. Besides, MgCl2 addition increases the amount of spinel phase at all firing temperatures. Due to the decomposition of MgCl2 and then formation of ultra-fine MgO particles, the nano-sized spinel is formed on the surface of the larger spinel particles.

Vapor pressures and isopiestic molalities of concentrated CaCl2(aq), CaBr2(aq), and NaCl(aq) to T = 523 K

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gruszkiewicz, Miroslaw S.; Simonson, John M.

2005-01-01

The Oak Ridge National Laboratory high-temperature isopiestic apparatus was outfitted with precise pressure gauges to allow for direct vapor pressure measurements. Vapor pressures over concentrated solutions of CaCl 2 (aq), and CaBr 2 (aq) were measured at temperatures between (380.15 and 523.15) K in the range of water activities between 0.2 and 0.85. Isopiestic molalities were used to determine osmotic coefficients at the conditions where NaCl reference standard solutions remained undersaturated. The main goal of this work was to improve the accuracy of isopiestic comparisons based on the calcium chloride reference standard. Osmotic coefficients for CaCl 2 (aq) and CaBr 2 (aq) calculated from both isopiestic and direct vapor pressure results were combined with the literature data and used to build general thermodynamic models based on a variant of extended Pitzer ion-interaction equations and valid at the saturation pressure of water. While these empirical models approach the accuracy of the experimental data in a wider range of concentrations and temperatures than any previously published equations, considerable amounts of accurate data and a substantial effort are required in order to obtain a satisfactory representation using power series-based virial equations. The effect of experimental uncertainties on the accuracy of the direct vapor pressure results is discussed, including in particular the error caused by the presence in the apparatus of a small amount of CO 2 . The substantial decrease of the solubility product of CaCO 3 in concentrated chloride solutions at temperatures above 423 K is a serious defect of calcium chloride as a water activity reference standard

Influência da adição de íons Ca++ e Mg++ na dureza de géis de concentrado proteíco de soro de leite bovino Influence of the addition of Ca++ and Mg++ ions on the hardness of whey protein concentrate gels

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Márcia de Mello Luvielmo

2002-08-01

Full Text Available Inúmeros estudos vêm sendo realizados com o objetivo de compreender o comportamento das proteínas do Concentrado Protéico de Soro (CPS. A capacidade destas proteínas em formar géis estáveis a temperaturas entre 70ºC e 90ºC, é uma propriedade funcional importante para a confecção de vários produtos alimentícios, tais como: produtos de padaria, cárneos, texturizados e lácteos. A concentração protéica, pH, composição iônica e temperatura podem ser controladas para obter um gel com as características desejadas. Neste trabalho foi investigado o efeito dos íons metálicos bivalentes Ca++ e Mg++, na propriedade de dureza de géis de CPS induzidos termicamente. Dispersões protéicas a 6; 7 e 8% de proteína do CPS a pH 6,3 com 0; 7,5; 15; 30 e 75mm de CaCl2 ou MgCl2 foram aquecidas a 75ºC por 45 min, resfriadas a 4ºC por 12 horas, e os géis avaliados em um texturômetro TA-XT2. Os géis formados com maiores concentrações do sal adicionado obtiveram maiores valores de dureza na faixa estudada. Nas concentrações de 15 a 75mM os valores de dureza dos géis com a adição de CaCl2 foram significativamente maiores (pSeveral studies have been carried out to understand the behaviour of whey protein concentrates (WPC. One of the most important properties of this functional ingredient is the capacity to form stable gels in the temperature range from 70 to 90ºC, which makes it a convenient component of many foods such as bakery, meat, texturized and milk products. Protein concentration, pH, ionic composition and temperature must be kept under control in order to form products with desirable characteristics. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of metallic divalent ions, Ca++ and Mg++, on the hardness of thermally induced WPC gels. Dispersions of WPC at 6, 7 and 8% protein, at pH 6.3 containing 0, 7, 15, 30 and 75mM CaCl2 or MgCl2 were heated at 75ºC for 45 min, followed by cooling at 4ºC for 12 hours. The gels

Mg,Ca-ATPase activity under irradiation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ladutin, V.V.; Orlova, V.V.; Lob, P.A.; Gerasiminko, I.V.; Mack, E.I.

2003-01-01

Full text: The influence of different doses irradiation at the Mg,Ca-ATPase activity at the rat brain has been investigated. The analyses were made at the apparatus of LKB and Carl-Ceis-Jena firm with help of reagents of Sigma and Boehringer firm. Rats decapitated after 1, 3, 6, 24 and 48 h after action of irradiation. Dose 0.206 C/kg. Erythrocytes. 1 and 3h after irradiation influence- decrease of Mg,Ca-ATPase activity to 86-87% relatively control level, 24 and 48 h - increase of activity to the control level. Dose 0.312 C/kg. Large hemispheres. 1h - decrease of ATPase activity to 90% relatively control, 3h - increase to control level, 24h - fall to 86%, after 48h small increase to 93% relatively control. Dose 9.287 C/kg. Large hemispheres. 1h - sharp fall of Mg, Ca-ATPase activity to 67 % relatively control, increase of activity to 96% after 3h and sharp fall of activity to 64% 6h after action of irradiation. Dose 9.287 C/kg. Cerebellum. 1h - sharp decrease of ATPase activity to 80%. After 3h -sharp increase to 160% relatively control level and sharp fall of ATPase activity to 47% relatively control after 6h. The mechanism of radiation pathology of active ion transport has been discussed

Electrochemical characterisation of CaCl{sub 2} deficient LiCl–KCl–CaCl{sub 2} eutectic melt and electro-deoxidation of solid UO{sub 2}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sri Maha Vishnu, D., E-mail: smvd2@cam.ac.uk; Sanil, N.; Mohandas, K.S.; Nagarajan, K.

2016-03-15

The CaCl{sub 2} deficient ternary eutectic melt LiCl–KCl–CaCl{sub 2} (50.5: 44.2: 5.3 mol %) was electrochemically characterised by cyclic voltammetry and polarization techniques in the context of its probable use as the electrolyte in the electrochemical reduction of solid UO{sub 2} to uranium metal. Tungsten (cathodic polarization) and graphite (anodic polarization) working electrodes were used in these studies carried out in the temperature range 623 K–923 K. The cathodic limit of the melt was observed to be set by the deposition of Ca{sup 2+} ions followed by Li{sup +} ions on the tungsten electrode and the anodic limit by oxidation of chloride ions on the graphite electrode (chlorine evolution). The difference between the onset potential of deposition of Ca{sup 2+} and Li{sup +} was found to be 0.241 V at a scan rate of 20 mV/s at 623 K and the difference decreased with increase in temperature and vanished at 923 K. Polarization measurements with stainless steel (SS) cathode and graphite anode at 673 K showed the possibility of low–energy reactions occurring on the UO{sub 2} electrode in the melt. UO{sub 2} pellets were cathodically polarized at 3.9 V for 25 h to test the feasibility of electro-reduction to uranium in the melt. The surface of the pellets was found reduced to U metal. - Highlights: • Electrochemically characterized LiCl–KCl–CaCl{sub 2} (50.5: 44.2: 5.3 mol %) melt by CV, LSV and polarization techniques. • Ca{sup 2+} deposits first on tungsten working electrode followed by Li{sup +}. Cl{sup −} discharges on graphite to liberate chlorine gas. • Surface of UO{sub 2} pellet reduced to U in the melt with low carbon contamination of melt. • Slow reduction of UO{sub 2} due to slow kinetics and low solubility of oxide ions in the low temperature melt.

Phase formation in Mg-Sn-Si and Mg-Sn-Si-Ca alloys

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kozlov, A.; Groebner, J. [Institute of Metallurgy, Clausthal University of Technology, Robert-Koch-Str. 42, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld (Germany); Schmid-Fetzer, R., E-mail: schmid-fetzer@tu-clausthal.de [Institute of Metallurgy, Clausthal University of Technology, Robert-Koch-Str. 42, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld (Germany)

2011-02-17

Research highlights: > The solidification paths of ternary and quaternary alloys are analyzed in detail, using the tool of thermodynamic calculations. > The precipitation sequence of phases and their amounts compare well with the microstructure of alloys. > The most efficient comparison to the experimental thermal analysis data is done by calculation of the enthalpy variation with temperature. > The viability of a procedure for the selection of multicomponent key samples is demonstrated for the development of the Mg-Ca-Si-Sn phase diagram. - Abstract: Experimental work is done and combined with the Calphad method to generate a consistent thermodynamic description of the Mg-Ca-Si-Sn quaternary system, validated for Mg-rich alloys. The viability of a procedure for the selection of multicomponent key samples is demonstrated for this multicomponent system. Dedicated thermal analysis with DTA/DSC on sealed samples is performed and the microstructure of slowly solidified alloys is analyzed using SEM/EDX. The thermodynamic description and phase diagram of the ternary Mg-Si-Sn system, developed in detail also in this work, deviates significantly from a previous literature proposal. The phase formation in ternary and quaternary alloys is analyzed using the tool of thermodynamic equilibrium and Scheil calculations for the solidification paths and compared with present experimental data. The significant ternary/quaternary solid solubilities of pertinent intermetallic phases are quantitatively introduced in the quaternary Mg-Ca-Si-Sn phase diagram and validated by experimental data.

Defect Study of MgO-CaO Material Doped with CeO2

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Han Zhang

2013-01-01

Full Text Available MgO-CaO refractories were prepared using analytical reagent chemicals of Ca(OH2 and Mg(OH2 as starting materials and CeO2 as dopant, then sintered at 1650°C for 3 h. The effect of CeO2 powders on the defect of MgO-CaO refractories was investigated. The sample characterizations were analyzed by the techniques of XRD and SEM. According to the results, with the addition of CeO2, the lattice constant of CaO increased, and the bulk density of the samples increased while apparent porosity decreased. The densification of MgO-CaO refractories was promoted obviously. In the sintering process, MgO grains grew faster than CaO, pores at the MgO-CaO grain boundaries decreased while pores in the MgO grains increased gradually, and no pores were observed in the CaO grains. The nature of the CeO2 promoting densification lies in the substitution and solution with CaO. Ce4+ approaches into CaO lattices, which enlarges the vacancy concentration of Ca2+ and accelerates the diffusion of Ca2+.

Corrosion behavior of die-cast Mg-4Al-2Sn-xCa alloy

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Park, Kyung Chul; Kim, Byeong Ho; Kim, Kyung Ro [Defence Agency for Technology and Quality, Jinju (Korea, Republic of); Cho, Dae Hyun; Park, Ik Min [Pusan National University, Busan (Korea, Republic of)

2016-05-15

In the present work, the effect of Ca additions on microstructure and corrosion characteristics of high pressure die-cast Mg-4Al-2Sn alloy has been investigated. Mg-4Al-2Sn-xCa (x= 0, 0.3 and 0.7wt.%) alloy was prepared by using a high pressure die-casting method. Results indicated that the microstructure of Mg-4Al-2Sn alloy consisted of α-Mg, Mg{sub 17}Al{sub 12} and Mg{sub 2}Sn phase. With increase of Ca additions, CaMgSn phase was newly formed and grain size was sharply decreased. From the test results, the corrosion resistance of die-cast Mg-4Al-2Sn alloy was significantly improved by Ca addition. It is considered that stabilization of Mg(OH){sub 2} layer and refinements of microstructure with increase of Ca additions.

Neutralization of Na2PO4: Reaction between Na3PO4 and CaCL2

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Xia Shenglan; Wang Luning

1990-01-01

The results of reaction Na 3 PO 4 with CaCl 2 in water at ambient and higher temperature are described. The reaction rate of Na 3 PO 4 with CaCl 2 is slow at ambient temperature and the reaction is complete at 260 deg C after 2 h. The products are Ca(OH) 2 and Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (OH). The quantity of them is dependent upon the quanity of Na 3 PO 4 and CaCl 2 contained in water, all of them control pH of water

Measurements of 36Cl production rates from Cl, K, and Ca in concrete at the 500-MeV neutron irradiation facility of KENS

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Aze, T.; Fujimura, M.; Matsumura, H.; Masumoto, K.; Nakao, N.; Kawai, M.; Matsuzaki, H.; Nagai, H.

2005-01-01

In high-energy accelerator facilities, concrete components around beam lines are exposed to secondary neutrons having various energies during machine operation. The neutrons produce the various long half-life radionuclides, such as 3 H, 36 Cl, 60 Co, and 152 Eu, in the concrete. Most of the nuclides mainly produced by thermal neutron-capture reactions and their specific activities are important from the viewpoint of accelerator clearance. In previous work, the specific activities of the 36 Cl in the concretes at the various accelerator facilities have been measured and it was suggested that the 36 Cl in the concrete is useful as an indicator for thermal neutron fluence because of a characteristic of very long half life (301 kyr). However, in the concretes of the accelerator facilities over several hundreds of MeV, the 36 Cl are considerably produced by spallation from other concrete components, such as K and Ca, in addition to the thermal neutron capture of 35 Cl. The contribution of the 36 Cl productions from the spallation is unclear due to the lack of the cross sections for the neutron-induced reactions. In this work, therefore, we measured the 36 Cl production rates in concrete from Cl, K, and Ca targets in irradiation with secondary neutrons, which were produced by a bombardment of primary 500-MeV protons with W targets, at high-energy neutron-irradiation course of KENS. Samples of NaCl, K2CO 3 , and CaCO 3 were set into 7. irradiation spaces located on the depth raging from O to 320 cm from the concrete surface and irradiated for approximately one week. After the irradiation, separations of Cl from the samples were carried out radiochemically and the production rates of 36 Cl were determined by the AMS. The production rates from Cl, K, and Ca exponentially decreased with an increase of the depth from the concrete surface, and the profiles were very similar each other. Although the production rates from Cl were two orders higher than those from Ca in the same

Thermodynamic investigation of the ternary mixed aqueous electrolyte (MgCl{sub 2} + MgSO{sub 4}) system by potentiometric method at T = 298.15 K

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bagherinia, Mohammad A., E-mail: mabagherinia@yahoo.com [Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Giahi, Masoud; Pournaghdy, Mohammad; Vaghar, Gholam R. [Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan (Iran, Islamic Republic of)

2012-01-15

Highlights: > In this study we investigated the thermodynamic properties of MgCl{sub 2} + MgSO{sub 4} + H{sub 2}O. > The method used in this work was potentiometric method. > Mg-ISE and the Ag/AgCl electrodes used in this work had a good Nernst response. > The experimental results obeyed the Harned rule. > The Pitzer model could be used to describe this ternary system satisfactorily. - Abstract: This work reports the results of thermodynamic investigation of the ternary mixed-electrolyte system (MgCl{sub 2} + MgSO{sub 4} + H{sub 2}O). The investigation was performed based on Pitzer ion interaction model by using the potentiometric technique at T = 298.15 K. The mean activity coefficients of MgCl{sub 2} in the mixed aqueous electrolyte system were determined on the galvanic cell without liquid junction of the type: Mg-ISE|MgCl{sub 2} (m{sub A}), MgSO{sub 4} (m{sub B}), H{sub 2}O|Ag/AgCl over total ionic strengths from (0.001 to 8.000) mol . kg{sup -1} for different series of salt ratio r (r=m{sub MgCl{sub 2}}/m{sub MgSO{sub 4}}=2.5,5.0,7.5,10.0,15.0 and pure MgCl{sub 2}). The PVC based magnesium ion-selective electrode (Mg-ISE) and the Ag/AgCl electrode used in this work were made in our laboratory and had a reasonably good Nernst response. The experimental results obeyed the Harned rule, and the Pitzer model could be used to describe this ternary system satisfactorily. Pitzer ion-interaction parameters for mixed salts were determined for this system. Then, these parameters ({theta}{sub ClSO{sub 4}}=0.0252{+-}0.0042, {psi}{sub MgClSO{sub 4}}=-0.0049{+-}0.0003) were used to calculate the values of the mean activity coefficients of MgSO{sub 4}, the osmotic coefficients of water ({phi}) and the excess Gibbs free energies of solution (G{sup E}) for the whole series of the studied electrolyte systems.

Mg/Ca ratio in fertilization and agricultural soils, Mg percent of liming ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Strong increase of NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) in mineral fertilization (fm) included relative delay in Mg supplementation and dilution in plant available silicon (Si) via recycled nutrients (rcl). (Silicon is not included in essential fertilizers in Finland.) Methods: We have assessed old data on Ca and Mg in ...

The synthesis and characterization of Mg-Zn-Ca alloy by powder metallurgy process

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Annur, Dhyah; Franciska, P.L.; Erryani, Aprilia; Amal, M. Ikhlasul; Kartika, Ika, E-mail: pepeng2000@yahoo.com [Research center for Metallurgy and Material, Indonesian Institute of Science (Indonesia); Sitorus, Lyandra S. [Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University (Indonesia)

2016-04-19

Known for its biodegradation and biocompatible properties, magnesium alloys have gained many interests to be researched as implant material. In this study, Mg-3Zn-1Ca, Mg-29Zn-1Ca, and Mg-53Zn-4.3Ca (in wt%) were synthesized by means of powder metallurgy method. The compression strength and corrosion resistance of magnesium alloy were thoroughly examined. The microstructures of the alloy were characterized using optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope, and also X-ray diffraction analysis. The corrosion resistance were evaluated using electrochemical analysis. The result indicated that Mg- Zn- Ca alloy could be synthesized using powder metallurgy method. This study showed that Mg-29Zn-1Ca would make the highest mechanical strength up to 159.81 MPa. Strengthening mechanism can be explained by precipitation hardening and grain refinement mechanism. Phase analysis had shown the formation of α Mg, MgO, and intermetallic phases: Mg2Zn11 and also Ca2Mg6Zn3. However, when the composition of Zn reach 53% weight, the mechanical strength will be decreasing. In addition, all of Mg-Zn-Ca alloy studied here had better corrosion resistance (Ecorr around -1.4 VSCE) than previous study of Mg. This study indicated that Mg- 29Zn- 1Ca alloy can be further analyzed to be a biodegradable implant material.

Preparation and characterization of Sio2CaCl2 nanocomposite by the sol-gel method

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tohidi, S. H.; Ziaie, F.; Abdolmaleki, A.

2009-01-01

The SiO 2 CaCl 2 hybrid porous materials were prepared by the sol-gel method. This process was conducted by the hydrolysis and condensation of Tetraethyl orthosilicate by replacement of ethanol from alcogel and drying at the ambient temperature to obtain xerogel structure. The alcogel samples were synthesized from Tetraethyl orthosilicate, EtOH, H 2 O, HCl, NH 4 OH and CaCl 2 , while the total molar ratio of the compounds was 1: 9: 4: 8 x 10 -4 , 8 x 10 -3 , respectively. Xerogel containing 30 wt % of CaCl 2 (dry matter) was prepared and characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transmittance Infra Red spectrum, Energy Dispersive X-ray and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis systems. The results obtained from Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray showed the micrograph of CaCl 2 on the silica and chemical elemental analysis, respectively. On the other hand, The Transmission Electron Microscopy micrograph confirmed average particle size of SiO 2 -CaCl 2 about 50 nm and Fourier Transmittance Infra Red spectrum described the functional groups of the nano composite. The thermal analysis of SiO 2 -CaCl 2 nano composite was performed using Thermal Gravimetric Analysis system and the results showed that the suitable temperature for initial thermal treatment was about 200 d eg C .

The ternary system K2SO4MgSO4CaSO4

Science.gov (United States)

Rowe, J.J.; Morey, G.W.; Silber, C.C.

1967-01-01

Melting and subsolidus relations in the system K2SO4MgSO4CaSO4 were studied using heating-cooling curves, differential thermal analysis, optics, X-ray diffraction at room and high temperatures and by quenching techniques. Previous investigators were unable to study the binary MgSO4CaSO4 system and the adjacent area in the ternary system because of the decomposition of MgSO4 and CaSO4 at high temperatures. This problem was partly overcome by a novel sealed-tube quenching method, by hydrothermal synthesis, and by long-time heating in the solidus. As a result of this study, we found: (1) a new compound, CaSO4??3MgSO4 (m.p. 1201??C) with a field extending into the ternary system; (2) a high temperature form of MgSO4 with a sluggishly reversible inversion. An X-ray diffraction pattern for this polymorphic form is given; (3) the inversion of ??-CaSO4 (anhydrite) to ??-CaSO4 at 1195??C, in agreement with grahmann; (1) (4) the melting point of MgSO4 is 1136??C and that of CaSO4 is 1462??C (using sealed tube methods to prevent decomposition of the sulphates); (5) calcium langbeinite (K2SO4??2CaSO4) is the only compound in the K2SO4CaSO4 binary system. This resolved discrepancies in the results of previous investigators; (6) a continuous solid solution series between congruently melting K2SOP4??2MgSO4 (langbeinite) and incongruently melting K2SO4??2CaSO4 (calcium langbeinite); (7) the liquidus in the ternary system consists of primary phase fields of K2SO4, MgSO4, CaSO4, langbeinite-calcium langbeinite solid solution, and CaSO4??3MgSO4. The CaSO4 field extends over a large portion of the system. Previously reported fields for the compounds (K2SO4??MgSO4??nCaSO4), K2SO4??3CaSO4 and K2SO4??CaSO4 were not found; (8) a minimum in the ternary system at: 740??C, 25% MgSO4, 6% CaSO4, 69% K2SO4; and ternary eutectics at 882??C, 49% MgSO4, 19% CaSO4, 32% K2SO4; and 880??, 67??5% MgSO4, 5% CaSO4, 27??5% K2SO4. ?? 1967.

Cyclic voltammetric study of the reduction of U(III) to uranium metal in molten LiCl-NaCl-CaCl2-BaCl2-UCl3

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Poa, D.S.; Tomczuk, Z.; Steunenberg, R.K.

1986-01-01

Cyclic voltammetry was used to investigate the electrochemistry of the reduction of UCl 3 to uranium metal in molten LiCl-NaCl-CaCl 2 -BaCl 2 (49.7-8.0-26.5-15.8 mol %) containing dissolved UCl 3 . The purpose of the study was to obtain information on the kinetics of the reaction, which will be used in the design of electrorefining equipment for the reprocessing of core and blanket fuel discharged from the Integral Fast Reactor (IFR). The electrorefining operation employs the above salt as the electrolyte and a liquid cadmium pool as the anode

Studies of the effects of TiCl{sub 3} in LiBH{sub 4}/CaH{sub 2}/TiCl{sub 3} reversible hydrogen storage system

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Liu Dongan [Ford Motor Company, Research and Advanced Engineering, MD 1170/RIC, Dearborn, MI 48121 (United States); Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1023 H. H. Dow Building 2350 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125 (United States); Yang Jun, E-mail: jyang27@ford.com [Ford Motor Company, Research and Advanced Engineering, MD 1170/RIC, Dearborn, MI 48121 (United States); Ni Jun [Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1023 H. H. Dow Building 2350 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125 (United States); Drews, Andy [Ford Motor Company, Research and Advanced Engineering, MD 1170/RIC, Dearborn, MI 48121 (United States)

2012-02-15

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer We systematically studied the effects of TiCl{sub 3} in LiBH{sub 4}/CaH{sub 2}/TiCl{sub 3} hydrogen storage system. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer It is found that adding 0.25 TiCl{sub 3} produces fully reversible hydrogen absorption and desorption and a lower desorption temperature. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer LiCl experiences four different states, i.e. 'formed-solid solution-molten solution-precipitation', in the whole desorption process of the system. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The incorporation of LiCl into LiBH{sub 4} forms more viscous molten LiBH{sub 4}{center_dot}LiCl, leading to fast kinetics. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The precipitation and re-incorporation of LiCl into LiBH{sub 4} lead to a fully reversible complex hydrogen storage system. - Abstract: In the present study, the effects of TiCl{sub 3} on desorption kinetics, absorption/desorption reversibility, and related phase transformation processes in LiBH{sub 4}/CaH{sub 2}/TiCl{sub 3} hydrogen storage system was studied systematically by varying its concentration (x = 0, 0.05, 0.15 and 0.25). The results show that LiCl forms during ball milling of 6LiBH{sub 4}/CaH{sub 2}/xTiCl{sub 3} and that as temperature increases, o-LiBH{sub 4} transforms into h-LiBH{sub 4}, into which LiCl incorporates, forming solid solution of LiBH{sub 4}{center_dot}LiCl, which melts above 280 Degree-Sign C. Molten LiBH{sub 4}{center_dot}LiCl is more viscous than molten LiBH{sub 4}, preventing the clustering of LiBH{sub 4} and the accompanied agglomeration of CaH{sub 2}, and thus preserving the nano-sized phase arrangement formed during ball milling. Above 350 Degree-Sign C, the molten solution LiBH{sub 4}{center_dot}LiCl further reacts with CaH{sub 2}, precipitating LiCl. The main hydrogen desorption reaction is between molten LiBH{sub 4}{center_dot}LiCl and CaH{sub 2} and not between molten LiBH{sub 4} and CaH{sub 2}. This alters the hydrogen reaction thermodynamics and

Vapor pressures and isopiestic molalities of concentrated CaCl{sub 2}(aq), CaBr{sub 2}(aq), and NaCl(aq) to T = 523 K

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gruszkiewicz, Miroslaw S. [Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, P.O. Box 2008, Building 4500S MS-6110, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6110 (United States)]. E-mail: gruszkiewicz@ornl.gov; Simonson, John M. [Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, P.O. Box 2008, Building 4500S MS-6110, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6110 (United States)]. E-mail: simonsonjm@ornl.gov

2005-09-15

The Oak Ridge National Laboratory high-temperature isopiestic apparatus was outfitted with precise pressure gauges to allow for direct vapor pressure measurements. Vapor pressures over concentrated solutions of CaCl{sub 2}(aq), and CaBr{sub 2}(aq) were measured at temperatures between (380.15 and 523.15) K in the range of water activities between 0.2 and 0.85. Isopiestic molalities were used to determine osmotic coefficients at the conditions where NaCl reference standard solutions remained undersaturated. The main goal of this work was to improve the accuracy of isopiestic comparisons based on the calcium chloride reference standard. Osmotic coefficients for CaCl{sub 2}(aq) and CaBr{sub 2}(aq) calculated from both isopiestic and direct vapor pressure results were combined with the literature data and used to build general thermodynamic models based on a variant of extended Pitzer ion-interaction equations and valid at the saturation pressure of water. While these empirical models approach the accuracy of the experimental data in a wider range of concentrations and temperatures than any previously published equations, considerable amounts of accurate data and a substantial effort are required in order to obtain a satisfactory representation using power series-based virial equations. The effect of experimental uncertainties on the accuracy of the direct vapor pressure results is discussed, including in particular the error caused by the presence in the apparatus of a small amount of CO{sub 2}. The substantial decrease of the solubility product of CaCO{sub 3} in concentrated chloride solutions at temperatures above 423 K is a serious defect of calcium chloride as a water activity reference standard.

Phase controlled synthesis of (Mg, Ca, Ba)-ferrite magnetic nanoparticles with high uniformity

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wang, S.F.; Li, Q.; Zu, X.T.; Xiang, X.; Liu, W.; Li, S.

2016-01-01

(Mg, Ca, Ba)-ferrite magnetic nanoparticles were successfully synthesized through modifying the atomic ratio of polysaccharide and chelating agent at an optimal sintering temperature. In the process, the polysaccharide plays an important role in drastically shrinking the precursor during the gel drying process. In the metal-complex structure, M"2"+ ion active sites were coordinated by −OH of the water molecules except for EDTA anions. The MFe_2O_4 magnetic nanoparticles exhibited enhanced magnetic properties when compared with nano-MFe_2O_4 of similar particle size synthesized by other synthesis route reported in the literature. In particular, the sintering temperature improves the crystallinity and increases the hysteresis loop squareness ratio of (Mg, Ca, Ba)-ferrite nanoparticles significantly. - Graphical abstract: Schematic representation of the proposed model for MFe_2O_4 nanoparticle synthesis, starting from EDTA-chelated M"2"+ (M=Mg, Ca, or Ba) cations (left). High dispersion (Mg, Ca, Ba)-ferrite magnetic nanoparticles were prepared by a modified polyacrylamide gel route. Optimized utilization of polysaccharide, chelating agent, and sintering temperature allowed the formation of (Mg, Ca, Ba)-ferrite nanoparticles with a narrow diameter distribution. - Highlights: • We report a modified polyacrylamide gel route to synthesize (Mg, Ca, Ba)-ferrite magnetic nanoparticles. • Chelate mechanism of metal ions (Mg, Ca, Ba) and EDTA has been discussed. • Phase transformation process of (Mg, Ca, Ba)-ferrites has been discussed. • The preparation method increases the hysteresis loop squareness ratio of (Mg, Ca, Ba)-ferrite nanoparticles.

Qualidade de carambolas azedas cv. 'Golden Star' tratadas com CaCl2 por imersão e armazenadas sob refrigeração Quality of starfruit cv 'Golden Star' treated with CaCl2 and stored under refrigerated conditions

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Leandro Camargo Neves

2004-04-01

Full Text Available No presente trabalho, avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes concentrações de CaCl2 aplicadas na pós-colheita de carambolas cv. 'Golden Star, durante o armazenamento refrigerado (AR. Os frutos colhidos fisiologicamente maturos foram selecionados pela ausência de defeitos e imersos em soluções de CaCl2, em diferentes concentrações, em temperatura ambiente (22 °C por 20 minutos. Após aplicação dos tratamentos T1 - controle (0% de CaCl2; T2 - CaCl2 a 1%; T3 - CaCl2 a 2%; T4 - CaCl2 a 3%, e T5 - CaCl2 a 4%, os frutos foram colocados em câmara frigorífica, por 35 dias, a 12 ± 0,5ºC e 95 ± 3%, e mais 3 dias a 22 ± 3°C e 72 ± 5% de umidade relativa (UR. 24 horas após a colheita e a cada sete dias, amostras foram retiradas da AR, mantidas por 12 horas em condições ambiente (22 ± 3°C e 72 ± 5% UR e analisadas quanto ao teor de cálcio na polpa, perda de massa fresca, coloração da epiderme, firmeza de polpa (FP, sólidos solúveis totais (SST, acidez total titulável (ATT e a ocorrência de distúrbios fisiológicos. Ao final do experimento, foi feita uma análise sensorial. Observou-se que os frutos imersos em solução de CaCl2 a 2% apresentaram menor perda de massa fresca e maior firmeza de polpa. As carambolas deste tratamento também não apresentaram manchas e podridões e foram preferidas pelos julgadores no teste de preferência. Os sólidos solúveis totais, a acidez total titulável e a coloração não apresentaram diferença estatística entre os tratamentos. Na análise de teores de cálcio adsorvido pelos frutos, determinou-se que quanto, maior a concentração da solução de CaCl2 aplicada, maior a concentração de cálcio presente na polpa.In the present work were evaluated the effects of different CaCl2 concentrations applied after harvest on starfruit cv. Golden Star, during refrigerated storage (RS. The fruits were harvested at physiological maturity stage, selected free of defects and immersed for 20 minutes at

Measurement and Modeling of Setschenow Constants for Selected Hydrophilic Compounds in NaCl and CaCl2 Simulated Carbon Storage Brines.

Science.gov (United States)

Burant, Aniela; Lowry, Gregory V; Karamalidis, Athanasios K

2017-06-20

Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS), a climate change mitigation strategy, along with unconventional oil and gas extraction, generates enormous volumes of produced water containing high salt concentrations and a litany of organic compounds. Understanding the aqueous solubility of organic compounds related to these operations is important for water treatment and reuse alternatives, as well as risk assessment purposes. The well-established Setschenow equation can be used to determine the effect of salts on aqueous solubility. However, there is a lack of reported Setschenow constants, especially for polar organic compounds. In this study, the Setschenow constants for selected hydrophilic organic compounds were experimentally determined, and linear free energy models for predicting the Setschenow constant of organic chemicals in concentrated brines were developed. Solid phase microextraction was employed to measure the salting-out behavior of six selected hydrophilic compounds up to 5 M NaCl and 2 M CaCl 2 and in Na-Ca-Cl brines. All compounds, which include phenol, p-cresol, hydroquinone, pyrrole, hexanoic acid, and 9-hydroxyfluorene, exhibited log-linear behavior up to these concentrations, meaning Setschenow constants previously measured at low salt concentrations can be extrapolated up to high salt concentrations for hydrophilic compounds. Setschenow constants measured in NaCl and CaCl 2 brines are additive for the compounds measured here; meaning Setschenow constants measured in single salt solutions can be used in multiple salt solutions. The hydrophilic compounds in this study were selected to elucidate differences in salting-out behavior based on their chemical structure. Using data from this study, as well as literature data, linear free energy relationships (LFERs) for prediction of NaCl, CaCl 2 , LiCl, and NaBr Setschenow constants were developed and validated. Two LFERs were improved. One LFER uses the Abraham solvation parameters, which include

Relationship between NaCl- and H2O2-induced cytosolic Ca2+ increases in response to stress in Arabidopsis.

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Zhonghao Jiang

Full Text Available Salinity is among the environmental factors that affect plant growth and development and constrain agricultural productivity. Salinity stress triggers increases in cytosolic free Ca(2+ concentration ([Ca(2+]i via Ca(2+ influx across the plasma membrane. Salinity stress, as well as other stresses, induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS. It is well established that ROS also triggers increases in [Ca(2+]i. However, the relationship and interaction between salinity stress-induced [Ca(2+]i increases and ROS-induced [Ca(2+]i increases remain poorly understood. Using an aequorin-based Ca(2+ imaging assay we have analyzed [Ca(2+]i changes in response to NaCl and H2O2 treatments in Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that NaCl and H2O2 together induced larger increases in [Ca(2+]i in Arabidopsis seedlings than either NaCl or H2O2 alone, suggesting an additive effect on [Ca(2+]i increases. Following a pre-treatment with either NaCl or H2O2, the subsequent elevation of [Ca(2+]i in response to a second treatment with either NaCl or H2O2 was significantly reduced. Furthermore, the NaCl pre-treatment suppressed the elevation of [Ca(2+]i seen with a second NaCl treatment more than that seen with a second treatment of H2O2. A similar response was seen when the initial treatment was with H2O2; subsequent addition of H2O2 led to less of an increase in [Ca(2+]i than did addition of NaCl. These results imply that NaCl-gated Ca(2+ channels and H2O2-gated Ca(2+ channels may differ, and also suggest that NaCl- and H2O2-evoked [Ca(2+]i may reduce the potency of both NaCl and H2O2 in triggering [Ca(2+]i increases, highlighting a feedback mechanism. Alternatively, NaCl and H2O2 may activate the same Ca(2+ permeable channel, which is expressed in different types of cells and/or activated via different signaling pathways.

Phase controlled synthesis of (Mg, Ca, Ba)-ferrite magnetic nanoparticles with high uniformity

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wang, S.F., E-mail: wangshifa2006@yeah.net [School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan (China); Science and technology on vacuum technology and physics laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu (China); Li, Q. [School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan (China); Zu, X.T., E-mail: xtzu@uestc.edu.cn [Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan (China); Xiang, X.; Liu, W. [School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan (China); Li, S., E-mail: sean.li@unsw.edu.au [School of Material Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052 (Australia)

2016-12-01

(Mg, Ca, Ba)-ferrite magnetic nanoparticles were successfully synthesized through modifying the atomic ratio of polysaccharide and chelating agent at an optimal sintering temperature. In the process, the polysaccharide plays an important role in drastically shrinking the precursor during the gel drying process. In the metal-complex structure, M{sup 2+} ion active sites were coordinated by −OH of the water molecules except for EDTA anions. The MFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} magnetic nanoparticles exhibited enhanced magnetic properties when compared with nano-MFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} of similar particle size synthesized by other synthesis route reported in the literature. In particular, the sintering temperature improves the crystallinity and increases the hysteresis loop squareness ratio of (Mg, Ca, Ba)-ferrite nanoparticles significantly. - Graphical abstract: Schematic representation of the proposed model for MFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanoparticle synthesis, starting from EDTA-chelated M{sup 2+} (M=Mg, Ca, or Ba) cations (left). High dispersion (Mg, Ca, Ba)-ferrite magnetic nanoparticles were prepared by a modified polyacrylamide gel route. Optimized utilization of polysaccharide, chelating agent, and sintering temperature allowed the formation of (Mg, Ca, Ba)-ferrite nanoparticles with a narrow diameter distribution. - Highlights: • We report a modified polyacrylamide gel route to synthesize (Mg, Ca, Ba)-ferrite magnetic nanoparticles. • Chelate mechanism of metal ions (Mg, Ca, Ba) and EDTA has been discussed. • Phase transformation process of (Mg, Ca, Ba)-ferrites has been discussed. • The preparation method increases the hysteresis loop squareness ratio of (Mg, Ca, Ba)-ferrite nanoparticles.

Concentration effect on inter-mineral equilibrium isotope fractionation: insights from Mg and Ca isotopic systems

Science.gov (United States)

Huang, F.; Wang, W.; Zhou, C.; Kang, J.; Wu, Z.

2017-12-01

Many naturally occurring minerals, such as carbonate, garnet, pyroxene, and feldspar, are solid solutions with large variations in chemical compositions. Such variations may affect mineral structures and modify the chemical bonding environment around atoms, which further impacts the equilibrium isotope fractionation factors among minerals. Here we investigated the effects of Mg content on equilibrium Mg and Ca isotope fractionation among carbonates and Ca content on equilibrium Ca isotope fractionation between orthopyroxene (opx) and clinopyroxene (cpx) using first-principles calculations. Our results show that the average Mg-O bond length increases with decreasing Mg/(Mg+Ca) in calcite when it is greater than 1/48[1] and the average Ca-O bond length significantly decreases with decreasing Ca/(Ca+Mg+Fe) in opx when it ranges from 2/16 to 1/48[2]. Equilibrium isotope fractionation is mainly controlled by bond strengths, which could be measured by bond lengths. Thus, 103lnα26Mg/24Mg between dolomite and calcite dramatically increases with decreasing Mg/(Mg+Ca) in calcite [1] and it reaches a constant value when it is lower than 1/48. 103lnα44Ca/40Ca between opx and cpx significantly increases with decreasing Ca content in opx when Ca/(Ca+Mg+Fe) ranges from 2/16 to 1/48 [2]. If Ca/(Ca+Mg+Fe) is below 1/48, 103lnα44Ca/40Ca is not sensitive to Ca content. Based on our results, we conclude that the concentration effect on equilibrium isotope fractionation could be significant within a certain range of chemical composition of minerals, which should be a ubiquitous phenomenon in solid solution systems. [1] Wang, W., Qin, T., Zhou, C., Huang, S., Wu, Z., Huang, F., 2017. GCA 208, 185-197. [2] Feng, C., Qin, T., Huang, S., Wu, Z., Huang, F., 2014. GCA 143, 132-142.

Increased frequency and severity of developmental deformities in rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa) embryos exposed to road deicing salts (NaCl and MgCl2)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hopkins, Gareth R.; French, Susannah S.; Brodie, Edmund D.

2013-01-01

Road-side aquatic ecosystems in North America are annually polluted with millions of tons of road deicing salts, which threaten the survival of amphibians which live and breed in these habitats. While much is known of the effects of NaCl, little is known of the second most-commonly used deicer, MgCl 2 , which is now used exclusively in parts of the continent. Here we report that environmentally relevant concentrations of both NaCl and MgCl 2 cause increased incidence of developmental deformities in rough-skinned newt hatchlings that developed embryonically in these salts. In addition, we provide some of the first quantification of severity of different deformities, and reveal that increased salt concentrations increase both deformity frequency and severity. Our work contributes to the growing body of literature that suggests salamanders and newts are particularly vulnerable to salt, and that the emerging pollutant, MgCl 2 is comparable in its effects to the more traditionally-used NaCl. - Highlights: ► Rough-skinned newt embryos were raised in NaCl and MgCl 2 road deicing salts. ► We quantified the frequency and severity of resulting developmental deformities. ► Both salts caused increased frequency and severity of developmental deformities. ► Effects of MgCl 2 , an emerging stressor, are comparable to traditionally-used NaCl. ► Newts and salamanders may be more susceptible to road salt than frogs and toads. - Two commonly used road deicing salts, NaCl and MgCl 2 , caused increased frequency and severity of developmental deformities in rough-skinned newt embryos.

Decay properties of exotic N ≅ 28 S and Cl nuclei and the 48Ca/46Ca abundance ratio

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sorlin, O.; Guillemaud-Mueller, D.; Mueller, A.C.; Borrel, V.; Dogny, S.; Pougheon, F.; Anne, R.; Lewitowicz, M.; Saint-Laurent, M.G.; Borcea, C.; Fifield, L.K.; Bazin, D.; Thielemann, F.K.; Hillebrandt, W.

1992-01-01

Beta-decay half-lives and β-delayed neutron-emission probabilities of the very neutron-rich nuclei 44 S and 45-47 Cl have been measured. These isotopes, which lie at or close to the N=28 magic shell were produced in interactions of a 60 MeV/u 48 Ca beam from GANIL (Grand Accelerateur National d'Ions Lourds) with a 64 Ni target and were separated by the doubly achromatic spectrometer LISE (Ligne d'Ions Super Epluches). Their decay was studied by a β-n time correlation measurement. The results are compared to recent model predictions and indicate a rapid weakening of the N=28 shell effect below 48 20 Ca 28 . The nuclear structure effects reflected in the decay properties of the exotic S and Cl isotopes may be the clue for the astrophysical understanding of the unusual 48 Ca/ 46 Ca abundance ratio measured in the solar system as well as the Ca-Ti-Cr anomalies observed in EK-inclusions of the Allende meteorite

A close association of RyRs with highly dense clusters of Ca2+-activated Cl- channels underlies the activation of STICs by Ca2+ sparks in mouse airway smooth muscle.

Science.gov (United States)

Bao, Rongfeng; Lifshitz, Lawrence M; Tuft, Richard A; Bellvé, Karl; Fogarty, Kevin E; ZhuGe, Ronghua

2008-07-01

Ca(2+) sparks are highly localized, transient releases of Ca(2+) from sarcoplasmic reticulum through ryanodine receptors (RyRs). In smooth muscle, Ca(2+) sparks trigger spontaneous transient outward currents (STOCs) by opening nearby clusters of large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels, and also gate Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) (Cl((Ca))) channels to induce spontaneous transient inward currents (STICs). While the molecular mechanisms underlying the activation of STOCs by Ca(2+) sparks is well understood, little information is available on how Ca(2+) sparks activate STICs. In the present study, we investigated the spatial organization of RyRs and Cl((Ca)) channels in spark sites in airway myocytes from mouse. Ca(2+) sparks and STICs were simultaneously recorded, respectively, with high-speed, widefield digital microscopy and whole-cell patch-clamp. An image-based approach was applied to measure the Ca(2+) current underlying a Ca(2+) spark (I(Ca(spark))), with an appropriate correction for endogenous fixed Ca(2+) buffer, which was characterized by flash photolysis of NPEGTA. We found that I(Ca(spark)) rises to a peak in 9 ms and decays with a single exponential with a time constant of 12 ms, suggesting that Ca(2+) sparks result from the nonsimultaneous opening and closure of multiple RyRs. The onset of the STIC lags the onset of the I(Ca(spark)) by less than 3 ms, and its rising phase matches the duration of the I(Ca(spark)). We further determined that Cl((Ca)) channels on average are exposed to a [Ca(2+)] of 2.4 microM or greater during Ca(2+) sparks. The area of the plasma membrane reaching this level is <600 nm in radius, as revealed by the spatiotemporal profile of [Ca(2+)] produced by a reaction-diffusion simulation with measured I(Ca(spark)). Finally we estimated that the number of Cl((Ca)) channels localized in Ca(2+) spark sites could account for all the Cl((Ca)) channels in the entire cell. Taken together these results lead us to propose a model in which

DISSOLUTION BEHAVIOR OF BIOACTIVE GLASS CERAMICS WITH DIFFERENT CaO/MgO RATIOS

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MUHAMMAD USMAN HASHMI

2010-03-01

Full Text Available In this work, powders of three different compositions, each having 34 SiO2-14.5 P2O5-1 CaF2-0.5 MgF (% wt and ratio of CaO/MgO varying from 11.5:1 to 1:11.5 were thoroughly mixed and melted under oxy-acetylene flame in a fire clay crucible that made the glass formation cheaper in time and cost. The melt of each composition was quenched in water to form three different glasses. Every glass was sintered at 950°C to form three glass ceramics named G1, G2 and G3 respectively. To study the dissolution behavior, each sample was immersed in a simulated body fluid (SBF for 2, 5, 10, 20 and 25 days at room temperature. Thin film XRD analysis revealed that the samples with larger CaO/MgO ratio exhibited better bioactivity. pH of SBF increased efficiently in case of G1 whereas in case of G2 and G3, this increase was slower due to greater amount of MgO. The concentrations of Ca, P, Mg and Si ions were measured by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. EDS analysis showed the increase in P and Ca ions and presence of C in G1 after 5 days immersion and after 10 days, in case of G2 indicating the higher formation rate of hydroxycarbonate Apatite layer in G1 as compared to G2 due to greater CaO/MgO ratio whereas in G3 Mg-hydroxycarbonate apatite (Ca(Mg5(CO3(PO43(OH (heneuite layer was recognized after 20 days showing the least bioactivity due to very large amount of Mg and the least CaO/MgO ratio.

Efectos del pH, NaCl, CaCl2 y la temperatura sobre la fuerza de cuajo de tres coagulantes/cuajos

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Osmar Thomas Morillo Piña

2014-06-01

Full Text Available El cuajo y los coagulantes juegan un papel fundamental en el proceso de elaboración de queso y su actividad se ve afectada por diversos parámetros tecnológicos. En este sentido se determinó el efecto del pH, concentración de NaCl, CaCl2 y de la temperatura sobre la fuerza de cuajo de un coagulante microbiano experimental (BIOMI-13, una quimosina recombinante comercial (Maxiren® y un cuajo comercial de origen animal (BIOVEN, preparados a concentraciones de 0,05 g/mL; 0,0004 g/mL y 0,0008 g/mL, respectivamente. El efecto del pH fue evaluado en un intervalo de 5,0 a 7,5 y la concentración de NaCl y CaCl2 en la leche entre 0,02 y 0,16 M. El efecto de los iones de Na y Ca en las soluciones enzimáticas fue evaluado entre 0,04 y 0,80 M y la temperatura de incubación entre 20 y 70 ºC. Se determinó que los cambios de pH tienen un efecto inversamente proporcional sobre la actividad coagulante de la leche y la máxima actividad fue a pH 5 para los tres coagulantes evaluados. La concentración de NaCl en la leche tuvo un efecto adverso sobre la actividad coagulante, mientras que el incremento de la [CaCl2] aumentó la actividad alcanzando valores máximos a 0,04 M. La presencia iones de Na en las soluciones enzimáticas tuvo el mismo efecto observado en las pruebas de concentración de NaCl en la leche y se observó un aumento de la actividad relativa conforme se incrementó la concentración de iones de Ca en la solución. Los tres coagulantes/cuajos evaluados exhibieron la máxima fuerza de cuajo a 45 ºC y tuvieron una acción catalítica muy específica sobre la leche con una marcada dependencia a los parámetros evaluados, presentando algunas diferencias entre ellos debido posiblemente a la fuente y forma de obtención.

Efectos del pH, NaCl, CaCl2 y la temperatura sobre la fuerza de cuajo de tres coagulantes/cuajos

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Osmar Thomas Morillo Piña

2014-07-01

Full Text Available El cuajo y los coagulantes juegan un papel fundamental en el proceso de elaboración de queso y su actividad se ve afectada por diversos parámetros tecnológicos. En este sentido se determinó el efecto del pH, concentración de NaCl, CaCl2 y de la temperatura sobre la fuerza de cuajo de un coagulante microbiano experimental (BIOMI-13, una quimosina recombinante comercial (Maxiren® y un cuajo comercial de origen animal (BIOVEN, preparados a concentraciones de 0,05 g/mL; 0,0004 g/mL y 0,0008 g/mL, respectivamente. El efecto del pH fue evaluado en un intervalo de 5,0 a 7,5 y la concentración de NaCl y CaCl2 en la leche entre 0,02 y 0,16 M. El efecto de los iones de Na y Ca en las soluciones enzimáticas fue evaluado entre 0,04 y 0,80 M y la temperatura de incubación entre 20 y 70 ºC. Se determinó que los cambios de pH tienen un efecto inversamente proporcional sobre la actividad coagulante de la leche y la máxima actividad fue a pH 5 para los tres coagulantes evaluados. La concentración de NaCl en la leche tuvo un efecto adverso sobre la actividad coagulante, mientras que el incremento de la [CaCl2] aumentó la actividad alcanzando valores máximos a 0,04 M. La presencia iones de Na en las soluciones enzimáticas tuvo el mismo efecto observado en las pruebas de concentración de NaCl en la leche y se observó un aumento de la actividad relativa conforme se incrementó la concentración de iones de Ca en la solución. Los tres coagulantes/cuajos evaluados exhibieron la máxima fuerza de cuajo a 45 ºC y tuvieron una acción catalítica muy específica sobre la leche con una marcada dependencia a los parámetros evaluados, presentando algunas diferencias entre ellos debido posiblemente a la fuente y forma de obtención.

The Effect of CaCl2 as The Cross Linked Agent on Physic and Chemistry Properties of Whey Protein Edible Film

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Manik Eirry Sawitri

2012-02-01

Full Text Available The  aim of this research was to know effect percentage CaCl2 addition as the cross linked agent on physic and chemistry properties of whey protein edible film. The design of this research was completely randomized design, consisted of four treatments: C1 (CaCl2 0.15%, C2 (CaCl2 0.20%, C3 (CaCl2 0.25% and C4 (CaCl2 0.30% which each treatment had three repetitions. The variables were water vapor permeability (wvp, protein solubility, microstructure and electroforetic. The result showed that there was highly significant effect (P<0.01 of the addition CaCl2 on the wvp and protein solubility. C2 treatment gave lower wvp value and protein solubility. CaCl2 addition gave structure of edible film look like porous and not flat on its surface. The electroresis look occured at band more thin with molecular weight 14-18 kDa.   Keywords: edible film whey prtein, CaCl2

Cytotoxicity assessment of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on synthesized biodegradable Mg-Zn-Ca alloys

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fazel Anvari-Yazdi, Abbas [Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials and Biomaterials Research Center (MBMRC), Tehran, IR (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Tahermanesh, Kobra, E-mail: tahermanesh.k@iums.ac.ir [Endometriosis and Gynecologic Disorders Research Center, Department of Ob. & Gyn., Rasoul-e Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, IR (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Hadavi, Seyed Mohammad Mehdi [Materials and Energy Research Center (MERC), Karaj, IR (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Talaei-Khozani, Tahereh [Tissue Engineering Lab, Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS), Shiraz, IR (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Razmkhah, Mahboobeh [Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS), Shiraz, IR (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Abed, Seyedeh Mehr [School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences (YUMS), Yasuj, IR (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Mohtasebi, Maryam Sadat [Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS), Shiraz, IR (Iran, Islamic Republic of)

2016-12-01

Magnesium (Mg)-based alloys have been extensively considered as biodegradable implant materials for orthopedic surgery. Mg and its alloys are metallic biomaterials that can degrade in the body and promote new bone formation. In this study, the corrosion behavior and cytotoxicity of Mg-Zn-Ca alloys are evaluated with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs). Mg-2Zn and Mg-2Zn-xCa (x = 1, 2 and 3 wt.%) alloys were designated. Mg alloys were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy and potentiodynamic polarization. To understand the in-vitro biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of Mg-2Zn and Mg-2Zn-xCa alloys, ASCs were cultured for 24 and 72 h in contact with 10%, 50% and 100% extraction of all alloys prepared in DMEM. Cell cytotoxicity and viability of ASCs were examined by MTT assay. Alloying elements including Zn and Ca improved the corrosion resistance of alloys were compared with pure Mg. The cytotoxicity results showed that all alloys had no significant adverse effects on cell viability in 24 h. After 72 h, cell viability and proliferation increased in the cells exposed to pure Mg and Mg-2Zn-1Ca extracts. The release of Mg, Zn and Ca ions in culture media had no toxic impacts on ASCs viability and proliferation. Mg-2Zn-1Ca alloy can be suggested as a good candidate to be used in biomedical applications. - Highlights: • Short and long term corrosion behavior of Mg-Zn-Ca alloys studied • Viability and toxicity of Adipose-derived Stem cells studied with Mg-Zn-Ca alloys • Understanding the morphology of cultured adipose stem cells on Mg alloys • Stem cells on Mg-Zn-Ca alloys could proliferate and expand.

Cytotoxicity assessment of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on synthesized biodegradable Mg-Zn-Ca alloys

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fazel Anvari-Yazdi, Abbas; Tahermanesh, Kobra; Hadavi, Seyed Mohammad Mehdi; Talaei-Khozani, Tahereh; Razmkhah, Mahboobeh; Abed, Seyedeh Mehr; Mohtasebi, Maryam Sadat

2016-01-01

Magnesium (Mg)-based alloys have been extensively considered as biodegradable implant materials for orthopedic surgery. Mg and its alloys are metallic biomaterials that can degrade in the body and promote new bone formation. In this study, the corrosion behavior and cytotoxicity of Mg-Zn-Ca alloys are evaluated with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs). Mg-2Zn and Mg-2Zn-xCa (x = 1, 2 and 3 wt.%) alloys were designated. Mg alloys were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy and potentiodynamic polarization. To understand the in-vitro biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of Mg-2Zn and Mg-2Zn-xCa alloys, ASCs were cultured for 24 and 72 h in contact with 10%, 50% and 100% extraction of all alloys prepared in DMEM. Cell cytotoxicity and viability of ASCs were examined by MTT assay. Alloying elements including Zn and Ca improved the corrosion resistance of alloys were compared with pure Mg. The cytotoxicity results showed that all alloys had no significant adverse effects on cell viability in 24 h. After 72 h, cell viability and proliferation increased in the cells exposed to pure Mg and Mg-2Zn-1Ca extracts. The release of Mg, Zn and Ca ions in culture media had no toxic impacts on ASCs viability and proliferation. Mg-2Zn-1Ca alloy can be suggested as a good candidate to be used in biomedical applications. - Highlights: • Short and long term corrosion behavior of Mg-Zn-Ca alloys studied • Viability and toxicity of Adipose-derived Stem cells studied with Mg-Zn-Ca alloys • Understanding the morphology of cultured adipose stem cells on Mg alloys • Stem cells on Mg-Zn-Ca alloys could proliferate and expand

Raman study of CaDNA films as a function of water content and excess CaCl2 concentration: Stability of the B conformation.

Science.gov (United States)

Schwenker, Megan; Marlowe, Robert; Lee, Scott; Rupprecht, Allan

2006-03-01

Highly oriented, wet-spun films of CaDNA expand in the direction perpendicular to the helical axis as the hydration of the film is increased. CaDNA films with a high CaCl2 content show an unexpected shrinkage at a relative humidity of about 93%. We have performed Raman experiments on CaDNA films as a function of both water content and excess CaCl2 concentration in order to determine if this unexpected shrinkage might be related to a conformational transition of the DNA molecules. We find that the DNA molecules remain in the B conformation for all salt contents down to a relative humidity of 59%.

Post-Mesozoic Rapid Increase of Seawater Mg/Ca due to Enhanced Mantle-Seawater Interaction

Science.gov (United States)

Ligi, Marco; Bonatti, Enrico; Cuffaro, Marco; Brunelli, Daniele

2013-01-01

The seawater Mg/Ca ratio increased significantly from ~ 80 Ma to present, as suggested by studies of carbonate veins in oceanic basalts and of fluid inclusions in halite. We show here that reactions of mantle-derived peridotites with seawater along slow spreading mid-ocean ridges contributed to the post-Cretaceous Mg/Ca increase. These reactions can release to modern seawater up to 20% of the yearly Mg river input. However, no significant peridotite-seawater interaction and Mg-release to the ocean occur in fast spreading, East Pacific Rise-type ridges. The Mesozoic Pangean superocean implies a hot fast spreading ridge system. This prevented peridotite-seawater interaction and Mg release to the Mesozoic ocean, but favored hydrothermal Mg capture and Ca release by the basaltic crust, resulting in a low seawater Mg/Ca ratio. Continent dispersal and development of slow spreading ridges allowed Mg release to the ocean by peridotite-seawater reactions, contributing to the increase of the Mg/Ca ratio of post-Mesozoic seawater. PMID:24067442

Determination of Mg/Ca ratio of stalagmite by laser multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

He Xuexian; Zhu Xiangkun; Tang Suohan; Yang Chun; Cai Junjun; Li Shizhen; Li Zhihong

2005-01-01

A method for determining Mg/Ca of stalagmite by LA-MC-ICPMS is studied. 24 Mg/ 44 Ca (Mass 22, intensity of 44C a 2+ , collected by ion counting and mass 24, intensity of 24 Mg + , collected by Faraday cup) ratios were measured in replace of Mg/Ca ratios. Both diameter of laser sampling spot and laser moving increment were 2- μm. The curve of Mg/Ca vs. distance directly was obtained. The result indicates that relative Mg/Ca ratios changed from 0.5 to 2.0 this stalagmite and it is enough to reflect environmental factors act. (authors)

Corrosion behaviour of Mg-Cu and Mg-Mo composites in 3.5% NaCl

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Budruk Abhijeet, S.; Balasubramaniam, R.; Gupta, M.

2008-01-01

The corrosion behaviour of pure magnesium, Mg-Cu (0.3, 0.6, and 1 vol.%) and Mg-Mo (0.1, 0.3, and 0.6 vol.%) composites has been studied in 3.5% NaCl solution by weight loss and polarisation methods. Corrosion rates determined by weight loss method were considerably higher than that determined by polarisation method. The corrosion rate increased with increasing volume fraction of reinforcement in Mg-Cu and Mg-Mo composites. At the same volume fraction of reinforcement, molybdenum reinforced composite corroded faster than copper reinforced composite. The galvanic current density between Mg-Cu and Mg-Mo couples has been experimentally measured using zero resistance ammeter technique. The experimentally observed galvanic current densities were in close agreement with those obtained using mixed potential theory analysis. SEM observation of corroded samples confirmed microgalvanic activity at the matrix/reinforcement interfaces. The poor corrosion resistance of composites has been attributed to microgalvanic effects between the matrix and reinforcements and inferior quality of surface films

Solid-liquid stable phase equilibria of the ternary systems MgCl2 + MgB6O10+ H2O AND MgSO4 + MgB6O10 + H2O at 308.15 K

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Lingzong Meng

2014-03-01

Full Text Available The solubilities and the relevant physicochemical properties of the ternary systems MgCl2 + MgB6O10 + H2O and MgSO4 + MgB6O10 + H2O at 308.15 K were investigated using an isothermal dissolution method. It was found that there is one invariant point, two univariant curves, and two crystallization regions of the systems. The systems belong to a simple co-saturated type, and neither double salts nor solid solutions were found. Based on the extended HW model and its temperature-dependent equations, the single-salt Pitzer parameters β(0, β(1, β(2 and CØ for MgCl2, MgSO4, and Mg(B6O7(OH6, the mixed ion-interaction parameters θCl,B6O10, θSO4,B6O10, ΨMg,Cl,B6O10, ΨMg,SO4,B6O10 of the systems at 308.15 K were fitted, In addition, the average equilibrium constants of the stable equilibrium solids at 308.15 K were obtained by a method using the activity product constant. Then the solubilities of the ternary systems are calculated. The calculated solubilities agree well with the experimental values.

Experimental Determination of Solubilities of Tri-calcium Di-Citrate Tetrahydrate [Ca₃[C₃H₅O(COO)₃]₂•4H₂O] Earlandite in NaCl and MgCl₂ Solutions to High Ionic Strengths and Its Pitzer Model: Applications to Nuclear Waste Isolation and Other Low Temperature Environments

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Xiong, Yongliang [Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States). Carlsbad Programs Group; Kirkes, Leslie Dawn [Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States). Carlsbad Programs Group; Westfall, Terry [Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States). Carlsbad Programs Group; Marrs, Cassandra [Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States). Carlsbad Programs Group; Knox, Jandi [Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States). Carlsbad Programs Group; Burton, Heather Lynn [Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States). Carlsbad Programs Group

2017-09-01

In this study, solubility measurements on tri-calcium di-citrate tetrahydrate [Ca₃[C₃H₅O(COO)₃]2•4H₂O, abbreviated as Ca₃[Citrate]₂•4H₂O] as a function of ionic strength are conducted in NaCl solutions up to I = 5.0 mol•kg^–1 and in MgCl₂ solutions up to I = 7.5 mol•kg^–1, at room temperature (22.5 ± 0.5°C). The solubility constant (log K$0\\atop{sp}$) for Ca₃[Citrate]₂•4H₂O and formation constant (logβ$0\\atop{1}$) for Ca[C₃H₅O(COO)₃]^–Ca₃[C₃H₅O(COO)₃]₂•4H₂O (earlandite) = 3Ca²⁺ + 2[C₃H₅O(COO)₃]^3– + 4H₂O (1) Ca²⁺ + [C₃H₅O(COO)₃]^3– = Ca[C₃H₅O(COO)₃]^– (2) are determined as –18.11 ± 0.05 and 4.97 ± 0.05, respectively, based on the Pitzer model with a set of Pitzer parameters describing the specific interactions in NaCl and M_gCl₂ media.

Superconducting tunnel junctions on MgB{sub 2} using MgO and CaF{sub 2} as a barrier

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sakoda, Masahito, E-mail: sakoda@cc.tuat.ac.jp [Department of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 (Japan); Aibara, Masato; Mede, Kazuya; Kikuchi, Motoyuki; Naito, Michio [Department of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 (Japan)

2016-11-15

Highlights: • We have revised the manuscript according to reviewer's comments. The details are in “Response to Reviewers”. • Superconducting junctions with MgO and CaF{sub 2} barrier were fabricated in order to improve the quality of junctions. • In SIN junctions with MgO barrier, clear superconducting gap was observed. (). • In SIS junctions with CaF2 barrier, Josephson current was observed over 30 K. (). • The compatibility of each barrier material at the upper and lower interfaces was clarified. (). - Abstract: We report the fabrication of superconducting tunnel junctions, both of superconductor–insulator-normal metal (SIN) and superconductor–insulator-superconductor (SIS), on MgB{sub 2} using MgO and CaF{sub 2} as a barrier. The SIN junctions fabricated using an MgO barrier showed excellent quasi-particle characteristics, including a large superconducting gap (Δ) of 2.5–3 meV and a low zero-bias conductance. We have also fabricated SIS junctions with an MgO barrier, but the quasi-particle characteristics of the SIS junctions are not as good as those of the SIN junctions, namely a reduced superconducting gap and a high zero-bias conductance. It appears that top MgB{sub 2} electrodes do not grow well on an MgO barrier, which is also suggested from in-situ RHEED observation. The SIN junctions fabricated using a CaF{sub 2} barrier showed less sharp quasi-particle characteristics than using an MgO barrier. However, the SIS junctions using a CaF{sub 2} barrier showed a fairly large I{sub c}R{sub N} value at 4.2 K over 1 mV and also exhibited finite Josephson current up to almost the film's T{sub c} (∼30 K). The RHEED observation revealed that top MgB{sub 2} electrodes grow well on a CaF{sub 2} barrier.

Antibacterial characteristics of CaCO3-MgO composites

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yamamoto, Osamu; Ohira, Toshiaki; Alvarez, Kelly; Fukuda, Masayuki

2010-01-01

Dentifrices, such as tooth-paste, are pastes containing insoluble abrasives that aid in the removal of plaque from the teeth and help to polish them. Composite powders contributing to oral hygiene application, i.e., nano-scale MgO crystallite dispersed in CaCO 3 grain, were fabricated by the thermal decomposition of dolomite. The composite obtained by heating at 800 deg. C consisted of CaCO 3 grains including 20 nm MgO fine crystallite, being the purpose powder in this study. The antibacterial activity of these powders related to gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was evaluated in vitro. The thermal decomposition above 800 deg. C resulted in the mixture of CaO and MgO. Antibacterial activity of the composite enhanced with increasing powder concentration. Though antibacterial action toward Staphylococcus aureus was greater than towards Escherichia coli, the death rate constant was identical in both bacteria. It can be concluded that the obtained composite possesses two functions able to improve the oral hygiene: as a tooth abrasive and as an antibacterial agent.

High-Strength Low-Alloy (HSLA) Mg-Zn-Ca Alloys with Excellent Biodegradation Performance

Science.gov (United States)

Hofstetter, J.; Becker, M.; Martinelli, E.; Weinberg, A. M.; Mingler, B.; Kilian, H.; Pogatscher, S.; Uggowitzer, P. J.; Löffler, J. F.

2014-04-01

This article deals with the development of fine-grained high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) magnesium alloys intended for use as biodegradable implant material. The alloys contain solely low amounts of Zn and Ca as alloying elements. We illustrate the development path starting from the high-Zn-containing ZX50 (MgZn5Ca0.25) alloy with conventional purity, to an ultrahigh-purity ZX50 modification, and further to the ultrahigh-purity Zn-lean alloy ZX10 (MgZn1Ca0.3). It is shown that alloys with high Zn-content are prone to biocorrosion in various environments, most probably because of the presence of the intermetallic phase Mg6Zn3Ca2. A reduction of the Zn content results in (Mg,Zn)2Ca phase formation. This phase is less noble than the Mg-matrix and therefore, in contrast to Mg6Zn3Ca2, does not act as cathodic site. A fine-grained microstructure is achieved by the controlled formation of fine and homogeneously distributed (Mg,Zn)2Ca precipitates, which influence dynamic recrystallization and grain growth during hot forming. Such design scheme is comparable to that of HSLA steels, where low amounts of alloying elements are intended to produce a very fine dispersion of particles to increase the material's strength by refining the grain size. Consequently our new, ultrapure ZX10 alloy exhibits high strength (yield strength R p = 240 MPa, ultimate tensile strength R m = 255 MPa) and simultaneously high ductility (elongation to fracture A = 27%), as well as low mechanical anisotropy. Because of the anodic nature of the (Mg,Zn)2Ca particles used in the HSLA concept, the in vivo degradation in a rat femur implantation study is very slow and homogeneous without clinically observable hydrogen evolution, making the ZX10 alloy a promising material for biodegradable implants.

Microstructure, mechanical properties and bio-corrosion properties of Mg-Zn-Mn-Ca alloy for biomedical application

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhang Erlin; Yang Lei

2008-01-01

Microstructure, mechanical properties and bio-corrosion properties of as-cast Mg-Zn-Mn-Ca alloys were investigated for biomedical application in detail by optical microscopy, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), mechanical properties testing and electrochemical measurement. SEM and optical microscopy observation indicated that the grain size of the as-cast alloys significantly decreased with the increasing of Ca content up to 0.5 wt.%. Further increasing of Ca content did not refine the grain more. The phase constitute was mainly controlled by the atomic ratio of Zn to Ca. When the ratio was more than 1.0-1.2, the alloy was mainly composed of primary Mg and lamellar eutectic (α-Mg + Ca 2 Mg 6 Zn 3 ), while the alloy was composed of primary Mg and divorced eutectic (α-Mg + Mg 2 Ca + Ca 2 Mg 6 Zn 3 ) when the atomic ratio was less than 1.0-1.2. The yield strength of the as-cast alloy increased but the elongation and the tensile strength increased first and then decreased with the increasing of Ca content. It was thought that Mg 2 Ca phase deteriorated the tensile strength and ductility. Electrochemical measurements indicated that Mg 2 Ca phase improved the corrosion resistance of the as-cast alloy

Effect of calcium on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of microarc oxidized Mg-xCa alloys.

Science.gov (United States)

Pan, Yaokun; Chen, Chuanzhong; Feng, Rui; Cui, Hongwei; Gong, Benkui; Zheng, Tingting; Ji, Yarou

2018-01-16

Magnesium alloys are potential biodegradable implants for biomedical applications, and calcium (Ca) is one kind of ideal element being examined for magnesium alloys and biodegradable ceramic coatings owing to its biocompatibility and mechanical suitability. In this study, microarc oxidation (MAO) coatings were prepared on Mg-xCa alloys to study the effect of Ca on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of Mg-xCa alloys and their surface MAO coatings. The electrochemical corrosion behavior was investigated using an electrochemical workstation, and the degradability and bioactivity were evaluated by soaking tests in simulated body fluid (SBF) solutions. The corrosion products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffractometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The effects of Ca on the alloy phase composition, microstructure, MAO coating formation mechanism, and corrosion behavior were investigated. Results showed that the Mg-0.82Ca alloy and MAO-coated Mg-0.82Ca exhibited the highest corrosion resistance. The number and distribution of Mg 2 Ca phases can be controlled by adjusting the Ca content in the Mg-xCa alloys. The proper amount of Ca in magnesium alloy was about 0.5-0.8 wt. %. The pore size, surface roughness, and corrosion behavior of microarc oxidized Mg-xCa samples can be controlled by the number and distribution of the Mg 2 Ca phase. The corrosion behaviors of microarc oxidized Mg-Ca in SBF solutions were discussed.

The structural, electronic, magnetic and optical properties of the half-metallic binary alloys ZCl3 (Z=Be, Mg, Ca, Sr): A first-principles study

Science.gov (United States)

Song, Jun-Tao; Zhang, Jian-Min

2018-06-01

The investigations of the electronic and magnetic properties show the binary Heusler alloys ZCl3 (Z = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr) are half-metallic (HM) ferromagnets with an integer magnetic moment (Mt) of 1 μB /f.u.. The alloy BeCl3 is thermodynamic meta-stable, while other alloys are thermodynamic stable according to their cohesive energies and formation energies. Moreover, wide HM regions for alloys ZCl3 (Z = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr) show their HM characters are robust when the lattices are expanded or compressed under uniform and tetragonal strains. Finally, some optical properties are analyzed in detail, such as the dielectric function, the absorption coefficient, the refractive index and the extinction coefficient.

The influence of some additives to the highly carbohydrate diet on the distribution of Al, Ca, Mg, Mn and Na in teeth enamel and bones of experimental animals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bakyrdzhiev, P.

1985-01-01

An instrument neutron activation analysis had been used for the investigation of diets with different salt and permanent basic composition. The diets with MgCl 2 and methylene blue additives were used. Three groups of animals Wistar, Hamster and S. Dawley with different genetic reactivity had been fed on adlibidum for 45 days. After killing the animals the teeth enamel, mandibula and tibia had been sampled and content of Al, Mg, Mn, Na and Cl 2 was determined by means of INAA. The samples were irradiated for 1 min in the rabbit system of the experimental reactor IRT-2000. Two measurements were carried out - after a cooling time of 1 min for the determination of Al, Ca, Cl 2 , Mg, and after 2 h cooling time - for Na and Mn. The precision of the analysis was between 4 and 12%

Salt exclusion and mycorrhizal symbiosis increase tolerance to NaCl and CaCl2 salinity in ‘Siam Queen’ basil

Science.gov (United States)

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of salinity on growth and nutrient uptake in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Plants were fertilized with a complete nutrient solution and exposed to no, low, or moderate levels of salinity from NaCl or CaCl2. Plants in the control and moderate salinity tre...

Hereditary tubular transport disorders: implications for renal handling of Ca2+ and Mg2+.

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Dimke, H.; Hoenderop, J.G.J.; Bindels, R.J.M.

2010-01-01

The kidney plays an important role in maintaining the systemic Ca2+ and Mg2+ balance. Thus the renal reabsorptive capacity of these cations can be amended to adapt to disturbances in plasma Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations. The reabsorption of Ca2+ and Mg2+ is driven by transport of other electrolytes,

Structural incorporation of MgCl2 into ice VII at room temperature

Science.gov (United States)

Watanabe, Mao; Komatsu, Kazuki; Noritake, Fumiya; Kagi, Hiroyuki

2017-05-01

Raman spectra and X-ray diffraction patterns were obtained from 1:100 and 1:200 \\text{MgCl}2:\\text{H}2\\text{O} solutions (in molar ratio) at pressures up to 6 GPa using diamond anvil cells (DACs) and compared with those of pure water. The O-H stretching band from ice VII crystallized from the 1:200 solution was approximately 10 cm-1 higher than that of pure ice VII. The phase boundaries between ice VII and VIII crystallized from the MgCl2 solutions at 4 GPa were 2 K lower than those of pure ice VII and VIII. These observations indicate that ice VII incorporates MgCl2 into its structure. The unit cell volumes of ice VII crystallized from pure water and the two solutions coincided with each other within the experimental error, and salt incorporation was not detectable from the cell volume. Possible configurations of ion substitution and excess volume of ice VIII were simulated on the basis of density functional theory (DFT) calculations.

K-shell Photoionization of Na-like to Cl-like Ions of Mg, Si, S, Ar, and Ca

Science.gov (United States)

Witthoeft, M. C.; Garcia, J.; Kallman, T. R.; Bautista, M. A.; Mendoza, C.; Palmeri, P.; Quinet, P.

2010-01-01

We present R-matrix calculations of photoabsorption and photoionization cross sections across the K edge of Mg, Si, S, Ar, and Ca ions with more than 10 electrons. The calculations include the effects of radiative and Auger damping by means of an optical potential. The wave functions are constructed from single-electron. orbital bases obtained using a Thomas-Fermi-Dirac statistical model potential. Configuration interaction is considered among all states up to n = 3. The damping processes affect the resonances converging to the K-thresholds causing them to display symmetric profiles of constant width that smear the otherwise sharp edge at the photoionization threshold. These data are important for the modeling of features found in photoionized plasmas.

Effects of bagging materials and CaCl2 spray on fruit calcium concentration in fruit-bagged apple trees

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yim, Y.J.; Choi, J.S.; Kim, S.B.

1989-01-01

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of bagging materials and CaCl 2 spray on fruit Ca concentration in fruit-bagged apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.). No difference was noted in fruit Ca concentration among bagging materials during the growing season. And also, there was no difference in fruit Ca concentration between bagged and non-bagged fruits. The fruit flesh Ca concentration of bagged fruits was significantly lower than that of non-bagged fruits in the same tree, which 0.5 % CaCl 2 was sprayed 5 times in the late growing season. The radioactivity of 45 Ca was highest in the sprayed shoot leaves and bark, while only a trace amount was detected in the fruit and shoot proximate to the treated shoot 3 weeks after 3 times application of 45 CaCl 2 (5 micro Ci/ml). As a result, it is confirmed that the Ca once accumulated in a specific part is hardly retranslocated. Therefore, it is concluded that Ca foliar spray to the fruit-bagged tree has no influence on Ca concentration in the fruit

Etching mechanism of MgO thin films in inductively coupled Cl2/Ar plasma

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Efremov, A.M.; Koo, Seong-Mo; Kim, Dong-Pyo; Kim, Kyoung-Tae; Kim, Chang-Il

2004-01-01

The etching mechanism of MgO thin films in Cl 2 /Ar plasma was investigated. It was found that the increasing Ar in the mixing ratio of Cl 2 /Ar plasma causes nonmonotonic MgO etch rate, which reaches a maximum value at 70%Ar+30%Cl 2 . Langmuir probe measurement showed the noticeable influence of Cl 2 /Ar mixing ratio on electron temperature and electron density. The zero-dimensional plasma model indicated monotonic changes of both densities and fluxes of active species. At the same time, analyses of surface kinetics showed the possibility of nonmonotonic etch rate behavior due to the concurrence of physical and chemical pathways in ion-assisted chemical reaction

Relationships Between Temperature, pH, and Crusting on Mg/Ca Ratios in Laboratory-Grown Neogloboquadrina Foraminifera

Science.gov (United States)

Davis, Catherine V.; Fehrenbacher, Jennifer S.; Hill, Tessa M.; Russell, Ann D.; Spero, Howard J.

2017-11-01

Mg/Ca ratio paleothermometry in foraminifera is an important tool for the reconstruction and interpretation of past environments. However, existing Mg/Ca:temperature relationships for planktic species inhabiting middle- and high-latitude environments are limited by a lack of information about the development and impact of low-Mg/Ca ratio "crusts" and the influence of the carbonate system on Mg/Ca ratios in these groups. To address this, we cultured individual specimens of Neogloboquadrina incompta and Neogloboquadrina pachyderma in seawater across a range of temperature (6°-12°C) and pH (7.4-8.2). We found by laser ablation inductively couple mass spectrometry analyses of shells that culture-grown crust calcite in N. incompta had a lower Mg/Ca ratio than ontogenetic calcite formed at the same temperature, suggesting that temperature is not responsible for the low-Mg/Ca ratio of neogloboquadrinid crusts. The Mg/Ca:temperature relationship for ontogenetic calcite in N. incompta was consistent with the previously published culture-based relationship, and no significant relationship was found between Mg/Ca ratios and pH in this species. However, the Mg/Ca ratio in laboratory-cultured N. pachyderma was much higher than that reported in previous core top and sediment trap samples, due to lack of crust formation in culture. Application of our ontogenetic calcite-specific Mg/Ca:temperature relationships to fossil N. pachyderma and N. incompta from five intervals in cores from the Santa Barbara Basin and the Bering Sea shows that excluding crust calcite in fossil specimens may improve Mg/Ca-based temperature estimates.

Synthetic water soluble di-/tritopic molecular receptors exhibiting Ca2+/Mg2+ exchange.

Science.gov (United States)

Lavie-Cambot, Aurélie; Tron, Arnaud; Ducrot, Aurélien; Castet, Frédéric; Kauffmann, Brice; Beauté, Louis; Allouchi, Hassan; Pozzo, Jean-Luc; Bonnet, Célia S; McClenaghan, Nathan D

2017-05-23

Structural integration of two synthetic water soluble receptors for Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ , namely 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) and o-aminophenol-N,N,O-triacetic acid (APTRA), respectively, gave novel di- and tritopic ionophores (1 and 2). As Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ cannot be simultaneously complexed by the receptors, allosteric control of complexation results. Potentiometric measurements established stepwise protonation constants and showed high affinity for Ca 2+ (log K = 6.08 and 8.70 for 1 and 2, respectively) and an excellent selectivity over Mg 2+ (log K = 3.70 and 5.60 for 1 and 2, respectively), which is compatible with magnesium-calcium ion exchange. While ion-exchange of a single Mg 2+ for a single Ca 2+ is possible in both 1 and 2, the simultaneous binding of two Mg 2+ by 2 appears prohibitive for replacement of these two ions by a single Ca 2+ . Ion-binding and exchange was further rationalized by DFT calculations.

EFECTO DE NaCl Y CaCl2 EN EL DESARROLLO DE EJES EMBRIONARIOS DE Persea americana Mill CRIOLLO y 'HASS' CULTIVADOS in vitro

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Leobarda Guadalupe Ramírez-Guerrero

2010-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar materiales de aguacate tolerantes a salinidad, útiles como portainjertos. Se sembraron in vitro ejes embrionarios de aguacate criollo y 'Hass' en medio Murashige y Skoog al 100 % de su composición nutrimental en condiciones salinas inducidas con NaCl y CaCl2. Se emplearon cinco niveles de cada sal (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 %, así como la combinación de éstas en proporción 1,1. Se estudió germinación, emergencia, enraizamiento y supervivencia de brotes de aguacate. El criollo superó al 'Hass' con el 21 % de germinación, 36 % de emergencia, con aproximadamente el 50 % en cada una de las variables de crecimiento y el 10 % de supervivencia de plántulas. El desarrollo de los ejes embrionarios fue más limitado en los tratamientos con NaCl en comparación a los establecidos en CaCl2 y NaCl,CaCl2. Con la técnica in vitro se determinó a los 65 días de cultivo que el material criollo fue más tolerante al estrés salino con respecto al 'Hass'.

Observation of the new neutron-rich nuclei 29F, 35,36Mg, 38,39Al, 40,41Si, 43,44P, 45,46,47S, 46,47,48,49Cl and 49,50,51Ar by means of a 55 MeV/u 48Ca beam

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Guillemaud-Mueller, D.; Anne, R.; Penionzhkevich, Yu.Eh.

1988-01-01

Using magnetic separation and identification through time of flight and ΔE,E measurements, the new neutron-rich nuclei, 29 F, 35,36 Mg, 38,39 Al, 40,41 Si, 43,44 P, 45,46,47 S, 46,47,48,49 Cl, 49,50,51 Ar have been observed from interactions of 48 Ca beam of 55 MeV/u with tantalum targets

What is the Right Temperature Sensitivity for Foraminiferal Mg/ca Paleothermometry in Ancient Oceans?

Science.gov (United States)

Eggins, S.; Holland, K.; Hoenisch, B.; Spero, H. J.; Allen, K. A.

2013-12-01

Mg/Ca seawater thermometry has become a cornerstone of modern paleoceanography. Laboratory experiments, seafloor core-top samples, plankton trap and tow collected materials all indicate consistent temperature sensitivity (9-10% increase in Mg/Ca per °C) for a full range of modern planktic foraminifer species. While these results demonstrate the overall robustness of Mg/Ca paleothermometry for the modern ocean, it is an empirical tool for which there is limited understanding of its bio-physio-chemical basis and its applicability to ancient oceans. We have undertaken experimental cultures of Orbulina universa, Globigerinoides sacculifer and Globigerinoides ruber (pink) across a range of seawater compositions (temperature, carbonate chemistry and Mg/Casw) that encompass modern and ancient Paleogene and Cretaceous ocean compositions (Mg/Casw 0.25x to 2x modern and pCO2 = 200 to 1500 ppmv). Our results reveal that the sensitivity of the Mg/Ca-thermometer for planktic foraminifers reduces significantly with Mg/Casw, rather than remaining constant as has been widely assumed or, increasing at lower Mg/Casw as proposed recently by Evans and Müller (2012). These results indicate that the modern sensitivity of 9-10% increase in Mg/Ca per °C cannot yet be applied to obtain reliable relative temperature change estimates to ancient oceans. These results further suggest that variations in foraminiferal Mg/Ca compositions in ancient oceans with lower Mg/Casw may correspond to larger temperature variations than in the modern ocean. Evans D. and Müller W., Paleoceanography, vol. 27, PA4205, doi:10.1029/2012PA002315, 2012

The effect of changing seawater Ca and Mg concentrations upon the distribution coefficients of Mg and Sr in the skeletons of the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis

Science.gov (United States)

Giri, Sharmila J.; Swart, Peter K.; Devlin, Quinn B.

2018-02-01

The skeletal composition of calcifying organisms, in particular Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios, have been widely used to understand fluctuations in seawater chemistry throughout the Phanerozoic. While the success of applying these data to the geologic record depends on a knowledge of the distribution coefficients for these elements (DMg and DSr), there are scarcely any studies which have described how these values vary as a result of changing seawater Mg/Ca ratios. To address this, we have cultured the scleractinian coral, Pocillopora damicornis, in seawater with ranges of Mg and Ca concentrations. Here, we demonstrate that Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios of coral skeletons correlate with total seawater Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca molar ratios, but that apparent DMg and DSr values do not remain constant across the range of experimental seawater treatments, with DMg values significantly increasing with seawater Mg/Ca ratios and DSr values significantly increasing with seawater Ca concentrations. These trends are not rate dependent and may be best explained by a Rayleigh distillation model, in which the calcifying space is semi-isolated from seawater during skeletogenesis (i.e. leaky). As there is a slight increase in DMg and decrease in DSr values between our "Jurassic" and "Modern" seawater treatments, the application of a constant distribution coefficient to estimate changes in ancient seawater chemistry may underestimate seawater Mg/Ca ratios and overestimate Sr/Ca throughout the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. We suggest that interpretations of seawater chemistry from fossil corals may be improved by using the relationships derived for skeletal and seawater Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios established by our experiments, as they incorporate the effect of seawater Mg/Ca ratios on skeletal Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios.

Investigation on microstructure characterization and property of rapidly solidified Mg-Zn-Ca-Ce-La alloys

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zhou Tao, E-mail: tzhou1118@163.com [College of Material Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054 (China); Chen Zhenhua, E-mail: chenzhenhua45@hotmail.com [College of Material Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082 (China); Yang Mingbo, E-mail: yangmingbo@cqit.edu.cn [College of Material Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054 (China); Hu Jianjun, E-mail: hujj@qq.com [College of Material Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054 (China); Xia Hua, E-mail: xiahua@cqut.edu.cn [College of Material Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054 (China)

2012-01-15

Rapidly solidified (RS) Mg-Zn-Ca-Ce-La (wt.%) alloys have been produced via atomizing the alloy melt and subsequent splat-quenching on the water-cooled copper twin-rollers in the form of flakes. Microstructure characterization, phase compositions and thermal stability of the alloys have been systematically investigated. The results showed that with addition of RE (Ce and La) to the Mg-6Zn-5Ca alloy, the stable intermetallic compounds i.e. the Mg{sub x}Zn{sub y}RE{sub z} phase with a few Ca (about 3 at.%), shortened as the T Prime phase, were formed at the expense of the binary Mg-Zn and Ca{sub 2}Mg{sub 6}Zn{sub 3} phases, which was possibly beneficial to the enhanced thermal stability of the alloy. In the Mg-6Zn-5Ca-3Ce-0.5La alloy, the composition of the T Prime phase in the grain interior was different from that at the grain boundaries, in which the segregation of the La elements was found, and the atomic percentage ratio of Zn to Ce in the T Prime phase within the grains was close to 2. Moreover, the stable Mg{sub 2}Ca phases were detected around the T Prime phases at the grain boundaries in the alloy. - Research Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The phase constitution of RS Mg-6Zn-5Ca alloy can be improved by RE additions. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer In the Mg-Zn-Ca-Ce-La alloys, the Mg{sub x}Zn{sub y}RE{sub z} phase with a few Ca (T Prime phase) is formed. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The formation of the T Prime phase leads to the loss of the Mg-Zn and Ca{sub 2}Mg{sub 6}Zn{sub 3} phases. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The composition of the T Prime phase differs from the grain interior to the grain boundary.

Clinical value of single or combined IRMA of CEA, CA19-9, CA72-4 and MG-Ag in diagnosis of gastric cancer

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Li Jiangang; Chen Zhong; Liu Yun; Zhang Jun

2002-01-01

Four tumor markers CEA, CA19-9, CA72-4 and MG-Ag are chosen in diagnosis of gastric cancer and 228 cases are detected with single or combined methods in all. The results indicate that the positive rates of single detection are all above 70% and that of MG-Ag is the highest (90.4%). Combined detections of two tumor markers, as judged by double positivity, the positive rate of MG + CA72-4 is the highest (70.6%), next is MG + CA19-9 (64.6%). It is suggested that MG-Ag is the first choice in single detection, MG + CA72-4 group is the first choice in double combined detections and different tumor markers could be chosen according to historic type in follow-up patients

A DFT study of hydrogen adsorption on Be, Mg and Ca frameworks in erionite zeolite

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fellah, Mehmet Ferdi, E-mail: mferdi.fellah@btu.edu.tr

2017-02-01

Highlights: • Mg-ERI and Ca-ERI clusters have much lower chemical potential and hardness. • Adsorption enthalpies for Mg- and Ca-ERI are importantly greater than the liquefaction enthalpy of hydrogen. • Mg-ERI and Ca-ERI clusters have much HOMO-LUMO gap indicating higher reactivity. • Ca- and Mg-ERI are potential cryoadsorbent materials for hydrogen storage. - Abstract: The molecular hydrogen adsorption was investigated on additional frameworks with earth alkaline metal atoms (Be, Mg and Ca) in 24T ERI zeolite cluster model by means of Density Functional Theory study. HOMO and LUMO energy values, chemical potential, chemical hardness, electronegativity, adsorption energy and adsorption enthalpy values have been calculated in this study. Mg-ERI and Ca-ERI clusters have much lower chemical potentials with much lower adsorption energy values when compared to the value of Be-ERI cluster. Additionally, they are softer than Be-ERI cluster with respect to their lower chemical hardness values. Hydrogen adsorption enthalpy values were computed as −3.6 and −3.9 kJ/mol on Mg-ERI and Ca-ERI clusters, respectively. These adsorption enthalpy values are significantly larger than the enthalpy value of liquefaction for hydrogen molecule. This consequently specifies that Mg-ERI and Ca-ERI zeolite structures which have higher chemical reactivity appear to be a promising candidate cryoadsorbent for hydrogen storage.

Cl- transport pathways regulated by Ca++, cAMP, and pH in human fibroblasts

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lin, P.; Gruenstein, E.

1987-01-01

Under basal conditions Cl - efflux from human fibroblasts occurs with a rate constant of permeability of 0.08 min -1 . 50% of the basal efflux is due to Cl - /anion exchange and is DIDS inhibitable, 25% is due to Na + /K + /Cl - cotransport and is furosemide inhibitable, and 20% is due to an electrically conductive pathway. Increasing intracellular Ca ++ with A23187 stimulates Cl - efflux by 30%. This increase appears to occur entirely via an electrically conducting pathway, but unlike basal Cl - conductance, it is DIDS sensitive. Exposure of the cells to dibutyryl cAMP stimulates Cl - efflux by 15%. They do not yet know whether the cAMP stimulated pathway is electrically conductive, but the stimulation is additive with that caused by elevated Ca ++ suggesting that different pathways are activated. Elevation of intracellular pH by any of several standard methods increases Cl - efflux by as much as 700%. The pH effect appears to be mediated by a Cl - /anion exchange pathway since it is DIDS sensitive and electroneutral. Previous work from this laboratory describing a transient rapid efflux of Cl - followed by a slower efflux phase can now be explained as the result of a transient alkalinization of cells rather than as 2 subcellular Cl - compartments. This alkalinization occurs when cells are transferred from a 5% CO 2 atmosphere during 36 Cl - load to ambient CO 2 for efflux

Microstructures, mechanical properties and corrosion resistances of extruded Mg-Zn-Ca-xCe/La alloys.

Science.gov (United States)

Tong, L B; Zhang, Q X; Jiang, Z H; Zhang, J B; Meng, J; Cheng, L R; Zhang, H J

2016-09-01

Magnesium alloys are considered as good candidates for biomedical applications, the influence of Ce/La microalloying on the microstructure, mechanical property and corrosion performance of extruded Mg-5.3Zn-0.6Ca (wt%) alloy has been investigated in the current study. After Ce/La addition, the conventional Ca2Mg6Zn3 phases are gradually replaced by new Mg-Zn-Ce/La-(Ca) phases (T1'), which can effectively divide the Ca2Mg6Zn3 phase. The Ca2Mg6Zn3/T1' structure in Mg-Zn-Ca-0.5Ce/La alloy is favorably broken into small particles during the extrusion, resulting in an obvious refinement of secondary phase. The dynamic recrystallized grain size is dramatically decreased after 0.5Ce/La addition, and the tensile yield strength is improved, while further addition reverses the effect, due to the grain coarsening. However, the corrosion resistance of extruded Mg-Zn-Ca alloy deteriorates after Ce/La addition, because the diameter of secondary phase particle is remarkably decreased, which increases the amount of cathodic sites and accelerates the galvanic corrosion process. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of ionizing radiation on Ca2+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase: the role of ligands

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dreval', V.I.

1994-01-01

The change of Ca 2+ -ATPase and Mg 2+ -ATPase activity in plasma membranes of thymocytes irradiated with doses of 10 2 , 10 3 and 10 4 Gy in the presence of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and ATP was studied. Stabilizing effect of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ on Ca 2+ -ATPase and ATP on Mg 2+ -ATPase under irradiation was established

Activity coefficients of CaCl{sub 2} in (serine or proline + water) mixtures at T = 298.15 K

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ma Jingjing [School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007 (China); Zhang Xinkuan [School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007 (China); School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003 (China); Zhuo Kelei, E-mail: lchow@mail.ucf.ed [School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007 (China); Liu Hongxun; Wang Jianji [School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007 (China)

2010-05-15

Activity coefficients for the (CaCl{sub 2} + amino acid + water) system were determined at a temperature of 298.15 K using ion-selective electrodes. The range of molalities of CaCl{sub 2} is (0.01 to 0.20) mol . kg{sup -1}, and that of amino acids is (0.10 to 0.40) mol . kg{sup -1}. The activity coefficients obtained from the Debye-Hueckel extended equation and the Pitzer equation are in good agreement with each other. Results show that the interactions between CaCl{sub 2} and amino acid are controlled mainly by the electrostatic interactions (attraction). Gibbs free energy interaction parameters (g{sub EA}) and salting constants (k{sub S}) are positive, indicating that these amino acids are salted out by CaCl{sub 2}. These results are discussed based on group additivity model.

The precipitation process in Mg-Ca-(Zn) alloys investigated by positron annihilation spectroscopy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ortega, Yanicet; Monge, Miguel Angel; Pareja, Ramiro

2008-01-01

Coincidence doppler broadening (CDB) spectroscopy has been applied to study the precipitation process induced by aging in Mg-1.0 wt.% Ca and Mg-1.0 wt.% Ca-1.0 wt.% Zn alloys. In addition positron lifetime experiments and microhardness measurements have been performed. A peak centered at ∼11.5 x 10 -3 m 0 c is found in the CDB ratio spectra of the alloys aged at 473 K. It is attributed to annihilations with the core electrons of Ca. The results indicate the formation of a particle dispersion that hardens the alloys. This dispersion is correlated with the appearance of the peak attributed to Ca atoms. Zn atoms in the Mg matrix inhibit the formation of quenched-in vacancies bound to Ca atoms in the aged ternary alloy producing the dispersion refinement

Mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Mg-Gd-Ca-Zr alloys for medical applications.

Science.gov (United States)

Shi, Ling-Ling; Huang, Yuanding; Yang, Lei; Feyerabend, Frank; Mendis, Chamini; Willumeit, Regine; Ulrich Kainer, Karl; Hort, Norbert

2015-07-01

Magnesium alloys are promising candidates for biomedical applications. In this work, influences of composition and heat treatment on the microstructure, the mechanical properties and the corrosion behavior of Mg-Gd-Ca-Zr alloys as potential biomedical implant candidates were investigated. Mg5Gd phase was observed at the grain boundaries of Mg-10Gd-xCa-0.5Zr (x=0, 0.3, 1.2wt%) alloys. Increase in the Ca content led to the formation of additional Mg2Ca phase. The Ca additions increased both the compressive and the tensile yield strengths, but reduced the ductility and the corrosion resistance in cell culture medium. After solution heat treatment, the Mg5Gd particles dissolved in the Mg matrix. The compressive strength decreased, while the corrosion resistance improved in the solution treated alloys. After ageing at 200°C, metastable β' phase formed on prismatic planes and a new type of basal precipitates have been observed, which improved the compressive and tensile ultimate strength, but decreased the ductility. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Microstructure, biocorrosion and cytotoxicity evaluations of rapid solidified Mg-3Ca alloy ribbons as a biodegradable material

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gu, X N; Zhou, W R; Zheng, Y F; Li, X L; Cheng, Y

2010-01-01

Rapidly solidified (RS) Mg-3Ca alloy ribbons were prepared by the melt-spinning technique at different wheel rotating speeds (15 m s -1 , 30 m s -1 and 45 m s -1 ) with the as-cast Mg-3Ca alloy ingot as a raw material. The RS45 Mg-3Ca alloy ribbon showed a much more fine grain size feature (approximately 200-500 nm) in comparison to the coarse grain size (50-100 μm) of the original as-cast Mg-3Ca alloy ingot. The corrosion electrochemical tests in simulated body fluid indicated that the corrosion rate of the as-cast Mg-3Ca alloy was strongly reduced by the RS procedure and tended to be further decreased with increasing wheel rotating speeds (1.43 mm yr -1 for RS15, 0.94 mm yr -1 for RS30 and 0.36 mm yr -1 for RS45). The RS Mg-3Ca alloy ribbons showed more uniform corrosion morphology compared with the as-cast Mg-3Ca alloy after polarization. The cytotoxicity evaluation revealed that the three experimental as-spun Mg-3Ca alloy ribbon extracts did not induce toxicity to the L-929 cells, whereas the as-cast Mg-3Ca alloy ingot extract did. The L-929 cells showed more improved adhesion on the surfaces of the three as-spun Mg-3Ca alloy ribbons than that of the as-cast Mg-3Ca alloy ingot.

Study of sintering on Mg-Zn-Ca alloy system

Science.gov (United States)

Annur, Dhyah; Lestari, Franciska P.; Erryani, Aprilia; Kartika, Ika

2018-05-01

Magnesium and its alloy have gained a lot of interest to be used in biomedical application due to its biodegradable and biocompatible properties. In this study, sintering process in powder metallurgy was chosen to fabricatenonporous Mg-6Zn-1Ca (in wt%) alloy and porous Mg-6Zn-1Ca-10 Carbamide alloy. For creating porous alloy, carbamide (CO(NH2)2 was added to alloy system as the space holder to create porous structure material. Effect of the space holder addition and sintering temperature on porosity, phase formation, mechanical properties, and corrosion properties was observed. Sintering process was done in a tube furnace under Argon atmosphere in for 5 hours. The heat treatment was done in two steps; heated up at 250 °C for 4 hours to decompose spacer particle, followed by heated up at 580 °C or 630 °C for 5 hours. The porous structure of the resulted alloys was examined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), while the phase formation was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Mechanical properties were examined using compression testing. From this study, increasing sintering temperature up to 630 °C reduced the mechanical properties of Mg-Zn-Ca alloy.

Thermodynamics properties of plutonium in NaCl-KCl and CaCl2 at 1073 K and in liquid gallium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lambertin, D.; Ched'homme, S.; Bourges, G.; Pescayre, L.; Sanchez, S.; Picard, G.

2004-01-01

Cadmium and bismuth metal are mostly used as solvent in nuclear pyrochemical processes and especially in actinides/lanthanides separations. Gallium metal has been chosen because no literature values are available with plutonium and its regeneration by refining at low temperature is possible. Electrochemical window of gallium metal and activity coefficient of plutonium in gallium have been determined by using potentiometric method. Secondly, the electrochemical properties of plutonium have been studied in molten equimolar NaCl/KCl and CaCl 2 at 1073 K by cyclic voltammetry. The standard potentials of Pu(III)/Pu redox couple, respectively, -2,54 V and -2,51 V, led to the calculation of the activity coefficients of Pu(III). In CaCl 2 the complexation of Pu(III) ions is lower and the voltage gap between Pu(III)/Pu couple and the solvent limit is higher. The new data on plutonium electrochemistry in molten chlorides and liquid gallium media combined with literature data on lanthanides suggest that gallium can be a good solvent metal for pyro-chemistry separation. (authors)

Yttria-stabilized zirconia as membrane material for electrolytic deoxidation of CaO-CaCl{sub 2} melts

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Martin, A.; Poignet, J. C.; Fouletier, J. [Univ Grenoble, LEPMI, CNRS, INPG, UJF, F-38402 St Martin Dheres (France); Allibert, M. [LPSC, F-38026 Grenoble 1 (France); Lambertin, D. [SPDE, CEA Marcoule, F-30207 Bagnols Sur Ceze (France); Bourges, G. [SRPU, CEA Valduc, F-21120 Is Sur Tille (France)

2010-07-01

This article is devoted to the study of the stability of an yttria-stabilized zirconia membrane used in the electrolysis of molten CaCl{sub 2}-CaO mixtures at 850 degrees C. Intentiostatic and potentiostatic electrolysis were carried for periods ranging from 10 to 20 h. Post-mortem composition profiles across the zirconia membrane were determined using Raman spectroscopy and microprobe analysis. The membrane degradation was analyzed in terms of synergetic parameters, i. e., chemical, electrochemical, and thermomechanical effects. (authors)

Antibacterial characteristics of CaCO{sub 3}-MgO composites

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Yamamoto, Osamu, E-mail: yamamoto@cges.akita-u.ac.jp [Center for Geo-Environmental Science, Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University, 1-1 Tegata Gakuen-machi, Akita 010-8502 (Japan); Ohira, Toshiaki; Alvarez, Kelly [Center for Geo-Environmental Science, Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University, 1-1 Tegata Gakuen-machi, Akita 010-8502 (Japan); Fukuda, Masayuki [Division of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Akita University Hospital, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543 (Japan)

2010-10-15

Dentifrices, such as tooth-paste, are pastes containing insoluble abrasives that aid in the removal of plaque from the teeth and help to polish them. Composite powders contributing to oral hygiene application, i.e., nano-scale MgO crystallite dispersed in CaCO{sub 3} grain, were fabricated by the thermal decomposition of dolomite. The composite obtained by heating at 800 deg. C consisted of CaCO{sub 3} grains including 20 nm MgO fine crystallite, being the purpose powder in this study. The antibacterial activity of these powders related to gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was evaluated in vitro. The thermal decomposition above 800 deg. C resulted in the mixture of CaO and MgO. Antibacterial activity of the composite enhanced with increasing powder concentration. Though antibacterial action toward Staphylococcus aureus was greater than towards Escherichia coli, the death rate constant was identical in both bacteria. It can be concluded that the obtained composite possesses two functions able to improve the oral hygiene: as a tooth abrasive and as an antibacterial agent.

Removal of arsenic from water by Friedel's salt (FS: 3CaO·Al2O3·CaCl2·10H2O).

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Danni; Jia, Yongfeng; Ma, Jiayu; Li, Zhibao

2011-11-15

Low levels of arsenic can be effectively removed from water by adsorption onto various materials and searching for low-cost, high-efficiency new adsorbents has been a hot topic in recent years. In the present study, the performance of Friedel's salt (FS: 3CaO·Al(2)O(3)·CaCl(2)·10H(2)O), a layered double hydroxide (LDHs), as an adsorbent for arsenic removal from aqueous solution was investigated. Friedel's salt was synthesized at lower temperature (50°C) compared to traditional autoclave methods by reaction of calcium chloride with sodium aluminate. Kinetic study revealed that adsorption of arsenate by Friedel's salt was fast in the first 12h and equilibrium was achieved within 48 h. The adsorption kinetics are well described by second-order Lageren equation. The adsorption capacity of the synthesized sorbent for arsenate at pH 4 and 7 calculated from Langmuir adsorption isotherms was 11.85 and 7.80 mg/g, respectively. Phosphate and silicate markedly decreased the removal of arsenate, especially at higher pH, but sulfate was found to suppress arsenate adsorption at lower pH and the adverse effect was disappeared at pH ≥ 6. Common metal cations (Ca(2+), Mg(2+)) enhanced arsenate adsorption. The results suggest that Friedel's salt is a potential cost-effective adsorbent for arsenate removal in water treatment. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Graphene Oxide Papers Simultaneously Doped with Mg(2+) and Cl(-) for Exceptional Mechanical, Electrical, and Dielectric Properties.

Science.gov (United States)

Lin, Xiuyi; Shen, Xi; Sun, Xinying; Liu, Xu; Wu, Ying; Wang, Zhenyu; Kim, Jang-Kyo

2016-01-27

This paper reports simultaneous modification of graphene oxide (GO) papers by functionalization with MgCl2. The Mg(2+) ions enhance both the interlayer cross-links and lateral bridging between the edges of adjacent GO sheets by forming Mg-O bonds. The improved load transfer between the GO sheets gives rise to a maximum of 200 and 400% increases in Young's modulus and tensile strength of GO papers. The intercalation of chlorine between the GO layers alters the properties of GO papers in two ways by forming ionic Cl(-) and covalent C-Cl bonds. The p-doping effect arising from Cl contributes to large enhancements in electrical conductivities of GO papers, with a remarkable 2500-fold surge in the through-thickness direction. The layered structure and the anisotropic electrical conductivities of reduced GO papers naturally create numerous nanocapacitors that lead to charge accumulation based on the Maxwell-Wagner (MW) polarization. The combined effect of much promoted dipolar polarizations due to Mg-O, C-Cl, and Cl(-) species results in an exceptionally high dielectric constant greater than 60 000 and a dielectric loss of 3 at 1 kHz by doping with 2 mM MgCl2. The excellent mechanical and electrical properties along with unique dielectric performance shown by the modified GO and rGO papers open new avenues for niche applications, such as electromagnetic interference shielding materials.

The precipitation process in Mg-Ca-(Zn) alloys investigated by positron annihilation spectroscopy

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ortega, Yanicet [Departamento de Fisica, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganes (Spain); Departamento de Fisica de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid (Spain)], E-mail: yanicet@fis.ucm.es; Monge, Miguel Angel; Pareja, Ramiro [Departamento de Fisica, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganes (Spain)

2008-09-08

Coincidence doppler broadening (CDB) spectroscopy has been applied to study the precipitation process induced by aging in Mg-1.0 wt.% Ca and Mg-1.0 wt.% Ca-1.0 wt.% Zn alloys. In addition positron lifetime experiments and microhardness measurements have been performed. A peak centered at {approx}11.5 x 10{sup -3}m{sub 0}c is found in the CDB ratio spectra of the alloys aged at 473 K. It is attributed to annihilations with the core electrons of Ca. The results indicate the formation of a particle dispersion that hardens the alloys. This dispersion is correlated with the appearance of the peak attributed to Ca atoms. Zn atoms in the Mg matrix inhibit the formation of quenched-in vacancies bound to Ca atoms in the aged ternary alloy producing the dispersion refinement.

The effect of the aluminum chloride – quercetin complex on Ca(2+,Mg(2+-ATPase activity and contraction dynamic properties of muscle tibialis anterior from Rana temporaria

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

D. M. Nozdrenko

2015-12-01

Full Text Available Combined effect of aluminum chloride and quercetin solutions on the enzymatic activity and contraction dynamics of muscle fiber bundles of the Rana temporaria m. tibialis anterior was investigated. It was shown that these complexes inhibit muscle contraction. Linear reduction of Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase activity induced by all of the used concentrations of AlCl3 – quercetin was demonstrated. It was found that complex of quercetin with AlCl3 has a greater inhibitory effect on muscle contraction dynamic and causes greater reduction during all periods of stimulation in comparison to the separate effect of the investigated compounds. All the studied concentrations of AlCl3 and quercetin solutions (AlCl3: 10-4-10-2 M; quercetin: 10-6-10-5 M caused concentration depended contraction strengths and lengths reduction. The decrease in strength and length of muscle contractions was of constant and mostly linear nature within observed timeframe as well as within each periods of contraction. The changes were least pronounced within pretetanic period, but were profound within terminal period of muscle activity. The changes in dynamic contraction properties and Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum under effect of the investigated compounds was minimal in the beginning of the muscle’s response to stimulus, prior to muscle strength reaching stable contraction level.

Comparison of the reaction of bone-derived cells to enhanced MgCl2-salt concentrations.

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Burmester, Anna; Luthringer, Bérengère; Willumeit, Regine; Feyerabend, Frank

2014-01-01

Magnesium-based implants exhibit various advantages such as biodegradability and potential for enhanced in vivo bone formation. However, the cellular mechanisms behind this possible osteoconductivity remain unclear. To determine whether high local magnesium concentrations can be osteoconductive and exclude other environmental factors that occur during the degradation of magnesium implants, magnesium salt (MgCl2) was used as a model system. Because cell lines are preferred targets in studies of non-degradable implant materials, we performed a comparative study of 3 osteosarcoma-derived cell lines (MG63, SaoS2 and U2OS) with primary human osteoblasts. The correlation among cell count, viability, cell size and several MgCl2 concentrations was used to examine the influence of magnesium on proliferation in vitro. Moreover, bone metabolism alterations during proliferation were investigated by analyzing the expression of genes involved in osteogenesis. It was observed that for all cell types, the cell count decreases at concentrations above 10 mM MgCl2. However, detailed analysis showed that MgCl2 has a relevant but very diverse influence on proliferation and bone metabolism, depending on the cell type. Only for primary cells was a clear stimulating effect observed. Therefore, reliable results demonstrating the osteoconductivity of magnesium implants can only be achieved with primary osteoblasts.

Preparation and characterization of porous Mg-Zn-Ca alloy by space holder technique

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Annur, D.; Lestari, Franciska P.; Erryani, A.; Sijabat, Fernando A.; G. P. Astawa, I. N.; Kartika, I.

2018-04-01

Magnesium had been recently researched as a future biodegradable implant material. In the recent study, porous Mg-Zn-Ca alloys were developed using space holder technique in powder metallurgy process. Carbamide (10-20%wt) was added into Mg-6Zn-1Ca (in wt%) alloy system as a space holder to create porous structure material. Sintering process was done in a tube furnace under Argon atmosphere in 610 °C for 5 hours. Porous structure of the resulted alloy was examined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), while the phase formation was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Further, mechanical properties of porous Mg-Zn-Ca alloy was examined through compression testing. Microstructure characterization showed higher content of Carbamide in the alloy would give different type of pores. However, compression test showed that mechanical properties of Mg-Zn-Ca alloy would decrease significantly when higher content of carbamide was added.

Synthesis of a ruthenium(II) bipyridyl complex coordinated by a functionalized Schiff base ligand: characterization, spectroscopic and isothermal titration calorimetry measurements of M2+ binding and sensing (M2+=Ca2+, Mg2+).

Science.gov (United States)

Dixit, Namrata; Mishra, Lallan; Mustafi, Sourajit M; Chary, Kandala V R; Houjou, Hirohiko

2009-07-01

Bis-[methylsalicylidine-4'benzoic acid]-ethylene (LH2) complexed with cis-Ru(bpy)2Cl(2).2H2O provides a complex of composition [Ru(bpy)2L].2NH4PF6 (1), which has been characterized spectroscopically. Its binding behaviour towards Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions is monitored using 1H NMR titration, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and luminescence microscopy. The luminescent ruthenium complex binds Ca2+ in a more selective manner as compared to Mg2+.

Microstructure, biocorrosion and cytotoxicity evaluations of rapid solidified Mg-3Ca alloy ribbons as a biodegradable material

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gu, X N; Zhou, W R; Zheng, Y F [State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex System and Department of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871 (China); Li, X L [Center for Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001 (China); Cheng, Y, E-mail: yfzheng@pku.edu.c [Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871 (China)

2010-06-01

Rapidly solidified (RS) Mg-3Ca alloy ribbons were prepared by the melt-spinning technique at different wheel rotating speeds (15 m s{sup -1}, 30 m s{sup -1} and 45 m s{sup -1}) with the as-cast Mg-3Ca alloy ingot as a raw material. The RS45 Mg-3Ca alloy ribbon showed a much more fine grain size feature (approximately 200-500 nm) in comparison to the coarse grain size (50-100 {mu}m) of the original as-cast Mg-3Ca alloy ingot. The corrosion electrochemical tests in simulated body fluid indicated that the corrosion rate of the as-cast Mg-3Ca alloy was strongly reduced by the RS procedure and tended to be further decreased with increasing wheel rotating speeds (1.43 mm yr{sup -1} for RS15, 0.94 mm yr{sup -1} for RS30 and 0.36 mm yr{sup -1} for RS45). The RS Mg-3Ca alloy ribbons showed more uniform corrosion morphology compared with the as-cast Mg-3Ca alloy after polarization. The cytotoxicity evaluation revealed that the three experimental as-spun Mg-3Ca alloy ribbon extracts did not induce toxicity to the L-929 cells, whereas the as-cast Mg-3Ca alloy ingot extract did. The L-929 cells showed more improved adhesion on the surfaces of the three as-spun Mg-3Ca alloy ribbons than that of the as-cast Mg-3Ca alloy ingot.

Grain refinement of Ca addition in a twin-roll-cast Mg-3Al-1Zn alloy

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Jiang Bin, E-mail: jiangbinrong@cqu.edu.cn [National Engineering Research Center for Magnesium Alloys, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030 (China); College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030 (China); Liu Wenjun [College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030 (China); Qiu Dong; Zhang Mingxing [Division of Materials, School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 (Australia); Pan Fusheng [National Engineering Research Center for Magnesium Alloys, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030 (China)

2012-04-16

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Grain refinement of Ca addition in a twin-roll-cast Mg-3Al-1Zn alloy was investigated. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Addition of 0.08 wt% Ca into Mg melts can significantly reduce the grain size to 30 {mu}m from 100 {mu}m. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Al{sub 2}Ca intermetallic particles have high potency to act as heterogeneous nucleation sites for {alpha}-Mg. - Abstract: Addition of 0.08 wt% Ca into AZ31 melts significantly reduces the average grain size of thin strips produced by twin-roll-cast to 30 {mu}m from 100 {mu}m. Like Zr, due to the high chemical activity, the Ca added into the melts reacts with Al and forms Al{sub 2}Ca intermetallic compound. X-ray diffraction result approves the existence of Al{sub 2}Ca in the thin strips, which formed in the melts. Crystallographic examination of relationship between Al{sub 2}Ca and Mg using the edge-to-edge matching model indicates that Al{sub 2}Ca particles are effective inoculants for heterogeneous nucleation of Mg. It is considered that Al{sub 2}Ca is a potential and effective grain refiner for Mg alloys and the grain refinement through addition of Ca in the AZ31 alloy is attributed to the inoculation effect of Al{sub 2}Ca particles formed in the melts.

Thermodynamic parameters for the protonation and the interaction of arsenate with Mg2+, Ca2+ and Sr2+: Application to natural waters.

Science.gov (United States)

Chillè, Donatella; Foti, Claudia; Giuffrè, Ottavia

2018-01-01

Thermodynamic parameters for the protonation of AsO 4 3- and for the interaction with Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ and Sr 2+ were reported, comprehensive also of their dependence on ionic strength, considering the 0.1 ≤ I ≤ 1 M range and using NaCl as background salt. The same speciation models were obtained for Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ and Sr 2+ systems, with the formation of three different species: ML, MLH and MLH 2 (L = AsO 4 3- ). Mono- and di-protonated species were very weak, with formation constant values (log K) ranging from 1.45 to 3.23. In order to have a complete picture of thermodynamic properties of the systems under study and to fill the shortage of thermodynamic data on arsenate complex systems, the ligand protonation and metal complex enthalpies were also determined by calorimetric titrations, at t = 25 °C and in NaCl at I = 0.7 M (for H + -AsO 4 3- species also at I = 0.1 M). On the light of the proposed speciation models, examples of As(V) distribution in some natural waters are reported. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

[Properties and localization of Mg- and Ca-ATpase activities in wheat embryo cell nuclei].

Science.gov (United States)

Vasil'eva, N A; Belkina, G G; Stepanenko, S Y; Atalykova, F I; Oparin, A I

1978-05-01

The isolated nuclei of wheat embryo possess the ATPase activity. The addition of Mg2+ and Ca2+ significantly increases the activities of nuclear ATPases, whereas Hg2+, Cu2+ and Mn2+ inhibit the activity. The activating effect of Mg2+ is enhanced by an addition of Na and K ions. The activity of wheat embryo nuclear Mg-ATPase is higher than its Ca-ATPase activity; both ATPases also differ in their pH optima. Separation of total nuclear protein according to the solubility of its individual protein components in wheat and strong salt solutions, using the detergents, as well as ammonium sulfate precipitation and dialysis do not result in separation of Mg-activated and Ca-activated ATPases, although their levels of activities and ratios change in the course of fractionation. The Mg- and Ca-ATPase activities of the wheat embryo nuclei were found in the nuclear fraction of albumin, in nonhistone proteins and nuclear membranes. In the albumin nuclear fraction and subfractions of non-histone proteins the higher level of activity is observed in Ca-ATPase, whereas in the nuclei and soluble fractions of residual proteins in Mg-ATPase.

THE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF MELTS OF DOUBLE SYSTEM MgO – Al2O3, MgO – SiO2, MgO – CaF2, Al2O3 – SiO2, Al2O3 – CaF2, SiO2 – CaF2

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

В. Судавцова

2012-04-01

Full Text Available Methodology of prognostication of thermodynamics properties of melts is presented from the coordinatesof liquidus of diagram of the state in area of equilibria a hard component is solution, on which energies ofmixing of Gibbs are expected in the double border systems of MgO – Al2O3, MgO – SiO2, MgO – CaF2,Al2O3 – SiO2, Al2O3 - CaF2, SiO2 - CaF2. For the areas of equilibrium there is quasibinary connection(MgAl2O4, Mg2SiO4, Al6Si2O13 – a grout at calculations was used equalization of Hauffe-Wagner. Theobtained data comport with literary

Reduction of CaO and MgO Slag Components by Al in Liquid Fe

Science.gov (United States)

Mu, Haoyuan; Zhang, Tongsheng; Fruehan, Richard J.; Webler, Bryan A.

2018-05-01

This study documents laboratory-scale observations of reactions between Fe-Al alloys (0.1 to 2 wt pct Al) with slags and refractories. Al in steels is known to reduce oxide components in slag and refractory. With continued development of Al-containing Advanced High-Strength Steel (AHSS) grade, the effects of higher Al must be examined because reduction of components such as CaO and MgO could lead to uncontrolled modification of non-metallic inclusions. This may lead to castability or in-service performance problems. In this work, Fe-Al alloys and CaO-MgO-Al2O3 slags were melted in an MgO crucible and samples were taken at various times up to 60 minutes. Inclusions from these samples were characterized using an automated scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive x-ray analysis (SEM/EDS). Initially Al2O3 inclusions were modified to MgAl2O4, then MgO, then MgO + CaO-Al2O3-MgO liquid inclusions. Modification of the inclusions was faster at higher Al levels. Very little Ca modification was observed except at 2 wt pct Al level. The thermodynamic feasibility of inclusion modification and some of the mass transfer considerations that may have led to the differences in the Mg and Ca modification behavior were discussed.

Effect of organic matrices on the determination of the trace element chemistry (Mg, Sr, Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca) of aragonitic bivalve shells (Arctica islandica). Comparison of ICP-OES and LA-ICP-MS data

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Schoene, Bernd R.; Zhang, Zengjie; Jacob, Dorrit; Soldate, Analia; Gillikin, David P.; Tuetken, Thomas; Garbe-Shoenberg, Dieter; McConnaughey, Ted

2010-01-01

The element chemistry of biogenic carbonates can provide important data on past environments. However, the Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios as well as the Mg and Sr concentrations of biological carbonates, especially aragonitic bivalves often depart from apparent thermodynamic equilibrium. When measured in situ by means of LA-ICP-MS, the Mg concentration is often substantially enriched (two- to threefold) near the organic-rich, annual growth lines. To test the hypothesis that some organic components exert a major influence on the skeletal metal content, the element chemistry of different shell components (insoluble organic matrix, IOM; dissolved CaCO 3 and soluble organics, SOM) of Arctica islandica was measured by means of ICP-OES and LA-ICP-MS. The ICP-OES data indicate that the IOM is strongly enriched in Mg (130 ppm) and depleted in Sr and Ca (10 ppm and 0.22 wt%, respectively) when compared to the whole biomineral (Mg: 68 to 99 ppm, Sr: 860 to 1,060 ppm, Ca: ∼35.72 wt%). Although the average relative abundance of the IOM barely exceeds 0.46 wt%, its chemical composition in combination with its heterogeneous distribution across the shell can significantly increase estimates of the Mg concentration if measured in situ by LA-ICP-MS. Depending on the distribution of the IOM, the Ca concentration may be significantly lower locally than the average Ca concentration of the whole shell (35.72 wt%). If this remains undetected, the Mg concentration of shell portions with higher than average IOM content is overestimated by LA-ICP-MS and, conversely, the Mg concentration is underestimated in shell portions with lower than average IOM content. Removal of the IOM prior to the chemical analysis by LA-ICP-MS or mathematical correction for the IOM-derived magnesium concentrations is therefore strongly advised. The different chemistry of the IOM may also exert a major control on the trace element to calcium ratios. Shell portions enriched in IOM will show up to 200 times higher Mg/Ca

Development of graphite foam infiltrated with MgCl 2 for a latent heat based thermal energy storage (LHTES) system

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Singh, Dileep; Kim, Taeil; Zhao, Weihuan; Yu, Wenhua; France, David M.

2016-08-01

Thermal energy storage (TES) systems that are compatible with high temperature power cycles for concentrating solar power (CSP) require high temperature media for transporting and storing thermal energy. To that end, TES systems have been proposed based on the latent heat of fusion of the phase change materials (PCMs). However, PCMs have relatively low thermal conductivities. In this paper, use of high-thermal-conductivity graphite foam infiltrated with a PCM (MgCl2) has been investigated as a potential TES system. Graphite foams with two porosities were infiltrated with MgCl2. The infiltrated composites were evaluated for density, heat of fusion, melting/freezing temperatures, and thermal diffusivities. Estimated thermal conductivities of MgCl2/graphite foam composites were significantly higher than those of MgCl2 alone over the measured temperature range. Furthermore, heat of fusion, melting/freezing temperatures, and densities showed comparable values to those of pure MgCl2. Results of this study indicate that MgCl2/graphite foam composites show promise as storage media for a latent heat thermal energy storage system for CSP applications.

Features of the core-valence luminescence and electron energy band structure of A1-xCsxCaCl3 (A = K,Rb) crystals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chornodolskyy, Ya; Stryganyuk, G; Syrotyuk, S; Voloshinovskii, A; Rodnyi, P

2007-01-01

From luminescence spectroscopy of CsCaCl 3 , Rb 1-x Cs x CaCl 3 and K 1-x Cs x CaCl 3 crystals, we have found evidence for intrinsic and impurity core-valence luminescence due to the radiative recombination of valence electrons with the holes of intrinsic or impurity 5p Cs + core states. The structural similarity of core-valence luminescence spectra has been revealed for the A 1-x Cs x CaCl 3 (A = K,Rb) crystals investigated. The electron energy structure of the CsCaCl 3 crystal has been calculated using the pseudopotential approach taking into account the gradient corrections for the exchange-correlation energy. The calculated density of the electronic states of CsCaCl 3 has been compared with corresponding parameters obtained from the analysis of core-valence luminescence spectra

Eocene greenhouse climate revealed by coupled clumped isotope-Mg/Ca thermometry.

Science.gov (United States)

Evans, David; Sagoo, Navjit; Renema, Willem; Cotton, Laura J; Müller, Wolfgang; Todd, Jonathan A; Saraswati, Pratul Kumar; Stassen, Peter; Ziegler, Martin; Pearson, Paul N; Valdes, Paul J; Affek, Hagit P

2018-02-06

Past greenhouse periods with elevated atmospheric CO 2 were characterized by globally warmer sea-surface temperatures (SST). However, the extent to which the high latitudes warmed to a greater degree than the tropics (polar amplification) remains poorly constrained, in particular because there are only a few temperature reconstructions from the tropics. Consequently, the relationship between increased CO 2 , the degree of tropical warming, and the resulting latitudinal SST gradient is not well known. Here, we present coupled clumped isotope (Δ 47 )-Mg/Ca measurements of foraminifera from a set of globally distributed sites in the tropics and midlatitudes. Δ 47 is insensitive to seawater chemistry and therefore provides a robust constraint on tropical SST. Crucially, coupling these data with Mg/Ca measurements allows the precise reconstruction of Mg/Ca sw throughout the Eocene, enabling the reinterpretation of all planktonic foraminifera Mg/Ca data. The combined dataset constrains the range in Eocene tropical SST to 30-36 °C (from sites in all basins). We compare these accurate tropical SST to deep-ocean temperatures, serving as a minimum constraint on high-latitude SST. This results in a robust conservative reconstruction of the early Eocene latitudinal gradient, which was reduced by at least 32 ± 10% compared with present day, demonstrating greater polar amplification than captured by most climate models.

Comparison of Ca2+ and Mg2+ enhancing aerobic granulation in SBR

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Liu Lin; Gao Dawen; Zhang Min; Fu Yuan

2010-01-01

Two sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) were operated to investigate the effect of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ augmentation on aerobic granulation. Reactor R1 was augmented with Ca 2+ at 40 mg/L, while Mg 2+ was added to the reactor R2 with 40 mg/L. Results showed that the reactor R1 had a faster granulation process compared with R2, and the mature granules in R1 showed better physical characteristics. However, the mature granules in R2 had the higher production yield of polysaccharides and proteins, and aerobic granules in R2 experienced a faster substrate biodegradation. Microbial and genetic characteristics in mature granules were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) techniques. The results revealed that Mg 2+ addition led to higher microbial diversity in mature granules. In addition, an uncultured bacterium (AB447697) was major specie in R1, and β-proteobacterium was dominant in R2. It can be concluded that Ca 2+ had an important effect on physical properties of aerobic granules, while Mg 2+ played a key role on biological properties during the sludge granulation.

Effects of chlorides on the hydration of 12CaO{center_dot}7Al2O3 solid solution

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sango, H.; Miyakawa, T.; Yasue, T.; Arai, Y. [Nihon Univ., Tokyo (Japan). Faculty of Science and Engineering

1995-01-01

The purpose of this paper was to compare the hydration rate of C12A7ss and to study the effects of chlorides on the hydration products and the hydration rate of C12A7ss. In this paper, `C12A7ss` is a general term for C11A7{center_dot}Ca(OH)2, 11CaO{center_dot}7Al2O3{center_dot}CaF2 and 11CaO{center_dot}7Al2O3{center_dot}CaCl2. The hydration process and the hydration rate of 12CaO{center_dot}7Al2O3 solution (C12A7ss) with and without various chlorides (CaCl2, MgCl2, NaCl, NH4Cl and AlCl3) has been determined at 25{degree}C. Various C12A7ss were prepared in burning method. When C12A7ss with various chlorides are hydrated, 3CaO{center_dot} Al2O3{center_dot}CaCl2{center_dot}10H2O(Friedel`s salt) is formed as the primary hydrate. The hydration rate of C12A7ss is decreased by the coexistence of CaCl2, MgCl2, NaCl or NH4Cl except AlCl3. As a result, the setting time of C12A7ss is extended and the unhydrate exists for a long time comparatively. 14 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.

Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca in Glycymeris glycymeris (Bivalvia) shells from the Iberian upwelling system: Ontogeny and environmental control

Science.gov (United States)

Freitas, Pedro; Richardson, Christopher; Chenery, Simon; Monteiro, Carlos; Butler, Paul; Reynolds, David; Scourse, James; Gaspar, Miguel

2017-04-01

Bivalve shells have a great potential as high-resolution geochemical proxy archives of marine environmental conditions. In addition, sclerochronology of long-lived bivalve species (e.g. Arctica islandica) provides a timeline of absolutely dated shell material for geochemical analysis that can extend into the past beyond the lifetime of single individuals through the use of replicated crossmatched centennial to millennial chronologies. However, the interpretation of such records remains extremely challenging and complex, with multiple environmental and biological processes affecting element incorporation in the shell (e.g. crystal fabrics, organic matrix, biomineralization mechanisms and physiological processes). As a result, the effective use of bivalve shell elemental/Ca ratios as palaeoenvironmental proxies has been limited, often to species-specific applications or applications restricted to particular environmental settings. The dog-cockle, Glycymeris glycymeris, is a relatively long-lived bivalve (up to 200 years) that occurs in coarse-grained subtidal sediments of coastal shelf seas of Europe and North West Africa. Glycymeris glycymeris shells provide a valuable, albeit not fully explored, archive to reconstruct past environmental variability in an area lacking sclerochronological studies due to the rarity of long-lived bivalves and lack of coral reefs. In this study, we evaluate the potential of Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios in G. glycymeris shells as geochemical proxies of upwelling conditions in the Iberian Upwelling System, the northern section of the Canary Current Eastern Boundary Upwelling System. Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca generally co-varied significantly and a clear ontogenetic, non-environmental related change in Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca variability was observed. High Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios in older shells (> 10 years old) were found to be associated with the occurrence of growth lines deposited during the winter reduction in shell growth. Nevertheless, Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca

Preparation of 45Ca(HDEHP)n and (CaH1502)2 samples for liquid scintillation counting, compared to 45caCl2 results

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rodriguez, L.; Arcos, J. M. los; Grau Malonda, A.

1994-01-01

A procedure for preparation of liquid scintillation counting organic samples of the Di-2-ethylhexyl phosphate calcium complex and the 2-ethylhexanoate calcium salt, labelled with 45Ca, is described. The chemical quench, the counting stability and spectral evolution of both compounds is studied in six scintillators,Toluene-alcohol, Dioxane-naphtalene, Hi safe II, Ultimate-Gold and Instagel, and compared to results obtained from a commercial solution of 4 5CaCl2. (Author) 7 refs

Thermodynamics properties of plutonium in NaCl-KCl and CaCl{sub 2} at 1073 K and in liquid gallium

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lambertin, D.; Ched' homme, S.; Bourges, G.; Pescayre, L.; Sanchez, S.; Picard, G

2004-07-01

Cadmium and bismuth metal are mostly used as solvent in nuclear pyrochemical processes and especially in actinides/lanthanides separations. Gallium metal has been chosen because no literature values are available with plutonium and its regeneration by refining at low temperature is possible. Electrochemical window of gallium metal and activity coefficient of plutonium in gallium have been determined by using potentiometric method. Secondly, the electrochemical properties of plutonium have been studied in molten equimolar NaCl/KCl and CaCl{sub 2} at 1073 K by cyclic voltammetry. The standard potentials of Pu(III)/Pu redox couple, respectively, -2,54 V and -2,51 V, led to the calculation of the activity coefficients of Pu(III). In CaCl{sub 2} the complexation of Pu(III) ions is lower and the voltage gap between Pu(III)/Pu couple and the solvent limit is higher. The new data on plutonium electrochemistry in molten chlorides and liquid gallium media combined with literature data on lanthanides suggest that gallium can be a good solvent metal for pyro-chemistry separation. (authors)

Removal of uranium and gross radioactivity from coal bottom ash by CaCl{sub 2} roasting followed by HNO{sub 3} leaching

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lei, Xuefei; Qi, Guangxia; Sun, Yinglong; Xu, Hui; Wang, Yi, E-mail: yi_wang@tsinghua.edu.cn

2014-07-15

Highlight: • Roasting the ash with CaCl{sub 2} enhanced the removal of uranium and gross radioactivity. • 87.3% of the total uranium was removed via the optimized roast-leach process. • Nearly 90% of gross α and β radioactivity was removed via the roast-leach process. • Molten CaCl{sub 2} promoted the incorporation of Ca and Al into Si-O matrices in ash. • Radionuclides were removed by the acid decomposition of newly formed silicates. - Abstract: A roast-leach method using CaCl{sub 2} and HNO{sub 3} to remove uranium and gross radioactivity in coal bottom ash was investigated. Heat treatment of the ash with 100% CaCl{sub 2} (900 °C, 2 h) significantly enhanced uranium leachability (>95%) compared with direct acid-leaching (22.6–25.5%). The removal efficiency of uranium and gross radioactivity increased steeply with increasing CaCl{sub 2} content, from 10% to 50%, and a HNO{sub 3} leaching time from 5 min to 1 h, but remained nearly constant or decreased slightly with increasing CaCl{sub 2} dosage >50% or acid-leaching time >1 h. The majority of the uranium (87.3%), gross α (92.9%) and gross β (84.9%) were removed under the optimized roast-leach conditions (50% CaCl{sub 2}, 1 M HNO{sub 3} leaching for 1 h). The mineralogical characteristics of roasted clinker indicated that molten CaCl{sub 2} promoted the incorporation of Ca into silica and silicates and resulted in its progressive susceptibility to acid attack. Uranium and other radionuclides, most likely present in the form of silicates or in association with miscellaneous silicates in the highest density fraction (>2.5 g mL{sup −1}), were probably leached out as the result of the acid decomposition of newly formed “gelatinizing silicates”.

Some studies about the NaCl:Ca2+ :Mn2+ and NaCl: Cd2+ :Mn2+ dosemeters

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Verdiguel G, H.; Flores J, C.; Camarillo G, E.; Espejel P, R.; Cabrera B, E.; Hernandez A, J.; Murrieta S, H.; Cruz Z, E.; Ramos B, S.; Negron, A.

2002-01-01

Nowadays, a great interest by counting with dosemeters of characteristics such as a high stability, of easy operation and easier production exists. Looking for a commitment with all these characteristics,a possibility to use the system NaCl: Ca 2+ :Mn 2+ and NaCl: Cd 2+ :Mn 2+ as dosemeters was studied. The studies were realized irradiating with gamma radiation from a 60 Co source. The crystals that were used as samples did not suffer any thermal treatment previous to irradiation. The supplied doses were 10, 30, 60, 100, 300, and 600 rads. 24 hours after irradiation the thermoluminescent response was obtained. In the case of the system NaCl: Ca 2+ :Mn 2+ several thermoluminescent bands were observed (BTL). Two concentrations of Mn 2+ with only one concentration of Ca 2+ (1%) were studied. For the case of the smaller concentration of Mn 2+ (0.1%) 4 BTL were observed, whereas for a greater concentration (0.3%) just 2 BTL were detected. The positions of the maximum of the BTL peaks differ for both concentrations, this possible due to what the nature of the traps for both cases differs by the type of precipitates present in the net. For the case of the system NaCl: Cd 2+ (1%) :Mn 2+ (0.1% and 0.5%) a similar situation to the previous was found, although in this case for both manganese concentrations just 2 BTL were observed; however all the peaks seem to be the superposition of several bands. Despite the apparent complexity of the thermoluminescent response, such response as function of the dose shows that both systems present a stable response to gamma radiation in the interval from 10 to 600 rads. In the case of calcium it is had a response of linear type of the Tl intensity depending on the dose, whereas for the cadmium system a supra linear response seems to exist. Nowadays, studies for determining the BTL origin being carried out. (Author)

Analysis of Ca and Mg in blood of golden hamster using NAA technique

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Aguiar, Rodrigo O.; Zamboni, Cibele B.; Medeiros, Jose A.G.

2009-01-01

Neutron activation analysis (NAA) technique has been used to determine simultaneously Ca and Mg concentrations in whole blood of Golden Hamster. The reference values for Ca (0.17 - 0.29 gL -1 ) and Mg (0.042 - 0.074 gL -1 ) can be used to performed biochemistry investigation using whole blood. (author)

Penggunaan Hot Water Treatment dan CaCl2 untuk Mencegah Kerusakan Fisiologis Buah Belimbing (Averrhoa carambola L.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Siti Trinurasih

2013-04-01

Full Text Available Demand and productivity of starfruit have been increased every year. With that potency, starfruit could determined as national fruit commodityto be exported. One of the obstacle that encountered by fruit export from Indonesia was the high attack of pest or fruit fly which caused many fruit do not qualify in the quarantine process. Moreover, the problem of postharvest handling should be more focused because the starfruit was perishable commodity. In this research, postharvest handling was combination of hot water treatment and soaking in CaCl2 solution. This research used starfruit variety of Dewi with ripeness index of level 4. Samples treated with hot water treatment (HWT with three levels (35oC for 60’; 45oC for 40’ and 55oC for 15’. After HWT, samples treated with soaking in CaCl2 solution at three level treatments (60’; 40’; dan 20’. The results showed that HWT was very significantly affected on overall starfruit quality during storage, whereas treatment of soaking in CaCl2 solution wasn’t significantly affected on starfruit quality. Meanwhile, combination of HWT and CaCl2 were significantly affected to respiration rate, weight shrinkage, brightness level, yellow-blue pulp level, and panelists acceptance toward flavor and aroma. Treatment of HWT 55ºC for 15 minutes, softening of fruit pulp cannot be avoided because of the heat injury. Combination of HWT 45ºC for 40 minutes and 4% CaCl2 for 60 minutes can maintain quality till 24th day panelist acceptance test.

Synthesis and identification of substituted Mg-Al-Cl double hydroxide compounds with a focus on infrared spectroscopy; Synthese und Identifizierung von substituierten Mg-Al-Cl Doppelhydroxidverbindungen mit Schwerpunkt IR-Spektroskopie

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hansen, Birte

2011-07-01

On the basis of the political decision that there should be no reprocessing of spent research reactor fuel elements (RR-FE) in Germany, direct disposal in deep geological formations is under discussion. The RR-FE are classified as heat-generating high-level radioactive waste and their disposal is aspired preferential in salt formations. A possible accident scenario for long-term safety analysis in a salt repository is a water ingress, whereby highly concentrated salt brines will arise. Leaching experiments with irradiated and unirradiated metallic UAl{sub x}-Al- and uranium-silicide RR-FE in repository-relevant solutions, such as clay pore water (Mont-Terri-Type) or MgCl{sub 2}-rich salt brine (brine 2) were therefore undertaken at the institute of energy research (department safety research and reactor technology, IEF-6) of the Research Centre Juelich (Curtius et al., 2006). Under the test conditions the RR-FE corroded completely within one year and the contained radionuclides were mobilized primary. But most of the radionuclides were immobilized again by the secondary phases formation (corrosion products) showing that these secondary phases act as a near-field barrier against radionuclide migration (Bruecher et al., 2001). A Mg-Al-Cl layered double hydroxide (LDH) was identified as a crystalline component of the secondary phases arisen from the non irradiated RR-FE in brine 2 (Mazeina et al., 2003). Structurally, the LDHs are composed of brucite-like layers, in which some of the divalent cations are replaced isomorphously by trivalent cations (Reichle, 1986). The resultant positive charge excess is compensated by anions in the interlayer. Water is also present in the interlayer. LDHs have attracted attention recently because of their especial layered structures and their large anion exchange capacities of up to 3 meq/g (Miyata, 1983). Due to the large anion exchange capacities they are used e.g. in order to separate heavy metals. LDHs can be synthesized readily

Synthesis, single-crystal structure determination and Raman spectrum of Ca{sub 2.57(4)}Sr{sub 0.43(4)}Cl{sub 2}[CBN

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Reckeweg, Olaf; DiSalvo, Francis J. [Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States). Dept. of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Schulz, Armin [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Festkoerperforschung, Stuttgart (Germany)

2017-05-01

Solid-state reaction of Ca, CaCl{sub 2}, Sr, SrCl{sub 2}, C and BN at 900 C for 3 days yielded transparent red needles of Ca{sub 2.57(4)}Sr{sub 0.43(4)}Cl{sub 2}[CBN] as minority product (<10%) mixed with crystals of isotypic yellow Ca{sub 3}Cl{sub 2}[CBN] and orange Sr{sub 3}Cl{sub 2}[CBN]. Ca{sub 2.57(4)}Sr{sub 0.43(4)}Cl{sub 2}[CBN] crystallizes in the space group Pnma (no.62) with the unit cell parameters of a=1389.2(6), b=386.05(15) and c=1131.2(4)pm (Z=4). The Raman spectrum confirms the presence of the [CBN]{sup 4-} unit. The incremental volume of the [CBN]{sup 4-} is calculated to be 50.7(10) Aa{sup 3}.

Evaluation of zinc toxicity in soils by means of the CaCl/sub 2/ method

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Merkel, D; Koester, W

1976-01-01

Soils in the valleys of the rivers Innerste and Oker, north of the Harz mountains, are seriously contaminated by heavy metals. Above all high zinc contents cause severe plant damages. They are like injuries caused by air pollution in the environment of smelting-houses. Usually the heavy metal content of the soil is estimated by extraction with diluted acids, e.g., 0.43 N HNO/sub 3/. In this way nearly the whole zinc store is recorded. For an evaluation of the plant available zinc content we extracted contaminated soils with 0.025 N CaCl/sub 2/. This procedure records the influence of soil properties on the plant availability of the zinc like pH value and clay content. With 0.43 NHNO/sub 3/ 260-7500 ppM zinc were estimated. The maximum content of the CaCl/sub 2/ solution was 109 ppM. Cereals at stage of shooting contained 68-1210 ppM (DM), sugar beet leaves 72-812 ppM (DM). The CaCl/sub 2/ method brought about a closer relationship between soils and plants compared with the HNO/sub 3/ method. Beyond it these method permits the establishment of a preliminary toxicity limit which is supposed in the range of 1 ppM. The percent quota of Zn-CaCl/sub 2/ on Zn-HNO/sub 3/ as a measure of the zinc availability was closely related to the pH value of the soil. The relationship was closer the more soils with lower pH values were present, but there was an essential relationship even at pH levels above 7.0. In the environment of a smelting-house the zinc content of plants was closer related to Zn-HNO/sub 3/ compared with Zn-CaCl/sub 2/. In this case the zinc content of the plants was partly caused by the zinc pollution. But at increasing pH value of the soil even here the availability of the soil zinc decreased too. 33 references.

Analysis of Ca and Mg in blood of golden hamster using NAA technique

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Aguiar, Rodrigo O.; Zamboni, Cibele B.; Medeiros, Jose A.G. [Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN/SP), Sao Paulo, SP (Brazil)], e-mail: rodrigoaguiar@usp.br, e-mail: czamboni@ipen.br, e-mail: jageiros@yahoo.com.br

2009-07-01

Neutron activation analysis (NAA) technique has been used to determine simultaneously Ca and Mg concentrations in whole blood of Golden Hamster. The reference values for Ca (0.17 - 0.29 gL{sup -1} ) and Mg (0.042 - 0.074 gL{sup -1} ) can be used to performed biochemistry investigation using whole blood. (author)

Microstructure, Tensile Properties, and Corrosion Behavior of Die-Cast Mg-7Al-1Ca- xSn Alloys

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Feng; Dong, Haikuo; Sun, Shijie; Wang, Zhi; Mao, Pingli; Liu, Zheng

2018-02-01

The microstructure, tensile properties, and corrosion behavior of die-cast Mg-7Al-1Ca- xSn ( x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 wt.%) alloys were studied using OM, SEM/EDS, tensile test, weight loss test, and electrochemical test. The experimental results showed that Sn addition effectively refined grains and intermetallic phases and increased the amount of intermetallic phases. Meanwhile, Sn addition to the alloys suppressed the formation of the (Mg,Al)2Ca phase and resulted in the formation of the ternary CaMgSn phase and the binary Mg2Sn phase. The Mg-7Al-1Ca-0.5Sn alloy exhibited best tensile properties at room temperature, while Mg-7Al-1Ca-1.0Sn alloy exhibited best tensile properties at elevated temperature. The corrosion resistance of studied alloys was improved by the Sn addition, and the Mg-7Al-1Ca-0.5Sn alloy presented the best corrosion resistance.

Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca as novel geochemical proxies for understanding sediment transport processes within coral reefs

Science.gov (United States)

Gacutan, J.; Vila-Concejo, A.; Nothdurft, L. D.; Fellowes, T. E.; Cathey, H. E.; Opdyke, B. N.; Harris, D. L.; Hamylton, S.; Carvalho, R. C.; Byrne, M.; Webster, J. M.

2017-10-01

Sediment transport is a key driver of reef zonation and biodiversity, where an understanding of sediment dynamics gives insights into past reef processes and allows the prediction of geomorphic responses to changing environmental conditions. However, modal conditions within the back-reef seldom promote sediment transport, hence direct observation is inherently difficult. Large benthic foraminifera (LBF) have previously been employed as 'tracers' to infer sediment transport pathways on coral reefs, as their habitat is largely restricted to the algal flat and post-mortem, their calcium carbonate test is susceptible to sediment transport forces into the back-reef. Foraminiferal test abundance and post-depositional test alteration have been used as proxies for sediment transport, although the resolution of these measures becomes limited by low test abundance and the lack of variation within test alteration. Here we propose the novel use of elemental ratios as a proxy for sediment transport. Two species, Baculogypsina sphaerulata and Calcarina capricornia, were analysed using a taphonomic index within One Tree and Lady Musgrave reefs, Great Barrier Reef (Australia). Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was used to determine Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca and these ratios were compared with taphonomic data. Decreases in test Mg/Ca accompany increases in Sr/Ca in specimens from algal-flat to lagoonal samples in both species, mirroring trends indicated by taphonomic values, therefore indicating a relationship with test alteration. To delineate mechanisms driving changes in elemental ratios, back-scattered electron (BSE) images, elemental mapping and in situ quantitative spot analyses by electron microprobe microanalysis (EPMA) using wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometers (WDS) were performed on un-altered algal flat and heavily abraded tests for both species. EPMA analyses reveal heterogeneity in Mg/Ca between spines and the test wall, implying the loss of

Multi-proxy Reconstructions of the Eastern Equatorial Pacific: Measuring Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca, and Li/Mg in Modern Corals Using ICP-OES

Science.gov (United States)

Cheung, A. H.; Cole, J. E.; Vetter, L.; Jimenez, G.; Thompson, D. M.; Tudhope, A. W.

2017-12-01

Sea surface temperature (SST) in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific (EEP) exhibits large variability on multiple timescales. These variations are often related to modes of climate variability that exert significant influence on global climate, such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation. However, the short length and sparsity of instrumental data in the EEP limits our ability to discern changes in this region. Geochemical signals in corals can help extend instrumental data further back in time. While δ18O and Sr/Ca are the most commonly analyzed geochemical tracers of SST in corals, they often have site-specific complications. Several alternatives (e.g., Li/Mg) have been proposed to overcome these challenges, but have yet to be applied to long climate records, in part due to the cost and time required to measure these elements. Here, we develop a new method that uses Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) to analyze Li/Mg, Sr/Ca, and Ba/Ca ratios in coral aragonite. We apply this method to two Porites spp. corals collected from the northern Galapagos archipelago (Wolf and Darwin Islands). We specifically assess the fidelity of Li/Mg and Sr/Ca to reconstruct SST, and Ba/Ca to reconstruct upwelling conditions. Our results confirm that both Li/Mg and Sr/Ca track SST. We show that despite analytical noise, downcore reconstructions of Li/Mg have the potential to provide additional information about SST that is not present in reconstructions generated from Sr/Ca alone. Skeletal Ba/Ca shows little relationship with upwelling, perhaps because of the distance of our sites from the center of upwelling in the southern Galapagos. These results demonstrate the potential for analyzing Sr, Li, Ba, Mg simultaneously in corals with a cost- and time- efficient method, which may be applied to coral paleoclimate sites worldwide.

Optical properties of NbCl5 and ZnMg intercalated graphite compounds

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jung, Eilho; Lee, Seokbae; Roh, Seulki; Kang, Jihoon; Park, Tuson; Hwang, Jungseek; Meng, Xiuqing; Tongay, Sefaattin

2014-01-01

We studied NbCl 5 and ZnMg alloy intercalated graphite compounds using an optical spectroscopy technique. These intercalated metallic graphite samples were quite challenging to obtain optical reflectance spectra since they were not flat and quite thin. By using both a new method and an in situ gold evaporation technique we were able to obtain reliable reflectance spectra of our samples in the far and mid infrared range (80–7000 cm −1 ). We extracted the optical constants including the optical conductivity and the dielectric function from the measured reflectance spectra using a Kramers–Kronig analysis. We also extracted the dc conductivity and the plasma frequencies from the optical conductivity and dielectric functions. NbCl 5 intercalated graphite samples show similar optical conductivity spectra as bare highly oriented pyrolytic graphite even though there are some differences in detail. ZnMg intercalated samples show significantly different optical conductivity spectra from the bare graphite. Optical spectroscopy is one of the most reliable experimental techniques to obtain the electronic band structures of materials. The obtained optical conductivities support the recent theoretically calculated electronic band structures of NbCl 5 and ZnMg intercalated graphite compounds. Our results also provide important information of electronic structures and charge carrier properties of these two new intercalated materials for applications. (paper)

Chemistry of Frozen NaCl and MgSO4 Brines - Implications for Surface Expression of Europa's Ocean Composition

Science.gov (United States)

Johnson, P. V.; Hodyss, R. P.; Choukroun, M.; Vu, T. H.

2015-12-01

The composition of Europa's subsurface ocean is a critical determinant of its habitability, but current analysis of the ocean composition is limited to its expression on the Europan surface. While there is observational evidence indicating that ocean materials make their way to the surface, our understanding of the chemical processes that can alter this material under Europan surface conditions is limited. We present experimental data on the chemistry of mixed solutions of NaCl and MgSO4 as they are frozen to 100 K, replicating the conditions that may occur when subsurface ocean fluids are emplaced onto Europa's surface. Confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy is used to study the formation of salts during the freezing process, and the interaction of ions in the frozen brines. Our data indicate that mixed aqueous solutions of NaCl and MgSO4 form Na2SO4 and MgCl2 preferentially when frozen, rather than making NaCl and MgSO4 precipitates. The detection of epsomite (MgSO4Ÿ•7H2O) on Europa's surface may therefore imply an ocean composition relatively low in sodium, unless radiolytic chemistry converts MgCl2 to MgSO4 as suggested by Hand and Brown 2013 (ApJ 145 110). These results have important implications for the interpretation of remote sensing data of Europa's surface.

Study of solid state interactions in the systems ZnFe2O4 - CaO, ZnFe2O4 - MgO and zinc cake with CaO and MgO

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Peltekov A.B.

2013-01-01

Full Text Available The solid state interactions of CaO and MgO with synthetic and industrial ZnFe2O4 (in zinc cake have been studied using chemical, XRD analysis and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The exchange reactions in the systems ZnFe2O4 - CaO and ZnFe2O4 - MgO have been investigated in the range of 850-1200ºC and duration up to 180 min. It has been established that Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions exchange Zn2+ in ferrite partially and the solubility of zinc in a 7% sulfuric acid solution increases. The possibilities for utilization of the obtained results in zinc hydrometallurgy have been discussed.

Formation process of micro arc oxidation coatings obtained in a sodium phytate containing solution with and without CaCO{sub 3} on binary Mg-1.0Ca alloy

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zhang, R.F. [School of Material and Electromechanics, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013 (China); Zhang, Y.Q. [Zhejiang DunAn Light Alloy Technology CO,.LTD, Zhuji 311835 (China); Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201 (China); Zhang, S.F.; Qu, B. [School of Material and Electromechanics, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013 (China); Guo, S.B. [Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201 (China); Xiang, J.H., E-mail: xiangjunhuai@163.com [School of Material and Electromechanics, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013 (China)

2015-01-15

Highlights: • Compared to the Mg phase, the area of Mg{sub 2}Ca phase is much smaller. • The coatings are preferentially developed on the area adjacent to Mg{sub 2}Ca phase. • During MAO process, some sodium phytate molecules are hydrolyzed. • Anodic coatings are developed from uneven to uniform. - Abstract: Micro arc oxidation (MAO) is an effective method to improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys. In order to reveal the influence of alloying element Ca and CaCO{sub 3} electrolyte on the formation process and chemical compositions of MAO coatings on binary Mg-1.0Ca alloy, anodic coatings after different anodizing times were prepared on binary Mg-1.0Ca alloy in a base solution containing 3 g/L sodium hydroxide and 15 g/L sodium phytate with and without addition of CaCO{sub 3}. The coating formation was studied by using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that Mg-1.0Ca alloy is composed of two phases, the Mg phase and Mg{sub 2}Ca phase. After treating for 5 s, the coating began to develop and was preferentially formed on the area nearby Mg{sub 2}Ca phase, which may be resulted from the intrinsic electronegative potential of the Mg phase than that of Mg{sub 2}Ca phase. Anodic coatings unevenly covered the total surface after 20 s. After 80 s, the coatings were uniformly developed on Mg-1.0Ca alloy with micro pores. During MAO process, some sodium phytate molecules are hydrolyzed into inorganic phosphate. CaCO{sub 3} has minor influence on the calcium content of the obtained MAO coatings.

Casein phosphopeptides and CaCl2 increase penicillin production and cause an increment in microbody/peroxisome proteins in Penicillium chrysogenum.

Science.gov (United States)

Domínguez-Santos, Rebeca; Kosalková, Katarina; García-Estrada, Carlos; Barreiro, Carlos; Ibáñez, Ana; Morales, Alejandro; Martín, Juan-Francisco

2017-03-06

Transport of penicillin intermediates and penicillin secretion are still poorly characterized in Penicillium chrysogenum (re-identified as Penicillium rubens). Calcium (Ca 2+ ) plays an important role in the metabolism of filamentous fungi, and casein phosphopeptides (CPP) are involved in Ca 2+ internalization. In this study we observe that the effect of CaCl 2 and CPP is additive and promotes an increase in penicillin production of up to 10-12 fold. Combination of CaCl 2 and CPP greatly promotes expression of the three penicillin biosynthetic genes. Comparative proteomic analysis by 2D-DIGE, identified 39 proteins differentially represented in P. chrysogenum Wisconsin 54-1255 after CPP/CaCl 2 addition. The most interesting group of overrepresented proteins were a peroxisomal catalase, three proteins of the methylcitrate cycle, two aminotransferases and cystationine β-synthase, which are directly or indirectly related to the formation of penicillin amino acid precursors. Importantly, two of the enzymes of the penicillin pathway (isopenicillin N synthase and isopenicillin N acyltransferase) are clearly induced after CPP/CaCl 2 addition. Most of these overrepresented proteins are either authentic peroxisomal proteins or microbody-associated proteins. This evidence suggests that addition of CPP/CaCl 2 promotes the formation of penicillin precursors and the penicillin biosynthetic enzymes in peroxisomes and vesicles, which may be involved in transport and secretion of penicillin. Penicillin biosynthesis in Penicillium chrysogenum is one of the best characterized secondary metabolism processes. However, the mechanism by which penicillin is secreted still remains to be elucidated. Taking into account the role played by Ca 2+ and CPP in the secretory pathway and considering the positive effect that Ca 2+ exerts on penicillin production, the analysis of global protein changes produced after CPP/CaCl 2 addition is very helpful to decipher the processes related to the

Post-Mesozoic Rapid Increase of Seawater Mg/Ca due to Enhanced Mantle-Seawater Interaction

OpenAIRE

Marco Ligi; Enrico Bonatti; Marco Cuffaro; Daniele Brunelli

2013-01-01

The seawater Mg/Ca ratio increased significantly from ~ 80?Ma to present, as suggested by studies of carbonate veins in oceanic basalts and of fluid inclusions in halite. We show here that reactions of mantle-derived peridotites with seawater along slow spreading mid-ocean ridges contributed to the post-Cretaceous Mg/Ca increase. These reactions can release to modern seawater up to 20% of the yearly Mg river input. However, no significant peridotite-seawater interaction and Mg-release to the ...

Microstructure, mechanical properties and bio-corrosion properties of Mg-Si(-Ca, Zn) alloy for biomedical application.

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Erlin; Yang, Lei; Xu, Jianwei; Chen, Haiyan

2010-05-01

Mg-Si alloy was investigated for biomedical application due to the biological function of Si in the human body. However, Mg-Si alloy showed a low ductility due to the presence of coarse Mg(2)Si. Ca and Zn elements were used to refine and modify the morphology of Mg(2)Si in order to improve the corrosion resistance and the mechanical properties. The cell toxicity of Mg, Zn and Ca metals was assessed by an MTT test. The test results indicated that increasing the concentrations of Mg, Zn and Ca ions did not cause cell toxicity, which showed that the release of these three elements would not lead to cell toxicity. Then, microstructure, mechanical properties and bio-corrosion properties of as-cast Mg-Si(-Ca, Zn) alloys were investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electronic microscopy, mechanical properties testing and electrochemical measurement. Ca element can slightly refine the grain size and the morphology Mg(2)Si phase in Mg-Si alloy. The bio-corrosion resistance of Mg-Si alloys was improved by the addition of Ca due to the reduction and refinement of Mg(2)Si phase; however, no improvement was observed in the strength and elongation. The addition of 1.6% Zn to Mg-0.6Si can modify obviously the morphology of Mg(2)Si phase from course eutectic structure to a small dot or short bar shape. As a result, tensile strength, elongation and bio-corrosion resistance were all improved significantly; especially, the elongation improved by 115.7%. It was concluded that Zn element was one of the best alloying elements of Mg-Si alloy for biomedical application. Copyright (c) 2009 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Tribological behaviors of graphite sliding against cemented carbide in CaCl2 solution

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Guo, Fei; Tian, Yu; Liu, Ying; Wang, Yuming

2015-01-01

The tribological behaviors of graphite sliding against cemented carbide were investigated using a standard tribological tester Plint TE92 in a ring-on-ring contact configuration in both CaCl 2 solution and deionized water. An interesting phenomenon occurred: as the CaCl 2 solution concentration increased, the friction coefficient firstly decreased and was lower than that in the deionized water, and then gradually increased, exceeding the friction coefficient in the deionized water. The wear rate of the ,graphite also presented the same variation trend. According to the polarization curves of cemented carbide, contact angle measurements, Raman spectrum analysis and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images analysis, the above friction and wear behaviors of graphite sliding against cemented carbide were attributed to the graphite surface wettability and the cemented carbide surface corrosion property. (paper)

Isopiestic Investigation of the Osmotic and Activity Coefficients of {yMgCl2 + (1 - y)MgSO4}(aq) and the Osmotic Coefficients of Na2SO4.MgSO4(aq) at 298.15 K

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Miladinovic, J; Ninkovic, R; Todorovic, M; Rard, J A

2007-06-06

Isopiestic vapor pressure measurements were made for {l_brace}yMgCl{sub 2} + (1-y)MgSO{sub 4}{r_brace}(aq) solutions with MgCl{sub 2} ionic strength fractions of y = 0, 0.1997, 0.3989, 0.5992, 0.8008, and (1) at the temperature 298.15 K, using KCl(aq) as the reference standard. These measurements for the mixtures cover the ionic strength range I = 0.9794 to 9.4318 mol {center_dot} kg{sup -1}. In addition, isopiestic measurements were made with NaCl(aq) as reference standard for mixtures of {l_brace}xNa{sub 2}SO{sub 4} + (1-x)MgSO{sub 4}{r_brace}(aq) with the molality fraction x = 0.50000 that correspond to solutions of the evaporite mineral bloedite (astrakanite), Na{sub 2}Mg(SO{sub 4}){sub 2} {center_dot} 4H{sub 2}O(cr). The total molalities, m{sub T} = m(Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4}) + m(MgSO{sub 4}), range from m{sub T} = 1.4479 to 4.4312 mol {center_dot} kg{sup -1} (I = 5.0677 to 15.509 mol {center_dot} kg{sup -1}), where the uppermost concentration is the highest oversaturation molality that could be achieved by isothermal evaporation of the solvent at 298.15 K. The parameters of an extended ion-interaction (Pitzer) model for MgCl2(aq) at 298.15 K, which were required for an analysis of the {l_brace}yMgCl{sub 2} + (1-y)MgSO{sub 4}{r_brace}(aq) mixture results, were evaluated up to I = 12.025 mol {center_dot} kg{sup -1} from published isopiestic data together with the six new osmotic coefficients obtained in this study. Osmotic coefficients of {l_brace}yMgCl{sub 2} + (1-y)MgSO{sub 4}{r_brace}(aq) solutions from the present study, along with critically-assessed values from previous studies, were used to evaluate the mixing parameters of the extended ion-interaction model.

A solid solution series of atacamite type Ni{sub 2x}Mg{sub 2−2x}Cl(OH){sub 3}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bette, Sebastian [TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipziger Strasse 29, Freiberg 09596 (Germany); Dinnebier, Robert E. [Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart 70569 (Germany); Röder, Christian [TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Leipziger Strasse 23, Freiberg 09596 (Germany); Freyer, Daniela, E-mail: daniela.freyer@chemie.tu-freiberg.de [TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipziger Strasse 29, Freiberg 09596 (Germany)

2015-08-15

For the first time a complete solid solution series Ni{sub 2x}Mg{sub 2−2x}Cl(OH){sub 3} of an atacamite type alkaline main group metal chloride, Mg{sub 2}Cl(OH){sub 3}, and a transition group metal chloride, Ni{sub 2}Cl(OH){sub 3}, was prepared and characterized by chemical and thermal analysis as well as by Raman and IR spectroscopy, and high resolution laboratory X-ray powder diffraction. All members of the solid solution series crystallize in space group Pnam (62). The main building units of these crystal structures are distorted, edge-linked Ni/MgO{sub 4}Cl{sub 2} and Ni/MgO{sub 5}Cl octahedra. The distribution of Ni{sup 2+}- and Mg{sup 2+}-ions among these two metal-sites within the solid solution series is discussed in detail. The crystallization of the solid solution phases occurs via an intermediate solid solution series, (Ni/Mg)Cl{sub 2x}(OH){sub 2−2x}, with variable Cl: OH ratio up to the 1:3 ratio according to the formula Ni{sub 2x}Mg{sub 2−2x} Cl(OH){sub 3}. For one isolated intermediate solid solution member, Ni{sub 0.70}Mg{sub 0.30}Cl{sub 0.58}(OH){sub 1.42}, the formation and crystal structure is presented as well. - Graphical abstract: For the first time a complete solid solution series, Ni{sub 2x}Mg{sub 2−2x} Cl(OH){sub 3}, was synthesized and characterized. Structure solution by revealed that Ni{sup 2+} prefers to occupy the Jahn–Teller-like distorted hole, out of two available cation sites. Substitution of Ni{sup 2+} by Mg{sup 2+} in atacamite type Ni{sub 2}Cl(OH){sub 3} results in systematic band shifts in Raman and IR spectra as well as in systematic changes in thermal properties. The α-polymorphs M{sub 2}Cl(OH){sub 3} with M=Mg{sup 2+}, Ni{sup 2+} and other divalent transition metal ions, as described in literature, were identified as separate compounds. - Highlights: • First synthesis of solid solution series between main and transition metal chloride. • Ni{sup 2+} prefers to occupy Jahn–Teller-like distorted octahedral holes

Cellular Response to Doping of High Porosity Foamed Alumina with Ca, P, Mg, and Si

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Edwin Soh

2015-03-01

Full Text Available Foamed alumina was previously synthesised by direct foaming of sulphate salt blends varying ammonium mole fraction (AMF, foaming heating rate and sintering temperature. The optimal product was produced with 0.33AMF, foaming at 100 °C/h and sintering at 1600 °C. This product attained high porosity of 94.39%, large average pore size of 300 µm and the highest compressive strength of 384 kPa. To improve bioactivity, doping of porous alumina by soaking in dilute or saturated solutions of Ca, P, Mg, CaP or CaP + Mg was done. Saturated solutions of Ca, P, Mg, CaP and CaP + Mg were made with excess salt in distilled water and decanted. Dilute solutions were made by diluting the 100% solution to 10% concentration. Doping with Si was done using the sol gel method at 100% concentration only. Cell culture was carried out with MG63 osteosarcoma cells. Cellular response to the Si and P doped samples was positive with high cell populations and cell layer formation. The impact of doping with phosphate produced a result not previously reported. The cellular response showed that both Si and P doping improved the biocompatibility of the foamed alumina.

A study on alkaline heat treated Mg-Ca alloy for the control of the biocorrosion rate.

Science.gov (United States)

Gu, X N; Zheng, W; Cheng, Y; Zheng, Y F

2009-09-01

To reduce the biocorrosion rate by surface modification, Mg-Ca alloy (1.4wt.% Ca content) was soaked in three alkaline solutions (Na(2)HPO(4), Na(2)CO(3) and NaHCO(3)) for 24h, respectively, and subsequently heat treated at 773K for 12h. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy results revealed that magnesium oxide layers with the thickness of about 13, 9 and 26microm were formed on the surfaces of Mg-Ca alloy after the above different alkaline heat treatments. Atomic force microscopy showed that the surfaces of Mg-Ca alloy samples became rough after three alkaline heat treatments. The in vitro corrosion tests in simulated body fluid indicated that the corrosion rates of Mg-Ca alloy were effectively decreased after alkaline heat treatments, with the following sequence: NaHCO(3) heatedMg-Ca alloy samples induced toxicity to L-929 cells during 7days culture.

Effects of administration of potassium- and sodiumchlorides on faecal excretions and salivary and alimentary concentrations of, Na, K, 134Cs, Ca, Mg and P in reindeer fed a lichen diet

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Hans Staaland

1998-02-01

Full Text Available A comparison of the effects of administration of 350 mmol d-1 of KC1 or NaCl on faecal excretions, salivary concentrations and concentrations and pools of Na, K, 134Cs, Ca, Mg, P, and water in the alimentary tract of reindeer was carried out using three groups of three 10 months old reindeer fed a lichen diet. One group was used as a control group with no mineral supplementation. The level of K supplementation mimicked K intakes from summer pastures. NaCl was given at a rate which would mimic intake from salt licks by domestic ruminants of similar body size. Treatment with KC1 increased the salivary and alimentary concentrations and the alimentary pool sizes of K and faecal excretion of K increased. A decrease in l34Cs concentrations in all parts of the gastrointestinal tract indicated greater absorption of 134Cs during the KC1 treatment than in NaCl treated and control animals. Increased intake of Na or K had no significant effect on the digestibility of the lichen diet, but urine production increased. Little effects on pools or concentrations of Ca, Mg and P were observed. NaCl treatment increased urinary and faecal excretion of Na, but did not affect the metabolism of any of the other studied minerals.

Growth, structure and magnetic properties of FePt nanostructures on NaCl(001) and MgO(001)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Liscio, F; Maret, M; Doisneau-Cottignies, B; Makarov, D; Albrecht, M; Roussel, H

2010-01-01

A comparison of the structural and magnetic properties of FePt nanostructures grown at different temperatures on NaCl(001) and MgO(001) substrates is presented. A strong influence of the deposition temperature on the epitaxial growth as well as on the size distribution of FePt nanostructures grown on NaCl substrates is observed. In spite of a large lattice mismatch between FePt and NaCl, a 'cube-over-cube' growth of nanostructures with a narrow size distribution was achieved at 520 K. Moreover, the growth of FePt nanostructures on NaCl(001) is not preceded by the formation of a wetting layer as observed on MgO(001). The higher degree of L1 0 chemical ordering in FePt nanostructures grown on MgO(001) accompanied by the absence of L1 0 variants with an in-plane tetragonal c-axis indicates that the tensile epitaxial stress induced by the MgO substrate is a key factor in the formation of the L1 0 phase with an out-of-plane c-axis. Superparamagnetic behavior is revealed for the FePt nanostructures grown on NaCl(001) due to their small size and relatively poor chemical order.

Improved CO_2 adsorption capacity and cyclic stability of CaO sorbents incorporated with MgO

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Farah Diana Mohd Daud; Kumaravel Vignesh; Srimala Sreekantan; Abdul Rahman Mohamed

2016-01-01

Calcium oxide (CaO) sorbents incorporated with magnesium oxide (MgO) were synthesized using a co-precipitation route. The sorbents were prepared with different MgO concentrations (from 5 wt% to 30 wt%). The as-prepared sorbents were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and BET surface area analysis techniques. The sintering effect of CaO sorbents was decreased after the incorporation of MgO. The sorbents with 5 wt% and 10 wt% of MgO retained their CO_2 adsorption capacity over multiple cycles. Most importantly, CaO with 10 wt% MgO showed constant CO_2 adsorption capacity over 30 carbonation cycles. The results revealed that CaO with 10 wt% MgO is sufficient to produce sorbents with high surface area, good structural stability and enhanced CO_2 adsorption capacity. (authors)

(Solid + liquid) phase equilibria of (Ca(H2PO2)2 + CaCl2 + H2O) and (Ca(H2PO2)2 + NaH2PO2 + H2O) ternary systems at T = 323.15 K

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cao, Hong-yu; Zhou, Huan; Bai, Xiao-qin; Ma, Ruo-xin; Tan, Li-na; Wang, Jun-min

2016-01-01

Graphical abstract: Solubility diagram of the (Ca(H 2 PO 2 ) 2 + NaH 2 PO 2 + H 2 O) system at T = (323.15 and 298.15) K. - Highlights: • Phase diagrams of Ca 2+ -H 2 PO 2 − -Cl − -H 2 O, Ca 2+ -Na + -H 2 PO 2 − -H 2 O at 323.15 K were obtained. • Incompatible double salt of NaCa(H 2 PO 2 ) 3 in Ca 2+ -Na + -H 2 PO 2 − -H 2 O system was determined. • Density diagram of the corresponding liquid were simultaneously measured. - Abstract: Calcium hypophosphite has been widely used as an anti-corrosive agent, flame retardant, fertilizer, assistant for Ni electroless plating, and animal nutritional supplement. High purity calcium hypophosphite can be synthesized via the replacement reaction of sodium hypophosphite and calcium chloride. In this work, the (solid + liquid) phase equilibria of (Ca(H 2 PO 2 ) 2 + CaCl 2 + H 2 O) and (Ca(H 2 PO 2 ) 2 + NaH 2 PO 2 + H 2 O) ternary systems at T = 323.15 K were studied experimentally via the classical isothermal solubility equilibrium method, and the phase diagrams for these two systems were obtained. It was found that two solid salts of CaCl 2 ·2H 2 O and Ca(H 2 PO 2 ) 2 exist in the (Ca(H 2 PO 2 ) 2 + CaCl 2 + H 2 O) system, and three salts of Ca(H 2 PO 2 ) 2 , NaH 2 PO 2 ·H 2 O and one incompatible double salt, NaCa(H 2 PO 2 ) 3 occur in the (Ca(H 2 PO 2 ) 2 + NaH 2 PO 2 + H 2 O) system.

Structure of Na2O·MO·SiO2·CaF2 (M=Mg, Ca) oxyfluoride glasses

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cheng Jinshu; Deng Wei; Wang Mitang

2012-01-01

(9-x)CaO·xMgO·15Na 2 O·60SiO 2 ·16CaF 2 (x=0, 2, 4, 6, and 9) oxyfluoride glasses were prepared. Utilizing the Raman scattering technique together with 29 Si and 19 F MAS NMR, the effect of alkaline metal oxides on the Q species of glass was characterized. Raman results show that as magnesia is added at the expense of calcium oxide, the disproportional reaction Q 3 →Q 4 +Q 2 (Q n is a SiO 4 tetrahedron with n bridging oxygens) prompted due to the high ionic field strength of magnesia, magnesium oxide entered into the silicate network as tetrahedral MgO 4 , and removed other modifying ions for charge compensation. This reaction was confirmed by 29 Si MAS NMR. 19 F MAS NMR results show that fluorine exists in the form of mixed calcium sodium fluoride species in all glasses and no Si-F bonds were formed. As CaO is gradually replaced by MgO (x=6, 9), a proportion of the magnesium ions combines with fluorine to form the MgF + species. Meanwhile, some part of Na + ions complex F - in the form of F-Na(6).

Study on MnCl_2/CaCl_2–NH_3 two-stage solid sorption freezing cycle for refrigerated trucks at low engine load in summer

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gao, P.; Zhang, X.F.; Wang, L.W.; Wang, R.Z.; Li, D.P.; Liang, Z.W.; Cai, A.F.

2016-01-01

Graphical abstract: A MnCl_2/CaCl_2–NH_3 two-stage solid sorption freezing cycle driven by the engine exhaust gas is proposed for refrigerated trucks. - Highlights: • A two-stage adsorption freezing system is designed and constructed for the refrigerated truck. • Composite adsorbents of MnCl_2 and CaCl_2 with the matrix of ENG-TSA are developed. • The average refrigerating capacity of 2.2 kW in the adsorption process is obtained. • The chilled air outlet temperature of the evaporator is controlled at about −5 °C. • The COP is 0.13 when the heating and refrigerating temperatures are 230 °C and −5 °C. - Abstract: A novel MnCl_2/CaCl_2–NH_3 two-stage solid sorption freezing cycle is designed and established for the refrigerated truck with the rated power of 80 kW. The conventional sorption/desorption process and the resorption process are combined in the two-stage cycle. Theoretical analysis shows that such a cycle could adapt to the low heat source temperature and the high cooling temperature of the sorption beds very well, which is quite essential for the truck when the running speed and the load are low in summer. The expanded natural graphite treated with sulfuric acid (ENG-TSA) is chosen as the matrix, and composite adsorbents of MnCl_2/ENG-TSA and CaCl_2/ENG-TSA are developed. The hot air heated by the electric heater is used to simulate the engine exhaust gas to drive the system. When the hot air, the ambient air and the refrigerating temperature are 230 °C, 30 °C and −5 °C, respectively, the average refrigerating capacity is 2.2 kW in the sorption process. Correspondingly, the COP and SCP are 0.13 and 91.7 W/kg, respectively. The average refrigerating capacity of 1.1 kW in one cycle is gotten, which could meet the required refrigerating capacity of the light refrigerated truck at the low engine load engine in summer.

On chlorization of uranium and plutonium oxides in NaCl-KCl-MgCl2 molten eutectic

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Vorobej, M.P.; Desyatnik, V.N.; Pirogov, S.M.

1978-01-01

The chlorination process of U 3 O 8 , UO 2 , and PuO 2 in a melt of anhydrous NaCl-KCl-MgCl 2 with gaseous chlorine and carbon tetrachloride has been studied. The chlorination rate of uranium oxides has been studied within a temperature range 500-800 deg C at a chlorine feeding rate of 10 ml/min. Thermoqravimetric and X-ray analyses have shown that K 2 UO 2 Cl 4 compound is the final product of chlorination of uranium oxides. The mechanism of chlorination has been proposed. THe rate of PuO 2 chlorination has been studied within the same temperature range. It has been established that PuO 2 is readily chlorinated with CCl 4 vapours at a feeding rate of 10 ml/min. In contrast to uranium, chloride forms of plutonium in a highest oxidized state are unstable and are reduced in the melt to Pu(3) and Pu(4). The oxygen being released is retained by CCl 4 and by the products of CCl 4 pyrolysis

Creep characteristics of a hypoeutectic Mg-Ca binary alloy with a near-fully lamellar microstructure

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Terada, Yoshihiro; Tsukahara, Masashi; Shibayama, Atsushi; Murata, Yoshinori; Morinaga, Masahiko

2011-01-01

Highlights: → We develop a hypoeutectic Mg-Ca cast alloy with a near-fully lamellar microstructure. → Dislocations are introduced within the lamellar microstructure during casting. → The dislocation segments in the α-Mg plates are located on the basal planes. → Creep of the alloy is ascribed to the easy glide of the introduced dislocations. -- The creep behavior of a hypoeutectic Mg-14.8 mass% Ca cast alloy with an α-Mg/C14-Mg 2 Ca near-fully lamellar microstructure was investigated at 473 K. Transmission electron microscopy shows that dislocations are introduced within the lamellar microstructure of the alloy during casting; the dislocation segments in the α-Mg plates are located on basal planes. The stress exponent of the creep rate is unity in the early stage of transient creep. Creep deformation of the alloy is ascribed to the easy glide of the introduced dislocations.

Biocompatibility and bioactivity of porous polymer-derived Ca-Mg silicate ceramics.

Science.gov (United States)

Fiocco, L; Li, S; Stevens, M M; Bernardo, E; Jones, J R

2017-03-01

Magnesium is a trace element in the human body, known to have important effects on cell differentiation and the mineralisation of calcified tissues. This study aimed to synthesise highly porous Ca-Mg silicate foamed scaffolds from preceramic polymers, with analysis of their biological response. Akermanite (Ak) and wollastonite-diopside (WD) ceramic foams were obtained from the pyrolysis of a liquid silicone mixed with reactive fillers. The porous structure was obtained by controlled water release from selected fillers (magnesium hydroxide and borax) at 350°C. The homogeneous distribution of open pores, with interconnects of modal diameters of 160-180μm was obtained and maintained after firing at 1100°C. Foams, with porosity exceeding 80%, exhibited compressive strength values of 1-2MPa. In vitro studies were conducted by immersion in SBF for 21days, showing suitable dissolution rates, pH and ionic concentrations. Cytotoxicity analysis performed in accordance with ISO10993-5 and ISO10993-12 standards confirmed excellent biocompatibility of both Ak and WD foams. In addition, MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on the Mg-containing scaffolds demonstrated enhanced osteogenic differentiation and the expression of osteogenic markers including Collagen Type I, Osteopontin and Osteocalcin, in comparison to Mg-free counterparts. The results suggest that the addition of magnesium can further enhance the bioactivity and the potential for bone regeneration applications of Ca-silicate materials. Here, we show that the incorporation of Mg in Ca-silicates plays a significant role in the enhancement of the osteogenic differentiation and matrix formation of MC3T3-E1 cells, cultured on polymer-derived highly porous scaffolds. Reduced degradation rates and improved mechanical properties are also observed, compared to Mg-free counterparts, suggesting the great potential of Ca-Mg silicates as bone tissue engineering materials. Excellent biocompatibility of the new materials, in accordance to

Surface modification of an Mg-1Ca alloy to slow down its biocorrosion by chitosan

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gu, X N; Zheng, Y F; Lan, Q X; Cheng, Y; Xi, T F; Zhang, Z X; Zhang, D Y

2009-01-01

The surface morphologies before and after immersion corrosion test of various chitosan-coated Mg-1Ca alloy samples were studied to investigate the effect of chitosan dip coating on the slowdown of biocorrosion. It showed that the corrosion resistance of the Mg-Ca alloy increased after coating with chitosan, and depended on both the chitosan molecular weight and layer numbers of coating. The Mg-Ca alloy coated by chitosan with a molecular weight of 2.7 x 10 5 for six layers has smooth and intact surface morphology, and exhibits the highest corrosion resistance in a simulated body fluid.

Surface modification of an Mg-1Ca alloy to slow down its biocorrosion by chitosan

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gu, X N; Zheng, Y F; Lan, Q X [State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex System and College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871 (China); Cheng, Y; Xi, T F [Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871 (China); Zhang, Z X [Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Research Institute of Peking University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057 (China); Zhang, D Y, E-mail: gxn139888@pku.edu.c, E-mail: yfzheng@pku.edu.c, E-mail: 8lanqiuxiang@163.co, E-mail: chengyan@pku.edu.c, E-mail: top5460@163.co, E-mail: xitingfei@tom.co, E-mail: zhangdeyuan@lifetechmed.co [Lifetech Scientific (Shenzhen) Co. Ltd, Hi-Tech Park, Shenzhen 518000 (China)

2009-08-15

The surface morphologies before and after immersion corrosion test of various chitosan-coated Mg-1Ca alloy samples were studied to investigate the effect of chitosan dip coating on the slowdown of biocorrosion. It showed that the corrosion resistance of the Mg-Ca alloy increased after coating with chitosan, and depended on both the chitosan molecular weight and layer numbers of coating. The Mg-Ca alloy coated by chitosan with a molecular weight of 2.7 x 10{sup 5} for six layers has smooth and intact surface morphology, and exhibits the highest corrosion resistance in a simulated body fluid.

Surface modification of an Mg-1Ca alloy to slow down its biocorrosion by chitosan.

Science.gov (United States)

Gu, X N; Zheng, Y F; Lan, Q X; Cheng, Y; Zhang, Z X; Xi, T F; Zhang, D Y

2009-08-01

The surface morphologies before and after immersion corrosion test of various chitosan-coated Mg-1Ca alloy samples were studied to investigate the effect of chitosan dip coating on the slowdown of biocorrosion. It showed that the corrosion resistance of the Mg-Ca alloy increased after coating with chitosan, and depended on both the chitosan molecular weight and layer numbers of coating. The Mg-Ca alloy coated by chitosan with a molecular weight of 2.7 x 10(5) for six layers has smooth and intact surface morphology, and exhibits the highest corrosion resistance in a simulated body fluid.

Concentration quenching of Eu{sup 2+} doped Ca{sub 2}BO{sub 3}Cl

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Seed Ahmed, H.A.A. [Department of Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, ZA 9300 (South Africa); Department of Physics, University of Khartoum, Khartoum (Sudan); Swart, H.C. [Department of Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, ZA 9300 (South Africa); Bergman, Peber [Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping (Sweden); Kroon, R.E., E-mail: KroonRE@Uufs.ac.za [Department of Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, ZA 9300 (South Africa)

2016-03-15

Highlights: • Ca{sub 2}BO{sub 3}Cl doped with Eu{sup 2+} prepared by solid state reaction. • Concentration quenching studied by intensity and lifetime measurements. • Accurate determination of the critical transfer distance. • Interaction mechanism verified to be dipole–dipole interactions. - Abstract: With the aim of determining the concentration quenching mechanism of Eu{sup 2+} doped Ca{sub 2}BO{sub 3}Cl, a series of phosphors with a varied Eu{sup 2+} concentration (Ca{sub 2−x}BO{sub 3}Cl:xEu{sup 2+}) was synthesized by the solid state reaction method. The phase structure was determined by X-ray diffraction. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements showed broad excitation and emission signatures of the allowed f–d transition of Eu{sup 2+} ions. The PL emission intensity was found to be increased by increasing the concentration of Eu{sup 2+} ions up to x = 0.03 and then decreased as a result of the concentration quenching effect. The lifetime of the emission from the Eu{sup 2+} ions was measured and the decrease in the lifetime with increasing Eu{sup 2+} concentration confirmed that non-radiative energy transfer occurred between Eu{sup 2+} ions. From the luminescence data, the value of the critical transfer distance was calculated as 1.5 nm and the corresponding concentration quenching mechanism was verified to be a dipole–dipole interaction.

Microstructure and bio-corrosion behaviour of Mg-5Zn-0.5Ca -xSr alloys as potential biodegradable implant materials

Science.gov (United States)

Yan, Li; Zhou, Jiaxing; Sun, Zhenzhou; Yang, Meng; Ma, Liqun

2018-04-01

Magnesium alloys are widely studied as biomedical implants owing to their biodegradability. In this work, novel Mg-5Zn-0.5Ca-xSr (x = 0, 0.14, 0.36, 0.50, 0.70 wt%) alloys were prepared as biomedical materials. The influence of strontium (Sr) addition on the microstructure, corrosion properties and corrosion morphology of the as-cast Mg-5Zn-0.5Ca-xSr alloys is investigated by a variety of techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and electrochemical measurements. The Sr-free alloy is composed of three phases, namely, α-Mg, CaMg2 and Ca2Mg6Zn3, while the alloys with the Sr addition consist of α-Mg, CaMg2 and Ca2Mg6Zn3 and Mg17Sr2. Corrosion experiments in Hank’s solution show that the addition of a small amount of Sr can improve the corrosion resistance of the Mg-5Zn-0.5Ca alloy. The corrosion products include Mg(OH)2, Zn(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, and HA (Ca5(PO4)3(OH)). Mg-5Zn-0.5Ca-0.36Sr alloy has the minimum weight loss rate (0.68 mm/a), minimal hydrogen evolution (0.08 ml/cm2/d) and minimum corrosion current density (7.4 μA/cm2), indicating that this alloy shows the best corrosion resistance.

Emission lines of Mg2 and Ca2 in planetary nebulae

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gurzadyan, G.A.

1979-01-01

Conditions of exciting resonance lines in the emission of ionized magnesium (lambda lambda 2796+2803 Mg2) and calcium (lambda lambda 3934+3968 Ca2) in planetary nebulae have been analyzed. It is shown that the allowed lines are excited with the same mechanism, as the forbidden lines, i.e. inelastic electron collisions, but not with common fluorescence. The emission line lambda 2800 Mg2 of enough force can be observed only in the spectra of planetary nebulae with mean excitation (IC 2149) as well as in the spectra of diffuse nebulae. The line must not be observed in high-excited planetary nebulae (NGC 7026, 7662). The absence of emission lines H and K Ca2 in planetary nebulae spectra results from the fact, that their expected intensity is by 3-4 orders less than the intensity of the line lambda 2800 Mg2 or Hsub(β) hydrogen

Perlakuan Air Panas diikuti Pencelupan dalam Larutan CaCl2 untuk Mempertahankan Kualitas Buah Belimbing Manis (Averrhoa Carambola L.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Khoirul Mukhtarom

2016-04-01

Full Text Available Hot water treatment (HWT followed by CaCl2 solution immersion was well performed to evaluate its effect on the quality of star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.. The star fruit was dipped in hot water at the temperature 42±0.2OC for 5 and 10 minutes, then dipped in the 1 and 3% CaCl2 solution and stored at 10OC for 27 days. The control was conducted by storing star fruits directly without HWT and CaCl2 solution immersion at the same temperature. The parameter observed in this work were calcium content of the sample, which was measured at the beginning of storage after treatment, microbial total counted at 0, 12, and 24 days of storage, as well as weight loss and browning index were measured every three days during storage. The result evidenced that the HWT were able to suppress the growth of microbes and maintained fruit color during storage, whereas the application of CaCl2 increased calcium content in star fruit, but it caused fruit damage which increased the number of microbial total and weight loss also decreased of firmness so that the shelf life of fruit shorter.

Synthesis and Characterization Of CaMgO2 Nanoparticles Photocatalyst For the Decolorization Of Orange G Dye

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Atheel Alwash

2016-11-01

Full Text Available A series of heterogeneous basic catalysts of CaO, MgO and CaMgO2 at different calcination temperature were synthesized via solution combustion method. Different characterization techniques have been carried out to investigate the structure of the produced catalysts i.e. X-ray diffraction (XRD, particle size analyzer, morphology by atomic force microscope (AFM and reflection using UV-VIS diffuse reflectance spectra. The particles size analyzer revealed that the mixed oxide catalysts calcined at different calcination temperature possess smaller nano size particles compared to pure CaO. Moreover, the energy band gap was calculated based on the results of diffuse reflectance spectra. The energy band gap was reduced from 4.1 to 3.6 eV for the CaMgO2 catalyst calcined at 400 and 600 °C respectively compared to pure oxide catalysts. The higher decolorization efficiency was 100% after 60 min of photocatalytic reaction for CaMgO2 calcined at 600 °C compared to CaO and MgO with catalytic activity of 58% and 27% respectively.

Microstructure, mechanical property and corrosion behavior of interpenetrating (HA + β-TCP)/MgCa composite fabricated by suction casting

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wang, X.; Dong, L.H.; Li, J.T.; Li, X.L.; Ma, X.L.; Zheng, Y.F.

2013-01-01

The novel interpenetrating (HA + β-TCP)/MgCa composites were fabricated by infiltrating MgCa alloy into porous HA + β-TCP using suction casting technique. The microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behaviors of the composites have been evaluated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), mechanical testing, electrochemical and immersion tests. It was shown that the composites had compact structure and the interfacial bonding between MgCa alloy and HA + β-TCP scaffolds was very well. The ultimate compressive strength of the composites was about 500–1000 fold higher than that of the original porous scaffolds, and it still retained quarter-half of the strength of the bulk MgCa alloy. The electrochemical and immersion tests indicated that the corrosion resistance of the composites was better than that of the MgCa matrix alloy, and the corrosion products of the composite surface were mainly Mg(OH) 2 , HA and Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 . Meanwhile, the mechanical and corrosive properties of the (HA + β-TCP)/MgCa composites were adjustable by the choice of HA content. - Highlights: • The composites were fabricated by infiltrating MgCa alloy into porous HA + β-TCP. • The microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties were investigated. • It showed composites had compact structures and good interfacial bonding. • The mechanical and corrosive properties can be adjustable by the HA content. • The corrosion mechanism of the composite has been explained

Dissolution behavior of silk fibroin in a low concentration CaCl2-methanol solvent: From morphology to nanostructure.

Science.gov (United States)

Shen, Tingting; Wang, Tao; Cheng, Guotao; Huang, Lan; Chen, Lei; Wu, Dayang

2018-02-05

Regenerated Silk biomaterials are usually pre-formed from silk fibroin solutions. However, the dissolution of silk fibroin in proper solvents by a simple and low cost way is still a challenge. Here, we employed a CaCl 2 -methanol solvent system with a very low CaCl 2 concentration of 6wt% to dissolve silk fibroin. During the dissolution process, the evaporation of methanol cause the changing of solvation sheath of ions in the solvent. The remaining solvent with the incomplete solvation sheath is absorbed by the silk fiber and interacts with fibroin chains to complete the solvation sheath, which accounts for the dissolution of silk fibroin. Silk fibroin dissolution stops as all the solvation sheaths are complete. The final CaCl 2 concentration is ca. 26% and silk fibroin is completely dissolved with a yield of about 90%. Silk fibroin is dissolved into multi-scale nanofibrils solution which is potential for producing regenerated silk fibroin materials for functional applications. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Molecular dynamics study of structure and vibrational spectra at zwitterionoic lipid/aqueous KCl, NaCl, and CaCl2 solution interfaces

Science.gov (United States)

Ishiyama, Tatsuya; Shirai, Shinnosuke; Okumura, Tomoaki; Morita, Akihiro

2018-06-01

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of KCl, NaCl, and CaCl2 solution/dipalmytoylphosphatidylcholine lipid interfaces were performed to analyze heterodyne-detected vibrational sum frequency generation (HD-VSFG) spectra in relation to the interfacial water structure. The present MD simulation well reproduces the experimental spectra and elucidates a specific cation effect on the interfacial structure. The K+, Na+, and Ca2+ cation species penetrate in the lipid layer more than the anions in this order, due to the electrostatic interaction with negative polar groups of lipid, and the electric double layer between the cations and anions cancels the intrinsic orientation of water at the water/lipid interface. These mechanisms explain the HD-VSFG spectrum of the water/lipid interface and its spectral perturbation by adding the ions. The lipid monolayer reverses the order of surface preference of the cations at the solution/lipid interface from that at the solution/air interface.

Ion microprobe assessment of the heterogeneity of Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca and Mn/Ca ratios in Pecten maximus and Mytilus edulis (bivalvia shell calcite precipitated at constant temperature

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

P. S. Freitas

2009-07-01

Full Text Available Small-scale heterogeneity of biogenic carbonate elemental composition can be a significant source of error in the accurate use of element/Ca ratios as geochemical proxies. In this study ion microprobe (SIMS profiles showed significant small-scale variability of Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca and Mn/Ca ratios in new shell calcite of the marine bivalves Pecten maximus and Mytilus edulis that was precipitated during a constant-temperature culturing experiment. Elevated Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca and Mn/Ca ratios were found to be associated with the deposition of elaborate shell features, i.e. a shell surface stria in P. maximus and surface shell disturbance marks in both species, the latter a common occurrence in bivalve shells. In both species the observed small-scale elemental heterogeneity most likely was not controlled by variable transport of ions to the extra-pallial fluid, but by factors such as the influence of shell organic content and/or crystal size and orientation, the latter reflecting conditions at the shell crystal-solution interface. In the mid and innermost regions of the P. maximus shell the lack of significant small-scale variation of Mg/Ca ratios, which is consistent with growth at constant temperature, suggest a potential application as a palaeotemperature proxy. Cross-growth band element/Ca ratio profiles in the interior of bivalve shells may provide more promising palaeo-environmental tools than sampling from the outer region of bivalve shells.

Effect of calcium content on the microstructure, hardness and in-vitro corrosion behavior of biodegradable Mg-Ca binary alloy

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Shervin Eslami Harandi

2013-02-01

Full Text Available Effect of calcium addition on microstructure, hardness value and corrosion behavior of five different Mg-xCa binary alloys (x = 0.7, 1, 2, 3, 4 wt. (% was investigated. Notable refinement in microstructure of the alloy occurred with increasing calcium content. In addition, more uniform distribution of Mg2Ca phase was observed in a-Mg matrix resulted in an increase in hardness value. The in-vitro corrosion examination using Kokubo simulated body fluid showed that the addition of calcium shifted the fluid pH value to a higher level similar to those found in pure commercial Mg. The high pH value amplified the formation and growth of bone-like apatite. Higher percentage of Ca resulted in needle-shaped growth of the apatite. Electrochemical measurements in the same solution revealed that increasing Ca content led to higher corrosion rates due to the formation of more cathodic Mg2Ca precipitate in the microstructure. The results therefore suggested that Mg-0.7Ca with the minimum amount of Mg2Ca is a good candidate for bio-implant applications.

Effect of calcium content on the microstructure, hardness and in-vitro corrosion behavior of biodegradable Mg-Ca binary alloy

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Shervin Eslami Harandi

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Effect of calcium addition on microstructure, hardness value and corrosion behavior of five different Mg-xCa binary alloys (x = 0.7, 1, 2, 3, 4 wt. (% was investigated. Notable refinement in microstructure of the alloy occurred with increasing calcium content. In addition, more uniform distribution of Mg2Ca phase was observed in a-Mg matrix resulted in an increase in hardness value. The in-vitro corrosion examination using Kokubo simulated body fluid showed that the addition of calcium shifted the fluid pH value to a higher level similar to those found in pure commercial Mg. The high pH value amplified the formation and growth of bone-like apatite. Higher percentage of Ca resulted in needle-shaped growth of the apatite. Electrochemical measurements in the same solution revealed that increasing Ca content led to higher corrosion rates due to the formation of more cathodic Mg2Ca precipitate in the microstructure. The results therefore suggested that Mg-0.7Ca with the minimum amount of Mg2Ca is a good candidate for bio-implant applications.

Exploring As-Cast PbCaSn-Mg Anodes for Improved Performance in Copper Electrowinning

Science.gov (United States)

Yuwono, Jodie A.; Clancy, Marie; Chen, Xiaobo; Birbilis, Nick

2018-06-01

Lead calcium tin (PbCaSn) alloys are the common anodes used in copper electrowinning (Cu EW). Given a large amount of energy consumed in Cu EW process, anodes with controlled oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics and a lower OER overpotential are advantageous for reducing the energy consumption. To date, magnesium (Mg) has never been studied as an alloying element for EW anodes. As-cast PbCaSn anodes with the addition of Mg were examined herein, revealing an improved performance compared to that of the industrial standard PbCaSn anode. The alloy performances in the early stages of anode life and passivation were established from electrochemical studies which were designed to simulate industrial Cu EW process. The 24-hour polarization testing revealed that the Mg alloying depolarizes the anode potential up to 80 mV; thus, resulting in a higher Cu EW efficiency. In addition, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the alteration of the alloy microstructure and the corresponding interfacial reactions contribute to the changes of the anode electrochemical performances. The present study reveals for the first time the potency of Mg alloying in reducing the overpotential of PbCaSn anode.

ß-Adrenergic Stimulation Increases RyR2 Activity via Intracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ Regulation

Science.gov (United States)

Li, Jiao; Imtiaz, Mohammad S.; Beard, Nicole A.; Dulhunty, Angela F.; Thorne, Rick; vanHelden, Dirk F.; Laver, Derek R.

2013-01-01

Here we investigate how ß-adrenergic stimulation of the heart alters regulation of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) by intracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ and the role of these changes in SR Ca2+ release. RyRs were isolated from rat hearts, perfused in a Langendorff apparatus for 5 min and subject to 1 min perfusion with 1 µM isoproterenol or without (control) and snap frozen in liquid N2 to capture their phosphorylation state. Western Blots show that RyR2 phosphorylation was increased by isoproterenol, confirming that RyR2 were subject to normal ß-adrenergic signaling. Under basal conditions, S2808 and S2814 had phosphorylation levels of 69% and 15%, respectively. These levels were increased to 83% and 60%, respectively, after 60 s of ß-adrenergic stimulation consistent with other reports that ß-adrenergic stimulation of the heart can phosphorylate RyRs at specific residues including S2808 and S2814 causing an increase in RyR activity. At cytoplasmic [Ca2+] adrenergic stimulation increased luminal Ca2+ activation of single RyR channels, decreased luminal Mg2+ inhibition and decreased inhibition of RyRs by mM cytoplasmic Mg2+. At cytoplasmic [Ca2+] >1 µM, ß-adrenergic stimulation only decreased cytoplasmic Mg2+ and Ca2+ inhibition of RyRs. The Ka and maximum levels of cytoplasmic Ca2+ activation site were not affected by ß-adrenergic stimulation. Our RyR2 gating model was fitted to the single channel data. It predicted that in diastole, ß-adrenergic stimulation is mediated by 1) increasing the activating potency of Ca2+ binding to the luminal Ca2+ site and decreasing its affinity for luminal Mg2+ and 2) decreasing affinity of the low-affinity Ca2+/Mg2+ cytoplasmic inhibition site. However in systole, ß-adrenergic stimulation is mediated mainly by the latter. PMID:23533585

Anodic behavior of Mg in acidic AlCl3–1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride ionic liquid

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Xu, Bajin; Qu, Rui; Ling, Guoping

2014-01-01

Highlights: • A viscous layer formed at Mg/ionic liquid interface after the dissolution of Mg. • As direct evidence, photo of viscous layer at the interface was presented. • Viscous layer was resulted from accumulation of dissolved Mg(II) at interface. • Formation of viscous layer resulted in a homogenous etched Mg surface. • Dissolution model of Mg and formation mechanism of viscous layer was discussed. - Abstract: In this paper, anodic behavior of Mg in acidic AlCl 3 –1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride (AlCl 3 –EMIC) ionic liquid was investigated by conducting linear sweep voltammetry, chronoamperometry and chonopotentiometry. The viscosity of Mg dissolved ionic liquid and the surface morphologies of Mg were characterized using an Ostwald viscometer and a scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The results showed that the oxide film on the surface of Mg had great effects on the anodic behavior. The dissolution of Mg under anodic polarization occurred after the breakdown of oxide film. A viscous layer was observed forming at the interface of Mg/ionic liquid during the dissolution process. The formation of viscous layer was attributed to the accumulation of Mg dissolved AlCl 3 –EMIC ionic liquid at the interface, which was of high viscosity. With a viscous layer formed in the anodic process, the etched surface of Mg anode was homogeneous and flat without any etching pits. Otherwise, the Mg showed a morphology of pitting on the surface

Electrochemical reduction behavior of simplified simulants of vitrified radioactive waste in molten CaCl2

Science.gov (United States)

Katasho, Yumi; Yasuda, Kouji; Nohira, Toshiyuki

2018-05-01

The electrochemical reduction of two types of simplified simulants of vitrified radioactive waste, simulant 1 (glass component only: SiO2, B2O3, Na2O, Al2O3, CaO, Li2O, and ZnO) and simulant 2 (also containing long-lived fission product oxides, ZrO2, Cs2O, PdO, and SeO2), was investigated in molten CaCl2 at 1103 K. The behavior of each element was predicted from the potential-pO2- diagram constructed from thermodynamic data. After the immersion of simulant 1 into molten CaCl2 without electrolysis, the dissolution of Na, Li, and Cs was confirmed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and mass spectrometry analysis of the samples. The scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray and X-ray diffraction analyses of simulants 1 and 2 electrolyzed at 0.9 V vs. Ca2+/Ca confirmed that most of SiO2 had been reduced to Si. After the electrolysis of simulants 1 and 2, Al, Zr, and Pd remained in the solid phase. In addition, SeO2 was found to remain partially in the solid phase and partially evaporate, although a small quantity dissolved into the molten salt.

Study of MgO transformation into MgF2 in the presence of CF2Cl2•

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Vedyagin Aleksey A.

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Alkaline-earth metal oxide aerogels prepared by sol–gel method followed by autoclave drying are nanocrystalline mesoporous materials with high reactivity. Bulk solid-state reaction of MgO aerogels with CF2Cl2 takes place after a long induction period, during which the active sites are accumulated on the surface of the nanoparticles. It was found that vanadium addition has a promoting effect on this reaction accelerating the process of the active sites formation. A method for characterization of electron-acceptor sites by electron spin resonance spectroscopy using perylene as the spin probe was developed. A good correlation was observed between the rate of the CF2Cl2 destructive sorption and the concentration of weak electron-acceptor sites. Simplified models of such sites were suggested. The acid sites on the modified MgO surface were supposed to be originated from separation of the charged fragments resulting in the surface polarization. Uncompensated oxygen substitution for chlorine and/or fluorine ions leads to appearance of Lewis acid sites while HCl/HF chemisorption results in Bronsted acid sites formation.

Eocene sea temperatures for the mid-latitude southwest Pacific from Mg/Ca ratios in planktonic and benthic foraminifera

Science.gov (United States)

Creech, John B.; Baker, Joel A.; Hollis, Christopher J.; Morgans, Hugh E. G.; Smith, Euan G. C.

2010-11-01

We have used laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to measure elemental (Mg/Ca, Al/Ca, Mn/Ca, Zn/Ca, Sr/Ca, and Ba/Ca) ratios of 13 species of variably preserved early to middle Eocene planktonic and benthic foraminifera from New Zealand. The foraminifera were obtained from Ashley Mudstone, mid-Waipara River, South Island, which was deposited at bathyal depth ( ca. 1000 m) on the northern margin of the east-facing Canterbury Basin at a paleo-latitude of ca. 55°S. LA-ICP-MS data yield trace element depth profiles through foraminifera test walls that can be used to identify and exclude zones of surficial contamination and infilling material resulting from diagenetic coatings, mineralisation and detrital sediment. Screened Mg/Ca ratios from 5 species of foraminifera are used to calculate sea temperatures from late Early to early Middle Eocene ( ca. 51 to 46.5 Ma), a time interval that spans the termination of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO). During this time, sea surface temperatures (SST) varied from 30 to 24 °C, and bottom water temperatures (BWT) from 21 to 14 °C. Comparison of Mg/Ca sea temperatures with published δ 18O and TEX 86 temperature data from the same samples (Hollis et al., 2009) shows close correspondence, indicating that LA-ICP-MS can provide reliable Mg/Ca sea temperatures even where foraminiferal test preservation is variable. Agreement between the three proxies also implies that Mg/Ca-temperature calibrations for modern planktonic and benthic foraminifera can generally be applied to Eocene species, although some species (e.g., V. marshalli) show significant calibration differences. The Mg/Ca ratio of the Eocene ocean is constrained by our data to be 35-50% lower than the modern ocean depending on which TEX 86 - temperature calibration (Kim et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2009) - is used to compare with the Mg/Ca sea temperatures. Sea temperatures derived from δ 18O analysis of foraminifera from Waipara show

The Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Mg Incorporation in Planktonic Foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber (white): Results from a Global Sediment Trap Mg/Ca Database

Science.gov (United States)

Gray, W. R.; Weldeab, S.; Lea, D. W.

2015-12-01

Mg/Ca in Globigerinoides ruber is arguably the most important proxy for sea surface temperature (SST) in tropical and sub tropical regions, and as such guides our understanding of past climatic change in these regions. However, the sensitivity of Mg/Ca to salinity is debated; while analysis of foraminifera grown in cultures generally indicates a sensitivity of 3 - 6% per salinity unit, core-top studies have suggested a much higher sensitivity of between 15 - 27% per salinity unit, bringing the utility of Mg/Ca as a SST proxy into dispute. Sediment traps circumvent the issues of dissolution and post-depositional calcite precipitation that hamper core-top calibration studies, whilst allowing the analysis of foraminifera that have calcified under natural conditions within a well constrained period of time. We collated previously published sediment trap/plankton tow G. ruber (white) Mg/Ca data, and generated new Mg/Ca data from a sediment trap located in the highly-saline tropical North Atlantic, close to West Africa. Calcification temperature and salinity were calculated for the time interval represented by each trap/tow sample using World Ocean Atlas 2013 data. The resulting dataset comprises >240 Mg/Ca measurements (in the size fraction 150 - 350 µm), that span a temperature range of 18 - 28 °C and 33.6 - 36.7 PSU. Multiple regression of the dataset reveals a temperature sensitivity of 7 ± 0.4% per °C (p < 2.2*10-16) and a salinity sensitivity of 4 ± 1% per salinity unit (p = 2*10-5). Application of this calibration has significant implications for both the magnitude and timing of glacial-interglacial temperature changes when variations in salinity are accounted for.

Diagenesis of echinoderm skeletons: Constraints on paleoseawater Mg/Ca reconstructions

Science.gov (United States)

Gorzelak, Przemysław; Krzykawski, Tomasz; Stolarski, Jarosław

2016-09-01

One of the most profound environmental changes thought to be reflected in chemical composition of numerous geological archives is Mg/Ca ratio of the seawater, which has varied dramatically throughout the Phanerozoic. Echinoderms that today typically form high magnesium calcite skeletons are increasingly being utilized as a proxy for interpreting secular changes in seawater chemistry. However, accurate characterization of the diagenetic changes of their metastable high magnesium calcite skeletons is a prerequisite for assessing their original, major-element geochemical composition. Here we expand the existing models of diagenesis of echinoderm skeleton by integration of various analytical methods that up to now rarely have been used to assess the diagenetic changes of fossil echinoderms. We validated the preservation of a suite of differently preserved echinoderm ossicles, mostly crinoids, ranging in age from the Cambrian through Recent. In 13 of 99 fossil echinoderm ossicles we found well-preserved porous microstructure (stereom), non-luminescent behaviour or blotchy dark color in cathodoluminescence, and distinct nanostructural features (layered and nanocomposite structure). Moreover, in representatives of such preserved samples, distribution of sulphates associated with organic matter is identical to those in Recent echinoderms. Only such ossicles, despite of local micrometer-scale diagenetic changes, were herein considered well-preserved, retaining their original major-element skeletal composition. By contrast, majority of samples show transformation to the stable low magnesium calcite that leads to obliteration of the primary geochemical and micro/nanostructural features and is accompanied with increase in cathodoluminescence emission intensity. Using only well-preserved fossil echinoderm samples, we found purely random variation in Mg/Ca in echinoderm skeletons through the observed time series; any periodicities in echinoderm skeletal Mg/Ca ratio which might

Acid-base status determines the renal expression of Ca2+ and Mg2+ transport proteins.

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Nijenhuis, T.; Renkema, K.Y.; Hoenderop, J.G.J.; Bindels, R.J.M.

2006-01-01

Chronic metabolic acidosis results in renal Ca2+ and Mg2+ wasting, whereas chronic metabolic alkalosis is known to exert the reverse effects. It was hypothesized that these adaptations are mediated at least in part by the renal Ca2+ and Mg2+ transport proteins. The aim of this study, therefore, was

Ca2+ pump and Ca2+/H+ antiporter in plasma membrane vesicles isolated by aqueous two-phase partitioning from corn leaves

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kasai, M.; Muto, S.

1990-01-01

Plasma membrane vesicles, which are mostly right side-out, were isolated from corn leaves by aqueous two-phase partitioning method. Characteristics of Ca2+ transport were investigated after preparing inside-out vesicles by Triton X-100 treatment. 45Ca2+ transport was assayed by membrane filtration technique. Results showed that Ca2+ transport into the plasma membrane vesicles was Mg-ATP dependent. The active Ca2+ transport system had a high affinity for Ca2+(Km(Ca2+) = 0.4 microM) and ATP(Km(ATP) = 3.9 microM), and showed pH optimum at 7.5. ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake in the plasma membrane vesicles was stimulated in the presence of Cl- or NO3-. Quenching of quinacrine fluorescence showed that these anions also induced H+ transport into the vesicles. The Ca2+ uptake stimulated by Cl- was dependent on the activity of H+ transport into the vesicles. However, carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and VO4(3-) which is known to inhibit the H+ pump associated with the plasma membrane, canceled almost all of the Cl(-)-stimulated Ca2+ uptake. Furthermore, artificially imposed pH gradient (acid inside) caused Ca2+ uptake into the vesicles. These results suggest that the Cl(-)-stimulated Ca2+ uptake is caused by the efflux of H+ from the vesicles by the operation of Ca2+/H+ antiport system in the plasma membrane. In Cl(-)-free medium, H+ transport into the vesicles scarcely occurred and the addition of CCCP caused only a slight inhibition of the active Ca2+ uptake into the vesicles. These results suggest that two Ca2+ transport systems are operating in the plasma membrane from corn leaves, i.e., one is an ATP-dependent active Ca2+ transport system (Ca2+ pump) and the other is a Ca2+/H+ antiport system. Little difference in characteristics of Ca2+ transport was observed between the plasma membranes isolated from etiolated and green corn leaves

Thermodynamic modeling of the Mg-Al-Ca system

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Janz, A.; Groebner, J. [Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Metallurgy, Robert-Koch-Str. 42, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld (Germany); Cao, H.; Zhu, J.; Chang, Y.A. [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1509 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706 (United States); Schmid-Fetzer, R. [Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Metallurgy, Robert-Koch-Str. 42, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld (Germany)], E-mail: schmid-fetzer@tu-clausthal.de

2009-02-15

A thermodynamic model has been developed that provides a quantitative description for a wide area of the Mg-Al-Ca system. All available experimental data plus new key experiments using differential scanning calorimetry/differential thermal analysis have been considered to create a dataset which reproduces the primary crystallizing phases, the extensive ternary solubilities of binary phases and the ternary C36 Laves phase. This enables validated thermodynamic calculations in various areas of this ternary system.

Molecular dynamics simulations of the electrical double layer on smectite surfaces contacting concentrated mixed electrolyte (NaCl-CaCl2)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bourg, I.C.; Sposito, G.

2011-04-01

We report new molecular dynamics results elucidating the structure of the electrical double layer (EDL) on smectite surfaces contacting mixed NaCl-CaCl{sup 2} electrolyte solutions in the range of concentrations relevant to pore waters in geologic repositories for CO{sub 2} or high-level radioactive waste (0.34-1.83 mol{sub c} dm{sup -3}). Our results confirm the existence of three distinct ion adsorption planes (0-, {beta}-, and d-planes), often assumed in EDL models, but with two important qualifications: (1) the location of the {beta}- and d-planes are independent of ionic strength or ion type and (2) 'indifferent electrolyte' ions can occupy all three planes. Charge inversion occurred in the diffuse ion swarm because of the affinity of the clay surface for CaCl{sup +} ion pairs. Therefore, at concentrations 0.34 mol{sub c} dm{sup -3}, properties arising from long-range electrostatics at interfaces (electrophoresis, electro-osmosis, co-ion exclusion, colloidal aggregation) will not be correctly predicted by most EDL models. Co-ion exclusion, typically neglected by surface speciation models, balanced a large part of the clay mineral structural charge in the more concentrated solutions. Water molecules and ions diffused relatively rapidly even in the first statistical water monolayer, contradicting reports of rigid 'ice-like' structures for water on clay mineral surfaces.

Phase diagrams for systems Cu2S-AIIS (AII=Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Andreev, O.V.; Sikerina, N.V.; Solov'eva, A.V.

2005-01-01

By the methods of physicochemical analysis phase diagrams of Cu 2 S-A II S (A II =Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) systems are studied. The system Cu 2 S-SrS is of eutectic type with eutectic coordinates 1095 K and 21.5 mol.% of SrS. Solubility of SrS in Cu 2 S is 2 mol.% at 1095 K. Regularities of phase diagram changes of Cu 2 S-A II S (A II =Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) system are determined. Thermodynamic analysis is done [ru

Investigation of electrochemical reduction of GeO2 to Ge in molten CaCl2-NaCl

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rong, Liangbin; He, Rui; Wang, Zhiyong; Peng, Junjun; Jin, Xianbo; Chen, George Z.

2014-01-01

Electrochemical reduction of solid GeO 2 has been investigated in the mixed CaCl 2 -NaCl melt at 1023 K for developing a more efficient process for preparation of Ge. Cyclic voltammetry and potentiostatic electrolysis were applied to study the GeO 2 -loaded metallic cavity electrode. In addition, porous GeO 2 pellets were reduced by potentiostatic and constant cell voltage electrolysis with a graphite anode, and the electrolysis products were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, focusing on understanding the reduction mechanism and the impact of electrode potential on the product purity. It was found that the reduction of GeO 2 to Ge occurred at a potential of about -0.50 V (vs. Ag/Ag + ), but generating various calcium germanates simultaneously, whose reduction was a little more difficult and needed a potential more negative than -1.00 V. However, if the cathode potential exceeded -1.60 V, Ca (or Na) - Ge intermetallic compounds might form. These results gave an appropriate potential range between -1.10 and -1.40 V for the production of pure germanium. Rapid electrolysis of GeO 2 to pure Ge has been realized at a cell voltage of 2.5 V with a current efficiency of about 92%

Effect of CaO on Hot Workability and Microstructure of Mg-9.5Zn-2Y Alloy

Science.gov (United States)

Kwak, Tae-yang; Kim, Daeguen; Yang, Jaehack; Yoon, Young-ok; Kim, Shae K.; Lim, Hyunkyu; Kim, Woo Jin

Mg-Zn-Y system alloys have been a great interest because Mg-Zn-Y alloys with I-phase exhibited high ductility at room and elevated temperatures. According to our preliminary experiments, the addition of CaO improved strength, but the process window became narrow. Therefore, the aim of current work was to find optimum extrusion conditions for CaO added Mg-Zn-Y alloys by processing maps. The 0.3 wt.% of CaO added Mg-9.5Zn-2Y (Mg95.6Zn3.8Y0.6) alloy was prepared by casting into steel mold and homogenizing. Hot compression test were performed in the Gleeble machine at temperature range of 250-400 °C with various strain rates. The alloys were extruded with a reduction ratio of 20:1. To analyze the microstructure and texture, optical micrograph, scanning electron microscope and electron backscattered diffraction were used. Moreover, we investigated the effects of metallic Ca addition in this alloy to compare with the addition of CaO.

Behaviour of CaO coating of gas atomized Mg powders using mechanical milling process

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kim, Sun-Mi; Kim, Yong Hwan; Kim, Young Do; Kim, Taek-Soo

2011-01-01

Highlights: → This work is very new, since behaviour of CaO coating with milling time as desulfurizer is not frequently reported. → The manuscript reports the new manner of Mg powders desulfurizer development by the innovative process. - Abstract: In order to synthesize a thermally stable Mg powder as a desulfurizer of iron, pure Mg was gas atomized to powders and coated by CaO powders, to produce a thermally stable desulfurizer using a mechanical milling process. Since the effect of desulfurization is dependent on the degree of surface modification, coating behaviours such as the size, morphology and layer thickness were investigated as a function of milling condition. As the milling conducted from 10 min to 30 min, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, CaO particles began to stick on the surface of Mg powders. The layer of CaO formed from 1 h milling was about 17 μm thick and gradually thickened to be 28 μm, 32 μm and 37 μm with increasing the milling time to 3 h, 6 h and 12 h, respectively. The shape of coated powder became more spherical after 1 h milling, being mostly spherical after 6 h. Desulfurization rate and uniformity were evaluated for the various thickness of the coating layer.

Investigating alkoxysilane coverage and dynamics on the (104) and (110) surfaces of MgCl 2-supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts

KAUST Repository

Credendino, Raffaele

2012-11-01

In this work, we present a systematic DFT analysis of the effect of surface coverage on the coordination properties of alkoxysilanes to the (104) and (110) surfaces of MgCl 2. Furthermore, we investigated several possible migration pathways for alkoxysilane migration on the same surfaces. Our study clearly shows that complete coverage of the Mg vacancies on the surface by coordinating alkoxysilanes is hampered by steric repulsion between vicinally coordinated donor molecules. Our study clearly indicates that alkoxysilane migration between different MgCl 2 monolayers on the (104) and (110) surfaces requires donor dissociation. The same holds for alkoxysilane migration on a single (110) MgCl 2 monolayer. However, in the case of the (104) surface we found a very low energy pathway for alkoxysilane migration along the same monolayer. © 2012 American Chemical Society.

Investigating alkoxysilane coverage and dynamics on the (104) and (110) surfaces of MgCl 2-supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts

KAUST Repository

Credendino, Raffaele; Pater, Jochem T M; Liguori, Dario; Morini, Giampiero; Cavallo, Luigi

2012-01-01

In this work, we present a systematic DFT analysis of the effect of surface coverage on the coordination properties of alkoxysilanes to the (104) and (110) surfaces of MgCl 2. Furthermore, we investigated several possible migration pathways for alkoxysilane migration on the same surfaces. Our study clearly shows that complete coverage of the Mg vacancies on the surface by coordinating alkoxysilanes is hampered by steric repulsion between vicinally coordinated donor molecules. Our study clearly indicates that alkoxysilane migration between different MgCl 2 monolayers on the (104) and (110) surfaces requires donor dissociation. The same holds for alkoxysilane migration on a single (110) MgCl 2 monolayer. However, in the case of the (104) surface we found a very low energy pathway for alkoxysilane migration along the same monolayer. © 2012 American Chemical Society.

Energetic prediction on the stability of A2Mg12Si7, A2Mg4Si3, and AMgSi in the A2Si–Mg2Si system (A = Ca, Sr and Ba) and their calculated electronic structures

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Imai, Yoji; Mori, Yoshihisa; Nakamura, Shigeyuki; Takarabe, Ken-ichi

2014-01-01

Highlights: • Formation energies of A 2 Mg 4 Si 3 , A 2 Mg 12 Si 7 , and AMgSi (A = Ca,Sr,Ba) were calculated. • All AMgSi are quite stable compared to mixture of A 2 Si and Mg 2 Si. • Ba 2 Mg 4 Si 3 and Sr 2 Mg 4 Si 3 are predicted to be stable, but Ca 2 Mg 4 Si 3 is not. • Ca 2 Mg 12 Si 7 and Sr 2 Mg 12 Si 7 are energetically unstable. • Stability of Ba 2 Mg 12 Si 7 is a tender subject. -- Abstract: In order to evaluate the relative stability of A 2 Mg 4 Si 3 , A 2 Mg 12 Si 7 , and AMgSi (A = Ca, Sr, and Ba) in the A 2 Si–Mg 2 Si system, electronic energy changes in the formation of these compounds were calculated using a density-functional theory with the Perdew–Wang generalized gradient approximations. It was found that (1) AMgSi’s are quite stable compared to equi-molar mixture of A 2 Si and Mg 2 Si, (2) Ba 2 Mg 4 Si 3 and Sr 2 Mg 4 Si 3 are also stable, (3) Ca 2 Mg 4 Si 3 and Ca 2 Mg 12 Si 7 are less stable than the mixture of CaMgSi and Mg 2 Si, and (4) Stability of Ba 2 Mg 12 Si 7 is a tender subject and Sr 2 Mg 12 Si 7 is energetically unstable compared to the mixture of Sr 2 Mg 4 Si 3 (or, SrMgSi) and Mg 2 Si. The presence of Sr 2 Mg 12 Si 7 may be due to the vibrational and/or configurational entropy, which are not treated in the present study. From the calculated electronic densities of state, complex compounds of SrMgSi and Mg 2 Si have both p-type and n-type character, depending on the ratio of SrMgSi and Mg 2 Si in that compound

Unique antitumor property of the Mg-Ca-Sr alloys with addition of Zn

Science.gov (United States)

Wu, Yuanhao; He, Guanping; Zhang, Yu; Liu, Yang; Li, Mei; Wang, Xiaolan; Li, Nan; Li, Kang; Zheng, Guan; Zheng, Yufeng; Yin, Qingshui

2016-02-01

In clinical practice, tumor recurrence and metastasis after orthopedic prosthesis implantation is an intensely troublesome matter. Therefore, to develop implant materials with antitumor property is extremely necessary and meaningful. Magnesium (Mg) alloys possess superb biocompatibility, mechanical property and biodegradability in orthopedic applications. However, whether they possess antitumor property had seldom been reported. In recent years, it showed that zinc (Zn) not only promote the osteogenic activity but also exhibit good antitumor property. In our present study, Zn was selected as an alloying element for the Mg-1Ca-0.5Sr alloy to develop a multifunctional material with antitumor property. We investigated the influence of the Mg-1Ca-0.5Sr-xZn (x = 0, 2, 4, 6 wt%) alloys extracts on the proliferation rate, cell apoptosis, migration and invasion of the U2OS cell line. Our results show that Zn containing Mg alloys extracts inhibit the cell proliferation by alteration the cell cycle and inducing cell apoptosis via the activation of the mitochondria pathway. The cell migration and invasion property were also suppressed by the activation of MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway. Our work suggests that the Mg-1Ca-0.5Sr-6Zn alloy is expected to be a promising orthopedic implant in osteosarcoma limb-salvage surgery for avoiding tumor recurrence and metastasis.

Preparation of 45Ca(HDEHP)n and (CaH{sub 1}50{sub 2})2 samples for liquid scintillation counting, compared to 45caCl{sub 2} results; Preparacion de Ca (HDEHP)n y (C{sub 8}H{sub 1}50{sub 2})2 marcados con 45Ca y estudio comparativo con 4 5ca Cl2 en medidas por centelleo liquido

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rodriguez, L.; Arcos, J. M. los; Grau Malonda, A.

1994-07-01

A procedure for preparation of liquid scintillation counting organic samples of the Di-2-ethylhexyl phosphate calcium complex and the 2-ethylhexanoate calcium salt, labelled with 45Ca, is described. The chemical quench, the counting stability and spectral evolution of both compounds is studied in six scintillators,Toluene-alcohol, Dioxane-naphtalene, Hi safe II, Ultimate-Gold and Instagel, and compared to results obtained from a commercial solution of 4 5CaCl2. (Author) 7 refs.

The influence of Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite synthesized from brine water on thermal and mechanical properties of HTlc-EVA composite

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Karina, Wiwiek; Heraldy, Eddy; Pramono, Edi; Heriyanto,; Astuti, Shanti

2016-01-01

Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite-like compound (Ca-Mg-Al HTlc) was prepared by co-precipitation method using brine water that is well known as the desalination process waste water. The structure of Ca-Mg-Al HTlc was determined by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis. Ca-Mg-Al HTlc was studied as a non-halogenated filler in ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) matrix. Composites with different filler concentrations were prepared to evaluate the influence of Ca-Mg-Al HTlc on thermal and mechanical properties of EVA.The presence of Ca-Mg-Al HTlc in the composite has been confirmed by FTIR analysis. Thermal properties of composites show significant reduction of degradation temperature as well as the loading of HTlc in EVA. However, the total enthalpies combustion of composites with 1% and 5% HTlc loadings higher compared to neat EVA. Further, mechanical properties were determined by tensile test. The result shows that tensile strength and elongation at break of composites decrease relatively by Ca-Mg-Al HTlc addition

The influence of Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite synthesized from brine water on thermal and mechanical properties of HTlc-EVA composite

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Karina, Wiwiek, E-mail: wiekarina@gmail.com; Heraldy, Eddy, E-mail: eheraldy@gmail.com; Pramono, Edi; Heriyanto,; Astuti, Shanti [Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Kentingan, Surakarta 57126 (Indonesia)

2016-02-08

Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite-like compound (Ca-Mg-Al HTlc) was prepared by co-precipitation method using brine water that is well known as the desalination process waste water. The structure of Ca-Mg-Al HTlc was determined by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis. Ca-Mg-Al HTlc was studied as a non-halogenated filler in ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) matrix. Composites with different filler concentrations were prepared to evaluate the influence of Ca-Mg-Al HTlc on thermal and mechanical properties of EVA.The presence of Ca-Mg-Al HTlc in the composite has been confirmed by FTIR analysis. Thermal properties of composites show significant reduction of degradation temperature as well as the loading of HTlc in EVA. However, the total enthalpies combustion of composites with 1% and 5% HTlc loadings higher compared to neat EVA. Further, mechanical properties were determined by tensile test. The result shows that tensile strength and elongation at break of composites decrease relatively by Ca-Mg-Al HTlc addition.

Effect of CaCl2 and controlled atmosphere storage on phytochemical attributes of Guava

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Muhammad Sameem JAVED

2017-10-01

Full Text Available Abstract Guava is very delicate and alluring fruit which is being ignored since very long time despite of highly nutritious fruit and rich source of Vitamin C. It contains Vitamin C 2-3 times more than orange. Naturally the guava fruit is enriched with vitamin C and polyphenoles. Guavas fruits after harvesting were dunked in solutions of CaCl2 (1, 2 and 3% at room temperature for 5 minutes and stored for 24 days in 5% CO2 level at temperature of 10±1°C, while the humidity level of storage chamber were 80%. The stored fruits were analyzed at 6 days of interval for sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose g/100g total phenolic contents (mgGAE/100g, antioxidant activity (µmolTE/g, and organic acids (citric, tartaric, ascorbic, and malic acids mg/100 g. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of guava fruits were declined during progression in storage but in fewer amounts as compared to room storage condition. Citric acid and ascorbic acid contents were reduced with the progression in storage, however tartaric and malic acid values were amplified at end of storage but the rate of changes were slower. The pretreatments in combination with modified atmosphere storage escalate the shelf life of guava and slow down nutritional degradation process.

Investigation of structural and optical properties of CaTiO3 powders doped with Mg2+ and Eu3+ ions

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Oliveira, Larissa H.; Savioli, Julia; Moura, Ana P. de; Nogueira, Içamira C.; Li, Maximo S.; Longo, Elson; Varela, José A.; Rosa, Ieda L.V.

2015-01-01

In this work, CaTiO 3 powders doped with Mg 2+ ions and CaTiO 3 powders co-doped with Mg 2+ and Eu 3+ ions were prepared by the polymeric precursor method (PPM). These powders were characterized by different characterization techniques to study the influence of Mg 2+ doping as well as Mg 2+ and Eu 3+ co-doping in structural and optical properties of CaTiO 3 perovskite-type structure. The Rietveld refinement and Micro-Raman analyses suggested the substitution Mg 2+ and Eu 3+ ions in the A-site of CaTiO 3 perovskite. The influence of Mg 2+ doping can be detected by the displacement of calcium and oxygen atomic positions when compared to the non-doped CaTiO 3 powder. When Eu 3+ ions are added to the A-site of this perovskite the excess of positive charge can be compensated by the formation of calcium vacancies. Luminescence data showed that Ca 1-x Mg x TiO 3 and Ca 1x Mg x/2 Eu 2y/3 TiO 3 powders are potential materials for fabrication of lighting devices based on near-UV and blue LED using an excitation wavelength of 397 and/or 450 nm. - Highlights: • CaTiO 3 co-doped with Mg 2+ and Eu 3+ were obtained by the Polymeric Precursor Method. • Incorporation of Mg 2+ and Eu 3+ ions in the CaTiO 3 lattice. • Enhancement of the Eu 3+ photoluminescence

Controls of Ca/Mg/Fe activity ratios in pore water chemistry models of the Callovian-Oxfordian clay formation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lerouge, C.; Grangeon, S.; Wille, G.; Flehoc, C.; Gailhanou, H.; Gaucher, E.C.; Tournassat, C.; Vinsot, A.; Made, B.; Altmann, S.

2013-01-01

In the pore water chemistry model of the Callovian-Oxfordian clay formation, the divalent cations Ca, Mg, and Fe are controlled by equilibrium reactions with pure carbonates: calcite for Ca, dolomite for Mg, and siderite for Fe. Results of a petrological study and computing of the Ca/Mg and Ca/Fe activity ratios based on natural pore water chemistry provide evidence that equilibrium with pure calcite and pure dolomite is a reasonable assumption for undisturbed pore waters; on the other hand, siderite cannot be considered at equilibrium with pore waters at the formation scale. (authors)

Controls of Ca/Mg/Fe activity ratios in pore water chemistry models of the Callovian-Oxfordian clay formation

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lerouge, C.; Grangeon, S.; Wille, G.; Flehoc, C.; Gailhanou, H.; Gaucher, E.C.; Tournassat, C. [BRGM av. Claude Guillemin BP6009 45060 Orleans cedex 2 (France); Vinsot, A. [ANDRA Meuse/Haute-Marne Underground research Laboratory (URL), RD 960, 55290 Bure (France); Made, B.; Altmann, S. [ANDRA - Parc de la Croix Blanche, 1-7 rue Jean Monnet, 92298 Chatenay-Malabry Cedex (France)

2013-07-01

In the pore water chemistry model of the Callovian-Oxfordian clay formation, the divalent cations Ca, Mg, and Fe are controlled by equilibrium reactions with pure carbonates: calcite for Ca, dolomite for Mg, and siderite for Fe. Results of a petrological study and computing of the Ca/Mg and Ca/Fe activity ratios based on natural pore water chemistry provide evidence that equilibrium with pure calcite and pure dolomite is a reasonable assumption for undisturbed pore waters; on the other hand, siderite cannot be considered at equilibrium with pore waters at the formation scale. (authors)

Inorganic synthesis of Fe-Ca-Mg carbonates at low temperature

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Romanek, Christopher S.; Jiménez-López, Concepción; Navarro, Alejandro Rodriguez; Sánchez-Román, Monica; Sahai, Nita; Coleman, Max

2009-01-01

A set of free-drift experiments was undertaken to synthesize carbonates of mixed cation content (Fe, Ca, Mg) from solution at 25 and 70 °C to better understand the relationship between the mineralogy and composition of these phases and the solutions from which they precipitate. Metastable solid

Influence of Na, K, Ca and Mg on lead atomization by tungsten coil atomic absorption spectrometry

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Oliveira Pedro V. de

2000-01-01

Full Text Available The atomization of lead in an electrothermal tungsten coil atomizer in the presence and absence of Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ was investigated with the objective of understanding the interference processes. The lead atomization was less affected by Ca2+ and Mg2+ than by Na+ and K+. In the absence of concomitants, lead atomization efficiency was improved by the presence of H2 (10% v/v in the purge gas composition, during pyrolysis and atomization steps. The interference caused by Na+ and Ca2+ was negligible when the pyrolysis step was accomplished without H2 in the purge gas composition. The results showed that Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ are directly involved in competition reactions for H2 in condensed phase.

Mössbauer and magnetic studies of surfactant mediated Ca-Mg doped ferrihydrite nanoparticles.

Science.gov (United States)

Layek, Samar; Mohapatra, M; Anand, S; Verma, H C

2013-03-01

Ultrafine (2-5 nm) particles of amorphous Ca-Mg co-doped ferrihydrite have been synthesized by surfactant mediated co-precipitation method. The evolution of the amorphous ferrihydrite by Ca-Mg co-doping is quite different from our earlier investigations on individual doping of Ca and Mg. Amorphous phase of ferrihydrite for the present study has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Mössbauer spectroscopy at room temperature and low temperatures (40 K and 20 K). Hematite nanoparticles with crystallite size about 8, 38 and 70 nm were obtained after annealing the as-prepared samples at 400, 600 and 800 degrees C respectively in air atmosphere. Superparamagnetism has been found in 8 nm sized hematite nanoparticles which has been confirmed from the magnetic hysteresis loop with zero remanent magnetization and coercive field and also from the superparamagnetic doublet of its room temperature Mössbauer spectrum. The magnetic properties of the 38 and 70 nm sized particles have been studied by room temperature magnetic hysteresis loop measurements and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The coercive field in these hematite nanoparticles increases with increasing particle size. Small amount of spinel MgFe2O4 phase has been detected in the 800 degrees C annealed sample.

Luminescent properties of codoping Y{sub 2}O{sub 3}: Eu, Me (Me = Mg, Ca) nanorods

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Liu Zhilong; Wang Qin; Yang Yuming; Tao Chunyan; Yang Hua, E-mail: huayang86@sina.co [Jilin University, College of Chemistry (China)

2010-08-15

Phosphors of nanorods Y{sub 2}O{sub 3}: Eu (Mg, Ca) have been prepared by the hydrothermal method. The effect of Mg, Ca co-dopants on the Y{sub 2}O{sub 3}: Eu phosphor photoluminescence (PL) property was investigated. Upon excitation with ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, it is shown that there is a strong emission at around 610 nm corresponding to the forced electric dipole {sup 5}D{sub 0}-{sup 7}F{sub 2} transition of Eu{sup 3+}. At a certain concentration, Mg, Ca ions' doping effectively enhanced the luminescent properties of Y{sub 2}O{sub 3}: Eu{sup 3+} nanorods and did not change the cubic phase of the host. The structure of Y{sub 2}O{sub 3}: Eu{sup 3+} (Mg, Ca) phosphors was characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD). From XRD patterns, it is indicated that the phosphor Y{sub 2}O{sub 3}:(Eu, Ca) forms without impurity phase. From SEM, TEM images, it is shown that the crystal size of the nanorods phosphors is about 1-2 {mu}m in length and 30-50 nm in diameter.

Microstructure and corrosion study of porous Mg-Zn-Ca alloy in simulated body fluid

Science.gov (United States)

Annur, Dhyah; Erryani, Aprilia; Lestari, Franciska P.; Nyoman Putrayasa, I.; Gede, P. A.; Kartika, Ika

2017-03-01

Magnesium alloys had been considered as promising biomedical devices due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this present work, microstructure and corrosion properties of Mg-Zn-Ca-CaCO3 porous magnesium alloy were examined. Porous metals were fabricated through powder metallurgy process with CaCO3 addition as a foaming agent. CaCO3 content was varied (1, 5, and 10%wt) followed by sintering process in 650 °C in Argon atmosphere for 10 and 15 h. The microstructure of the resulted alloys was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectrometry data (EDS). Further, to examine corrosion properties, electrochemical test were conducted using G750 Gamry Instrument in accordance with ASTM standard G5-94 in simulated body fluid (Hank’s solution). As it was predicted, increasing content of foaming agent was in line with the increasing of pore formation. The electrochemical testing indicated corrosion rate would increase along with the increasing of foaming agent. The porous Mg-Zn-Ca alloy which has more porosity and connecting area will corrode much faster because it can transport the solution containing chloride ion which accelerated the chemical reaction. Highest corrosion resistance was given by Mg-Zn-Ca-1CaCO3-10 h sintering with potential corrosion of  -1.59 VSCE and corrosion rate of 1.01 mmpy. From the microstructure after electrochemical testing, it was revealed that volcano shaped structure and crack would occur after exposure to Hank’s solution

Selenium Speciation in the Fountain Creek Watershed (Colorado, USA Correlates with Water Hardness, Ca and Mg Levels

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James S. Carsella

2017-04-01

Full Text Available The environmental levels of selenium (Se are regulated and strictly enforced by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA because of the toxicity that Se can exert at high levels. However, speciation plays an important role in the overall toxicity of Se, and only when speciation analysis has been conducted will a detailed understanding of the system be possible. In the following, we carried out the speciation analysis of the creek waters in three of the main tributaries—Upper Fountain Creek, Monument Creek and Lower Fountain Creek—located in the Fountain Creek Watershed (Colorado, USA. There are statistically significant differences between the Se, Ca and Mg, levels in each of the tributaries and seasonal swings in Se, Ca and Mg levels have been observed. There are also statistically significant differences between the Se levels when grouped by Pierre Shale type. These factors are considered when determining the forms of Se present and analyzing their chemistry using the reported thermodynamic relationships considering Ca2+, Mg2+, SeO42−, SeO32− and carbonates. This analysis demonstrated that the correlation between Se and water hardness can be explained in terms of formation of soluble CaSeO4. The speciation analysis demonstrated that for the Fountain Creek waters, the Ca2+ ion may be mainly responsible for the observed correlation with the Se level. Considering that the Mg2+ level is also correlating linearly with the Se levels it is important to recognize that without Mg2+ the Ca2+ would be significantly reduced. The major role of Mg2+ is thus to raise the Ca2+ levels despite the equilibria with carbonate and other anions that would otherwise decrease Ca2+ levels.

Mg/Ca partitioning between aqueous solution and aragonite mineral: a molecular dynamics study

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Ruiz-Hernandez, S.E.; Grau-Crespo, R.; Almora-Barrios, N.; Wolthers, M.; Ruiz-Salvador, A.R.; Fernandez, N.; Leeuw, N.H. de

2012-01-01

We have calculated the concentrations of Mg in the bulk and surfaces of aragonite CaCO3 in equilibrium with aqueous solution, based on molecular dynamics simulations and grand-canonical statistical mechanics. Mg is incorporated in the surfaces, in particular in the (001) terraces,

Molecular dynamics simulations of the electrical double layer on smectite surfaces contacting concentrated mixed electrolyte (NaCl-CaCl2) solutions.

Science.gov (United States)

Bourg, Ian C; Sposito, Garrison

2011-08-15

We report new molecular dynamics results elucidating the structure of the electrical double layer (EDL) on smectite surfaces contacting mixed NaCl-CaCl(2) electrolyte solutions in the range of concentrations relevant to pore waters in geologic repositories for CO(2) or high-level radioactive waste (0.34-1.83 mol(c) dm(-3)). Our results confirm the existence of three distinct ion adsorption planes (0-, β-, and d-planes), often assumed in EDL models, but with two important qualifications: (1) the location of the β- and d-planes are independent of ionic strength or ion type and (2) "indifferent electrolyte" ions can occupy all three planes. Charge inversion occurred in the diffuse ion swarm because of the affinity of the clay surface for CaCl(+) ion pairs. Therefore, at concentrations ≥0.34 mol(c) dm(-3), properties arising from long-range electrostatics at interfaces (electrophoresis, electro-osmosis, co-ion exclusion, colloidal aggregation) will not be correctly predicted by most EDL models. Co-ion exclusion, typically neglected by surface speciation models, balanced a large part of the clay mineral structural charge in the more concentrated solutions. Water molecules and ions diffused relatively rapidly even in the first statistical water monolayer, contradicting reports of rigid "ice-like" structures for water on clay mineral surfaces. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Phase Diagram of Al-Ca-Mg-Si System and Its Application for the Design of Aluminum Alloys with High Magnesium Content

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Nikolay A. Belov

2017-10-01

Full Text Available The phase transformations in the Al-Ca-Mg-Si system have been studied using thermodynamic calculations and experimental methods. We show that at 10% Magnesium (Mg, depending on the concentrations of calcium (Ca and silicon (Si, the following phases crystallize first (apart from the aluminum (Al solid solution: Al4Ca, Mg2Si, and Al2CaSi2. We have found that the major part of the calculated concentration range is covered by the region of the primary crystallization of the Al2CaSi2 phase. Regardless of the Ca and Si content, the solidification of the aluminum-magnesium alloys ends with the following nonvariant eutectic reaction: L → (Al + Al4Ca + Mg2Si + Al3Mg2. With respect to the temperature and composition of the liquid phase, this reaction is close to the eutectic reaction in the Al-Mg binary system. The addition of Ca and Si to the Al-10% Mg base alloy increases its hardness, reduces its density, and has no negative influence on its corrosion resistance. We have also established that the near-eutectic alloy containing about 3% Ca and 1% Si has the optimum structure.

Effect of variable doses of ultraviolet radiation (253.7 nm) on thermoluminescence NaCl:Ca(T) material

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nehate, A.K.; Joshi, T.R.; Kathuria, S.P.; Joshi, R.V.

1986-01-01

This paper studies the thermoluminescence (TL) glow curves of NaCl:Ca(T) phosphors to various doses of 253.7-nm ultraviolet (UV) radiation at room temperature. TLD grade NaCl:Ca(T) material was obtained by crystallization from solution and was subsequently annealed at 750 degrees C for 2 h, followed by sudden quenching. We undertook measurement of the effect of variable UV radiation doses (10(2) to 10(6) J m-2) on the TL behaviour of NaCl:Ca(T) phosphors. It was observed that the phosphor exhibits a dominant peak around 167 degrees C along with a weak peak at lower temperature. The high-temperature peak (Peak II) is found to grow linearly with the increase in UV dose in the range of 10(2) to 10(6) J m-2. Since the nature of the glow curves under the influence of different doses remains more or less identical, it is believed that the phosphor does not undergo radiation damage and displays high intrinsic TL around Peak II. Examination of the system for fundamental dosimetry requirements shows that it can be used in dosimetry work at 253.7 nm

The Influence of Mg(II and Ca(II Ions on Rutin Autoxidation in Weakly Alkaline Aqueous Solutions

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Živanović Slavoljub C.

2016-09-01

Full Text Available Rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside is one of the most abundant bioflavonoids with various biological and pharmacological activities. Considering the ubiquitous presence of Mg(II and Ca(II ions in biological systems we decided to investigate their influence on the autoxidation of rutin in weakly alkaline aqueous solutions. Changes in UV-Vis spectra recorded during the rutin autoxidation in aqueous solution at pH 8.4 revealed that this process was very slow in the absence of metal ions. The presence of Mg(II and, especially Ca(II ion, increased the transformation rate of rutin. UV-Vis spectra recorded after prolonged autoxidation indicated the formation of humic acidlike products in the presence of Mg(II and Ca(II ions. Four new compounds formed during the initial stage of rutin autoxidation in the presence of Mg(II and Ca(II ions were detected by HPLCDAD. Based on the analysis of their DAD UV-Vis spectra and comparison of their retention times with the retention time value for rutin, we concluded that the initial rutin transformation products were formed by the water addition on double bond in ring C and hydroxylation of ring B. A very small decrease of the initial rutin concentration (4% was observed by HPLC-DAD in the absence of metal ions for the period of 90 minutes. However, rutin concentration decrease was much larger in the presence of Mg(II and Ca(II ions (14% and 24%, respectively. The more pronounced effect of Ca(II ion on the rutin autoxidation may be explained by the stronger binding of Mg(II ion to rutin and thus greater stabilizing effect on reaction intermediates caused by its higher ionic potential (charge/ionic radius ratio in comparison to Ca(II ion. The results of this study may contribute to the better understanding of interactions of Mg(II and Ca(II ions with natural phenolic antioxidants which are important for their various biological activities.

DISTRIBUTION OF MAJOR ELEMENTS (NA, K, CA, MG) IN THE ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Levels of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium were determined in plant organs (bud, flowers, fruit, seed, leaves, stems, roots, cobs, styles, shaft, grains and efflorescences) of three Fadama farms located in Ifaki-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti and Ikere-Ekiti of Ekiti State, Nigeria. The highest levels of Mg, K, Na and Ca were ...

Rapid age determination of oysters using LA-ICP-MS line scans of shell Mg/Ca ratios

Science.gov (United States)

Gillikin, D. P.; Durham, S. R.; Goodwin, D. H.

2016-02-01

Magnesium to calcium (Mg/Ca) ratios exhibit a strong temperature dependence in foraminifera and corals, but not in bivalve mollusks. Various studies have reported Mg/Ca-temperature relationships with R2 values ranging from 0.3 to 0.8 and significantly different relationships for bivalves growing at different salinities. However, this poor temperature correlation does not render Mg/Ca data useless. A weak temperature dependence would allow time (seasons and years) to be determined along the growth axis of shells. This would provide information about age, growth rate and also allow other proxies to be aligned with time. Typically, oxygen isotopes (δ18O) are used to age shells without clear periodic growth lines, which is time consuming and expensive. Line scans using laser ablation systems can cover several centimeters of shell in a few minutes. We test this method on the resilifer of two oyster species (Crassostrea gigas and C. virginica) using a 193 nm Laser-Ablation-ICP-MS. Living oysters were collected from San Francisco Bay, North Carolina, South Carolina, and the Gulf of Mexico; fossil shells (Pleistocene) were also collected in South Carolina. Shells were sampled for δ18O values and Mg/Ca ratios. We use annual cycles in δ18O values to confidently determine age, then apply the Mg/Ca technique. Shells of both species exhibit annual cyclicity in Mg/Ca ratios using spot and line scan laser sampling, which matche the seasonal cyclicity determined using δ18O values. Results show a good correlation between ages determined using the different methods. We conclude that LA-ICP-MS line scans offer a rapid and inexpensive technique for determining age, growth rate, and timing of shell growth in oyster reslifers.

Mg/Ca- Δ CO3porewater2- -temperature calibration for Globobulimina spp.: A sensitive paleothermometer for deep-sea temperature reconstruction

Science.gov (United States)

Weldeab, Syee; Arce, Adam; Kasten, Sabine

2016-03-01

Existing benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca-temperature calibrations are surrounded by substantial uncertainties mainly due to low temperature sensitivity of Mg/Ca in most benthic foraminifers and the effect of carbonate ion concentration on benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca. Here we present Mg/Ca analysis of Rose Bengal stained and exceptionally well-preserved tests of the infaunal benthic foraminifer Globobulimina spp. from 39 eastern equatorial Atlantic core top samples. Mg/Ca in Globobulimina spp. varies between 2.5 mmol/mol and 9.1 mmol/mol corresponding to bottom water temperatures (BWT) between 1.8 °C and 19.1 °C and Δ CO3pore water2- between 33.7 ± 4 and - 34.3 ± 4 μmol /kg in sediment depths between 1 and 10 cm. Mg/Ca and BWT are linearly correlated with a best fit of Mg/Ca [mmol/mol] = (0.36 ± 0.02) * BWT [°C] + 2.22 ± 0.19 (r2 = 0.92, p-value: 11 *10-20, and n = 39). Using total alkalinity and pH data of pore water samples from 64 Atlantic multi-corer sites, we obtained Δ CO3pore water2- data from the depth habitat range of Globobulimina spp. (≥1 cm ≤ 10 cm below sediment surface). We show that Δ CO3pore waterSUP>2- is significantly lower than and linearly co-varies with the ΔCO2-3 of the overlying bottom water: Δ CO3pore water2- = (0.67 ± 0.05) * Δ CO3bottom water2- - (39.84 ± 1.98); r2 = 0.75, p-value: 6 *10-20, n = 64. We found a Mg/Ca sensitivity of 0.009 ± 0.0044 mmol /mol per μmol/kg Δ CO3pore water2- and Mg/Ca temperature sensitivity of 0.32 ± 0.06 mmol /mol / °C after a correction for the Δ CO3pore water2- effect. This study provides a robust Mg/Ca-temperature calibration, highlights that Δ CO3pore water2- is spatially and most likely temporally variable, and contradicts the notion that infaunal foraminiferal Mg/Ca is relatively immune from ΔCO2-3 changes in the overlying bottom water. Furthermore, comparison of down core Mg/Ca data of Cibicides pachyderma and Globobulimina spp. demonstrates that the high temperature sensitivity of

Optimization of pH, temperature and CaCl2 concentrations for Ricotta cheese production from Buffalo cheese whey using Response Surface Methodology.

Science.gov (United States)

Rashid, Abdul Ahid; Huma, Nuzhat; Zahoor, Tahir; Asgher, Muhammad

2017-02-01

The recovery of milk constituents from cheese whey is affected by various processing conditions followed during production of Ricotta cheese. The objective of the present investigation was to optimize the temperature (60-90 °C), pH (3-7) and CaCl2 concentration (2·0-6·0 mm) for maximum yield/recovery of milk constituents. The research work was carried out in two phases. In 1st phase, the influence of these processing conditions was evaluated through 20 experiments formulated by central composite design (CCD) keeping the yield as response factor. The results obtained from these experiments were used to optimize processing conditions for maximum yield using response surface methodology (RSM). The three best combinations of processing conditions (90 °C, pH 7, CaCl2 6 mm), (100 °C, pH 5, CaCl2 4 mm) and (75 °C, pH 8·4, CaCl2 4 mm) were exploited in the next phase for Ricotta cheese production from a mixture of Buffalo cheese whey and skim milk (9 : 1) to determine the influence of optimized conditions on the cheese composition. Ricotta cheeses were analyzed for various physicochemical (moisture, fat, protein, lactose, total solids, pH and acidity indicated) parameters during storage of 60 d at 4 ± 2 °C after every 15 d interval. Ricotta cheese prepared at 90 °C, pH 7 and CaCl2 6 mm exhibited the highest cheese yield, proteins and total solids, while high fat content was recorded for cheese processed at 100 °C, pH 5 and 4 mm CaCl2 concentration. A significant storage-related increase in acidity and NPN was recorded for all cheese samples.

Review: geological and experimental evidence for secular variation in seawater Mg/Ca (calcite-aragonite seas and its effects on marine biological calcification

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J. B. Ries

2010-09-01

Full Text Available Synchronized transitions in the polymorph mineralogy of the major reef-building and sediment-producing calcareous marine organisms and abiotic CaCO₃ precipitates (ooids, marine cements throughout Phanerozoic time are believed to have been caused by tectonically induced variations in the Mg/Ca ratio of seawater (molar Mg/Ca>2="aragonite seas", <2="calcite seas". Here, I assess the geological evidence in support of secular variation in seawater Mg/Ca and its effects on marine calcifiers, and review a series of recent experiments that investigate the effects of seawater Mg/Ca (1.0–5.2 on extant representatives of calcifying taxa that have experienced variations in this ionic ratio of seawater throughout the geologic past.

Secular variation in seawater Mg/Ca is supported by synchronized secular variations in (1 the ionic composition of fluid inclusions in primary marine halite, (2 the mineralogies of late stage marine evaporites, abiogenic carbonates, and reef- and sediment-forming marine calcifiers, (3 the Mg/Ca ratios of fossil echinoderms, molluscs, rugose corals, and abiogenic carbonates, (4 global rates of tectonism that drive the exchange of Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ along zones of ocean crust production, and (5 additional proxies of seawater Mg/Ca including Sr/Mg ratios of abiogenic carbonates, Sr/Ca ratios of biogenic carbonates, and Br concentrations in marine halite.

Laboratory experiments have revealed that aragonite-secreting bryopsidalean algae and scleractinian corals and calcite-secreting coccolithophores exhibit higher rates of calcification and growth in experimental seawaters formulated with seawater Mg/Ca ratios that favor their skeletal mineral. These results support the assertion that seawater Mg/Ca played an important role in determining which hypercalcifying marine organisms were the major reef-builders and sediment-producers throughout Earth history. The observation that primary

Microstructure and Thermal Properties of Polypropylene/Clay Nanocomposites with TiCl4/MgCl2/Clay Compound Catalyst

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Limei Wang

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Polypropylene (PP/clay nanocomposites were synthesized by in situ intercalative polymerization with TiCl4/MgCl2/clay compound catalyst. Microstructure and thermal properties of PP/clay nanocomposites were studied in detail. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR spectra indicated that PP/clay nanocomposites were successfully prepared. Both wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD and transmission electron microscopy (TEM examination proved that clay layers are homogeneously distributed in PP matrix. XRD patterns also showed that the α phase was the dominate crystal phase of PP in the nanocomposites. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA examinations confirmed that thermal stability of PP/clay nanocomposites was markedly superior to pure PP. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC scans showed that the melt temperature and the crystallinity of nanocomposites were slightly lower than those of pure PP due to crystals imperfections.

Microstructure and electric characteristics of AETiO3 (AE=Mg, Ca, Sr doped CaCu3Ti4O12 thin films prepared by the sol–gel method

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Dong Xu

2015-10-01

Full Text Available This paper focuses on the effects of alkline-earth metal titante AETiO3 (AE=Mg, Ca, Sr doping on the microstructure and electric characteristics of CaCu3Ti4O12 thin films prepared by the sol–gel method. The results showed that the grain size of CCTO thin films could be increased by MgTiO3 doping. The movement of the grain boundaries was impeded by the second phases of CaTiO3 and SrTiO3 concentrating at grain boundaries in CaTiO3 and SrTiO3 doped CCTO thin films. Rapid ascent of dielectric constant could be observed in 0.1Mg TiO3 doped CCTO thin films, which was almost as three times high as pure CCTO thin film and the descent of the dielectric loss at low frequency could also be observed. In addition, the nonlinear coefficient (α, threshold voltage (VT and leakage current (IL of AETiO3 doped CCTO thin films (AE=Mg, Ca, Sr showed different variation with the increasing content of the MgTiO3, CaTiO3 and SrTiO3.

Selective recovery of uranium from Ca-Mg uranates by chlorination

Science.gov (United States)

Pomiro, Federico J.; Gaviría, Juan P.; Quinteros, Raúl D.; Bohé, Ana E.

2017-07-01

A chlorination process is proposed for the uranium extraction and separation using Calciumsbnd Magnesium uranates such as starting reactants which were obtained by precipitation from uranyl nitrate solutions with calcium hydroxide. The study is based on thermodynamic and reaction analysis using chlorine gas as chlorination agent. The results showed that the chlorination reaction of Ca uranate is more feasible to occur than the Mg uranate. The products obtained after chlorination reactions were washed with deionized water to remove the chlorides produced and analyzed. The XRD patterns of the washed products indicated that the chlorination between 400 and 500 °C result in a single phase of calcium uranate (CaUO4) as reaction product. The formation of U3O8 and MgU3O10 was observed at temperatures between 600 °C and 700 °C for 8 hs. The optimal conditions to recover uranium were 3 l h-1 of chlorine and 10 hs of reaction at 700 °C being U3O8 the single uranium product obtained.

Signatures in magnetites formed by (Ca,Mg,Fe)CO3 thermal decomposition: Terrestrial and extraterrestrial implications

Science.gov (United States)

Jimenez-Lopez, Concepcion; Rodriguez-Navarro, Carlos; Rodriguez-Navarro, Alejandro; Perez-Gonzalez, Teresa; Bazylinski, Dennis A.; Lauer, Howard V.; Romanek, Christopher S.

2012-06-01

It has never been demonstrated whether magnetite synthesized through the heat-dependent decomposition of carbonate precursors retains the chemical and structural features of the carbonates. In this study, synthetic (Ca,Mg,Fe)CO3 was thermally decomposed by heating from 25 to 700 °C under 1 atm CO2, and by in situ exposure under vacuum to the electron beam of a transmission electron microscope. In both cases, the decomposition of the carbonate was topotactic and resulted in porous pseudomorphs composed of oriented aggregates of magnetite nanocrystals. Both calcium and magnesium were incorporated into nanophase magnetite, forming (Ca,Mg)-magnetites and (Ca,Mg)-ferrites when these elements were present in the parent material, thus preserving the chemical signature of the precursor. These results show that magnetites synthesized in this way acquire a chemical and structural inheritance from their carbonate precursor that indicates how they were produced. These results are not only important in the determination of the origin of chemically-impure, oriented nanophase magnetite crystals in general, but they also provide important insights into the origin of the large, euhedral, chemically-pure, [111]-elongated magnetites found within Ca-, Mg- and Fe-rich carbonates of the Martian meteorite ALH84001. Based on our experimental results, the chemically-pure magnetites within ALH84001 cannot be genetically related to the Ca-, Mg- and Fe-rich carbonate matrix within which they are embedded, and an alternative explanation for their occurrence is warranted.

Effect of low irradiation temperature on the thermoluminescent response of doped crystal NaCl:XCl2 :MnCl2(X=Ca, Cd)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ortiz M, A.; Cruz Z, E.; Furetta, C.; Kitis, G.

2009-10-01

Production of crystalline materials suitable thermoluminescent properties over a wide range of doses is becoming more important to evaluate different radiation fields. However, the thermoluminescence response and the structure of the glow curves may be modified by the participation of defects to low irradiation temperature. In this work it is analyzed the effect of the irradiation temperature, 77 and 200 K on the thermoluminescence response of crystal NaCl:XCl 2 :MnCl 2 (X=Ca, Cd) doubly doped. The glow curves obtained were analyzed using a deconvolution program of CGCD, and the response linearity was analyzed by supra linearity index. (Author)

Development of biodegradable Zn-1X binary alloys with nutrient alloying elements Mg, Ca and Sr

Science.gov (United States)

Li, H. F.; Xie, X. H.; Zheng, Y. F.; Cong, Y.; Zhou, F. Y.; Qiu, K. J.; Wang, X.; Chen, S. H.; Huang, L.; Tian, L.; Qin, L.

2015-01-01

Biodegradable metals have attracted considerable attentions in recent years. Besides the early launched biodegradable Mg and Fe metals, Zn, an essential element with osteogenic potential of human body, is regarded and studied as a new kind of potential biodegradable metal quite recently. Unfortunately, pure Zn is soft, brittle and has low mechanical strength in the practice, which needs further improvement in order to meet the clinical requirements. On the other hand, the widely used industrial Zn-based alloys usually contain biotoxic elements (for instance, ZA series contain toxic Al elements up to 40 wt.%), which subsequently bring up biosafety concerns. In the present work, novel Zn-1X binary alloys, with the addition of nutrition elements Mg, Ca and Sr were designed (cast, rolled and extruded Zn-1Mg, Zn-1Ca and Zn-1Sr). Their microstructure and mechanical property, degradation and in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility were studied systematically. The results demonstrated that the Zn-1X (Mg, Ca and Sr) alloys have profoundly modified the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of pure Zn. Zn-1X (Mg, Ca and Sr) alloys showed great potential for use in a new generation of biodegradable implants, opening up a new avenue in the area of biodegradable metals. PMID:26023878

Development of biodegradable Zn-1X binary alloys with nutrient alloying elements Mg, Ca and Sr.

Science.gov (United States)

Li, H F; Xie, X H; Zheng, Y F; Cong, Y; Zhou, F Y; Qiu, K J; Wang, X; Chen, S H; Huang, L; Tian, L; Qin, L

2015-05-29

Biodegradable metals have attracted considerable attentions in recent years. Besides the early launched biodegradable Mg and Fe metals, Zn, an essential element with osteogenic potential of human body, is regarded and studied as a new kind of potential biodegradable metal quite recently. Unfortunately, pure Zn is soft, brittle and has low mechanical strength in the practice, which needs further improvement in order to meet the clinical requirements. On the other hand, the widely used industrial Zn-based alloys usually contain biotoxic elements (for instance, ZA series contain toxic Al elements up to 40 wt.%), which subsequently bring up biosafety concerns. In the present work, novel Zn-1X binary alloys, with the addition of nutrition elements Mg, Ca and Sr were designed (cast, rolled and extruded Zn-1Mg, Zn-1Ca and Zn-1Sr). Their microstructure and mechanical property, degradation and in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility were studied systematically. The results demonstrated that the Zn-1X (Mg, Ca and Sr) alloys have profoundly modified the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of pure Zn. Zn-1X (Mg, Ca and Sr) alloys showed great potential for use in a new generation of biodegradable implants, opening up a new avenue in the area of biodegradable metals.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI CaCl2 DAN LAMA PERENDAMAN TERHADAP SIFAT ORGANOLEPTIK KERIPIK PISANG MULI (Musa paradisiaca L. DENGAN PENGGORENGAN VAKUM (VACUUM FRYING

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Fibra Nurainy

2013-07-01

Full Text Available The ripe muli banana is very sensitive to high temperatures, therefore this type banana cannot be fried at normal atmosphere pressur. Therefore , a frying process at low temperature and low pressureis needed. The objective of this research was to determine the best CaCl2 concentration, soaking time, and the interaction between  them in producing the best muli banana cracker using vacuum frying. The factorial experiment was arranged  in a complete randomized block design with three replications. The first factor was the CaCl2 (K concentration and the second factor was soaking time (T. The CaCl2 concentration consisted of three levels: 1% (K1, 2% (K2, and 3% (K3. The soaking times were 10 minutes (T1, 20 minutes (T2, and 30 minutes (T3. Weight of each sample processed was 2 kg. The sensory evaluation data homogeneity  and additivity were  tested using Bartlet  and Tuckey tests.  Then the data were analyzed using ANOVA, and further analyzed using honest significant difference with significant level of 5%. The best organoleptic properties of vacuum fried muli banana cracker was found on the treatment of  1% CaCl2 soaked for10 minutes (K1L1 with characteristics of typical banana aroma, yellow brownish color, sweet and a little bit sour taste, no after taste, and crunchy. The overall acceptance was favorable. Keywords: CaCl2, cracker, crunchiness, muli banana, vacuum frying

Luminescent properties of Mg3Ca3(PO4)4: Eu2+ blue-emitting phosphor for white light emitting diodes

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Li Yinqun; Deng Degang; Wang Qian; Li Gaofeng; Hua Youjie; Jia Guohua; Huang Lihui; Zhao Shilong; Wang Huanping; Li Chenxia; Xu Shiqing

2012-01-01

A blue-emitting phosphor, Eu 2+ -activated Mg 3 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 4 phosphor was synthesized by conventional solid-state reaction. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the phase formation. Photoluminescence (PL) results showed that Mg 3 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 4 : Eu 2+ could be efficiently excited by UV–visible light from 250 to 430 nm, which matched well with the emission wavelengths of near-UV and UV LED chips. The effects of the doped-Eu 2+ concentration in Mg 3 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 4 : Eu 2+ on the PL were also investigated. The result reveals that Mg 3 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 4 : Eu 2+ is a potential blue-emitting phosphor for white LEDs. - Graphical Abstract: The excitation spectra show a broad peak from 250 to 430 nm, which means Mg 3 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 4 : Eu 2+ phosphor can be suitable for application in white LEDs excited by the near-UV and UV LEDs. The emission spectrum peaked at 456 nm with the full-width half-maximum (FWHM) of 102 nm is attributed to the 4f 6 5d 1 –4f 7 transition of the Eu 2+ ion. The asymmetric emission spectra show that Eu 2+ has more one emission center in Mg 3 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 4 , which can be deconvoluted into at least four Gaussian components peaked at 423, 446, 483 and 510 nm. Highlights: ► Mg 3 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 4 : Eu 2+ phosphor could be effectively excited by UV chips (360–430 nm). ► Mg 3 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 4 : Eu 2+ phosphor is a potential blue-emitting phosphor for white LEDs. ► Mg 3 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 4 : Eu 2+ phosphor shows a broadband emission.

CO2 Absorption and Magnesium Carbonate Precipitation in MgCl2–NH3–NH4Cl Solutions: Implications for Carbon Capture and Storage

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Chen Zhu

2017-09-01

Full Text Available CO2 absorption and carbonate precipitation are the two core processes controlling the reaction rate and path of CO2 mineral sequestration. Whereas previous studies have focused on testing reactive crystallization and precipitation kinetics, much less attention has been paid to absorption, the key process determining the removal efficiency of CO2. In this study, adopting a novel wetted wall column reactor, we systematically explore the rates and mechanisms of carbon transformation from CO2 gas to carbonates in MgCl2–NH3–NH4Cl solutions. We find that reactive diffusion in liquid film of the wetted wall column is the rate-limiting step of CO2 absorption when proceeding chiefly through interactions between CO2(aq and NH3(aq. We further quantified the reaction kinetic constant of the CO2–NH3 reaction. Our results indicate that higher initial concentration of NH4Cl ( ≥ 2 mol · L − 1 leads to the precipitation of roguinite [ ( NH 4 2 Mg ( CO 3 2 · 4 H 2 O ], while nesquehonite appears to be the dominant Mg-carbonate without NH4Cl addition. We also noticed dypingite formation via phase transformation in hot water. This study provides new insight into the reaction kinetics of CO2 mineral carbonation that indicates the potential of this technique for future application to industrial-scale CO2 sequestration.

Effect of Si, Mn, Sn on Tensile and Corrosion Properties of Mg-4Zn-0.5Ca Alloys for Biodegradable Implant Materials

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cho, Dae Hyun; Nam, Ji Hoon; Lee, Byeong Woo; Park, Ji Yong; Shin, Hyun Jung; Park, Ik Min [Pusan National University, Busan (Korea, Republic of)

2015-03-15

Effect of elements Si, Mn, Sn on tensile and corrosion properties of Mg-4Zn-0.5Ca alloys were investigated. The results of tensile properties show that the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation of Mg-4Zn-0.5Ca alloy increased significantly with the addition of 0.6 wt% Mn. This is considered the grain refinement effect due to addition of Mn. However addition of 0.6 wt% Si decreased yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation. The bio-corrosion behavior of Mg-4Zn-0.5Ca-X alloys were investigated using immersion tests and potentiodynamic polarization test in Hank's solution. Immersion test showed that corrosion rate of Mg-4Zn-0.5Ca-0.6Mn alloy was the lowest rate and addition of 1.0 wt% Sn accelerated corrosion rate due to micro-galvanic effect in α-Mg/CaMgSn phases interface. And corrosion potential (E{sub c}orr) of Mg-4Zn-0.5Ca-0.6Mn alloy was the most noble among Mg-4Zn-0.5Ca-X alloys.

ß-Adrenergic stimulation increases RyR2 activity via intracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ regulation.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jiao Li

Full Text Available Here we investigate how ß-adrenergic stimulation of the heart alters regulation of ryanodine receptors (RyRs by intracellular Ca(2+ and Mg(2+ and the role of these changes in SR Ca(2+ release. RyRs were isolated from rat hearts, perfused in a Langendorff apparatus for 5 min and subject to 1 min perfusion with 1 µM isoproterenol or without (control and snap frozen in liquid N2 to capture their phosphorylation state. Western Blots show that RyR2 phosphorylation was increased by isoproterenol, confirming that RyR2 were subject to normal ß-adrenergic signaling. Under basal conditions, S2808 and S2814 had phosphorylation levels of 69% and 15%, respectively. These levels were increased to 83% and 60%, respectively, after 60 s of ß-adrenergic stimulation consistent with other reports that ß-adrenergic stimulation of the heart can phosphorylate RyRs at specific residues including S2808 and S2814 causing an increase in RyR activity. At cytoplasmic [Ca(2+] 1 µM, ß-adrenergic stimulation only decreased cytoplasmic Mg(2+ and Ca(2+ inhibition of RyRs. The Ka and maximum levels of cytoplasmic Ca(2+ activation site were not affected by ß-adrenergic stimulation. Our RyR2 gating model was fitted to the single channel data. It predicted that in diastole, ß-adrenergic stimulation is mediated by 1 increasing the activating potency of Ca(2+ binding to the luminal Ca(2+ site and decreasing its affinity for luminal Mg(2+ and 2 decreasing affinity of the low-affinity Ca(2+/Mg(2+ cytoplasmic inhibition site. However in systole, ß-adrenergic stimulation is mediated mainly by the latter.

Study of chromites YbMIICr2O5,5 (MII - Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba by X-ray diffraction

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

B. Kasenov

2012-03-01

Full Text Available Compounds of composition YbMeMnFeO5,5 (Me – Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba are synthesized from Yb2O3, , Cr2O3 and MgCO3, CaCO3, SrCO3, BaCO3 by solid phase method. X-ray powder diffraction showed that the compound YbMgCr2O5,5, YbCaCr2O5,5, YbSrCr2O5,5, YbBaCr2O5,5 crystallizes in the tetragonal crystal system.

Synthesis and luminescence properties of Eu -activated Ca4Mg5 ...

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Abstract. Ca4Mg5(PO4)6:Eu2+ blue-emitting phosphor was synthesized by the combustion-assisted synthesis method under reductive atmosphere. The products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), trans- mission electron microscopy (TEM) and photoluminescence (PL) spectrum. XRD analysis confirmed ...

Concentration quenching of Eu2+ in a thermal-stable yellow phosphor Ca2BO3Cl:Eu2+ for LED application

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhang Xinguo; Zhang Jilin; Dong Zhiyue; Shi Jianxin; Gong Menglian

2012-01-01

A piece-shaped phosphor Ca 2 BO 3 Cl: Eu 2+ was synthesized by solid-state reaction method. This phosphor exhibited wide absorption in ultra-violet and visible range, and bright yellow emission band centering at 570 nm. The concentration quenching mechanism was verified to be a dipole–dipole interaction, and its critical transfer distance was about 17 Å by both calculated crystal structural method and experimental spectral method. This phosphor has a good thermal stability with a quenching temperature (T 1/2 ) of 200 °C. Yellow and white LEDs were fabricated with this phosphor and near UV chips, and the yellow LED has a high color purity of 97.0% and promising current tolerant property, while the white LED shows a luminous efficiency of 11.68 lm/W. - Highlights: ► Broadband excitable and strong yellow-emitting Ca 2 BO 3 Cl: Eu 2+ phosphor is obtained by solid state reaction. ► Concentration quenching mechanism of Ca 2 BO 3 Cl: Eu 2+ is dipole–dipole interaction. ► Quenching temperature (T 1/2 ) of Ca 2 BO 3 Cl: Eu 2+ is at 200 °C. ► As synthesized material can be used for LED phosphor application.

Structure, solvation, and dynamics of Mg{sup 2+}, Ca{sup 2+}, Sr{sup 2+}, and Ba{sup 2+} complexes with 3-hydroxyflavone and perchlorate anion in acetonitrile medium: A molecular dynamics simulation study

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Agieienko, Vira N.; Kolesnik, Yaroslav V.; Kalugin, Oleg N., E-mail: onkalugin@gmail.com [Department of Inorganic Chemistry, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv 61022 (Ukraine)

2014-05-21

Molecular dynamics simulations of complexes of Mg{sup 2+}, Ca{sup 2+}, Sr{sup 2+}, and Ba{sup 2+} with 3-hydroxyflavone (flavonol, 3HF) and ClO {sub 4}{sup −} in acetonitrile were performed. The united atoms force field model was proposed for the 3HF molecule using the results of DFT quantum chemical calculations. 3HF was interpreted as a rigid molecule with two internal degrees of freedom, i.e., rotation of the phenyl ring and of the OH group with respect to the chromone moiety. The interatomic radial distribution functions showed that interaction of the cations with flavonol occurs via the carbonyl group of 3HF and it is accompanied with substitution of one of the acetonitrile molecules in the cations’ first solvation shells. Formation of the cation–3HF complexes does not have significant impact on the rotation of the phenyl ring with respect to the chromone moiety. However, the orientation of the flavonol's OH-group is more sensitive to the interaction with doubly charged cations. When complex with Mg{sup 2+} is formed, the OH-group turns out of the plane of the chromone moiety that leads to rupture of intramolecular H-bond in the ligand molecule. Complexation of Ca{sup 2+}, Sr{sup 2+}, and BaClO {sub 4}{sup +} with 3HF produces two structures with different OH-positions, as in the free flavonol with the intramolecular H-bond and as in the complex with Mg{sup 2+} with disrupted H-bonding. It was shown that additional stabilization of the [MgClO{sub 4}(3HF)]{sup +} and [BaClO{sub 4}(3HF)]{sup +} complexes is determined by strong affinity of perchlorate anion to interact with flavonol via intracomplex hydrogen bond between an oxygen atom of the anion and the hydrogen atom of the 3-hydroxyl group. Noticeable difference in the values of the self-diffusion coefficients for Kt{sup 2+} from one side and ClO {sub 4}{sup −}, 3HF, and AN in the cations’ coordination shell from another side implies quite weak interaction between cation, anion, and ligands in

Chemical synthesis and characterization of magnesium substituted amorphous calcium phosphate (MG-ACP)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lee, Donghyun [Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 156-756 (Korea, Republic of); Kumta, Prashant N., E-mail: pkumta@pitt.edu [Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 (United States); Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Sceince, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 (United States); Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 (United States)

2010-10-12

Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) was synthesized by a simple aqueous precipitation using CaCl{sub 2} and Na{sub 3}PO{sub 4} in the presence of MgCl{sub 2} to ensure the formation of the ACP phase at room temperature. Magnesium substituted ACP phases corresponding to two different compositions representing the two most prominent calcium phosphate phases (hydroxyapatite: Ca + Mg/P = 1.67 and tricalcium phosphate: Ca + Mg/P = 1.5) were synthesized by this simple approach. Both compositions of ACP phases resulted in their transformation into {beta}-tricalcium phosphate upon heat treatment in air at 600 deg. C. X-ray diffraction (XRD), heat treatment, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyses were used to characterize the phase, thermal stability, surface area, and morphology of the synthesized ACP powders corresponding to the two different nominal Ca/P compositions. Although it is known that {alpha}-TCP is the phase that appears upon heat treatment at 600 deg. C unsubstituted ACP, substitution of magnesium ion in ACP (both TCP and HA composition) stabilized the structure of {beta}-TCMP phase at 600 deg. C. Moreover, FT-IR analysis revealed that the ACP phase regardless of the composition, exhibited characteristic bands corresponding to that of HA, with the exception of the ACP corresponding to HA composition which exhibited a prominent OH vibrational mode.

Silicene/germanene on MgX2(X = Cl, Br, and I) for Li-ion battery applications

KAUST Repository

Zhu, Jiajie

2016-03-15

Silicene is a promising electrode material for Li-ion batteries due to its high Li capacity and low Li diffusion barrier. Germanene is expected to show a similar performance due to its analogous structural and electronic properties. However, the performance of both the materials will be determined by the substrate, since freestanding configurations are unstable. We propose Si/MgX2 and Ge/MgX2 (X = Cl, Br, and I) as suitable hybrid structures, based on first-principles calculations. We find that Li will not cluster and that the Li capacity is very high (443 and 279 mA h g-1 for silicene and germanene on MgCl2, respectively). Sandwich structures can be used to further enhance the performance. Low diffusion barriers of less than 0.3 eV are predicted for all the hybrid structures. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016.

Silicene/germanene on MgX2(X = Cl, Br, and I) for Li-ion battery applications

KAUST Repository

Zhu, Jiajie; Chroneos, Alexander; Schwingenschlö gl, Udo

2016-01-01

Silicene is a promising electrode material for Li-ion batteries due to its high Li capacity and low Li diffusion barrier. Germanene is expected to show a similar performance due to its analogous structural and electronic properties. However, the performance of both the materials will be determined by the substrate, since freestanding configurations are unstable. We propose Si/MgX2 and Ge/MgX2 (X = Cl, Br, and I) as suitable hybrid structures, based on first-principles calculations. We find that Li will not cluster and that the Li capacity is very high (443 and 279 mA h g-1 for silicene and germanene on MgCl2, respectively). Sandwich structures can be used to further enhance the performance. Low diffusion barriers of less than 0.3 eV are predicted for all the hybrid structures. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016.

Microwave energy-assisted formation of bioactive CaO–MgO–SiO2 ...

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Ogun State, South-west, Nigeria); MgO was obtained from. Mg(NO3)2·6H2O ... 2.3 Extraction of Ca from chicken eggshells. The chicken eggshells were washed with deionized water, oven-dried at .... There is no carbon peak observed .... present in critical concentrations could be biologically active. [28]. .... Solids 354 722.

Determination of Mg, Al, Si, Cl and K in some medicinal plants by NAA and REA methods

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mumba, N.K.; Csikai, J.; Petoe, G. (Kossuth Lajos Tudomanyegyetem, Debrecen (Hungary). Kiserleti Fizikai Intezet)

1982-07-26

Trace elements have been determined in biological samples including pepperwort, thyme, plantain, blessed thistle and common comfrey as well as cabbage leaves and milk powder. Concentrations of Al, Si, and Cl have been determined by fast neutron activation analysis while, in the case of Mg-, K, and Cl the X-ray fluorescence method was used.

Surface characterization, in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of Mg-0.3Sr-0.3Ca for temporary cardiovascular implant

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bornapour, M., E-mail: mandana.bornapour@mail.mcgill.ca [Light Metals and Advanced Magnesium Materials, Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Qc, H3A 0C5 (Canada); Biointerface Lab, Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Qc H3A 0C5 (Canada); Mahjoubi, H. [Biointerface Lab, Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Qc H3A 0C5 (Canada); Vali, H. [Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Qc, H3A 0C7 (Canada); Shum-Tim, D. [Department of Cardiac Surgery and Surgical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Qc H3G 1A1 (Canada); Cerruti, M. [Biointerface Lab, Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Qc H3A 0C5 (Canada); Pekguleryuz, M. [Light Metals and Advanced Magnesium Materials, Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Qc, H3A 0C5 (Canada)

2016-10-01

Magnesium-based alloys are attractive candidate materials for medical applications. Our earlier work showed that the ternary Mg-0.3Sr-0.3Ca alloy exhibits slower degradation rates than both binary Mg-Sr and Mg-Ca alloys. The ternary alloy immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) forms a compact surface layer of corrosion products that we hypothesized to be a Sr-substituted hydroxyapatite (HA). The main objectives of the current work are to understand the bio-degradation mechanism of Mg-0.3Sr-0.3Ca, to identify the exact nature of its protective layer and to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of the alloy for cardiovascular applications. To better simulate the physiological environment, the alloy was immersed in SBF which was daily refreshed. Raman spectroscopy and X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the formation of a thin, Sr-substituted HA layer at the interface between the alloy and the corrosion products. In vitro biocompatibility evaluated via indirect cytotoxicity assays using HUVECs showed no toxicity effect and ions extracted from Mg-0.3Sr-0.3Ca in fact increased the viability of HUVECs after one week. In vivo tests were performed by implanting a tubular Mg-0.3Sr-0.3Ca stent along with a WE43 control stent into the right and left femoral artery of a dog. Post implantation and histological analyses showed no thrombosis in the artery with Mg-0.3Sr-0.3Ca stent after 5 weeks of implantation while the artery implanted with WE43 stent was extensively occluded and thrombosed. Microscopic observation of the Mg-0.3Sr-0.3Ca implant-tissue interface confirmed the in situ formation of Sr-substituted HA on the surface during in vivo test. These results show that the interfacial layer protects the surface of the Mg-0.3Sr-0.3Ca alloy both in vitro and in vivo, and is the key factor in the bio-corrosion resistance of the alloy. - Highlights: • The surface active elements of Sr and Ca alter the corrosion of Mg alloy in SBF • Sr

Surface characterization, in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of Mg-0.3Sr-0.3Ca for temporary cardiovascular implant

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bornapour, M.; Mahjoubi, H.; Vali, H.; Shum-Tim, D.; Cerruti, M.; Pekguleryuz, M.

2016-01-01

Magnesium-based alloys are attractive candidate materials for medical applications. Our earlier work showed that the ternary Mg-0.3Sr-0.3Ca alloy exhibits slower degradation rates than both binary Mg-Sr and Mg-Ca alloys. The ternary alloy immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) forms a compact surface layer of corrosion products that we hypothesized to be a Sr-substituted hydroxyapatite (HA). The main objectives of the current work are to understand the bio-degradation mechanism of Mg-0.3Sr-0.3Ca, to identify the exact nature of its protective layer and to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of the alloy for cardiovascular applications. To better simulate the physiological environment, the alloy was immersed in SBF which was daily refreshed. Raman spectroscopy and X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the formation of a thin, Sr-substituted HA layer at the interface between the alloy and the corrosion products. In vitro biocompatibility evaluated via indirect cytotoxicity assays using HUVECs showed no toxicity effect and ions extracted from Mg-0.3Sr-0.3Ca in fact increased the viability of HUVECs after one week. In vivo tests were performed by implanting a tubular Mg-0.3Sr-0.3Ca stent along with a WE43 control stent into the right and left femoral artery of a dog. Post implantation and histological analyses showed no thrombosis in the artery with Mg-0.3Sr-0.3Ca stent after 5 weeks of implantation while the artery implanted with WE43 stent was extensively occluded and thrombosed. Microscopic observation of the Mg-0.3Sr-0.3Ca implant-tissue interface confirmed the in situ formation of Sr-substituted HA on the surface during in vivo test. These results show that the interfacial layer protects the surface of the Mg-0.3Sr-0.3Ca alloy both in vitro and in vivo, and is the key factor in the bio-corrosion resistance of the alloy. - Highlights: • The surface active elements of Sr and Ca alter the corrosion of Mg alloy in SBF • Sr

Superior catalytic effect of TiF3 over TiCl3 in improving the hydrogen sorption kinetics of MgH2: Catalytic role of fluorine anion

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ma, L.-P.; Kang, X.-D.; Dai, H.-B.; Liang, Y.; Fang, Z.-Z.; Wang, P.-J.; Wang, P.; Cheng, H.-M.

2009-01-01

TiF 3 shows a superior catalytic effect over TiCl 3 in improving the hydrogen sorption kinetics of MgH 2 . Combined phase analysis and microstructure characterization suggest that both titanium halide additives react with host MgH 2 in a similar way. However, systematic X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies reveal that the incorporated fluorine (F) differs significantly from its analog chlorine (Cl) in terms of bonding state. The asymmetry of F 1s spectra and the sputtering-induced peak shift suggest that, in addition to the Mg-F bond, a new Ti-F-Mg bonding is formed in the TiF 3 -doped MgH 2 . In contrast, only one stable binding state of Cl is identified in the form of MgCl 2 for the TiCl 3 -doped MgH 2 . In combination with the designed experiments, these findings suggest that the generation of active F-containing species may be responsible for the advantage of TiF 3 over TiCl 3 in improving both the absorption and desorption kinetics of MgH 2 . Fundamentally, it emphasizes the functionality of F anion in tuning the activity of compound catalyst

The Effect of Increasing Sn Content on High-Temperature Mechanical Deformation of an Mg-3%Cu-1%Ca Alloy

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Georgios S.E. Antipas

2013-11-01

Full Text Available Chill casting of magnesium alloy samples with secondary alloying elements of Cu, Ca and Sn at % w.t. concentrations in the range 1–5, 0.1–5 and 0.1–3 respectively, gave rise to appreciably enhanced resistance to high-temperature creep, while maintaining good heat conductivity. The latter was considered to be driven by Cu and Mg-Cu intermetallics while it was clear that Sn mediated the high-temperature performance, mainly via networks of Mg2Sn and MgCaSn precipitates along the Mg matrix grain boundaries. It was postulated that Sn formed intermetallics by preferential substitution of Ca atoms and, thus, did not degrade the heat conductivity by retaining Cu. The % w.t. stoichiometry with the optimum combination of heat conductivity and resistance to high-temperature creep was found to be Mg-3Cu-1Ca-0.1Sn.

Activity coefficients of CaCl2 in (maltose + water) and (lactose + water) mixtures at 298.15 K

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhuo Kelei; Liu Hongxun; Zhang Honghao; Liu Yaohui; Wang Jianji

2008-01-01

Activity coefficients of CaCl 2 in disaccharide {(maltose, lactose) + water} mixtures at 298.15 K were determined by cell potentials. The molalities of CaCl 2 ranged from about 0.01 mol . kg -1 to 0.20 mol . kg -1 , the mass fractions of maltose from 0.05 to 0.25, and those of lactose from 0.025 to 0.125. The cell potentials were analyzed by using the Debye-Hueckel extended equation and the Pitzer equation. The activity coefficients obtained from the two theoretical models are in good agreement with each other. Gibbs free energy interaction parameters (g ES ) and salting constants (k S ) were also obtained. These were discussed in terms of the stereo-chemistry of saccharide molecules and the structural interaction model

Postharvest behavior of tamarillo (Solanum betaceum Cav. treated with CaCl2 under different storage temperatures

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Lida Paola Pinzón-Gómez

2014-08-01

Full Text Available The tamarillo, or tree tomato, produced in Colombia, has great potential for commercialization in the global market for tropical exotic fruits, but suffers quality losses during the postharvest phase due to the use of inappropriate technologies. In order to extend the postharvest life of these fruits, the effect of calcium chloride (CaCl2 and different storage temperatures was evaluated. A completely randomized design was used, where the block criterion was the temperature with three treatments (control and calcium chloride doses of 570 and 862 mM and three blocks (6, 9°C and ambient temperature [20°C], for a total of nine experimental treatments monitored every five days for 20 days. The CaCl2 treatments delayed softening over time, as compared to the control but did not affect the other quality attributes. Generally, the fruits stored at low temperatures lost less fresh weight and had a lower respiration rate as compared with the fruits stored at the ambient temperature. During the postharvest, it was observed that the fruits had a pH between 3.84 and 4.36, total acidity between 0.57 and 1.6% and 9.79°Brix on average. The physicochemical properties of the tamarillo were more affected by the ambient temperature than by the application of CaCl2. The temperature of 9°C is recommended for maintaining the quality of this fruit for 20 days.

Glass-ceramic coated Mg-Ca alloys for biomedical implant applications.

Science.gov (United States)

Rau, J V; Antoniac, I; Fosca, M; De Bonis, A; Blajan, A I; Cotrut, C; Graziani, V; Curcio, M; Cricenti, A; Niculescu, M; Ortenzi, M; Teghil, R

2016-07-01

Biodegradable metals and alloys are promising candidates for biomedical bone implant applications. However, due to the high rate of their biodegradation in human body environment, they should be coated with less reactive materials, such, for example, as bioactive glasses or glass-ceramics. Fort this scope, RKKP composition glass-ceramic coatings have been deposited on Mg-Ca(1.4wt%) alloy substrates by Pulsed Laser Deposition method, and their properties have been characterized by a number of techniques. The prepared coatings consist of hydroxyapatite and wollastonite phases, having composition close to that of the bulk target material used for depositions. The 100μm thick films are characterized by dense, compact and rough morphology. They are composed of a glassy matrix with various size (from micro- to nano-) granular inclusions. The average surface roughness is about 295±30nm due to the contribution of micrometric aggregates, while the roughness of the fine-texture particulates is approximately 47±4nm. The results of the electrochemical corrosion evaluation tests evidence that the RKKP coating improves the corrosion resistance of the Mg-Ca (1.4wt%) alloy in Simulated Body Fluid. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Applications of /sup 43/Ca, /sup 25/Mg, and /sup 67/Zn NMR spectroscopies to biological systems

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Shimizu, Tohru; Hatano, Masahiro [Tohoku Univ., Sendai (Japan). Chemical Research Inst. of Non-Aqueous Solutions

1983-12-01

/sup 43/Ca, /sup 25/Mg and /sup 67/Zn NMR spectroscopies applied to biologically important systems are summarized mainly on the basis of our findings. It was found from our studies that (1) /sup 25/Mg NMR can be utilized for studying the dynamic and/or static behavior of Mg/sup 2 +/ in the Mg/sup 2 +/ -ATP (ADP)-kinase ternary complexes and (2) /sup 67/Zn NMR bands of diluted Zn/sup 2 +/ are much narrower than predicted and thus can be applicable for studying the dynamic and/or static behavior of Zn/sup 2 +/ in Zn/sup 2 +/ -enzyme solutions. In addition, /sup 43/Ca NMR spectra were successfully applied to some Ca/sup 2 +/ -binding proteins. In concluding remarks, we discussed possibilities of applications of those metal NMR spectroscopies to medical purposes.

Calculation of self-absorption coefficients of calcium resonance lines in the case of a CaCl2-water plasma

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hannachi, R.; Cressault, Y.; Teulet, Ph.; Gleizes, A.; Lakhdar, Z. Ben

2008-01-01

The resonance escape factors for the lines emitted by a neutral calcium atom Ca I at 4226.73 A and of ionic calcium Ca II at 3933.66 A and at 3968.47 A are calculated assuming a Voigt profile and in the case of CaCl 2 -water plasma. The dependence of the escape factor on the optical thickness f 0 from the line center which itself depends on the two main spectral line shape broadening mechanisms (pressure and Doppler effects) are considered. The variation of the resonance escape factors with the temperature, the CaCl 2 molar proportion and the size of the plasma are also investigated. This calculation is useful for the application of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy in the quantitative analysis of elemental composition. Its application allows us to reduce the non-linearities in the relation between resonance lines intensities of calcium in our case and its concentration

Low-Temperature Sintering Li3Mg1.8Ca0.2NbO6 Microwave Dielectric Ceramics with LMZBS Glass

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Gang; Zhang, Huaiwu; Liu, Cheng; Su, Hua; Jia, Lijun; Li, Jie; Huang, Xin; Gan, Gongwen

2018-05-01

Li3Mg1.8Ca0.2NbO6 ceramics doped with Li2O-MgO-ZnO-B2O3-SiO2 glass (LMZBS) were prepared via a solid-state route. The LMZBS glass effectively reduced the sintering temperature of Li3Mg1.8Ca0.2NbO6 ceramics to 950°C. The effects of the LMZBS glass on the sintering behavior, microstructures and microwave dielectric properties of Li3Mg1.8Ca0.2NbO6 ceramics are discussed in detail. Among all the LMZBS doped Li3Mg1.8Ca0.2NbO6 ceramics, the sample with 1 wt.% of LMZBS glass sintered at 950°C for 4 h exhibited good dielectric properties: ɛ r = 16.7, Q × f = 31,000 GHz (9.92 GHz), τ f = - 1.3 ppm/°C. The Li3Mg1.8Ca0.2NbO6 ceramics possessed excellent chemical compatibility with Ag electrodes, and could be applied in low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) applications.

On the distribution and evaluation of Na, Mg and Cl in leaves of selected halophytes

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pongrac, Paula; Vogel-Mikuš, Katarina; Regvar, Marjana [Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana (Slovenia); Kaligarič, Mitja [Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Koroška c. 160, SI-2000 Maribor (Slovenia); Vavpetič, Primož; Kelemen, Mitja; Grlj, Nataša [Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana (Slovenia); Shelef, Oren; Golan-Goldhirsh, Avi; Rachmilevitch, Shimon [French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research (BIDR), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84990 Midreshet Ben-Gurion (Israel); Pelicon, Primož, E-mail: primoz.pelicon@ijs.si [Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana (Slovenia)

2013-07-01

Diverse physiological, biochemical and morphological adaptations enable plants to survive in extreme saline environments where osmotic and ionic stresses limit growth and development. Halophytes are salt-tolerant plants that can withstand extraordinarily high levels of Na and Cl in their leaves. The tissue and cellular distribution patterns of salt ions can be linked to the underlying mechanisms of salt tolerance. Application of fast, reliable, multi-elemental and quantitative techniques such as micro-proton-induced X-ray emission (micro-PIXE) will significantly contribute to and accelerate studies of plant salt tolerance, especially as micro-PIXE also provides spatially resolved quantitative data for light elements, such as Na and Mg. The spatial concentration distributions of Na, Mg, Cl, K, P and S in leaves of four halophytes (Bassia indica, Atriplex prostrata, Spartina maritima and Limonium angustifolium) were determined using micro-PIXE, to study the salt-tolerance strategies of the selected halophytes. Different distribution patterns of the studied elements were seen in the leaves; however, in all four of these plant species, Na was excluded from photosynthetically active chlorophyl tissues. With the exception of L. angustifolium, Cl, P and S contents (representing chloride, phosphate and sulphate ionic forms, respectively) did not ensure charge balance in the leaves, which suggests other anionic compounds, such as nitrate and organic anions, have crucial roles in maintaining electroneutrality in these halophytes. By increasing soil salinisation worldwide, the possibility to reliably complement spatial distributions of Na, Mg, Cl, K, P and S with plant structural morphology will contribute significantly to our understanding of plant tolerance mechanisms at the tissue and cell levels. In addition, these kinds of studies are of particular value for designing crop plants with high salt tolerance and for the development of phytoremediation technologies.

Thermodynamic Modeling of Poorly Complexing Metals in Concentrated Electrolyte Solutions: An X-Ray Absorption and UV-Vis Spectroscopic Study of Ni(II) in the NiCl2-MgCl2-H2O System

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Ning; Brugger, Joël; Etschmann, Barbara; Ngothai, Yung; Zeng, Dewen

2015-01-01

Knowledge of the structure and speciation of aqueous Ni(II)-chloride complexes is important for understanding Ni behavior in hydrometallurgical extraction. The effect of concentration on the first-shell structure of Ni(II) in aqueous NiCl2 and NiCl2-MgCl2 solutions was investigated by Ni K edge X-ray absorption (XAS) and UV-Vis spectroscopy at ambient conditions. Both techniques show that no large structural change (e.g., transition from octahedral to tetrahedral-like configuration) occurs. Both methods confirm that the Ni(II) aqua ion (with six coordinated water molecules at R Ni-O = 2.07(2) Å) is the dominant species over the whole NiCl2 concentration range. However, XANES, EXAFS and UV-Vis data show subtle changes at high salinity (> 2 mol∙kg-1 NiCl2), which are consistent with the formation of small amounts of the NiCl+ complex (up to 0.44(23) Cl at a Ni-Cl distance of 2.35(2) Å in 5.05 mol∙kg-1 NiCl2) in the pure NiCl2 solutions. At high Cl:Ni ratio in the NiCl2-MgCl2-H2O solutions, small amounts of [NiCl2]0 are also present. We developed a speciation-based mixed-solvent electrolyte (MSE) model to describe activity-composition relationships in NiCl2-MgCl2-H2O solutions, and at the same time predict Ni(II) speciation that is consistent with our XAS and UV-Vis data and with existing literature data up to the solubility limit, resolving a long-standing uncertainty about the role of chloride complexing in this system. PMID:25885410

Status Ca, Mg dan Zn pada Kambing Peranakan Etawah Muda yang Diberi Ransum Bentuk Mash dengan Pakan Sumber Serat Berbeda

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

T. Toharmat

2007-08-01

Full Text Available Fibrous agricultural by-products are the component of most rations for ruminant raised intensively. Slow rate and low digestibility of the fibrous feed may limit mineral bioavailability. Present experiment aimed to clarify the influence of fibrous feed component in ration on the status of Ca, Mg and Zn in growing goats. Twenty of female Etawah-grade goats weighing of 13.5±2.14 kg were grouped and allocated into five treatments in a randomized block design. Rations composed of 50% fibrous feed and 50% concentrate. The fibrous feed component as treatments were: RG = napier grass, JP = rice straw, KC = cacao pod, JK = mixed rice straw and coffee husk, and CP = mixed rice straw, napier grass, coffee husk and cacao pod. Rations were offered at 3% of live weight. The result showed that fibrous feed influenced Ca, Mg, and Zn intake, Ca and Mg absorption, and Ca, Mg and Zn plasma of growing goats. Intake, absorption and plasma Ca, Mg, and Zn had positive correlation with dry mater intake. Absorption of Ca and Zn had positive correlations with crude fiber digestibility. Supplementation of Ca, Mg and Zn was necessary when the fibrous feed was included at the level of 50% in the ration of growing goats, but the supplement level varied according to the type of the fibrous feed.

A high-density ammonia storage/delivery system based on Mg(NH3)6Cl2 for SCR-DeNOx in vehicles

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Elmøe, Tobias Dokkedal; Sørensen, Rasmus Zink; Quaade, Ulrich

2006-01-01

ammonia density of up to 93% of that of liquid ammonia. This provides a long lasting ammonia storage (approximate to 20000 km of driving per 6.2 L Mg(NH(3))(6)Cl(2) for an average medium-sized vehicle). The controlled thermal decomposition of Mg(NH(3))(6)Cl(2) was demonstrated. A small reactor......(NE(3))(6)Cl(2) ideal for use as an ammonia storage compound in both diesel and lean-burn gasoline-driven automobiles. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved....

Effects of microstructure transformation on mechanical properties, corrosion behaviors of Mg-Zn-Mn-Ca alloys in simulated body fluid.

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Yuan; Li, Jianxing; Li, Jingyuan

2018-04-01

Magnesium and its alloys have unique advantages to act as resorbable bone fixation materials, due to their moderate mechanical properties and biocompatibility, which are similar to those of human tissue. However, early resorption and insufficient mechanical strength are the main problems that hinder their application. Herein, the effects of microstructure transformation on the mechanical properties and corrosion performance of Mg-Zn-Mn-Ca were investigated with electrochemical and immersion measurements at 37 °C in a simulated body fluid (SBF). The results showed that the number density of Ca 2 Mg 6 Zn 3 /Mg 2 Ca precipitates was remarkably reduced and grain sizes were gradually increased as the temperature increased. The alloy that received the 420 °C/24 h treatment demonstrated the best mechanical properties and lowest corrosion rate (5.94 mm/a) as well as presented a compact and denser film than the others. The improvement in mechanical properties could be explained by the eutectic compounds and phases (Mg 2 Ca/Ca 2 Mg 6 Zn 3 ) gradually dissolving into a matrix, which caused severely lattice distortion and facilitated structural re-arrangement of the increased Ca solute. Moreover, the difference in potential between the precipitates and the matrix is the main essence for micro-galvanic corrosion formation as well as accelerated the dissolution activity and current exchange density at the Mg/electrolyte interface. As a result, the best Mg alloys corrosion resistance must be matched with a moderate grain size and phase volume fractions. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

High-Resolution Mg/Ca Ratios in a Coralline Red Alga as a Proxy for Bering Sea Temperature Variations and Teleconnections

Science.gov (United States)

Halfar, J.; Steffen, H.; Kronz, A.; Steneck, R. S.; Adey, W.; Lebednik, P. A.

2009-05-01

We present the first continuous high-resolution record of Mg/Ca variations within an encrusting coralline red alga of the species Clathromorphum nereostratum from Amchitka Island, Aleutian Islands. Mg/Ca ratios of individual growth increments were analyzed by measuring a single point electron microprobe transect yielding a resolution of 15 samples/year on average, generating a continuous record from 1830 to 1967 of algal Mg/Ca variations. Results show that Mg/Ca ratios in the high-Mg calcite skeleton display pronounced annual cyclicity and archive late spring to late fall sea surface temperature (SST) corresponding to the main season of algal growth. Mg/Ca values correlate well to local SST (ERSSTJun-Nov, 1902-1967; r = 0.73 for 5-year mean), as well as to an air temperature record from the same region. Our data correlate well to a shorter Mg/Ca record from a second site, corroborating the ability of the alga to reliably record regional environmental signals. In addition, Mg/Ca ratios relate well to a 29-year stable oxygen isotope time series measured on the same sample, which provides additional support for the use of Mg as a paleotemperature proxy in coralline red algae, that is, unlike stable oxygen isotopes, not influenced by salinity fluctuations. High spatial correlation to large-scale SST variability in the North Pacific is observed, with patterns of strongest correlation following the direction of major oceanographic features (i.e., the signature of the Alaska Current and the Alaskan Stream), which play a key role in the exchange of water masses between the North Pacific and the Bering Sea through Aleutian Island passages. The time series further displays significant teleconnections with the signature of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation in the northeast Pacific and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.

High - Resolution SST Record Based on Mg/Ca Ratios of Late Holocene Planktonic Foraminifers From the Great Bahama Bank

Science.gov (United States)

Mueller, A.; Reijmer, J. J.; Roth, S.

2001-12-01

We analyzed five different planktic foraminifera species in the high resolution core MD 992201 off the Great Bahama Bank (79° 16.34 W; 25° 53.49 N) in 290 m water depth. This 38.05 m long core comprises a 7,000 year long Holocene record. The selected species were Orbulina universa, Globigerinoides ruber, Globigerinoides sacculifer, Globorotalia menardii and Globigerinella aequilateralis, which live in the upper 200 m of the water column. The Mg/Ca ratios of these different foraminifers show species-specific values, which represent a distinct habitat depth. With this species-specific Mg/Ca ratios we can reconstruct a temperature profile through the water column. The lowest Mg/Ca are shown by G. menardii (2.5 - 4 mmol/mol), followed by G. sacculifer (4.2 - 5.6 mmol/mol), G. ruber (5.1 - 7.2 mmol/mol) and G. aequilateralis (5.5 - 8.7 mmol/mol). Highest are shown by O. universa (6 - 14 mmol/mol). During the Little Ice Age, the Mg/Ca ratios of all species except for the deeper dwelling G. menardii, became more variable and showed lower ratios. The shallow dwelling species like G. ruber and G. sacculifer display an increase in the Mg/Ca ratios during the Medieval Warm Period. Our data show that transferring Mg/Ca ratios into SST based calibration curves known from literature needs re-evaluation. Species-specific calibration seems to be necessary to achieve reliable results.

Mg-containing hydroxyapatite coatings on Ti-6Al-4V alloy for dental materials

Science.gov (United States)

Yu, Ji-Min; Choe, Han-Cheol

2018-02-01

In this study, Mg-containing hydroxyapatite coatings on Ti-6A1-4 V alloy for dental materials were researched using various experimental instruments. Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) was performed in electrolytes containing Mg (symbols of specimens: CaP, 5M%, 10M%, and 20M%) at 280 V for 3 min. The electrolyte used for PEO was produced by mixing Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O, C3H7NaCaO6P, and MgCl2·6H2O. The phases and composition of the oxide films were evaluated by X-ray diffraction and field-emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. The irregularity of the surface, pore size, and number of pores decreased as the Mg concentration increased. The ratio of the areas occupied and not occupied by pores decreased as the Mg concentration increased, with the numbers of both large and small pores decreasing with increasing Mg concentration. The number of particles on the internal surfaces of pores was increased as the Mg content increased. Mg content of all samples containing Mg ions showed higher in the pore outside than that of pore inside, whereas the Ca content was higher inside the pores. The P content of samples with the addition of Mg ions showed higher values inside the pores than outside. The Ca/P and [Mg + Ca]/P molar ratios in the PEO films decreased with Mg content. The crystallite size of anatase was increased with increasing Mg concentration in the solution.

Characterization of Ti6Al7Nb alloy foams surface treated in aqueous NaOH and CaCl2 solutions.

Science.gov (United States)

Bütev, Ezgi; Esen, Ziya; Bor, Şakir

2016-07-01

Ti6Al7Nb alloy foams having 53-73% porosity were manufactured via evaporation of magnesium space holders. A bioactive 1µm thick sodium hydrogel titanate layer, NaxH2-xTiyO2y+1, formed after 5M NaOH treatment, was converted to crystalline sodium titanate, Na2TiyO2y+1, as a result of post-heat treatment. On the other hand, subsequent CaCl2 treatment of NaOH treated specimens induced calcium titanate formation. However, heat treatment of NaOH-CaCl2 treated specimens led to the loss of calcium and disappearance of the titanate phase. All of the aforementioned surface treatments reduced yield strengths due to the oxidation of the cell walls of the foams, while elastic moduli remained mostly unchanged. Accordingly, equiaxed dimples seen on the fracture surfaces of as-manufactured foams turned into relatively flat and featureless fracture surfaces after surface treatments. On the other hand, Ca- and Na-rich coating preserved their mechanical stabilities and did not spall during fracture. The relation between mechanical properties of foams and macro-porosity fraction were found to obey a power law. The foams with 63 and 73% porosity met the desired biocompatibility requirements with fully open pore structures and elastic moduli similar to that of bone. In vitro tests conducted in simulated body fluid (SBF) showed that NaOH-heat treated surfaces exhibit the highest bioactivity and allow the formation of Ca-P rich phases having Ca/P ratio of 1.3 to form within 5 days. Although Ca-P rich phases formed only after 15 days on NaOH-CaCl2 treated specimens, the Ca/P ratio was closer to that of apatite found in bone. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A Novel MgO-CaO-SiO2 System for Fabricating Bone Scaffolds with Improved Overall Performance

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Hang Sun

2016-04-01

Full Text Available Although forsterite (Mg2SiO4 possesses good biocompatibility and suitable mechanical properties, the insufficient bioactivity and degradability hinders its further application. In this study, a novel MgO-CaO-SiO2 system was developed by adding wollastonite (CaSiO3 into Mg2SiO4 to fabricate bone scaffolds via selective laser sintering (SLS. The apatite-forming ability and degradability of the scaffolds were enhanced because the degradation of CaSiO3 could form silanol groups, which could offer nucleation sites for apatite. Meanwhile, the mechanical properties of the scaffolds grew with increasing CaSiO3 to 20 wt %. It was explained that the liquid phase of CaSiO3 promoted the densification during sintering due to its low melting point. With the further increase in CaSiO3, the mechanical properties decreased due to the formation of the continuous filling phase. Furthermore, the scaffolds possessed a well-interconnected porous structure and exhibited an ability to support cell adhesion and proliferation.

Surface characterization, in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of Mg-0.3Sr-0.3Ca for temporary cardiovascular implant.

Science.gov (United States)

Bornapour, M; Mahjoubi, H; Vali, H; Shum-Tim, D; Cerruti, M; Pekguleryuz, M

2016-10-01

Magnesium-based alloys are attractive candidate materials for medical applications. Our earlier work showed that the ternary Mg-0.3Sr-0.3Ca alloy exhibits slower degradation rates than both binary Mg-Sr and Mg-Ca alloys. The ternary alloy immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) forms a compact surface layer of corrosion products that we hypothesized to be a Sr-substituted hydroxyapatite (HA). The main objectives of the current work are to understand the bio-degradation mechanism of Mg-0.3Sr-0.3Ca, to identify the exact nature of its protective layer and to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of the alloy for cardiovascular applications. To better simulate the physiological environment, the alloy was immersed in SBF which was daily refreshed. Raman spectroscopy and X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the formation of a thin, Sr-substituted HA layer at the interface between the alloy and the corrosion products. In vitro biocompatibility evaluated via indirect cytotoxicity assays using HUVECs showed no toxicity effect and ions extracted from Mg-0.3Sr-0.3Ca in fact increased the viability of HUVECs after one week. In vivo tests were performed by implanting a tubular Mg-0.3Sr-0.3Ca stent along with a WE43 control stent into the right and left femoral artery of a dog. Post implantation and histological analyses showed no thrombosis in the artery with Mg-0.3Sr-0.3Ca stent after 5weeks of implantation while the artery implanted with WE43 stent was extensively occluded and thrombosed. Microscopic observation of the Mg-0.3Sr-0.3Ca implant-tissue interface confirmed the in situ formation of Sr-substituted HA on the surface during in vivo test. These results show that the interfacial layer protects the surface of the Mg-0.3Sr-0.3Ca alloy both in vitro and in vivo, and is the key factor in the bio-corrosion resistance of the alloy. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Interplay Between Structure and Conductivity in 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate/(δ-MgCl2)f Electrolytes for Magnesium Batteries

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bertasi, Federico; Vezzù, Keti; Nawn, Graeme; Pagot, Gioele; Di Noto, Vito

2016-01-01

The synthesis, physicochemical properties and conductivity mechanism of a family of ionic liquid-based electrolytes for use in secondary Mg batteries are reported. The electrolytes are obtained by dissolving controlled amounts of δ-MgCl 2 salt into the ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMImBF 4 ) which acts as a solvent. δ-MgCl 2 consists of an inorganic ribbon of Mg atoms covalently bonded together through bridging chlorine atoms. Due to this peculiar structural motif, with respect to the electrolytes based on conventional Mg salts, it is possible to achieve electrolytes of higher Mg concentration. Thus, concatenated anionic complexes bridged via halogen atoms are formed, improving the electrochemical performance of these materials. Electrolytes with a general formula EMImBF 4 /(δ-MgCl 2 ) f with f ranging from 0 to 0.117 are obtained. The composition of the obtained materials is determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The properties of these systems are investigated by means of Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and vibrational spectroscopy in both medium (MIR) and far infrared (FIR). Finally, Broadband Electrical Spectroscopy (BES) is carried out with the aim to elucidate the electrical response of the electrolytes in terms of their polarization and relaxation phenomena and to propose a conductivity mechanism. At 20 °C the highest conductivity (0.007 S/cm) is observed for the electrolyte with c Mg = 0.00454 mol Mg /kg IL .

Alginate submicron beads prepared through w/o emulsification and gelation with CaCl2 nanoparticles

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Paques, J.P.; Linden, van der E.; Rijn, van C.J.M.; Sagis, L.M.C.

2013-01-01

A simple method for preparing gelled alginate beads with a diameter smaller than 5 µm is described. A 1% alginate solution and a medium chain triglyceride (MCT) oil are used to prepare a water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion, stabilized by polyglycerol polyricinoleate. CaCl2 nanoparticles with dimensions in

Synthesis and identification of substituted Mg-Al-Cl double hydroxide compounds with a focus on infrared spectroscopy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hansen, Birte

2011-01-01

On the basis of the political decision that there should be no reprocessing of spent research reactor fuel elements (RR-FE) in Germany, direct disposal in deep geological formations is under discussion. The RR-FE are classified as heat-generating high-level radioactive waste and their disposal is aspired preferential in salt formations. A possible accident scenario for long-term safety analysis in a salt repository is a water ingress, whereby highly concentrated salt brines will arise. Leaching experiments with irradiated and unirradiated metallic UAl x -Al- and uranium-silicide RR-FE in repository-relevant solutions, such as clay pore water (Mont-Terri-Type) or MgCl 2 -rich salt brine (brine 2) were therefore undertaken at the institute of energy research (department safety research and reactor technology, IEF-6) of the Research Centre Juelich (Curtius et al., 2006). Under the test conditions the RR-FE corroded completely within one year and the contained radionuclides were mobilized primary. But most of the radionuclides were immobilized again by the secondary phases formation (corrosion products) showing that these secondary phases act as a near-field barrier against radionuclide migration (Bruecher et al., 2001). A Mg-Al-Cl layered double hydroxide (LDH) was identified as a crystalline component of the secondary phases arisen from the non irradiated RR-FE in brine 2 (Mazeina et al., 2003). Structurally, the LDHs are composed of brucite-like layers, in which some of the divalent cations are replaced isomorphously by trivalent cations (Reichle, 1986). The resultant positive charge excess is compensated by anions in the interlayer. Water is also present in the interlayer. LDHs have attracted attention recently because of their especial layered structures and their large anion exchange capacities of up to 3 meq/g (Miyata, 1983). Due to the large anion exchange capacities they are used e.g. in order to separate heavy metals. LDHs can be synthesized readily by

Materials and systems developments on solid absorption refrigeration with CaCl2·xNH3

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Iloeji, O.C.

1995-10-01

The paper presents some developments on the stabilization of CaCl 2 for use as a solid absorption material in refrigerators, the development of a refrigerator using the stabilized salt, and computer modelling of the refrigerator system. (author). 8 refs, 19 figs

Mg/Ca Ratios in Coralline Red Algae as Temperature Proxies for Reconstructing Labrador Current Variability

Science.gov (United States)

Gamboa, G.; Hetzinger, S.; Halfar, J.; Zack, T.; Kunz, B.; Adey, W.

2009-05-01

Marine ecosystems and fishery productivity in the Northwestern Atlantic have been considerably affected by regional climate and oceanographic changes. Fluctuations of North Atlantic marine climate have been linked in part to a dominant pattern of atmospheric circulation known as the North Atlantic Oscillation, which has a strong influence on transport variability of the Labrador Current (LC). The cold LC originates in the Labrador Sea and flows southbound along the Eastern Canadian coastline causing an important cooling effect on marine waters off the Canadian Atlantic provinces. Although interdecadal and interannual variability of sea surface temperatures (SST) in the LC system have been documented, a long-term pattern has not been identified. In order to better understand the observed ecosystem changes and their relationship with climate variability in the Northwestern Atlantic, a century-scale reconstruction of spatial and temporal variations of the LC is needed. This, however, requires reliable long-term and high-resolution SST records, which are not available from short instrumental observations. Here we present the first century-scale SST reconstructions from the Northwest Atlantic using long-lived coralline red algae. Coralline red algae have a high-Mg calcite skeleton, live in shallow water worldwide and develop annual growth bands. It has previously been demonstrated that subannual resolution SSTs can be obtained from coralline red algal Mg/Ca ratios, a commonly used paleotemperature proxy. Specimens of the long-lived coralline red algae Clathromorphum compactum were collected alive in August 2008 along a latitudinal transect spanning the southern extent of LC flow in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. This collection is supplemented with specimens from the same region collected in the 1960's. In order to reconstruct spatial and temporal patterns of the LC, selected samples of C. compactum were analyzed for Mg/Ca using Laser Ablation Inductively-Coupled Plasma

Control of temperature and aqueous Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio on the (trans-)formation of ikaite

Science.gov (United States)

Purgstaller, B.; Dietzel, M.; Baldermann, A.; Mavromatis, V.

2017-11-01

The calcium carbonate hexahydrate mineral ikaite (CaCO3 ṡ 6 H2O) has been documented in aquatic environments at near-freezing temperatures. An increase of the prevailing temperature in the depositional environment, results in the transformation of natural ikaite into less soluble calcium carbonate phases occasionally leaving calcite pseudomorphs in the sediments, which are considered as an indicator for primary cold water temperatures. Detailed understanding on the physicochemical parameters controlling ikaite (trans-)formation however, such as temperature and reactive solution chemical composition, are still under debate. In order to study the formation of ikaite, we conducted precipitation experiments under controlled physicochemical conditions (pH = 8.3 ± 0.1; T = 6, 12, and 18 ± 0.1 °C) at defined aqueous molar Mg/Ca ratios. The transformation of ikaite into anhydrous calcium carbonate polymorphs was investigated in solution and at air exposure. The obtained results reveal the formation of ikaite at temperatures up to 12 °C, whereas Mg-rich amorphous calcium carbonate precipitated at 18 °C. In contact with the reactive solution ikaite transformed into aragonite at aqueous molar Mg2+/Ca2+ ratios of ≥14. In contrast, ikaite separated from the Mg-rich solution and exposed to air transformed in all cases into calcite/vaterite. The herein obtained temperature limit of ≤12 for ikaite formation is significantly higher than formerly expected and most probably caused by (i) the high saturation degree of the solution with respect to ikaite and (ii) the slow dehydration of the aqueous Ca2+ ion at low temperatures. This result questions the suitability of calcite pseudomorphs (i.e. glendonites) as a proxy for near-freezing temperatures. Moreover, our findings show that the CaCO3 polymorph formed from ikaite is strongly controlled by the physicochemical conditions, such as aqueous molar Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio of the reactive fluid and H2O availability throughout the

Determination of the Cl, Mg, Mn and Na, in samples of Tradescantia pallida

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rossi, Joao Guilherme G.A.; Saiki, Mitiko

2009-01-01

The growing number of industries and automotive vehicles are causing the increase of the air pollution. Less expensive methodologies are been studying for the evaluation of these pollution levels. This work evaluates the concentrations of Cl, Mg, Mn and Na, present in the leaves of Tradescantia pallida viewing validation of the specie for use in the bio monitoring of the air pollution. Those leaves were collected and analysed using the short irradiation of the neutron activation analysis technique. The certified reference material INCT-MPH-2 Mixed Polish Herbs were analysed for the quality control of the results and presented very good accuracy, with relative errors less than 4.2 %, and good precision less than 8.7 %. The element concentrations (in μg g -1 ) obtained in the T. pallida samples analysed showed variation from 2324 to 33897 for Cl, from 3602 to 14450 for Mg, from 132 to 314 for Mn, and 21 to 615 for Na. Values obtained in the analyses of Tradescantia present great variability in the element concentrations. The short irradiation showed to be appropriated for determination of the elements studied in the bio monitoring of air pollution

Strong Dependence of Hydration State of F-Actin on the Bound Mg(2+)/Ca(2+) Ions.

Science.gov (United States)

Suzuki, Makoto; Imao, Asato; Mogami, George; Chishima, Ryotaro; Watanabe, Takahiro; Yamaguchi, Takaya; Morimoto, Nobuyuki; Wazawa, Tetsuichi

2016-07-21

Understanding of the hydration state is an important issue in the chemomechanical energetics of versatile biological functions of polymerized actin (F-actin). In this study, hydration-state differences of F-actin by the bound divalent cations are revealed through precision microwave dielectric relaxation (DR) spectroscopy. G- and F-actin in Ca- and Mg-containing buffer solutions exhibit dual hydration components comprising restrained water with DR frequency f2 (fw). The hydration state of F-actin is strongly dependent on the ionic composition. In every buffer tested, the HMW signal Dhyme (≡ (f1 - fw)δ1/(fwδw)) of F-actin is stronger than that of G-actin, where δw is DR-amplitude of bulk solvent and δ1 is that of HMW in a fixed-volume ellipsoid containing an F-actin and surrounding water in solution. Dhyme value of F-actin in Ca2.0-buffer (containing 2 mM Ca(2+)) is markedly higher than in Mg2.0-buffer (containing 2 mM Mg(2+)). Moreover, in the presence of 2 mM Mg(2+), the hydration state of F-actin is changed by adding a small fraction of Ca(2+) (∼0.1 mM) and becomes closer to that of the Ca-bound form in Ca2.0-buffer. This is consistent with the results of the partial specific volume and the Cotton effect around 290 nm in the CD spectra, indicating a change in the tertiary structure and less apparent change in the secondary structure of actin. The number of restrained water molecules per actin (N2) is estimated to be 1600-2100 for Ca2.0- and F-buffer and ∼2500 for Mg2.0-buffer at 10-15 °C. These numbers are comparable to those estimated from the available F-actin atomic structures as in the first water layer. The number of HMW molecules is roughly explained by the volume between the equipotential surface of -kT/2e and the first water layer of the actin surface by solving the Poisson-Boltzmann equation using UCSF Chimera.

Effect of the partial NaCl substitution by other chloride salts on the volatile profile during the ripening of dry-cured lacón

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Domínguez, R.

2016-06-01

Full Text Available The influence of three salting treatments (treatment II: 50% NaCl-50% KCl; III: 45% NaCl-25% KCl-20% CaCl2-10% MgCl2; IV: 30% NaCl-50% KCl-15% CaCl2-5% MgCl2 on the formation of volatile compounds throughout the process was studied and compared to those of a control “lacón” (treatment I: 100% NaCl. There was an intense formation of volatile compounds throughout the processing, particularly during the dry-ripening stage. The most abundant chemical family in all the formulations, in the final product was hydrocarbons followed by aldehydes. The total volatile compound release was more intense in the control “lacóns” (1164 AU_106·g-1dry matter than in “lacóns” from formulations II, III and IV (817-891 AUx106·g-1dry matter. The “lacóns” from formulation I showed the highest amounts of aldehydes. The “lacóns” from formulations I and II presented the highest amounts of hydrocarbons. The main conclusion is that the replacement of NaCl produces changes in the volatile profile and could be affect the aroma of “lacón”.Se estudió la influencia de tres tratamientos de salado (tratamiento II: 50 % NaCl-50 % KCl; III: 45 % NaCl-25 % KCl-20 % CaCl2-10 % MgCl2; IV: 30 % NaCl-50 % KCl-15 % CaCl2-5 % MgCl2 en la formación de compuestos volátiles durante la elaboración de lacón, en comparación con un control (tratamiento I: 100 % NaCl. Hubo una intensa formación de compuestos volátiles durante el procesado, principalmente durante la fase de secado-maduración. La familia química más abundante en el producto final fueron los hidrocarbonos, seguidos por los aldehídos. La liberación de volátiles fue más intensa en los lacones control (1164 AU_106·g-1 materia seca que en los otros lacones (817-891 AUx106· g-1 materia seca. Los lacones de la formulación I mostraron las mayores cantidades de aldehídos, y los lacones de las formulaciones I y II presentaron los mayores contenidos de hidrocarburos. La principal conclusi

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of Ca, K and Mg from in vitro citrus culture

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Arruda Sandra C. C.

2003-01-01

Full Text Available An ultrasound extraction procedure for Ca, K and Mg from in vitro plant cultures is proposed, comparing cultures of different embryogenic levels of Citrus sinensis and Citrus limonia, employing ultrasound energy. Parameters related to metals extraction, such as plant material sampling, acid concentration and sonication time were investigated. For accuracy check, the proposed ultrasound extraction procedure was compared with a microwave-assisted digestion procedure and no differences in the results were verified at 95% of the confidence level. With this simple and accurate extraction procedure, it was possible to determine differences in Ca, K and Mg concentrations during Citrus embryo formation/development and between cultures (embryogenic and non-embryogenic. Finally, the ultrasound extraction method demonstrated to be an excellent alternative for handless sampling and operational costs.

Model study of ATP and ADP buffering, transport of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+), and regulation of ion pumps in ventricular myocyte

Science.gov (United States)

Michailova, A.; McCulloch, A.

2001-01-01

We extended the model of the ventricular myocyte by Winslow et al. (Circ. Res 1999, 84:571-586) by incorporating equations for Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) buffering and transport by ATP and ADP and equations for MgATP regulation of ion transporters (Na(+)-K(+) pump, sarcolemmal and sarcoplasmic Ca(2+) pumps). The results indicate that, under normal conditions, Ca(2+) binding by low-affinity ATP and diffusion of CaATP may affect the amplitude and time course of intracellular Ca(2+) signals. The model also suggests that a fall in ATP/ADP ratio significantly reduces sarcoplasmic Ca(2+) content, increases diastolic Ca(2+), lowers systolic Ca(2+), increases Ca(2+) influx through L-type channels, and decreases the efficiency of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger in extruding Ca(2+) during periodic voltage-clamp stimulation. The analysis suggests that the most important reason for these changes during metabolic inhibition is the down-regulation of the sarcoplasmic Ca(2+)-ATPase pump by reduced diastolic MgATP levels. High Ca(2+) concentrations developed near the membrane might have a greater influence on Mg(2+), ATP, and ADP concentrations than that of the lower Ca(2+) concentrations in the bulk myoplasm. The model predictions are in general agreement with experimental observations measured under normal and pathological conditions.

Determination of the micro-nutrient elements and the toxic in food of peruvian children of the city of Lima. Part I: determination through instrumental neutron activation of Ca, Cl, K, Mg and Na in samples of milk and milk with cereal consumed by peruvian children in the age of weaning

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Montoya R, E.; Bedregal, P.; Diaz, A.; Zavaleta, N.; Berlanga, R.

1993-01-01

The contents of Ca, Cl, K, Mg and Na in milk and milk with cereal, consumed by the peruvian children were determined by short irradiation INAA using RP-10 reactor, with a thermal flux of 10 13 n/cm -2 s -1 and a pneumatic system. The comparative method with solutions of primary standards of each element determined was used. The IAEA-A11-milk powder, IAEA-H4-animal muscle and IAEA-V10-hay powder, reference materials were periodically analyzed, together with the samples, in order to check the quality of analytical results. (authors) 3 refs., 3 tabs, 2 figs

Influence of compositions on thermal stability and thermodynamic parameter in Ca-Mg-Cu bulk metallic glasses

Science.gov (United States)

Deshmukh, A. A.; Khond, A. A.; Palikundwar, U. A.

2018-05-01

In the present manuscript, influence of compositions on thermal stability (ΔTx) and thermodynamic parameter PHSS of Ca-Mg-Cu bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) is evaluated. The statistical approach of regression analysis is adopted to investigate the compositional variation with ΔTx and PHSS. It is found that calcium (Ca) and copper (Cu) content has goodlinear relationship with ΔTx and PHSS. It is observed that with increase in Ca content, ΔTx and PHSS decreases. On the other hand, increase in Cu content, both ΔTx and PHSS increases. Correlation fit of magnesium (Mg) content with both ΔTx and PHSS is very poor. A graph is also plotted to understand the relationship between ΔTx and PHSS. Result of the relationship between ΔTx and PHSS reveals that the alloy composition having more negative value of PHSS will have more stability. Therefore, compositions with more negative value of PHSS will lead to ease of BMGs formation in Ca-Mg-Cu alloy system and hence more stable it will be. It is expected that these results will be supportive in identifying the compositions having these elements for making BMGs.

Preparation of 45 Ca (HDEHP)n and (C8H15O2)2 samples for liquid scintillation counting, compared to 45CaCl2 results

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rodriguez Barquero, L.; Los Arcos Merino, J.M.; Grau Malonda, A.

1994-01-01

A procedure for preparation of liquid scintillation counting organic samples of the Di-2-ethylhexyl phosphate calcium complex and the 2-ethyhexanoate calcium salt, labelled with ''45 Ca, is described. The chemical quench, the counting stability and spectral evolution of both compounds is studied in six scintillators, Toluene, Toluene-alcohol, Dioxane-napthalhene, Hisafe II, Ultima-Gold and Instagel, and compared to results obtained from a commercial solution of ''45 CaCl 2

Microstructure and mechanical properties of spray-deposited Mg-12.55Al-3.33Zn-0.58Ca-1Nd alloy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bai Pucun; Dong Taishang; Hou Xiaohu; Zhao Chunwang; Xing Yongming

2010-01-01

A Mg-Al-Zn-Ca-Nd magnesium alloy was prepared by spray forming technology, and the spray-deposited alloy was subsequently hot-extruded with a reduction rate of 16:1 at 623 K. The mechanical properties of the extruded alloy were investigated, and the result shows that the spray-formed Mg alloy offers superior tensile strength with poor ductility. The morphologies, fracture characteristic and chemical compositions of the extruded alloy were then explored by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometer. Furthermore, microstructure of the extruded alloy was examined by X-ray diffractometry and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that the microstructure of the spray-deposited magnesium alloy consists of α-Mg and Al 2 Ca phases, and the Al 2 Ca compound is distributed along the grain boundaries of the primary α-Mg. Moreover, twin substructure is found to exist in microstructure of the Al 2 Ca phase, rare earth Nd in the Al 2 Ca phase in the form of solid solution.

Nitrate Versus Chloride Nutrition Effects in a Soil-Plant System on the Growth, Nitrate Accumulation and N, K, Na, Ca and Cl Content of Carrot Daucus carota L.

OpenAIRE

İNAL, Ali; GÜNEŞ, Aydın; ALPASLAN, Mehmet

2014-01-01

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effets of various NO 3 /CI percentages on growth, nitrate accumulation and mineral absorption in carrot Daucus carota L. plants in a controlled enviroment. The experiment included two CI sources (KCI and CaCl 2 ) and five NO 3 /CI percentages at 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, and 60/40 with total-N concentration of 400 mg NO 3 /kg soil in 100/0 treatment. The fresh and dry weights of shoots and storage roots, and the length and diameter of storag...

High pressure phase transitions in Mg{sub 1-x}Ca{sub x}O: Theory

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Srivastava, Anurag; Chauhan, Mamta [Advanced Material Research Lab, Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Gwalior (India); Singh, R.K. [Department of Physics, ITM University, Gurgaon (India); Padegaonker, Rishikesh [Indian Embassy School, Sana (Yemen)

2011-08-15

We have analysed a B1 {yields} B2 structural phase transitions in Mg{sub 1-x}Ca{sub x}O solid solutions and their ground state properties by using first principle density functional theory and charge transfer interaction potential (CTIP) approach. The effects of exchange-correlation interactions are handled by the generalized gradient approximation with Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof type parameterization. CTIP approach includes the long range modified Coulomb with charge transfer interactions and short range part of this model includes the van der Waals as well as Hafemeister Flygare type overlap repulsive interactions. The study observes a linear variation of calculated transition pressure, bulk modulus and lattice parameter of Mg{sub 1-x}Ca{sub x}O as a function of Ca composition. The observed results for the end point members are in agreement to their experimental counterparts and the deviations have been discussed. (Copyright copyright 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Efecto de la inyección de CaCl2 sobre la suavidad del corte de solomo (Outside

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Alejandro Chac\\u00F3n-Villalobos

2007-01-01

Full Text Available Efecto de la inyección de CaCl2 sobre la suavidad del corte de solomo (Outside. Con el objetivo de determinar el efecto del CaCl2 sobre la suavidad del corte de solomo se utilizaron 100 so lomos (outside con pe so me dio de 2,9 kg, en Alajuela y San José en el año 2000. Ochen ta fue ron inyectados mecánicamente con CaCl2 (3% en una can ti dad equi va len te al 5% del pe so de ca da pieza, empacados al vacío, madurados a 7 ºC durante siete días, y divididos aleatoria mente en cuatro subgrupos de 20 unidades. Un subgrupo se con ge ló a –25 ºC du ran te un mes. El se gun do y ter cero se cocinaron por inmersión en agua ca liente hasta alcanzar una temperatura interna estimada de 70 ºC. Al terminar la cocción el tercer subgrupo se congeló como se describió antes. El cuar to sub gru po so lo se ma du ró y vein te pie zas fres cas constituyeron el grupo control. Se determinó la fuerza de cor te pa ra las 100 pie zas em plean do el mé to do de la Ame rican Meat Scien ce As so cia tion. El pH de las pie zas fres cas y de aquellas sometidas a los procesos de maduración fue determinado. Se estimó la calidad microbiológica y las pérdi das de peso de cada tratamiento. El solomo fresco presentó un pH ba jo (5,4 que no es significativamente incrementado por la maduración con CaCl2 (p > 0,05. Los tra tamientos de cocción presentaron mayores pérdidas de peso y menores mejorías en la sua vidad. To dos los tratamientos aumentaron la sua vi dad ini cial del so lo mo (7,45 kg/cm2 y pre sen ta ron recuentos microbianos aceptables. La inyección seguida de empacado al va cío y maduración generó mejores resultados en la sua vi dad fi nal (3,81 kg/cm2.

Development of Low Density CaMg-A1-Based Bulk Metallic Glasses (Preprint)

National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

Senkov, O. N; Scott, J. M; Miracle, D. B

2006-01-01

Low density Ca-Mg-Al-based bulk metallic glasses containing additionally Cu and Zn, were produced by a copper mold casting method as wedge-shaped samples with thicknesses varying from 0.5 mm to 10 rom...

Understanding corrosion behavior of Mg-Zn-Ca alloys from subcutaneous mouse model: effect of Zn element concentration and plasma electrolytic oxidation.

Science.gov (United States)

Jang, Yongseok; Tan, Zongqing; Jurey, Chris; Xu, Zhigang; Dong, Zhongyun; Collins, Boyce; Yun, Yeoheung; Sankar, Jagannathan

2015-03-01

Mg-Zn-Ca alloys are considered as suitable biodegradable metallic implants because of their biocompatibility and proper physical properties. In this study, we investigated the effect of Zn concentration of Mg-xZn-0.3Ca (x=1, 3 and 5wt.%) alloys and surface modification by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) on corrosion behavior in in vivo environment in terms of microstructure, corrosion rate, types of corrosion, and corrosion product formation. Microstructure analysis of alloys and morphological characterization of corrosion products were conducted using x-ray computed tomography (micro-CT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Elemental composition and crystal structure of corrosion products were determined using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The results show that 1) as-cast Mg-xZn-0.3Ca alloys are composed of Mg matrix and a secondary phase of Ca2Mg6Zn3 formed along grain boundaries, 2) the corrosion rate of Mg-xZn-0.3Ca alloys increases with increasing concentration of Zn in the alloy, 3) corrosion rates of alloys treated by PEO sample are decreased in in vivo environment, and 4) the corrosion products of these alloys after in vivo tests are identified as brucite (Mg(OH)2), hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2), and magnesite (MgCO3·3H2O). Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ca2+ and aminoguanidine on γ-aminobutyric acid accumulation in germinating soybean under hypoxia–NaCl stress

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Runqiang Yang

2015-06-01

Full Text Available Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, a nonproteinous amino acid with some benefits on human health, is synthesized by GABA-shunt and the polyamine degradation pathway in plants. The regulation of Ca2+ and aminoguanidine on GABA accumulation in germinating soybean (Glycine max L. under hypoxia-NaCl stress was investigated in this study. Exogenous Ca2+ increased GABA content significantly by enhancing glutamate decarboxylase gene expression and its activity. Addition of ethylene glycol tetra-acetic acid into the culture solution reduced GABA content greatly due to the inhibition of glutamate decarboxylase activity. Aminoguanidine reduced over 85% of diamine oxidase activity, and 33.28% and 36.35% of GABA content in cotyledon and embryo, respectively. Under hypoxia–NaCl stress, the polyamine degradation pathway contributed 31.61–39.43% of the GABA formation in germinating soybean.

Highly Resolved Mg/Ca Depth Profiles of Planktic Foraminifer test Walls Using Single shot Measurements of fs-LA-ICPMS

Science.gov (United States)

Jochum, K. P.; Schiebel, R.; Stoll, B.; Weis, U.; Haug, G. H.

2017-12-01

Foraminifers are sensitive archives of changes in climate and marine environment. It has been shown that the Mg/Ca signal is a suitable proxy of seawater temperature, because the incorporation of Mg depends on ambient water temperature. In contrast to most former studies, where this ratio is determined by solution-based bulk analysis of 20 - 30 specimens, we have investigated Mg/Ca in single specimens and single chambers at high resolution. A new fs-200 nm-LA-ICPMS technique was developed for the µm-sized layered calcite shells. To generate depth profiles with a resolution of about 50 nm/shot, we chose a low fluence of about 0.3 Jcm-2 and performed single shot measurements of the double charged 44Ca++ and the single charged 25Mg+ ions together. Precision (RSD) of the Mg/Ca data is about 5 %. Calibration was performed with the carbonate reference material MACS-3 from the USGS. Our results for different species from the Arabian Sea and Caribbean Sea demonstrate that Mg/Ca of different chambers vary and indicate that the foraminifer individuals built their chambers in different water depths and/or experienced seasonal changes in seawater temperature caused, for example, by upwelling (cold) versus stratified (warm) conditions. Typically, the Mg/Ca ratios of the final two chambers of the planktic foraminifer Globorotalia menardii from a sediment core of the Arabian Sea differ by about 5 mmol/mol from earlier chambers (2 mmol/mol) corresponding to seawater temperatures of 28 °C and 18 °C, respectively. In addition, mass fractions of other elements like Sr, Mn, Fe, Ba, and U have been determined with fs-LA-ICPMS using fast line scans, and thus provide further insights in the ecology of foraminifers.

Study on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Mg-Zn-Ca Alloy Wire for Biomaterial Application

Science.gov (United States)

Zheng, Maobo; Xu, Guangquan; Liu, Debao; Zhao, Yue; Ning, Baoqun; Chen, Minfang

2018-03-01

Due to their excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, magnesium alloy wires have attracted much attention for biomaterial applications including orthopedic K-wires and sutures in wound closure. In this study, Mg-3Zn-0.2Ca alloy wires were prepared by cold drawing combined with proper intermediate annealing process. Microstructures, texture, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Mg-3Zn-0.2Ca alloy wire in a simulated body fluid were investigated. The results showed that the secondary phase and average grain size of the Mg-3Zn-0.2Ca alloy were refined in comparison with the as-extruded alloy and a strong (0002)//DD basal fiber texture system was formed after multi-pass cold drawing. After the annealing, most of the basal planes were tilted to the drawing direction (DD) by about 35°, presenting the characteristics of random texture, and the texture intensity decreased. The as-annealed wire shows good mechanical properties with the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS) and elongation of 253 ± 8.5 MPa, 212 ± 11.3 MPa and 9.2 ± 0.9%, respectively. Electrochemical and hydrogen evolution measurements showed that the corrosion resistance of the Mg-3Zn-0.2Ca alloy wire was improved after the annealing. The immersion test indicated that the Mg-3Zn-0.2Ca wire exhibited uniform corrosion behavior during the initial period of immersion, but then exhibited local corrosion behavior.

Effects of aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa on renal Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase and Ca(2+)-Mg(2+)-ATPase activities in Wistar rats.

Science.gov (United States)

Olatunji, Lawrence A; Usman, Taofeek O; Adebayo, Joseph O; Olatunji, Victoria A

2012-09-01

To investigate the effects of oral administration of aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa on renal Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase and Ca(2+)-Mg(2+)-ATPase activities in rats. The 25 and 50 mg/(kg·d) of aqueous extracts of H. sabdariffa were respectively given to rats in the experimental groups for 28 d, and rats in the control group received an appropriate volume of distilled water as vehicle. Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase and Ca(2+)-Mg(2+)-ATPase activities in the kidney were assayed by spectrophotometric method. Administrations of 25 and 50 mg/(kg·d) of aqueous extract of H. sabdariffa significantly decreased the Ca(2+)-Mg(2+)-ATPase activity in the kidney of rats (Psabdariffa may preserve the renal function despite a decreased renal Ca(2+)-Mg(2+)-ATPase activity.

Improved mechanical performance and delayed corrosion phenomena in biodegradable Mg-Zn-Ca alloys through Pd-alloying.

Science.gov (United States)

González, S; Pellicer, E; Fornell, J; Blanquer, A; Barrios, L; Ibáñez, E; Solsona, P; Suriñach, S; Baró, M D; Nogués, C; Sort, J

2012-02-01

The influence of partial substitution of Mg by Pd on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour of Mg(72-x)Zn(23)Ca(5)Pd(x) (x=0, 2 and 6 at.%) alloys, synthesized by copper mould casting, is investigated. While the Mg(72)Zn(23)Ca(5) alloy is mainly amorphous, the addition of Pd decreases the glass-forming ability, thus favouring the formation of crystalline phases. From a mechanical viewpoint, the hardness increases with the addition of Pd, from 2.71 GPa for x=0 to 3.9 GPa for x=6, mainly due to the formation of high-strength phases. In turn, the wear resistance is maximized for an intermediate Pd content (i.e., Mg(70)Zn(23)Ca(5)Pd(2)). Corrosion tests in a simulated body fluid (Hank's solution) indicate that Pd causes a shift in the corrosion potential towards more positive values, thus delaying the biodegradability of this alloy. Moreover, since the cytotoxic studies with mouse preosteoblasts do not show dead cells after culturing for 27 h, these alloys are potential candidates to be used as biomaterials. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Calibrations for benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca paleothermometry and the carbonate ion hypothesis

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Elderfield, H.; Yu, J.; Anand-Jha, P.; Kiefer, T.; Nyland, B.

2006-01-01

Benthic foraminiferal magnesium/calcium ratios were determined on one hundred and forty core-top samples from the Atlantic Ocean, the Norwegian Sea, the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea and the Pacific Ocean, mostly at sites with bottom water temperatures below 5 °C. Mg/Ca ratios are consistently

Improvement of the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of biodegradable β-Ca3(PO4)2/Mg-Zn composites prepared by powder metallurgy: the adding β-Ca3(PO4)2, hot extrusion and aging treatment.

Science.gov (United States)

Yan, Yang; Kang, Yijun; Li, Ding; Yu, Kun; Xiao, Tao; Deng, Youwen; Dai, Han; Dai, Yilong; Xiong, Hanqing; Fang, Hongjie

2017-05-01

In this study, 10%β-Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 /Mg-6%Zn (wt.%) composites with Mg-6%Zn alloy as control were prepared by powder metallurgy. After hot extrusion, the as-extruded composites were aged for 72h at 150°C. The effects of the adding β-Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , hot extrusion and aging treatment on their microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance were investigated. The XRD results identified α-Mg, MgZn phase and β-Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 phase in these composites. After hot extrusion, grains were significantly refined, and the larger-sized β-Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 particles and coarse MgZn phases were broken into linear-distributed β-Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 and MgZn phases along the extrusion direction. After aging treatment, the elements of Zn, Ca, P and O presented a more homogeneous distribution. The compressive strengths of the β-Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 /Mg-Zn composites were approximately double those of natural bone, and their densities and elastic moduli matched those of natural bone. The immersion tests and electrochemical tests revealed that the adding β-Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , hot extrusion and aging treatment could promote the formation of protective corrosion product layer on the sample surface in Ringer's solution, which improved corrosion resistance of the β-Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 /Mg-Zn composites. The XRD results indicated that the corrosion product layer contained Mg(OH) 2 , β-Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 and hydroxyapatite (HA). The cytotoxicity assessments showed the as-extruded β-Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 /Mg-Zn composite aged for 72h was harmless to L-929 cells. These results suggested that the β-Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 /Mg-Zn composites prepared by powder metallurgy were promising to be used for bone tissue engineering. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cathodic Potential Dependence of Electrochemical Reduction of SiO2 Granules in Molten CaCl2

Science.gov (United States)

Yang, Xiao; Yasuda, Kouji; Nohira, Toshiyuki; Hagiwara, Rika; Homma, Takayuki

2016-09-01

As part of an ongoing fundamental study to develop a new process for producing solar-grade silicon, this paper examines the effects of cathodic potential on reduction kinetics, current efficiency, morphology, and purity of Si product during electrolysis of SiO2 granules in molten CaCl2 at 1123 K (850 °C). SiO2 granules were electrolyzed potentiostatically at different cathodic potentials (0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 V vs Ca2+/Ca). The reduction kinetics was evaluated based on the growth of the reduced Si layer and the current behavior during electrolysis. The results suggest that a more negative cathodic potential is favorable for faster reduction. Current efficiencies in 60 minutes are greater than 65 pct at all the potentials examined. Si wires with sub-micron diameters are formed, and their morphologies show little dependence on the cathodic potential. The impurities in the Si product can be controlled at low level. The rate-determining step for the electrochemical reduction of SiO2 granules in molten CaCl2 changes with time. At the initial stage of electrolysis, the electron transfer is the rate-determining step. At the later stage, the diffusion of O2- ions is the rate-determining step. The major cause of the decrease in reduction rate with increasing electrolysis time is the potential drop from the current collector to the reaction front due to the increased contact resistance among the reduced Si particles.

Potentiometric study of cadmium (2) complexing with chloride-ions in aqueous solutions of Mg(ClO/sub 4/, Cl)/sub 2/

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Prokuev, V A; Belousov, E A

1985-05-01

By the method of potentiometric titration using cadmium amalgam electrode at ionic forces 1.0; 2.0; 3.0; 4.5; 6.0; 7.5 and 9.0 of (Mg(ClO/sub 4/)/sub 2/ general constants of cadmium chloride compleses stability are determined. By the Vasiliev extrapolation equation thermodynamic constants of CdClsub(n)sup(2-n) ion formation, where n=1-3 are evaluated.

Diffusion of calcium in pure and doped NaCl; Diffusion du calcium dans NaCl pur et dope

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Slifkin, L; Brebec, G [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1969-07-01

We have determined, by diffusion experiments of Ca in pure and doped NaCl, the activation energy for the calcium jumps and the binding energy between calcium ion and vacancy. (authors) [French] Nous avons determine, par des mesures de diffusion du Ca dans NaCl pur et NaCl dope avec CaCl{sub 2}, l'energie d'activation relative aux sauts du calcium et l'energie de liaison lacune-calcium. (auteurs)

Nitrate sorption on activated carbon modified with CaCl2: Equilibrium, isotherms and kinetics

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Zanella Odivan

2015-01-01

Full Text Available In this study, nitrate (NO3- removal from aqueous solutions was investigated using granular activated carbon (GAC modified with CaCl2. Batch sorption studies were performed as a function of sorbent dose, initial nitrate concentration and pH. Sorption was maximized between pH 3 and 9. Studies on the effect of pH showed that the ion exchange mechanism might be involved in the sorption process. The percentage of nitrate removed increased with increasing sorbent concentration, and the ideal sorbent dose was found to be 20 g•L-1. Four isotherm models-Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson and Sips-were used to fit the experimental data. The Redlich-Peterson isotherm model explained the sorption process well and showed the best coefficient of determination (0.9979 and Chi-square test statistic (0.0079. Using the Sips isotherm model, the sorption capacity (qe was found to be 1.93 mg nitrate per g of sorbent. Kinetic experiments indicated that sorption was a fast process, reaching equilibrium within 120 min. The nitrate sorption kinetic data were successfully fitted to a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The overall results demonstrated potential applications of modified GAC for nitrate removal from aqueous solutions.

Restrictions in Mg/Ca-Paleotemperature Estimations in High-Latitude Bottom Waters: Evidence from the Fram Strait and the Nordic Seas

Science.gov (United States)

Werner, K.; Marchitto, T. M., Jr.; Not, C.; Spielhagen, R. F.; Husum, K.

2014-12-01

Mg to Ca ratios of the benthic foraminifer species Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi provide a great potential for reconstructing bottom water temperatures, especially from the lower end of the temperature range between 0 and 6°C (Tisserand et al., 2013). A set of core top samples from the Fram Strait and the Norwegian margin have been studied for Mg/Ca ratios in C. wuellerstorfi in order to establish a calibration relationship to the environmental conditions. In this part of the northern North Atlantic the bottom water temperature range between -0.5 and -1°C. For the calibration to modern water mass conditions, modern oceanographic data from both existing conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) casts and the World Ocean Data Base 2013 (Boyer et al., 2013) have been used. Benthic Mg/Ca ratios are relatively high suggesting a preference of C. wuellerstorfi to incorporate Mg below 0°C. Although no correlation has been found to existing temperature calibrations, the data are in line with earlier Mg/Ca data from C. wuellerstorfi in the area (Martin et al., 2002; Elderfield et al., 2006). The carbonate ion effect is most likely a main cause for the relatively high Mg/Ca ratios found in core top samples from the Fram Strait and the Nordic Seas, however, other factors may influence the values as well. Holocene records of benthic trace metal/Ca ratios from the eastern Fram Strait display trends similar to those found in other proxy indicators, despite the difficulties to constrain a temperature calibration for this low temperature range. In particular, the benthic B/Ca and Li/Ca records resemble trends in Holocene planktic foraminifer assemblages, suggesting to be influenced by environmental factors such as the carbonate ion effect consistent for the entire water column.

Electrochemical characteristics of bioresorbable binary MgCa alloys in Ringer's solution: Revealing the impact of local pH distributions during in-vitro dissolution.

Science.gov (United States)

Mareci, D; Bolat, G; Izquierdo, J; Crimu, C; Munteanu, C; Antoniac, I; Souto, R M

2016-03-01

Biodegradable magnesium-calcium (MgCa) alloy is a very attractive biomaterial. Two MgCa alloys below the solid solubility of Ca were considered, as to solely investigate the effect of Ca content on the behavior of magnesium and the pH changes associated to metal dissolution. X-ray diffraction analysis and optical microscopy showed that both Mg-0.63Ca and Mg-0.89Ca alloys were solely composed of α(Mg) phase. Degradation characteristics and electrochemical characterization of MgCa alloys were investigated during exposure to Ringer's solution at 37 °C by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy. The impedance behavior showed both capacitive and inductive features that are related to the alloy charge transfer reaction and the relaxation of the absorbed corrosion compounds, and can be described in terms of an equivalent circuit. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to view the surface morphology of the MgCa samples after 1 week immersion in Ringer's solution showing extensive precipitation of corrosion products, whereas the substrate shows evidence of a non-uniform corrosion process. Energy dispersive analysis showed that the precipitates contained oxygen, calcium, magnesium and chlorine, and the Mg:Ca ratios were smaller than in the alloys. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was used to visualize local pH changes associated to these physicochemical processes with high spatial resolution. The occurrence of pH variations in excess of 3 units between anodic and cathodic half-cell reactions was monitored in situ. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Alterations of Mg2+ After Hemorrhagic Shock.

Science.gov (United States)

Lee, Mun-Young; Yang, Dong Kwon; Kim, Shang-Jin

2017-11-01

Hemorrhagic shock is generally characterized by hemodynamic instability with cellular hypoxia and diminishing cellular function, resulting from an imbalance between systemic oxygen delivery and consumption and redistribution of fluid and electrolytes. Magnesium (Mg) is the fourth most abundant cation overall and second most abundant intracellular cation in the body and an essential cofactor for the energy production and cellular metabolism. Data for blood total Mg (tMg; free-ionized, protein-bound, and anion-bound forms) and free Mg 2+ levels after a traumatic injury are inconsistent and only limited information is available on hemorrhagic effects on free Mg 2+ as the physiologically active form. The aim of this study was to determine changes in blood Mg 2+ and tMg after hemorrhage in rats identifying mechanism and origin of the changes in blood Mg 2+ . Hemorrhagic shock produced significant increases in blood Mg 2+ , plasma tMg, Na + , K + , Cl - , anion gap, partial pressures of oxygen, glucose, and blood urea nitrogen but significant decreases in RBC tMg, blood Ca 2+ , HCO 3 - , pH, partial pressures of carbon dioxide, hematocrit, hemoglobin, total cholesterol, and plasma/RBC ATP. During hemorrhagic shock, K + , anion gap, and BUN showed significant positive correlations with changes in blood Mg 2+ level, while Ca 2+ , pH, and T-CHO correlated to Mg 2+ in a negative manner. In conclusion, hemorrhagic shock induced an increase in both blood-free Mg 2+ and tMg, resulted from Mg 2+ efflux from metabolic damaged cell with acidosis and ATP depletion.

Investigating phthalate and 1,3-diether coverage and dynamics on the (104) and (110) surfaces of MgCl2-supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts

KAUST Repository

Credendino, Raffaele

2014-04-17

In this work we present a systematic DFT analysis of the effect of surface coverage on the coordination properties of two industrial Lewis bases, dimethyl phthalate and 9,9-bis(methoxymethyl)fluorene, to the (104) and (110) surfaces of MgCl2. Further, we investigated several possible migration pathways for the migration of the Lewis bases on the same MgCl2 monolayer. Our study clearly shows that complete coverage of the Mg vacancies on the surface by coordinating dimethyl phthalate or 9,9-bis(methoxymethyl)fluorene is hampered by steric repulsion between vicinally coordinated donor molecules. Further, our study clearly indicates that both dimethyl phthalate and 9,9-bis(methoxymethyl) fluorene migration on the same MgCl2 monolayer on the (104) and (110) surfaces basically requires donor dissociation. © 2014 American Chemical Society.

Investigating phthalate and 1,3-diether coverage and dynamics on the (104) and (110) surfaces of MgCl2-supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts

KAUST Repository

Credendino, Raffaele; Liguori, Dario; Morini, Giampiero; Cavallo, Luigi

2014-01-01

In this work we present a systematic DFT analysis of the effect of surface coverage on the coordination properties of two industrial Lewis bases, dimethyl phthalate and 9,9-bis(methoxymethyl)fluorene, to the (104) and (110) surfaces of MgCl2. Further, we investigated several possible migration pathways for the migration of the Lewis bases on the same MgCl2 monolayer. Our study clearly shows that complete coverage of the Mg vacancies on the surface by coordinating dimethyl phthalate or 9,9-bis(methoxymethyl)fluorene is hampered by steric repulsion between vicinally coordinated donor molecules. Further, our study clearly indicates that both dimethyl phthalate and 9,9-bis(methoxymethyl) fluorene migration on the same MgCl2 monolayer on the (104) and (110) surfaces basically requires donor dissociation. © 2014 American Chemical Society.

Bio-corrosion characterization of Mg-Zn-X (X = Ca, Mn, Si) alloys for biomedical applications.

Science.gov (United States)

Rosalbino, F; De Negri, S; Saccone, A; Angelini, E; Delfino, S

2010-04-01

The successful applications of magnesium-based alloys as biodegradable orthopedic implants are mainly inhibited due to their high degradation rates in physiological environment. This study examines the bio-corrosion behaviour of Mg-2Zn-0.2X (X = Ca, Mn, Si) alloys in Ringer's physiological solution that simulates bodily fluids, and compares it with that of AZ91 magnesium alloy. Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results showed a better corrosion behaviour of AZ91 alloy with respect to Mg-2Zn-0.2Ca and Mg-2Zn-0.2Si alloys. On the contrary, enhanced corrosion resistance was observed for Mg-2Zn-0.2Mn alloy compared to the AZ91 one: Mg-2Zn-0.2Mn alloy exhibited a four-fold increase in the polarization resistance than AZ91 alloy after 168 h exposure to the Ringer's physiological solution. The improved corrosion behaviour of the Mg-2Zn-0.2Mn alloy with respect to the AZ91 one can be ascribed to enhanced protective properties of the Mg(OH)(2) surface layer. The present study suggests the Mg-2Zn-0.2Mn alloy as a promising candidate for its applications in degradable orthopedic implants, and is worthwhile to further investigate the in vivo corrosion behaviour as well as assessed the mechanical properties of this alloy.

Effect of Mg, Ca, and Zn on stability of LiBH{sub 4} through computational thermodynamics

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lee, Sung Hoon; Manga, Venkateswara Rao; Liu, Zi-Kui [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 (United States)

2010-07-15

The effect of divalent metal-dopants, Mg, Ca, and Zn, on the stability of LiBH{sub 4} is studied by using the first-principles calculations and CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagram) modeling. The ground states of Mg{sub 1/2}BH{sub 4}, Ca{sub 1/2}BH{sub 4}, and Zn{sub 1/2}BH{sub 4} are shown to be I anti 4m2, F2dd, and I anti 4m2, respectively, through first-principles calculations. Positive enthalpy of mixing between Li and the alloying element is predicted, indicating unfavorable solubility of alloying elements in LiBH{sub 4} and thus offering possibility to decrease the stability of LiBH{sub 4}. The ionic sublattice model of (Li{sup +}, M{sup 2+}, Va){sub 1}(BH{sub 4}{sup -}){sub 1} is adopted for the metal substituted LiBH{sub 4} phase. It is observed that the addition of Mg or Zn has limited effect as the decomposition temperature is between those of LiBH{sub 4} and M{sub 1/2}BH{sub 4} for Mg and Zn substitutions. LiBH{sub 4} is destabilized with magnesium borides or LiZn{sub 4} formation but its decomposition temperature is higher than that of M{sub 1/2}BH{sub 4}. On the other hand, the addition of Ca significantly reduces the H{sub 2} releasing temperature due to the formation of highly stable CaB{sub 6}. (author)

Effect of forging process on microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties of biodegradable Mg-1Ca alloy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Harandi, Shervin Eslami; Hasbullah Idris, Mohd; Jafari, Hassan

2011-01-01

Research highlights: → Forging temperature demonstrates more pronounced effect compared to forging speed. → Precipitation of Mg 2 Ca phase at grain boundaries accelerates corrosion rate. → Forging process doesn't provide the corrosion resistance required for bone healing. -- Abstract: The performance of Mg-1Ca alloy, a biodegradable metallic material, may be improved by hot working in order that it may be of use in bone implant applications. In this study, Mg-1Ca cast alloy was preheated to different temperatures before undergoing forging process with various forging speeds. Macro- and microstructure of the samples were examined by stereo and scanning electron microscopes (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. To determine the mechanical properties of the alloy, hardness value and plastic deformation ability of the samples were measured. To investigate the corrosion behaviour of the alloy, immersion and electrochemical tests were performed on the samples in simulated body fluid and the corrosion products were characterized by SEM/EDS. The results showed that increasing forging temperature decreased grain size led to improved hardness value and plastic deformation ability of the alloy, whereas no significant effect was observed by changing forging speed. Moreover, forging at higher temperatures led to an increase in the amount of Mg 2 Ca phase at grain boundaries resulted in higher corrosion rates. It can be concluded that although forging process improved the mechanical properties of the alloy, it does not satisfy the corrosion resistance criteria required for bone healing.

Electrochemical characteristics of bioresorbable binary MgCa alloys in Ringer's solution: Revealing the impact of local pH distributions during in-vitro dissolution

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mareci, D., E-mail: danmareci@yahoo.com [Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, The “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 700050, Iasi (Romania); Bolat, G. [Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, The “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 700050, Iasi (Romania); Izquierdo, J. [Department of Chemistry, University of La Laguna, P.O. Box 456, E-38200 La Laguna (Tenerife) (Spain); Crimu, C.; Munteanu, C. [Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, The “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 700050, Iasi (Romania); Antoniac, I. [Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest (Romania); Souto, R.M., E-mail: rsouto@ull.es [Department of Chemistry, University of La Laguna, P.O. Box 456, E-38200 La Laguna (Tenerife) (Spain); Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest (Romania)

2016-03-01

Biodegradable magnesium–calcium (MgCa) alloy is a very attractive biomaterial. Two MgCa alloys below the solid solubility of Ca were considered, as to solely investigate the effect of Ca content on the behavior of magnesium and the pH changes associated to metal dissolution. X-ray diffraction analysis and optical microscopy showed that both Mg–0.63Ca and Mg–0.89Ca alloys were solely composed of α(Mg) phase. Degradation characteristics and electrochemical characterization of MgCa alloys were investigated during exposure to Ringer's solution at 37 °C by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy. The impedance behavior showed both capacitive and inductive features that are related to the alloy charge transfer reaction and the relaxation of the absorbed corrosion compounds, and can be described in terms of an equivalent circuit. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to view the surface morphology of the MgCa samples after 1 week immersion in Ringer's solution showing extensive precipitation of corrosion products, whereas the substrate shows evidence of a non-uniform corrosion process. Energy dispersive analysis showed that the precipitates contained oxygen, calcium, magnesium and chlorine, and the Mg:Ca ratios were smaller than in the alloys. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was used to visualize local pH changes associated to these physicochemical processes with high spatial resolution. The occurrence of pH variations in excess of 3 units between anodic and cathodic half-cell reactions was monitored in situ. - Highlights: • Spontaneous degradation of MgCa alloys in Ringer's solution characterized at 37 °C • Reactivity differences between Mg0.63Ca and Mg0.89Ca are evidenced using multiscale electrochemical characterization. • Electrochemical activation occurs heterogeneously on the alloy surface. • Metal dissolution is accompanied by local pH changes. • Mg0.63Ca degrades faster

Box-Behnken design approach towards optimization of activated carbon synthesized by co-pyrolysis of waste polyester textiles and MgCl2

Science.gov (United States)

Yuan, Zhihang; Xu, Zhihua; Zhang, Daofang; Chen, Weifang; Zhang, Tianqi; Huang, Yuanxing; Gu, Lin; Deng, Haixuan; Tian, Danqi

2018-01-01

Pyrolysis activation of waste polyester textiles (WPT) was regarded as a sustainable technique to synthesize multi-pore activated carbons. MgO-template method of using MgCl2 as the template precursor was employed, which possessed the advantages of ideal pore-forming effect and efficient preparation process. The response surface methodology coupled with Box-Behnken design (BBD) was conducted to study the interaction between different variables and optimized preparation conditions of waste polyester textiles based activated carbons. Derived from BBD design results, carbonization temperature was the most significant individual factor. And the maximum specific surface area of 1364 m2/g, which presented a good agreement with the predicted response values(1315 m2/g), was obtained at mixing ratio in MgCl2/WPT, carbonization temperature and time of 5:1, 900 °C and 90 min, respectively. Furthermore, the physicochemical properties of the sample prepared under optimal conditions were carried on utilizing nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, EA, XRD, SEM and FTIR. In addition, the pore-forming mechanism was mainly attributed to the tendency of carbon layer coating on MgO to form pore walls after elimination of MgO and the strong dehydration effect of MgCl2 on WPT.

Surface reactivity and hydroxyapatite formation on Ca5MgSi3O12 ceramics in simulated body fluid

Science.gov (United States)

Xu, Jian; Wang, Yaorong; Huang, Yanlin; Cheng, Han; Seo, Hyo Jin

2017-11-01

In this work, the new calcium-magnesium-silicate Ca5MgSi3O12 ceramic was made via traditional solid-state reaction. The bioactivities were investigated by immerging the as-made ceramics in simulated body fluid (SBF) for different time at body temperature (37 °C). Then the samples were taken to measure X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy-dispersive spectra (EDS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) measurements. The bone-like hydroxyapatite nanoparticles formation was observed on the ceramic surfaces after the immersion in SBF solutions. Ca5MgSi3O12 ceramics possess the Young's modulus and the bending strength and of 96.3 ± 1.2 GPa and 98.7 ± 2.3 MPa, respectively. The data suggest that Ca5MgSi3O12 ceramics can quickly induce HA new layers after soaking in SBF. Ca5MgSi3O12 ceramics are potential to be used as biomaterials for bone-tissue repair. The cell adherence and proliferation experiments are conducted confirming the reliability of the ceramics as a potential candidate.

In vivo degradation behavior and biological activity of some new Mg-Ca alloys with concentration's gradient of Si for bone grafts

Science.gov (United States)

Trincă, Lucia Carmen; Fântânariu, Mircea; Solcan, Carmen; Trofin, Alina Elena; Burtan, Liviu; Acatrinei, Dumitru Mihai; Stanciu, Sergiu; Istrate, Bogdan; Munteanu, Corneliu

2015-10-01

Magnesium based alloys, especially Mg-Ca alloys, are biocompatible substrates with mechanical properties similar to those of bones. The biodegradable alloys of Mg-Ca provide sufficient mechanical strength in load carrying applications as opposed to biopolymers and also they avoid stress shielding and secondary surgery inherent with permanent metallic implant materials. The main issue facing a biodegradable Mg-Ca alloy is the fast degradation in the aggressive physiological environment of the body. The alloy's corrosion is proportional with the dissolution of the Mg in the body: the reaction with the water generates magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen. The accelerated corrosion will lead to early loss of the alloy's mechanical integrity. The degradation rate of an alloy can be improved mainly through tailoring the composition and by carrying out surface treatments. This research focuses on the ability to adjust degradation rate of Mg-Ca alloys by an original method and studies the biological activity of the resulted specimens. A new Mg-Ca alloy, with a Si gradient concentration from the surface to the interior of the material, was obtained. The surface morphology was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (VegaTescan LMH II, SE detector, 30 kV), X-ray diffraction (X'Pert equipment) and energy dispersive X-ray (Bruker EDS equipment). In vivo degradation behavior, biological compatibility and activity of Mg-Ca alloys with/without Si gradient concentration were studied with an implant model (subcutaneous and bony) in rats. The organism response to implants was characterized by using radiological (plain X-rays and computed tomography), biochemical and histological methods of investigation. The results sustained that Si gradient concentration can be used to control the rate of degradation of the Mg-Ca alloys for enhancing their biologic activity in order to facilitate bone tissue repair.

Effect of Homogenization on Microstructure Characteristics, Corrosion and Biocompatibility of Mg-Zn-Mn-xCa Alloys

Science.gov (United States)

Li, Jingyuan; Lai, Huiying; Xu, Yuzhao

2018-01-01

The corrosion behaviors of Mg-2Zn-0.2Mn-xCa (denoted as MZM-xCa alloys) in homogenization state have been investigated by immersion test and electrochemical techniques in a simulated physiological condition. The microstructure features were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and the corrosion mechanism was illustrated using atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The electrochemical and immersion test verify the MZM-0.38% Ca owns the best corrosion performance with the corrosion rate of 6.27 mm/year. Furthermore, the film layer of MZM-0.38% Ca is more compact and denser than that of others. This improvement could be associated with the combined effects of the suitable content of Zn/Ca dissolving into the α-Mg matrix and the modification of Ca-containing compounds by heat-treatment. However, the morphologies were transformed from uniform corrosion to localized pitting corrosion with Ca further addition. It could be explained that the excessive Ca addition can strengthen the nucleation driving force for the second phase formation, and the large volumes fraction of micro-galvanic present interface sites accelerate the nucleation driving force for corrosion propagation. In addition, in vitro biocompatibility tests also show the MZM-0.38% Ca was safe to bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and was promising to be utilized as implant materials. PMID:29389894

Effect of Homogenization on Microstructure Characteristics, Corrosion and Biocompatibility of Mg-Zn-Mn-xCa Alloys

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Yuan Zhang

2018-02-01

Full Text Available The corrosion behaviors of Mg-2Zn-0.2Mn-xCa (denoted as MZM-xCa alloys in homogenization state have been investigated by immersion test and electrochemical techniques in a simulated physiological condition. The microstructure features were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM, X-ray diffraction (XRD, transmission electron microscopy (TEM and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA, and the corrosion mechanism was illustrated using atomic force microscope (AFM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM. The electrochemical and immersion test verify the MZM-0.38% Ca owns the best corrosion performance with the corrosion rate of 6.27 mm/year. Furthermore, the film layer of MZM-0.38% Ca is more compact and denser than that of others. This improvement could be associated with the combined effects of the suitable content of Zn/Ca dissolving into the α-Mg matrix and the modification of Ca-containing compounds by heat-treatment. However, the morphologies were transformed from uniform corrosion to localized pitting corrosion with Ca further addition. It could be explained that the excessive Ca addition can strengthen the nucleation driving force for the second phase formation, and the large volumes fraction of micro-galvanic present interface sites accelerate the nucleation driving force for corrosion propagation. In addition, in vitro biocompatibility tests also show the MZM-0.38% Ca was safe to bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs and was promising to be utilized as implant materials.

The role of Si and Ca on new wrought Mg-Zn-Mn based alloy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ben-Hamu, G.; Eliezer, D.; Shin, K.S.

2007-01-01

The development of new wrought magnesium alloys for automotive industry has increased in recent years due to their high potential as structural materials for low density and high strength/weight ratio demands. However, the poor mechanical properties of the magnesium alloys have led to search a new kind of magnesium alloys for better strength and ductility. Magnesium alloys show strong susceptibility to localized corrosion in chlorides solutions due to their inhomogeneous microstructure. The existence of intermetallics in the microstructure of magnesium alloys might represent initiation sites for localized corrosion. This is due to the formation of galvanic couples between the intermetallics and the surrounding matrix. The main objective of this research is to investigate the corrosion behavior of new magnesium alloys; Mg-Zn-Mn-Si-Ca (ZSMX) alloys. The ZSM6X1 + YCa alloys were prepared by using hot extrusion method. AC and DC polarization tests were carried out on the extruded rods, which contain different amounts of silicon or calcium. The potential difference in air between different phases and the matrix was examined using scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM). The phases present in the alloys have been identified by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Four different phases were found, i.e. intermetallics containing Si-Mn, Mg-Si, Mg-Zn and Mg-Si-Ca phase. All phases exhibited higher potential differences relative to magnesium matrix indicating a cathodic behavior. The potential difference revealed significant dependence on the chemical composition of the phases. Based on the results obtained from the scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy, the cathodic phases are effective sites for the initiation of localized corrosion in Mg-Zn-Mn-Si-Ca alloys

Removal of Ca(II) and Mg(II) from potassium chromate solution on Amberlite IRC 748 synthetic resin by ion exchange

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yu Zhihui; Qi Tao; Qu Jingkui; Wang Lina; Chu Jinglong

2009-01-01

Experimental measurements have been made on the batch ion exchange of Ca(II) and Mg(II) from potassium chromate solution using cation exchanger of Amberlite IRC 748 as K + form. The ion exchange behavior of two alkaline-earth metals on the resin, depending on contact time, pH, temperature and resin dosage was studied. The adsorption isotherms were described by means of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. For Ca(II) ion, the Langmuir model represented the adsorption process better than the Freundlich model. The maximum ion exchange capacity was found to be 47.21 mg g -1 for Ca(II) and 27.70 mg g -1 for Mg(II). The kinetic data were tested using Lagergren-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Kinetic data correlated well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating that the chemical adsorption was the rate-limiting step. Various thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy (ΔG o ), enthalpy (ΔH o ) and entropy (ΔS o ) were also calculated. These parameters showed that the ion exchange of Ca(II) and Mg(II) from potassium chromate solution was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic process in nature. The activation energy of ion-exchange (E a ) was determined as 12.34 kJ mol -1 for Ca(II) and 9.865 kJ mol -1 for Mg(II) according to the Arrhenius equation.

Effects of exchangeable Ca:Mg ratio on the dispersion of soils some ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

The soils studied were acidic, low in nutrient level, showed high dispersion rate, high water- dispersible clay content and the textural class were loamy sand and sandy loam. The exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents of the soils dominated the exchange complex. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) ranges between 4 ...

Experimental Study Of Precipitation Competition Of Ca(OH)2 And Mg(OH)2 On MSF Desalination Condition

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sumijanto

2001-01-01

Competition study has been carried out by using sea water simulation containing of 142 on deposit ppm of bicarbonate ion, 400 ppm of calcium ion and 1272 ppm of magnesium ion. Experiment was performed by heating sample at temperature 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 C for 30 minutes. Precipitation competition of Ca(OHh and Mg(OHh was analyzed by reduction of calcium and magnesium ion. Experiment data showed information that at the temperature bellow 800 o C CaCO 3 precipitation was more dominant, meanwhile above than 80 o C precipitation Mg(OH) 2 was more dominant. This competition occurred because at temperature more than 80 o C rate of hydroxyl ion formation and Mg(OH) 2 recipitation was greater than CaCO 3 precipitation and at temperature bellow 80 o C rate of hydrolysis carbonate ion was less than thermal decomposition bicarbonates ion

Thermoluminescent characteristics of LiF:Mg, Cu, P and CaSO_4:Dy for low dose measurement

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Del Sol Fernández, S.; García-Salcedo, R.; Mendoza, J. Guzmán; Sánchez-Guzmán, D.; Rodríguez, G. Ramírez; Gaona, E.; Montalvo, T. Rivera

2016-01-01

Thermoluminescence (TL) characteristics for LiF:Mg, Cu, P, and CaSO_4:Dy under the homogeneous field of X-ray beams of diagnostic irradiation and its verification using thermoluminescence dosimetry are presented. The irradiation were performed utilizing a conventional X-ray equipment installed at the Hospital Juárez Norte of México. Different thermoluminescence characteristics of two material were studied, such as batch homogeneity, glow curve, linearity, detection threshold, reproducibility, relative sensitivity and fading. Materials were calibrated in terms of absorbed dose to the standard calibration distance and they were positioned in a generic phantom. The dose analysis, verification and comparison with the measurements obtained by the TLD-100 were performed. Results indicate that the dosimetric peak appears at 202 °C and 277.5 °C for LiF:Mg, Cu, P and CaSO_4:Dy, respectively. TL response as a function of X-ray dose showed a linearity behavior in the very low dose range for all materials. However, the TLD-100 is not accurate for measurements below 4 mGy. CaSO_4:Dy is 80% more sensitive than TLD-100 and it show the lowest detection threshold, whereas LiF:Mg, Cu, P is 60% more sensitive than TLD-100. All materials showed very good repeatability. Fading for a period of one month at room temperature showed low fading LiF:Mg, Cu, P, medium and high for TLD-100 and CaSO_4:Dy. The results suggest that CaSO_4:Dy and LiF:Mg, Cu, P are suitable for measurements at low doses used in radiodiagnostic. - Highlights: • Several dosimetric characteristics were evaluated. • TL dose response to very low dose X-rays was studied. • The applications proposed for each material may be useful for diagnostic radiology dosimetry.

Hydrothermal replacement of calcite by Mg-carbonates

Science.gov (United States)

Jonas, Laura; Mueller, Thomas; Dohmen, Ralf

2014-05-01

The transport of heat and mass through the Earth's crust is coupled to mineral reactions and the exchange of isotopes and elements between different phases. Carbonate minerals are a major constituent of the Earth's crust and play an important role in different physical, chemical and even biological processes. In this experimental study, the element exchange reaction between calcite (CaCO3) and a Mg-rich fluid phase is investigated under hydrothermal conditions. Single crystals of calcite (2x2x2 mm) react with 1 ml of a 1 M MgCl2 solution at 200° C in a Teflon-lined steel autoclave for different times between one day and four weeks. The reaction leads to the formation of a porous reaction front and the pseudomorphic replacement of calcite by dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2] and magnesite (MgCO3). Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the reaction rim consists of small Mg-carbonate rhombs closely attached to each other, suggesting that the replacement reaction takes place by a dissolution-precipitation mechanism. Typically, the observed reaction front can be divided into two different domains. The outer part of the reaction rim, i.e. from the mineral surface in contact to the fluid inwards, consists of magnesite, whereas the inner part of the rim surrounding the unreacted calcite core consists of Ca-rich dolomite. The formation of a porous microstructure that varies in different parts of the reaction rim is a direct result of the large molar volume change induced by the replacement of calcite by magnesite and dolomite. The developing porosity therefore creates fluid pathways that promote the progress of the reaction front towards the unreacted core of the single crystal. Compositional profiles measured perpendicular to the mineral surface across the reactions rims using electron microprobe (EMPA) further revealed a compositional gradient within the reaction rim with regard to the structure-forming elements Mg and Ca. Here, the amount of Mg incorporated in both product

Generation of nanopores during desorption of NH3 from Mg(NH3)6Cl2

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Hummelshøj, Jens Strabo; Sørensen, Rasmus Zink; Kostova, M.Y.

2006-01-01

It is shown that nanopores are formed during desorption of NH3 from Mg(NH3)6Cl2, which has been proposed as a hydrogen storage material. The system of nanopores facilitates the transport of desorbed ammonia away from the interior of large volumes of compacted storage material. DFT calculations sh...

Ca and Mg determination from inhabitants of Brazil using neutron activation analysis

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zamboni, C.B.; Oliveir, L.C.; Luciana Kovacs; Sabrina Metairon

2012-01-01

In this study the neutron activation analysis (NAA) technique was applied to determine Ca and Mg in whole blood from inhabitants of Brazil for the purpose of establishing concentration ranges indicative of sex and age. The initiative to perform these measurements is related to the increase in heart disease. According to recent statistics from WHO, the average is one death due to heart attack in Brazil, every five minutes. The measures were performed considering lifestyle factors (non-smokers, non-drinkers and no history of toxicological exposure) of Brazilian inhabitants. A healthy group constituted of male (n = 94) and female (n = 84) blood donors, ages between 18 and 70 years and above 50 kg, was selected from the blood banks and hematological laboratories of Brazil. The influence of sex was also investigated considering several age ranges (18-29, 30-40, 41-50, >50 years). The results show significant differences when a comparison is made by sex and age and may be useful to identify or prevent clinical diseases. These results emphasize the need to perform periodic evaluation of Ca and Mg in blood. (author)

Vasoconstriction triggered by hydrogen sulfide: Evidence for Na+,K+,2Cl-cotransport and L-type Ca2+ channel-mediated pathway.

Science.gov (United States)

Orlov, Sergei N; Gusakova, Svetlana V; Smaglii, Liudmila V; Koltsova, Svetlana V; Sidorenko, Svetalana V

2017-12-01

This study examined the dose-dependent actions of hydrogen sulfide donor sodium hydrosulphide (NaHS) on isometric contractions and ion transport in rat aorta smooth muscle cells (SMC). Isometric contraction was measured in ring aortas segments from male Wistar rats. Activity of Na + /K + -pump and Na + ,K + ,2Cl - cotransport was measured in cultured endothelial and smooth muscle cells from the rat aorta as ouabain-sensitive and ouabain-resistant, bumetanide-sensitive components of the 86 Rb influx, respectively. NaHS exhibited the bimodal action on contractions triggered by modest depolarization ([K + ] o =30 mM). At 10 -4 M, NaHS augmented contractions of intact and endothelium-denuded strips by ~ 15% and 25%, respectively, whereas at concentration of 10 -3  M it decreased contractile responses by more than two-fold. Contractions evoked by 10 -4  M NaHS were completely abolished by bumetanide, a potent inhibitor of Na + ,K + ,2Cl - cotransport, whereas the inhibition seen at 10 -3  M NaHS was suppressed in the presence of K + channel blocker TEA. In cultured SMC, 5×10 -5  M NaHS increased Na + ,K + ,2Cl - - cotransport without any effect on the activity of this carrier in endothelial cells. In depolarized SMC, 45 Ca influx was enhanced in the presence of 10 -4  M NaHS and suppressed under elevation of [NaHS] up to 10 -3  M. 45 Ca influx triggered by 10 -4  M NaHS was abolished by bumetanide and L-type Ca 2+ channel blocker nicardipine. Our results strongly suggest that contractions of rat aortic rings triggered by low doses of NaHS are mediated by activation of Na + ,K + ,2Cl - cotransport and Ca 2+ influx via L-type channels.

Activity coefficients of CaCl{sub 2} in (maltose + water) and (lactose + water) mixtures at 298.15 K

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zhuo Kelei [School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007 (China)], E-mail: klzhuo@263.net; Liu Hongxun; Zhang Honghao; Liu Yaohui; Wang Jianji [School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007 (China)

2008-05-15

Activity coefficients of CaCl{sub 2} in disaccharide {l_brace}(maltose, lactose) + water{r_brace} mixtures at 298.15 K were determined by cell potentials. The molalities of CaCl{sub 2} ranged from about 0.01 mol . kg{sup -1} to 0.20 mol . kg{sup -1}, the mass fractions of maltose from 0.05 to 0.25, and those of lactose from 0.025 to 0.125. The cell potentials were analyzed by using the Debye-Hueckel extended equation and the Pitzer equation. The activity coefficients obtained from the two theoretical models are in good agreement with each other. Gibbs free energy interaction parameters (g{sub ES}) and salting constants (k{sub S}) were also obtained. These were discussed in terms of the stereo-chemistry of saccharide molecules and the structural interaction model.

The effect of CaCl2 on growth rate, wood decay and oxalic acid accumulation in Serpula lacrymans and related brown-rot fungi

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Hastrup, Anne Christine Steenkjær; Jensen, Bo; Clausen, Carol. A.

2006-01-01

The dry rot fungus, Serpula lacrymans, is one of the most destructive copper-tolerant fungi causing timber decay in buildings in temperate regions. Calcium and oxalic acid have been shown to play important roles in the mechanism of wood decay. The effect of calcium on growth and decay was evaluated...... for 12 strains of S. lacrymans and compared to five brown-rot fungi. This was done by treating copper citrate (CC)-treated Southern yellow pine (SYP) wood with a CaCl2 solution and estimating the decay rate and amount of soluble oxalic acid in an ASTM soil block test. Decay by S. lacrymans was found....... In summary, a marked decrease was observed in the decay capacity of S. lacrymans in pine treated with CC+CaCl2. The amount of soluble oxalic acid was measured in CC-treated blocks and blocks also treated with CaCl2. Of the comparative brown-rot fungi, both Antrodia vaillantii (TFFH 294) and Postia placenta...

Measurements of low photon doses using LiF:Mg,Cu,P and CaF{sub 2}:Cu dosimeters

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Prokert, K [Dresden Univ. of Technology (Germany). Inst. of Radiation Protection Physics; Mann, G [Dresden Univ. of Technology (Germany). Inst. of Radiation Protection Physics

1997-03-01

The new thermoluminophors LiF:Mg, Cu, P and CaF{sub 2}:Cu in form of pellets exhibit a significantly higher TL-response than the well-known dosimeters of the types TLD-100 (LiF:Mg, Ti), TLD-400 (CaF{sub 2}:Mn), TLD-900 (CaSO{sub 4}:Dy), etc. Furthermore, the thermoluminophor LiF:Mg, Cu, P shows besides its high sensitivity a good tissue equivalence and therefore, only a small variation of the dose response with the photon energy. The lower limits of detection of these new materials are about 5 {mu}Gy and 0.2 {mu}Gy resp. Therefore, short term measurements of absorbed dose can be realised in radiation fields at very low dose rates (environmental radiation, scattering radiation at medical equipment`s etc.) with an accuracy of {+-}10%. In the field of environmental monitoring the period of exposure can be limited to about 10 days. Using CaF{sub 2}:Cu detectors an exposure of 24 hours is sufficient for dose measurements with lower accuracy. The reusability of CaF{sub 2}:Cu pellets is guaranteed without loss of sensitivity independently of the application of different reading and annealing procedures. In the case of LiF:Mg, Cu, P detectors special procedures are needed in order to keep constant TL-properties. The results of dose measurements at low dose levels in different radiation fields demonstrate the advantages of these detector types. (orig.)

Superior catalytic effect of TiF{sub 3} over TiCl{sub 3} in improving the hydrogen sorption kinetics of MgH{sub 2}: Catalytic role of fluorine anion

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ma, L.-P.; Kang, X.-D.; Dai, H.-B.; Liang, Y.; Fang, Z.-Z.; Wang, P.-J. [Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016 (China); Wang, P. [Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016 (China)], E-mail: pingwang@imr.ac.cn; Cheng, H.-M. [Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016 (China)

2009-04-15

TiF{sub 3} shows a superior catalytic effect over TiCl{sub 3} in improving the hydrogen sorption kinetics of MgH{sub 2}. Combined phase analysis and microstructure characterization suggest that both titanium halide additives react with host MgH{sub 2} in a similar way. However, systematic X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies reveal that the incorporated fluorine (F) differs significantly from its analog chlorine (Cl) in terms of bonding state. The asymmetry of F 1s spectra and the sputtering-induced peak shift suggest that, in addition to the Mg-F bond, a new Ti-F-Mg bonding is formed in the TiF{sub 3}-doped MgH{sub 2}. In contrast, only one stable binding state of Cl is identified in the form of MgCl{sub 2} for the TiCl{sub 3}-doped MgH{sub 2}. In combination with the designed experiments, these findings suggest that the generation of active F-containing species may be responsible for the advantage of TiF{sub 3} over TiCl{sub 3} in improving both the absorption and desorption kinetics of MgH{sub 2}. Fundamentally, it emphasizes the functionality of F anion in tuning the activity of compound catalyst.

Calcite Wettability in the Presence of Dissolved Mg2+ and SO42-

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Generosi, Johanna; Ceccato, Marcel; Andersson, Martin Peter

2017-01-01

that potential determining ions in seawater, Mg2+, Ca2+, and SO42–, are responsible for altering the wettability of calcite surfaces. In favorable conditions, e.g., elevated temperature, calcium at the calcite surface can be replaced by magnesium, making organic molecules bind more weakly and water molecules...... bind more strongly, rendering the surface more hydrophilic. We used atomic force microscopy in chemical force mapping mode to probe the adhesion forces between a hydrophobic CH3-terminated AFM tip and a freshly cleaved calcite {10.4} surface to investigate wettability change in the presence of Mg2...... with calcite even after rinsing with CaCO3-saturated deionized water, suggesting sorption on or in calcite. When the calcite-saturated solution of MgSO4 was replaced by calcite-saturated NaCl at the same ionic strength, adhesion force increased again, indicating that the effect is reversible and suggesting Mg...

Electroanalytical measurements of binary-analyte mixtures in molten LiCl-KCl eutectic: Uranium(III)- and Magnesium(II)-Chloride

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rappleye, Devin, E-mail: rappleye1@llnl.gov; Newton, Matthew L.; Zhang, Chao; Simpson, Michael F.

2017-04-01

The electrochemical behavior of MgCl{sub 2} in molten LiCl-KCl eutectic was investigated to evaluate its suitability as a surrogate for PuCl{sub 3} in studies related to the eletrorefining of used nuclear fuel. The reduction of Mg{sup 2+} was found to be electrochemically reversible up to 300 mV s{sup −1} at 773 K. The diffusion coefficient for Mg{sup 2+} was calculated to be 1.74 and 2.17 × 10{sup −5} cm{sup 2} s{sup −1} with and without U{sup 3+} present, respectively, at 773 K using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Upon comparison to literature data, the diffusion coefficient of Mg{sup 2+} differs by only 8.8% (with U{sup 3+} present) from that of Pu{sup 3+} and the difference in peak potentials was only 79 mV. Binary-analyte mixtures of UCl{sub 3} and MgCl{sub 2} in eutectic LiCl-KCl were further investigated using CV, normal pulse voltammetry (NPV), chronoamperometry (CA) and open-circuit potential (OCP) measurements for the purpose of comparing each technique's accuracy in measuring U{sup 3+} and Mg{sup 2+} concentrations. Of all the techniques tested, NPV resulted in the lowest error which was, on average, 11.4% and 9.81% for U{sup 3+} and Mg{sup 2+}, respectively.

Energy dependence of thermoluminescent response of CaSO{sub 4}:Dy, LiF:Mg and micro LiF:Mg,Ti in clinical beams of electrons by using different simulator objects; Dependencia energetica da resposta TL de dosimetros de CaSO{sub 4}:Dy, LiF:Mg e microLiF:Mg,Ti em feixes clinicos de eletrons utilizando diferentes objetos simuladores

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bravim, Amanda; Campos, Leticia Lucente, E-mail: abravin@ipen.b, E-mail: rsakuraba@einstein.b, E-mail: lcrodri@ipen.b [Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (IPEN/CNEN-SP), Sao Paulo, SP (Brazil); Sakuraba, Roberto K.; Cruz, Jose Carlos da, E-mail: rsakuraba@einstein.b, E-mail: josecarlosc@einstein.b [Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE), Sao Paulo, SP (Brazil)

2011-10-26

Yet not so widely applied in radiotherapy, the calcium sulfate doped with dysprosium (CaSO{sub 4}:Dy) is used in radioprotection and studies has been demonstrated its great potential for the dosimetry in radiotherapy. This work evaluates the energy dependence of the thermoluminescent answer of the CaSO{sub 4}:D, LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-100) and micro LiF:Mg,Ti in clinical beams of electrons by using water simulators, PMMA and solid water

Chitosan oligosaccharide-Ca complex accelerates the depuration of cadmium from Chlamys ferrari

Science.gov (United States)

Huang, Guoqing; Sun, Jipeng; Wang, Dongfeng; Xu, Ying; Xu, Wei

2012-06-01

This study investigated the effect of a chitosan oligosaccharide-Ca complex (COS-Ca) on the depuration of cadmium (Cd) from Chlamys ferrari. After exposure to 0.5 mg L-1 CdCl2 for 3 or 7 d, the scallops were treated by COS-Ca prior to determination of Cd, calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn) contents, Cd distribution in organs, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and antioxidant variables. Results showed that COS-Ca reduced Cd content in the viscera of the scallops, with highest Cd depuration rate (47%) observed on day 3. The COS-Ca concentration substantially affected Cd depuration, and the exposure to 8.75 mg L-1 COS-Ca led to significantly higher Cd depuration rate compared with those of lower COS-Ca concentrations (1.75, 3.5, 5.25, and 7.00 mg L-1). Distribution analysis of Cd in scallop organs indicated that COS-Ca significantly reduced Cd content in the kidney throughout the 5-d experiment, as well as in the gill during the early stage of Cd depuration. In addition, COS-Ca treatment decreased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and MDA content while increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities on different days. Our work suggested COS-Ca complex treatment as an effective method for acceleration of Cd depuration from Cd-contaminated bivalves.

Structural and compositional characterization of synthetic (Ca,Sr)-tremolite and (Ca,Sr)-diopside solid solutions

Science.gov (United States)

Gottschalk, M.; Najorka, J.; Andrut, M.

Tremolite (CaxSr1-x)2Mg5[Si8O22/(OH)2] and diopside (CaxSr1-x)Mg[Si2O6] solid solutions have been synthesized hydrothermally in equilibrium with a 1 molar (Ca,Sr)Cl2 aqueous solution at 750°C and 200 MPa. The solid run products have been investigated by optical, electron scanning and high resolution transmission electron microscopy, electron microprobe, X-ray-powder diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The synthesized (Ca,Sr)-tremolites are up to 2000 µm long and 30 µm wide, the (Ca,Sr)-diopsides are up to 150 µm long and 20 µm wide. In most runs the tremolites and diopsides are well ordered and chain multiplicity faults are rare. Nearly pure Sr-tremolite (tr0.02Sr-tr0.98) and Sr-diopside (di0.01Sr-di0.99) have been synthesized. A continuous solid solution series, i.e. complete substitution of Sr2+ for Ca2+ on M4-sites exists for (Ca,Sr)-tremolite. Total substitution of Sr2+ for Ca2+ on M2-sites can be assumed for (Ca,Sr)-diopsides. For (Ca,Sr)-tremolites the lattice parameters a, b and β are linear functions of composition and increase with Sr-content whereas c is constant. For the diopside series all 4 lattice parameters are a linear function of composition; a, b, c increase and β decreases with rising Sr-content. The unit cell volume for tremolite increases 3.47% from 906.68 Å3 for tremolite to 938.21 Å3 for Sr-tremolite. For diopside the unit cell volume increases 4.87 % from 439.91 Å3 for diopside to 461.30 Å3 for Sr-diopside. The observed splitting of the OH stretching band in tremolite is caused by different configurations of the next nearest neighbors (multi mode behavior). Resolved single bands can be attributed to the following configurations on the M4-sites: SrSr, SrCa, CaCa and CaMg. The peak positions of these 4 absorption bands are a linear function of composition. They are shifted to lower wavenumbers with increasing Sr-content. No absorption band due to the SrMg configuration on the M4-site is observed. This indicates

Influence of Ca/Mg ratio on phytoextraction properties of Salix viminalis. II. Secretion of low molecular weight organic acids to the rhizosphere.

Science.gov (United States)

Magdziak, Z; Kozlowska, M; Kaczmarek, Z; Mleczek, M; Chadzinikolau, T; Drzewiecka, K; Golinski, P

2011-01-01

A hydroponic experiment in a phytotron was performed to investigate the effect of two different Ca/Mg ratios (4:1 and 1:10) and trace element ions (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) in solution on the efficiency of low molecular weight organic acid (LMWOA) formation in Salix viminalis rhizosphere. Depending on the Ca/Mg ratio and presence of selected trace elements at 0.5mM concentration, the amount and kind of LMWOAs in the rhizosphere were significantly affected. In physiological 4:1 Ca/Mg ratio the following complex of acids was observed: malonic (Pb, Zn), citric, lactic, maleic and succinic (Zn) acids. Under 1:10 Ca/Mg ratio, citric (Cd, Zn), maleic and succinic (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) acids were seen. Additionally, high accumulation of zinc and copper in all systems was observed, with the exception of those where one of the metals was at higher concentration. Summing up, the results indicate a significant role of LMWOAs in Salix phytoremediation abilities. Both effects can be modulated depending on the mutual Ca/Mg ratio. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Effect of the partial NaCl substitution by other chloride salts on the volatile profile during the ripening of dry-cured lacón