COLLECTIVE SECURITY AND ITS MECHANISMS IN THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

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Gordan Struić

2017-12-01

Full Text Available Although the idea of collective security has long existed in the history of international relations, the League of Nations was the first modern international organisation based on the idea of collective security at the global level. In this context, the author aims at giving a systematic review of collective security and its mechanisms comprised in the Covenant of the League of Nations. To this end, after introductory considerations and a short review of the conceptual definition, postulates, roots, and critiques of collective security, the paper discusses its mechanisms in the Covenant of the League of Nations in order to examine, firstly, which provisions encompassed these mechanisms and what they were composed of and secondly, why these mechanisms failed to achieve their purpose. For this reason, the conclusions in this paper rely on a normative analysis of the Covenant of the League of Nations, as well as on the specific examples from the history of international relations during the period considered.

INFLUENCIA DE LAS BACTERIAS PSICRÓTROFAS EN LA ACTIVIDAD PROTEOLÍTICA DE LA LECHE

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

C F Novoa

2007-01-01

Full Text Available La refrigeración de la leche reduce el ritmo de multiplicación y actividad de los microorganismos,pero ha generado nuevos problemas relacionados con el crecimiento y la actividad de losmicroorganismos psicrótrofos, que son aquellos que crecen a temperaturas inferiores a 7°C, independientementede su temperatura óptima. Estos microorganismos producen enzimas termoestablesque degradan algunos componentes de la leche deteriorando su calidad y la de sus derivados,y disminuyendo los rendimientos queseros. Con el fin de evaluar la actividadproteolítica de las bacterias psicrótrofas sobre las caseínas y su relación con la temperatura ytiempo de almacenamiento de la leche, se inocularon diferentes lotes de leche con este tipo debacterias, hasta obtener recuentos de 104 Y 105 unidades formadoras de colonia por mililitro(ufc/ml; como control se utilizó leche que no recibió inoculación con recuento de psicrótrofos de103 ufc/ml. Después de almacenarla leche a4 y 7 °C durante tres y seis días, se evaluó la actividadproteolítica sobre las caseínas. Al almacenar leche durante tres días a 4 y 7°C, no se presentó actividadproteolítica cuando el recuento inicial de psicrótrofos era del orden de 103 ufc/ml, mientrasque cuando dicho recuento fue superior a 104 ufc/ml se observó actividad proteolítica, siendomás intensa a 7 °C que a 4 "C. Con almacenamiento de seis días, solamente la leche conservada a4°C con recuento inicial de 103 ufc/ml no presentó actividad proteolítica, los demás tratamientosmostraron gran actividad proteolítica sobre la fracción de caseínas aumentando dicha actividad amedida que aumenta el grado de contaminación.

DETECCION DE Brucella abortus POR PCR EN MUESTRAS DE SANGRE Y LECHE DE VACUNOS

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Xiomara Mosquera C

2008-12-01

Full Text Available Objetivo. Evaluar el uso de la Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR para la detección de Brucella abortus en muestras de sangre y leche de vacunos. Materiales y métodos. Este estudio de tipo descriptivo fue realizado durante los años 2004 y 2005. Se analizaron 136 animales de tres fincas localizadas en el municipio de Durania, Norte de Santander, Colombia. Se evaluó la presencia de anticuerpos en la leche mediante la prueba del anillo (PAL. Se amplificó el fragmento de 223pb del gen BCSP31. Se emplearon los cebadores B4 y B5 de la región interna de la secuencia del gen BCSP31 (GenBank, número M20404. Resultados. En aquellos animales positivos se obtuvo una muestra de sangre y leche para el análisis por PCR, la sangre no fue analizada por serología. Se evaluaron diferentes métodos de extracción de ADN. Se encontró que un 13.2% (18/136 de las muestras de leche fueron positivas a la PAL. Se analizaron 33 muestras de leche negativas por PAL de las cuales el 30.3% (10/33 resultaron positivas por PCR. Al analizar las muestras de sangre de los animales positivos por PAL el 94.1% (16/17 fueron positivas por PCR, mientras que el 47% (8/17 de las muestras de leche positivas por PAL, fueron positivas por PCR. Conclusiones. Se demostró la amplificación de un fragmento de ADN de Brucella abortus en muestras de sangre y leche de vacunos. Los resultados preliminares demostraron que es posible usar PCR como prueba diagnóstica de brucelosis en Colombia.

Estudio de la conservación de la leche humana y de los preparados para lactantes

OpenAIRE

Romeu Nadal, Meritxell

2006-01-01

[spa] En esta tesis se han estudiado diferentes métodos de conservación de la leche materna (leche de la propia madre) y/o humana (leche de otra madre sana), concluyendo que las muestras de leche pueden conservarse en el refrigerador a 4ºC hasta un máximo de 3 horas, en el congelador a -20ºC hasta un máximo de 5 meses y en el ultracongelador a -80ºC hasta un máximo de 8 meses con la finalidad de preservar los niveles iniciales de vitaminas C y E y los niveles de los ácidos grasos poliinsatura...

Notes on the origins of Epilepsia and the International League Against Epilepsy.

Science.gov (United States)

Shorvon, Simon D; Weiss, Giselle; Goodkin, Howard P

2009-03-01

The recent discovery of archival material has shed interesting light on the origins of Epilepsia and also the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). The idea of an international journal devoted to epilepsy seems first to have arisen from talks between Dr. L. J. J. Muskens and Dr. W. Aldren Turner in 1905. A protracted series of subsequent letters between Muskens and a Haarlem publisher show how the idea slowly took shape. The committee of patronage, editorial board, and editorial assistants was probably first approached at the First International Congress of Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychology, and Nursing of the Insane, held in Amsterdam in 1907. At this meeting, the concept of an international organization to fight epilepsy (to become the ILAE) was also first proposed in public, again by Muskens. The concept of the ILAE was clearly modeled on another international organization-the International Commission for the Study of the Causes of Mental Diseases and Their Prophylaxis. This Commission had been first publicly proposed in 1906 by Ludwig Frank, at the Second International Congress for the Care and Treatment of the Insane. The proposed Commission and ILAE shared many features, aims, and personnel. Despite an auspicious start, the International Commission was prevented by personal and political differences from ever actually coming into being. However, the first issue of Epilepsia appeared in March 1909 and the ILAE was inaugurated in August 1909; and both have flourished and celebrate their centenaries this year.

The International Society of Hypertension and World Hypertension League call on governments, nongovernmental organizations and the food industry to work to reduce dietary sodium.

Science.gov (United States)

Campbell, Norman R C; Lackland, Daniel T; Chockalingam, Arun; Lisheng, Liu; Harrap, Stephen B; Touyz, Rhian M; Burrell, Louise M; Ramírez, Agustín J; Schmieder, Roland E; Schutte, Aletta E; Prabhakaran, Dorairaj; Schiffrin, Ernesto L

2014-02-01

The International Society of Hypertension and the World Hypertension League have developed a policy statement calling for reducing dietary salt. The policy supports the WHO and the United Nations recommendations, which are based on a comprehensive and up-to-date review of relevant research. The policy statement calls for broad societal action to reduce dietary salt, thus reducing blood pressure and preventing hypertension and its related burden of cardiovascular disease. The hypertension organizations and experts need to become more engaged in the efforts to prevent hypertension and to advocate strongly to have dietary salt reduction policies implemented. The statement is being circulated to national hypertension organizations and to international nongovernmental health organizations for consideration of endorsement. Member organizations of the International Society of Hypertension and the World Hypertension League are urged to support this effort.

El efecto antihipertensivo de las leches fermentadas

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Karina N Domínguez González

Full Text Available Existe una gran variedad de leches fermentadas con bacterias lácticas, con propiedades que promueven la salud. Recientemente se ha comunicado que las proteínas de los alimentos pueden, además, ejercer otras funciones in vivo, por medio de sus péptidos con actividad biológica. Estos péptidos se encuentran encriptados dentro de la estructura primaria de las proteínas y pueden ser liberados por fermentación de la leche, hidrólisis enzimática, o bien durante el tránsito gastrointestinal. Las funciones que presentan son diversas, ya que pueden actuar en diferentes sistemas del cuerpo humano: el cardiovascular, el digestivo, el endocrino, el inmune y el nervioso. Los péptidos bioactivos que presentan un efecto en el sistema cardiovascular (antihipertensivo, antitrombótico, antioxidante o hipocolesterolémico pueden reducir los factores de riesgo para la manifestación de enfermedades crónicas y ayudar a mejorar la salud humana. Los péptidos bioactivos más estudiados son aquellos que ejercen un efecto antihipertensivo a través de la inhibición de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (ACE. Este documento se enfoca en la producción de péptidos antihipertensivos inhibidores de la ACE en leches fermentadas, en su historia, y en las pruebas in vivo realizadas en ratas y en humanos, donde se ha demostrado su efecto hipotensor.

Sobre producción de la materia prima (leche en el altiplano de Bolivia

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Apaza-Huallpa Yesenia

2017-07-01

Full Text Available Por la falta de mercados para acomodar la producción nacional de leche, muchos productores locales están reduciendo significativamente el número de sus vacas lecheras, que están siendo comercializadas como vacuno corriente en ferias o mataderos a un tercio del precio que tenían pocos años atrás. Actualmente existe una sobreproducción de leche en el departamento de La Paz y cada vez se reduce la demanda de la población, así los agricultores se quedan con el producto teniendo que darle otra finalidad, pero en muchos casos se vuelve inevitable por las grandes cantidades de materia prima, para regular esta crisis, que se ha visto agudizada, por los bajos precios internacionales de este alimento de primera necesidad, situación que estaría impulsando el ingreso de leche y productos procedentes de las países vecinos, de ahí que, es necesario realizar esfuerzos e inversiones para innovar y producir nuevas variedades de artículos lácteos, pue permitan ampliar el mercado, y así competir en mejores condiciones respecto a los productos foráneos. Sería iniciativas que necesitan apoyo del Estado para su materialización, por ejemplo con dotación de infraestructura industrial, fuentes de energía, exenciones impositivas a la importación de tecnología, mayor flexibilidad fiscal y laboral, facilidades de financiamiento, medidas orientadas a fomentar la producción láctea del país en particular y la industria nacional en general. El mercado de la leche se ve afectado por la presencia de leche en polvo de contrabando o legalmente importada, situación que un paquete de leche importada en polvo cuesta hasta 20 Bs., mientras que la Planta Industrializadora de Leche (PIL-Andina comercializa en 41.70 Bs. La leche es un nutrimento fundamental para la salud humana, su aporte en proteínas, calcio y vitaminas es absolutamente importante, sin embargo hay una tendencia muy arraigada, que la leche no le gusta a la población. Esta es una posici

INFLUENCIA DE LAS BACTERIAS PSICRÓTROFAS EN LA ACTIVIDAD PROTEOLÍTICA DE LA LECHE

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Restrepo L. P.

2007-11-01

Full Text Available La refrigeración de la leche reduce el ritmo de multiplicación y actividad de los microorganismos, pero ha generado nuevos problemas relacionados con el crecimiento y la actividad de los microorganismos psicrótrofos, que son aquellos que crecen a temperaturas inferiores a 7 °C, independientemente de su temperatura óptima. Estos microorganismos producen enzimas termoestables que degradan algunos componentes de la leche deteriorando su calidad y la de sus derivados, y disminuyendo los rendimientos queseros. Con el fin de evaluar la actividad proteolítica de las bacterias psicrótrofas sobre las caseínas y su relación con la temperatura y tiempo de almacenamiento de la leche, se inocularon diferentes lotes de leche con este tipo de bacterias, hasta obtener recuentos de 104 y 105 unidades formadoras de colonia por mililitro (ufc/ml; como control se utilizó leche que no recibió inoculación con recuento de psicrótrofos de 103 ufc/ml. Después de almacenar la lechea4y7°Cdurante tres y seis días, se evaluó la actividad proteolítica sobre las caseínas. Al almacenar leche durante tres días a 4 y 7 °C, no se presentó actividad proteolítica cuando el recuento inicial de psicrótrofos era del orden de 103 ufc/ml, mientras que cuando dicho recuento fue superior a 104 ufc/ml se observó actividad proteolítica, siendo más intensa a 7 °C que a 4 °C. Con almacenamiento de seis días, solamente la leche conservada a 4 °C con recuento inicial de 103 ufc/ml no presentó actividad proteolítica, los demás tratamientos mostraron gran actividad proteolítica sobre la fracción de caseínas aumentando dicha actividad a medida que aumenta el grado de contaminación.

La calidad estándar de la leche en el estado de Hidalgo, México

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Fernando Cervantes Escoto

2013-01-01

Full Text Available En el estado de Hidalgo, México, en el año 2010, se produjeron 419,273 miles de litros de leche, que representan el 3.9 % del total nacional; en la entidad hay tres cuencas lecheras importantes: Tizayuca, Valle de Tulancingo y Mezquital, cada una con características propias, que determinan, entre otros aspectos, los canales de comercialización del producto. El objetivo de la investigación fue comparar la calidad estándar de la leche entre cuencas. Se concluye que al cotejar la leche de Hidalgo con las normas internacionales (comparación al exterior, la leche es excelente en rendimiento industrial, con deficiente sanidad, y probablemente adulterada con agua. En la comparación al interior (entre las tres cuencas, se concluye que sí hubo un "efecto de cuenca".

Valorización del suero de leche: Una visión desde la biotecnología

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José M. Pais Chanfrau

2017-11-01

Full Text Available La Zona 1 del Ecuador (provincias de Esmeraldas, Carchi, Ibarra y Sucumbíos es una región eminentemente ganadera, donde se alcanzan importantes volúmenes de leche, en especial, en las provincias andinas del Carchi e Ibarra. Casi un tercio de toda la leche se destinan a la producción de los diferentes tipos de quesos, generándose cantidades apreciables de suero de leche. Una parte importante del suero de leche se emplea en la alimentación animal, más otra, es vertida a los ríos, arroyos y quebradas, contaminando las fuentes naturales de agua. Regulaciones medioambientales más rigurosas, por un lado, y la toma de conciencia por otra, han puesto en evidencia la necesidad de transformar el suero de leche en efluentes menos contaminantes. Si adicionalmente se logra que como resultado de esta transformación se lograran obtener nuevos productos de mayor valor agregado que el propio suero de leche, se amortizaría en parte los recursos empleados en la transformación. En la presente revisión se exploran, desde las biotecnologías, algunas de las tecnologías disponibles y se discuten las vías para lograrlo en el contexto de la Zona 1 del Ecuador.

Sabotage Operations of the Prewar Anti-Facist League - Poland

National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

Szubanski, Rajmund

1960-01-01

The following article is a translation and deals with sabotage operations of the prewar Anti-Fascist League that was connected to the Communist Party, the International Seaman's and Dockers' Unions...

IMPROVEMENTS FOR THE OPERATION OF CHINESE FOOTBALL LEAGUE BY ANALYSING THE SUCCESS ASSETS OF ENGLISH PREMIER LEAGUE

OpenAIRE

Cao, Hanxiong

2012-01-01

The purpose of this thesis is going to analyze the success assets of English Premier League (which is now the most successful football league in the world) and the defects of Chinese Super League by analyzing the financial statements of the Premier League, and try to make some possible improvements for Chinese Super League according to the results of the analysis.

ganado de leche

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jorge Alberto Elizondo-Salazar

2007-01-01

Full Text Available Alimentación y manejo del calostro en el ganado de leche. El presente trabajo es una revisión de literatura cuyo objetivo es resaltar la importancia de la alimentación y manejo del calostro en el ganado de leche. La transferencia de inmunidad pasiva en terneras debe ocurrir por ingestión de calostro, ya que la placenta bovina previene la transferencia de inmunoglobulinas (Ig de la madre al feto. La concentración de Ig en el calostro ha sido asociada como un factor importante para alcanzar niveles adecuados de inmunoglobulinas en el suero sanguíneo de terneras recién nacidas. Sin embargo, las terneras pueden absorber Ig del calostro solamente por un tiempo limitado después del nacimiento, y poca absorción es posible más allá de 24 h. Una inadecuada absorción de Ig, especialmente IgG1 dará como resultado bajas concentraciones de Ig en el suero de las terneras y un mayor riesgo de adquirir enfermedades que eventualmente podrían ocasionar la muerte. Además del tiempo que transcurre entre el nacimiento y el suministro de calostro, la concentración de Ig en el suero sanguíneo de las terneras dependerá de la masa de Ig consumidas, lo cuál está en función del volumen de calostro consumido, la concentración de Ig en el mismo y la efi ciencia de absorción de las Ig por parte de la ternera. Muchos factores infl uyen sobre la concentración del Ig en el calostro de vacas lecheras, entre ellos el número de lactancia, la cantidad de calostro producido y el tiempo transcurrido después del parto.

A validation of the new definition of drug-resistant epilepsy by the International League Against Epilepsy.

Science.gov (United States)

Téllez-Zenteno, Jose F; Hernández-Ronquillo, Lizbeth; Buckley, Samantha; Zahagun, Ricardo; Rizvi, Syed

2014-06-01

To establish applicability, the recently proposed International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) consensus on drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) requires testing in clinical and research settings. This study evaluates the reliability and validity of these criteria in a clinical population. In phase I, two independent evaluators reviewed 97 randomly selected medical records of patients with epilepsy at two separate intervals. Both ILEA consensus and standard diagnostic criteria were employed. Kappa, weighted kappa, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to determine interobserver and intraobserver variability. In phase II, ILAE consensus criteria were applied to 250 patients with epilepsy to determine risk factors associated with development of DRE and to calculate point prevalence. The interobserver agreement of the four definitions was as follows: Berg (0.56), Kwan and Brodie (0.58), Camfield and Camfield (0.69), and ILAE (0.77). The intraobserver agreement of the four definition was as follows: Berg (0.81), Kwan and Brodie (0.82), Camfield and Camfield (0.72), and ILAE (0.82). The prevalence of DRE was the following: with the Berg's definition was 28.4%, Kwan and Brodie 34%, Camfield and Camfield 37%, and with ILAE was 33%. This is first study to establish reliability and validity of ILAE criteria for the diagnosis of DRE. This new definition compares favorably with previously established constructs, which continue to retain clinical significance. Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2014 International League Against Epilepsy.

What are the minimum requirements for ketogenic diet services in resource-limited regions? Recommendations from the International League Against Epilepsy Task Force for Dietary Therapy.

Science.gov (United States)

Kossoff, Eric H; Al-Macki, Nabil; Cervenka, Mackenzie C; Kim, Heung D; Liao, Jianxiang; Megaw, Katherine; Nathan, Janak K; Raimann, Ximena; Rivera, Rocio; Wiemer-Kruel, Adelheid; Williams, Emma; Zupec-Kania, Beth A

2015-09-01

Despite the increasing use of dietary therapies for children and adults with refractory epilepsy, the availability of these treatments in developing countries with limited resources remains suboptimal. One possible contributory factor may be the costs. There is often reported a significant perceived need for a large ketogenic diet team, supplements, laboratory studies, and follow-up visits to provide this treatment. The 2009 Epilepsia Consensus Statement described ideal requirements for a ketogenic diet center, but in some situations this is not feasible. As a result, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Task Force on Dietary Therapy was asked to convene and provide practical, cost-effective recommendations for new ketogenic diet centers in resource-limited regions of the world. Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2015 International League Against Epilepsy.

INDICADORES DE CALIDAD DE LECHES CRUDAS EN DIFERENTES REGIONES DE COLOMBIA

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Alfonso Calderón

2006-05-01

Full Text Available de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de las bases de datos de ochoempresas procesadoras de leche, que incluyeron parámetros físicos, químicos y bacteriológicos de lechescrudas en 1.159 fincas ubicadas en sistemas de producción de leche especializada y de doble propósito.Resultados. En el sistema doble propósito, se encontraron los mayores niveles de proteína, grasa, sólidosno grasos y sólidos totales. Conclusiones. Se observaron valores muy extremos en una misma región,para las diferentes variables estudiadas; lo que permite establecer que hay fincas de una misma regiónque presentan buenas y malas prácticas de manejo. Así mismo se hace necesario elevar los niveles de losdiferentes componentes químicos de la leche particularmente en el sistema especializado y de mejorar lacalidad bacteriológica; todo esto se logra mediante la implementación de un programa de buenasprácticas ganaderas.

Adulteración de leche pasteurizada con suero de quesería en la ciudad de Aguascalientes

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J. Reyes

2007-01-01

Full Text Available La adulteración de la leche con suero de quesería (AL constituye un fraude al consumidor, competencia desleal al productor y afecta la cadena productiva lechera. La AL es muy difícil de detectar, excepto porque durante el proceso permanece un residuo de caseína denominado glucomacropéptido (GMP. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la AL en leche pasteurizada preferente que se comercializa en la ciudad de Aguascalientes, mediante cuantificación de GMP. Durante el año 2005, mediante un muestreo no estadístico se obtuvieron mensualmente, por triplicado, muestras de ocho marcas de leche, las cuales se analizaron mediante: electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE, espectrofotometría de luz visible y cromatografía de líquidos de alta resolución (HPLC; éstas fueron estandarizadas y validadas. Se estableció la incidencia y el porcentaje de adulteración por marca de leche, mes y estación del año. El promedio de muestras positivas fue del 31.6 ± 3.2 % y el volumen promedio de suero añadido en leche fue de 6.5 ± 0.47 %, presentando una alta tendencia estacional, así como diferencias signifi- cativas entre marcas (P< 0.01. Los resultados sugieren que el suero de quesería es utilizado frecuentemente para adulterar la leche que se expende en Aguascalientes.

Elite female soccer players perform more high-intensity running when playing in international games compared with domestic league games

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Andersson, Helena Å.; Randers, Morten Bredsgaard; Heiner-Møller, Anja

2010-01-01

The purpose of this study was to compare movement pattern, fatigue development, and heart rate (HR) for top-class elite female players when playing international (INT) vs. domestic league games (DOM). Video-based time-motion analyses and HR recordings were performed on 17 players during INT and DOM...... no differences were observed between the game types for defenders. No difference in the HR response was found between INT and DOM. In conclusion, more HIR and sprinting occur in international compared with domestic games, which may affect the fatigue development for players in physically demanding roles. Thus...

Efficiency of Sports Leagues - The Economic Implications of Having Two Leagues in the Indian Cricket Market

OpenAIRE

Vig, Arun

2008-01-01

Worldwide more and more money is being invested in sports teams and professional sports leagues. There are numerous sports that are popular in different parts of the world. In the United States, its American Football, in Europe and UK it is Football (soccer); in the Indian sub-continent and Australia it is Cricket that attracts the largest crowds. If we study the professional sporting leagues around the world usually there is only one major/premier league in every sport. Smaller leagues e...

The League of Women Voters of the United States: A Case Study in Organizational Communication.

Science.gov (United States)

Kaufman-Everett, Ileen N.

The paper analyzes structure and organizational communication within the League of Women Voters. The document is presented in three major sections. The first section traces the history of the League of Women Voters from its origins in the women's suffrage movement to its current involvement with international relations, human rights, and…

The first prospective injury audit of League of Ireland footballers

Science.gov (United States)

Fitzharris, Nigel; Jones, Ashley; Francis, Peter

2017-01-01

Objectives Football has the highest sports participation (10.6%) in Ireland ahead of its Gaelic counterpart (3.9%). Research into injury incidence and patterns in Irish football is non-existent. The aim of this study was to conduct a prospective injury audit of League of Ireland (semiprofessional) footballers during the 2014 season (8 months, 28 games). Methods A total of 140 semiprofessional League of Ireland footballers were prospectively followed between March and November 2014. Data were collected in accordance with the international consensus on football injury epidemiology. Results The injury rate was 9.2/1000 hour exposure to football (95% CI 6.2 to 12.9, pLeague of Ireland football is similar to that of European professional football, although the incidence of injury is higher. The incidence of injury is in line with that of Dutch amateur football. PMID:29071112

Raimo Pullat kohtus Lech Wałesaga / Harda Roosna

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Roosna, Harda, 1956-

2014-01-01

Tallinna Ülikooli emeriitprofessor Raimo Pullat kohtus Poola ekspresidendi Lech Wałesaga Gdanski tehnikakõrgkooli 110. aastapäeva pidustustel, kuhu ta oli kutsutud kui peatselt valmiva teose "Värav tulevikku. Ganzigi Tehnikakõrgkool Eesti haritlaskonna kujunemisloos 1904-1939" autor

Calidad microbiológica de leche y quesos según el suministro de diferentes silajes

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Francisco Etchevers

2010-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo del estudio que se expone fue determinar cómo influye el consumo de forrajes ensilados, debidamente caracterizados, en la calidad microbiológica de la leche producida y su aptitud para la elaboración de quesos pasta dura. La producción de las vacas se controló durante dos años, en períodos quincenales, variando la alimentación para cada tratamiento; se extrajeron muestras de leche para analizar su calidad y se elaboraron quesos tipo "Reggianito". Los resultados mostraron que en silos de maíz "pasados" existe mayor contaminación de esporas que en silos de maíz "óptimos", en tanto que los silos de pulpa de citrus presentan contaminación mínima. No se observó correlación entre el nivel de esporas en leche y en silos. El recuento de microorganismos esporulados en los quesos no guarda relación proporcional con los encontrados en la leche utilizada como materia prima, por los cual los quesos no evidenciaron problemas durante la maduración.

Análisis de la competitividad del mercado primario de leche en Argentina.

OpenAIRE

Andrés Loza

2001-01-01

El mercado mayorista de leche en Argentina muestra una estructura apropiada para que las empresas tengan poder de mercado y se apropien de parte de la renta que correspondería a los productores rurales en un entorno competitivo. La presente investigación utiliza las modernas técnicas de la Nueva Organización Industrial Empírica, para resolver si las empresas mayoristas elaboradoras de leche ejercen su poder de mercado sobre el productor o tambero. Tanto las pruebas paramétricas y no paramétri...

Caracterización del consumidor de leche de bovino en el Distrito Federal.

OpenAIRE

Valencia Sandoval, Karina

2014-01-01

La leche es uno de los principales alimentos del ser humano; en México es el tercer producto de mayor presencia en los hogares y representa el 10.0% del gasto en el consumo de alimentos. El objetivo del trabajo fue caracterizar el consumo de leche de los habitantes del Distrito Federal, a fin de identificar las principales variables que influyen en el proceso de decisión de compra y conocer los factores que determinan su consumo. La metodología utilizada consistió en aplicar 400 encuestas y ...

Comparative Analysis of Competitive Balanceo f Basketball League

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Siniša Jungić

2015-04-01

Full Text Available Basketball is a sport that has a very long tradition in the territory of ex-Yugoslavia. The breakdown of the country led to a de- crease in quality of basketball in the newly created countries. The unsteadiness of quality of the teams in national leagues resulted in formation of the Regional Adriatic Basketball League (ABA in 2001. The main goal of this research was to measure the competitive balance in ABA, Spanish (ACB and National Basketball Association League (NBA. The competitive balance was calculated by using Ratio of Standard Deviation index (RSD and Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI.The results of RSD showed that the most equable was ABA league, then came ACB league, while the most unequable was NBA league. The calculating of HHI index gave a different result. NBA is the most equable, then comes ABA league, and the last one is ACB league, which is the most unequable according to this parameter. ABA league has less quality than ACB and NBA league, but the results show that it is competitively the most balanced league. According to the RSD rates, NBA league is the most unequable. The main reason for that is a huge number of teams taking part in the league, which causes the unequable distribution of quality players. Ac- cording to HHI, NBA is the most equable. Reason for that are different mechanisms whose goal is to reach and maintain the competitive balance.

Estimación lineal de los requerimientos nutricionales del NRC para ganado de leche

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jorge Elizondo

2002-01-01

Full Text Available Se determinaron ecuaciones de regresión lineal para calcular en forma directa los requerimientos nutricionales del ganado de leche (TND, ED, EM, ENL, PC, Ca, P, Vitamina Ay Vitamina D en diferentes etapas fisiológicas: mantenimiento, gestación y producción del ganado de leche. Se utilizó como base la tabla de requerimientos nutricionales del NRC. En todas las ecuaciones se calculó el coeficiente de determinación para conocer el grado de ajuste.

An analysis of home advantage in Iranian football super league

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Rasool Hemayat TALAB

2016-12-01

Full Text Available Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate home advantage in Iranian Football Super League. Methods: The information regarding wins, losses, goals for, goals against, yellow cards, red cards and gained points in matches at home and away of Super League teams of Iran was obtained using the internet website www.Soccerway.com and was analyzed. Results: The results showed that the mean of wins, goals for and points gained from matches in the home have been more than matches away, but in matches away, the mean of losses, yellow cards, red cards and goals against have been higher. Also, the percentage of home advantage in Iranian Football Super League was close to international norms.  Conclusion: According to the results, sport psychologist, coaches and people who are involved in football are recommended to pay more attention to this advantage and make short and long term plans to do psychological readiness and competitive performance.

Estado Sanitario de las Leches que Llegan a las Plantas Procesadoras de la Ciudad de Medellín

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Ortega G. Antonio

1971-09-01

Full Text Available Con el objeto de conocer las condiciones sanitarias de las leches que llegan a las plataformas de recibo de las tres plantas procesadoras existentes en la ciudad de Medellín, se analizaron seiscientas una muestras de leche cruda procedentes de distintas regiones del Departamento de Antioquia y pertenecientes a quinientos cuarenta y cinco proveedores. A cada muestra se le tomó la temperatura de llegada a la planta y se le hicieron análisis de densidad, acidez, sedimentación y tiempo de reducción del azul de metileno. Además de los análisis anteriores, se hicieron otros para detectar adición de bicarbonato a ciento ochenta muestras y se practicó el conteo directo de microorganismos por el método de Breed a doscientas siete muestras de leche. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que la calidad de la leche cruda que se procesa en Medellín es muy baja. Es así, que el 100% de las muestras analizadas llegó a la planta procesadora con temperaturas superiores a 109C; un 5.32% demostró una densidad menor de 1.027; un 5.48% resultó ácido; solamente un 12.48% presentó una sedimentación menor de 0.5 mgs, por botella de leche; tan solo un 9.32% tuvo un tiempo de reducción del azul de metileno mayor de 3 horas; un 3.3% resultó positivo a la prueba de bicarbonato y un 67% de las leches examinadas tuvo más de 2.000.000 de bacterias por c.c.

Calidad e inocuidad de la leche cruda en las condiciones actuales de Cuba

OpenAIRE

Martínez-Vasallo, Ailin; Ribot-Enríquez, Ariel; Villoch-Cambas, Alejandra; Montes de Oca, Nivian; Remón-Díaz, Dianys; Ponce-Ceballo, Pastor

2017-01-01

La calidad e inocuidad de la leche es de vital importancia en Cuba, por ser esta un alimento básico en la dieta de la población. La producción nacional de leche ha fluctuado entre 400 y 500 millones de litros en el periodo 2006 a 2015, con incremento en las ventas al estado a partir del año 2007, debido al aumento del precio a partir de la Resolución 152/2007 del Ministerio de Finanzas y Precios, que aplica bonificaciones y penalizaciones de acuerdo a la calidad de esta materia prima. Esto va...

Contenido de ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA en leche de ganado lechero Holstein estabulado en el noroeste de México

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Alfonso Martínez-Borraz

2010-01-01

Full Text Available Estudios en animales experimentales señalan que el ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA por sus siglas en inglés, posee propiedades benéficas para la salud. Los productos derivados de rumiantes como carne y leche son la mayor fuente natural de CLA, y su contenido en leche puede ser influenciado por varios factores como la alimentación y el sistema de producción. Este trabajo evalúo el contenido de CLA en leche de vacas Holstein estabuladas en el municipio de Hermosillo, Sonora durante el verano, donde se registran temperaturas superiores a los 40 °C. Se obtuvieron muestras de leche de 120 vacas. El perfil de ácidos grasos y CLA en leche fueron determinados por cromatografía de gases. La producción promedio de leche fue 15.8 ± 0.5 kg/día, con 1.91 ± 0.06 % de grasa, 4.30 ± 0.2 % de lactosa, 3.34 ± 0.03 % de proteína, y de 10.4 ± 0.09 % de sólidos totales. El contenido de ácidos grasos insaturados fue mayor (P<0.05 en agosto, respecto a los meses de junio y julio. La concentración promedio del isómero cis- 9, trans-11 CLA encontrada fue de 9.36 mg/g de grasa (junio 10.78 ± 0.41, julio 8.50 ± 0.37 y agosto 10.16 ± 0.39, considerada alta y equiparable a lo reportado en otros países con clima templado. La cantidad de CLA en leche puede ser atribuida a la dieta por la presencia del 58.8 % de alfalfa, rica en ácidos grasos precursores del CLA (linoleico y linolénico durante el verano.

Leche humana y nutrición en el prematuro pequeño Human milk and very low birth weight nutrition

OpenAIRE

G. Torres; L. Argés; M. Alberto; R. Figueroa

2004-01-01

Introducción: En los últimos años ha cambiado de manera significativa el momento de iniciar el aporte enteral en el recién nacido de Muy Bajo Peso de Nacimiento (RNMBPN). Además existen controversias sobre cuál es el mejor régimen para alimentar a este grupo de alto riesgo debido a las cantidades insuficientes de algunos nutrientes de la leche humana. El enriquecimiento de la leche humana con fortificadores de la leche humana mejora los índices de crecimiento conservando los beneficios inmuno...

Comparison of economic activity leading U.S. sports leagues

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E.A. Strikalenko

2013-03-01

Full Text Available The main activities of the leading sports leagues were described. Sources of revenue and expenditure were identified. The economic performance of professional sports leagues of the United States of America was compared. In the course of the study of economic efficiency of the leading American sports leagues are defined payroll (expense commands on the salaries of players for each team, the total payroll in the League and the average payroll, respectively, for each of the American League. The largest estimates on wages, both in the League and in teams - in the National football League, the largest player's contract - in the Highest League baseball, the minimum wage in the National hockey League; the highest average wages, a greater percentage of athletes with a salary of more than 1 million. $ (82,85 % in the National basketball Association were showed. This difference in the maximum income of the League and of average wages is due to several factors: the number of players in the team, the number of games in a season, and expenses on carrying out of competition and training activities.

Thermophysical and rheological properties of dulce de leche with and without coconut flakes as a function of temperature

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Vanessa Camarinha Barbosa

2013-03-01

Full Text Available Dulce de leche (DL, a dairy dessert highly appreciated in Brazil, is a concentrated product containing about 70% m/m of total solids. Thermophysical and rheological properties of two industrial Brazilian Dulce de leche formulations (classic Dulce de leche and Dulce de leche added with coconut flakes 1.5% m/m were determined at temperatures comprised between 28.4 and 76.4 °C. In general, no significant differences (p < 0.05 were observed in the presence of coconut flakes in the two formulations. Heat capacity varied from 2633.2 to 3101.8 J/kg.°C; thermal conductivity from 0.383 to 0.452 W/m.°C; specific mass from 1350.7 to 1310.7 kg/m³; and, thermal diffusivity from (1.082 × 10-7 to 1.130 × 10-7 m²/s. The Bingham model was used to properly describe the non-Newtonian behavior of both formulations, with yielding stress values varying from 27.3 to 17.6 Pa and plastic viscosity from 19.9 to 5.9 Pa.s.

Estandarización de una formulación de panelitas de leche: estudio preliminar

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José Rafael Ortiz-Álvarez

2017-06-01

Full Text Available Las panelitas de leche (PDL son un tipo de caramelo perteneciente a la familia de los dulces de leche. El objetivo de esta investigación fue obtener una formulación de PDL con lactosuero. Se realizaron ocho experimentos, todos ellos unifactoriales. Se estudió el efecto de diferentes materias primas y las condiciones del proceso sobre las características sensoriales de las PDL. Previamente, se obtuvo un perfil sensorial de PDL comerciales que sirvió de referencia al momento de evaluar los productos obtenidos en cada experimento. Se obtuvieron PDL similares a las comerciales utilizando harina de maíz, sustituyendo un 4% de azúcar por panela, con lactosuero diluido al 50% en peso y proporciones de reemplazo de leche por lactosuero del 1:0,25; 1:0,538 o 1:1. Teniendo como condiciones de proceso una temperaturas de 90°C con un tiempo de cocción estimado de 150 minutos y una concentración final de 79°Bx.

2011 FIRST LEGO League

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

Matthew Myles (left) and Agrippa Kellum from Armstrong Middle School in Starkville, watch as their LEGO robot competes during a Dec. 4 tournament. Elementary and middle school students from across Mississippi gathered in Hattiesburg to participate in the Mississippi Championship FIRST (For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology) LEGO League Tournament. Stennis supports FIRST LEGO League each year by providing mentors, training and tournament volunteers.

INFLUENCIA DE LA COMPOSICION DE LA LECHE EN POLVO SOBRE LA ACTIVIDAD DE AGUA APLICANDO EL MODELO DE GAB

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Julio Gil

2016-01-01

Full Text Available El presente trabajo, mediante el estudio de las isotermas de sorción a 25ºC, analiza la influencia sobre la actividad de agua (aw, de las diferentes composiciones de leche en polvo entera, descremada y reducida en lactosa. Justamente la incorporación de esta última a trabajos anteriores permite ampliar el comportamiento diferencial de los distintos componentes. E l trabajo permite establecer la relación entre el contenido de humedad de las leches en polvo estudiadas, con su actividad de agua (aw. Los resultados experimentales son evaluados con el modelo referencial de GAB , observando que el trazado de las isotermas y los parámetros del modelo se ajustan satisfactoriamente a los valores obtenidos . Se obser va la clara influencia de la presencia de los monosacáridos (glucosa y galactosa en la leche reducida en lactosa, que disminuyen la actividad a valores mayores a 0 . 4, debido a la mayor solubilidad de estos. El contenido graso en la leche entera, al no ser adsorbente se manifiesta en valores mayores para la actividad de agua.

Mulheres doadoras de leite humano Mujeres donantes de leche humana Reasons women donate breast milk

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Marli Teresinha Gimeniz Galvão

2006-06-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: verificar algumas variáveis do perfil sócio-demográfico de doadoras de leite humano no Banco de Leite e identificar as razões que as fazem doar seu leite. MÉTODOS: estudo exploratório de caráter descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, realizado em maio de 2003 com 11 doadoras de leite humano em maternidade pública de Fortaleza-CE. Para coleta de dados utilizou-se formulário semi-estruturado. RESULTADOS: a maioria apresentava idade entre 16 e 20 anos, eram casadas, possuíam instrução do ensino fundamental até o universitário. O motivo que levou as nutrizes a doar seu leite era o ingurgitamento mamário e eram encaminhadas por profissionais de saúde. A maioria desconhecia os benefícios proporcionados pelo aleitamento materno para a mãe e filho, bem como a importância do Banco de Leite. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: sugere-se que as mulheres em geral devem receber informações a respeito dos benefícios e importância do aleitamento natural, incluindo informações sobre doação do leite humano, mediante os bancos de leite.OBJETIVO: se tuvo como objetivos verificar algunas variables del perfil socio-demográfico de donantes de leche humana en el Banco de Leche e identificar las razones que las llevan a donar su leche. MÉTODOS: estudio exploratorio de carácter descriptivo, con abordaje cualitativo, realizado en mayo del 2003 con 11 donantes de leche humana en una maternidad pública de Fortaleza-CE. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó un formulario semi-estructurado. RESULTADOS: la mayoría tenía edades comprendidas entre los 16 y 20 años, casadas, poseían instrucción de enseñanza fundamental. El motivo que llevó a las nutrices a donar su leche fue la turgencia mamaria siendo encaminadas por profesionales de salud. La mayoría desconocía los beneficios proporcionados por la lactancia materna tanto para la madre como para el hijo, así como la importancia del Banco de Leche. CONSIDERACIONES FINALES: se sugiere

INFLUENCIA DE LA BACTERIA Pseudomonas fluorescens EN LA LECHE, SOBRE LAS CARACTERÍSTICAS SENSORIALES DEL QUESO DOBLE CREMA

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

SJ González

2007-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo fue observar el efecto de la presencia de microorganismos psicro-tróÀcos en la leche, sobre las características sensoriales del queso doble crema. Para esto, se inoculó la leche con un cultivo de Pseudomonas Áuorescens, a un nivel de 108 unidades formadoras de colonia por mililitro (ufc/ml. La leche se refrigeró a 4 ºC por seis días, se pasteurizó y posteriormente se preparó el queso. Se elaboraron lotes de queso cada 10 días, con el Àn de obtener siete tiempos experimentales. A cada uno se le determinó la vida útil sensorial. Los resultados de las pruebas sensoriales se analizaron con el programa S-PLUS de estadísti-ca de supervivencia aplicada a la vida útil sensorial de alimentos. Se determinó que el tiempo de vida útil sensorial del queso doble crema elaborado con leche en estas condiciones, y alma-cenado a 4 °C, está alrededor de 30 días, disminuyendo en un 50% con relación al patrón.

Walesa : kommunism saab kohtupäeva / Lech Walesa ; interv. Erkki Bahovski

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Walesa, Lech

2006-01-01

Poola kunagise vabadusliikumise Solidaarsus üks juhte, Poola endine president Lech Walesa vastab küsimustele, mis puudutavad tema autasustamist Maarjamaa Risti esimese klassi ordeniga, suhtumist endistesse kommunistidesse, Venemaa suhteid Poolaga ning Poola arengut pärast ühinemist Euroopa Liiduga. Lisa: CV

Determinación de los niveles de plomo y cadmio en leche procesada en la ciudad de Bogotá D.C.

OpenAIRE

Pinzon Choque, Carlos Giovanni

2015-01-01

La leche y los productos lácteos han sido reconocidos en todo el mundo por su influencia beneficiosa sobre la salud humana. Los niveles de metales en concentraciones tóxicas son un componente importante de la seguridad y la calidad de la leche. Se desarrolló un método sencillo de extracción (digestión) asistida por microondas para la determinación posterior de los niveles de cadmio (Cd) y plomo (Pb) en leche líquida por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica (AAE) con horno de grafito. Se ap...

RESPUESTA PRODUCTIVA Y PERFIL LIPÍDICO DE LA LECHE DE CABRAS ALIMENTADAS EN CONFINAMIENTO ADICIONANDO ACEITE DE SOYA EN LA DIETA

OpenAIRE

MEJÍA URIBE, LUIS ALBERTO

2016-01-01

La leche de cabra y sus productos (queso, yogurt) son una importante fuente de nutrientes tales como lípidos, proteínas, vitaminas y minerales, que pueden ser considerados como parte de la dieta de los humanos, sobre todo para personas intolerantes a ciertos componentes (lactosa) de la leche de vaca. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la adición de aceite de soya (6% BS) sobre la producción, composición y perfil de ácidos grasos (AG) de la leche de cabras Saanen...

Oligosacáridos de la leche humana. Crecimiento y desarrollo

OpenAIRE

José Armando Madrazo de la Garza

2017-01-01

La leche humana es considerada como un tejido en forma líquida, compuesto por células vivas y múltiples factores bioquímicos funcionales que aportan, más que ninguna otra fórmula, grandes ventajas al crecimiento y desarrollo del ser humano al inicio de la vida.

Grasa y ácidos grasos en leche de vacas pastoreando, en cuatro sistemas de producción.

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Esperanza Prieto-Manrique

2016-12-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la dieta, número de partos y tercio de lactancia sobre el porcentaje de grasa, la concentración de ácido linoleico conjugado (ALC-c9t11, transvaccénico (ATV-C18:1t11 y otros ácidos grasos (AG insaturados en la leche de vacas pastoreando en cuatro sistemas de producción. El trabajo se realizó de mayo a diciembre del 2012 en diez ganaderías colombianas, representativas de los sistemas de producción lechería tropical (LT y doble propósito (DP con/sin sistema silvopastoril intensivo de leucaena (SSPi. En cada ganadería se tomaron tres muestras individuales de leche, de cinco vacas (día 62 ± 22, día 147 ± 22 y día 227 ± 22 de lactancia, conjuntamente se estimó el consumo de suplemento y de forraje, y se determinaron AG en estos. Cada sistema de producción se analizó independientemente. El contenido de grasa en leche fue afectado por el tercio de lactancia (p<0,05 en LTSSPi y DPSSPi, presentando el primer tercio el menor valor. ALC-c9t11 en la leche varió entre 1,02 a 2,22%, ATV entre 4,40 a 6,50% y el índice de aterogenicidad entre 1,69 a 2,89. La alta participación de la grasa de los suplementos (51 a 84% en el total de grasa consumida y su composición, llevó a variaciones en el per l de AG de la leche en los sistemas LT, LTSSPi y DP. El número de parto y el tercio de lactancia presentaron menor efecto que la dieta.

Science of rugby league football: a review.

Science.gov (United States)

Gabbett, Tim J

2005-09-01

The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the science of rugby league football at all levels of competition (i.e. junior, amateur, semi-professional, professional), with special reference to all discipline-specific scientific research performed in rugby league (i.e. physiological, psychological, injury epidemiology, strength and conditioning, performance analysis). Rugby league football is played at junior and senior levels in several countries worldwide. A rugby league team consists of 13 players (6 forwards and 7 backs). The game is played over two 30 - 40 min halves (depending on the standard of competition) separated by a 10 min rest interval. Several studies have documented the physiological capacities and injury rates of rugby league players. More recently, studies have investigated the physiological demands of competition. Interestingly, the physiological capacities of players, the incidence of injury and the physiological demands of competition all increase as the playing standard is increased. Mean blood lactate concentrations of 5.2, 7.2 and 9.1 mmol . l(-1) have been reported during competition for amateur, semi-professional and professional rugby league players respectively. Mean heart rates of 152 beats . min(-1) (78% of maximal heart rate), 166 beats . min(-1) (84% of maximal heart rate) and 172 beats . min(-1) (93% of maximal heart rate) have been recorded for amateur, semi-professional and junior elite rugby league players respectively. Skill-based conditioning games have been used to develop the skill and fitness of rugby league players, with mean heart rate and blood lactate responses during these activities almost identical to those obtained during competition. In addition, recent studies have shown that most training injuries are sustained in traditional conditioning activities that involve no skill component (i.e. running without the ball), whereas the incidence of injuries while participating in skill-based conditioning

Psychological treatments for adults and children with epilepsy: Evidence-based recommendations by the International League Against Epilepsy Psychology Task Force.

Science.gov (United States)

Michaelis, Rosa; Tang, Venus; Goldstein, Laura H; Reuber, Markus; LaFrance, William Curt; Lundgren, Tobias; Modi, Avani C; Wagner, Janelle L

2018-06-19

Given the significant impact that psychosocial factors and epilepsy treatments can have on the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of individuals with epilepsy and their families, there is great clinical interest in the role of psychological evaluation and treatments to improve HRQOL and comorbidities. Therefore, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) charged the Psychology Task Force with the development of recommendations for clinical care based on evaluation of the evidence from their recent Cochrane review of psychological treatments in individuals with epilepsy. The literature search for a recent Cochrane review of randomized controlled trials investigating psychological treatments for individuals with epilepsy constitutes the key source of evidence for this article. To provide practical guidance to service providers, we provide ratings on study research designs based on (1) the American Academy of Neurology's Level of Evidence system and (2) the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system. This paper is the culmination of an international collaboration process involving pediatric and adult psychologists, neurologists, psychiatrists, and neuropsychiatrists. The process and conclusions were reviewed and approved by the ILAE Executive Committee. The strongest evidence for psychological interventions was identified for the most common mental health problems, including depression, neurocognitive disturbances, and medication adherence. Psychological interventions targeting the enhancement of HRQOL and adherence and a decrease in comorbidity symptoms (anxiety, depression) should be incorporated into comprehensive epilepsy care. There is a range of psychological strategies (ie, cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness-based therapies) that show promise for improving the lives of persons with epilepsy, and clinical recommendations are provided to assist epilepsy health care providers in treating the comorbidities and

26 CFR 1.501(c)(6)-1 - Business leagues, chambers of commerce, real estate boards, and boards of trade.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 7 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Business leagues, chambers of commerce, real... Organizations § 1.501(c)(6)-1 Business leagues, chambers of commerce, real estate boards, and boards of trade. A... on for profit. It is an organization of the same general class as a chamber of commerce or board of...

The Blindside Flick: Race and Rugby League

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Drew Cottle

2010-08-01

Full Text Available The issue of race was virtually beyond the touchline in Australian rugby league before the 1960s. It was a white man’s game. Institutionalised racism meant that few Aboriginal men played rugby league at the highest professional level. It is now presumed that race and racism has no place in a game where these questions have been historically ‘out of bounds’. The dearth of critical writing in rugby league history indicates that racism in the sport has been subject to a form of social blindness and deemed unworthy of study. Rugby league’s white exclusionist past and the denial of racism in the present era indicate habits of mind which may be described in league argot as the ‘blindside flick’.

Physics League Across Numerous Countries for Kick-ass Students (PLANCKS)

Science.gov (United States)

Haasnoot, Irene

2016-01-01

Physics League Across Numerous Countries for Kick-ass Students (PLANCKS) is an international theoretical physics competition for bachelor and master students. The intention of PLANCKS is to increase international collaboration and stimulate the personal development of individual contestants. This is done by organizing a three-day-event which take place every year and is hosted by different countries. Besides the contest, social and scientific activities will be organised, including an opening symposium where leading physicists give lectures to inspire the participants.

The War on War League: A South African pacifist movement, 1914 ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

... of the Communist Party. This article however contends that it needs to be understood in its own terms, as a pacifist movement, reflecting a political moment of resistance to the plunge into global war. Keywords: War on War League, South Africa, Pacifism, Anti-War Movement, First World War, Syndicalism, Internationalism, ...

Innovaciones para la elaboración de productos lácteos azucarados saludables tipo dulce de leche

OpenAIRE

Ranalli, Natalia

2015-01-01

La presente Tesis está enfocada en contribuir al desarrollo de alimentos procesados sanos y nutritivos mediante la modificación y mejora de formulaciones y procesos involucrados en la elaboración de productos lácteos azucarados tipo dulce de leche reemplazando totalmente la fase lipídica de origen bovino por aceite vegetal rico en ácidos grasos insaturados. Se buscó que dicho reemplazo mejore el perfil de ácidos grasos del producto, disminuyendo los saturados provenientes de la lech...

Comparación entre hidratación con leche chocolatada descremada y bebida deportiva posterior al ejercicio físico en militares

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Rodrigo Fernández Pavez

2017-11-01

Full Text Available Introducción: dos factores importantes han sido descritos como contribuyentes en la aparición de fatiga durante el ejercicio físico: la disminución de las reservas de glucógeno muscular y la pérdida de agua con electrolitos a través del sudor, que favorecen la deshidratación. Debido a esto, la reposición de líquidos y electrolitos posterior al ejercicio físico se transforma en la prioridad para restablecer la homeostasis corporal alterada durante el ejercicio físico. Por su composición nutricional, la leche parece ser una buena alternativa natural como bebida rehidratante posterior al ejercicio físico. Objetivo: comparar la efectividad como bebida de rehidratación de la leche descremada chocolatada contra una bebida deportiva artificial en militares, a partir de la hipótesis de que la leche descremada chocolatada tiene iguales o mejores efectos sobre la hidratación post ejercicio, que una bebida deportiva artificial. Método: 30 militares (23,0 ± 3,2 años se dividieron en 2 grupos: 1 rehidratación con bebida deportiva con 6 % de carbohidratos y relación de Na/K 2:1 (grupo ISO. Rehidratación con leche descremada chocolatada (grupo LECHE. Se evaluó la retención de fluidos a través del peso corporal y la gravedad específica de la orina (GEO antes y después del ejercicio físico y posterior a las 2 horas de rehidratación. Resultados: se encontraron diferencias significativas (p< 0,05 en la retención de fluidos en el grupo LECHE comparado con el grupo ISO. No hubo diferencias significativas entre la GEO de ambos grupos. Conclusión: Los resultados muestran que la rehidratación con leche descremada es más efectiva en la retención de fluidos y recuperación del peso previo al ejercicio que la bebida deportiva.

Uso de un alimento integral como complemento a cabras locales en pastoreo: respuesta en producción y composición química de la leche

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Jorge Alonso Maldonado-Jaquez

2017-01-01

Full Text Available En México, la población caprina se concentra en sistemas de producción extensivos, con hatos formados en mayoría por cabras que los productores llaman criollas, denominación ahora aceptada como locales. La alimentación de la cabra lechera en el sistema extensivo es a través del pastoreo, pero éste, por sí solo no puede satisfacer las necesidades nutricion ales de la cabra. Por tanto, si se quiere aumentar la producción de leche, es necesario complementar la alimentación de las cabras en pastoreo. Al respecto, en rumiantes en pastoreo que han sido complementados con un alimento integral se han reportado aume ntos en la producción de leche. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de estudio fue evaluar el efecto en la producción y composición de la leche de cabras locales en pastoreo complementadas con un alimento integral. Para ello, se realizaron dos experimentos. En el pr imero, se evaluó el efecto de cambiar de un sistema de pastoreo a uno estabulado, con el fin de desafiar a las cabras a que expresaran su potencial productivo al ofrecerles un alimento integral. En el segundo, se evaluó el efecto en producción de leche y c omponentes de la leche de cabras en pastoreo al complementarlas con diferentes niveles del alimento integral usado en el experimento 1. Los datos de producción de leche y composición química en leche de ambos experimentos fueron analizados utilizando un mo delo de medidas repetidas. Los datos de peso vivo y condición corporal final de las cabras, se analizaron como un diseño completamente al azar. Se realizó un análisis de costos parciales en ambos experimentos, con el fin de conocer la viabilidad económica de los tratamientos. En el experimento 1, la concentración de grasa en leche no se modificó (p > 0.05 por efecto de tratamientos, pero si aumentó (p ≤ 0.01 la producción de leche y la concentración (p ≤ 0.05 de proteína y lactosa en leche de cabras esta buladas comparadas con cabras en pastoreo. En el

Franchise Relocations, Expansions, and Mergers in Professional Sports Leagues

OpenAIRE

Daniel, Rascher

2008-01-01

All three sections in this chapter are interrelated. Expansions and relocations, especially in the early years of a league, are often the response to upstart rival leagues. More recently, relocations have occurred because another city offers a better facility lease regardless of whether the league as a whole is better off or not. Relocations, more so than expansions, often end up in court whether as an antitrust case accusing the league of monopolistically restricting business or as an emi...

Ekspresident Lech Walesa ei näe endal kohta Poola elus / Krister Paris

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Paris, Krister, 1977-

2005-01-01

Omaaegne Poola protestiliikumise Solidaarsus juht ja endine president Lech Walesa on autori sõnul tõrjutud praegu poliitilisse perifeeriasse. Mitmed süüdistavad teda Poolas valitsevas suures tööpuuduses. Lisa: Ekspresidentide ametiühing

Contaminación por mercurio de leche materna de madres lactantes de municipios de Antioquia con explotación minera de oro.

Science.gov (United States)

Molina, Carlos Federico; Arango, Catalina María; Sepúlveda, Hernán

2018-05-01

Introducción. La leche materna es esencial para el desarrollo del ser humano, pero puede contener sustancias tóxicas provenientes de la contaminación ambiental, especialmente en las áreas mineras.Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de la contaminación con mercurio de la leche materna de mujeres lactantes residentes en los municipios con explotación minera de oro.Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio transversal de 150 madres lactantes de cuatro municipios mineros de Antioquia (El Bagre, Segovia, Remedios y Zaragoza), a quienes se les hizo una encuesta sobre factores sociodemográficos, ocupacionales y ambientales relacionados con el mercurio, y se les tomaron muestras de leche materna, de orina y de cabello. Se calculó el promedio de la concentración de mercurio y las prevalencias municipales de contaminación.Resultados. El promedio de la concentración de mercurio en la leche materna fue de 2,5 (± desviación estándar 9,2) μg/L. La prevalencia de muestras de leche materna con niveles altos de mercurio fue de 11,7 %.Conclusión. En este estudio se evidencia un grave problema en las regiones mineras auríferas de Antioquia por el efecto de la contaminación con mercurio en sectores de la población más vulnerable.

A systematic review of concussion in rugby league.

Science.gov (United States)

Gardner, Andrew; Iverson, Grant L; Levi, Christopher R; Schofield, Peter W; Kay-Lambkin, Frances; Kohler, Ryan M N; Stanwell, Peter

2015-04-01

Concussion remains one of the inherent risks of participation in rugby league. While other injuries incurred by rugby league players have been well studied, less focus and attention has been directed towards concussion. The current review examined all articles published in English from 1900 up to June 2013 pertaining to concussion in rugby league players. Publications were retrieved via six databases using the key search terms: rugby league, league, football; in combination with injury terms: athletic injuries, concussion, sports concussion, sports-related concussion, brain concussion, brain injury, brain injuries, mild traumatic brain injury, mTBI, traumatic brain injury, TBI, craniocerebral trauma, head injury and brain damage. Observational, cohort, correlational, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were all included. 199 rugby league injury publications were identified. 39 (20%) were related in some way to concussion. Of the 39 identified articles, 6 (15%) had the main aim of evaluating concussion, while the other 33 reported on concussion incidence as part of overall injury data analyses. Rugby league concussion incidence rates vary widely from 0.0 to 40.0/1000 playing hours, depending on the definition of injury (time loss vs no time loss). The incidence rates vary across match play versus training session, seasons (winter vs summer) and playing position (forwards vs backs). The ball carrier has been found to be at greater risk for injury than tacklers. Concussion accounts for 29% of all injuries associated with illegal play, but only 9% of injuries sustained in legal play. In comparison with other collision sports, research evaluating concussion in rugby league is limited. With such limited published rugby league data, there are many aspects of concussion that require attention, and future research may be directed towards these unanswered questions. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a

Elite female soccer players perform more high-intensity running when playing in international games compared with domestic league games.

Science.gov (United States)

Andersson, Helena A; Randers, Morten B; Heiner-Møller, Anja; Krustrup, Peter; Mohr, Magni

2010-04-01

The purpose of this study was to compare movement pattern, fatigue development, and heart rate (HR) for top-class elite female players when playing international (INT) vs. domestic league games (DOM). Video-based time-motion analyses and HR recordings were performed on 17 players during INT and DOM. The distances covered in high-intensity running (HIR) and sprinting were longer (p game types, the amount of HIR was reduced by 24-27% (p game. The midfielders covered longer (p game and in the most intense 5-minute period of the games, whereas no differences were observed between the game types for defenders. No difference in the HR response was found between INT and DOM. In conclusion, more HIR and sprinting occur in international compared with domestic games, which may affect the fatigue development for players in physically demanding roles. Thus, our results are important to coaches to prepare players to meet the challenges of international soccer games and show that the ability to perform intense intermittent exercise should be trained regularly in elite female players.

Efecto del sistema glucosa oxidasa/glucosa sobre el crecimiento de Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 en leche

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Nirza Noguera

2014-06-01

Full Text Available La leche es uno de los alimentos de mayor importancia por ser rico en nutrientes y porque constituye la materia prima para la elaboración de una amplia gama de productos. Se ha demostrado que en leches pasteurizadas de marcas comerciales, pueden ocurrir contaminaciones postproceso, lo que representa un riesgo para la salud pública. Es por ello que en las últimas décadas, ha ganado importancia el uso de aditivos sintéticos u orgánicos como técnica complementaria durante el procesamiento de alimentos. La enzima glucosa oxidasa (GOX tiene amplio uso en la industria de alimentos gracias a sus propiedades antioxidante y antimicrobiana. Adicionalmente, se ha demostrado su capacidad de inhibir el crecimiento de diferentes enterobacterias. Por tal motivo, en el presente trabajo se planteó adicionar la enzima GOX en la leche y evaluar su efecto sobre el crecimiento de una cepa deEscherichia coli ATCC 25922. Se estandarizó la concentración de GOX y glucosa que ocasionaba la inhibición del crecimiento bacteriano en medio Luria-Bertani y en función de los resultados, se decidió utilizar la combinación de 2 U de GOX y 2,0 % de glucosa para agregarlos como aditivos en la leche y se establecieron dos sistemas: GOX/G sin pasteurizar y GOX/G pasteurizado. El crecimiento fue monitoreado por la técnica de contaje de colonias en placa-agar, a partir de 1 mL de cultivo a las 4, 6 y 24 h de incubación. Se encontró que los sistemas con GOX hasta las 6 horas presentaron efectos similares, inhibiendo significativamente el crecimiento de la bacteria, mientras que a las 24 h ya no se observó dicha inhibición, pero sí que el sistema con GOX pasteurizada exhibió una población menor que el sistema GOX sin pasteurizar. Estos hallazgos proyectan a la enzima GOX como una alternativa para la conservación de la leche, tanto cruda como pasteurizada.

Efecto del sistema glucosa oxidasa/glucosa sobre el crecimiento de Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 en leche

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Nirza Noguera

2014-07-01

Full Text Available La leche es uno de los alimentos de mayor importancia por ser rico en nutrientes y porque constituye la materia prima para la elaboración de una amplia gama de productos. Se ha demostrado que en leches pasteurizadas de marcas comerciales, pueden ocurrir contaminaciones postproceso, lo que representa un riesgo para la salud pública. Es por ello que en las últimas décadas, ha ganado importancia el uso de aditivos sintéticos u orgánicos como técnica complementaria durante el procesamiento de alimentos. La enzima glucosa oxidasa (GOX tiene amplio uso en la industria de alimentos gracias a sus propiedades antioxidante y antimicrobiana. Adicionalmente, se ha demostrado su capacidad de inhibir el crecimiento de diferentes enterobacterias. Por tal motivo, en el presente trabajo se planteó adicionar la enzima GOX en la leche y evaluar su efecto sobre el crecimiento de una cepa de Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Se estandarizó la concentración de GOX y glucosa que ocasionaba la inhibición del crecimiento bacteriano en medio Luria-Bertani y en función de los resultados, se decidió utilizar la combinación de 2 U de GOX y 2,0 % de glucosa para agregarlos como aditivos en la leche y se establecieron dos sistemas: GOX/G sin pasteurizar y GOX/G pasteurizado. El crecimiento fue monitoreado por la técnica de contaje de colonias en placa-agar, a partir de 1 mL de cultivo a las 4, 6 y 24 h de incubación. Se encontró que los sistemas con GOX hasta las 6 horas presentaron efectos similares, inhibiendo significativamente el crecimiento de la bacteria, mientras que a las 24 h ya no se observó dicha inhibición, pero sí que el sistema con GOX pasteurizada exhibió una población menor que el sistema GOX sin pasteurizar. Estos hallazgos proyectan a la enzima GOX como una alternativa para la conservación de la leche, tanto cruda como pasteurizada.

Searching for South America: Secret Agents, Police Officers and Pimps in the League of Nations in the 1920s

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Cristiana Schettini

2017-03-01

Full Text Available This article examines the cultural encounters among League of Nations’ special agents and official authorities of Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro in the first international investigation on traffic of women. Marked by cultural distances, such encounters resulted in the emergence of an idea of “South America” as a specific region in a broader moral geography. Although they sought to create the conditions for international collaborative initiatives, the League of Nations’ agents did not recognize the local meanings of anti-traffic legislation and its utility for the same police forces they reputed inefficient.

Variaciones diarias de la oferta forrajera, efecto sobre la producción y calidad de la leche

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César Mendoza F.

2011-12-01

Full Text Available Objetivo. Determinar el efecto de las variaciones de la oferta diaria de forraje sobre la producción y calidad de la leche. Materiales y métodos. Determinando el área de oferta diaria mediante un sistema de posicionamiento global y empleando la técnica de doble muestreo para medir producción de biomasa previa y posterior al pastoreo, se estimó su consumo diario por diferencia agronómica. Se estimaron variaciones dentro y entre fincas para los parámetros evaluados. Se estableció el grado de asociación entre las variaciones diarias en la oferta con el consumo, el volumen y calidad de la leche. Resultados. Los resultados evidenciaron asociación entre variaciones de oferta diaria y consumo de forraje (R2=0.65 y la variación en volumen diario de leche (R2=0.45. Las variaciones en grasa no mostraron relación con cambios en la oferta (R2=0.0 y sus valores fueron asociados a la relación forraje/suplemento (R2=0.52. Las variaciones en proteína tuvieron menor asociación con las variaciones en la oferta (R2=0.17 y mayor con el consumo de materia seca (R2=0.34. Conclusiones. Los resultados sugieren que variaciones en la oferta forrajera explican en mayor grado las variaciones en el consumo de materia seca con unefecto directo sobre el volumen de leche y en menor grado sobre las variaciones en su composición.

Pesquisa de lasalocida y monensina en leche cruda de vacas lecheras suplementadas con estos ionóforos

OpenAIRE

A Jerez; R Chihuailaf; M Gai; M Noro; F Wittwer

2014-01-01

Los ionóforos lasalocida y monensina han sido usados como aditivos en el alimento para mejorar la ganancia de peso en ganado de carne y la producción de leche en vacas. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron detectar la presencia de estos compuestos en muestras de leche cruda y la tasa de desaparición ruminal, utilizando HPLC como técnica analítica. Dos rebaños de vacas Friesian fueron utilizados. Las vacas de cada rebaño fueron suplementadas con lasalocida y monensina por 18 y 21 días, respect...

Impacto nutricio del consumo de una leche entera adicionada con vitaminas y minerales en niños

OpenAIRE

Maulen-Radovan Irene; Villagómez Sandra; Soler Esther; Villicaña Rolando; Hernández-Ronquillo Lizbeth; Rosado Jorge L.

1999-01-01

OBJETIVO: Determinar el impacto nutricio del consumo de leche entera fortificada con vitaminas y minerales en niños. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se hizo un estudio prospectivo, longitudinal, en 227 niños de entre 8 a 60 meses de edad. Se ofreció a los menores 500 ml diarios de leche entera fortificada por 90 días. Se registró ingestión, aceptación, peso, talla, hemoglobina (Hb), hierro (Fe), vitamina B12 y folatos séricos. El análisis estadístico se realizó con medidas de tendencia central y dispersi...

Elección de contrato y estrategias de vida: estudio de caso de la cadena de la leche en Matiguás, Nicaragua

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Juan Carlos Polvorosa Narváez

2007-12-01

Full Text Available PESAR DE LA EXISTENCIA DE MERCADOS DINÁMICOS DE LECHE EN EL municipio de Matiguás –con el potencial de reducir la pobreza en esta zona rural– los hogares enfrentan dificultades para articularse a la cadena de la leche y se ven limitados de disfrutar los posibles beneficios que podrían obtener al participar. La falta de infraestructura y de servicios de apoyo al intercambio limita el desempeño de la cadena, y a su vez, bloquea el acceso de los hogares a la misma, creando procesos de exclusión o permitiendo el acceso a la cadena bajo condiciones desfavorables. Algunos hogares, enfrentando procesos de exclusión económica y social, participan en transacciones entrelazadas patrón-clientelistas como única manera de acceder a la cadena de la leche. Esta situación provoca la segmentación de la cadena de la leche: los diferentes hogares operan en diferentes canales para conectarse a la cadena, cada uno con su propia lógica productiva y comercial, y desempeño distributivo y participativo. En este contexto, presentamos un diagnóstico exploratorio acerca de las oportunidades y limitantes de los medios de vida de los hogares rurales de Matiguás en presencia de una fuerte dinámica en la cadena de la leche.

The early history (1909-1961) of Epilepsia, the journal of the International League Against Epilepsy, and its echoes today.

Science.gov (United States)

Shorvon, Simon

2007-01-01

This paper records the history of Epilepsia, the journal of the International League Against Epilepsy, from its inception in 1908/1909 until the beginning of its fourth series in 1961. During this time, publication was interrupted on three occasions and so the journal appeared in four series, with a complex numbering system. Over the years, the content and format of the journal has varied. Its role has changed over the years, at times primarily as a scientific organ and at other times as a source of ILAE news and reports. Concerns throughout its history have included its role as an historical record, its international representation, financial vicissitude, quality of papers, the balance between basic and clinical science, the value of clinical papers, and issues of overspecialization. Epilepsia is today the leading clinical epilepsy journal; but these are still significant concerns, and a knowledge of the history of Epilepsia is important for understanding the current position of the journal.

Alimentación del recién nacido prematuro: lactancia materna vs. leche de fórmula. Bancos de leche

OpenAIRE

Mendoza Vicente, Irene

2015-01-01

La leche materna es, por excelencia, el mejor alimento para los recién nacidos y más aún para los prematuros, ya que supone un factor de protección frente a las infecciones y la enterocolitis necrotizante, además se tolera mejor, aporta defensas y contribuye a un mejor desarrollo cerebral del bebé. Ha sido redescubierta como uno de los factores claves en mejorar los resultados de estos recién nacidos pretérmino y es reconocida como un estándar de calidad para su cuidado en las Unidades de Neo...

HEREDABILIDAD DE LA PRODUCCION DE LECHE EN UNA POBLACION DE CONEJAS BAJO CONDICIONES DE EL VALLE DE MEXICO

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Jose Herrera Camacho

2010-02-01

Full Text Available Los componentes de varianza y la heredabilidad de la producción de leche fue estimada en una población de 114 conejas (Nueva Zelanda Blanco (NZW, 24 California (CAL, 37 NZW x CAL, y 37 CAL x NZW en el valle de México. Las conejas fueron hijas de 21 sementales y 53 madres las cuales produjeron 300 camadas y 2375 registros de producción de leche. La producción de leche (MY fue calculada pesando a la camada en 8 ocasiones, antes de después del amamantamiento. El análisis estadístico fue realizado utilizando un modelo animal individual, el cual incluyó los efectos fijos de raza, número de parto (1,2,3, número de pezones (8,9,10, mes de parto (enero-febrero, marzo-abril, mayo-junio, julio-agosto, estado de preñez (gestante y no gestante, las covariables días de lactancia, días de gestación y tamaño de camada, y los efectos directos y aleatorios. El promedio y la desviación estándar para la MY fue 145±64 gd-1. La varianza genética aditiva, la varianza del error y la heredabilidad de la MY fueron 247.86 g2, 1869.0 g2 y 0.12±0.02, respectivamente. En conclusión, la heredabilidad de la producción de leche fue baja, pero dentro del rango de los valores señalados en la literatura; lo cual sugiere que la selección genética debe hacerse considerando un alto número de relaciones de parentesco y métodos estadísticos de selección más precisos  para mejorar la producción de leche en conejas.

El fósforo en los sistemas ganaderos de leche

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Jorge Elizondo Salazar

2005-01-01

Full Text Available Debidoal intenso uso de fertilizantes fosfatados y estiércol en la agricultura moderna, el Pse ha convertido en un acelerador delproceso conocido como eutrificación, que se refiere a una reducción en la disponibilidad de oxígeno en las aguas como resultado del crecimiento de algas y su descomposición. Estudios recientes indican que el uso adecuado del Pen las dietases clave para reducir la importación y acumulación de Pen lasfincas lecheras. Por lo que una formulación precisa de las raciones puede llevar a una reducción sustancial del Pexcretadosin comprometer la productividad animal. Se presentan algunas ecuaciones matemáticas que permiten estimar la excreciónde este elemento en el estiércol de vacas de leche. Estas ecuaciones serán de gran utilidad para cuando se desarrollan programas de manejo de nutrientes. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo hacer un breve repaso sobre la importancia del fósforo en el organismo, conocer los efectos negativos que elexceso de fósforo puede ocasionar en el ambiente y reconocerla alternativa más viable y económica, que permita disminuir laexcreción de este elemento en los sistemas ganaderos de leche.

Lech Wałęsa - kangelane või reetur? / Zygmunt Dzieciolowski ; intervjueerinud Taavi Minnik

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Dzieciolowski, Zygmunt

2016-01-01

Intervjuu Poola politoloogi ja ajakirjaniku Zygmunt Dzieciolowskiga Solidaarsuse liikumise juhi Lech Wałęsa elu tumedatest varjudest, käimasolevast skandaalist seoses tema sidemetega kommunistliku režiimi salapolitsei SBga ning kohast Poola ühiskonnas ja ajaloos

Importancia del conteo de células somáticas en la calidad de la leche

OpenAIRE

Hernández Reyes, Juan Manuel; Bedolla Cedeño, José Luís Carlos

2008-01-01

Este trabajo es una revisión sobre la importancia de las células somáticas en la calidad de la leche. Las células somáticas son, entre otras, células blancas propias del organismo que le sirven como defensa a la glándula mamaria de la vaca contra organismos patógenos. La determinación del contenido de células somáticas de la leche del tanque, o de los cuartos de la glándula mamaria de las vacas, es el medio auxiliar de diagnóstico más importante para juzgar el estado de salud de la ubre de un...

Ácido linoleico conjugado en leche de oveja y productos derivados: presencia e influencia del proceso tecnológico

OpenAIRE

Rodríguez Castañedas, José Luis

2012-01-01

[ES] El objetivo general de este trabajo es conocer el contenido de isómeros del Ácido Linoleico Conjugado (CLA) en leche de oveja parcialmente desnatada y tratada térmicamente, así como en yogur y cuajada elaborados con leche de la misma especie animal. Hasta el momento, no existen datos en productos españoles destinados al consumo. Para alcanzar el objetivo general, se han planteado tres objetivos parciales que se exponen a continuación: 1)Puesta a punto de un método que permita la cuan...

New issues in attendance demand: the case of the English football league

OpenAIRE

D Forrest; R Simmons

2005-01-01

This paper uses an attendance demand model with panel data on over 4,000 games to examine economic problems of fixture congestion in English Football League schedules. We find that televised midweek Champions League matches involving English Premier League clubs have substantial adverse impacts on lower division Football League gate attendance. This suggests that affected clubs may have a case for compensation from the Premier League for loss of gate revenue from this source. Scheduling of ho...

Comparación productiva de vacas holstein y F1 blanco orejinero (BON x holstein 1. producción y calidad de la leche.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Quijano Bernal Jorge H.

2000-12-01

Full Text Available Se estimaron los porcentajes de heterosis para la producción de leche, duración de la lactancia y calidad de la leche ( porcentaje de grasa y proteína, en vacas Holstein y F1 (BON x HOLSTEIN del Centro Paysandú, propiedad de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, situado en el corregimiento Santa Elena, municipio de Medellín, a 2600 m.s.n.m., con temperatura promedio de 12,5C, correspondiendo a la formación bosque muy húmedo montano bajo (bmh-MB. La producción de leche fue afectada significativamente (P 0,01 y proteína (2,8 y 2,9%; P >0,01 para Holstein y F1 BON x Holstein respectivamente. En el BON estos valores fueron 278 kg, 114 días de lactancia, 4,6% de grasa y 3,9% de proteína en la leche. Los porcentajes de heterosis con base en el promedio de razas fueron: 4,20%, 16,70%, -12,80% y -12.20% para producción de leche, duración de lactancia, porcentaje de grasa y porcentaje de proteína respectivamente, todos altamente significativos (P<0,01. Los porcentajes de heterosis tomando como referencia la raza Holstein fueron: -45,20%, -21,50%, 6,25% y 5,35% en el mismo orden de las características anteriormente citadas. En general, los porcentajes de heterosis fueron menores a los reportados en la literatura. Se concluye que el F1 ha desempeñado un papel preponderante en el mejoramiento de la calidad de la leche en el Centro Paysandú, presentado porcentajes de heterosis medios para la calidad de la leche con referencia a la raza Holstein. Esto puede ser confirmado al analizar el porcentaje de grasa desde 1994, cuando parieron las primeras vacas F1, presentado coeficiente de regresión y correlación de 0,02 y 0,55 respectivamente. En la actualidad, el promedio para el porcentaje de grasa y proteína en el hato es de 3,45% y 3,03% respectivamente. Si sólo se tuviese la raza Holstein, estos porcentajes serían de 3,20% y 2,80%, significativamente menores.

The Control of Externalities in Sports Leagues: An Analysis of Restrictions in the National Hockey League

OpenAIRE

Dennis W. Carlton; Alan S. Frankel; Elisabeth M. Landes

2004-01-01

This paper provides one of the few successful demonstrations of the efficiency of certain types of restrictions in the context of a joint venture. The joint venture we examine is the National Hockey League (NHL) in the 1980s, which was then composed of 21 separately owned teams. (It now has 30 teams.) The restriction we analyze is the NHL rule on franchise relocation. Before one can fully understand the effect of the restriction, one must understand the theory of how sports leagues operate an...

Greater circadian disadvantage during evening games for the National Basketball Association (NBA), National Hockey League (NHL) and National Football League (NFL) teams travelling westward.

Science.gov (United States)

Roy, Jonathan; Forest, Geneviève

2018-02-01

We investigated the effects of a circadian disadvantage (i.e. playing in a different time zone) on the winning percentages in three major sport leagues in North America: the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League and the National Football League. We reviewed 5 years of regular season games in the National Basketball Association, National Hockey League and National Football League, and noted the winning percentage of the visiting team depending on the direction of travel (west, east, and same time zone) and game time (day and evening games). T-tests and analysis of variance were performed to evaluate the effects of the circadian disadvantage, its direction, the number of time zones travelled, and the game time on winning percentages in each major league. The results showed an association between the winning percentages and the number of time zones traveled for the away evening games, with a clear disadvantage for the teams travelling westward. There was a significant difference in the teams' winning percentages depending on the travelling direction in the National Basketball Association (F 2,5908  = 16.12, P < 0.0001) and the National Hockey League (F 2,5639  = 4.48, P = 0.011), and a trend was found in the National Football League (F 2,1279  = 2.86, P = 0.058). The effect of the circadian disadvantage transcends the type of sport and needs to be addressed for greater equity among the western and eastern teams in professional sports. These results also highlight the importance of circadian rhythms in sport performance and athletic competitions. © 2017 European Sleep Research Society.

SÍNTESIS, COMPOSICIÓN Y MODIFICACIÓN DE LA GRASA DE LA LECHE BOVINA: Un nutriente valioso para la salud humana

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Joaquín Angulo A, M.Sc

2009-12-01

Full Text Available Se presenta una revisión sobre la composición, estructura y mecanismo de síntesis de la grasa de la leche en la glándula mamaria bovina y del efecto de la suplementación con ácidos grasos insaturados (AGI sobre la cantidad y calidad de la grasa. Se resalta la importancia de la suplementación con aceites vegetales más aceite de pescado; se sugiere no generalizar el efecto de AGI como negativo sobre la cantidad de grasa de la leche; se muestra la necesidad de relacionar diferentes AGI con la vía regulatoria SREBP y con diferentes enzimas lipogénicas; y se incentiva la investigación del efecto de AGI sobre la composición de ácidos grasos de la leche y su distribución posicional dentro de la estructura lipídica.

Relación entre características de tipo y producción de leche en vacas Holstein de Antioquia, Colombia

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Juan Corrales A.

2011-05-01

Full Text Available Objetivo. Evaluar la relación entre las características de tipo agrupadas por factores con la producción de leche en ganado Holstein de Antioquia, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron datos de 24 características lineales y producción de leche de 3102 vacas de la raza Holstein del departamento de Antioquia en control lechero oficial. Se realizó un análisis por factores (AF con el método de componentes principales y se retuvieron los factores que mostraron valores propios mayores que 1.0. Posteriormente se realizó un análisis de varianza para la variable producción de leche, donde se tuvieron en cuenta los efectos fijos de finca, mes de parto y año de clasificación y se estimaron los coeficientes de regresión lineal para cada uno de los factores retenidos. Resultados. El AF mostró que sólo siete factores fueron retenidos y agruparon cerca del 64% del total de la varianza de todas las características de tipo analizadas. El primer factor reunió las variables relacionadas con la estructura general de la vaca y tuvo un valor propio de 3.85. El análisis de varianza mostró que los factores se relacionaron con producción de leche Conclusiones. Para producción de leche en Antioquia, Colombia, sobresalen las vacas grandes, anchas de pecho, altas y profundas del cuerpo, con pezuñas uniformes, angulosas y talones profundos, un sistema mamario caracterizado por ubres de textura suave, buen ligamento medio, un buen carácter lechero y ubres profundas.

Influencia de la suplementación con concentrado en la producción de leche de vacas Holstein x Cebú en silvopastoreo

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1O. López

Full Text Available La investigación se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la suplementación con concentrado en la producción y la calidad de la leche de vacas mestizas Holstein x Cebú en silvopastoreo. Se utilizaron ocho animales que pastorearon en una asociación de guinea (Panicum maximum y leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala, en un diseño Switch Back, con dos tratamientos: SS (sin suplementación y CS (0,5 kg de concentrado por kilogramo de leche producido a partir del octavo. Se midió la disponibilidad del pasto y de la leucaena, y se estimó la composición química de los alimentos. En los animales se monitoreó la condición corporal (CC, se midió la producción de leche y se determinaron las concentraciones de grasa, proteína, lactosa, sólidos totales (ST y sólidos no grasos (SNG. La disponibilidad de pasto fue 6,4 t de MS/ha/rotación, lo que, unido al ramoneo de la leucaena, permitió ofertas superiores a 100 kg de MS/animal/día. La PB de la guinea fue de 11,4 % y en la leucaena, de 25,2 %. La producción de leche del tratamiento CS fue similar a la del control (9,7 y 9,8 kg/animal/día, respectivamente, al igual que la composición de la leche (grasa, proteína, lactosa, ST y SNG y la CC de las vacas (2,70 para ambos tratamientos. Los datos sugieren que la suplementación con concentrado en vacas lecheras Holstein x Cebú, manejadas en una asociación de guinea y leucaena con elevada oferta de forraje, no incrementa la producción de leche ni mejora su calidad nutricional

EVALUACIÓN DE LA CALIDAD COMPOSICIONAL DE LECHES EN CUATRO PROCESADORAS DE QUESOS EN EL MUNICIPIO DE MONTERÍA, COLOMBIA

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Alfonso Calderón R

2007-08-01

Full Text Available Objetivo. Evaluar la calidad física, química y bacteriológica de las leches crudas acopiadasen cuatro empresas procesadoras de queso de la ciudad de Montería. Materiales ymétodos. A los proveedores se les tomaron muestras de leche durante dos meses. Seusó estadística descriptiva y la comparación de los promedios se hizo mediante la pruebade Duncan todos los análisis se efectuaron mediante el uso el programa estadístico SAS.Resultados. La densidad de las muestras de leche fue de 1030 g/ml y el 77.9% de lasmuestras se halló dentro del rango de 1030 a 1033. El 63,25% de las muestras estuvierondentro del intervalo de 0.13 a 0.17 y el porcentaje de proteína fue de 3.6%, con unvalor mínimo de 2,6% y un máximo de 6%. La grasa fue del 3.70%, con un valor mínimode 2.10% y un máximo de 7% y el promedio de los sólidos totales fue del 12.06%, con unvalor mínimo de 9.10% y un máximo de 14.65%. Conclusiones. La composición promediode la mayoría de las muestras de leche acopiadas por las cuatro empresas, cumplieroncon lo establecido por el decreto 616 del 2006.

CANALES Y MÁRGENES DE COMERCIALIZACIÓN DE LECHE BOVINA EN LA PARROQUIA GUASAGANDA, CANTÓN LA MANÁ, COTOPAXI-ECUADOR

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Emma Danielly Torres Navarrete

2015-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de la investigación fue proporcionar información sobre las características del mercadeo de leche bovina en la parroquia Guasaganda, cantón La Maná, provincia de Cotopaxi, Ecuador. La metodología consistió en la identificación de los canales de comercialización y establecimiento de los márgenes de comercialización en la zona. Se inició con la identificación del origen del producto, sus características, y la observación sistemática de todos los procesos que incluyeron cambios en su forma y propiedad hasta llegar al consumidor final. Se diseñó y aplicó una encuesta a los diferentes agentes que realizan funciones de comercialización; productores (P, acopiadores (A, industria pasteurizadora (IP y artesanal (IA y, detallistas (D. Se obtuvo el margen bruto de comercialización (MBC, margen neto de comercialización (MNC y la participación del productor (PDP. Además, se obtuvieron costos de producción y rentabilidad de un litro de leche a nivel de productores. Los resultados muestran la comercialización de tres productos: leche cruda, fluida y queso. Se determinaron dos canales de comercialización: el canal corto 40% de pequeños productores: productor-consumidor final y el canal convencional (100% de medianos y grandes productores y 60% de pequeños productores: productor-acopiador rural - industria pasteurizadora – detallista - consumidor final (leche fluida; productor - acopiador rural - industria artesanal de queso – detallista - consumidor final. Los márgenes obtenidos en la comercialización de leche fluida, en promedio, son: MBC (60%, PDP (40%, y MNC (38.7% y los márgenes en la comercialización de queso en promedio son: MBC (40.34%, PDP (59.66%, y MNC (29.8%.

Francisco Giner and Adolfo Posada, precursors of the League of Nations

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Delia Manzanero

2015-06-01

Full Text Available This paper presents the contributions to the process of formation of the League of Nations which, from sociological and legal premises present in the enlightened ideas of the German philosopher Krause, were designed and represented by two eminent Spanish Krausist jurists, Giner and Posada. First, we will analyse the influence of the teleological tradition of the Interessenjurisprudenz in Krausist legal philosophy, and the function of this iusphilosophical trend as a modernising and emancipating movement from the prevailing positivist formalism of the time. Secondly, we will delve into the basic principles of the Krausist sociological and legal theory which have been a major factor of Europeanisation, for which we will review his most scathing criticism to the European doctrines of imperial nationalism. Finally, we will address the role of Krausism in the promotion and defense of Wilson's Fourteen Points and the League of Nations, and its views on what should be subject to contestation in terms of international law.

Efecto del tiempo y temperatura de almacenamiento a corto plazo sobre el contenido de las proteínas en leche humana

OpenAIRE

Materán Ramírez, Mariana; Laurentin O, Zully Zobeida; Materán Ramírez, Viviana; Ramírez de Materán, Mercedes; Moreno, Nigerma B

2012-01-01

La leche materna constituye el alimento ideal para el recién nacido y el lactante en forma exclusiva hasta los 6 meses de edad; y hasta los 2 años con alimentos complementarios. El destete precoz es de causa multifactorial: falta de control prenatal, desconocimiento de los beneficios de la leche materna, hipogalactia, prácticas hospitalarias inadecuadas, publicidad de alimentos infantiles, incorporación de la madre al trabajo y como desconocimiento sobre la extracción y preservación de la lec...

IMPACTO DE UN BIOPREPARADO CON CARACTERÍSTICAS PROBIÓTICAS SOBRE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE LECHE BOVINA EN CÓRDOBA-COLOMBIA

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CECILIA LARA M

Full Text Available El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de un biopreparado a base de una levadura nativa con características probióticas, sobre los parámetros de ganancia de peso diario y producción de leche en ganado bovino. Se utilizaron lotes de 30 vacas de raza romosinuano (Córdoba-Colombia, de las cuales 15 fueron testigo y 15 de prueba; el experimento se realizó con 3 repeticiones, un régimen alimenticio de pastoreo y se suministró el biopreparado (concentración de levadura, 3X108 ufc/mL una vez al día durante dos meses. Los resultados demostraron que no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la ganancia de peso, mientras que si se observó diferencias para la producción de leche con un α (0,05 utilizando el test de T para muestras independientes. El biopreparado demostró un efecto positivo sobre la ganancia de leche en ganado de doble propósito de la región de Córdoba

To the highest bidder: The market for talent in sports leagues.

OpenAIRE

Sakovics, Jozsef; Burguet, Roberto

2016-01-01

We present a realistic and novel micro-structure for the market for athletes in league sports. In our trading mechanism the clubs bid for individual players, internalizing the effect that a player not hired might play for the competition. For inelastic talent supply, our (wage minimizing) equilibrium supports the Coasian results of Rottenberg (1956) and Fort and Quirk (1995): talent allocation is independent of initial ownership and revenue sharing arrangements. When talent supply is elastic,...

League Tables as Policy Instruments: Uses and Misuses

Science.gov (United States)

Salmi, Jamil; Saroyan, Alenoush

2007-01-01

This article examines the role and usefulness of league tables that are increasingly used to measure and compare the performance of tertiary education institutions. The article begins with a general overview and a typology of league tables. It continues with a discussion of the controversies they have generated, including the basis and the range…

On the analysis of the beam energy stabilization in the Van de Graaff accelerator 'Lech'

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bienkowski, A.; Jaskola, M.; Zemlo, L.

1977-01-01

In the Van de Graaff accelerator LECH the deviation of the beam energy from the desired value is detected by the standard analysing system consisting of the 90 0 bending magnet followed by a pair of slits. The amplified error signal from that slits is used to correct the high voltage at the terminal. Corrections of the fast component of the voltage instability are made via the corona-triode and for the slow component via adjustment of the belt charging current. In order to determine the maximum gain factors providing the stable operating conditions a definite transfer function has been adopted for the aforementioned two loop stabilizer. Next this function has been applied to the analysis of the stability of the feedback system. Although the calculation was made for parameters of the accelerator LECH, the same method is easily applicable to other Van de Graaff accelerators

Congelación de cuajadas de leche de oveja

OpenAIRE

Sendra Nadal, Esther

2008-01-01

Descripció del recurs: el 26 d'agost de 2008 Consultable des del TDX Títol obtingut de la portada digitalitzada El trabajo propone la congelación de cuajadas para desestacinalizar la producción de queso duro y semi-duro de leche de oveja. Se aplican como variables de estudio, las condiciones de envasado (en bolsas de polietileno y con cierre manual, en envase barrera bb4.1 de cryovac y al vacío y en el mismo envase barrera en atmósfera de dióxido de carbono), la velocidad de congelac...

La producción de leche orgánica en la región Puno: una alternativa de desarrollo sostenible

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Saúl Olarte Calsina

2013-06-01

Full Text Available El consumo de productos orgánicos viene creciendo en todo el mundo y la leche orgánica no es la excepción. En Puno, por sus características geográficas, culturales e históricas, la producción agropecuaria aún mantiene tecnologías de producción ancestrales, buscando el equilibrio con el medio ambiente, con un uso mínimo de fertilizantes y pesticidas, con lo que se muestra un enfoque en la sostenibilidad y una tendencia a producir orgánicamente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar mediante una simulación la viabilidad económica y el riesgo de producir leche orgánica como una alternativa de desarrollo sostenible. Se consideró la producción por encima de los 3.000 metros de altura, área de 6,5 has, una vaca (criolla por hectárea produciendo 10 litros de leche/día. Los indicadores económicos resultaron positivos: el VAN fue S/. 2.916,38, TIR 24%, VAE S/. 866,33, ratio B/C S/. 1,48 (se aclaro en la metodología y el período de recuperación de la inversión resultó de 5,88 años, evidenciando que la producción de leche orgánica es económicamente viable pero con riesgo elevado: la simulación de Monte Carlo mostró que existe 71,43% de probabilidad de no resultar viable.

A randomized comparison between league tables and funnel plots to inform health care decision-making.

Science.gov (United States)

Anell, Anders; Hagberg, Oskar; Liedberg, Fredrik; Ryden, Stefan

2016-12-01

Comparison of provider performance is commonly used to inform health care decision-making. Little attention has been paid to how data presentations influence decisions. This study analyzes differences in suggested actions by decision-makers informed by league tables or funnel plots. Decision-makers were invited to a survey and randomized to compare hospital performance using either league tables or funnel plots for four different measures within the area of cancer care. For each measure, decision-makers were asked to suggest actions towards 12-16 hospitals (no action, ask for more information, intervene) and provide feedback related to whether the information provided had been useful. Swedish health care. Two hundred and twenty-one decision-makers at administrative and clinical levels. Data presentations in the form of league tables or funnel plots. Number of actions suggested by participants. Proportion of appropriate actions. For all four measures, decision-makers tended to suggest more actions based on the information provided in league tables compared to funnel plots (44% vs. 21%, P decision-makers more often missed to react even when appropriate. The form of data presentation had an influence on decision-making. With league tables, decision-makers tended to suggest more actions compared to funnel plots. A difference in sensitivity and specificity conditioned by the form of presentation could also be identified, with different implications depending on the purpose of comparisons. Explanations and visualization aids are needed to support appropriate actions. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press in association with the International Society for Quality in Health Care. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com

Evaluación de adsorbentes para la reducción de aflatoxina M1 en leche de vacas alimentadas con dietas contaminadas artificialmente con AFB

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Federico Rojo

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Los adsorbentes han sido utilizados ampliamente para prevenir las micotoxicosis y la transferencia d e toxinas o sus metabolitos dentro de la cadena alimentaria. Particularmente, se unen a las aflatoxinas dentro del tracto gastrointestinal de los rumiantes, disminuyendo su biodisponibilidad y la transferencia de aflatoxin a M 1 (AFM 1 a la leche. El presente estudio se desarrolló para evaluar dos métodos de exposición a aflatoxina B 1 en vacas Holstein y monitorear la transferencia AFM 1 a la leche. Adicionalmente, se analizó el potencial de tres adsorbentes de aflatoxinas en ambos experimentos. Los resultados mostraron una tasa de trasferencia de AFB 1 a AFM 1 / día de 3.35 y 1.8 % en los dos experimentos respectivamente. La transferencia estimada de AFM 1 en la leche observada en el segundo método fue cercana a las obtenidas de vacas alimentadas con alimentos natura lmente contaminados con aflatoxinas. A diferencia de los glucomananos de paredes cel ulares de levaduras, ambos adsorbentes de aluminosilicatos disminuyeron significativamente los niveles de AFM 1 en la leche ( P <0.05.

Perfil calórico do leite pasteurizado no banco de leite humano de um hospital escola Perfil calórico de la leche pasteurizada en el banco de leche humana de un hospital escuela en Londrina, Paraná, Brasil Caloric profile of pasteurized milk in the human milk bank at a university hospital

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Priscila Santa de Moraes

2013-03-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Conhecer o perfil calórico e higiênico sanitário do leite humano do Banco de Leite Humano do Hospital Universitário de Londrina. MÉTODOS: Estudo quantitativo transversal do levantamento de dados obtidos de fontes secundárias de registros dos exames de teor calórico, avaliado pelo crematócrito, e da titulação de acidez pelo método de Dornic do leite humano, coletado pelo Banco de Leite Humano do Hospital Universitário de Londrina. RESULTADOS: Entre 2006 e 2009, foram analisadas 30.846 amostras de leite humano de doadoras de várias localidades, totalizando 5.869L de leite coletado e distribuído. Deste leite humano pasteurizado, 53,5% foi classificado como hipocalórico (menos que 580kcal/L, 36,4% como calórico e 8,3% como hipercalórico (maior que 711kcal/L. De acordo com as várias localidades de origem dos leites, o Banco de Leite Humano de Londrina foi o local onde se observou uma maior quantidade de doação nas três classificações. Ao exame da titulação de acidez Dornic do leite humano coletado, encontrou-se 60,8% com valores entre 4,1º e 8,0º Dornic. CONCLUSÕES: Grande parte do leite coletado é hipocalórica e está própria para o consumo em relação ao perfil higiênico sanitário. É preciso intensificar a coleta deste alimento para atender à demanda de leite hipercalórico para os recém-nascidos prematuros.OBJETIVO: Conocer el perfil calórico de la leche humana del Banco de Leche Humana del Hospital Universitario de Londrina y el perfil higiénico sanitario obtenido por el examen de titulación de acidez Dornic. MÉTODOS: Estudio cuantitativo transversal del inventario de datos obtenidos de fuentes secundarias de registros de los exámenes de tenor calórico, evaluado por el crematócrito, y de la titulación de acidez por el método de Dornic de la leche humana, recogida por el Banco de Leche Humana del Hospital Universitario de Londrina. RESULTADOS: Entre 2006 y 2009 fueron analizadas 30

Environmental aspects for water power plants along the river Lech

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schiechtl, H

1984-03-01

During the past four decades, a number of water power plants has been put up along the river Lech between Fuessen to Augsburg; this section being under the concession of BAWAG. With the present report, the author shows how and by what means water power plants can be designed ecologically beneficial, and he furthermore demonstrates that modern technics and conservation of environment are very well compatible with each other. The use of water power as an indigenous, nonpolluting and constantly regenerating source of energy, also in the future, is pointed out.

Estudio de la suplementación de la dieta materna con cerveza sin alcohol, su efecto sobre el metabolismo oxidativo materno infantil y sobre las propiedades antioxidantes de la leche humana

OpenAIRE

Hernández Aguilar, Maria Teresa

2015-01-01

INTRODUCCION: Tras el nacimiento, el ser humano necesita el aporte de antioxidantes que le ayuden a hacer frente al daño oxidativo. La leche humana es la fuente esencial de antioxidantes para el recién nacido pero su composición varía con el estado nutricional y la dieta maternos. Se ha observado que el contenido en antioxidantes y la capacidad antioxidante total de la leche humana, son mayores en el calostro y menores en la leche segregada por la madre en los días y meses posteriores. Es p...

Variables relacionadas con la producción de leche de ganado Holstein en agroempresas familiares con diferente nivel tecnológico

OpenAIRE

García-Muñiz, José Guadalupe; Mariscal-Aguayo, D. Valentina; Caldera-Navarrete, Norlan A; Ramírez-Valverde, Rodolfo; Estrella-Quintero, Heriberto; Núñez-Domínguez, Rafael

2007-01-01

Se evaluó el efecto de factores ambientales en la producción de leche ajustada a 305 días (PLT), la producción (PP) y los días al pico (DPP) de lactancia, y la persistencia (PER) en vacas Holstein de agroempresas familiares con diferente nivel tecnológico (NT) en el estado de Jalisco, México. La información analizada (n= 4323 mediciones de producción diaria de leche de 537 lactancias) provino de 16 hatos. Las agroempresas se tipificaron como de bajo, medio o alto NT. El modelo mixto incluyó l...

Valoración de pruebas de campo para detección rápida de residuos antimicrobianos en leche individual de vacas tratadas con una combinación de penicilinas e estreptomicina

OpenAIRE

Diez Beltrán, Violeta

2012-01-01

La detección de residuos de medicamentos veterinarios se incluye dentro de los controles de calidad e inocuidad de la leche. En Colombia, el Decreto 616 de 2006 prohíbe la comercialización de leche positiva a residuos de antimicrobianos y por lo general los ganaderos son penalizados económicamente. Para evitar que la leche pueda descartarse por la presencia de residuos de medicamentos antimicrobianos, y además favorecer la certificación de hatos lecheros, los productores y veterinarios se ben...

Why did the League of Nations fail?

OpenAIRE

Jari Eloranta

2011-01-01

Why did the League of Nations ultimately fail to achieve widespread disarmament, its most fundamental goal? This article shows that the failure of the League of Nations had two important dimensions: (1) the failure to provide adequate security guarantees for its members (like an alliance); (2) the failure of this organization to achieve the disarmament goals it set out in the 1920s and 1930s. Thus, it was doomed from the outset to fail, due to built-in institutional contradictions. It can als...

Euroscepticism in Italy: Evolution of Northern League Political Program

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Oleg N. Barabanov

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Abstract: The article examines the key stages of the establishment of Italy’s Northern League as a rightwing hard eurosceptic party. Being initially a continual supporter of European integration and considering the transition to common currency as an opportunity available only to northern regions, which could secede and form an independent state, Northern League after losing the main point of its political agenda when the whole Italy joined the Economic and Monetary Union in 1998, became a eurosceptically-oriented party, which it is up to now. The authors dwell on the focal points of the party’s anti-EU program: Italy’s exit from the eurozone, the formation of Europe of macroregions, the reformation of supranational institutes and decision-making procedures. However, while confronting the Northern League policy with that of National Front in France and UKIP in the United Kingdom, the authors come to the conclusion that Euroscepticism for the former is just a sign of the shift in priorities rather than a strategy as for the latter. This can be explained by the fact that National Front and UKIP are still to fight for the place in the national mainstream, while Northern League has become its integral part long before. Nevertheless, under the new leadership of M.Salvini Northern League managed to become the fourth party on the national level according to the results of European parliament elections in 2014 and established itself as a significant power opponent to EU policy on a number of important issues, such as anti-Russian sanctions. Moreover, frequent visits of party members to Moscow and the party’s outspoken support of Russia on Crimea’s entrance into the Russian Federation provide an opportunity to consider Northern League a potential conductor of Russian interests in the European Union.

Evaluación de la concentración de fention en leche y actividad de colinesterasas eritrocíticas en bovinos en lactancia

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López Carlos

2004-02-01

Full Text Available

La leche es uno de los principales alimentos para el consumo humano, pero en el proceso de producción desde el origen (granja puede estar sometida a múltiples tipos de contaminación. Una fuente de contaminación muy importante son los pesticidas, entre los cuales están los organofosforados, (OP, los que se utilizan, entre otros fines, para el control de ectoparásitos como la mosca en el ganado lechero, lo cual es una práctica común en nuestro medio. Subsiguiente al tratamiento de vacas lecheras con OP, estos productos pueden ser eliminados a través de la leche y residuos de OP ser encontrados en ella. Los pesticidas, entre ellos los OP como el fention, plantean un serio peligro para la salud, por lo tanto, son necesarios estudios que profundicen en el comportamiento de estos plaguicidas en los líquidos corporales de los animales especialmente en los de consumo humano como la leche, con el fin de conocer el riesgo real para la salud de los animales y del hombre. Aunque la medición de los residuos tóxicos y sus metabolitos se puede hacer en otros líquidos biológicos como la sangre y la orina, dadas las características especiales de consumo de leche por los humanos, es necesario cuantificar los residuos de plaguicidas en ella.

Technology and Organisation of Inka Pottery Production in the Leche Valley. Part I: Study of Clays

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hayashida, F.; Haeusler, W.; Wagner, U.

2003-01-01

We report on an interdisciplinary approach to the study of finds of unfired clay lumps and unfired broken vessels from two workshops in the Leche Valley, north coast of Peru. The material is used as a reference in the study of pottery making at both workshops.

Technology and Organisation of Inka Pottery Production in the Leche Valley. Part I: Study of Clays

Science.gov (United States)

Hayashida, F.; Häusler, W.; Wagner, U.

2003-09-01

We report on an interdisciplinary approach to the study of finds of unfired clay lumps and unfired broken vessels from two workshops in the Leche Valley, north coast of Peru. The material is used as a reference in the study of pottery making at both workshops.

Niveles de adiponectina en leche materna de madres con sobrepeso/obesidad y con peso normal del área metropolitana de Monterrey, México

OpenAIRE

Galindo Gómez, Abelardo; Flores Scheufler, Pamela; Quevedo Escobar, Yamile; González Magaña, Regina; Rodríguez De Ita, Julieta

2015-01-01

Introducción: Con la actual epidemia de obesidad infantil se ha vuelto cada vez más importante conocer los factores de riesgo y de protección contra la misma. La alimentación con leche materna se considera un factor protector contra la obesidad infantil; sin embargo, se desconoce el mecanismo responsable de este efecto. Una de las teorías actuales analiza el papel de hormonas que contiene la leche materna, de las cuales la principal es la adiponectina. Con base en esta teoría, se compararon l...

Examination of Performance Levels of Wheelchair Basketball Players Playing in Different Leagues

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mehmet Fatih Yüksel

2018-02-01

Full Text Available This research was conducted to examine the anthropometric and biometric features of the elite wheelchair basketball players in different league levels, and to evaluate them with regards to field tests particular to wheelchair basketball. A sample of 21 male players volunteered to participate in the research with similar classification points, 12 of whom were from Turkey Wheelchair Basketball First League and 9 of whom were from the Second League. Anthropometric measurements, biometric features of the players and their skill test scores particular to wheelchair basketball were detected. The anthropometric measurements were taken over dominant extremity. SPSS 21.0 program was used in the analysis of the data, and minimum, maximum, arithmetic mean, and standard deviation values were determined. Intergroup differences were determined with Mann–Whitney U analysis. Significance level was admitted as p < 0.05. As a conclusion, it was determined that wheelchair basketball players had similar anthropometric features in the First and Second League levels, and that there was no difference based on the league level they were playing, and moreover, that bio-motor features and skills particular to wheelchair basketball were decisive on the levels of the leagues the players were taking part.

Analýza struktury trhu práce: MAJOR LEAGUE SOCCER

OpenAIRE

Hrdina, Martin

2013-01-01

This thesis deals with the determination of the player labour market for the American professional sports league Major League Soccer (MLS). In the theoretical part I focus on the description of the league's development along with the salary politics rules. Using the two stages least square method in the empirical part I then provide the model for the estimation of player's marginal productivity (MRP). In the first step I explain the correlation between the percentages of obtained points by te...

‘He used to give me Turkish lessons in Constantinople’: How to get a job in the League Secretariat

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Ikonomou, Haakon

2017-01-01

This blog looks at one specific road into international bureaucracy, to draw up some more general insights about the recruitment practices of the League: The overall argument being that while the recruitment practices of the Secretariat became increasingly institutionalized, professionalized and ...

The Sport League's Dilemma : Competitive Balance versus Incentives to Win

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Palomino, F.A.; Rigotti, L.

2000-01-01

We analyze a dynamic model of strategic interaction between a professional sport league that organizes a tournament, the teams competing to win it, and the broadcasters paying for the rights to televise it.Teams and broadcasters maximize expected profits, while the league's objective may be either

Twentieth anniversary of the fusion of the Wanda-Lech and Pokoj mines at Ruda Slaska

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pisarek, P.; Baranowski, Z.; Maczka, a.; Kowalski, Z.

1988-10-01

Presents the history of the Wanda-Lech and Pokoj mines until 1968 when they were fused, and development, technical progress and investment in the mines since 1968. Application of longwall equipment sets dates from 1965. The index of powered winning has reached 93.7% and that of powered loading - 97.4%. Seismoacoustic (1970/71) and microseismologic (1974) monitoring stations have been put into operation. The following investments have been realized since 1968: the main shaft Wanda and auxiliary shaft Lech II, two winning horizons, 3 main ventilation fans, a coal preparation plant, a bathhouse for 2,650 and a boiler house fuelled with run-of-mine methane. Mine communications, rail transport and storage facilitites have been modernized and extended. The mining area of the present Pokoj mine is shown in a scheme. Production before and after the take-over is compared: production increased from 1.969121 Mt in 1968 to 2.434740 Mt in 1987. A rehabilitation center (physical therapy, inhalation kinesthesia, hydrotherapy) cares for 2,000 patients annually. Further social services and facilities provided for the miners are described.

48 CFR 652.225-70 - Arab League Boycott of Israel.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... Israel. 652.225-70 Section 652.225-70 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF STATE CLAUSES... League Boycott of Israel. As prescribed in 625.7002(a), insert the following provision: Arab League Boycott of Israel (AUG 1999) (a) Definitions. As used in this provision: Foreign person means any person...

High-intensity running in English FA Premier League soccer matches

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Bradley, Paul S.; Sheldon, William; Wooster, Blake

2009-01-01

The aims of this study were to (1) determine the activity profiles of a large sample of English FA Premier League soccer players and (2) examine high-intensity running during elite-standard soccer matches for players in various playing positions. Twenty-eight English FA Premier League games were...

ISOTERMAS DE ADSORCIÓN Y DESORCIÓN DE AGUA EN LECHE DESCREMADA EN POLVO

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Julio Gil

2013-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar las isotermas de adsorción y desorción de leche descremada en polvo a diferentes temperaturas. Se realizaron las experiencias a 15oC, 25oC y 40oC, en un amplio rango de humedades y actividades de agua propias de las condiciones habituales en que se desarrollan los procesos de secado, envasado y almacenamiento de la leche descremada en polvo. Los datos experimentales fueron correlacionados con dos modelos de ecuaciones referenciales: Modelo de GAB y Modelo de BET. Tanto para la adsorción como para la desorción se observó un mejor ajuste con el modelo de GAB. En particular, para la desorción, se pudo apreciar una buena correlación en las actividades de agua menores que 0,5 con el modelo de BET. Se observó un entrecruzamiento de las isotermas de adsorción a distintas temperaturas, lo cual influye en la relación entre el calor isostérico de adsorción en función del contenido de humedad.

Health policy in interwar Greece: the intervention by the League of Nations Health Organisation.

Science.gov (United States)

Theodorou, Vassiliki; Karakatsani, Despina

2008-01-01

The first serious attempts to deal with public health problems in Greece were undertaken between 1925 and 1935. This period also witnessed setbacks to developments in public health, caused by the lack of welfare infrastructure for social relief, as well as extensive health problems brought about by the settlement in Greece of 1,300,000 refugees from Asia Minor. In 1928 following the example set by other European countries, the Liberal Government appealed to international health organisations for support in order to effectively deal with these problems. This contribution constitutes a case study addressing the following issues: a) the impact the League of Nations Health Organisation intervention had on the establishment of public health services; b) the framework for a collaboration of the Rockefeller Foundation and the League of Nations Health Organisation; and c) the factors that led to the failure of the health care reorganisation.

Efecto de la alimentación con grasa sobrepasante sobre la produccióny composición de leche de cabra en condiciones tropicales

OpenAIRE

Salvador, Alejandro; Alvarado, Carlos; Contreras Solis, Ignacio; Betancourt, Ricardo; Gallo, Jorge; Caigua, Allan

2009-01-01

Para evaluar el efecto del consumo de un suplemento de grasa sobrepasante y del número de partos se evaluaron 31 cabras de alto mestizaje (5/8 a 3/4) ubicadas en Maracay, Venezuela. Se evaluó la producción de leche durante una lactancia, días en lactancia, características y componentes de la leche, los cambios de peso, condición corporal, triglicéridos y colesterol sanguíneos. Se utilizaron modelos estadísticos lineales aditivos con medidas repetidas en el tiempo mediante Proc GLM y una prueb...

Estudio de implantación de una empresa de servicios dedicada a la venta de leche fresca en la província de Barcelona

OpenAIRE

Extremo Esteban, Álvaro

2010-01-01

El objeto de este estudio es analizar la oportunidad de negocio de una empresa de servicios que se dedique a la venta directa de leche fresca mediante máquinas expendedoras y estudiar las posibles implantaciones de la empresa de servicios para que suministre la zona de Barcelona.Se realiza una introducción al sector lácteo, incluyendo los tipos de leche que se distribuyen en el mercado, los tipos de tratamientos térmicos más habituales y la forma de almacenamiento en las granjas. Vamos a a...

Influencia del probiótico Sorbifauna en la producción y calidad de la leche de vacas mestizas en pastoreo

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Tania Sánchez

Full Text Available El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar la inclusión del probiótico Sorbifauna en la producción y calidad de la leche de vacas Holstein × Cebú que pastoreaban en una asociación de Leucaena leucocephala cv. Cunningham y Megathyrsus maximus cv. Likoni; el estudio se realizó en el periodo mayo-junio de 2013, en la Estación Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes Indio Hatuey. Se utilizaron 12 vacas (clínicamente sanas en un diseño Switch Back, con tres tratamientos: A: pastoreo en la asociación + 60 g de aditivo, B: pastoreo en la asociación + 90 g de aditivo, y C: pastoreo en la asociación + 120 g de aditivo. Se estimó la disponibilidad de pasto y se midió la producción de leche durante el experimento, para lo que se tuvo en cuenta la producción promedio inicial (10,0 ± 2,2 kg, en 84 ± 54 días de lactancia. Además, se determinaron los porcentajes de grasa, proteína, lactosa y sólidos totales. La producción de leche fue de 11,9; 12,1 y 12,2 kg/vaca/día, sin diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos, al igual que para la grasa (3,8; 4,0 y 3,9 % y la proteína (3,3; 3,4 y 3,4 %; en la lactosa y los sólidos totales se obtuvo un comportamiento similar. Se concluye que no hubo diferencias significativas en la producción y calidad de la leche en vacas de mediano potencial al incluir el probiótico Sorbifauna cuando estas pastan en un sistema silvopastoril, por lo que se recomienda evaluarlo en sistemas de gramíneas sin fertilizar.

Presencia de residuos y contaminantes en leche humana

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Prado Flores Guadalupe

2002-01-01

Full Text Available La contaminación de la leche humana por xenobióticos es un problema generalizado a nivel mundial, que se ve afectado por las variaciones geográficas, climáticas, culturales y socioeconómicas de cada lugar. Las políticas de salud pública han enfrentado la situación mediante una vigilancia sostenida y legislaciones restrictivas con el objeto de reducir los efectos perjudiciales sobre las poblaciones y el ambiente, sin embargo se registran datos objetivables, sobre todo en los países en desarrollo. En esta revisión se destacan aspectos generales y particulares de los residuos y contaminantes organoclorados, organofosforados, antibióticos, metales pesados, bifenilos policlorados, dioxinas y furanos, valores de sus contenidos, efectos tóxicos estudiados y los límites máximos permitidos por las legislaciones internacionales.

PRESENCIA DE RESIDUOS Y CONTAMINANTES EN LECHE HUMANA

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Guadalupe Prado Flores

2002-01-01

Full Text Available La contaminación de la leche humana por xenobióticos es un problema generalizado a nivel mundial, que se ve afectado por las variaciones geográficas, climáticas, culturales y socioeconómicas de cada lugar. Las políticas de salud pública han enfrentado la situación mediante una vigilancia sostenida y legislaciones restrictivas con el objeto de reducir los efectos perjudiciales sobre las poblaciones y el ambiente, sin embargo se registran datos objetivables, sobre todo en los países en desarrollo. En esta revisión se destacan aspectos generales y particulares de los residuos y contaminantes organoclorados, organofosforados, antibióticos, metales pesados, bifenilos policlorados, dioxinas y furanos, valores de sus contenidos, efectos tóxicos estudiados y los límites máximos permitidos por las legislaciones internacionales.

Residuos de insecticidas organoclorados presentes en leche cruda comercializada en el departamento de Córdoba, Colombia

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Díaz Pongutá Basilio

2012-03-01

Full Text Available

En el estudio se determinaron residuos de plaguicidas organoclorados en leche cruda proveniente de hatos lecheros del departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. Durante el procedimiento de extracción se utilizó una columna de tierra de diatomeas y como sistema eluyente una mezcla de n-hexano-acetona- acetato de etilo (4:2:1, seguida de metanol al 5% en hexano. Para la determinación se usó un cromató- grafo de gases Perkin Elmer, Autosystem XL con detector captura de electrones, en modo de inyección

'splitless', una columna capilar Rtx-5 30 m, 0.25 mm di y 0.25 μm de espesor de película. El porcen- taje de recuperación para los plaguicidas determinados se encontró entre 88.5 y 96%, los lImites de detección se definieron entre 0.01 y 0.04 ng/g con desviaciones estãndar & 6%. En las 6+ muestras analizadas se determinaron p,p´-DDT, a-HCH, ö-HCH, aldrín, dieldrín, endrín, heptacloro, heptacloro epóxido y y-clordano, esta7leciendo concentraciones entre 2;.1 y 469.6 ng/g. leche cruda.

Efecto de la adición de nopal ( Opuntia ficus - indica a la dieta de cerdas lactantes sobre la producción y calidad de la leche

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ruy Ortiz - Rodríguez

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Se evaluó el efecto de la adición de nopal ( Opuntia ficus - indica a la dieta de cerdas lactantes sobre la producción y calidad de la lech e. 22 cerdas hibridas (Yorkshire x Landrace x Pietrain, próximas al parto fueron seleccionadas al azar , con las que se formaron dos grupos (G: G testigo (GT (n=11 cerdas que recibieron alimento balanceado ad libitum y G experimental (GE (n=11 cerdas que recibieron 1% d - 1 de nopal cerda - 1 ( con respecto al peso corporal de la cerda antes del parto más alimento balanceado ad libitum durante 21 días de lactación. Las variables evaluadas fueron: producción láctea en lo s días 6, 10 y 15 postparto, así como los porcentajes de: lactosa, proteína y grasa en leche en los días 3, 11 y 17 de lactación. La información recabada se analizó mediante la metodología de mediciones repetidas y las diferencias entre grupos se obtuviero n a través de medias de mínimos cuadrados. No se encontró efecto de grupo sobre la producción láctea ( P = 0. 4904 . S in embargo , el pico de producción láctea fue a l 15 vo día de lactación: 9.1 y 8.7 kg de leche para GE y GT, respectivamente. Los promedio s (% general es de los componentes físico - quimicos de la leche: lactosa (6.6±0. 5 7 , proteína (4.5±0.4 0 y grasa (7.9±1.6 no fue ron afectado s por el grupo (P>0.05. La adición de nopal a la dieta de cerdas lactantes no modifica la producción ni los componen tes físico - químicos (proteína, lactosa y grasa de la leche de las cerdas lo que asegura el desarrollo del lechón del nacimiento al destete (21 días de edad .

Diseño de proceso para el desarrollo de barras energéticas como subproducto en la obtención de leche saborizada de soya

OpenAIRE

Gamboa Valarezo, Vannia; Costa, Ana Maria

2009-01-01

El grano de soya es ampliamente reconocido por su elevado contenido en nutrientes. Durante el proceso de elaboración de la leche de soya el okara o pulpa residual del proceso representó del 20 a 25 por ciento del desperdicio cuyo alto valor nutricional y energético fue aprovechado. En el presente trabajo se propuso aprovechar integralmente el grano de soya, dando valor agregado a la fase líquida donde se obtuvo leche saborizada de soya y, a partir del desperdicio se obtuvieron barras ene...

Increased injury rates after the restructure of Germany's national second league of team handball.

Science.gov (United States)

Luig, Patrick; Krutsch, Werner; Nerlich, Michael; Henke, Thomas; Klein, Christian; Bloch, Hendrik; Platen, Petra; Achenbach, Leonard

2018-02-05

Scientific injury data in men's professional team handball injuries are rare and even less scientific information exists on injury prevention. In 2011, Germany's national second team handball league was restructured by merging the existing two regional leagues into one league. This study evaluates the injury patterns in professional team handball and compares the injury rates between the first and second league before and after the restructure. All players of Germany's national first and second men's team handball leagues have mandatory trauma insurance with the same insurance company. This retrospective cohort study analysed the injury data of three consecutive seasons 2010-2013 using standardized injury definitions. 1194 professional team handball players were included in this study. The majority of severe injuries affected the lower extremities, shoulders, and hands. The average injury incidence significantly differed between the first (4.9 injuries per 1000 h) and the second league (3.9 per 1000 h, p handball league and presents details on prevalence, incidence, and patterns of injury in professional men's team handball. This study is an important basis for developing injury prevention strategies that should focus on the shoulders, hands, and lower extremities and on reducing the number of matches and travel burden. III.

League Bilong Laif: Rugby, Education and Sport-for-Development Partnerships in Papua New Guinea

Science.gov (United States)

Sherry, Emma; Schulenkorf, Nico

2016-01-01

League Bilong Laif (LBL) is a sport-for-development (SFD) programme that was established in 2013 as a three-way partnership between the Australian Government, the Papua New Guinea (PNG) Government (Department of Education) and the Australian Rugby League Commission (National Rugby League). As a contribution to addressing low rates of school…

Concussion in youth rugby union and rugby league: a systematic review.

Science.gov (United States)

Kirkwood, Graham; Parekh, Nikesh; Ofori-Asenso, Richard; Pollock, Allyson M

2015-04-01

Children and adolescents who play rugby are at increased risk of concussion and its effects. Competitive rugby union and rugby league feature as major sports in the school sport curriculum in the UK. There is a need for a thorough understanding of the epidemiology of concussion in youth rugby, the mechanisms involved in injuries and predisposing risk factors. The publication databases Pubmed, Embase and SportDISCUS were searched in April 2014 for primary research studies of child and adolescent rugby union and rugby league (under 20 years) in English language with data on concussion injuries. The review was conducted within a larger all injury systematic review on rugby union and rugby league where key words used in the search included rugby, injury and concussion with child, adolescent, paediatric and youth. There were 25 studies retrieved with data on child or adolescent rugby and concussion, 20 were on rugby union, three on rugby league and in two the code of rugby was unspecified. There was significant heterogeneity in the definitions of injuries and of concussion. The incidence of child and adolescent match concussion ranged from 0.2 to 6.9 concussions per 1000 player-hours for rugby union and was 4.6 and 14.7 concussions per 1000 player-hours for rugby league, equivalent to a probability of between 0.3% and 11.4% for rugby union and of 7.7% and 22.7% for rugby league. There is a significant risk of concussion in children and adolescents playing rugby union and rugby league evident from the studies included in this systematic review. There is a need for reliable data through routine monitoring and reporting in schools and clubs and in hospital emergency departments in order to inform prevention. Concussion protocols should be implemented and tested. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

Pastillas De Leche from Cow’s and Carabao’s Milk

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Rosita Rana-Parducho

1983-12-01

Full Text Available Pastillas de leche or milk candies were prepared by separately evaporating fresh cow’s and carabao's milk and adding sugar to each until the mixture formed a soft ball.Statistical analysis of the results of organoleptic tests did not reveal significant differences in sweetness, flavor, odor, and general acceptability of these finished products. However, differences in color, body, and texture were noted. Carabao's milk scored high in terms of all organoleptic parameters and was favored by the panel of testers.The candies made from carabao's milk were also shown to have a higher fat and protein content than those made from cow’s milk; thus, the higher yield obtained in the case of carabao's milk.

Joint Declaration of the Presidents of the Republic of Poland and the Republic of Estonia / Toomas Hendrik Ilves, Lech Kaczynski

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Ilves, Toomas Hendrik, 1953-

2008-01-01

Poola Vabariigi Presidendi Lech Kaczynski ja Eesti Vabariigi Presidendi Toomas Hendrik Ilvese ühisdeklaratsioon, milles kutsutakse Euroopa riikide valitsusi üles arutama võimalust luua rahvusvaheline komisjon kommunismi inimsusevastaste kuritegude ja inimõiguste rikkumiste uurimiseks

SISTEMA DE PRODUCCIÓN DE LECHE EN GALICIA. EVOLUCIÓN Y ESTADO ACTUAL

OpenAIRE

Fernandez-Lorenzo, B.; Dagnac, T.; Gonzalez-Arraez, A.; Valladares, J.; Pereira-Crespo, S.; Flores, G.

2011-01-01

Los objetivos de este trabajo son: analizar los cambios experimentados por las explotaciones de leche gallegas entre 1996 y 2006, caracterizar el sistema de producción en 2006 e identificar sus fortalezas y debilidades. Durante 2006, se realizó una encuesta sobre un total de 478 explotaciones de las provincias de A Coruña, Lugo y Pontevedra. Mediante entrevistas personales, los ganaderos respondieron a preguntas relativas a la mano de obra empleada, la base territorial, cultivos, tamaño y man...

Fortificación, biodisponibilidad y especiación del selenio en leche de vaca

OpenAIRE

Muñiz Naveiro, Oscar

2005-01-01

En este estudio se ha llevado a cabo la determinación de la concentración de selenio en leche de vaca mediante generación de hidruros espectrometría de absorción atómica y generación de hidruros espectrometría fluorescencia atómica. Para ello se ha optimizado la preparación de la muestra que nos permita generar el hidruro de selenio y cuantificarlo posteriormente.

The League of Nations and U.S. World Roles. Lesson Plan.

Science.gov (United States)

Romey, Barbara

1994-01-01

Asserts that the issue of U.S. participation in the League of Nations is usually presented as a failure by Woodrow Wilson and the Republicans to compromise. Presents a lesson that clarifies the choice confronting the United States in 1919-20 and interprets the league as a historic innovation. (CFR)

A Comparison of the National Football League's Annual National Football League Combine 1999-2000 to 2015-2016.

Science.gov (United States)

Fitzgerald, Corey F; Jensen, Randall L

2018-06-06

Fitzgerald, CF and Jensen, RL. A Comparison of the National Football League's annual National Football League combine 1999-2000 to 2015-2016. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2018-The purpose of this study was to determine if elite football players are becoming bigger, faster, and stronger over the past decade by analyzing individual performances at the National Football League's (NFL) Combine. This study was conducted with (N = 1,263) subjects from the 1999-2000 (99-00) NFL Combines (n = 635) and the 2015-2016 (15-16) NFL Combines (n = 628) separated by position. Data were collected for height, weight, 40-yd (36.58 m) dash, NFL 225 lb. (102.06 kg) repetitions test, vertical jump (VJ), broad jump (BJ), pro-agility shuttle, and 3-cone drill. Statistical significance between the years for all subjects participating in the NFL Combine was found for the 40-yd dash (99-00: mean ± SD = 4.85 ± 3.2; 15-16: 4.80 ± 3.5; p = 0.002) and VJ (99-00 = 32.30 ± 4.08; 15-16: 32.86 ± 4.17; p = 0.028) at the alpha p 0.05) for weight or height found across all subjects by combine years. Results indicate that elite football players have improved their performance, when comparing results from 1999-2000 to 2015-2016. These finding may be beneficial to NFL franchises in their prospective player assessments.

Evaluación de la calidad higiénico sanitaria y de composición de leche de cabra en un rebaño de la raza Saanen

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Lucía Dora Grille Peés

2013-12-01

Full Text Available Uruguay es un país lechero y sus reglamentaciones son referidas principalmente a leche bovina. La leche de cabra es un alimento completo, recomendado para niños y adultos mayores, pero su estudio ha sido escaso en el país. Se estudió la calidad higiénico-sanitaria y de composición de leche caprina en un rebaño de raza Saanen durante un ciclo de lactancia. Se utilizaron 25 animales y se obtuvieron muestras de tanque quincenalmente. Se analizaron recuento de mesófilos aerobios totales (RMAT, coliformes totales (CT y Staphylococcus coagulasa positiva (SCP, recuento de células somáticas (RCS, composición, ácidos grasos, acidez Dörnic, pH y densidad. Los resultados fueron: RMAT de 3,85±0,69 ufc/ml Log10, RCS 6,91±.0,55 cel/ml Log10, CT2,47±0,84 ufc/ml Log10, SCP 1,13±0,29 ufc/ml Log10. Se obtuvieron valores de grasa: 3,58±0,69%, proteína: 2,71±0,07%, lactosa:3,84±0,10%, acidez: 14,19±0,39 ºD, pH: 6,66±0,06 y densidad: 1,026±0,26 g/ml, concordantes con trabajos realizados en animales sanos para la misma raza. Los ácidos grasos de cadena corta (caproico, caprílico, cáprico representan un 12% de los ácidos grasos totales, valores superiores a la leche de vaca (≈ 5%. Los resultados obtenidos son útiles para una futura reglamentación en leche de cabra. Por sus diferencias con la de vaca es importante generar estándares específicos.

Alergia a la leche y al huevo: diagnóstico, manejo e implicaciones en América Latina

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jorge Sánchez

2014-03-01

En el presente artículo presentamos una revisión del manejo de la alergia alimentaria a la leche y al huevo útil para el personal de salud de todos los niveles, así como algunas consideraciones de los factores presentes en los países latinoamericanos.

Factores que afectan la calidad higiénico-sanitaria de leche cruda comercializada en Calceta-Bolívar-Manabí, Ecuador

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Diana C. Cedeño Alcívar

2015-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar los factores que afectan la calidad higiénico- sanitaria de la leche cruda comercializada en la parroquia Calceta del cantón Bolívar, Ecuador. Se efectuó un diagnóstico mediante fichas de observación en 23 fincas y 30 lugares de ex - pendio. Se evaluó el grado de contaminación microbiana de 30 muestras tomadas en los lu - gares de expendio (15 en el mercado munici - pal y 15 en las tiendas, mediante recuento en placa por siembra de aerobios mesófilos (NTE INEN 1529-5, Staphylococcus aureus (NTE INEN 1529-14, coliformes totales (NTE INEN 1529-7 y Salmonella (NTE INEN 1529-15. Para el procesamiento de los datos, se utilizó estadística descriptiva y análisis de conglomerados, apoyándose con Microsoft Ex - cel 2010 y el software estadístico SPSS v.21. Los resultados encontrados fueron: mal manejo de la leche cruda, inadecuada infraestructura en lugares de producción y de comercialización, al - tos recuentos de UFC/ml en las muestras anali - zadas de leche cruda con un valor de 1.6 x 10 6 UFC/ml —el mismo que supera lo establecido por la NTE INEN 9 (2012— que es de 1.5 x 10 6 UFC/ml. Por otra parte, se diseñó y entre - garon 53 instructivos: 23 de Buenas Prácticas de Ordeño (tomado del Codex Alimentarius y 30 de Buenas Prácticas de Comercialización (establecido por la NTE INEN 2687; por lo que se concluye que la ausencia de higiene tanto en las personas como en los utensilios y la inadecuada operación durante el ordeño, manejo y comercialización, afectan la calidad higiénico-sanitaria de la leche cruda en Calceta- Bolívar-Manabí, Ecuador.

Desempeño competitivo de Argentina y Uruguay en la leche en polvo

OpenAIRE

Depetris Guiguet, Edith; García Arancibia, Rodrigo; Rossini, Gustavo

2009-01-01

Los sectores lácteos de Argentina y Uruguay hacen importantes contribuciones tanto al producto interno bruto como a la generación de divisas provenientes de sus exportaciones. Al constituirse el MERCOSUR ambos países tenían excedentes exportables de leche en polvo entera y descremada, y aunque con similares condiciones del contexto externo impuestas por la integración y la evolución del mercado internacional, el comportamiento exportador no ha sido igual en las dos naciones. Esto lleva a cues...

Learning in and from the West: International Students and International Women's Organisations in the Interwar Period

Science.gov (United States)

Sandell, Marie

2015-01-01

This article explores the importance of higher education to international women's organisations such as the International Federation of University Women, the International Council of Women, the International Alliance of Women and Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, and asks how studying abroad contributed to the…

DEL PREGUNTARIO DE LOS NIÑOS: DE LA ACTIVIDAD DE LOS MICROBIOS MÁS ALLÁ DE LA GOTA DE LECHE (Pag: 1-18

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Silvio Fernando Daza Rosales

2012-12-01

Full Text Available Esta investigación de tipo descriptivo, específicamente encajado como estudio de caso, desarrollada con 80 niños de la institución educativa Diego Hernández de Gallegos de Barrancabermeja, Colombia, tuvo como objetivo construir conocimiento científico escolar desde el conocimiento cotidiano y científico a través de un ejercicio con un producto como la leche; para lograr esto se desarrolló con los estudiantes, una experiencia con la diferencia de perecibilidad entre la leche en caja y la leche en bolsa. Donde los niños a partir del planteamiento de una situación problema, formularon preguntas, propusieron hipótesis y diseños experimentales y concluyeron desde la información bibliográfica, para finalmente resolver una situación de contexto. Se puede concluir que es una experiencia donde los estudiantes a partir de su participación activa y consensuada en el aula de clases, construyen conocimiento escolar. Se desarrolla una enseñanza desde la cotidianidad que los impregna de un significado de experiencia de vida que los motiva (más temprano que tarde a la ciencia y la investigación.

Breaking the mould? Whiteness, masculinity, Welshness, working-classness and rugby league in Wales

OpenAIRE

Spracklen, K; Spracklen, C

2012-01-01

Traditionally, rugby in Wales has meant rugby union, the once-amateur, fifteen-a-side code that has a long history of working-class, male involvement in the Valleys of South Wales (Williams, G., 1985). In recent years, however, rugby union has been joined in South Wales by the non-traditionally Welsh sport of rugby league. Once upon a time, rugby league was the sport that “bought” Welsh rugby players who went north (Collins, 2006). Rugby league has now expanded into Wales, developing its vers...

Sustitución parcial del alimento balanceado por ensilaje de soya y su efecto en la producción y calidad de la leche de vaca, en el trópico húmedo de Costa Rica

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Carlos Tobía

2004-01-01

Full Text Available Se evaluó el efecto de la sustitución parcial (0, 13,6 y 27,2% de un alimento balanceado (AB por el ensilaje de soya, con melaza de caña al 8% e inoculado con Lactobacillus brevis 3 (ES, en las dietas de vacas Holstein sobre la producción y calidad de la leche. Los 3 tratamientos se asignaron a 12 vacas de primera lactancia, con un peso promedio de 550 kg y con una producción promedio diaria de 18±3 kg de leche, distribuidas en un diseño experimental “cross over”. La sustitución del 13,6% del AB por ES no afectó el consumo de materia seca (MS ni la producción de leche, pero sí redujo en un 7% los costos de alimentación. La sustitución del 27,2% del AB por ES redujo el consumo de MS (P² 0,05 y la producción promedio de leche en 1,6 kg vaca-1 día-1 (P² 0,05. La introducción del ES en la dieta no afectó el porcentaje de grasa ni el contenido de sólidos totales, pero sí redujo (P² 0,05 el porcentaje de proteína y lactosa de la leche. Estos resultados aportan evidencia de que la introducción del ES, como sustituto parcial del AB en la dieta, es una alternativa viable para reducir los costos de producción de leche en el trópico.

Utilización de leche descremada y suero de mantequilla en la crianza artificial de terneras Lucerna

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Manrique P. Luis Phanor

1991-12-01

Full Text Available

Se evaluó un sistema de crianza artificial en terneras Lucerna con una mezcla de leche descremada y suero de mantequilla, en la Hacienda "Lucerna", en Bugalagrande, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Se distribuyeron 18 animales en dos grupos en un diseño completamente al azar. El grupo control recibió, durante 110 días, 320 kg de leche entera y el grupo experimental, 320 kg de una mezcla de 50% de leche descremada y 50% suero de mantequilla. Se estudiaron los promedios del peso corporal, perímetro torácico y la alzada de las terneras. Los análisis de varianza no indicaron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos, pero éstas fueron altamente significativas cuando se analizaron en el tiempo y en la interacción tratamientos por tiempo, lo que presupone que los dos grupos experimentales, tendieron a presentar diferencias en sus respuestas biológicas durante la época en que se suministraron. Pruebas de regresión por polinomios ajustados, confirmaron los resultados de los análisis de varianza. Se infiere que por el uso de leche descremada y suero de mantequilla se puede obtener un crecimiento y desarrollo normal en terneras Lucerna.

 The main objetive of this research, was to evaluate the artificial grow system of Lucerna calves, by using a mixture of skim milk and buttermilk. The test was carried out at Lucerna farm, which is located at the Cauca Valley of Colombia. Sixteen calves arranged in two groups, were used and analized statistically under a complete random design. The treatments were as follows: the chek group, fed during 110 days with 320 kg of a complete milk, and the experimental group, fed with 320 kg of a mixture of 50% of skim milk and 50% of buttermilk. The parameters under study were the mean weight, the toraxic diameter and the size of calves. The statistical analizes did not show any significant differences between treatments, but these were highly significant when analized over the time and the interaction

The Sport League's Dilemma: Competitive Balance versus Incentives to Win.

OpenAIRE

Frederic Palomino and Luca Rigotti.

2000-01-01

We analyze a dynamic model of strategic interaction between a professional sport league that organizes a tournament, the teams competing to win it, and the broadcasters paying for the rights to televise it. Teams and broadcasters maximize expected profits, while the league's objective may be either to maximize the demand for the sport or to maximize the teams' joint profits. Demand depends positively on symmetry among teams (competitive balance) and how aggressively teams try to win (incentiv...

The Sport League's Dilemma: Competitive Balance versus Incentives to Win

OpenAIRE

Palomino, F.A.; Rigotti, L.

2000-01-01

We analyze a dynamic model of strategic interaction between a professional sport league that organizes a tournament, the teams competing to win it, and the broadcasters paying for the rights to televise it. Teams and broadcasters maximize expected profits, while the league's objective may be either to maximize the demand for the sport or to maximize the teams' joint profits. Demand depends positively on symmetry among teams (competitive balance) and how aggressively teams try to win (incenti...

FIRST LEGO League announces State Championship winners

Science.gov (United States)

2007-01-01

PEAK Home School Network Team 1832 'Techno Warriors' of Brandon sport the Champions Award they won during the Dec. 8 FIRST (For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology) LEGO League 2007 Mississippi Championship Tournament.

Presencia de plaguicidas organoclorados en forraje para ganado en unidades de producción de leche orgánica en Tecpatán, Chiapas

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María N Murga Juárez

2017-04-01

Full Text Available La presencia de plaguicidas organoclorados en el ambiente es preocupante por su persistencia, potencial de transporte a larga distancia y grado de toxicidad para la fauna y los seres humanos. En México, Chiapas ocupa el primer lugar en la producción de alimentos orgánicos, y Tecpatán es el principal municipio productor de leche orgánica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la presencia de plaguicidas organoclorados en forraje para ganado lechero en unidades de producción de leche orgánica. Se eligieron tres unidades de producción de leche orgánica y se colectaron muestras de forraje y leche en cada unidad. Los plaguicidas se extrajeron y purificaron con base en lo establecido por la USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency y se analizaron por cromatografía de gases con detector de captura de electrones. Los compuestos que rebasaron el límite máximo permisible según el Codex Alimentarius fueron lindano, heptacloro + epóxido de heptacloro y aldrín + dieldrín (37.5 ± 84, 62 ± 125 y 20 ± 50 ng.g-1 base grasa, respectivamente. En las muestras de forraje los valores más altos fueron alfa + beta-HCH, lindano y heptacloro + epóxido de heptacloro (76.3 ± 140, 43 ± 105 ng.g-1 y 40 ± 76 ng.g-1 peso seco. Es probable que la destacada presencia de estos compuestos se deba a su utilización en el control de vectores en campañas de salud o de ectoparásitos del ganado de la región por parte de productores convencionales.

Cointegración y Simetrías en Precios. El Caso del Dulce de Leche en Santa Fe y Rosario

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E. D. Guiguet

2005-12-01

Full Text Available Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la forma en que están cointegrados los precios minoristas de un producto típico argentino como es el dulce de leche, y el de su insumo básico, la leche cruda, en los mercados de Santa Fe y Rosario en el período 1996-2005, y la simetría en su ajuste de corto plazo. Se utiliza un análisis de cointegración no lineal con los modelos TAR y MTAR. Los resultados confirman la existencia de cointegración en ambas ciudades, y asimetría en los ajustes en el corto plazo en Santa Fe. Además que la transmisión de los cambios de precios es más rápida cuando los márgenes de comercialización disminuyen que cuando se incrementan.

Commentary on the "Evidence- and Consensus-Based (S3) Guidelines for the Treatment of Actinic Keratosis" Published by the International League of Dermatological Societies in Cooperation with the European Dermatology Forum.

Science.gov (United States)

Diepgen, Thomas L; Kresken, Joachim; Krutmann, Jean; Merk, Hans F; Senger, Erik; Surber, Christian; Szeimies, Rolf-Markus

2018-04-03

In 2015, the International League of Dermatological Societies and the European Dermatology Forum published a guideline for the treatment of actinic keratosis, which is classified as an evidence- and consensus-based S3 guideline. From the point of view of the GD Task Force "Licht.Hautkrebs.Prävention," an interdisciplinary expert panel of the Society for Dermopharmacy for the prevention and treatment of skin cancer, this guideline reveals strengths and weaknesses but, in summary, does not meet the claim for an evidence- and consensus-based S3 guideline. © 2018 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Football league win prediction based on online and league table data

Science.gov (United States)

Par, Prateek; Gupt, Ankit Kumar; Singh, Samarth; Khare, Neelu; Bhattachrya, Sweta

2017-11-01

As we are proceeding towards an internet driven world, the impact of internet is increasing in our day to lives. This not only gives impact on the virtual world but also leave a mark in the real world. The social media sites contains huge amount of information, the only thing is to collect the relevant data and analyse the data to form a real world prediction and it can do far more than that. In this paper we study the relationship between the twitter data and the normal data analysis to predict the winning team in the NFL (National Football League).The prediction is based on the data collected on the on-going league which includes performance of each player and their previous statistics. Alongside with the data available online we are combining the twitter data which we extracted by the tweets pertaining to specific teams and games in the NFL season and use them alongside statistical game data to build predictive models for future or the outcome of the game i.e. which team will lose or win depending upon the statistical data available. Specifically the tweets within the 24 hours of match will be considered and the main focus of twitter data will be upon the last hours of tweets i.e. pre-match twitter data and post-match twitter data. We are experimenting on the data and using twitter data we are trying to increase the performance of the existing predictive models that uses only the game stats to predict the future.

Semi-Professional Rugby League Players have Higher Concussion Risk than Professional or Amateur Participants: A Pooled Analysis.

Science.gov (United States)

King, Doug; Hume, Patria; Gissane, Conor; Clark, Trevor

2017-02-01

A combined estimate of injuries within a specific sport through pooled analysis provides more precise evidence and meaningful information about the sport, whilst controlling for between-study variation due to individual sub-cohort characteristics. The objective of this analysis was to review all published rugby league studies reporting injuries from match and training participation and report the pooled data estimates for rugby league concussion injury epidemiology. A systematic literature analysis of concussion in rugby league was performed on published studies from January 1990 to October 2015. Data were extracted and pooled from 25 studies that reported the number and incidence of concussions in rugby league match and training activities. Amateur rugby league players had the highest incidence of concussive injuries in match activities (19.1 per 1000 match hours) while semi-professional players had the highest incidence of concussive injuries in training activities (3.1 per 1000 training hours). This pooled analysis showed that, during match participation activities, amateur rugby league participants had a higher reported concussion injury rate than professional and semi-professional participants. Semi-professional participants had nearly a threefold greater concussion injury risk than amateur rugby league participants during match participation. They also had nearly a 600-fold greater concussion injury risk than professional rugby league participants during training participation.

Revenue Sharing in European Football Leagues

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Olai Hansen, Bodil; Tvede, Mich

2016-01-01

In the present chapter, a general model of competition between clubs in sports leagues with flexible supply of inputs is studied. There are externalities between clubs because it takes more than one club to produce games and tournaments. It is assumed that the externalities take the form of compl...

HOME ADVANTAGE ANALYSIS IN ACB LEAGUE IN SEASON 2007-2008

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Javier Garc\\u00EDa

2009-01-01

Full Text Available Home advantage was defined as the fact that home teams win more than the 50% of their matches (Courneya & Carron, 1992. The aim of this work was to investigate the home advantage in the ACB league and identify the game-related statistics which best discriminate home and away teams. The data were obtained from the Spanish Basketball Association for the period 2007-2008 ACB league (n= 306. Game related statistics were normalized to 100 ball possessions. In order to compare game related statistics in home and away teams, a discriminative analysis was employed. This analysis identifies the game related statistics that best discriminate between home and away teams. The function obtained was interpreted with the structural canonical coefficients (SC, with values higher than |.30|. In the 2007-2008 ACB league, the home teams won the 55.22% (n=169 of the games. The analysis identifying the two-point field goals made, blocks made, dunks, the defensive rebounds and the assists as common to the mean vectors that discriminate home teams in all games. Blocks received contribute to discriminate away teams in ACB league. These results could be used by the psychologist who works with the team. They must design specific programs to decrease anxiety levels, and to improve motivation and concentration levels in basketball players before a competition.

Efecto de la congelación de leche caprina sobre la estabilidad oxidativa, calidad higiénico sanitaria y de composición en un rebaño de la raza Saanen

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Lucía Dora Grille Peés

2013-12-01

Full Text Available En establecimientos caprinos para la conservación de la leche es común aplicar la tecnología de congelación, ya sea para venta directa o para la elaboración de quesos. En este trabajo se estudió la congelación a -18 ºC como método de conservación de la leche caprina durante 6 meses. Se evaluó el efecto de la congelación en leche cruda y en leche pasteurizada. Se utilizaron dos métodos de descongelado: baño María (27 °C y heladera (4 °C. En los días 0, 60, 120 y 180 se analizó la composición (% materia grasa, % proteínas totales, % lactosa, % sólidos totales y % sales, parámetros fisicoquímicos (pH, acidez y densidad, parámetros microbiológicos (recuento de mesófilos aerobios totales, coliformes totales, Staphylococcus coagulasa positiva, recuento de células somáticas y la estabilidad a la oxidación (según tiempos de inducción a la oxidación por Rancimat. Se concluye que no se afectó la calidad de la leche de acuerdo a los parámetros de este estudio durante la congelación por el período de 6 meses. Como método de conservación podría ser una alternativa para los establecimientos rurales. No se encontró diferencia en los métodos de descongelación evaluados.

Leagues Revive Debate in City Schools

Science.gov (United States)

Keller, Bess

2008-01-01

This article describes how the National Association for Urban Debate Leagues is reviving debate competitions among high school students in city schools. Starting in Atlanta in 1985 and boosted by seed money from the billionaire George Soros' Open Society Institute, urban educators and their supporters in 2002 formed the National Association for…

A Day at FIRST Lego League

Science.gov (United States)

McIntyre, Nancy

2012-01-01

This article features an after-school FIRST Lego League (FLL) program at Chaminade Middle School in Chatsworth, California, USA. The after-school FLL program feeds into the high school FIRST Robotics Competition (FRC) program wherein aspiring young engineers come to the high school team with several years of FLL experience. Through the FLL…

PRODUCTIVIDAD DE PASTURAS Y PRODUCCIÓN DE LECHE BOVINA BAJO PASTOREO DE GRAMÍNEA Y GRAMÍNEA + LOTUSULIGINOSUS EN MOSQUERA, CUNDINAMARCA

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RE Castro

2008-01-01

Full Text Available en el presente estudio se determinó y evaluó la producción de biomasa aérea (g Ms/m2, composición botánica, calidad nutricional, y producción y calidad de leche en dos tipos de pasturas para clima frío. el ensayo se realizó en el centro agropecuario Marengo de la Universidad nacional en Mosquera, Cundinamarca, donde se evaluaron dos pasturas, una de mezcla de kikuyo (Pennisetum clandestinum y festuca alta (Festuca arundinacea la segunda, una mezcla de festuca alta y la leguminosa trébol pata de pájaro (Lotus uligino-sus con un área de 1 ha cada una. se empleó un diseño al azar con la vaca como unidad experimental y la pastura como tratamiento. se usaron 5 vacas Holstein (Pv 580 kg entre 2 y 4 partos de segundo tercio de lactancia para cada tratamiento durante un periodo experi-mental de 14 días, 7 de acostumbramiento y 7 de mediciones. en cada pastura se determinó la producción de biomasa aérea (g Ms/m2, composición botánica (%, calidad nutricional (PC, Fdn, Fda, divMs, y se evaluó la producción (lt/día y calidad de leche (porcentaje de grasa, proteína, caseína, sólidos. aunque no se realizó comparación estadística para la producción de biomasa, la mayor producción fue observada en la pastura asociada; también en cuanto a la calidad nutricional la principal diferencia se observó en el contenido de pro-teína, siendo mayor en la pastura asociada. se observaron mayores valores en producción de leche, caseína y proteína en la pastura de gramínea más leguminosa (P 0,05. se puede concluir que las pasturas asociadas de gramínea más leguminosa mejoran los valores de producción y proteína en la leche.

Propiedades antioxidantes de extractos de curuba (Passiflora mollisima Bailey) en crema de leche

OpenAIRE

Ochoa Ospina, Clara Inés; Sepúlveda Valencia, José Uriel; Maldonado, María E; Zapata Acosta, Karol; Alberto Rojano, Benjamín

2014-01-01

Antecedentes: la grasa láctea contribuye al sabor y aroma de los productos lácteos y ayuda a absorber las vitaminas liposolubles. Sin embargo es susceptible a reacciones de oxidación, que traen como consecuencia una disminución en la calidad de los productos. Objetivo: evaluar la capacidad antioxidante de la crema de leche suplementada con 0,40 0,60 y 0,80% p/p de extracto de curuba y la estabilidad oxidativa durante 25 días de almacenamiento a 4ºC. Materiales y métodos: para evaluar la oxida...

International double taxation

OpenAIRE

Körbl, Hugo

2012-01-01

1 Summary This thesis deals with the issue of international double taxation of income and capital and methods for its solution. International double taxation is an issue which states began to deal with in the late 19th century. This interest intensified after the First World War when also the League of Nations (predecessor of the United Nations) began to deal with international double taxation. Most attention the phenomenon of double taxation of income and capital with an international elemen...

Impacto nutricio del consumo de una leche entera adicionada con vitaminas y minerales en niños

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Maulen-Radovan Irene

1999-01-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Determinar el impacto nutricio del consumo de leche entera fortificada con vitaminas y minerales en niños. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se hizo un estudio prospectivo, longitudinal, en 227 niños de entre 8 a 60 meses de edad. Se ofreció a los menores 500 ml diarios de leche entera fortificada por 90 días. Se registró ingestión, aceptación, peso, talla, hemoglobina (Hb, hierro (Fe, vitamina B12 y folatos séricos. El análisis estadístico se realizó con medidas de tendencia central y dispersión en variables dimensionales utilizando prueba t de Student para comparación de promedios y ji² para variables nominales. RESULTADOS: Al inicio de la suplementación 45 niños estaban desnutridos, y 36, anémicos. Al final de la misma estas cifras disminuyeron: 35 desnutridos (p< 0.21 y 18 niños anémicos (p< 0.01. Al inicio nueve niños tenían desnutrición severa y, al finalizar, sólo eran cinco los que la padecían. La comparación ingreso-egreso en los datos antropométricos fue como sigue (media±desviación estándar: Z peso/talla, -0.35±0.88 vs. -0.14±0.9 (p= 0.01; Hb en g/dl, 11±1.3 vs. 11.9±1.9 (p< 0.001; Fe en mg/dl, 108±44 vs. 115±31 (p= 0.06; vitamina B12 en pg/ml, 649±494 vs. 1 053±854 (p< 0.001. El apego y la aceptación fueron de 100 y 85%, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: El consumo de leche entera fortificada durante 90 días mejora significativamente el estado nutricio de los niños, reduce significativamente el número de niños con anemia e incrementa los niveles plasmáticos de Hb, Vitamina B12 y folatos.

Efecto del perfil de caseínas, recuento de células somáticas y composición de la leche en el rendimiento del queso Dambo

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Daniela Veronica Escobar Gianni

2014-12-01

Full Text Available El rendimiento quesero influye en la competitividad de las industrias queseras, por lo que se busca producir leche de mayor valor y su mejor aprovechamiento. El conocimiento de la materia prima repercute en la toma de decisiones del productor y la industria.  El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la influencia de la caseína, su perfil y otros componentes de la leche en el rendimiento del queso Dambo, producido a escala piloto e industrial, con leches provenientes del Litoral Noroeste Uruguayo. A escala piloto se utilizaron condiciones de: alta caseína y bajo RCS, alta caseína y alto RCS, baja caseína y bajo RCS y baja caseína y alto RCS. En escala industrial se compararon los quesos de alta caseína con el promedio de planta. Se estudiaron dos estaciones. Se encontró que el queso Dambo elaborado con alta caseína (>2,6g/100g y bajo RCS (<200.000cel/mil tuvo un aumento de rendimiento del 10% respecto al de baja  caseína  (<2,41g/100g y alto RCS (>500.000cel/mil, ocasionado por mayor  recuperación de materia grasa en el queso. A escala industrial se obtuvo un aumento del 9% utilizando alta caseína en leche. Asimismo, existe una influencia positiva de la ĸ- CN y ß-CN en el rendimiento quesero, con una asociación entre α-CN y recuperación de materia grasa.

Siam and the League of Nations : modernization, sovereignty, and multilateral diplomacy, 1920-1940

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Hell, Stefan Matthias

2007-01-01

This study analyses the relations between Siam and the League of Nations from 1920 to 1940. It identifies Siam’s policy towards the League as a cornerstone of Siam’s foreign policy and an important element of Siam’s domestic modernization during the sixth, seventh and eighth reigns of the Chakri

EFECTO DEL RECUENTO DE CÉLULAS SOMÁTICAS SOBRE LA APTITUD QUESERA DE LA LECHE Y LA CALIDAD FISICOQUÍMICA Y SENSORIAL DEL QUESO CAMPESINO

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

J. A. Vásquez

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Antecedentes: en Colombia, el alto recuento de células somáticas (RCS en la leche es un problema para la industria lechera. Altos recuentos pueden afectar de manera consi - derable los rendimientos y calidad final del queso. Varios países han establecido límites máximos estandarizados para el RCS. Colombia no lo ha hecho de manera oficial y tan solo unas pocas industrias manejan sus propios límites. Objetivos: Determinar el efecto del RCS sobre parámetros de aptitud quesera de la leche y la calidad sensorial del queso campesino. Métodos: Se tomaron muestras de leche de seis tanques con altos y bajos RCS y se realizaron mezclas para obtener 30 baches con diferentes RCS (desde 150.000 hasta 1.200.000 cel/ml. Con estas mezclas se elaboraron 30 quesos tipo campesino a los cuales se les determinaron variables de aptitud quesera (tiempo de coagulación, rendimientos y pérdidas en suero y la calidad organoléptica a través de una prueba sensorial descrip - tiva de puntajes con panel de seis jueces con experiencia previa y entrenados en queso campesino. Las variables de aptitud quesera fueron analizadas por regresión múltiple y los resultados de la evaluación sensorial con la prueba no paramétrica de Friedman. Resultados: La aptitud quesera disminuyó con RCS superiores a 200.000 cel/ml. El tiempo de coagulación (R 2 = 0.74; P < 0.001 y las pérdidas de proteína en el lactosuero (R 2 = 0.55; P <0,001 aumentaron, mientras que los rendimientos (R 2 =0.31; P <0.01 disminuyeron a medida que aumentó el RCS. La calificación de los panelistas respecto de la textura y la apariencia disminuyó con RCS mayores a 600.000 cel/ml ( P <0.01 y el sabor y el aroma, a partir de 800.000 cel/ml ( P <0,01. Conclusiones: Aumentos en el RCS en leche afectan negativamente parámetros de aptitud quesera y la calidad sensorial del queso campesino. Se sugiere que los impactos serán menores sobre el rendimiento cuanto menor sea el RCS, mientras que la calidad

Major League Baseball Anti-Trust Immunity: Examining the Legal and Financial Implications of Relocation Rules

OpenAIRE

Mark, Nagel; Matt, Brown; Daniel, Rascher; Chad, McEvoy

2006-01-01

Major League Baseball (MLB) rules restrict the movement of any franchise into another’s territory. These territorial rules are designed to protect each team’s potential local revenue sources as well as to provide stability throughout the league. Recently, Major League Baseball approved financial compensation for the Washington Nationals’ move into the Baltimore Orioles’ territory – primarily because it was in the best interest of MLB even though it hurt the Orioles. However, the Oakland Athle...

PRODUCCIÓN Y CALIDAD FISICOQUÍMICA DE LECHE DE CABRAS SUPLEMENTADAS CON FORRAJE VERDE HIDROPÓNICO DE MAÍZ

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Mario Garc\\u00EDa-Carrillo

2013-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la producción y calidad fisicoquímica de leche de cabras al ser suplementadas con dietas que contenían forraje verde hidropónico de maíz. Este estudio se desarrolló en la Comarca Lagunera de Coahuila, México durante los meses de marzo a agosto de 2011. Para la dieta 1 se empleó una relación 85:15 (base seca de alfalfa henificada y forraje verde hidropónico (AH: FVH. La dieta 2 se formuló con una relación 70:30 de AH y FVH, mientras que la dieta testigo tuvo una relación 87.5:12.5 de alfalfa henificada y vaina de mezquite. Se utilizó un diseño en triple cuadro latino. La producción y calidad de leche fueron mayores al suministrar la dieta compuesta con alfalfa henificada y forraje verde hidropónico de maíz al 30%.

Civil-Military Relations: Enhancing International Security

National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

Fekete, Florian

2003-01-01

.... In particular, it focuses upon civil-military relationships in the League of Nations and the United Nations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and The International Committee of Red Cross...

Anesthesiology teaching during undergraduation through an academic league: what is the impact in students' learning?

Science.gov (United States)

Ramalho, Alan Saito; Silva, Felipe Duarte; Kronemberger, Tatiana Barboza; Pose, Regina Albanese; Torres, Marcelo Luis Abramides; Carmona, Maria José Carvalho; Auler, José Otávio Costa

2012-01-01

Academic leagues have been consolidated as instruments of medical teaching and for the introducing of medical students to practice of specialties, including anesthesiology. As the role of leagues in the development process of competencies and learning of their students is not well known, the learning of members of an anesthesiology academic league was evaluated after participating in its activities for one year. Students of an anesthesiology academic league were followed up from March to December 2010 and evaluated through objective cognitive tests of multiple choice applied before the beginning of activities and after their conclusion. Attendance in activities and epidemiologic profile of students were correlated with the tests results. Twenty medical students from 3rd to 6th year were analyzed, with an average age of 22.8 (21-26) years. The average participation in the proposed activities was 10.4/13 (80%). The average of right answers on the first test was 8.1/17 (47.6%), and 3rd year students had lower grades (pperformance (pevaluation tests, suggesting that the league is a useful teaching instrument that can provide improved learning of anesthesiology. Participation in activities was connected with improved performance. Activities developed in leagues may have a positive role in students' academic education, more specifically in this article, in anesthesiology. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.

Allama Shibli and the early Muslim League: A dissenting voice

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Arshad Islam

2013-12-01

Full Text Available The All-India Muslim League (AIML was formed in 1906, with the primary aim to improve the educational and socioeconomic status of Muslims. Allama Shibli Nu‘mani (1857-1914 put forward an argument in support of Muslims recovering from the political stupor into which they had fallen after the British suppression of the 1857 uprising. He encouraged Muslims to participate in democratic politics in India, departing from the educational focus of his mentor, Sir Saiyid Ahmad Khan (1817-1898. Shibli advanced a strong critique of the Muslim League’s limited ambitions in comparison with the Indian National Congress (INC. His critique, notably in ironic and emotive poetry, significantly contributed to the national discussion pertaining to the Muslim League’s reform and restructure. Based on Shibli’s original writings, this paper analyses his critique of the Muslim League and his efforts to overhaul its structure and policies. It examines the response of the Muslim League to these critiques and studies the extent to which its structure and policies changed.

Claims to protection: the rise and fall of feminist abolitionism in the League of Nations' Committee on the Traffic in Women and Children, 1919–1936.

Science.gov (United States)

Pliley, Jessica R

2010-01-01

This article examines the League of Nations Advisory Committee on the Trafficking of Women and Children (CTW) to assess the impact of international feminists on the interwar anti-sex trafficking movement. It argues that women who were firmly embedded in the transnational and international women's rights movement built a coalition on the CTW to ensure the prominence of the feminist abolitionist position of sex trafficking in the 1920s. This position was defined by calls for equal standards of morality between the sexes, resistance to laws that treated prostitutes as a group and infringed on their human rights, and unwavering demands for the abolition of state-regulated prostitution. Changes in the personnel and bureaucratic structure of the CTW and the rising tide of nationalism served to undermine the feminist abolitionists' position in the League in the 1930s.

Classification of childhood epilepsies in a tertiary pediatric neurology clinic using a customized classification scheme from the international league against epilepsy 2010 report.

Science.gov (United States)

Khoo, Teik-Beng

2013-01-01

In its 2010 report, the International League Against Epilepsy Commission on Classification and Terminology had made a number of changes to the organization, terminology, and classification of seizures and epilepsies. This study aims to test the usefulness of this revised classification scheme on children with epilepsies aged between 0 and 18 years old. Of 527 patients, 75.1% only had 1 type of seizure and the commonest was focal seizure (61.9%). A specific electroclinical syndrome diagnosis could be made in 27.5%. Only 2.1% had a distinctive constellation. In this cohort, 46.9% had an underlying structural, metabolic, or genetic etiology. Among the important causes were pre-/perinatal insults, malformation of cortical development, intracranial infections, and neurocutaneous syndromes. However, 23.5% of the patients in our cohort were classified as having "epilepsies of unknown cause." The revised classification scheme is generally useful for pediatric patients. To make it more inclusive and clinically meaningful, some local customizations are required.

Australian Football League concussion guidelines: what do community players think?

Science.gov (United States)

White, Peta E; Donaldson, Alex; Sullivan, S John; Newton, Joshua

2016-01-01

Background Preventing concussion in sport is a global challenge. To assess community-level adult male Australian Football players’ views on following the Australian Football League's (AFL) concussion guidelines. Methods 3 focus groups, each comprising 6 players from 1 regional league, were conducted until saturation of issues raised. Discussions followed a semistructured script and were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was conducted by 2 coders independently. Results Identified advantages of the guidelines included highlighting the seriousness of concussion; changing the culture around playing with concussion and shifting return-to-play decision responsibility from players to others. Disadvantages included players being removed from play unnecessarily; removal of players’ rights to decide if they are fit to play and players changing their behaviours to avoid being removed from play. Identified facilitators to guideline use included local league enforcement; broad information dissemination and impartial medically trained staff to assess concussion. Identified barriers to guideline use included players’ desire to play at all costs; external pressure that encouraged players to return to play prematurely; and inconvenience and cost. Conclusions Players generally understand that the AFL concussion guidelines protect their long-term welfare. However, their desire to play at all costs and help their team win is a common barrier to reporting concussion and adhering to guidelines. Leagues should take a lead role by mandating and enforcing the use of the guidelines and educating coaches, game day medical providers and players. The return-to-play component of the guidelines is complex and needs further consideration in the context of community sport. PMID:28890801

What are the benefits of hosting a major league sports franchise?

OpenAIRE

Jordan Rappaport; Chad R. Wilkerson

2001-01-01

Over the last few decades the number of U.S. metropolitan areas large enough to host a franchise from one of the four major professional sports leagues has soared. Even as major league baseball, football, basketball and hockey have expanded to include more franchises, demand by metro areas continues to exceed supply. Metro areas have thus been forced to compete with each other to retain and attract franchises. ; The resulting large public spending on new sports facilities has been quite contr...

Civil-military relations : enhancing international security

OpenAIRE

Fekete, Florian

2003-01-01

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited The thesis describes how civil-military relations at the international level enhance international security, in particular, the way of development of international society in trying to orient its progress towards international peace, security and sustainable development. It focuses upon civil-military relationships in the League of Nations and the United Nations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, The International Committee of Re...

The history of the Greek Anti-Malaria League and the influence of the Italian School of Malariology.

Science.gov (United States)

Tsiamis, Costas; Piperaki, Evangelia Theophano; Tsakris, Athanassios

2013-03-01

In 1905, a group of eminent Greek physicians led by Professor of Hygiene and Microbiology Constantinos Savvas and the pediatrician Dr. Ioannis Kardamatis founded the Greek Anti-Malaria League. The League assumed a role that the State would not, and for the next 25 years organized the country's anti-malaria campaign. During its first steps, the Greek Anti-Malaria League adopted the principles of Professor Angelo Celli's Italian Anti-Malaria League. The League's accomplishments include a decrease in malarial prevalence, due to mass treatment with quinine, new legislation ensuring the provision of quinine, State monopoly and the collection of epidemiologic data. However, defeat in the Greek-Turkish War (1922) and the massive influx of one million Greek refugees that ensued, led to a change in malarial epidemiology. In 1928, following a visit to Italy, the Greek League adopted the organization and knowledge of the Italian Malaria Schools in Rome and in Nettuno, and this experience served as the basis of their proposal to the State for the development of the anti-malaria services infrastructure. The State adopted many of Professor Savvas' proposals and modified his plan according to Greek needs. The League's experience, accumulated during its 25 years of struggle against malaria, was its legacy to the campaigns that eventually accomplished the eradication of malaria from Greece after World War II.

Fabricated World Class: Global University League Tables, Status Differentiation and Myths of Global Competition

Science.gov (United States)

David, Matthew

2016-01-01

UK media coverage of global university league tables shows systematic bias towards the Russell Group, although also highlighting tensions within its membership. Coverage positions UK "elite" institutions between US superiority and Asian ascent. Coverage claims that league table results warrant UK university funding reform. However,…

League of Women Voters Education Fund providing a forum for public information and participation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kraft, E.

1993-01-01

In March of 1992, the League of Women Voters Education Fund (LWVEF) signed a five-year cooperative agreement with the Department of Energy (DOE) to provide American citizens with information and training on the management and clean up of nuclear waste from both civilian and defense sources. During Year 1 of the agreement the LWVEF updated The Nuclear Waste Primer: A Citizens Handbook. Activities in Year 2 of the agreement will include: (1) Oversight of the project by an Advisory Committee; (2) A national Train-the-Trainers Conference; (3) Grants to state and local Leagues for model community education projects; (4) Publication of Taking Nuclear Waste Issues to the Village Square, a discussion leader's guide on organizing community education programs on nuclear wastes issues and a magazine article on defense waste issues in the the National Voter, the membership magazine of the League of Women Voters of the United States; and (5) Technical assistance to Leagues and other organizations via a Citizen's Nuclear Waste Clearinghouse

ASOCIACIÓN DE TRES SNPS CON ALGUNAS CARACTERÍSTICAS PRODUCTIVAS Y DE CALIDAD DE LA LECHE EN HATOS HOLSTEIN EN ANTIOQUIA, COLOMBIA

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José Julián Echeverri Zuluaga

Full Text Available Algunas características productivas y de la calidad de la leche están relacionadas con los polimorfismos de los genes kappa caseína (κ-CN, prolactina (PRL y hormona de crecimiento bovina (bGH, estos han sido ampliamente estudiados y aplicados en programas de mejoramiento genético animal. De manera particular, la industria ganadera colombiana se ha cualificado de manera sustancial, gracias a la utilización de estas estrategias que permiten identificar las variantes alélicas relacionadas y la implementación de programas de selección asistida por marcadores moleculares. Con el fin de verificar la asociación de los SNP de estos genes con algunas características productivas y de la calidad de la leche en las ganaderías antioqueñas, se evaluaron 4.453 lactancias de 1.631 vacas pertenecientes a 69 hatos lecheros de diferentes municipios del departamento de Antioquia. En el análisis se incluyó la producción de leche ajustada (PA, el porcentaje de proteína (PRO y grasa (GRA, el recuento de células somáticas (RSC y el efecto de los genotipos de los marcadores antes mencionados. Los resultados corroboran la asociación de estos marcadores con las características evaluadas, y sugieren un efecto importante del genotipo de la κ-CN sobre el porcentaje de proteína (BB>AB>AA (p +/- > +/+ (pAB>AA (p=0,01.

Competitive Balance in the Austrain, Czech, Hungarian and Ukranian Soccer Leagues

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Jan Šíma

2015-03-01

Full Text Available Competitive Balance in the Austrain, Czech, Hungarian and Ukranian Soccer Leagues This study deals with measuring and evaluating the static competitive balance in four chosen national soccer/football leagues. These are (in alphabetical order the premier leagues in the Austrian, Czech, Hungarian, and Ukrainian soccer/football divisions. Static balance shows how teams in the league tables of each year differ from each another. It is determined by a calculation of determinant divergences in the percentages of winnings. The results of this work provide graphic illustrations of the development of the competitive balance in the aforementioned contests over the latest forty-two years. They identify the development trend of this phenomenon. Of the contests studied, it is the Czech premier league which used to show the highest static balance. However, nowadays, the Austrian and Hungarian leagues are more balanced in the short term. On the contrary, it is the Ukrainian league which is the least balanced. There is an apparent longterm decline of competition balance within all of the analyzed competitions. However, this decline varies a lot within the group. Vyrovnanost soutěže v rakouské, české, maďarské a ukrajinské fotbalové lize Studie se zabývá měřením a vyhodnocením statické vyrovnanosti soutěže čtyř vybraných národních fotbalových lig. Těmito ligami (alfabeticky řazeno jsou česká, maďarská, rakouská a ukrajinská liga. Statická vyrovnanost vypovídá o tom, jak se od sebe lišily týmy v ligových tabulkách každého ročníku. Je stanovena pomocí výpočtu směrodatných odchylek v procentech výher. Výsledky této práce ukazují za pomoci grafů vývoj statické vyrovnanosti vybraných soutěží za posledních čtyřicet dva let. Určují vývojový trend tohoto fenoménu. Z vybraných soutěží vykazuje česká liga nejvyšší statickou vyrovnanost. Přesto jsou dnes rakouská a maďarská liga kr

The First World War and the Discussions on Establishing the Universal International Organization

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Khodnev Aleksandr

2014-11-01

Full Text Available Traditionally, historians begin the League of Nations’ history with the postwar settlement and the creation of the Versailles system. However, the continuity exists between the First World War and the emergence of international organization. There was no steady institution of multilateral diplomacy for the international arbitration before the War. The Hague Peace Conferences (1899, 1907 were not able to create strong international institutions. The ways out of the Great War and the mechanisms of preventing its repetition had to be looked for in the bloody conflict. The situation in the USA and in the UK differed significantly. The censorship rules that did not allow publishing essays about peace or any negotiations with the enemy were introduced. In the US they could freely discuss these issues. In the US the university academicians, businessmen, and representatives of various faiths, and prominent politicians were involved in the discussions. In the UK, the League of Nations theme was discussed by the pressure groups such as Fabian Society and selected intellectuals such as Leonard Woolf. During 1916–1917 the views of the governments and various social organizations about the League of Nations significantly differed. The public opinion and social groups demanded the creation of the international organization immediately, or as part of the post-war settlement structure. The UK government recognized the need for the creation of the League of Nations only as a part of the United States involving into the war and the strengthening of the British Empire. As a result of the League of Nations carried out signs of hybridity in a dangerous form.

Venous Thromboembolism Within Professional American Sport Leagues.

Science.gov (United States)

Bishop, Meghan; Astolfi, Matthew; Padegimas, Eric; DeLuca, Peter; Hammoud, Sommer

2017-12-01

Numerous reports have described players in professional American sports leagues who have been sidelined with a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or a pulmonary embolism (PE), but little is known about the clinical implications of these events in professional athletes. To conduct a retrospective review of injury reports from the National Hockey League (NHL), Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), and the National Football League (NFL) to take a closer look at the incidence of DVT/PE, current treatment approaches, and estimated time to return to play in professional athletes. Descriptive epidemiology study. An online search of all team injury and media reports of DVT/PE in NHL, MLB, NBA, and NFL players available for public record was conducted by use of Google, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus. Searches were conducted using the professional team name combined with blood clot , pulmonary embolism , and deep vein thrombosis . A total of 55 venous thromboembolism (VTE) events were identified from 1999 through 2016 (NHL, n = 22; MLB, n = 16; NFL, n = 12; NBA, n = 5). Nineteen athletes were reported to have an upper extremity DVT, 15 had a lower extremity DVT, 15 had a PE, and 6 had DVT with PE. Six athletes sustained more than 1 VTE. The mean age at time of VTE was 29.3 years (range, 19-42 years). Mean (±SD) time lost from play was 6.7 ± 4.9 months (range, 3 days to career end). Seven athletes did not return to play. Players with upper extremity DVT had a faster return to play (mean ± SD, 4.3 ± 2.7 months) than those with lower extremity DVT (5.9 ± 3.8 months), PE (10.8 ± 6.8 months), or DVT with PE (8.2 ± 2.6 months) ( F = 5.69, P = .002). No significant difference was found regarding time of return to play between sports. VTE in professional athletes led to an average of 6.7 months lost from play. The majority of athletes were able to return to play after a period of anticoagulation or surgery. Those with an upper extremity DVT returned to play

Emulsiones tipo crema preparadas a base de leche de soja 1: Estudios de estabilidad y determinación de las formulaciones

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Palazolo, Gonzalo G.

2005-03-01

Full Text Available The objective of the present work was to obtain stable emulsions prepared with soy milk, refined sunflower oil and milk fat. By Quick Scan measures, emulsions formulated with soy milk (5 and 10 %, variable proportion and composition of lipid phase and absence or presence of xhantan gum, more stable formulations were determined. Creaming was the main mechanism of destabilization of the emulsions. Those formulated with more concentrated soy milk, greater content of lipid phase and presence of xhantan gum were more stable. The stability increase of emulsions with a higher content of oil was attributed to the increase of viscosity instead of the droplet size. The content of milk fat in lipid phase had a low influence on droplet size but didn't show changes in droplet distribution and emulsion stability. Consistency increase due to stirring was favoured in emulsions of 40-50 % of lipid phase (30-50 % of milk fat.Se evaluó la obtención de cremas líquidas estables compuestas por leche de soja en polvo, aceite de girasol refinado y grasa láctea. Por medidas de estabilidad (QuickScan de emulsiones O/W con 5 % y 10 % de leche de soja, diferente cantidad y composición de fase lipídica y ausencia o presencia de goma xántica, se determinaron las formulaciones más estables. En las emulsiones inestables, el proceso predominante de desestabilización fue la separación gravitacional. Las emulsiones más estables fueron las preparadas con goma xántica, 10 % de leche de soja y mayor contenido de fase lipídica. El aumento de la estabilidad en las emulsiones con mayor contenido de aceite no se atribuyó al tamaño de gota sino a un aumento de la viscosidad. La variación del contenido de grasa láctea (a igual concentración de leche de soja y proporción de fase lipídica influyó levemente en el tamaño de gota pero no en su distribución ni en la estabilidad. De las emulsiones preparadas, sólo aquellas con un alto porcentaje de fase lipídica (40

Little League Baseball and Players' Self-Esteem.

Science.gov (United States)

Hawkins, Donna B.; Gruber, Joseph J.

1982-01-01

The effect of a season of little league baseball on the self-esteem of 94 pre-adolescent players was investigated. The Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory and a newly devised Baseball-Self scale were administered. Significant improvements in players' total Self-esteem, Home-Parents and School-Academic scores were found. (Author/PN)

Mechanical Properties of Sprinting in Elite Rugby Union and Rugby League.

Science.gov (United States)

Cross, Matt R; Brughelli, Matt; Brown, Scott R; Samozino, Pierre; Gill, Nicholas D; Cronin, John B; Morin, Jean-Benoît

2015-09-01

To compare mechanical properties of overground sprint running in elite rugby union and rugby league athletes. Thirty elite rugby code (15 rugby union and 15 rugby league) athletes participated in this cross-sectional analysis. Radar was used to measure maximal overground sprint performance over 20 or 30 m (forwards and backs, respectively). In addition to time at 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 m, velocity-time signals were analyzed to derive external horizontal force-velocity relationships with a recently validated method. From this relationship, the maximal theoretical velocity, external relative and absolute horizontal force, horizontal power, and optimal horizontal force for peak power production were determined. While differences in maximal velocity were unclear between codes, rugby union backs produced moderately faster split times, with the most substantial differences occurring at 2 and 5 m (ES 0.95 and 0.86, respectively). In addition, rugby union backs produced moderately larger relative horizontal force, optimal force, and peak power capabilities than rugby league backs (ES 0.73-0.77). Rugby union forwards had a higher absolute force (ES 0.77) despite having ~12% more body weight than rugby league forwards. In this elite sample, rugby union athletes typically displayed greater short-distance sprint performance, which may be linked to an ability to generate high levels of horizontal force and power. The acceleration characteristics presented in this study could be a result of the individual movement and positional demands of each code.

The Buddhist Institute at Phnom Penh, the International Council of Women, and the Rome International Institute for Educational Cinematography: Intersections of Internationalism and Imperialism, 1931-1934

Science.gov (United States)

Goodman, Joyce

2018-01-01

This article explores the intersection of aspects of imperialism and internationalism in discussion of cinematography at the League of Nations, at the International Council of Women (ICW), and as they played out in the imperial, national and local flows around educational cinematography in the work of Suzanne Karpelès at the Institute of Buddhist…

THE ECONOMICS OF “BIG FIVE” EUROPEAN FOOTBALL LEAGUES

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Teodor DIMA

2015-09-01

Full Text Available European football is a business with more and more attractive numbers for investors, shareholders or partners all over the planet. It has significantly changed especially over the last 20 years, following an intense procedure of acquisitions and marketing, a process that has brought important sums of money in this industry. This paper presents the overview of the “big five” European football leagues (England, Germany, Spain, Italy, France. The study is primarily focused on economics, but is also considering various social or cultural aspects (media, social media followers. The case-study on the five major leagues corroborates the theoretical underpinning. The paper investigates also the roots of financial regulation divergence in Europe and underlines the main issues regarding the UEFA financial fair-play rules.

Health and safety implications of injury in professional rugby league football.

Science.gov (United States)

Gissane, C; White, J; Kerr, K; Jennings, S; Jennings, D

2003-12-01

Professional sport is characterized by high injury rates but is also covered by health and safety legislation. To examine the incidence of injury in professional rugby league as defined by the Reporting of Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR 95). All injuries received during playing and training to both first-team and 'academy' (rugby league is much higher than reported in other high-risk occupations such as mining and quarrying. The large differences in injury rates between first and academy teams have implications for young players likely to progress to first-team status.

Revenue Sharing in Professional Sports Leagues : For the Sake of Competitive Balance or as a Result of Monopsony Power?

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Palomino, F.A.; Sakovics, J.

2000-01-01

We analyze the distribution of broadcasting revenues by sports leagues.In the context of an isolated league, we show that when the teams engage in competitive bidding to attract talent, the league's optimal choice is full revenue sharing (resulting in full competitive balance) even if the revenues

A new method for comparing rankings through complex networks: Model and analysis of competitiveness of major European soccer leagues

Science.gov (United States)

Criado, Regino; García, Esther; Pedroche, Francisco; Romance, Miguel

2013-12-01

In this paper, we show a new technique to analyze families of rankings. In particular, we focus on sports rankings and, more precisely, on soccer leagues. We consider that two teams compete when they change their relative positions in consecutive rankings. This allows to define a graph by linking teams that compete. We show how to use some structural properties of this competitivity graph to measure to what extend the teams in a league compete. These structural properties are the mean degree, the mean strength, and the clustering coefficient. We give a generalization of the Kendall's correlation coefficient to more than two rankings. We also show how to make a dynamic analysis of a league and how to compare different leagues. We apply this technique to analyze the four major European soccer leagues: Bundesliga, Italian Lega, Spanish Liga, and Premier League. We compare our results with the classical analysis of sport ranking based on measures of competitive balance.

Metabolic power demands of rugby league match play.

Science.gov (United States)

Kempton, Tom; Sirotic, Anita Claire; Rampinini, Ermanno; Coutts, Aaron James

2015-01-01

To describe the metabolic demands of rugby league match play for positional groups and compare match distances obtained from high-speed-running classifications with those derived from high metabolic power. Global positioning system (GPS) data were collected from 25 players from a team competing in the National Rugby League competition over 39 matches. Players were classified into positional groups (adjustables, outside backs, hit-up forwards, and wide-running forwards). The GPS devices provided instantaneous raw velocity data at 5 Hz, which were exported to a customized spreadsheet. The spreadsheet provided calculations for speed-based distances (eg, total distance; high-speed running, >14.4 km/h; and very-high-speed running, >18.1 km/h) and metabolic-power variables (eg, energy expenditure; average metabolic power; and high-power distance, >20 W/kg). The data show that speed-based distances and metabolic power varied between positional groups, although this was largely related to differences in time spent on field. The distance covered at high running speed was lower than that obtained from high-power thresholds for all positional groups; however, the difference between the 2 methods was greatest for hit-up forwards and adjustables. Positional differences existed for all metabolic parameters, although these are at least partially related to time spent on the field. Higher-speed running may underestimate the demands of match play when compared with high-power distance-although the degree of difference between the measures varied by position. The analysis of metabolic power may complement traditional speed-based classifications and improve our understanding of the demands of rugby league match play.

Características de la función inmune celular en pacientes con alergia o intolerancia a las proteínas de la leche de vaca : estudio comparativo

OpenAIRE

Samartín Sáenz, Sonia

2003-01-01

Con el fin de contribuir a un mejor conocimiento del mecanismos biológico de la alergia y de la intolerancia a las proteínas de la leche de vaca, se evaluó un grupo de niños con sospecha de alergia a la leche. Se determinaron en todos los niños los parámetros antropométricos, bioquímicos, hematológicos, así como los inmunológicos para evaluar la presencia de IgE y de un posible mecanismo Inmunológico mediado por células. Se llevaron también a cabo pruebas de provocación oral con la fórmula lá...

Brand Management Model in Sport Industry of Iran: Professional Football League Case

OpenAIRE

Vajihe Javani

2016-01-01

The study aims to examine brand management model in Iran's professional Football League (2011-2012) with emphasis on brand image. The study was descriptive-survey one. A sample of Iranian professional football league fans (N=911) responded 4 items questionnaire. A structural equation model (SEM) test with maximum likelihood estimation was performed to test the relationships among the research variables. The analyses of data showed three dimensions of brand image influenced on fan’s brand loya...

Impacto nutricio del consumo de una leche entera adicionada con vitaminas y minerales en niños Nutritional impact of a full strenght milk with added vitamins and minerals in children

OpenAIRE

Irene Maulen-Radovan; Sandra Villagómez; Esther Soler; Rolando Villicaña; Lizbeth Hernández-Ronquillo; Jorge L. Rosado

1999-01-01

OBJETIVO: Determinar el impacto nutricio del consumo de leche entera fortificada con vitaminas y minerales en niños. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se hizo un estudio prospectivo, longitudinal, en 227 niños de entre 8 a 60 meses de edad. Se ofreció a los menores 500 ml diarios de leche entera fortificada por 90 días. Se registró ingestión, aceptación, peso, talla, hemoglobina (Hb), hierro (Fe), vitamina B12 y folatos séricos. El análisis estadístico se realizó con medidas de tendencia central y dispersi...

Scottish Premier League Reading Stars Evaluation Report

Science.gov (United States)

National Literacy Trust, 2009

2009-01-01

Scottish Premier League (SPL) Reading Stars uses the motivational power of football to attract families who need support with literacy into a positive and friendly learning environment. It ran for the first time between March and August 2009 and attracted 225 children and 190 adults to take part in a series of inspirational learning sessions in 23…

CARACTERIZACIÓN EN LA CADENA INFORMAL DE LA LECHE CRUDA EN EL MUNICIPIO DE POPAYÁN

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RUTH MERCEDES MENESES

Full Text Available La leche cruda, por sus componentes nutricionales se puede considerar un alimento completo; sin embargo, su estado líquido y el manejo dado, puede convertir al producto en un sustrato ideal para el desarrollo de microorganismos y transmisión de enfermedades. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar algunas características de los actores que hacen parte de la cadena de leche cruda en el Municipio de Popayán, a partir de las cuales se comprobó el cumplimiento o no, de las recomendaciones técnicas establecidas por la normatividad vigente, para cada eslabón. Para llevar a cabo este proceso, se encuestó a cada uno de los actores de la cadena láctea en Popayán y municipios cercanos, para posteriormente proceder a su análisis. Se obtuvo información de 2.305 actores, de los cuales 2.014 fueron consumidores (hogares, 195 correspondieron a productores, 60 a procesadoras artesanales (9 de empresas legalmente constituidas y 51 sin registro mercantil y 36 fueron actores del eslabón de acopio y distribución (25 ruteros y 11 distribuidores. Los resultados relacionados con las normas técnicas, obtenidos en cada eslabón, permitieron determinar que el 100% de los actores, no cumplen todas las recomendaciones técnicas, por lo cual son considerados actores informales.

Analysis of corporate sponsorship among super league football ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

This study aims to address this issue by exploring the reasons for providing sponsorship to super league football teams in Botswana. Ten representatives from the companies identified as potential sponsors from the Broadhurst Industrial Area and Gaborone Commercial Park were interviewed. An analysis of the data ...

Principios generados a partir de la evolución del manejo en pastoreo para la producción de leche bovina en Cuba

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Milagros de la C Milera

Full Text Available El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la evolución de los resultados científicos más importantes durante los últimos 40 años de investigación, obtenidos en estudios sobre sistemas de manejo con pastos para la producción de leche bovina en Cuba. La recopilación realizada permitió generar un grupo de principios que rigen el manejo con gramíneas mejoradas, leguminosas volubles y árboles para ramoneo. Se analizaron los retos en la concepción de los sistemas para la producción de leche en Cuba, que constituyen el nuevo paradigma: la producción de alimento y de energía a partir de gramíneas mejoradas, en pastoreo o en asociación con árboles forrajeros, energéticos, maderables y otros, que cubran el 80 % de los requerimientos de los animales.

Alcoholic dogs and glory for all: the Anti-Saloon League and public relations, 1913.

Science.gov (United States)

Lamme, Margot Opdycke

2007-01-01

In 1913, the Anti-Saloon League of America declared its intention to pursue national prohibition. While it continued to adhere to its core principles of agitation, it expanded its communication efforts and entered a partnership with the Scientific Temperance Federation, a spin-off of the education arm of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. The League's tactics were not necessarily new to the temperance movement -- or even to other reform movements of the time. What did set it apart was its single-minded focus on stopping the liquor traffic. Tracing through archival artifacts the League's communication strategies and tactics during 1913, then, this study contributes to a larger body of work that seeks to expand on the traditional model of public relations history.

Temperance internationalism: Guy Hayler and the World Prohibition Federation.

Science.gov (United States)

Fahey, David M

2006-01-01

The World Prohibition Federation, organized in 1909, and the International Record, published from 1917 to 1968, sought to internationalize the temperance movement by collecting and disseminating anti-drink news from around the globe. The Federation was based in London, and most of its activities were English-speakers. A British reformer named Guy Hayler served as its honorary president for thirty years and edited the "International Record" until his death in 1943. The Federation emphasized that prohibitionists comprised a moral community, united regardless of race, religion, nationality, or politics. Poorly funded, the Federation had difficulty competing with the World League against Alcoholism after the Anti-Saloon League of America organized this rival propaganda society in 1919.

Residuos de insecticidas organoclorados presentes en leche cruda comercializada en el departamento de Córdoba, Colombia

OpenAIRE

Díaz Pongutá Basilio; Lans Ceballos Edineldo; Barrera Violeth José Luis

2012-01-01

En el estudio se determinaron residuos de plaguicidas organoclorados en leche cruda proveniente de hatos lecheros del departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. Durante el procedimiento de extracción se utilizó una columna de tierra de diatomeas y como sistema eluyente una mezcla de n-hexano-acetona- acetato de etilo (4:2:1), seguida de metanol al 5% en hexano. Para la determinación se usó un cromató- grafo de gases Perkin Elmer, Autosystem XL con detector captura de electrones, en modo de i...

MODELACIÓN DE CURVAS DE PRODUCCIÓN Y COMPOSICIÓN DE LA LECHE EN UN HATO DE CABRAS F1 ALPINA x NUBIA EN SAN LUIS POTOSÍ, MÉXICO

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Vielka Jeanethe Castañeda-Bustos

2009-11-01

Full Text Available La producción de leche de cabra constituye una fuente muy importante de ingresos para los productores en las regiones áridas y semiáridas de México. Sin embargo, hay información limitada en México sobre caracterización de las curvas de producción de la leche y sus componentes. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar las curvas de lactancia y sus componentes (sólidos totales, grasa, proteína en cabras F1 Alpina x Nubia del altiplano Potosino, utilizando tres modelos matemáticos. Se evaluaron los modelos monofásico, difásico y gamma incompleta, considerando como criterios de ajuste el cuadrado medio del error, pseudo R2, criterio de información de Akaike, criterio de información Bayesiano y -2 veces el logaritmo de la verosimilitud. Para la caracterización de la curva de producción de leche el modelo difásico fue el más consistente en todos los criterios de ajuste, por lo que resultó más útil que los modelos monofásico y gamma incompleta. Para las curvas de los componentes de la leche, el mejor ajuste correspondió al modelo gamma incompleto.

Evaluación del crecimiento y desarrollo de terneras Lucerna por el uso de cantidades reducidas de leche

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Manrique P. Luis Phanor

1990-12-01

Full Text Available Se comparó la eficiencia alimenticia, expresada en crecimiento y desarrollo corporal de dos planes de alimentación láctea en la crianza artificial de terneras en la Hacienda "Lucerna", Bugalagrande, Colombia. Se usaron 20 animales, en un diseño completamente al azar, divididos en dos grupos, los cuales se formaron en el tiempo. El grupo control recibió el plan tradicional Lucerna de 320 kg de leche en 110 días y el otro, el de 214 kg de leche durante 50 días. Los análisis de varianza del peso corporal, perímetro torácico y alzada de las terneras no encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre los tratamientos; pero éstas fueron altamente significativas cuando se estudiaron en el tiempo y en la interacción tratamientos por tiempo, lo cual supone que los planes alimenticios, en la época en que se suministraron, tendieron a presentar diferencias en las respuestas biológicas entre los dos grupos experimentales. Los resultados indicaron que con cantidades reducidas de leche es probable obtener crecimiento y desarrollo similar al que se obtiene con el plan tradicional.This work evaluated feed efficiency, expressed as growth and body development, comparing two milk feeding plans in the artificial nurturing of calves at the Hacienda "Lucerna", Bugalagrande, Colombia. Twenty animals were used in a completely randomized design and were assigned to two treatment groups, the control group which received the traditional Lucerna plan of 320 kg of milk in 110 days and the second group which received milk quantities of 214 kg in 50 days. Analysis of variance was used to determine differences in body weight, perimeter at the torax, and height. No statistical significant differences were found, but when time and time by treatment interactions were evaluated, the differences were highly significant, leads to suggest that the feeding plans tended to show differences in the biological response of the experimental groups in the particular period of time

FIRST LEGO League Kickoff

Science.gov (United States)

2007-01-01

Randall Hicks (right), Jacobs Technology's Education Services manager at NASA John C. Stennis Space Center, answers questions about the playing field for FIRST (For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology) LEGO League's 2007 Challenge, `Power Puzzle.' More than 140 teachers, mentors, parents and students from 15 schools attended the Sept. 15 FLL season kickoff at StenniSphere, the visitor center at SSC. The teams from southern and central Mississippi and Mobile, Ala., who came to SSC heard rules for and asked questions about `Power Puzzle,' and saw robot demonstrations by Gulfport and Picayune high schools' past FIRST Robotics competitions. Using LEGO Mindstorms NXT kits, FLL teams of children ages 9-14 will spend the next three months building and programming robots to perform 'Power Puzzle's' challenge tasks, then pit them in competitions. They also will submit a research project about how energy choices impact the environment and the economy. The season will culminate at the Mississippi Championship Tournament on Dec. 8 at the Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College. FLL, considered the `little league' of the FIRST Robotics Competition, partners FIRST and the LEGO Group. Competitions aim to inspire and celebrate science and technology using real-world context and hands-on experimentation. NASA recognizes FIRST activities as an excellent hands-on method to increase student knowledge of science, engineering, technology and mathematics. Schools represented in this year's kickoff were: Madison Avenue Upper Elementary, the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians' Conehatta Elementary, Hattiesburg's Lillie Burney Elementary, Pearl Upper Elementary, Long Beach Middle, Oktibehha Elementary, d'Iberville Middle, Saucier's West Wortham Middle, Picayune's Nicholson Elementary and Roseland Park Baptist Church Academy, Bay St. Louis' St. Stanislaus College and Mobile's Davidson High, as well as two home-school groups from the Jackson area.

Biomechanical predictors of ball velocity during punt kicking in elite rugby league kickers

OpenAIRE

Sinclair, Jonathan Kenneth; Taylor, Paul John; Atkins, Stephen; Hobbs, Sarah Jane

2016-01-01

Punt kicking is integral to the attacking and defensive elements of rugby league and the ability to kick the ball with high\\ud velocity is desirable. This study aimed to identify important technical aspects of kicking linked to the generation of ball\\ud velocity. Maximal punt kicks were obtained from six elite rugby league kickers using a 10-camera motion capture system.\\ud Three-dimensional kinematics of the lower extremities was obtained. Regression analysis with ball velocity as criterion\\...

How to use a sponsorship platform to support an international master brand strategy: The UniCredit UEFA champions league sponsorship

OpenAIRE

Penna Daniele; Guenzi Paolo

2014-01-01

Managers need a better understanding of critical success factors in sponsorship. An excellent example how a multinational company successfully approached this challenge is the case study of UniCredit. This European Bank is one of the sponsors of the UEFA Champions League with an exclusive running from July 2009 until June 2015. This sponsorship is an essential element within the group-wide marketing communication strategy of UniCredit. It is also a good example of how a multinational co...

Obtención de ácido cítrico a partir de suero de leche por fermentación con Aspergillus spp.

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Sánchez Toro Óscar Julián

2004-07-01

Full Text Available El suero de leche se ha constituido en el principal desecho de la industria láctea, a pesar de los constantes esfuerzos por aprovecharlo. El presente trabajo tuvo por objeto estudiar la obtención de ácido cítrico por fermentación sumergida con hongos del género Aspergillus, utilizando lactosuero en calidad de sustrato con miras a su aprovechamiento y a la reducción del impacto ambiental que causan los vertimientos de este subproducto en los cursos de agua. Se utilizaron las siguientes cepas: A. carbonarius NRRL 368, A. carbonarius NRRL 67 y A. niger NRRL 3. Fue seleccionado el mejor medio de adaptación para la propagación del inóculo. El diseño experimental planteado para evaluar la biosíntesis de ácido cítrico a partir de suero de leche modificado mediante diferentes tratamientos, dio como resultado que las dos cepas de A. carbonarius no presentaran diferencias significativas en la formación del ácido, mientras A. niger NRRL 3 alcanzó mayores concentraciones cuando se utilizó suero de leche desproteinizado, evaporado y con lactosa hidrolizada con f>-galactosidasa. A. carbonarius arrojó concentraciones promedio de ácido cítrico mayores que las encontradas para A. niger, lo que sugiere la necesidad de profundizar en su estudio como productor potencial. Se obtuvo la cinética de crecimiento celular, consumo de sustrato y formación del ácido en un biorreactor de tanque agitado con aireación de 3 L para el caso de A. niger, la cual fue simulada mediante modelos matemáticos no estructurados. Palabras clave: Aspergillus carbonarius, Aspergillus niger, biorreactor, simulación, p-galactosidasa.

Performance indicators analysis at Brazilian and Italian women's volleyball leagues according to game location, game outcome, and set number.

Science.gov (United States)

Campos, Fabio A D; Stanganélli, Luiz C R; Campos, Leandra C B; Pasquarelli, Bruno N; Gómez, Miguel-Angel

2014-04-01

This study was done to investigate the advantage of playing at home in elite women's volleyball leagues and the influence of performance indicators in the game score according to set number. The sample consisted of 240 games of the Brazilian Volleyball League (n = 132 games) and the Italian Volleyball League (n = 108 games) from the 2011-2012 season. The relationship of performance indicators (including serve, attack, block, and opponents' errors) with the game outcome (win or lose) was assessed. The results showed that there was a home advantage effect in women's volleyball leagues, with a higher prevalence of victory for the home teams in Brazilian and Italian leagues (58 and 56%, respectively). When related to the performance indicators and among the aspects that were most highly correlated with victory, the attack was the technical indicator that explained most of the results of volleyball games.

Programas de sincronización de celos para el manejo reproductivo de ganaderías de leche

OpenAIRE

Santos, Jose

2010-01-01

Existen muchos factores que pueden influenciar la reproduccion en ganaderías de leche, tales como el manejo, factores fisiológicos, la nutrición, genéticos, y la presentación de enfermedades, entre otros. Por esta razon la eficiencia reproductiva es de gran importancia en las ganaderías para ser exitosas y debe ser continua y adecuadamente evaluada en los programas reproductivos de salud de hato, con el fin de detectar los problemas y establecer las soluciones adecuadas. Los programas de repr...

LQAI_b3p2_Determinación de calcio en leche mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica

OpenAIRE

Cervera Sanz, Maria Luisa

2011-01-01

Determinación de calcio en leche mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica con llama, tras la desproteinización con ácido tricloroacético, y empleando lantano para eliminar la interferencia de los fosfatos y como tampón de ionización

RANKING THE SPECTATORS’ DIFFICULTIES IN PURCHASING ELECTRONIC TICKETS OF FOOTBALL PREMIER LEAGUE

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Ahmad Narimani

2017-04-01

Full Text Available This study aimed to rank the spectators’ difficulties in buying electronic tickets of football premier league matches at Azadi stadium. The population consisted of all spectators of Esteghlal-Persepolis match in the fifteenth league at Azadi stadium (N= 100000. According to Morgan table and using simple random sampling method, 500 participants were selected as sample. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for collecting the data; its face validity was confirmed by 15 experts and performing a pilot study on 30 subjects, its Cronbach’s alpha was calculated to be 0.86. Using SPSS 22, the descriptive and inferential (including Friedman test statistics was applied for analyzing the data. The findings showed that there was a significant difference between rankings of difficulties in buying electronic tickets of Football premier league matches at Azadi Stadium. The difficulties were ranked as: problem in ticket systems, early selling out of electronic tickets, lack of confidence to electronic ticket sale, lack of skill to work with the internet, low speed of internet, and lack of access to the internet

Liga de Dor: uma experiência de ensino extracurricular League Against Pain: an undergraduate extracurricular program

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Cibele Andrucioli de Mattos Pimenta

1998-10-01

Full Text Available Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever um programa extracurricular de educação em dor, organizado na forma de Liga, e identificar a opinião dos alunos sobre esse modelo de ensino. O Estatuto e o Regimento Interno da Liga de Dor foram as fontes e dados para a descrição da sua organização e funcionamento. Todos os alunos que frequentaram a Liga de Dor nos anos de 1995 e 1996 foram solicitados a responder um questionário sobre suas experiências na Liga. A Liga de Dor foi organizada sob o patrocínio do Centro Acadêmico Osvaldo Cruz, da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, e Centro Acadêmico XXXI de Outubro, da Escola de Enfermagem da USP, em 1995. É composta por alunos dessas duas faculdades e profissionais enfermeiros e médicos, de várias especialidades. Todas as atividades são voluntárias, desenvolvidas em período extracurricular e os estudantes dirigem a Liga. Os objetivos da Liga são: melhorar a qualidade do ensino sobre dor nas escolas médica e de enfermagem, desenvolver pesquisas relativas à epidemiologia, clínica e controle da dor e promover modelo de assistência multidisciplinar e multiprofissional. A maioria dos alunos expressou ter alcançado seus objetivos, total ou parcialmente; ter aumentado seu conhecimento sobre as síndromes álgicas e sobre o manejo do doente com dor; sentir-se gratificado com sua atividade; que o tema dor deveria ser incluído no currículo de modo mais específico e que recomendaria a outros colegas a participação na Liga de Dor. As opiniões dos estudantes mostraram que a Liga de Dor pode ser um modelo útil para a introdução do ensino da dor nos cursos de graduação e enfermagem e de medicina.Although anatomical and physiological base of pain are subject of the basic sciences in health undergraduate curriculum, it is not usually to have pain, concepts and therapy into undergraduate programs. Describing the League Against Pain objectives and organization and the students' opinions about

Factors That Influence Running Intensity in Interchange Players in Professional Rugby League.

Science.gov (United States)

Delaney, Jace A; Thornton, Heidi R; Duthie, Grant M; Dascombe, Ben J

2016-11-01

Rugby league coaches adopt replacement strategies for their interchange players to maximize running intensity; however, it is important to understand the factors that may influence match performance. To assess the independent factors affecting running intensity sustained by interchange players during professional rugby league. Global positioning system (GPS) data were collected from all interchanged players (starters and nonstarters) in a professional rugby league squad across 24 matches of a National Rugby League season. A multilevel mixed-model approach was employed to establish the effect of various technical (attacking and defensive involvements), temporal (bout duration, time in possession, etc), and situational (season phase, recovery cycle, etc) factors on the relative distance covered and average metabolic power (P met ) during competition. Significant effects were standardized using correlation coefficients, and the likelihood of the effect was described using magnitude-based inferences. Superior intermittent running ability resulted in very likely large increases in both relative distance and P met . As the length of a bout increased, both measures of running intensity exhibited a small decrease. There were at least likely small increases in running intensity for matches played after short recovery cycles and against strong opposition. During a bout, the number of collision-based involvements increased running intensity, whereas time in possession and ball time out of play decreased demands. These data demonstrate a complex interaction of individual- and match-based factors that require consideration when developing interchange strategies, and the manipulation of training loads during shorter recovery periods and against stronger opponents may be beneficial.

The Incidence of Concussion in a Professional Australian Rugby League Team, 1998–2012

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Jason Savage

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Background. Rugby league is a physically demanding team sport and the National Rugby League is the highest-level competition of rugby league in Australia. Frequent tackles and collisions between players result in a high incidence of injury to players. Concussion injuries have been the source of much debate, with reporting varying greatly depending on the definition used. Method. Injury records of 239 players from one professional National Rugby League were analysed during a continuous period of 15 years, with particular interest in the incidence and recurrence of concussions and the change in incidence over time. Result. A total of 191 concussions were recorded, affecting 90 players. The incidence of concussion injuries was found to be 28.33 per 1000 player match hours, with an increase over time (P=0.0217. Multiple concussions were recorded for 51 players. Conclusion. A statistically significant increase in the incidence of concussion injuries was found, without a concurrent increase in the number of head injuries or total injuries. New rules which mandate removal of players from the field may be beneficial for protection of players on the long term, although they risk being counterproductive, if they make players less likely to report their symptoms during matches.

The Little League and the Imperatives of Interdependence.

Science.gov (United States)

Cleveland, Harlan

The adult leaders of the Little League baseball organization announced that their "world series" would be limited to American teams. This raises a question about the capacity of Americans to adjust to a world in which power is diffused and centers of decision are plural. First one must consider whether the leaders of public higher…

Features of technical and tactical actions of the team "Metalist" in the games of the League of Europe

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Vladimir Perevoznik

2018-02-01

Full Text Available Purpose: to analyze the technical and tactical actions (single combats, selection, interceptions of the "Metalist" in the games of the Europa League in 2011–2012. Material & Methods: study was carried out using the method of expert assessments. Analyzed 7 games of the League of Europe. Results: average indicators of technical and tactical actions (single combats, selection, interceptions of the "Metalist" team in the games of the Europa League in 2011–2012 have been analyzed, the average indicators for the 1st and 2nd half and for the game as a whole have been determined. The rejection coefficient is calculated. Conclusion: quantitative and qualitative indicators of technical and tactical actions (single combat, selection, interception of the "Metalist" in the games of the Europa League.

Brote de intoxicación alimentaria asociado al consumo de leche ultrapasteurizada en la República del Paraguay Foodborne outbreak associated with consumption of ultrapasteurized milk in the Republic of Paraguay

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Natalie Weiler

2011-03-01

Full Text Available Durante marzo de 2007 ocurrió un brote epidémico asociado al consumo de leche ultrapasteurizada que afectó a las ciudades de San Lorenzo, Ciudad del Este y Asunción, de la República del Paraguay. Las personas afectadas fueron 400, de las cuales 60 requirieron hospitalización. Se aisló S. aureus subespecie aureus de 5 pacientes, 3 operarios y 3 muestras de leche. Todas las cepas fueron productoras de enterotoxinas. Las aislamientos de 3 pacientes, de un operario y de las muestras de leche portaron los genes que codifican las enterotoxinas C (sec y D (sed, y presentaron un patrón único de macrorrestricción (SmaI-PFGE. Se identificó a la leche como fuente de intoxicación y a un operario de la línea de producción como origen de la contaminación. Este es el primer brote de ETA denunciado en Paraguay en el cual se pudo aislar, caracterizar y subtipificar el agente etiológico en la planta de elaboración, en el alimento y en las personas afectadas.During March 2007 there was an epidemic outbreak associated with the consumption of ultrapasteurized milk. Four hundred people were affected and 60 required hospitalization. S. aureus subspecies aureus was isolated from 5 patients, 3 operators and 3 milk samples. All strains produced enterotoxins. Strains isolated from 3 patients, one operator and all the milk samples carried the genes encoding enterotoxins C (sec and D (sed, and showed an indistinguishable macrorestriction pattern (SmaI-PFGE. Milk was identified as the source of intoxication and a production line operator as the source of contamination. This is the first foodborne outbreak reported in Paraguay whose agent was isolated, characterized and subtypified in the production plant, the food and the affected people.

The expected value of possession in professional rugby league match-play.

Science.gov (United States)

Kempton, Thomas; Kennedy, Nicholas; Coutts, Aaron J

2016-01-01

This study estimated the expected point value for starting possessions in different field locations during rugby league match-play and calculated the mean expected points for each subsequent play during the possession. It also examined the origin of tries scored according to the method of gaining possession. Play-by-play data were taken from all 768 regular-season National Rugby League (NRL) matches during 2010-2013. A probabilistic model estimated the expected point outcome based on the net difference in points scored by a team in possession in a given situation. An iterative method was used to approximate the value of each situation based on actual scoring outcomes. Possessions commencing close to the opposition's goal-line had the highest expected point equity, which decreased as the location of the possession moved towards the team's own goal-line. Possessions following an opposition error, penalty or goal-line dropout had the highest likelihood of a try being scored on the set subsequent to their occurrence. In contrast, possessions that follow an opposition completed set or a restart were least likely to result in a try. The expected point values framework from our model has applications for informing playing strategy and assessing individual and team performance in professional rugby league.

Retrospective analysis of anthropometric and fitness characteristics associated with long-term career progression in Rugby League.

Science.gov (United States)

Till, Kevin; Cobley, Steve; O'Hara, John; Morley, David; Chapman, Chris; Cooke, Carlton

2015-05-01

The current study retrospectively investigated the differences in anthropometric and fitness characteristics of junior rugby league players selected onto a talent identification and development (TID) programme between long-term career progression levels (i.e., amateur, academy, professional). Retrospective design. Former junior rugby league players (N=580) selected to a TID programme were grouped according to their career progression level. Anthropometric (height, sitting height, body mass and sum of four skinfolds), maturational and fitness (power, speed, change of direction speed and estimated V̇O2max) assessments were conducted at 13-15 years. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) analyzed differences between career progression levels controlling for chronological age. 57.1% and 12.1% of players selected to the TID programme progressed to academy and professional levels in rugby league, respectively. Sum of four skinfolds (η(2)=0.03), vertical jump (η(2)=0.02), 10 m (η(2)=0.02), 20 m (η(2)=0.02), 30 m (η(2)=0.02), and 60 m (η(2)=0.03) speed, agility 505 left (η(2)=0.06), agility 505 right (η(2)=0.05) and estimated V̇O2max (η(2)=0.03) were superior within junior players who progressed to professional compared to amateur levels. No significant differences were identified between future academy and professional players for any measure. Findings suggest that lower sum of four skinfolds and advanced fitness characteristics within junior (13-15 years) rugby league players may partially contribute to long-term career progression. Therefore, TID programmes within rugby league should aim to assess and develop body composition and fitness characteristics, especially change of direction speed. However, TID programmes should also consider technical, tactical and psycho-social characteristics of junior rugby league players that may be important for long-term career progression. Copyright © 2014 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All

Harold and Kumar Go to the Ivy League

Science.gov (United States)

Oppenheimer, Mark

2008-01-01

For having achieved a mild cult status after doing the movie "Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle," lead actors John Cho and Kal Penn deserve their fame, their million-dollar paychecks, and their groupies. Do they deserve Ivy League teaching jobs? This spring Penn (whose real name is Kalpen Modi) taught a large lecture class, "Images of Asian…

Temporal dynamics of milk composition of the precocial caviomorph Octodon degus (Rodentia: Octodontidae Dinámica temporal de la composición de la leche del caviomorfo precocial Octodon degus (Rodentia: Octodentidae

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CLAUDIO VELOSO

2005-06-01

Full Text Available During lactation, both the nutritional and energetic requirements of suckling change gradually. These changes normally are accompanied by modifications in chemical composition of the milk. We investigated the temporal course of milk composition during lactation in a precocial caviomorph rodent, the "degu" (Octodon degus under laboratory condition. Female degus were kept in laboratory during gestation and lactation and fed with commercial food pellets. Milk was collected at three stages of lactation: early (days 5-8, n = 12, middle (days 15-21, n = 7 and late (days 26-40, n = 6, and analyzed for protein, carbohydrates, lipids, ash, total solids and energy. On average, carbohydrates decreased from 3.1 ± 0.3 % (early to 1.1 ± 0.3 % (late during lactation; lipids, protein, ash, total solids and energy remained about the same. Lipids, the main component of the milk, were 17.3 % and protein remained near 4.4 %. Over lactation, total energy concentration of milk remained near 4.0 kJ mL-1. The maintenance of milk composition during lactation may be related to the initially high energetic and nutritional requirements associated with a precocial reproductive modeDurante la lactancia, tanto los requerimientos energéticos como nutricionales de las crías cambian gradualmente. Estos cambios normalmente van acompañados por modificaciones en la composición química de la leche. Se investigaron los cambios temporales de la composición de la leche durante la lactancia en el roedor caviomorfo precocial "degu" (Octodon degus bajo condiciones de laboratorio. Las hembras de degu fueron mantenidas en el laboratorio durante preñez y lactancia, y fueron alimentadas con alimento comercial de conejo. La leche fue colectada en tres estados de lactancia: temprana (días 5-8, n = 12, media (días 15-21, n = 7 y tardía (días 26-40, n = 6, y analizadas para proteínas, hidratos de carbono, lípidos, ceniza, sólidos totales y energía. En promedio, los hidratos de

Los isómeros cis-9, trans-11 y trans-10, cis-12 de ácido linoleico conjugado y su relación con producción de leche de vacas Holstein-Friesian. Revisión

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Rufino López Ordaz

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Los objetivos de la presente revisión fueron estudiar los mecanismos de la adición de cis-9, trans-11 y trans-10, cis- 12 del ácido linoleico conjugado (ALC en la dieta y su relación con producción de leche. Ambos isómeros se forman por la isomerización del ALC por la bacteria ruminal Butyrivibrio fribisolvens. También pueden ser producidos por desaturación del ácido vaccénico (18:1, trans-11 en el intestino delgado o el hígado de la vaca lechera. En humanos, el consumo de ambos se relaciona con funciones antiaterogénicas hipocolesterolemia, estimulantes del sistema inmune, protector contra ciertos tipos de cáncer, antioxidante y reductor del peso corporal. Por el contrario, en la vaca la adición de los isómeros incrementa el volumen de leche y reduce su contenido de grasa. El incremento en volumen se atribuye al cis-9, trans-11; mientras que la reducción de grasa se atribuye al tras-10, cis-12. La partición de la energía reduce el periodo del balance negativo de energía (BNE postparto. Este hecho se asocia con un mejoramiento de la eficiencia reproductiva y la salud de la vaca. La reducción de la grasa de leche por los isómeros o por las dietas que inducen reducción de grasa de leche se explica por la presencia de inhibidores de la síntesis de grasas. En conclusión, la adición de los isómeros a las dietas de vacas lecheras no influye en el consumo de materia seca, los cambios de peso y la producción de proteína. Por el contrario, la inclusión en la dieta de ambos isómeros incrementa el volumen de leche y se reduce su contenido de grasa.

The “League of Militant Atheists” (1925-1947 in the struggle against religion

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Nicolae Fuştei

2013-12-01

Full Text Available The League of Militant Atheists (previously - Union of the Godless; Society of Friends of the Newspaper "The God- less" was an atheistic and antireligious organization of workers and intelligentsia that developed in USSR under the influence of the ideological and cultural views and policies of the Communist Party in 1925-1947. It consisted of Party members, members of the Komsomol youth movement, workers and army veterans. The proposed study is dedicated to the research of the origins, formation and activities of the League of Militant Atheists in the USSR and Moldavian ASSR.

Success of nonoperative management of adductor longus tendon ruptures in National Football League athletes.

Science.gov (United States)

Schlegel, Theodore F; Bushnell, Brandon D; Godfrey, Jenna; Boublik, Martin

2009-07-01

Acute complete ruptures of the proximal adductor longus tendon are rare but challenging injuries to treat. The limited literature supports operative treatment, but data from management of chronic groin pain in athletes indicate that anatomical attachment of the tendon to the pubis may not be required for high-level function. Nonoperative management of complete adductor rupture can provide equal results to surgical repair in terms of return to play in the National Football League. Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Using the National Football League Injury Surveillance System, adductor tendon ruptures documented by magnetic resonance imaging were identified in 19 National Football League players from 1992 to 2004. The team physician for each respective player completed a survey with information about history, physical examination, magnetic resonance imaging findings, treatment, and outcomes. Statistics were analyzed with a Student unpaired t test. Fourteen players were treated nonoperatively, and 5 players were treated with surgical repair using suture anchors. In both groups, all players eventually returned to play in the National Football League. Mean time for return to play was 6.1 +/- 3.1 weeks (range, 3-12 weeks) for the nonoperative group and 12.0 +/- 2.5 weeks (range, 10-16 weeks) for the operative group (P = .001). One player in the operative group suffered the complication of a draining wound and heterotopic ossification. Players represented a variety of positions, and 12 of 19 (63%) had experienced prior symptoms or events. Nonoperative treatment of proximal adductor tendon rupture results in a statistically significantly faster return to play than does operative treatment in athletes competing in the National Football League and avoids the risks associated with surgery while providing an equal likelihood of return to play at the professional level.

Dental caries in Arab League countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Science.gov (United States)

Khan, Soban Qadir

2014-08-01

The aim of this review was to determine prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in the 2-20-year-old population of the Arab league. A literature search was performed on Pubmed, Summon and Google Scholar using the key words 'Dental caries', 'dmft' and 'DMFT'. A total of 293 articles were found, of which 35 passed our inclusion criteria and were included in analysis. Tables were made separately for primary and permanent teeth; the age group for primary teeth was 2-12 years and for permanent teeth 6-20 years. A meta-analysis was run by using data extracted from the studies included. Heterogeneity was tested by forest plot and chi-square test, and considerable heterogeneity was found. Mean decayed, missing and filled teeth (dmft) was 4.341 (95% CI 3.714, 4.969) and in permanent teeth (DMFT) was 2.469 (95% CI 2.019, 2.919) from a random effect model. Publication bias diagnostics suggested missing of four studies of primary teeth caries data and eight studies of permanent teeth caries data to obtain symmetry in the funnel plot. The incidence of caries in primary teeth was found to be high compared with caries in permanent teeth in the Arab League. This study does not provide a comprehensive picture of caries prevalence in the Arab League because in many of these countries only a few studies were performed. Therefore, these data cannot provide a complete picture of the prevalence of caries in those countries. Additional studies are needed to better evaluate the prevalence of caries in children and young adults in Arab League countries. © 2014 FDI World Dental Federation.

Influencia de la reproducción y calidad de la leche en la rentabilidad de las explotaciones lecheras

OpenAIRE

Rodrigues, A.M.

2013-01-01

Este trabajo pretende presentar algunas ideas que pueden ayudar a mejorar la rentabilidad de las explotaciones lecheras. Entre los factores que determinan la rentabilidad de las explotaciones lecheras se destacan parámetros reproductivos ideales como el intervalo entre partos (365 días), el número de inseminaciones por inseminación artificial fecundante (1,5 a 1,7), la edad de las novillas al primero parto (22 a 24 meses) y la calidad de la leche producida. La existencia de vacas con mastitis...

Composición de leche de vacas Criollo, Guzerat y sus cruzas F1 y su relación con el peso al destete de las crías

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Guillermo Martínez Velázquez

2010-01-01

Full Text Available Se utilizaron 619 registros productivos generados entre 2001 y 2003 por vacas Guzerat (G, Criollo (C, Guzerat x Criollo (GC y Criollo x Guzerat (CG. Las variables estudiadas fueron porcentaje de grasa (%G, proteína (%P, lactosa (%L y sólidos no grasos (%SNG contenidos en la leche y kilogramos de grasa (GP, proteína (PP, lactosa (LP y sólidos no grasos (SNGP producidos por lactancia. También se evaluaron peso al nacer (PN y peso al destete ajustado a 210 días de edad (PA210 y se estimaron efectos genéticos directos, maternos, de heterosis y la relación entre componentes de la leche y PA210. Para %G, %P, %L, %SNG, GP, PP, LP y SNGP los modelos incluyeron los efectos fijos de grupo genético de la vaca (GEN, número de parto (NP, año de parto (A, época de parto (E, días posparto (D e interacciones de dos factores (F. Para PN y PA210 los modelos incluyeron GEN, NP, A, E y F. Se estimaron correlaciones residuales entre componentes de la leche y PA210. Heterosis fue importante (P<0.05 para GP (5.07+1.9 kg, PP (4.97+1.5 kg, LP (7.04+2.1 kg, SNGP (13.48+3.8 kg, PN (-1.30+0.6 kg y PA210 (12.65+4.2 kg. Los efectos genéticos directos para LP, SNGP, PN y PA210 fueron favorables (P<0.05 a G en 11.08+3.7, 16.98+6.6, 3.80+1.1 y 37.60+7.6 kg. Se detectaron correlaciones importantes (P<0.05 de PA210 con GP (0.16, LP (0.21 y SNGP (0.19. Las correlaciones sugieren que la cantidad de componentes en la leche fue importante para determinar el peso al destete de los becerros.

Diseño, desarrollo y realización de una leche fermentada sin lactosa. Definición de producto, análisis de mercado, estudio de alternativas, test de producto y diseño de producto final

OpenAIRE

Baztarrika Olaskoaga, Leire

2012-01-01

En el presente proyecto se ha llevado a cabo el diseño, desarrollo y realización de una leche fermentada sin lactosa. Para ello, el primer paso ha sido realizar un estudio de la intolerancia a la lactosa, los procesos de deslactosado existentes actualmente y un análisis de mercado. Posteriormente, se han estudiado diferentes alternativas de producción de leches fermentadas sin lactosa y se han comparado los procesos de fabricación de: un yogur con lactosa a partir de la ferm...

Osmolaridad de bebidas lácteas, leches y fórmulas infantiles Osmo osmolarity larity of lactic bever beverages ages ages, milks and inf infant ant formulas

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Iván Darío Flórez Gómez

2004-02-01

Full Text Available Introducción : la osmolaridad elevada de los líquidos que se administran a los niños con diarrea puede en algunos casos aumentar el volumen de ésta. Con frecuencia se recomienda utilizar productos de leche fermentada para la alimentación de los niños durante la enfermedad diarreica. Sin embargo, estos productos pueden tener alta osmolaridad. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la osmolaridad de algunos de estos productos así como de fórmulas lácteas y leches. Materiales y métodos : se determinó la osmolaridad de algunos kumis, yogures, fórmulas infantiles y preparaciones basadas en leche pasterizada. Resultados: la osmolaridad promedio de 9 muestras de yogures industriales con frutas y azúcar fue 741 mOsm/L (DE 97.5; la de 8 muestras de yogures “dietéticos”, 391 mOsm/L (DE 26.4; la de 4 muestras de kumis con azúcar, 658 mOsm/L (DE 69.9; la de 3 muestras de leches “deslactosadas”, 352 mOsm/L (DE 62.6; y la de 4 muestras de leches pasteurizadas, 262 mOsm/L (DE 6.3. Discusión: en Colombia no ha existido una cultura de utilización de bebidas lácteas fermentadas de preparación casera. Se dispone de yogures y kumis comerciales azucarados, con frutas, cuyo costo es relativamente elevado y que tienen alta osmolaridad. Es pertinente analizar si sus efectos benéficos superan a los dañinos. Introduction: high osmolarity of the fluids administered during diarrhea can, in some cases, increase its volume. The use of fermented milk products for feeding children during diarrheal illness is frequently recommended. The objective of this study was to determine the osmolarity of some of these products, infant formulas and milks. Materials and methods : the osmolarity of some kumis, yogurts, infantile formulas and milk, was determined. Results: average osmolarity of 9 samples of industrial yogurts with fruits and sugar was 741 mOsm/L (SD 97.5; of 8 samples of light yogurts, 391 mOsm/L (SD 26.4; of 4 kumis samples with sugar

South Africa: ANC Youth League President found guilty of hate speech.

Science.gov (United States)

Sinclair, Kelly

2010-06-01

On 15 March 2010, the Johannesburg Equality Court found African National Congress (ANC) Youth League President Julius Malema guilty of hate speech and harassment for his comments regarding rape survivors.

Plan de manejo sostenible de tierra para la producción de leche en la UBPC Aguadita, Cienfuegos, Cuba

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Eligia de la C Cuellar

Full Text Available Se realizó un estudio en la UBPC Aguadita, del municipio Rodas _provincia Cienfuegos, Cuba_, con el objetivo de elaborar un plan de manejo sostenible del suelo para incrementar la producción de leche. Se utilizó la guía contenida en el manual de procedimientos para la implementación del manejo sostenible de tierra. Los pasos de la guía permitieron concebir una investigación no experimental, de tipo correlacional/múltiple, en la que se utilizaron métodos teóricos y prácticos con sus correspondientes técnicas (entrevistas, encuestas, revisión documental, observación directa; y se realizaron mediciones en el lugar, con la aplicación de diez herramientas metodológicas. Se demostró que la baja producción de leche en la UBPC es causada fundamentalmente por la degradación de los suelos, la mala calidad de los pastos y la deficiente gestión del conocimiento, lo que coincide con la principal barrera para la aplicación del manejo sostenible de tierra. A partir de estos resultados se elaboró el plan de manejo sostenible, como herramienta que contribuye a desarrollar acciones que mitiguen el impacto negativo de la degradación de suelos en el rendimiento lechero de la unidad.

Evaluating injury risk in first and second league professional Portuguese soccer: muscular strength and asymmetry

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Carvalho Alberto

2016-06-01

Full Text Available Strength imbalances between the hamstrings and quadriceps are an essential predictor for hamstring strain in soccer. The study aimed to investigate and compare the muscle strength imbalances of professional soccer players of different performance levels. One hundred and fifty nine senior male professional soccer players from first (n = 75 and second league (n = 84 Portuguese clubs participated in this study. Muscle strength was evaluated with a REV9000 isokinetic dynamometer. Maximal peak torque data were used to calculate quadriceps and hamstrings strength during concentric and eccentric actions, bilateral asymmetry, conventional strength ratios and dynamic control ratios. Second league athletes produced slightly lower conventional strength ratios in the right and left legs (ES = 0.22, p = 0.17 and ES = 0.36, p = 0.023, respectively compared to the first league athletes. No significant differences were found in dynamic control ratios or in bilateral asymmetry among first and second league athletes. These findings do not show a clear link between the competitive level and injury risk in soccer players. However, some of the differences found, particularly in conventional strength ratios, highlight the importance of performing off-season and pre-season strength assessments to prescribe and adjust individual strength training programs among professional soccer players.

Residuos de insecticidas organoclorados presentes en leche cruda comercializada en el departamento de Córdoba, Colombia

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2012-01-01

Full Text Available En el estudio se determinaron residuos de plaguicidas organoclorados en leche cruda proveniente de hatos lecheros del departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. Durante el procedimiento de extracción se utilizó una columna de tierra de diatomeas y como sistema eluyente una mezcla de n-hexano-acetonaacetato de etilo (4:2:1, seguida de metanol al 5% en hexano. Para la determinación se usó un cromatógrafo de gases Perkin Elmer, Autosystem XL con detector captura de electrones, en modo de inyección ‘splitless', una columna capilar Rtx-5 30 m, 0.25 mm di y 0.25 µm de espesor de película. El porcentaje de recuperación para los plaguicidas determinados se encontró entre 88.5 y 96%, los límites de detección se definieron entre 0.01 y 0.04 ng/g con desviaciones estándar < 6%. En las 63 muestras analizadas se determinaron p,p´-DDT, a-HCH, d-HCH, aldrín, dieldrín, endrín, heptacloro, heptacloro epóxido y g-clordano, estableciendo concentraciones entre 27.1 y 469.6 ng/g. Las frecuencias de aparición oscilaron entre 1.6 y 65.1% para heptacloro y p,p´-DDT, respectivamente. La población adulta mayor que habita en las subregiones Sinú Medio, San Jorge y Sabanas se encuentra expuesta a riesgo alto en la salud, asociado con la concentración de a-HCH, aldrín y dieldrín en leche cruda.

CALIDAD COMPOSICIONAL E HIGIÉNICA DE LA LECHE CRUDA RECIBIDA EN INDUSTRIAS LÁCTEAS DE SUCRE, COLOMBIA

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MARÍA MARCELA MARTÍNEZ M

2013-12-01

Full Text Available Se evaluó la calidad composicional e higiénica de la leche cruda recibida en industrias lecheras de Sucre. 179 muestras fueron evaluadas, en época de verano e invierno de 2008, mediante la determinación de densidad, acidez, alcoholimetría, porcentaje de grasa, proteína y sólidos totales, recuento de aerobios mesófilos, coliformes, coliformes fecales, Staphylococcusaureus y detección de Salmonellaspp. Los datos fueron procesados en SPSSS 15,0 con nivel de confianza del 95%. Se encontróalta acidez y alcoholimetría siendo mayor en verano. Sin embargo, el contenido de grasa, proteínas y sólidos totales indican una calidad composicional estándar, según lo establecido en el Decreto 616/2006. La calidad higiénica fue deficiente, mostrando altos recuentos de aerobios mesófilos, coliformes,coliformes fecales y S.aureus. Se estableció que existen diferencias significativas en los recuentos microbiológicos obtenidos en verano e invierno, siendo éstos mayores en verano. Así mismo,hubo presencia de Salmonellaspp. en 4,4 y 1,8% de las muestras en verano e invierno, respectivamente. Se concluyó que existe una deficiente calidad higiénica de la leche relacionada con las condiciones inapropiadas de manipulación a través de la cadena productiva. Sin embargo, su calidad composicional resultó ser estándar gracias a los porcentajes de grasa, sólidos totales y proteína.

75 FR 62839 - Award of a Single-Source Expansion Supplement to the Child Welfare League of America

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-13

...-Source Expansion Supplement to the Child Welfare League of America AGENCY: ACF, ACYF, HHS. ACTION: Notice... expansion supplement to the Child Welfare League of America, Arlington, VA, to support the provision of... report period data to ACF by May 15, 2011. The supplemental funding will allow the NRC-CWDT to meet the...

Alergia a proteína de leche de vaca en el menor de un año

OpenAIRE

Miquel E, Isabel; Arancibia S, M. Eugenia

2012-01-01

Se define alergia alimentaria como una reacción adversa que se produce frente a la exposición de un alimento, mediada por una respuesta inmune específica y reproducible¹. La alergia alimentaria puede ser mediada por anticuerpos de tipo IgE, por mecanismos mixtos o no mediada por IgE. Durante el primer año de vida la alergia a la proteina de leche de vaca (APLV) es la forma más frecuente de presentación de la alergia alimentaria². Esta revisión pretende entregar una propuesta al enfrentamiento...

Cultural Dimension of International Relations During Interwar Period: International Institute for Intellectual Cooperation and the Scientific Study of International Relations

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Anişoara Popa

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Our understanding of the past is highly influenced/leaded by the “lens” (readings, ideologies, etc. that have guided us through approaching realities of a specific period of time. In this article, we will discuss the cultural dimension of international relations characteristic for the interwar period , emphasizing , while tracing back on Romanian historiography, the aspects regarding the role that the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation had in organizing the scientifically study of IR and the specific participation of Romania within this League of Nations‘ body activity.

Evaluación físico - químico del dulce de leche saborizado en barra a diferentes temperaturas de conservación Empresa de Productos Lácteos Bayamo

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Adriana Lucia Rodríguez Rodríguez

2015-09-01

Full Text Available La investigación se desarrolló con el propósito de diagnosticar las causas de afectaciones microbiológicas en el dulce de leche saborizado en barra antes de los 7 días de garantía, conservado a temperatura ambiente en los puntos de venta, deteriorando los parámetros de calidad del producto, por lo que se procedió a la realización de un diagnóstico en estos puntos donde se comercializa el surtido, relacionando los factores temperatura – humedad, así como entrevistas realizadas a clientes y trabajadores que allí laboran. En la industria también se realizó un diagnóstico que incluyó desde el estudio minucioso y análisis físicos-químicos, organolépticos y microbiológicos de todas las materias primas y materiales que se utilizan en la elaboración del dulce de leche, hasta el control de calidad del producto terminado expuesto a diferentes valores de temperatura y humedad relativa, con observación diaria de la muestras en vida estate y análisis realizados en intervalos de 7 días, determinando que la exposición del producto a temperatura ambiente propicia el desarrollo microbiano y que el menor valor de temperatura estudiado 18 0C, garantiza una durabilidad en el dulce de leche saborizado en barra de 30 días.

Evaluación del comportamiento de un sistema de refrigeración de leche alimentado con energía solar fotovoltaica en distintas condiciones climáticas y optimización de su diseño y modo de funcionamiento

OpenAIRE

Eguaras Martínez, José Javier

2012-01-01

Este trabajo consiste en realizar un seguimiento del funcionamiento continuado del sistema autónomo de refrigeración y conservación de leche alimentado de forma directa por energía solar fotovoltaica en el emplazamiento en el que se encuentra con el fin de examinar su comportamiento e introducir mejoras en su caso. El interés de este proyecto radica en comprobar que se puedan emplear fuentes de energía renovables para alimentar sistemas que permitan mantener leche en condiciones adecuadas ...

The Countryside is Dry Firewood Ready to Burn. The Colombian Marxist-Leninist League, 1971-1982

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Frank Molano Camargo

2017-07-01

Full Text Available The article provides a history of the Marxist-Leninist League of Colombia, a Maoist organization active during the 1970s and strongly linked to the struggle for land in different regions of the country, as part of the National Association of Peasant Smallholders (Asociación Nacional de Usuarios Campesinos–anuc. By discussing the readings that blame Maoism for the crisis of anuc in the mid-1970s and highlighting the contribution of the League to the formation of revolutionary peasant leaders, the article seeks to contribute to the study of the Colombian Maoist left. The paper also points out the difficulties and limitations faced by the protagonists in the attempt to grant continuity to their organizational project. The main sources used for the research were the memoirs of surviving League members, with press documents and literature on the historical context serving as secondary sources.

An international language: The Translation and Interpretation Service

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Ikonomou, Haakon

2017-01-01

“I wonder if you could tell me the meaning of an obscure Finnish word I’ve got here? I think it’s perhaps something to do with fishing tackle”, goes one of the lines in a fantastic information movie called “The League at Work”, produced by the League itself in 1935. The movie, introducing...... the viewers to all the aspects of the Secretariat, gives the Translation and Interpretation Service a rather prominent place as the first in line. And no wonder: for it was one of the peculiar procurements of the Secretariat – indeed, one of the features that made it international in all its doings....

MR Spectroscopy Findings in Retired Professional Rugby League Players.

Science.gov (United States)

Gardner, Andrew J; Iverson, Grant L; Wojtowicz, Magdalena; Levi, Christopher R; Kay-Lambkin, Frances; Schofield, Peter W; Zafonte, Ross; Shultz, Sandy R; Lin, Alexander P; Stanwell, Peter

2017-03-01

The aim of this study was to examine brain neurometabolite concentrations in retired rugby league players who had a history of numerous self-reported concussions. Participants were 16 retired professional rugby league players (ages 30-45 years) with an extensive history of concussion and participation in contact sports, and 16 age- and education-matched controls who had no history of neurotrauma or participation in contact sports. All completed a clinical interview, psychological and cognitive testing, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) investigation. MRS voxels were placed in posterior cingulate grey matter and parietal white matter. Neurometabolite concentrations were quantified using LCModel. It was hypothesized that retired athletes would differ on N-acetyl aspartate, myo-inositol, choline, glutamate, and glutathione. Retired players had significantly lower concentrations of grey matter glutathione (p=0.02, d=0.91). They did not significantly differ in concentrations of other neurometabolites. There were no significant differences between groups on measures of depression, anxiety, or cognitive functioning. The retired athletes reported significantly greater alcohol use (pcognitive performance and self-reported psychological functioning. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

[The League of Nations Health Organization and the rise of Latin American participation, 1920-40].

Science.gov (United States)

Weindling, Paul

2006-01-01

The League of Nations Health Organization collaborated with Latin American specialists in public health and infectious diseases from the early 1920s to the outbreak of the Second World War. The League developed studies of infant health and nutrition, and leprosy. The approach was expert-oriented, and designed to develop public health on a scientific basis. There were conferences, tours and reports in Latin America. This paper demonstrates that the Latin American collaboration with the Health Organization was extensive and multi-faceted.

The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen as (Literary) History

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Backe, Hans-Joachim

2017-01-01

Alan Moore and Kevin O’Neill’s series The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, published since 1999, depicts a world which is populated by characters of fiction, from Allan Quatermain and Captain Nemo to James Bond and Harry Potter. The result is not only a meta-fictional bricolage of cornerstones ...... about the feedback between history and literary history through the lens of comics and the medium’s own development....

STRUCTURE TEHNICAL-TACTICS ACTIVITIEST FROM BASKETBALL TEAMS IN NBA-LEAGUE

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Vesna Jovanova-Simeva

2007-05-01

Full Text Available league in the world-NBA league. Population which at to draw out this exemplar consist 102 teams, who is best successful the presents structure of the basketball games of expression above presentation factors. The results from the factor analysis there have been isolated six independent factors: the fi rst factor is defi ne how game construction the fast attack; second factor is de fi ne how tactically game construction the individual actions in defense and attack; the third factor is defi ne how favorable result to outplay with defenses players in at out of margin under basket; fourscater factor is defi ne how game construction in the press defenses and throwing ball in basket than middle distance between; the fi ves factor is defi ne how game construction favorable defenses and on respective and rationally se micon traattacks and sixt factor is defi ne how game construction on the highly and mo bi li tes play ers.

Analysis of the 30-m running speed test results in soccer players in third soccer leagues

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Miłosz Drozd

2018-04-01

Full Text Available The basic goal of this study was to analysis of the results of the 30-m running speed test in soccer players in third soccer leagues. The study examined the group of randomly selected seventy athletes from two soccer teams from the Ekstraklasa league, two teams from the first league and two teams from the second leagues were randomized into the study group. All the measurements were performed in indoor arenas. The temperature in the arenas ranged from 22 to 24 C. Measurements were recorded in the morning (between 10:00 am and 12:00 am. The Running Speed Test was used in the study to diagnose speed potential in the athletes. The running speed was measured by means of a set of photocells located at 0m, 5m, 20m, 30m. The results obtained demonstrated that the elite-level matches are more dynamic since the players show higher values of speed parameters. Apart from starting speed, the results obtained for the distance of 5 m provide information for coaches concerning their work on special strength. The speed is indicated by the results obtained for 20 and 30 m distances, whereas flying measurements between 5/20m and 20/30m reflect inherited speed aptitudes.

Evaluación de cuatro tipos de leche en la dieta larvaria de Cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel

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Andrés Álvarez Jiménez

2005-12-01

Full Text Available La Comisión México Americana para la Erradicación del Gusano Barrenador del Ganado produce actualmente un promedio de 100 millones de moscas estériles a la semana, para ser enviadas a los centros de dispersión de Panamá, Aruba y Jamaica, en los cuales se espera erradicar al Gusano Barrenador del Ganado (GBG. Por esto, y pensando en los países que en un futuro requieran de estas moscas estériles para la erradicación del GBG, la Comisión México Americana se encuentra en una constante búsqueda de mejoras en el proceso de producción. Para lograr este objetivo cuenta con una unidad de investigación en el departamento de desarrollo de métodos, donde se encargan de mantener la cepa de la mosca y de realizar diferentes tipos de pruebas que buscan mejorar la producción masiva de moscas estériles del GBG. La comisión recibió de la compañía Purina cuatro muestras de sustituto de leche en polvo para su uso en la dieta del Gusano Barrenador (Nodricina 200, Nodricina Premium 20/20, Nodricina Plus 20-20 y sustituto de leche para becerros, estas se evaluaron en una prueba completa para determinar la existencia de diferencias significativas en el desempeño de la larva en dietas que incluyan a estos componentes. Se realizaron cinco réplicas, con tres charolas de 16 L por tratamiento para un total de 15 charolas por réplica. Midiendo y evaluando los parámetros de la cepa Jamaica 03 del Gusano Barrenador del Ganado para determinar el comportamiento de estos sustitutos en la dieta larvaria, y evaluar la posible utilización de los mismos.

Satisfacción de programas sociales. El caso del programa de abasto de leche Liconsa

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Adolfo Cogco

2013-12-01

Full Text Available El programa Abasto Social de Leche, que otorga esta bebida de manera subsidiada a personas enestado de pobreza, es uno de los más antiguos en México. El producto ha pasado por diversosmejoramientos de corte nutricional y de imagen; en este el artículo se presentarán los hallazgos sobrela satisfacción que tienen los beneficiarios del programa, a través del uso de una metodologíaintegral que abarca la gestión del mismo, la perspectiva de los beneficiarios en diversos ámbitosy el aspecto comunitario. Los resultados, obtenidos por medio de un modelo de ecuaciones estructuralescon variables latentes, señalan que la población objetivo se encuentra satisfecha con el programa.

Optimal power flow using the league championship algorithm: A case study of the Algerian power system

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bouchekara, H.R.E.H.; Abido, M.A.; Chaib, A.E.; Mehasni, R.

2014-01-01

Highlights: • Optimal power flow. • Reducing electrical energy loss. • Saving electrical energy. • Optimal operation. - Abstract: A new efficient optimization method, called the League Championship Algorithm (LCA) is proposed in this paper for solving the optimal power flow problem. This method is inspired by the competition of sport teams in an artificial sport league for several weeks and over a number of seasons. The proposed method has been applied to the Algerian power system network for different objectives. Furthermore, in order to assess the effectiveness of the proposed LCA method the obtained results using this method have been compared to those obtained using other methods reported in the literature. The obtained results and the comparison with other techniques indicate that the league championship algorithm provides effective and high-quality solution when solving the optimal power flow problem

Patriotisme philanthropique et citoyenneté féminine : les femmes et la Primrose League, 1914-1918 The Primrose League and the Great War: Conservative Women and Philanthropic Patriotism

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Philippe Vervaecke

2009-08-01

Full Text Available This article studies women’s participation in the work of philanthropic patriotism conducted by the Primrose League, a Conservative organisation which remained in activity throughout the First World War. The case of the Primrose League, whose female membership carried out the sort of philanthropic work that conformed to the traditional view of the sexual division of labour, is used to qualify the historiographical interpretation according to which during the war women’s social status went through a dramatic evolution. Discussion then turns to the ambiguous relation of the League’s hierarchy towards the issue of women’s citizenship, which highlights the fact that this organisation embodied a desire to resist the gender disturbances occasioned by the war.

Women and International Intellectual Co-Operation

Science.gov (United States)

Goodman, Joyce

2012-01-01

The article explores ways in which intellectual co-operation at the League of Nations [SDN] provided a space for the engagement of culturally elite women in intellectual co-operation circles in Geneva, Paris and a range of national contexts stretching across Europe, Latin America and Asia. It discusses the language of the "international mind" and…

Contaminantes orgánicos persistentes (COPs en leche materna de centros urbanos de la provincia de Buenos Aires

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Lara Sofia Della Ceca

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Los contaminantes orgánicos persistentes (COPs se acumulan en matrices ricas en materia grasa como la leche materna, que es un buen indicador de sus niveles en poblaciones humanas debido a su fácil y no invasiva extracción. Con el objeto de evaluar la exposición a COPs en la provincia de Buenos Aires y compararla con otras  áreas, se analizaron bifenilos policlorados (PCBs, diclorodifeniltricloroetano (DDT y sus metabolitos (DDT, TDE, hexaclorociclohexanos (?, ? y ?-HCH y clordanos (CHLDs: heptaclor y su epóxido, trans y cis clordanos y nonaclors en muestras de leche materna colectadas durante 2010 y 2011 en Punta Lara, Ensenada, Florencio Varela y Capital Federal.Las  muestras fueron colectadas con sacaleches manuales, centrifugadas para separar la crema que fue liofilizada y extraída con éter de petróleo y ultrasonido. Los extractos previamente tratados con ácido para eliminación parcial de lípidos, fueron purificados por cromatografía en gel de sílice y analizados por cromatografía gaseosa.Las concentraciones de COPs en ng.g-1 lípido decrecieron en el orden DDTs (76±91 ? PCBs (67±64 > HCHs (33±36 ³ CHLDs (22±24.  Los DDTs oscilaron entre 7.7-510 ng.g-1 lípido y  los PCBs entre 5-247 ng.g-1 lípido, estos valores son comparables al rango más bajo reportado en la literatura (DDTs Noruega: 39-292 ng.g-1 lípido; PCBs Vietnam: 26-210 ng.g-1, Japón: 23-370 ng.g-1. En cambio, las concentraciones de HCHs y CHLDs, que oscilaron entre 5.8-197 ng.g-1 lípido y  1.3-124 ng.g-1 lípido respectivamente, corresponden al rango medio reportado para otras áreas (HCHs Indonesia 1.6-120 ng.g-1; CHLDs 3.4-92 ng.g-1. La composición de residuos en la leche materna es relativamente conservativa para cada clase de COPs, así se observa uniforme predominancia de productos de degradación (p.ej. DDE: 90±17% de SDDTs; epóxido de heptaclor: 50±18% y t-nonaclordano: 34±13% de SCHLDs y los isómeros y congéneres más persistentes (?-HCH

Estimación de la Heterosis para Producción de Leche Vendible, Intervalo entre Partos y Duración de la Lactancia en Ganado Cruzado

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Montoya S. Camilo

1998-12-01

Full Text Available En la presente investigación se revisaron 4948 datos referentes a lactancias de vacas en razas B taurus y B indicus, los cuales se obtuvieron entre los años 1986 y 1994 en las Ganaderías La Unión y La K, localizadas en los municipios Plato y Santa Ana en el departamento de Magdalena; San Fernando Pinillos y Magangué en el departamento de Bolívar; y Playones de Sucre y Buenavista en el departamento de Sucre. Para determinar la influencia de los diferentes efectos tanto genéticos como no genéticos sobre las características a estudiar, se utilizó el programa de mínimos cuadrados de Harvey (1988. Los efectos tenidos en cuenta en los modelos para las características leche vendible, días de lactancia e intervalo entre partos fueron: El grupo genético materno, la época y año de parto, número de parto, y hato. Como cavariables se tuvieron en cuenta el peso al destete, la producción de leche duración de la lactancia y el intervalo entre partos según el modelo a estudiar. De los factores 110 genéticos la gran mayoría dieron efecto significativo a los niveles del (P~0.05; no presentaron significancia la época para la duració1l de la lactancia y el grupo genético para el intervalo entre partos; y las covariables intervalo entre partos para la producción de leche y producción de leche en el modelo para el intervalo entre partos. La estimación de la heterosis se hizo una vez realizados los contrastes ortogonales entre los grupos genéticos para las características en las cuales el grupo racial presentó significancia en los ANAVAS. La heterosis obtenida para la producción de leche teniendo como base el promedio de las raza Criolla y el promedio entre el Criollo y el Cebú fue respectivamente: ½ Taurus-1/2 Criollo (17.95% y 22.5%; ½ Taurus - ½ Cebú (9% y 14%; Trihíbrido (7.7% y 11. 7%; ¼ Taurus- ¾ Cebú (5% y 9%; ½ Cebú- ½ Criollo (1.05% y 4.8%; y el ¾ Cebú- ½ Criollo (-7.88% y -4.46%; todas altamente

Loss Aversion, Team Relocations, and Major League Expansion

OpenAIRE

Humphreys, Brad; Zhou, Li

2014-01-01

Professional sports teams receive large public subsidies for new facility construction. Empirical research suggests that these subsidies cannot be justified by tangible or intangible economic benefits. We develop a model of bargaining between local governments and teams over subsidies that includes league expansion decisions. The model features loss aversion by fans that captures lost utility when a team leaves a city. The model predicts that teams exploit this loss aversion to extract larger...

League Constitution and Bylaws for Girls' Interscholastic Programs (Suggested Guide).

Science.gov (United States)

Turner, Mary Ann

This guide was developed to assist with the problems of organization and administration of girls' interscholastic sports programs. Guidelines are presented for the following: (a) a statement of basic principles, (b) a constitution, (c) league bylaws, (d) operating codes, (e) conduct of contests, (f) archery, (g) badminton, (h) basketball, (i)…

ANALISIS DE COSTEO PARA UN SISTEMA DE PRODUCCION DE LECHERIA ESPECIALIZADA "UN ACERCAMIENTO AL ANÁLISIS ECONÓMICO EN GANADERÍA DE LECHE": ESTUDIO DE CASO

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GLORIA P. RÍOS ATEHORTÚA

2008-01-01

Full Text Available Con este estudio se pretende mostrar a pequeños y medianos productores de sistemas de producción de lechería especializada, un método adecuado para determinar costos de producción, mediante la estructuración de centros de costos de los procesos productivos allí identificados (praderas, cría y levante y centros de utilidades (producción de leche; herramienta que se convierte en la mayor fuente de información interna en las empresas, con el fin de posibilitar la toma de decisiones administrativas adecuadas. Para el estudio de caso, fue seleccionada La Pradera, finca ubicada en la vereda La Almería, municipio de la Unión, Antioquia. Los análisis económicos muestran el comportamiento de los diferentes elementos de costo en la obtención del costo unitario de producción por: litro de leche, kilogramo de pasto, mantenimiento promedio por día de un ternero y de una novilla.

A comparative study to identify a suitable model of ownership for Iran football pro league clubs

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Saeed Amirnejad

2018-01-01

Full Text Available Today the government ownership of the professional football clubs is absolutely illogical view point. Most of sports clubs are conducted by private sector using different models of ownership all over the world. In Iran, government credits benefit was main reason that the professional sport was firstly developed by government firms and organizations. Therefore, the sports team ownership is without the professionalization standards. The present comparative study was to examine the different football club ownership structures of the top leagues and the current condition of Iran football pro league ownership and then present a suitable ownership structure of Iran football clubs to leave behind the government club ownership. Among the initial 120 scientific texts, the thirty two cases including papers, books and reports were found relevant to this study. We studied the ownership prominence and several football club models of ownership focused on stock listing model of ownership, private investor model of ownership, supporter trust model of ownership and Japan partnership model of ownership; theoretical concepts, empirical studies, main findings, strengths and weaknesses were covered in analysis procedure. According to various models of ownership in leagues and the models’ productivity in football clubs, each model of ownership considering national environmental, economic, social conditions has strengths and weaknesses. So, we cannot present a definite model of ownership for Iran football pro league clubs due to different micro-environments of Iran clubs. We need a big planning to provide a supporter-investor mixed model of ownership to Iranian clubs. Considering strengths and weaknesses in the models of ownership as well as the micro and macro environment of Iran football clubs, German model and Japan partnership model are offered as suitable ones to probable new model of ownership in Iran pro league clubs. Consequently, more studies are required

Playing by the Rules: Researching, Teaching and Learning Sexual Ethics with Young Men in the Australian National Rugby League

Science.gov (United States)

Albury, Kath; Carmody, Moira; Evers, Clifton; Lumby, Catharine

2011-01-01

In 2004, the Australian National Rugby League (NRL) commissioned the Playing By The Rules research project in response to allegations of sexual assault by members of a professional rugby league team. This article offers an overview of the theoretical and methodological approaches adopted by the team, and the subsequent workplace education…

An Integrated Constraint Programming Approach to Scheduling Sports Leagues with Divisional and Round-robin Tournaments

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Carlsson, Mats; Johansson, Mikael; Larson, Jeffrey

2014-01-01

Previous approaches for scheduling a league with round-robin and divisional tournaments involved decomposing the problem into easier subproblems. This approach, used to schedule the top Swedish handball league Elitserien, reduces the problem complexity but can result in suboptimal schedules. This paper presents an integrated constraint programming model that allows to perform the scheduling in a single step. Particular attention is given to identifying implied and symmetry-breaking constraints that reduce the computational complexity significantly. The experimental evaluation of the integrated approach takes considerably less computational effort than the previous approach.

Evaluación de la producción de leche en bovinos alimentados con cáscara de banano maduro

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Dr. Andrea Castro Guevara

2018-04-01

Full Text Available El objetivo del trabajo es evaluar la inclusión de cáscara de banano maduro como alternativa para reemplazar el banano verde en la alimentación de bovinos de aptitud lechera. La investigación consiste en llevar un registro del parámetro de producción de leche, en el grupo de tratamiento y en el grupo control, durante 61 días. Fueron registrados el código, edad del animal, fecha del último parto, la producción promedio de leche por vaca y los días de lactancia por vaca. Estos datos fueron registrados individualmente de los 36 bovinos en estudio. Posteriormente se distribuyeron los animales en dos grupos homogéneos, mediante una prueba para muestras independientes, en la que se encontró que no existen diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos, identificándose como grupo 1 (testigo o control y grupo 2 (tratamiento con cáscara de banano. La cáscara de banano maduro fue adquirida por la intervención de la Empresa Ecuatoriana CONFOCO S.A. La alimentación se basó en pastoreo por un tiempo de cinco horas y la ración en los corrales, la fórmula balanceada que se empleó en las raciones de los animales estuvo conformado por palmiste 47.0 Kg, gallinaza 9.0 Kg, caramelo de banano 34.4 Kg, raquis 331.8 Kg, Carbonato de calcio 10.8 Kg y sal común 2.7 Kg. Adicionalmente al grupo control se le agregaron 222.4 Kg de banano verde y al grupo experimental se le agregó 204.17 Kg de cáscara de banano maduro. La mezcla fue distribuida una vez al día a las 16h 00 en el compartimento de cada grupo. Dentro de los resultados se observa que ambos grupos, presentaron una producción de leche sin diferencias significativas (p>0.05 durante los 61 días de experimentación. La media de la producción que se obtuvo fue de 7.78 Kg para el grupo control y 7.70 Kg para el grupo experimental. Palabras clave: Alternativas nutricionales, ganadería, lactancia, residuos agroindustriales.

DESCRIPCIÓN DE 28 FINCAS PRODUCTORAS DE LECHE LOCALIZADAS EN EL TRÓPICO ALTO COLOMBIANO

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Oliver O. J.

2005-12-01

Full Text Available Dentro de un estudio analítico observacional se realizó una encuesta en 28 fincas locali¬zadas en 9 municipios del altiplano cundinamarqués, con el fin de conocer los aspectos administrativos y técnicos relacionados con el levante de terneras. Esta encuesta determinó lo siguiente. En el 71% de las fincas los propietarios viven en ellas. Todas cuentan con asistencia técnica, entre las que la veterinaria es la más frecuente (89%. El pasto kikuyo (Pennisetum clandestinum y los raygrass (Lolium spp son la principal base forrajera de las vacas en esta región. Las praderas son fertilizadas predominantemente con fertilizantes inorgánicos y su frecuencia de aplicación es menor a los 45 días. Sólo 4 fincas tenían sem-brado otro tipo de forraje en porcentajes del 33, 10, 8 y 5%, respectivamente. Se encontró que en el 57% de las fincas se usan suplementos diferentes a los concentrados para mantener o aumentar la producción. Todas las fincas utilizaron sales mineralizadas. La cría de los terneros se caracterizó por utilizar como fuente de calostro el de la madre, con amamanta¬miento directo en el 65% de los casos. Otras formas de suministro fueron los teteros y los baldes solos o con chupo. Las terneras eran apartadas de la madre cuando nacían en el 42,9% de los casos, permanecían de 1 a 2 días en el 12,8%, 3 días en el 25,3% y más de 4 días en el 19% de los casos. En el 75% de los predios el método de levante más utilizado es el de estaca. El uso de lactoreemplazadores se observó en el 39% de los predios, ya sea en forma única, mezclados con leche o mezclados con leche de descarte.

The role of anthropometric, performance and psychological attributes in predicting selection into an elite development programme in older adolescent rugby league players.

Science.gov (United States)

Tredrea, Matthew; Dascombe, Ben; Sanctuary, Colin E; Scanlan, Aaron Terrence

2017-10-01

This study aimed to identify attributes that discriminate selected from non-selected players and predict selection into a rugby league development programme in older adolescent players. Anthropometric, performance and psychological attributes were measured in under-16 (N = 100) and under-18 (N = 60) rugby league players trialling for selection into a development programme with a professional Australian club. Sprint times (P rugby league and indicate talent identification test batteries should be age-specific in older adolescent players.

The Effect of Caffeine on Repeat-High-Intensity-Effort Performance in Rugby League Players.

Science.gov (United States)

Wellington, Brandon M; Leveritt, Michael D; Kelly, Vincent G

2017-02-01

Repeat-high-intensity efforts (RHIEs) have recently been shown to occur at critical periods of rugby league matches. To examine the effect that caffeine has on RHIE performance in rugby league players. Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design, 11 semiprofessional rugby league players (age 19.0 ± 0.5 y, body mass 87.4 ± 12.9 kg, height 178.9 ± 2.6 cm) completed 2 experimental trials that involved completing an RHIE test after either caffeine (300 mg caffeine) or placebo (vitamin H) ingestion. Each trial consisted of 3 sets of 20-m sprints interspersed with bouts of tackling. During the RHIE test, 20-m-sprint time, heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and blood lactate were measured. Total time to complete the nine 20-m sprints during the caffeine condition was 1.0% faster (28.46 ± 1.4 s) than during the placebo condition (28.77 ± 1.7 s) (ES = 0.18, 90%CI -0.7 to 0.1 s). This resulted in a very likely chance of caffeine being of benefit to RHIE performance (99% likely to be beneficial). These improvements were more pronounced in the early stages of the test, with a 1.3%, 1.0%, and 0.9% improvement in sprint performance during sets 1, 2, and 3 respectively. There was no significant difference in RPE across the 3 sets (P = .47, 0.48, 1.00) or mean HR (P = .36), maximal HR (P = .74), or blood lactate (P = .50) between treatment conditions. Preexercise ingestion of 300 mg caffeine produced practically meaningful improvements in RHIE performance in rugby league players.

Hamstring Injuries in Major and Minor League Baseball

OpenAIRE

Zachazewski, James; Silvers, Holly J.; Li, Bernard; Snyder-Mackler, Lynn; Insler, Stephanie; Ahmad, Christopher S.; Mandelbaum, Bert R.

2016-01-01

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to test the efficacy of a hamstring injury prevention program designed to address the high incidence of acute and chronic hamstring injuries and re-injuries that occur in the sport of professional baseball. Methods: This was a prospective cluster cohort study assessing the efficacy of an injury prevention intervention designed to address hamstring injury in rookie and professional baseball players participating in Minor and Major League Baseball (N = 2...

Effectiveness of in-season manager changes in English Premier League Football

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Besters, Lucas; van Ours, Jan; van Tuijl, Martin

We analyze the performance effects of in-season manager changes in English Premier League football during the seasons 2000/2001–2014/2015. We find that some managerial changes are successful, while others are counterproductive. On average, performance does not improve following a managerial

SYNCHRONIZATION PROGRAMS FOR REPRODUCTIVE MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY HERDS PROGRAMAS DE SINCRONIZACIÓN DE CELOS PARA EL MANEJO REPRODUCTIVO DE GANADERÍAS DE LECHE

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Santos Jose

2009-05-01

Full Text Available There are many factors that can influence reproduction of the dairy cow such as management, physiologic factors, nutrition, genetics, and diseases Reproductive efficiency. Reproductive performance is therefore a major concern in dairy herds to success, and it has to be subject of continuous and accurate evaluation in reproductive herd health programs, in order to detect problems and implement adequate solutions. Controlled breeding programs have allowed dairy producers to optimize service rate with little impact on conception and pregnancy losses in lactating dairy cows.Existen muchos factores que pueden influenciar la reproduccion en ganaderías de leche, tales como el manejo, factores fisiológicos, la nutrición, genéticos, y la presentación de enfermedades, entre otros. Por esta razon la eficiencia reproductiva es de gran importancia en las ganaderías para ser exitosas y debe ser continua y adecuadamente evaluada en los programas reproductivos de salud de hato, con el fin de detectar los problemas y establecer las soluciones adecuadas. Los programas de reproduccion controlados, han permitido a los productores optimizar las tasas de servicios con un muy pequeño impacto en las tasas de concepción y perdida gestacional en ganaderías de leche.

Calidad fisicoquímica, microbiológica y toxicológica de leche cruda en las cuencas ganaderas de la región Puno –Perú

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Magaly Brousett-Minaya

2015-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la calidad de la leche cruda en cuanto a sus propiedades fisicoquímicas, microbiológicas y toxicológicas en siete cuencas representativas de la región Puno. Los resultados fueron comparados con los estándares establecidos en la Norma Técnica Peruana para leche y productos lácteos NTP 200.001-2003 y con la Norma oficial mexicana NOM-155-SCFI-2012 para los parámetros de proteína y lactosa en ausencia de parámetros peruanos. Para la caracterización fisicoquímica se determinó pH, acidez, densidad, contenido de grasa, proteína, lactosa, sólidos totales y sólidos no grasos; también se realizaron análisis microbiológicos de E. Coli y mesófilos. Del mismo modo el estudio abarcó el análisis de residuos de pesticidas como son organoclorados, organofosforados, carbamatos y piretroides en concentración de 1,0 ug/g de muestra los cuales dieron resultados negativos para los cuatro grupos de pesticidas, las determinaciones fisicoquímicas en más del 50% de las cuencas (a excepción de acidez y pH se encontraron dentro de los estándares de la NTP y la NOM. La presencia de mesófilos en su mayoría fueron encontrados dentro de los parámetros establecidos a excepción de dos cuencas lecheras y en cuanto a E. Coli ninguna cuenca cumplió con las normas establecidas encontrándose una leche de baja calidad higiénica.

Severe cervical spinal cord injuries related to rugby union and league football in New South Wales, 1984-1996.

Science.gov (United States)

Rotem, T R; Lawson, J S; Wilson, S F; Engel, S; Rutkowski, S B; Aisbett, C W

1998-04-20

To determine the frequency and circumstances of serious cervical cord injuries associated with rugby union and league football in New South Wales. Retrospective review of patients with rugby football-related cervical spinal cord injuries. The two central spinal units in NSW, from January 1984 to July 1996. Admission to spinal units; injury resulting in permanent tetraplegia. During the review period, 115 rugby football players (56 union and 59 league) were admitted to the spinal units because of cervical spinal cord injuries. 49 patients had resultant permanent neurological deficits (complete tetraplegia [quadriplegia])--26 associated with rugby union and 23 with rugby league. Two patients died of injury sequelae within two weeks of admission. There was no significant change in the rate of football-related admissions to spinal units for either code. There was a small decline in the number (from 15 in 1984 to 1987 to 7 in 1992 to 1996) and incidence (from 1.2 to 0.5 per 10,000 participants) of patients with tetraplegia associated with rugby union. When this decline was tested as a trend over the years, it was found to be statistically significant (P = 0.06). No significant trend was found in the tetraplegia data associated with rugby league. Cervical spinal cord injuries leading to complete tetraplegia were most commonly associated with scrum-like plays in union and with tackles in league. Serious cervical spinal injuries associated with both codes of rugby continue to occur in NSW. Rugby football in its various forms is still an inherently dangerous game.

Suplementaci??n de la dieta de ovejas lecheras con aceite de girasol y l??pidos marinos para modificar la composici??n de la grasa de la leche: efecto sobre el rendimiento productivo de los animales, la microbiota y las caracter??sticas de la fermentaci??n ruminal y el perfil de ??cidos grasos de la leche y la digesta

OpenAIRE

Guti??rrez Toral, Pablo

2011-01-01

214 p. Se han realizado cinco experimentos con ovejas, con el objetivo de investigar el efecto de la suplementaci??n con aceite de girasol y, o bien aceite de pescado, o bien microalgas marinas, sobre la composici??n de los ??cidos grasos de la leche y la digesta, la micriobiota, la fermantaci??n ruminal y el rendimiento productivo de los animales

Changes in athlete burnout and motivation over a 12-week league tournament.

Science.gov (United States)

Cresswell, Scott L; Eklund, Robert C

2005-11-01

To date, empirical reports of an association between motivation and athlete burnout have been exclusively based on cross-sectional research. Conclusions regarding the nature of the relationship between motivation and burnout are limited because they do not provide longitudinal information. To examine the relationship between burnout and motivation across a 12-wk league tournament (pretournament, midtournament, and end of tournament). Data were collected on using the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire and Sport Motivation Scale from 102 adult professional male rugby players at three different times during a 12-wk league tournament. Linear mixed modeling was used to explore hypothesized relationships between individual key characteristics of burnout and factors/covariates across time. Within the models, amotivation, the least self-determined type of motivation, had a large positive association with key characteristics of burnout. Self-determined forms of motivation (i.e., intrinsic motivation) exhibited significant negative associations with burnout. Extrinsic motivation, proposed to exist between intrinsic and amotivation on the self-determination continuum, was negatively associated with sport devaluation and reduced accomplishment as well as positively associated with physical and emotional exhaustion. Other factors related to burnout within the analysis included time (pretournament, in tournament, and end of tournament), team membership, number of injuries, years of national domestic league experience, and win/loss history. Overall, the results reflect the burnout experience may vary over time and support the potential utility of a self-determination theory explanation of burnout.

The Study of Fans’ Brand Loyalty in Iranian Professional Football League

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Vajihe Javani

2016-01-01

Full Text Available The study aims to examine winning brands influence on fans’ brand loyalty in Iranian professional football league. A ten-minute pen and paper questionnaire was distributed to fans of five superior teams of Iranian professional football league in 2009-2010 seasons. Team’s association questionnaire developed by Gladden and Funk (2001 was used for data collection. Reliability of the questionnaire was estimated by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. A structural equation model (SEM test with maximum likelihood estimation was performed to test the relationships among the research variables using 912 participants. The findings showed three dimensions of brand associations influenced on fan’s brand loyalty of which the attitude was the most important. Benefits and attributes were placed in the second and third rank respectively. In addition, the obtained model of this research highlighted strong interactional effects between the three mentioned dimensions of brand associations.

Epidemiology of time loss groin injuries in a men's professional football league

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Mosler, Andrea B.; Weir, Adam; Eirale, Cristiano

2017-01-01

injury per club was 85 days per season (IQR 35-215 days). Adductor-related groin pain was the most common entity (68%) followed by iliopsoas (12%) and pubic-related (9%) groin pain. Conclusion Groin pain caused time loss for one in five players each season. Adductor-related groin pain comprised 2......Background/Aim Groin injury epidemiology has not previously been examined in an entire professional football league. We recorded and characterised time loss groin injuries sustained in the Qatar Stars League. Methods Male players were observed prospectively from July 2013 to June 2015. Time loss...... injuries, individual training and match play exposure were recorded by club doctors using standardised surveillance methods. Groin injury incidence per 1000 playing hours was calculated, and descriptive statistics used to determine the prevalence and characteristics of groin injuries. The Doha agreement...

Factores socioculturales que condicionan desfavorablemente la salud reproductiva en las mujeres del Programa del Vaso de Leche del Distrito de Chupaca

OpenAIRE

Rojas Perales, Geovana Patricia

2012-01-01

En este contexto el objetivo de esta investigación ha sido identificar los factores socioculturales que condicionan desfavorablemente la salud reproductiva en las mujeres del programa del Vaso de Leche del Distrito de Chupaca.El método diseñado para el presente estudio determino la muestra de 225 mujeres de 1500. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante la observación, el instrumento es un cuestionario validado por expertos, mide la salud reproductiva, los factores sociales y los factores ...

Evaluation of the League General Insurance Company child safety seat distribution program

Science.gov (United States)

1982-05-01

This report presents an evaluation of the child safety seat distribution initiated by the League General Insurance Company in June 1979. The program provides child safety seats as a benefit under the company's auto insurance policies to policy-holder...

Injury profile of a professional soccer team in the premier league of iran.

Science.gov (United States)

Hassabi, Mohammad; Mohammad-Javad Mortazavi, Seyed; Giti, Mohammad-Reza; Hassabi, Majid; Mansournia, Mohammad-Ali; Shapouran, Sara

2010-12-01

Despite numerous studies which have been done regarding soccer injuries worldwide, there is lack of available data considering the epidemiology of injuries in the Iranian soccer premier league, although it is the most popular sport in the country. The main goal of this research was to determine the incidence of physical injuries in the studied population, considering other characteristics such as site, type and mechanism as well. Twenty one adult male professional soccer players (age 24±3), members of a team (Tehran-Pas) participating in Iranian premier league, were followed during a 4-month period. The injury characteristics and exposure times were recorded by the team physician during all the matches and training sessions. The total exposure time was 2610 playing hours (2352 h of training versus 258 h of competition). Eighty six percent of the injuries were acute. Incidence of acute injuries was 16.5 (95% CI: 12-22) per 1000 hours of playing (11.5 per 1000 hrs of training and 62 per 1000 hrs of competition). The most common types of injuries were strains followed by contusions, each of which constituted 30% of acute injuries. More than 80% of injuries occurred in lower limbs, especially in thigh and groin regions. Nearly 60% of acute injuries occurred in dominant side of the body, and collision was the reason of about half of the acute injuries. Severity of more than 70% of the injuries was minor. On average each injury had led the player being off the field for about 10 days. The incidence of injury in this research is in range of numbers obtained in important international tournaments but the rate of injuries during training sessions is higher than comparable studies.

Do players and staff sleep more during the pre- or competitive season of elite rugby league?

Science.gov (United States)

Caia, Johnpaul; Scott, Tannath J; Halson, Shona L; Kelly, Vincent G

2017-09-01

This study establishes the sleep behaviour of players and staff during the pre- and competitive seasons of elite rugby league. For seven days during both the pre- and competitive seasons, seven rugby league players and nine full-time staff from one professional Australian rugby league club had their sleep monitored via wrist actigraphy and self-report sleep diaries. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance determined differences between the pre- and competitive season in players and staff, with effect sizes (ES) used to interpret the practical magnitude of differences. Findings show an earlier bed time and wake time for players (-34 min, ES = 1.5; ±0.5 and -39 min, 2.1; ±0.5 respectively) and staff (-29 min, ES = 0.8; ±0.3 and -35 min, ES = 1.7; ±0.4 respectively) during pre-season when compared to the competitive season. Despite this, no differences were seen when considering the amount of time in bed, sleep duration or sleep efficiency obtained between the pre- and competitive seasons. Our results suggest that early morning training sessions scheduled during pre-season advances wake time in elite rugby league. However, both players and staff can aim to avoid reductions in sleep duration and sleep efficiency with subsequent adjustment of night time sleep patterns. This may be particularly pertinent for staff, who wake earlier than players during both the pre- and competitive seasons.

Utilidad de un método que determina simultáneamente retinol y α-tocoferol en leche materna por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución

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H. Martínez-Rojano

2016-10-01

Conclusión: El método fue selectivo, lineal, preciso, sensible y exacto, características que junto con su sencillez hacen de él un método conveniente para la determinación de retinol y α-tocoferol simultáneamente en leche materna.

Cortical thickness and subcortical brain volumes in professional rugby league players

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Magdalena Wojtowicz

Full Text Available Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine cortical thickness and subcortical volumes in professional rugby players with an extensive history of concussions compared to control subjects. Method: Participants included 24 active and former professional rugby league players [Age M(SD = 33.3(6.3; Range = 21–44] with an extensive history of concussion and 18 age- and education-matched controls with no history of neurotrauma or participation in contact sports. Participants underwent T1-weighted imaging and completed a neuropsychological battery, including two tests of memory. Whole brain cortical thickness analysis and structural volume analysis was performed using FreeSurfer version 6.0. Results: Professional rugby league players reported greater alcohol consumption (p < .001 and had significantly worse delayed recall of a visually complex design (p = .04. They did not differ from controls on other clinical outcome measures. There were no differences in cortical thickness between the groups. Professional players had smaller whole brain (p = .003, bilateral hippocampi (ps = .03, and left amygdala volumes (p = .01 compared to healthy controls. Within the players group, there were significant associations between greater alcohol use and smaller bilateral hippocampi and left amygdala volumes. There were no associations between structural volumes and history of concussions or memory performance. Conclusions: The literature examining cortical thickness in athletes with a history of multiple concussions is mixed. We did not observe differences in cortical thickness in professional rugby league players compared to controls. However, smaller subcortical volumes were found in players that were, in part, associated with greater alcohol consumption. Keywords: Volumetric MRI, Cortical thickness, Concussion, Brain morphometry, Athletes, Rugby

Internal- and External-Rotation Peak Toque in Little League Baseball Players With Subacromial Impingement Syndrome: Improved by Closed Kinetic Chain Shoulder Training.

Science.gov (United States)

Lee, Dong-Rour; Kim, Laurentius Jongsoon

2016-08-01

Many studies have explored closed kinetic chain (CKC) shoulder exercises (SEs) with a sling because they are safer and more effective than open-chain exercises, especially in early stages of treatment. However, the application of CKC SE in youth baseball players has rarely been attempted, although teenage baseball players also experience shoulder pain. To investigate the effects of CKC SE on the peak torque of shoulder internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) in youth baseball players. Single-group pretest, posttest. Biomechanics laboratory. 23 Little League Baseball players with subacromial impingement syndrome. The CKC SE with a sling was CKC shoulder-flexion exercise, extension exercise, IR exercise, and ER exercise. This exercise regimen was conducted 2 or 3 times/wk for 8 wk. The peak torque of shoulder IR and ER was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. Concentric shoulder rotation was performed, with 5 repetitions at an angular velocity of 60°/s and 15 at 180°/s. The IR and ER peak torque significantly increased at each angular velocity after the exercise program. In particular, the increase in IR and ER peak torque values was statistically significant at an angular velocity of 180°/s. CKC SE was effective in increasing shoulder IR and ER strength, demonstrating its potential benefits in the prevention and treatment of shoulder injury. In addition, increased IR peak torque appears to improve throwing velocity in baseball players.

Desarrollo de yogurt con capacidad antioxidante elaborado con leche de cabra (Capra hircus y tomate de árbol (Cyphomandra betacea Sendtn.

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Carlos Enrique Alvarado Carrasco

2011-12-01

Full Text Available El desarrollo de productos es el proceso secuencial de encontrar ideas para nuevos bienes y servicios, para convertirlas en productos comercialmente exitosos, seguros, beneficiosos para el consumidor y manufacturados de manera rentable. En el presente trabajo se siguieron todos los pasos de un Desarrollo Exploratorio en la elaboración de un yogurt a partir leche de cabra (Capra hircus, saborizado con una mermelada de tomate de árbol (Cyphomandra betacea Sendtn. para incrementar su capacidad antioxidante gracias a su contenido de polifenoles y otros componentes bioactivos. Se partió de un concepto de producto evaluado favorablemente por un grupo de consumidores y de criterios de formulación basados en la norma venezolana para yogurt COVENIN 2393:2001. La fórmula final seleccionada fue sometida a análisis físicos, químicos, microbiológicos y sensoriales para su caracterización. Los resultados corroboraron el cumplimiento de lo establecido en la norma. Se cuantificó su actividad antioxidante, mediante la prueba ‘oxigen radical absorbance capacity’, antes y después de la adición de la mermelada de tomate de árbol, encontrándose que la capacidad antioxidante del yogurt saborizado fue 71 % mayor que la del yogurt natural. Por tanto, la incorporación de la mermelada de tomate de árbol permite incrementar la capacidad antioxidante del yogurt de leche de cabra.

Desarrollo de yogurt con capacidad antioxidante elaborado con leche de cabra (Capra hircus y tomate de árbol (Cyphomandra betacea Sendtn.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Carlos Enrique Alvarado Carrasco

2011-01-01

Full Text Available El desarrollo de productos es el proceso secuencial de encontrar ideas para nuevos bienes y servicios, para convertirlas en productos comercialmente exitosos, seguros, beneficiosos para el consumidor y manufacturados de manera rentable. En el presente trabajo se siguieron todos los pasos de un Desarrollo Exploratorio en la elaboración de un yogurt a partir leche de cabra (Capra hircus, saborizado con una mermelada de tomate de árbol (Cyphomandra betacea Sendtn. para incrementar su capacidad antioxidante gracias a su contenido de polifenoles y otros componentes bioactivos. Se partió de un concepto de producto evaluado favorablemente por un grupo de consumidores y de criterios de formulación basados en la norma venezolana para yogurt COVENIN 2393:2001. La fórmula final seleccionada fue sometida a análisis físicos, químicos, microbiológicos y sensoriales para su caracterización. Los resultados corroboraron el cumplimiento de lo establecido en la norma. Se cuantificó su actividad antioxidante, mediante la prueba ‘oxigen radical absorbance capacity’, antes y después de la adición de la mermelada de tomate de árbol, encontrándose que la capacidad antioxidante del yogurt saborizado fue 71 % mayor que la del yogurt natural. Por tanto, la incorporación de la mermelada de tomate de árbol permite incrementar la capacidad antioxidante del yogurt de leche de cabra.

Correlation of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit and total rotational motion to shoulder injuries in professional baseball pitchers.

Science.gov (United States)

Wilk, Kevin E; Macrina, Leonard C; Fleisig, Glenn S; Porterfield, Ronald; Simpson, Charles D; Harker, Paul; Paparesta, Nick; Andrews, James R

2011-02-01

Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) indicates a 20° or greater loss of internal rotation of the throwing shoulder compared with the nondominant shoulder. To determine whether GIRD and a deficit in total rotational motion (external rotation + internal rotation) compared with the nonthrowing shoulder correlate with shoulder injuries in professional baseball pitchers. Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Over 3 competitive seasons (2005 to 2007), passive range of motion measurements were evaluated on the dominant and nondominant shoulders for 170 pitcher-seasons. This included 122 professional pitchers during the 3 seasons of data collection, in which some pitchers were measured during multiple seasons. Ranges of motion were measured with a bubble goniometer during the preseason, by the same examiner each year. External and internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint was assessed with the participant supine and the arm abducted 90° in the plane of the scapula, with the scapula stabilized anteriorly at the coracoid process. The reproducibility of the test methods had an intraclass correlation coefficient of .81. Days in which the player was unable to participate because of injury or surgery were recorded during the season by the medical staff of the team and defined as an injury. Pitchers with GIRD (n = 40) were nearly twice as likely to be injured as those without but without statistical significance (P = .17). Pitchers with total rotational motion deficit greater than 5° had a higher rate of injury. Minor league pitchers were more likely than major league pitchers to be injured. However, when players were injured, major league pitchers missed a significantly greater number of games than minor league pitchers. Compared with pitchers without GIRD, pitchers with GIRD appear to be at a higher risk for injury and shoulder surgery.

Violence in television commercials during nonviolent programming. The 1996 Major League Baseball playoffs.

Science.gov (United States)

Anderson, C

1997-10-01

To identify the frequency of violent television commercials aired during major league baseball playoffs, traditionally thought to be a family-oriented viewing time. All 6 World Series games televised on the Fox Television Network (Fox), all 5 American League Championship Series playoff games televised by the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), and 4 first-round playoff games televised by ESPN Sports Television Network (ESPN) were videotaped in October 1996. During the 15 televised games reviewed, 104 (6.8%) of the 1528 commercials contained violent content. Sixty-one commercials (10 per game) that included violent interactions were noted during the World Series, 30 (6 per game) during the American League Championship Series, and 13 (3 per game) during the 4 first-round playoff games for a total of 104. In these 104 violent commercials, 69 contained at least 1 violent act, 90 contained at least 1 violent threat, and 27 contained evidence of at least 1 violent consequence. Seventy (67.3%) of the violent commercials were promotions for television programs, 7 (6.7%) were cable television program advertisements, and 20 (19.2%) were big-screen movie promotions. Twenty (71.4%) of 28 big-screen movie promotions were violent. Twenty-two (21.2%) of the 104 violent commercials and 7 "nonviolent" commercials contained blood or other graphic content, all of which were televised during the Fox presentation of the World Series. Fox also accounted for all 24 violent commercials that used a knife. Guns were involved in 25 violent commercials on NBC (5.0 per game), in 20 on Fox (3.33 per game), and in 7 on ESPN (1.75 per game). Overt violent content in commercials during the 1996 major league playoffs was common and consisted mainly of promotions for television programs and big-screen movies. It is counterintuitive to find such commercials in nonviolent programming and makes it difficult for parents to avoid exposing their children to this form of violence.

Toward common working tools: Arab League Documentation and Information Centre experience

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Redissi, M [ALDOC (Tunisia)

1990-05-01

The adoption of Arab common working tools in information handling has been one of the priorities of Arab League Documentation and Information Centre (ALDOC). Problems arising from the processing of Arabic language have been progressively settled. The Tunisian experience in the elimination of transliteration is worth mentioning. (author). 17 refs.

Toward common working tools: Arab League Documentation and Information Centre experience

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Redissi, M.

1990-05-01

The adoption of Arab common working tools in information handling has been one of the priorities of Arab League Documentation and Information Centre (ALDOC). Problems arising from the processing of Arabic language have been progressively settled. The Tunisian experience in the elimination of transliteration is worth mentioning. (author). 17 refs

Final report 'Establishing bonds for the advancement of the Rescue League'

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Riaño, I.; Visser, A.

2014-01-01

The RoboCup Rescue Simulation League aims to benchmark the intelligence of software agents and robots on their capabilities to make autonomously the right decisions in a disaster response scenario. The UvA Rescue and Distribot team have come together to work co-operatively to support this aim in two

Posibilidad de mejorar la calidad fisicoquímica y microbiológica de la leche cruda en el altiplano boyacense

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Roy José Andrade-Becerra

2012-07-01

Full Text Available Presenta los resultados de un proyecto que se desarrolló durante los meses de agosto a diciembre de 2009 en 58 fincas ubicadas en los municipios de Duitama, Tibasosa, Belén, Sotaquirá, Iza, Santa Rosa de Viterbo, Tuta, Nobsa, Firavitoba, Tunja y Paipa, con el objetivo de buscar el mejoramiento de la calidad microbiológica y fisicoquímica de la leche que se produce en el altiplano boyacense. Se tomaron 1160 muestras de leche cruda, y se enviaron al laboratorio de la empresa Cobinaga para ser analizadas en su calidad fisicoquímica (porcentaje de proteína y grasa [lactoscan®] y microbiológica (unidades formadoras de colonia UFC [recuento de mesófilos en placa Petrifilm®], conteo de células somáticas CCS [Fossomatic®].Con la mejora de la rutina de ordeño y de la limpieza de equipos y utensilios, con el control y la prevención de mastitis y la caracterización de cada finca, se logró el mejoramiento de la proteína en un promedio de 2.86%a 2.93%, la grasa osciló dentro de rangos de 3.2 a 4.4 en promedio, el conteo de unidades formadoras de colonia mejoró, alcanzando 18 mil UFC/ml, y el conteo de células somáticas subió a 325 mil CCS/ml.

Capacidad bactericida de Bifidobacterium sp. aislada de leche materna y de heces de neonatos, frente a los principales causantes de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos

OpenAIRE

Vanegas, María Consuelo; González, Lina María; Arévalo, Stefany Alejandra

2010-01-01

Introducción. La microbiota del tubo digestivo humano contiene bacterias benéficas para la salud que regulan el funcionamiento del colon e inhiben algunos microorganismos patógenos intestinales. Las bifidobacterias aisladas de neonatos y de leche materna se usan como microorganismos probióticos para prevenir enfermedades infecciosas, incluidas las transmitidas por alimentos. Objetivo. Aislar e identificar Bifidobacterium sp. en humanos y determinar su capacidad bactericida frente a patógenos ...

The Influence of the Concept of International Legal Personality on the Drafting of the PCIJ Statute

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kjeldgaard-Pedersen, Astrid

2014-01-01

In 1920, when the Advisory Committee of Jurists was appointed by the Council of the League of Nations to be responsible for the development of a Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), it was conventional wisdom among scholars that only states could possess international legal personality...

Orienting India : interwar internationalism in an Asian inflection, 1917-1937

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Stolte, Carolina Margaretha

2013-01-01

‘Orienting India: Interwar Internationalism in an Asian Inflection, 1917-1937’ is an intellectual history of (Pan-) Asianist individuals, initiatives and movements in South Asia in the years between the two world wars. The First World War, the Bolshevik Revolution and the establishment of the League

Recommendations for the content and conduct of European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) musculoskeletal ultrasound courses

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Naredo, E.; Bijlsma, J.W.J.; Conaghan, P.G.

2008-01-01

Objective: To develop education guidelines for the conduct of future European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) courses. Methods: We undertook a consensus-based, iterative process using two consecutive questionnaires sent to 29 senior ultrasonographer rheumatolog......Objective: To develop education guidelines for the conduct of future European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) courses. Methods: We undertook a consensus-based, iterative process using two consecutive questionnaires sent to 29 senior ultrasonographer...... attending the intermediate and advanced courses. Conclusion: We have developed European agreed guidelines for the content and conduct of EULAR ultrasound courses, which may also be recommended to national and local MSUS training programmes Udgivelsesdato: 2008/7...

Brand Management Model in Sport Industry of Iran: Professional Football League Case

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

vajihe javani

2013-07-01

Full Text Available The study aims to examine brand management model in Iran's professional Football League (2011-2012 with emphasis on brand image. The study was descriptive-survey one. A sample of Iranian professional football league fans (N=911 responded 4 items questionnaire. A structural equation  model  (SEM  test  with  maximum  likelihood estimation  was  performed  to  test  the relationships among the research variables. The analyses of data showed three dimensions of brand image influenced on fan’s brand loyalty of which the attitude was the most important. Benefits and attributes were placed in the second and third rank respectively. According to Results, brand image play a pivotal role between Iranian fans brand loyalty. Create an attractive and desirable brand image in the fans mind increases brand loyalty. And due to, revenue and profits increase through ticket sales and products of club and also attract more sponsors.

Brand Management Model in Sport Industry of Iran: Professional Football League Case

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Vajihe Javani

2016-01-01

Full Text Available The study aims to examine brand management model in Iran's professional Football League (2011-2012 with emphasis on brand image. The study was descriptive-survey one. A sample of Iranian professional football league fans (N=911 responded 4 items questionnaire. A structural equation model (SEM test with maximum likelihood estimation was performed to test the relationships among the research variables. The analyses of data showed three dimensions of brand image influenced on fan’s brand loyalty of which the attitude was the most important. Benefits and attributes were placed in the second and third rank respectively. According to Results, brand image play a pivotal role between Iranian fans brand loyalty. Create an attractive and desirable brand image in the fans mind increases brand loyalty. And due to, revenue and profits increase through ticket sales and products of club and also attract more sponsors

Policing the Void: Recreation, Social Inclusion and the Baltimore Police Athletic League

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jacob J. Bustad

2017-06-01

Full Text Available In this article, we explore the relationship between public recreation policy and planning and the transformation of urban governance in the context of the Police Athletic League centers in Baltimore, Maryland. In light of contemporary discussions of the role of youth programs for sport and physical activity within post-industrial cities, the origination, development, and eventual demise of Baltimore’s network of Police Activity League centers is an instructive, if disheartening, saga. It illustrates the social and political rationales mobilized in justifying recreation policy and programming, the framing of sport and physical activity as preventative measures towards crime and juvenile delinquency, and the precarity of such initiatives given the efficiency-driven orthodoxies of neoliberal urban entrepreneurialism (Harvey, 1989. This analysis emphasizes how the PAL centers were designed to ‘fill the void’ left by a declining system of public recreation, thereby providing an example of a recreation program as part of the “social problems industry” (Pitter & Andrews 1997.

Metabolic demands and replenishment of muscle glycogen after a rugby league match simulation protocol.

Science.gov (United States)

Bradley, Warren J; Hannon, Marcus P; Benford, Victoria; Morehen, James C; Twist, Craig; Shepherd, Sam; Cocks, Matthew; Impey, Samuel G; Cooper, Robert G; Morton, James P; Close, Graeme L

2017-09-01

The metabolic requirements of a rugby league match simulation protocol and the timing of carbohydrate provision on glycogen re-synthesis in damaged muscle were examined. Fifteen (mean±SD: age 20.9±2.9 year, body-mass 87.3±14.1kg, height 177.4±6.0cm) rugby league (RL) players consumed a 6gkgday-1 CHO diet for 7-days, completed a time to exhaustion test (TTE) and a glycogen depletion protocol on day-3, a RL simulated-match protocol (RLMSP) on day-5 and a TTE on day-7. Players were prescribed an immediate or delayed (2-h-post) re-feed post-simulation. Muscle biopsies and blood samples were obtained post-depletion, before and after simulated match-play, and 48-h after match-play with PlayerLoad and heart-rate collected throughout the simulation. Data were analysed using effects sizes±90% CI and magnitude-based inferences. PlayerLoad (8.0±0.7 AUmin-1) and %HRpeak (83±4.9%) during the simulation were similar to values reported for RL match-play. Muscle glycogen very likely increased from immediately after to 48-h post-simulation (272±97 cf. 416±162mmolkg-1d.w.; ES±90%CI) after immediate re-feed, but changes were unclear (283±68 cf. 361±144mmolkg-1d.w.; ES±90%CI) after delayed re-feed. CK almost certainly increased by 77.9±25.4% (0.75±0.19) post-simulation for all players. The RLMSP presents a replication of the internal loads associated with professional RL match-play, although difficulties in replicating the collision reduced the metabolic demands and glycogen utilisation. Further, it is possible to replete muscle glycogen in damaged muscle employing an immediate re-feed strategy. Copyright © 2017 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Estudio de declaraciones nutricionales y saludables en el etiquetado de leches fermentadas Study of nutrition and health claims on labelling of fermented milk products

OpenAIRE

A. Montero Marín; A. Limia Sánchez; E. Franco Vargas; S. Belmonte Cortés

2006-01-01

Antecedentes: El consumo de leches fermentadas en España ha aumentado enormemente en los últimos 40 años. Además del yogur, se han introducido nuevas variedades fermentadas por bifidobacterias u otras especies de lactobacilos. La riqueza nutricional de estos alimentos junto con los posibles beneficios de las cepas fermentadoras, han propiciado la presencia de declaraciones nutricionales y saludables en su etiquetado. La normativa vigente no regula expresamente estas frases y actualmente se es...

Utilización del medio Mrs-s en el aislamiento de bacterias lácticas mesofilas en leche de cabra Utilización del medio Mrs-s en el aislamiento de bacterias lacticas mesofilas en leche de cabra

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Fortes F. Celia L. de Luces

1990-12-01

Full Text Available Con el fin de evaluar el MRS-S (Sorbato al 0.10% en el aislamiento de bacterias lácticas se cultivaron muestras de leche de cabra cruda en MRS-S y PCA en profundidad y se incubaron en aerobiósis a 320C durante 48 horas. Los cocos gram positivos, catalasa negativos que crecieron en MRS-S se aislaron y sometieron a caracterización preliminar a través del crecimiento en agar MRS-S, MRS-T (tetraciclina 0.20 µg/ml, N-L (bacterias aromáticas, reducción de la leche tornasolada a 40 y 21oC y crecimiento a 45 y 10oC.Las cepas seleccionadas se sometieron a caracterización fisiológica y Bioquímica. El medio MRS-S mostró ser efectivo con un porcentaje de inhibición de la flora indeseable del 86.56%, y adecuado por el aislamiento de Lactococcus. De acuerdo con los perfiles taxonómicos se consiguió aislar de un total de 156 colonias dos Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis y un Lactococcus lactis biovar diacetilactis.With the objective of evaluating the MRS-S (0.10% of sorbate in the isolation of lactic bacteria samples of raw goat milk were cultivated in MRS-S and PCA in deep and incubated in aerobic conditions for 48 hours al 32oC. Gram positive coccus, negative catalase which grew in MRS-S were isolated and preliminarly characterized through the growing process in agar MRS-S, MRS-T (O.20ltg/ml tetracycline, N-L (aromatic bacteria, litmus milk reduction at 40 and 210C and growing at 45 and 10oC. Selected strains were subject to the physiological and biochemical characterization. MRS-S media showed to be effective with an 86.56% of inhibition for indesirable bacteria and adequated for Lactococcus isolation. Related to taxonomic profiles from 156 colonies were isolated two lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and one Lactococcus luctis biovar diacetilactis.

Nutritional knowledge and eating habits of professional rugby league players: does knowledge translate into practice?

Science.gov (United States)

Alaunyte, Ieva; Perry, John L; Aubrey, Tony

2015-01-01

Adequate nutrient intake is important to support training and to optimise performance of elite athletes. Nutritional knowledge has been shown to play an important role in adopting optimal nutrition practices. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the level of nutritional knowledge and dietary habits in elite English rugby league players using the eatwell plate food categories. General nutritional knowledge questionnaires were collected during the Super League competitive season in the first team squad of 21 professional Rugby league players (mean age 25 ± 5 yrs, BMI 27 ± 2.4 kg/m2, experience in game 6 ± 4 yrs). According to their nutritional knowledge scores, the players were assigned to either good or poor nutritional knowledge group (n = 11, n = 10, respectively). Their dietary habits were assessment using a food frequency questionnaire. The findings revealed that nutritional knowledge was adequate (mean 72.82%) in this group of athletes with the highest scores in dietary advice section (85.71%), followed by food groups (71.24%) and food choice (69.52%). The majority of athletes were not aware of current carbohydrate recommendations. This translated into their dietary habits as many starchy and fibrous foods were consumed only occasionally by poor nutritional knowledge group. In terms of their eating habits, the good nutritional knowledge group consumed significantly more fruit and vegetables, and starchy foods (p Nutritional knowledge was positively correlated to fruit and vegetables consumption (rs = .52, p nutritional knowledge in professional rugby league players with the exception of recommendation for starchy and fibrous foods. Players who scored higher in nutritional knowledge test were more likely to consume more fruits, vegetables and carbohydrate-rich foods.

Reliability and Usefulness of Linear Sprint Testing in Adolescent Rugby Union and League Players.

Science.gov (United States)

Darrall-Jones, Joshua D; Jones, Ben; Roe, Gregory; Till, Kevin

2016-05-01

The purpose of this study was to evaluate (a) whether there were differences in sprint times at 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 m between rugby union and rugby league players, (b) determine the reliability and usefulness of linear sprint testing in adolescent rugby players. Data were collected on 28 rugby union and league academy players over 2 testing sessions, with 3-day rest between sessions. Rugby league players were faster at 5 m than rugby union players, with further difference unclear. Sprint time at 10, 20, 30, and 40 m was all reliable (coefficient of variation [CV] = 3.1, 1.8, 2.0, and 1.3%) but greater than the smallest worthwhile change (SWC [0.2 × between-subject SD]), rating the test as marginal for usefulness. Although the test was incapable of detecting the SWC, we recommend that practitioners and researchers use Hopkins' proposed method; whereby plotting the change score of the individual at each split (±typical error [TE] expressed as a CV) against the SWC and visually inspecting whether the TE crosses into the SWC are capable of identifying whether a change is both real (greater than the noise of the test, i.e., >TE) and of practical significance (>SWC). Researchers and practitioners can use the TE and SWC from this study to assess changes in performance of adolescent rugby players when using single beam timing gates.

Acceptance of Transgenic Milk in La Araucania Region,Chile Aceptación de leche transgénica en la Región de la Araucanía Chile

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Berta Schnettler M

2008-12-01

Full Text Available Considering the high level of concern caused by genetically modified foods (GMF in developed countries, the relevance of this variable in decision-making about the purchase of fluid milk among consumers in Temuco (La Araucanía Region, Chile was determined. By means of a personal survey of 400 people and using conjoint analysis, it was determined that the presence of genetic modifications in food was more important (44.7% than brand (29.5% and price (25.5% in the decision-making process. By cluster analysis three segments were identified; the largest group (46.5% gave similar relevance to food production and brand, preferring genetically modified milk. For the second group (41.5%, the presence or absence of genetic modification was the most important variable in the purchase, with a strong rejection of milk produced by genetic manipulation and preference for non-transgenic milk. The minority segment (12.0% placed a higher value on price. These three segments prefer national brand milk, reject the product with private brands and react positively to lower prices. The most sensitive segment to genetic food manipulation had a higher proportion of people under 35 years of age and with no children. It is concluded that the absence of genetic manipulation in food is a desirable condition, mainly for young consumers of La Araucanía Region.Considerando el debate generado por los alimentos genéticamente modificados (GMF en los países desarrollados, se determinó la importancia de esta variable en la decisión de compra de leche fluida en consumidores de Temuco (Región de La Araucanía, Chile y la existencia de diferentes segmentos de mercado, mediante una encuesta personal a 400 personas. Utilizando análisis conjunto se determinó, en general, que la presencia de modificación genética en el alimento fue más importante (44,7% que la marca (29,5% y el precio (25,5% en la decisión de compra. Mediante análisis cluster se distinguieron tres segmentos

Evolución durante el ingreso de recién nacidos de muy bajo peso alimentados al inicio exclusivamente con leche humana

OpenAIRE

Ginovart Galiana, Gemma

2015-01-01

INTRODUCCIÓN: La alimentación con leche humana (LH) se ha asociado con múltiples ventajas en el recién nacido de muy bajo peso (RNMBP). No obstante, diversos estudios efectuados antes de extenderse la práctica de la fortificación demostraron pobre crecimiento en recién nacidos (RN) alimentados con LH comparado con los alimentados con fórmula. El papel que juega el crecimiento posnatal en los resultados del RNMBP es crucial y puede ser un factor independiente para su mala evolución. El objetiv...

Coagulación de la leche. Desarrollo de un dispositivo para el “monitoreo” online del proceso. Avances en la Argentina

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REVELLI, G.R.2

2012-08-01

Full Text Available La coagulación enzimática de la leche es una etapa fundamental en la elaboración de queso. Su controlonline tiene por objeto la determinación del tiempo de coagulación, la velocidad de crecimiento de la firmeza yel apropiado tiempo de corte de la cuajada. El tratamiento térmico de la leche permite incorporar al queso proteínasdel suero para incrementar su valor biológico y su rendimiento. También, numerosas investigacionesreportan el agregado de Proteínas de Suero en Polvo (WPC en la elaboración de distintos tipos de quesos.Tratamientos diversos de las proteínas del suero son utilizados para alimentos ricos en almidones. El desarrollode un dispositivo que cumpla con los requerimientos de fortaleza, higiene en el lugar, que no impida lasoperaciones de corte y agitación y que no sea destructivo, será una herramienta importante en el estudio delos efectos de las variables críticas, el control de la elaboración de queso y yogurt, y en el desarrollo de nuevosproductos. Una revisión histórica muestra que desde hace varias décadas los investigadores se preocupan por obtener dispositivos basados en diferentes métodos. En la Argentina, se reportan experiencias con utilización del principio del alambre caliente. En la actualidad, se construye un dispositivo innovador que puede seraplicado en el desarrollo de nuevos productos y en tina quesera industrial.

[Effects of climate and grazing on the vegetation cover change in Xilinguole League of Inner Mongolia, North China].

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Hai-Mei; Li, Zheng-Hai; Wang, Zhen

2013-01-01

Based on the monthly temperature and precipitation data of 15 meteorological stations and the statistical data of livestock density in Xilinguole League in 1981-2007, and by using ArcGIS, this paper analyzed the spatial distribution of the climate aridity and livestock density in the League, and in combining with the ten-day data of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in 1981-2007, the driving factors of the vegetation cover change in the League were discussed. In the study period, there was a satisfactory linear regression relationship between the climate aridity and the vegetation coverage. The NDVI and the livestock density had a favorable binomial regression relationship. With the increase of NDVI, the livestock density increased first and decreased then. The vegetation coverage had a complex linear relationship with livestock density and climate aridity. The NDVI had a positive correlation with climate aridity, but a negative correlation with livestock density. Compared with livestock density, climate aridity had far greater effects on the NDVI.

Market size and attendance in English Premier League football

OpenAIRE

Buraimo, B; Simmons, R

2006-01-01

This paper models the impacts of market size and team competition for fan base on matchday attendance in the English Premier League over the period 1997-2004 using a large panel data set. We construct a comprehensive set of control variables and use tobit estimation to overcome the problems caused by sell-out crowds. We also account for unobserved influences on attendance by means of random effects attached to home teams. Our treatment of market size, with its use of Geographical Information ...

Modelling The Effect of Changing Point Systems to Teams’ Competition Standing in A Malaysian Soccer Super League

Science.gov (United States)

Mat Yusof, Muhammad; Khalid, Ruzelan; Hamid, Mohamad Shukri Abdul; Mansor, Rosnalini; Sulaiman, Tajularipin

2018-05-01

In a sports league such as in a soccer league, the teams’ competition standing is based on a cumulative point system. Typically, the standard point system is given to every single match for win, draw and lose teams is the 3-1-0 point system. In this paper, we explore the effect of changing point systems to teams’ competition standing by changing the weightage values for win, draw and lose teams. Three types of point systems are explored in our soccer simulation model; firstly the 3-1-0, secondly the 2-1-0 and thirdly the 4-1-0 point system. Based on the teams participating in a Malaysian soccer Super League, our simulation result shows that there are small changes in term of teams’ competition standing when we compared the actual rank and the simulation rank position. However, the 4-1-0 point system recorded the highest Pearson correlation value which is 0.97, followed by the 2-1-0 point system (0.95) and thirdly the 3-1-0 point system (0.94).

Estudio y evolución de la calidad de leche cruda en tambos de la zona noroeste de Santa Fe y sur de Santiago del Estero, Argentina (1993–2009

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REVELLI, G.R.

2011-08-01

Full Text Available Un total de 10.704 muestras de leche cruda de pool de tanque, correspondientes a 55 establecimientos lecheros asociados a la Cooperativa Tambera y Agropecuaria Nueva Alpina Ltda., fueron recolectadas entre los años 1993 y 2009. En el marco del Programa de Mejoramiento Integral de Calidad de Leche, se analizaron parámetros físico-químicos, microbiológicos y sanitarios, obteniéndose valores medios que caracterizan la zona, a saber: acidez: 16,30 ± 0,96 °D, pH: 6,68 ± 0,04, grasa butirosa: 3,48 ± 0,24%, proteína verdadera:3,11 ± 0,12%, lactosa: 4,74 ± 0,16%, cenizas: 0,70 ± 0,09%, sólidos totales: 12,18 ± 0,42%, descenso crioscópico: -0,530 ± 0,02 °C, recuento de bacterias totales: 9,6 x 104 ± 2,2 x 105 UFC/ml, recuento de células somáticas: 407.000 ± 230.000 CS/ml e inhibidores (Antibióticos: 99,64% negativo. Las correlaciones más significativas resultaron para: grasa butirosa vs sólidos totales (r = 0,784; P < 0,001 y proteína verdadera vs sólidos totales (r = 0,557; P < 0,001. Durante 17 años de experiencia se estudió la calidad composicional en leche cruda de tambos que pertenecen a la zona noroeste de Santa Fe y sur de Santiago del Estero, observándoseun significativo mejoramiento, especialmente en aquellos indicadores que infieren un alto valor industrial. Optimizar la capacidad de gestión de los productores y la calidad operativa de los tamberos, contribuyó en el logro de los resultados obtenidos.

Television commercial violence during nonviolent programming: the 1998 major league baseball playoffs.

Science.gov (United States)

Anderson, C R

2000-10-01

To identify the frequency of violent commercials during the major league baseball playoffs in 1998 and to compare it with the 1996 playoffs. All 4 World Series games televised on the Fox Television Network (Fox), all 6 National League Championship Series (NLCS) televised by Fox, and 5 of 6 American League Championship Series (ALCS) playoff games televised by the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) were videotaped in October 1998. The results were compared with a similar study that analyzed the 1996 playoffs. Forty-four commercials (11.0 per game) that included violent interactions were noted during the World Series, 53 violent commercials (8.8 per game) during the NLCS, and 40 (8.0 per game) during the ALCS for a total of 137. Of these 137 violent commercials, 78 contained at least 1 violent act, 126 contained at least 1 violent threat, and 12 contained evidence of at least 1 violent consequence. One hundred five of the 137 violent commercials (76.6%) were television promotions and 23 (16.8%) were for big-screen movie promotions. Twenty-three of 35 big-screen movie promotions (65.7%) were violent. Ten of the 137 violent commercials (7.3%) contained obvious blood, of which 9 were televised by NBC. There were, however, an additional 20 commercials televised by Fox that contained visible blood if the videotape was slowed or paused. Sixty-three of the 137 violent commercials (46.0%) used fire and explosions, of which 53 were televised by Fox and 10 by NBC. Guns were involved in 86 of 137 violent commercials (62.8%), with Fox accounting for 64 (6.4 per game) and NBC accounting for 22 (4.4 per game). Knives were used in 1 violent commercial on both Fox and NBC. Comparisons that can be made to 1996 include the following: 1) violent commercials during the World Series (both televised by Fox) increased from 10.1 to 11.0 per game; and 2) violent commercials during the ALCS (both televised by NBC) increased from 6.0 to 8.0 per game. Commercials during the 1998 major league

Mid-Term report 'Establishing bonds for the advancement of the Rescue League'

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Riaño, I.; Visser, A.

2014-01-01

The RoboCup Rescue Simulation League aims to benchmark the intelligence of software agents and robots on their capabilities to make autonomously the right decisions in a disaster response scenario. The UvA Rescue and Distribot team have come together to work co-operatively to support this aim in two

The First World War and the Discussions on Establishing the Universal International Organization

OpenAIRE

Khodnev Aleksandr

2014-01-01

Traditionally, historians begin the League of Nations’ history with the postwar settlement and the creation of the Versailles system. However, the continuity exists between the First World War and the emergence of international organization. There was no steady institution of multilateral diplomacy for the international arbitration before the War. The Hague Peace Conferences (1899, 1907) were not able to create strong international institutions. The ways out of the Great War and the mecha...

Thermophysical and rheological properties of dulce de leche with and without coconut flakes as a function of temperature Propriedades termofísicas e reológicas de doces de leite puro e adicionado de flocos de coco em função da temperatura

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Vanessa Camarinha Barbosa

2013-03-01

Full Text Available Dulce de leche (DL, a dairy dessert highly appreciated in Brazil, is a concentrated product containing about 70% m/m of total solids. Thermophysical and rheological properties of two industrial Brazilian Dulce de leche formulations (classic Dulce de leche and Dulce de leche added with coconut flakes 1.5% m/m were determined at temperatures comprised between 28.4 and 76.4 °C. In general, no significant differences (p Doce de leite é uma sobremesa láctea concentrada (cerca de 70% de sólidos muito apreciada no Brasil. Propriedades termofísicas e reológicas de duas formulações de doce de leite brasileiro (puro e adicionado de coco ralado a 1,5% em massa foram determinadas a temperaturas compreendidas entre 28,4 e 76,4 °C. No geral, a presença de flocos de coco não acarretou diferenças significativas (p < 0,05 nestas propriedades das duas formulações. A capacidade calorífica variou entre (2633,2 e 3101,8 J/kg.°C; a condutividade térmica entre (0,383 e 0,452 W/m°C; a massa específica entre (1350,7 e 1310,7 kg/m³; e enfim, a difusividade térmica entre (1,082 × 10-7 e 1,130 × 10-7 m²/s. O modelo de Bingham descreveu adequadamente o comportamento não Newtoniano dos dois produtos, com tensão crítica de escoamento variando entre (27,3 e 17,6 Pa e a viscosidade plástica de (19,9 a 5,9 Pa.s.

Effectiveness of in-season manager changes in English Premier League Football

OpenAIRE

Besters, Lucas; van Ours, Jan; van Tuijl, Martin

2016-01-01

We analyze the performance effects of in-season manager changes in English Premier League football during the seasons 2000/2001–2014/2015. We find that some managerial changes are successful, while others are counterproductive. On average, performance does not improve following a managerial replacement. The successfulness of managerial turnover depends on specific highly unpredictable circumstances, as we illustrate through case-studies.

Acute Gastrocnemius-Soleus Complex Injuries in National Football League Athletes

OpenAIRE

Werner, Brian C.; Belkin, Nicole S.; Kennelly, Steve; Weiss, Leigh; Barnes, Ronnie P.; Potter, Hollis G.; Warren, Russell F.; Rodeo, Scott A.

2017-01-01

Background: Lower extremity muscle injuries are common in professional football. Although less common than hamstring or quadriceps injuries in National Football League (NFL) athletes, calf injuries occur with relative frequency and have not previously been studied. Purpose: To evaluate gastrocnemius-soleus complex muscle injuries over the past 13 years from a single NFL team to determine the incidence of such injuries, their imaging characteristics, and return to play after such injuries and ...

El nitrógeno en los sistemas ganaderos de leche

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Jorge Elizondo Salazar

2006-01-01

Full Text Available El nitrógeno es un elemento muy importante para todo organismo. Se encuentra en: la atmósfera, el suelo y el agua. Se aplica en todo el mundo para producir alimentos. El nitrógeno para la agricultura incluye: el proveniente de fertilizantes inorgánicos, aquel fijado biológicamente, el proveniente de estiércoles de animales, el de residuos de cosechas y el que se mineraliza en el suelo. Hoy en día, los fertilizantes nitrogenados son la mayor fuente de nitrógeno para la producción agrícola y el nitrógeno presente en el estiércol animal se está utilizando ineficientemente. Además, el nitrógeno está siendo aplicado en cantidades mayores que las que el ecosistema puede tolerar, ocasionando problemas de olores y contaminación de las aguas, lo que ha provocado intoxicaciones tanto en personas como en animales y otra serie de efectos negativos en los ecosistemas tanto terrestres como acuáticos. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo hacer un breve repaso sobre la importancia del nitrógeno en los organismos, conocer los efectos negativos que el exceso de nitrógeno puede ocasionar en el ambiente y reconocer alternativas viables y económicas que permitan disminuir la excreción de este elemento en los sistemas ganaderos de leche

The burden of premature mortality of epilepsy in high-income countries: A systematic review from the Mortality Task Force of the International League Against Epilepsy.

Science.gov (United States)

Thurman, David J; Logroscino, Giancarlo; Beghi, Ettore; Hauser, W Allen; Hesdorffer, Dale C; Newton, Charles R; Scorza, Fulvio Alexandre; Sander, Josemir W; Tomson, Torbjörn

2017-01-01

Since previous reviews of epidemiologic studies of premature mortality among people with epilepsy were completed several years ago, a large body of new evidence about this subject has been published. We aim to update prior reviews of mortality in epilepsy and to reevaluate and quantify the risks, potential risk factors, and causes of these deaths. We systematically searched the Medline and Embase databases to identify published reports describing mortality risks in cohorts and populations of people with epilepsy. We reviewed relevant reports and applied criteria to identify those studies likely to accurately quantify these risks in representative populations. From these we extracted and summarized the reported data. All population-based studies reported an increased risk of premature mortality among people with epilepsy compared to general populations. Standard mortality ratios are especially high among people with epilepsy aged <50 years, among those whose epilepsy is categorized as structural/metabolic, those whose seizures do not fully remit under treatment, and those with convulsive seizures. Among deaths directly attributable to epilepsy or seizures, important immediate causes include sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), status epilepticus, unintentional injuries, and suicide. Epilepsy-associated premature mortality imposes a significant public health burden, and many of the specific causes of death are potentially preventable. These require increased attention from healthcare providers, researchers, and public health professionals. Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2016 International League Against Epilepsy.

COMPOSICIÓN QUIMICA DE LA LECHE, DIGESTIBILIDAD in vitro DE LA MATERIA SECA Y PRODUCCIÓN EN VACAS ALIMENTADAS CON GRAMÍNEAS SOLAS O ASOCIADAS CON Lotus uliginosus

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A. Morales

2013-01-01

Full Text Available La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el uso de la leguminosa Lotus uliginosus como alternativa de inclusión dentro de las praderas en dos ecorregiones estratégicas de la sabana de Bogotá. en cada finca se evaluaron cuatro tratamientos: 1 kikuyo solo (P. clandestinum, 2 kikuyo asociado con trébol pata de pájaro ( P.clandes-tinum + L. uliginosus, 3 festuca alta sola (F. arundinacea y 4 Festuca alta asociada con trébol pata de pájaro (F. arundinacea + L. uliginosus. el número de bovinos varió de acuerdo a la capacidad de carga de cada finca. se utilizaron animales que se encontraban en el segundo tercio de lactancia durante un período experimental de siete días. en cada tratamiento se determinó la producción (L/día y calidad de leche (% de grasa, proteína y sólidos totales; en la pastura se evaluó la composición química (Ms, Fdn, Fda y la digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca (divMs. se midió el consumo voluntario. en la finca Megaleche la producción de biomasa presentó diferencias significativas (P<0,05 entre los tratamientos destacándose el tratamiento del kikuyo solo; la calidad nutricional de las pasturas también presentó diferencias (P<0,04 destacándose el tratamiento de kikuyo + trébol pata de pájaro, asociación que también se destacó en consumo voluntario (P< 0.05 y producción de leche (P<0,05. en la finca Colega el contenido de proteína del forraje presentó diferencias cuando las gramíneas se asociaron con el trébol pata de pájaro (P<0,001. se concluyó que la introducción del Lotus en las praderas mejoró la producción de leche y consumo de materia seca en los animales.

La importancia de los ácidos grasos en la leche materna y en las fórmulas lácteas

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Vega, S.

2012-06-01

Full Text Available The best choice for feeding the newborn child is breast milk, and when it is not possible to breastfeed a baby, the breast milk is replaced by lacteal formula, which is why numerous studies focus their attention on the analysis of the diverse components of baby formula as well as functions in the breastfed baby. Fatty acids are components of great nutritional importance in the fetus and in the newborn child. Nowadays it is estimated that the fetus, during the last trimester of the gestational period and the newborn child, during the first six months of life, need a great contribution of araquidonic and docosahexaenoic acids, due to the fact that the speed of transformation of the predecessors to the hepatic level are not sufficient to cover the metabolic requirements of these fatty acids and it is the mother who contributes them through placental transport during gestation and her milk during lactation. The Organization of Food and Agriculture (FAO, the World Health Organization (WHO, the European Society of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Pediatric Nutrition (ESPGHAN and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that lacteal formula imitate the composition of the breast milk, especially in the fatty polyunsaturated acids (PUFA.

El alimento natural por excelencia para el recién nacido es la leche materna, cuando no es posible darla se sustituye por fórmulas lácteas, por lo que numerosos estudios enfocan su interés en el análisis de los diversos componentes de éstas, y sus funciones en el lactante. Los ácidos grasos son componentes de gran importancia nutricional tanto en el feto como en el recién nacido. Actualmente se estima que el feto, durante el último tercio del periodo gestacional y el recién nacido, durante los primeros seis meses de vida, requieren un gran aporte de ácidos araquidónico y docosahexaenoico, debido a que la velocidad de transformación de los precursores a nivel hepático no son suficientes para

Implementación de un equipo de laboratorio para la planta piloto de lácteos campus Juan Lunardi, para el análisis de la leche en tres razas de vacas (Holstein, Jersey y Criollas) de la comuna indígena de Shiña-Nabón

OpenAIRE

Ascaribay Andrade, Saúl Geovani

2013-01-01

El presente trabajo de grado trata sobre la implementación de un equipo de laboratorio para el análisis comparativo de la leche entre tres razas de vacas, (Holstein, Jersey y Criollas), este análisis se lo realizo en la Asociación de Productores Agropecuarios de la comuna indígena de Shiña perteneciente al cantón Nabón provincia del Azuay, los parámetros a ser analizados están basados dentro de las normas técnicas que dicta el INEN, las normas que fueron analizadas fueron: Leche Cruda Requisi...

Ingesta de leche y derivados lácteos en la población universitaria Intake of milk and dairy products in a college population

OpenAIRE

T. Durá Travé

2008-01-01

Objetivo: Realizar un estudio descriptivo del consumo de leche y derivados en una población universitaria y analizar su contribución nutricional en la dieta de estos universitarios. Material y métodos: Registro de consumo de alimentos de un día lectivo (recuerdo de 24 horas) a una muestra aleatoria de 500 universitarios con edades comprendidas entre 19 y 24 años. De cada encuestado se registraba sexo, edad, estudios universitarios, horario de clases y tipo de residencia. Resultados: El 98,6% ...

Evolución del desarrollo del color en sistema modelo de composición similar al dulce de leche. Influencia del tiempo de calentamiento y del Ph

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Analía Rodríguez Blanco

2013-01-01

Full Text Available El color es un atributo importante en la elección del producto dulce de leche por parte del consumidor. El mismo se desarrolla en el proceso de elaboración debido principalmente a las reacciones de pardeamiento no enzimático, las cuales se ven influenciadas por varios factores. En este trabajo se evaluó el desarrollo de color, con el tiempo de tratamiento térmico y el pH inicial como variables tecnológicas, en un sistema modelo compuesto de caseinato, lactosa, sacarosa y agua destilada cuya composición fue similar a la del dulce de leche comercial. El estudio del color se realizó utilizando los parámetros de medición de color del sistema CIELAB y el índice de Kubelka Munk (K/S. Con ambos métodos se constató un aumento significativo del dE*ab y del K/S con el tiempo de tratamiento térmico y el pH inicial. Con el sistema CIELAB además se observó una tendencia a disminuir la luminosidad con el tiempo y el aumento del pH inicial, y el aumento de a* con el tiempo.

Morphological and motor characteristics of Croatian first league female football players.

Science.gov (United States)

Jelaska, Petra Mandić; Katić, Ratko; Jelaska, Igor

2013-05-01

The aim of this study was to determine the structure of morphological and motor characteristics of Croatian first league female football players and their impact on the estimated quality of the players. According to the goal of the research, a sample consisted of 70 Croatian first league female football players. Participants were measured in 18 tests for assessing morphological characteristics, a set of 12 basic motor abilities tests and a set of 7 tests for assessing football-specific motor abilities. Exploratory factor analysis strategy was applied separately to all measured tests: morphological, basic motor abilities and football specific motor abilities. Factor analysis of morphological tests has shown existence of 3 significant latent dimensions that explain 64% of the total variability. Factors are defined as transverse dimensionality of the skeleton and voluminosity (35%), subcutaneous fat tissue (16%) and longitudinal dimensionality of the skeleton (13%). In the area of basic motor abilities, four factors were extracted. The first factor is responsible for the integration of agility and explosive power of legs, i.e. a factor of movement regulation (agility/lower body explosiveness) (23%), the second one defines muscle tone regulation (15%), the third one defines the frequency of leg movements (12%), while the fourth one is recognized as responsible for the manifestation of basic strength, particularly of basic core strength (19%). Two factors were isolated in the space of football-specific motor abilities: football-specific efficiency (53%) and situational football coordination (27%). Furthermore, by use of factor analysis on extracted latent dimensions (morphological, basic and football specific motor abilities) two higher order factors (explaining 87% of common variability) were extracted. They were named morphological-motor factor (54%) and football-specific motor abilities factor (33%). It is assumed that two extracted higher-order factors fully

Comparison of characteristics of international and national databases for rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Gvozdenović, E.; Koevoets, R.; Langenhoff, J.; Allaart, C. F.; Landewé, R. B. M.

2014-01-01

To evaluate current (inter)national registers and observational cohorts in Europe, and to compare inclusion criteria, aims, collected data, and participation in the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) repository. We performed a systematic search strategy in six literature databases for

Strategically Positioned: Breastfeeding, Advocacy, and the Hands-On Nurse.

Science.gov (United States)

Gathron, Erika L

2017-08-01

Breastfeeding, a health behavior that provides well-known benefits for mothers, infants, and children, is an essential strategy to improve public health. Breastfeeding can reduce the incidence of infant illness and death and provides both short- and longterm physiological benefits to mothers. National and international government agencies and grassroots organizations supporting breastfeeding include the World Health Organization, the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, the World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the La Leche League. In the United States, breastfeeding of infants was the norm until the late 1890s when the Progressive Era's emphasis on science and modernity led to the transition of childbirth from residential in-home births to community-based hospital births and the aggressive rise of the baby formula industry. By 1966, only 18% of mothers were exclusively breastfeeding their infants at hospital discharge. This drastic decrease in breastfeeding reduced the percentage of mothers and grandmothers who could share their breastfeeding knowledge and experience. Nurses who provide care for women and infants are essential stakeholders in bridging the breastfeeding knowledge gap by offering education on the short- and long-term health benefits of breastfeeding to both mother and baby and timely encouragement to mothers during the most significant time for establishing lactation.

Factores ambientales que afectan el recuento de células somáticas en leche de búfalos (Bubalus bubalis

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Geovanny Mendoza-Sánchez

2009-12-01

Full Text Available Considerando que el recuento de células somáticas (RCS de muestras de leche es una valioso indicador de la salud de la ubre de búfalas, se desarrolló el presente trabajo con el fin de estimar la relación existente entre algunos factores ambientales y el RCS, verificando la frecuencia de ocurrencia de muestras analizadas en clases de recuentos muy altos, altos, medios y bajos. Fueron analizadas informaciones de 23.534 muestras de controles de leche (RCS, referentes a 2.198 lactancias de animales de la raza murrah con edades entre los dos y quince años, hijas de 187 reproductores; estos muestreos fueron realizados durante siete años. Los resultados indicaron que de manera general, ocurrieron bajos, medios, altos y muy altos RCS para, 96,34%, 2,3%, 0,96% y 0,4% de las muestras, respectivamente. Las clases de bajos y medios RCS, fueron las que presentaron las mayores frecuencias, confirmando que en búfalos, hay una tendencia a menores recuentos que en los bovinos. Se presentaron diferencias entre las medias del RCS por orden de parto y por estación de parto, y hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas (P < 0,05 para las medias del RCS en algunos controles. En relación con el orden de parto fueron observadas diferencias entre las frecuencias de los RCS, siendo que, de modo general, a medida que aumentó el orden del parto, disminuyó el porcentaje de bajos recuentos y aumentaron las frecuencias de recuentos medios, altos y muy altos. Los resultados indicaron que los efectos de hacienda, año y orden de parto deben ser considerados en la comparación entre animales.

Head impacts in a junior rugby league team measured with a wireless head impact sensor: an exploratory analysis.

Science.gov (United States)

King, Doug; Hume, Patria; Gissane, Conor; Clark, Trevor

2017-01-01

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency, magnitude, and distribution of head impacts sustained by players in a junior rugby league over a season of matches. METHODS The authors performed a prospective cohort analysis of impact magnitude, frequency, and distribution on data collected with instrumented XPatches worn behind the ear of players in an "under-11" junior rugby league team (players under 11 years old). RESULTS A total of 1977 impacts were recorded. Over the course of the study, players sustained an average of 116 impacts (average of 13 impacts per player per match). The measured linear acceleration ranged from 10g to 123g (mean 22g, median 16g, and 95th percentile 57g). The rotational acceleration ranged from 89 rad/sec 2 to 22,928 rad/sec 2 (mean 4041 rad/sec 2 , median 2773 rad/sec 2 , and 95th percentile 11,384 rad/sec 2 ). CONCLUSIONS The level of impact severity based on the magnitude of impacts for linear and rotational accelerations recorded was similar to the impacts reported in studies of American junior and high school football, collegiate football, and youth ice hockey players, but the players in the rugby league cohort were younger, had less body mass, and played at a slower speed than the American players. Junior rugby league players are required to tackle the player to the ground and use a different tackle technique than that used in American football, likely increasing the rotational accelerations recorded at the head.

Assessing healthcare professional knowledge, attitudes, and practices on hypertension management. Announcing a new World Hypertension League resource.

Science.gov (United States)

Campbell, Norm R C; Dashdorj, Naranjargal; Baatarsuren, Uurtsaikh; Myanganbayar, Maral; Dashtseren, Myagmartseren; Unurjargal, Tsolmon; Zhang, Xin-Hua; Veiga, Eugenia Velludo; Beheiry, Hind Mamoun; Mohan, Sailesh; Almustafa, Bader; Niebylski, Mark; Lackland, Daniel

2017-09-01

To assist hypertension control programs and specifically the development of training and education programs on hypertension for healthcare professionals, the World Hypertension League has developed a resource to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices on hypertension management. The resource assesses: (1) the importance of hypertension as a clinical and public health risk; (2) education in national or international hypertension recommendations; (3) lifestyle causes of hypertension; (4) measurement of blood pressure, screening, and diagnosis of hypertension; (5) lifestyle therapy counseling; (6) cardiovascular risk assessment; (7) antihypertensive drug therapy; and (8) adherence to therapy. In addition, the resource assesses the attitudes and practices of healthcare professionals for task sharing/shifting, use of care algorithms, and use of registries with performance reporting functions. The resource is designed to help support the Global Hearts Alliance to provide standardized and enhanced hypertension control globally. ©2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Recommendations for the content and conduct of European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) musculoskeletal ultrasound courses

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Naredo, E.; Bijlsma, J. W. J.; Conaghan, P. G.; Acebes, C.; Balint, P.; Berner-Hammer, H.; Bruyn, G. A. W.; Collado, P.; D'Agostino, M. A.; de Agustin, J. J.; de Miguel, E.; Filippucci, E.; Grassi, W.; Iagnocco, A.; Kane, D.; Koski, J. M.; Manger, B.; Mayordomo, L.; Moeller, I.; Moragues, C.; Rejon, E.; Szkudlarek, M.; Terslev, L.; Uson, J.; Wakefield, R. J.; Schmidt, A.

Objective: To develop education guidelines for the conduct of future European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) courses. Methods: We undertook a consensus-based, iterative process using two consecutive questionnaires sent to 29 senior ultrasonographer

U.S. Foreign Policy and the Pursuit of International Human Rights. Chapter VIII. The United States, International War, and the Preservation of Human Rights: The Control of Arms,

Science.gov (United States)

1978-09-01

international law like Hans Kelsen argued that the U.N. Charter itself, which partially grew out of the experience of the League of Nations and the...by Thomas Nagel (Princeton: Princeton University Press, ]974), p. 139.. 2Hans Kelsen , The Law of Nations (London: 1950), p. 29. 3 3Quoted in Heribert

Hybrid geomorphological maps as the basis for assessing geoconservation potential in Lech, Vorarlberg (Austria)

Science.gov (United States)

Seijmonsbergen, Harry; de Jong, Mat; Anders, Niels; de Graaff, Leo; Cammeraat, Erik

2013-04-01

Geoconservation potential is, in our approach, closely linked to the spatial distribution of geomorphological sites and thus, geomorphological inventories. Detailed geomorphological maps are translated, using a standardized workflow, into polygonal maps showing the potential geoconservation value of landforms. A new development is to semi-automatically extract in a GIS geomorphological information from high resolution topographical data, such as LiDAR, and combine this with conventional data types (e.g. airphotos, geological maps) into geomorphological maps. Such hybrid digital geomorphological maps are also easily translated into digital information layers which show the geoconservation potential in an area. We present a protocol for digital geomorphological mapping illustrated with an example for the municipality of Lech in Vorarlberg (Austria). The protocol consists of 5 steps: 1. data preparation, 2. generating training and validation samples, 3. parameterization, 4. feature extraction, and 5. assessing classification accuracy. The resulting semi-automated digital geomorphological map is then further validated, in two ways. Firstly, the map is manually checked with the help of a series of digital datasets (e.g. airphotos) in a digital 3D environment, such as ArcScene. The second validation is field visit, which preferably occurs in parallel to the digital evaluation, so that updates are quickly achieved. The final digital and coded geomorphological information layer is converted into a potential geoconservation map by weighting and ranking the landforms based on four criteria: scientific relevance, frequency of occurrence, disturbance, and environmental vulnerability. The criteria with predefined scores for the various landform types are stored in a separate GIS attribute table, which is joined to the attribute table of the hybrid geomorphological information layer in an automated procedure. The results of the assessment can be displayed as the potential

The Atlanta Urban Debate League: Exploring the Making of a Critical Literacy Space

Science.gov (United States)

Cridland-Hughes, Susan

2016-01-01

The Atlanta Urban Debate League was established in 1985 as an after school program focused on providing debate outreach to high school students in the Atlanta public schools. Still in operation today, volunteers work with current students in public middle and high schools in Atlanta, supporting students as they practice reading, writing, speaking…

Criterion and Construct Validity of an Isometric Midthigh-Pull Dynamometer for Assessing Whole-Body Strength in Professional Rugby League Players.

Science.gov (United States)

Dobbin, Nick; Hunwicks, Richard; Jones, Ben; Till, Kevin; Highton, Jamie; Twist, Craig

2018-02-01

To examine the criterion and construct validity of an isometric midthigh-pull dynamometer to assess whole-body strength in professional rugby league players. Fifty-six male rugby league players (33 senior and 23 youth players) performed 4 isometric midthigh-pull efforts (ie, 2 on the dynamometer and 2 on the force platform) in a randomized and counterbalanced order. Isometric peak force was underestimated (P  .05) between the predicted and peak force from the force platform and an adjusted R 2 (79.6%) that represented shrinkage of 0.4% relative to the cross-validation model (80%). Peak force was greater for the senior than the youth professionals using the dynamometer (2261.2 ± 222 cf 1725.1 ± 298.0 N, respectively; P isometric midthigh pull assessed using a dynamometer underestimates criterion peak force but is capable of distinguishing muscle-function characteristics between professional rugby league players of different standards.

Sports injuries in Plus League volleyball players.

Science.gov (United States)

Cieśla, E; Dutkiewicz, R; Mgłosiek, M; Nowak-Starz, G; Markowska, M; Jasiński, P; Dudek, J

2015-06-01

Although physical activity brings a range of lifelong health benefits, it may also lead to injuries that pose a significant threat to health. It is particularly noticeable in people involved in professional sports where sport-related injuries commonly occur and are associated with intense exercise which aims to improve physical fitness. The article attempts to determine incidence of sports injuries reported by Plus League volleyball players, as well as to identify their most common types and causes. The research project involved 90 Plus League volleyball players aged 18-37 with the average age of 25.11 (SD±5.378). A method of diagnostic survey was applied to collect empirical data by means of questionnaire developed by the authors (researchers). The results were statistically analysed and verified with the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and χ2 test at the significance level (or critical P-value) of P≤0.05. Over 87% of the respondents suffered from at least one sport-related injury. In total, 362 injuries occurred, on average 4.02 injuries per one volleyball player. The most common sports injuries involved ankle or talocrural joint (46 injuries), knee and lower leg muscles (30), interphalangeal articulations of fingers (30) as well as shoulder joint. More than half of the injuries (57%) occurred twice or three times. Volleyball players commonly sustain injuries through contact with an opposing player in competition. Sport-specific injuries may also occur due to exhaustion, lack of rest and undertreated injuries. The most common volleyball-related injuries are primarily talocrural joint, hand and shoulder injuries. Common types of injuries that can affect volleyball players include muscles, joints and ligaments injuries, sprains and strains as well as bruises. Most of these injuries are caused by exhaustion, contact with an opposing player during competition and fatigue. The incidence of sport-related injuries seems to be influenced by such factors as somatic

The Financial and Professional Impact of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in National Football League Athletes.

Science.gov (United States)

Secrist, Eric S; Bhat, Suneel B; Dodson, Christopher C

2016-08-01

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries can have negative consequences on the careers of National Football League (NFL) players, however no study has ever analyzed the financial impact of these injuries in this population. To quantify the impact of ACL injuries on salary and career length in NFL athletes. Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Any player in the NFL suffering an ACL injury from 2010 to 2013 was identified using a comprehensive online search. A database of NFL player salaries was used to conduct a matched cohort analysis comparing ACL-injured players with the rest of the NFL. The main outcomes were the percentage of players remaining in the NFL and mean salary at 1, 2, 3, and 4 years after injury. Cohorts were subdivided based on initial salary: group A, $2,000,000. Mean cumulative earnings were calculated by multiplying the percentage of players remaining in the league by their mean salaries and compounding this each season. NFL athletes suffered 219 ACL injuries from 2010 to 2013. The 7504 other player seasons in the NFL during this time were used as controls. Significantly fewer ACL-injured players than controls remained in the NFL at each time point (P negatively affected. This demonstrates the degree of negative impact these injuries have on the careers of NFL players. It also indicates that a player's standing within the league before injury strongly influences how much an ACL injury will affect his career.

Evaluación de los métodos de cribado para el control de la presencia de antibióticos en la leche cruda de vaca

OpenAIRE

Borràs Llopis, Milagro

2011-01-01

El control de residuos de sustancias antimicrobianas en productos de origen animal, entre los que se encuentra la leche, es de gran importancia, ya que pueden ocasionar problemas al consumidor (alergias, trastornos digestivos, resistencias a medicamentos, etc.) y, además, causar interferencias en la fabricación de productos lácteos ocasionando graves pérdidas económicas en la industria láctea. Por ello, resulta conveniente establecer un adecuado sistema de control de la presencia de residu...

A comparison of hierarchical cluster analysis and league table rankings as methods for analysis and presentation of district health system performance data in Uganda.

Science.gov (United States)

Tashobya, Christine K; Dubourg, Dominique; Ssengooba, Freddie; Speybroeck, Niko; Macq, Jean; Criel, Bart

2016-03-01

In 2003, the Uganda Ministry of Health introduced the district league table for district health system performance assessment. The league table presents district performance against a number of input, process and output indicators and a composite index to rank districts. This study explores the use of hierarchical cluster analysis for analysing and presenting district health systems performance data and compares this approach with the use of the league table in Uganda. Ministry of Health and district plans and reports, and published documents were used to provide information on the development and utilization of the Uganda district league table. Quantitative data were accessed from the Ministry of Health databases. Statistical analysis using SPSS version 20 and hierarchical cluster analysis, utilizing Wards' method was used. The hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted on the basis of seven clusters determined for each year from 2003 to 2010, ranging from a cluster of good through moderate-to-poor performers. The characteristics and membership of clusters varied from year to year and were determined by the identity and magnitude of performance of the individual variables. Criticisms of the league table include: perceived unfairness, as it did not take into consideration district peculiarities; and being oversummarized and not adequately informative. Clustering organizes the many data points into clusters of similar entities according to an agreed set of indicators and can provide the beginning point for identifying factors behind the observed performance of districts. Although league table ranking emphasize summation and external control, clustering has the potential to encourage a formative, learning approach. More research is required to shed more light on factors behind observed performance of the different clusters. Other countries especially low-income countries that share many similarities with Uganda can learn from these experiences. © The Author 2015

Efecto de los aceites y semillas en dietas para rumiantes sobre el perfil de ácidos grasos de la leche. Revisión

OpenAIRE

Andrés L. Martínez Marín; Manuel Pérez Hernández; Luis M. Pérez Alba; Domingo Carrión Pardo; Gustavo Gómez Castro; Ana I. Garzón Sígler

2013-01-01

Este trabajo presenta una revisión del efecto de la adición de aceites y semillas ricos en ácidos grasos insaturados, a la dieta de las hembras rumiantes, sobre el contenido de ácidos grasos de la grasa láctea. Cuando se incluyen aceites y semillas en la dieta, los cambios del perfil de ácidos grasos de la leche ocurren en el mismo sentido en vacas, ovejas y cabras. Algunos de los efectos observados son comunes a todos los aceites y semillas con independencia del ácido graso mayoritario que a...

Análisis finan ciero para la implementación de un sistema estabulado en una finca de gana do de leche en costa rica

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Luis Villalobos

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Se evaluó la viabilidad financiera para la implementación de un sistema de producción de ganado de leche estabulado, en una finca que utiliza un sistema semiestabulado. La evaluación se realizó por medio del análisis de las áreas funcionales de la empresa (producción, merca - deo, recursos humanos y finanzas, con el fin de determinar la situación técnica previa a un cam - bio en el sistema productivo, y del uso de regis - tros productivos y reproductivos en el programa Invest-GA® para el flujo de hato. El análisis financiero consistió en la búsqueda de informa - ción de mercado, estimación de la capacidad de endeudamiento de la empresa y elaboración de flujos de caja nominales a partir de registros financieros del programa DairyProfit®. Con los diferentes escenarios proyectados se obtu - vo el valor actual neto (VAN como indicador financiero. Se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad unidimensional con variaciones en el nivel pro - ductivo individual de los animales y un análisis marginal por medio del VAN incremental mos - trado por los diferentes escenarios, comparado con el desarrollo de la finca sin realizar inversio - nes. El escenario que mostró ser más viable fue la inversión en la construcción de instalaciones para estabulación, compra de un carro mezclador y no adquirir certificados para la entrega de leche con un pago diferenciado que presentó un VAN de ¢237.129.530,15 y un VAN incremental de ¢89.169.075,85. El recibo de producto en las plantas industrializadoras lácteas es un factor determinante para la implementación de sistemas más intensivos que permitan aumentar la pro - ducción de leche en las fincas de Costa Rica. La productividad en las fincas lecheras determina su competitividad en el mercado, ya que conforme se presenta una mayor especialización en los sis - temas productivos, existen más factores externos que pueden afectar su desempeño y por tanto, los sistemas de control interno deben

Attitudes on Inclusion of a Player with Disabilities in a Regular Softball League.

Science.gov (United States)

Block, Martin E.; Malloy, Mike

1998-01-01

A study examined the attitudes of 88 girls (ages 10-12) without disabilities, parents, and coaches toward the inclusion of a child with a disability in a regular fast-pitch softball league. Players and parents had a favorable attitude toward inclusion and modifying game rules. Coaches were undecided about inclusion and rule modifications.…

New York Newspaper Coverage of Jackie Robinson in His First Major League Season.

Science.gov (United States)

Washburn, Pat

Sports articles appearing in three New York City newspapers in Jackie Robinson's first season as a major league baseball player were examined to determine if there was biased reporting based on racial prejudice. The sports pages of the New York "Times," the "Herald Tribune," and the "Daily News" for 44 days in 1947…

THE QUOTA RULE (AGE RESTRICTION IN THE THIRD LEAGUE IN TERMS OF ACTORS (DRAMATIS PERSONAE IN FOOTBALL

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mert Kerem Zelyurt

2017-12-01

Full Text Available In 2016 it was seen that the “quota rule” (age restriction which was put into practice in 2009 for the 3. League football teams in order to enable young players to have a better chance in squads and bring these players to the national teams have been changed because of not getting the desired results. In the study, the effects of 2009 quota rule which was established as a legal obligation to the football teams were examined in the extent of players, coaches, and the club managers (dramatis personae. The study was designed as “Semi-structured in-depth interview” (Qualitative Method method. According to “Theoretical Sampling Method” the sample of the study was formed through 6 players, 4 club managers and 5 coaches all of which are active in the third football league. The interviews recorded in February 2017 and May 2017, which vary from 6 minutes to 29 minutes in length according to the samples, were converted into text and categorized under 4 themes in findings section. The themes are: 1. being dropped out of squad 2. Problems relating the squads and the quality of the football 3.The problem of player training in the third league for the national team and transfer mobility to upper leagues 4. The fall in wages, the problem of becoming unemployed and being obliged to play in the amateur football league. As it can be concluded from the themes which frame the narrations by the samples including different experiences considering their status and roles in terms of quota rule practice; some outcomes during the period in which the rule had been practiced (particularly due to the version before the change were witnessed such as the deterioration in the quality of football, technical problems relating squads, the problem of vertical and horizontal professional mobility of the players and the fall in wages. In the last instance; it can be concluded that it is necessary to analyze legal sanctions relating a multivariate and intricate field such

Technology and Organisation of Inka Pottery Production in the Leche Valley. Part II: Study of Fired Vessels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hayashida, F.; Haeusler, W.; Riederer, J.; Wagner, U.

2003-01-01

Ceramic finds from the Inka workshops at Tambo Real and La Vina in the Leche Valley in northern Peru were studied by Moessbauer spectroscopy, thin section microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Sherds of Inka style vessels and of local style vessels can be distinguished by their shape, although local techniques appear to have been used in making both types. A reconstruction of the firing techniques by scientific studies of the ceramic material does not reveal a substantial difference in material or in the firing of both forms, although high firing temperatures were necessary to achieve sufficient stability of the large Inka style vessels. It cannot be decided whether the smaller local vessels were fired together with the Inka vessels or separately. Most of the variation in the maximum firing temperature can be explained with the normal temperature and atmosphere fluctuations in an open pit kiln.

Change in attendance of stadiums in European leagues resulting from change in the number of clubs in cities: estimation with double difference method

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Kseniya A. Andreeva

2017-12-01

Full Text Available Objective to assess the external effects of the emergence of a new football club in European cities. Methods statistical methods regression analysis double difference method generalization and typologization methods. Results the article examines the problems of ensuring competition in the football market in the context of club matches attendance. The scientific researches are analyzed which cover the issues of economic theories application to the problems in the sports sphere. It is concluded that a different economic approach is required in the countries with a low level of private capital in football since the main power there belongs not to the clubs but to the regional governments. The article also introduces the concept of external effects for the football market. To assess their impact on competition in football the analysis of all European football Championships since the early 1990s till today was carried out. Basis on the performed analysis the types of the cities representatives in the highest football divisions are defined supercompetitive leagues leagues with centripetal competition leagues with distributed competition and noncompetitive leagues. Basing on the assessment of clubs configuration changes in different leagues a number of hypotheses were formulated about the impact of configuration changes on the attendance of matches. The assessment is conducted by the method of double difference of the external effects of the clubs configuration changes in the cities of France Italy Hungary and Greece. Scientific novelty the concept of external effect in the economics of football is applied to the assessment of attendance the external effect of the change in the number of clubs in a city was formulated and evaluated a typology of leagues according to the degree of competitiveness was introduced based on the analysis of data for the period of twenty years. Practical significance the basic results can be used for making decisions on the

Cree, Canadian and American: Negotiating Sovereignties with Jeff Lemire's Equinox and "Justic League Canada"

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Will Smith

2015-07-01

Full Text Available Canadian and Torontonian Joe Shuster co-created Superman in 1938, drawing on his experiences at the Toronto Daily Star to define Clark Kent’s everyday life as a reporter. Despite Shuster’s Canadian co-authorship of the definitive American comic book superhero, John Bell suggests “Canadians are probably too wary of the uncritical portrayal of unrestrained heroism and power for the superhero genre ever to become a mainstay of the country's indigenous comic art” (84. Bell’s comments express national scepticism towards American myths of heroism, perhaps best summed up in the equally iconic Canadian trope of the ‘beautiful loser’. Whilst comic books may heighten these distinct senses of a national narrative, they are also the potential sites of encounter for intersecting national cultural narratives. Onesuch encounter can be seen in the recent “Justice League Canada” storyline of American publisher DC Comics’ Justice League United. Echoing its past connections with Canada, DC Comics’ Canadian cartoonist Jeff Lemire has created a superhero team storyline set explicitly in Northern Ontario, Canada, also introducing an Indigenous female superhero named Equinox to the DC comic book universe. Cree, and from Moose Factory, Ontario, the hero Equinox is in everyday life the teenager Miiyahbin Marten. Whilst the ‘DC universe’ is firmly a realm of the fantastic, Lemire’s storyline underscores how its characters provide real-life negotiations of American, Canadian and Indigenous identity. National boundaries, identities and sovereignties are potentially re-enforced and challenged through “Justice League Canada,” and particularly in the visualisation of Equinox. The mainstream storyworlds of American comic books are complicated by this negotiation of plural sovereignties.

ESTANDARIZACIÓN DE LA EXTRACCIÓN DE ADN Y VALIDACIÓN DE LA PCR MÚLTIPLE PARA DETECTAR Listeria monocytogenes EN QUESO, LECHE, CARNE DE RES Y POLLO

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

M. Mercado

2005-12-01

Full Text Available Este trabajo validó la técnica de PCR para la detección de L. monocytogenes a partir de ADN de cultivos puros y en muestras de leches crudas, quesos frescos, carne de res y carne de pollo. En DNA de cultivos puros la sensibilidad, la especificidad y la reproducibilidad encontrada fue de 100%, 101UFC/ml y K=1,respectivamente. Para la extracción del ADN de los alimentos se emplearon dos métodos, el primero, basado en la precipitación alcohólica en presencia de NaI, lo que redujo en gran medida las grasas; permitiendo la detección directa de 10 1 UFC/ml en leche cruda y 105 UFC/g en queso fresco. El segundo método, basado en la extracción con lisozima, proteinasa K y fenol-cloroformo, permitió establecer límites de detección de 102 y 104 UFC/g para las carnes de res y pollo respectivamente. La PCR se basó enla especificidad de los iniciadores LI1/U1 que amplificaron una banda de 938 pb (identificación de género característica del rDNA 16S y los iniciadores LF/LR que amplificaron una banda de 750 pbcaracterística del gen hlyA (identificación de especie. Los resultados de la validación reportaron con relación al método “Gold Standard” una reproducibilidad, sensibilidad y especificidad del 100% en leches crudas. Para las muestras de queso frescos se reportó una reproducibilidad de 97%, sensibilidad 96.3% y especificidad del 100%, para la carne de pollo la reproducibilidad fue 98.43%, sensibilidad96.9%, especificidad 100%, valor predictivo positivo 100% y valor predictivo negativo 100%, para la carne de res todos los parámetros fueron 100%. El método “Gold Standard” reportó 100% para todos losparámetros. El trabajo muestra que ambas técnicas pueden ser utilizadas para detectar L. monocytogenes en este tipo de alimentos y que la PCR reduce el tiempo de ensayo considerablemente.

Análisis de PCR-RFLP del gen de leptina y su asociación con características de la leche en ganado nativo (Bos indicus de Irán

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mojtaba Rezaei

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Se utilizó una muestra ganadera experimental para la caracterización de los genes y las frecuencias genotípicas y evaluar la asociación entre los polimorfismos de longitud del fragmento de restricción BsaAI en el gen de leptina y las características lácteas. Se recolectaron muestras de sangre de 390 vacas proporcionadas por el censo ganadero de la provincia de Guilán en Irán. La extracción de ADN genómico se basó en el método modificado de precipitación salina. El fragmento de 522 bp que comprende la región parcial del exón 3 e intrón 2 del locus del gen de leptina se amplificó mediante PCR-RFLP e iniciadores específicos. La digestión del fragmento amplificado con la enzima de restricción BsaAI reveló dos alelos de A y B con frecuencias de 0.447 y 0.553, y tres genotipos de AA, AB, BB con frecuencias de 0.185, 0.526 y 0.289 en la población estudiada, respectivamente. El resultado del contenido de polimorfismo fue 0.372 y para heterocigosis 0.526. Los resultados demostraron que la población estudiada estaba en equilibrio Hardy-Weinberg. El análisis estadístico indicó que el polimorfismo LEP- BsaAI tiene un efecto significativo en la producción de leche, porcentaje de grasa y proteína de la leche ( P <0.01. Animales portadores del genotipo heterocigoto (AB produjeron 1.17 y 0.7 kg/d más leche que los animales homocigotos AA y BB, respectivamente. Los animales con el genotipo AA tuvieron mayor grasa (0.28 % y porcentaje de proteína (0.17 % que el genotipo AB. Tales resultados pueden utilizarse como criterios para facilitar la selección genética en los programas de cría animal.

Planned Parenthood League of Massachusetts v. Bellotti.

Science.gov (United States)

1989-02-07

The Planned Parenthood League of Massachusetts instituted a class action suit challenging the constitutionality of a statute requiring minors seeking an abortion to obtain parental consent or to persuade a judge of their maturity to give informed consent or that abortion would be in their best interest. In order to invoke judicial review, the plaintiffs moved their suit to federal court. The District Court dismissed the case on grounds that federal review power would interfere with state administration. On appeal, the First Circuit Court of Appeals decided that the plaintiffs could proceed with their action. The Circuit Court found that federal adjudication would not unduly interfere with state administration and remanded the case for further proceedings. Although it affirmed the statute's validity, the circuit court ruled that the plaintiffs must be allowed the opportunity to demonstrate the statute's unconstitutionality.

PREVALENCIA DE PARASITOSIS INTESTINAL Y ANEMIA EN NIÑOS BENEFICIARIOS DEL PROGRAMA VASO DE LECHE DE LA MUNICIPALIDAD DISTRITAL DE PATAPO –LAMBAYEQUE. 2017

OpenAIRE

Jaramillo Llontop, Adela; Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo; Vergara Espinoza, Martha Arminda; Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo

2017-01-01

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de parasitosis intestinal y anemia en niños de 1 a 6 años, beneficiarios del Programa de Vaso de leche de la Municipalidad Distrital de Patapo - anexo La Cría, departamento de Lambayeque 2017. Fueron seleccionados 60 niños  a quienes se les realizó un diagnóstico de parasitosis intestinal con la técnica coproparasitológica simple y el test de Graham y se les determinó anemia por el metodo de hematocrito. La prevalencia de parasitos...

ABOUT THE SMART SPORTS DEVELOPMENT. EVIDENCE FROM THE UK PREMIERE LEAGUE

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Vlad Ionut Dumitrache

2016-11-01

Full Text Available Smart economy implies the development of key factors like global economy growth, competition, economic progress, economic prosperity, innovation. In the European top-level football, like the case of the British Premier League, financial indicators have demonstrated that the factors that define smart economy can be identified. The new rules of the financial fair-play policies and the ever growing revenues for television rights have created a new market in sports economy, one that identifies itself with the criteria identifies in studies regarding smart economy. This paper comparatively examines the determinants of four indicators of the football team quality in the British Premier League, in order to find out whether a common set of potential determinants could be effective in improving all four indicators of quality, without worsening any of them. This allows finding what measures undertaken at the level of football teams could raise the football team quality. Considering the subjective and multidimensional nature of the football team quality, we first propose four indicators that might be appropriate to define this latent summative measure. Then we select a number of four potentially common determinants of the football team quality, and finally discuss the empirical results, based on panel generalized least squares regression models. The television broadcasting rights are found to be the most important determinant of the football team quality.

On the dynamic of franchise (re)location in the North-American sport leagues

OpenAIRE

Narme, Thibaut

2013-01-01

As the cost of tax-dollar paid stadia rises and the talks of relocations in the main North-American pro leagues increase, a multi-field analysis on the different mechanisms that decides team relocation seems necessary. This paper reviews the different mechanisms participating team location and finally offer a new angle of analysis on the actual equilibrium and demonstrates its dynamic nature.

Time-loss injuries versus non-time-loss injuries in the first team rugby league football: a pooled data analysis.

Science.gov (United States)

Gissane, Conor; Hodgson, Lisa; Jennings, De

2012-09-01

To describe the injury rates in first team rugby league in terms of those injuries that require missed playing time and those that do not. A pooled data analysis from 2 independent databases. Rugby league match and training environment over several seasons from 1990 to 2003. Injuries were reported as rates per 1000 hours of participation and as percentages with their associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A total of 1707 match injuries were recorded. Of these injuries, 257 required players to miss the subsequent match. The remaining 1450 injuries did not require players to miss the next game. They represented 85% (95% CI, 83-87) of all injuries received and recorded. The ratio of non-time-loss (NTL) to time-loss (TL) injuries was 5.64 (95% CI, 4.96-6.42). There were 450 training injuries, of which 81 were TL injuries and 369 NTL injuries. The NTL training injury rate was 4.56 (95% CI, 3.58-5.79) times higher than TL injury rate. Non-time-loss injuries represent the largest proportion of injuries in rugby league. If NTL injuries are not recorded, the workload of practitioners is likely to be severely underestimated.

Anthropometric and Three-Compartment Body Composition Differences between Super League and Championship Rugby League Players: Considerations for the 2015 Season and Beyond.

Science.gov (United States)

Jones, Ben; Till, Kevin; Barlow, Matthew; Lees, Matthew; O'Hara, John Paul; Hind, Karen

2015-01-01

Super League (SL) and Championship (RLC) rugby league players will compete against each other in 2015 and beyond. To identify possible discrepancies, this study compared the anthropometric profile and body composition of current SL (full-time professional) and RLC (part-time semi-professional) players using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). A cross-sectional design involved DXA scans on 67 SL (n=29 backs, n=38 forwards) and 46 RLC (n=20 backs, n=26 forwards) players during preseason. A one-way ANOVA was used to compare age, stature, body mass, soft tissue fat percentage, bone mineral content (BMC), total and regional (i.e., arms, legs and trunk) fat and lean mass between SL forwards, SL backs, RLC forwards and RLC backs. No significant differences in age, stature or body mass were observed. SL forwards and backs had relatively less soft tissue fat (17.5 ± 3.7 and 14.8 ± 3.6 vs. 21.4 ± 4.3 and 20.8 ± 3.8%), greater BMC (4,528 ± 443 and 4,230 ± 447 vs. 4,302 ± 393 and 3,971 ± 280 g), greater trunk lean mass (37.3 ± 3.0 and 35.3 ± 3.8 vs. 34.9 ± 32.3 and 32.3 ± 2.6 kg) and less trunk fat mass (8.5 ± 2.7 and 6.2 ± 2.1 vs. 10.7 ± 2.8 and 9.5 ± 2.9 kg) than RLC forwards and backs. Observed differences may reflect selection based on favourable physical attributes, or training adaptations. To reduce this discrepancy, some RLC players should reduce fat mass and increase lean mass, which may be of benefit for the 2015 season and beyond.

Anthropometric and Three-Compartment Body Composition Differences between Super League and Championship Rugby League Players: Considerations for the 2015 Season and Beyond.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ben Jones

Full Text Available Super League (SL and Championship (RLC rugby league players will compete against each other in 2015 and beyond. To identify possible discrepancies, this study compared the anthropometric profile and body composition of current SL (full-time professional and RLC (part-time semi-professional players using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA. A cross-sectional design involved DXA scans on 67 SL (n=29 backs, n=38 forwards and 46 RLC (n=20 backs, n=26 forwards players during preseason. A one-way ANOVA was used to compare age, stature, body mass, soft tissue fat percentage, bone mineral content (BMC, total and regional (i.e., arms, legs and trunk fat and lean mass between SL forwards, SL backs, RLC forwards and RLC backs. No significant differences in age, stature or body mass were observed. SL forwards and backs had relatively less soft tissue fat (17.5 ± 3.7 and 14.8 ± 3.6 vs. 21.4 ± 4.3 and 20.8 ± 3.8%, greater BMC (4,528 ± 443 and 4,230 ± 447 vs. 4,302 ± 393 and 3,971 ± 280 g, greater trunk lean mass (37.3 ± 3.0 and 35.3 ± 3.8 vs. 34.9 ± 32.3 and 32.3 ± 2.6 kg and less trunk fat mass (8.5 ± 2.7 and 6.2 ± 2.1 vs. 10.7 ± 2.8 and 9.5 ± 2.9 kg than RLC forwards and backs. Observed differences may reflect selection based on favourable physical attributes, or training adaptations. To reduce this discrepancy, some RLC players should reduce fat mass and increase lean mass, which may be of benefit for the 2015 season and beyond.

Distance matters in away games: Evidence from the German football league

OpenAIRE

Oberhofer, Harald; Philippovich, Tassilo; Winner, Hannes

2009-01-01

This paper assesses the role of distance in professional team sports, taking the example of football (soccer). We argue that a team’s performance in terms of scored and conceded goals decreases with the distance to the foreign playing venue. To test this hypothesis empirically, we investigate 6,389 away games from the German Football Premier League (’Erste Deutsche Bundesliga’) between the playing seasons 1986-87 and 2006-07. We find that distance increases a guest team’s propensity to conced...

Equal Opportunity Employers: The Department of Defense and Major League Baseball

Science.gov (United States)

1993-01-01

indication of the black athlete’s presence in American sports: Of the more than 1,300 players in the NFL, about 60 percent are Black. In the NBA , black...enabled today’s successes to manifest themselves. The Nearo Leacue Although, black players were forbidden from playing within the white league, this...actuality as opposing player had spit in his face. ’I don’t know any other player that could have gone through2 what he did and been successful

The "old internationals": Canadian nurses in an international nursing community.

Science.gov (United States)

Lapeyre, Jaime; Nelson, Sioban

2010-12-01

The vast devastation caused by both the First World War and the influenza pandemic of 1918 led to an increased worldwide demand for public health nurses. In response to this demand, a number of new public health training programs for nurses were started at both national and international levels. At the international level, one of two influential programs in this area included a year-long public health nursing course offered by the League of Red Cross Societies, in conjunction with Bedford College in London, England. In total, 341 nurses from 49 different countries have been documented as participants in this initiative throughout the interwar period, including 20 Canadians. Using archival material from the Canadian Nurses Association and the Royal College of Nursing, as well as articles from the journals Canadian Nurse, American Journal of Nursing and British Journal of Nursing, this paper examines these nurses' commitment to internationalism throughout their careers and explores the effect of this commitment on the development of nursing education and professionalization at the national level.

Double-Play: Using Minor League Baseball to Apply Themes and Standards in Human Geography Courses

Science.gov (United States)

Zeitler, Ezra

2013-01-01

Growing student interest in sports provides geography teachers with a special opportunity to make connections between it and fundamental concepts in the discipline. This article examines the structure, arrangement, relationships, and distinctions among minor league baseball franchise locations, stadia, and team names, and presents examples of…

Environmental and economic consequences of the overexploitation of natural capital and ecosystem services in Xilinguole League, China

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dong, X.B.; Yu, B.H.; Brown, M.T.; Zhang, Y.S.; Kang, M.Y.; Jin, Y.; Zhang, X.S.; Ulgiati, S.

2014-01-01

The evaluation of natural capital and environmental services has always been an important step in the implementation of sustainable development concepts and policies. The results presented in this study address the demand for environmental support of the economy of Xilinguole League in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region as well as the value of its natural and human-made capital. The results show that the reliance of the economy of Xilinguole League on local and imported non-renewable resources (coal and minerals) decreases both the environmental and economic sustainability of the area. Emergy-based performance indicators of the Xilinguole League economy show a low sustainability index (ESI=0.79), though it is higher than for the Chinese economy as a whole (ESI=0.47), as well as a low percentage of renewable resources being used (%REN=0.16, though this is higher than for all of China, 0.09). In contrast, the grassland-based livestock sector shows a higher renewability index (%REN=0.67) and sustainability (ESI=9.61). The emergy exchange ratios (exported emergy/imported emergy) are calculated to be 4.38 for the livestock system and 4.28 for the Xilinguole economy, which is much higher than the value of 1.74 for the overall Chinese economy, indicating uncompensated overexploitation of local systems (meat and coal, respectively). Intensified coal exploitation and intensive cattle grazing are discussed to support the decision-making process for setting local energy policy and ecological compensation. It is proposed that conservation of coal resources (avoiding misuse and moderating excess extraction and trade) and protection of natural grassland capital are more advantageous in emergy terms than the “blind” pursuit of accelerated, economic growth. - Highlights: • The sustainability of theXilinguole League, Inner Mongolia, China, is assessed. • The study deals with the impact of local coal and grassland overexploitation. • Policies for impact reduction by more

Comment on Brent Beal's and Heather Olson Beal's "Rethinking the Market Metaphor: School Choice, the Common Good, and the National Football League"

Science.gov (United States)

Bast, Joseph L.

2013-01-01

In their article "Rethinking the Market Metaphor: School Choice, the Common Good, and the National Football League," Brent D. Beal and Heather K. Olson Beal (this issue) promise to update some of the arguments made by Jeffrey R. Henig (1994) and add an interesting twist by proposing the National Football League (NFL) as a possible…

The effects of medial ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction on Major League pitching performance.

Science.gov (United States)

Keller, Robert A; Steffes, Matthew J; Zhuo, David; Bey, Michael J; Moutzouros, Vasilios

2014-11-01

Medial ulnar collateral ligament (MUCL) reconstruction is commonly performed on Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers. Previous studies have reported that most pitchers return to presurgical statistical performance levels after MUCL reconstruction. Pitching performance data--specifically, earned run average (ERA), walks and hits per inning pitched (WHIP), winning percentage, and innings pitched--were acquired for 168 MLB pitchers who had undergone MUCL reconstruction. These data were averaged over the 3 years before surgery and the 3 years after surgery and also acquired from 178 age-matched, uninjured MLB pitchers. Of the pitchers who had MUCL reconstruction surgery, 87% returned to MLB pitching. However, compared with presurgical data, pitching performance declined in terms of ERA (P = .001), WHIP (P = .011), and innings pitched (P = .026). Pitching performance also declined in the season before the surgery compared with previous years (ERA, P = .014; WHIP, P = .036; innings pitched, P risk factor for requiring surgery. In addition, there is an increased risk of MUCL reconstruction for pitchers who enter the major leagues at a younger age. Copyright © 2014 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Bauru School of Dentistry Tele-Health League: an educational strategy applied to research, teaching and extension among applications in tele-health.

Science.gov (United States)

Silva, Andressa Sharllene Carneiro da; Rizzante, Fabio Antonio Piola; Picolini, Mirela Machado; Campos, Karis de; Corrêa, Camila de Castro; Franco, Elen Caroline; Pardo-Fanton, Cássia de Souza; Blasca, Wanderléia Quinhoneiro; Berretin-Felix, Giédre

2011-01-01

Tele-health is more than an innovative alternative; it is an excellent tool that enables access to health and education in health, making it possible to minimize distances, optimize time and reduce costs. Based on these advantages, some Brazilian Universities have used these actions in strategies of education, research and extension, aiming at the application of Tele-health in Brazil. In that way, the Bauru School of Dentistry - University of São Paulo (FOB-USP) has applied the use of information and communication technologies in health by means of a "Tele-Health League" (TL), in order to diagnose, prevent and treat diseases, in addition to educate the population and health services. The present study aims to introduce the characteristics of the Tele-Health League of FOB-USP, as well as the development of its projects. The Tele-Health League consisted as a Diffusion Course approved by the Provost of Culture and Academic Extension of the University of São Paulo. It is composed as a large group enclosing professoriate coordinator, academician principal, contributing professors and league members, those, diversified between undergraduates students, graduated, health employees, technology and information areas. The participant members are evaluated by the presence frequency (minimum of 85%), and by the performance of tests and paperwork about the theoretical content provided. In four years of activities, the TLFOB-USP obtained a high satisfaction index (90%), an increased number of vacancies due to the interest to become a member, more commitment of the professors of the University and the accomplishment of association with other Brazilian leagues. It is emphasized that the approval percentage of the course results in approval from approximately half of its members. Also, it is important to identify and repair the causes related to the quitting of some members. The results showed that the TLFOB-USP members, adjoining to the professor's participants, develop projects

Bauru School of Dentistry Tele-Health League: an educational strategy applied to research, teaching and extension among applications in tele-health

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Andressa Sharllene Carneiro da Silva

2011-12-01

Full Text Available Tele-health is more than an innovative alternative; it is an excellent tool that enables access to health and education in health, making it possible to minimize distances, optimize time and reduce costs. Based on these advantages, some Brazilian Universities have used these actions in strategies of education, research and extension, aiming at the application of Tele-health in Brazil. In that way, the Bauru School of Dentistry - University of São Paulo (FOB-USP has applied the use of information and communication technologies in health by means of a "Tele-Health League" (TL, in order to diagnose, prevent and treat diseases, in addition to educate the population and health services. Objective: The present study aims to introduce the characteristics of the Tele-Health League of FOB-USP, as well as the development of its projects. Material and Methods: The Tele-Health League consisted as a Diffusion Course approved by the Provost of Culture and Academic Extension of the University of São Paulo. It is composed as a large group enclosing professoriate coordinator, academician principal, contributing professors and league members, those, diversified between undergraduates students, graduated, health employees, technology and information areas. The participant members are evaluated by the presence frequency (minimum of 85%, and by the performance of tests and paperwork about the theoretical content provided. Results: In four years of activities, the TLFOB-USP obtained a high satisfaction index (90%, an increased number of vacancies due to the interest to become a member, more commitment of the professors of the University and the accomplishment of association with other Brazilian leagues. It is emphasized that the approval percentage of the course results in approval from approximately half of its members. Also, it is important to identify and repair the causes related to the quitting of some members. Conclusions: The results showed that the TLFOB

Opinião de mulheres de uma unidade de saúde da família sobre a quantidade de leite materno produzido Opinión de mujeres de una unidad de salud familiar sobre la cantidad de leche materna producida Opinion of women from a family health unit about the quantity of mothermilk produced

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Ana Luiza Vilela Borges

2003-06-01

Full Text Available Trata-se de estudo com o objetivo de conhecer a opinião de mulheres sobre a quantidade de leite materno produzido, pois o leite insuficiente é uma das razões mais referidas por mulheres de diversas culturas, para a introdução de alimentos complementares na dieta de crianças, antes do quarto mês de vida. Foram entrevistadas 41 mulheres de uma unidade de saúde da família, na zona leste do Município de São Paulo, em seu próprio domicílio, em 1998 e 1999. A maioria das mães (82,9% considerou estar produzindo uma quantidade suficiente de leite materno. Elas utilizaram, como critérios para a avaliação da quantidade de leite materno produzido, o volume das mamas, a drenagem espontânea de leite e o estado da criança após a mamada. Todas as mulheres introduziram leite artificial antes do quarto mês de idade, porém as que referiram leite materno insuficiente o fizeram mais precocemente (p=0,0088.Este estudio tuvo como objetivo conocer la opinión de las mujeres en relación a la cantidad de leche materna que ellas produjeron durante la lactancia. La producción insuficiente de leche materna es una de las razones principales que las mujeres de diversas culturas argumentan para justificar la introducción de otros alimentos en la dieta de los niños antes del cuarto mes de vida. Entre 1998 y 1999, fueron entrevistadas, en su domicilio, 41 mujeres atendidas en la unidad de salud familiar de la zona éste del municipio de São Paulo. La mayoría de las madres (82,9% consideró que durante la amamentación produjeron una cantidad suficiente de leche materna. Los criterios, utilizados por ellas para calificar la cantidad de leche producida incluyeron, el volumen de los senos, la salida espontánea de leche y el estado de satisfacción del niño después de mamar. A pesar de que todas las mujeres comenzaron a dar leche artificial antes del cuarto mes de vida, aquellas que refirieron una producción insuficiente de leche materna, lo hicieron

Strength of the Shoulder Rotators in Second-League Volleyball Players

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Popieluch Aneta

2015-12-01

Full Text Available Introduction. The main aim of the study was to assess the strength of the shoulder rotator muscles of a group of second-league volleyball players. These muscles are assumed to have a crucial impact on attack effectiveness in volleyball. Strength was assessed based on peak torque values obtained for the rotator muscles measured using the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC method. Torque was measured in both limbs and the differences between the two limbs were examined. The torque values obtained for the volleyball players were also compared against those measured in a group of students who had never trained any sports.

Impact of Regulation Change on Half-Court Offence in the Polish Basketball League

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Gryko Karol

2016-06-01

Full Text Available Introduction. Each change in the rules of a sport affects the way it is performed. Therefore, changes in regulations require that new training models be developed. The aim of the study was to determine whether FIBA’s introduction of new regulations in the 2010/2011 season pertaining to the dimensions of certain parts of the playing area, which changed the conditions under which the game was played, impacted the offensive actions of the top three teams in the Polish Basketball League. Material and methods. The study analysed qualitative data describing the offences (n = 16,694 performed during 200 matches of the Polish Basketball League, that is the highest-level men’s professional basketball league in Poland, during two periods: the 2009/2010 season (110 matches; n = 9,343 offences, before the regulations were modified, and the 2010/2011 season (90 matches; n = 7,351 offences, after they were changed. The research involved the players of three teams who received the gold, silver, and bronze medals in the final standings of the Polish National Championship in the 2009/2010 season. Results. The study found a statistically significant (p < 0.001 decrease in the overall number of tactical offensive actions of 3.84% and a significant (p < 0.05 5% decrease in the mean number of points scored. A significant (p < 0.05 decrease in half-court offences, amounting to almost 2% was also observed. This offensive system was characterised by a minor shift toward individual offences with the back to the basket and pick-and-roll offences; these changes, however, did not cause an increase in the level of effectiveness. Conclusions. The direction of the changes observed have been determined, which consisted in a reduction in the overall number of offensive actions and a shift in the place where they were completed, from the three-point area in particular, to the two-point area.

Global League Tables, Big Data and the International Transfer of Educational Research Modalities

Science.gov (United States)

Crossley, Michael

2014-01-01

The international transfer of educational policy and practice has long been a key theme in comparative research and scholarship. Recent years have seen renewed attention to the processes of international policy transfer, with new understandings emerging from innovative theorising and analysis. This article examines the nature and implications of…

The League of Nations' rescue of Armenian genocide survivors and the making of modern humanitarianism, 1920-1927.

Science.gov (United States)

Watenpaugh, Keith David

2010-01-01

The essay centers of the efforts by the League of Nations to rescue women and children survivors of the 1915 Armenian Genocide. This rescue -- a seemingly unambiguous good -- was at once a constitutive act in drawing the boundaries of the international community, a key moment in the definition of humanitarianism, and a site of resistance to the colonial presence in the post-Ottoman Eastern Mediterranean. Drawing from a wide range of source materials in a number of languages, including Turkish, Armenian, and Arabic, the essay brings the intellectual and social context of humanitarianism in initiating societies together with the lived experience of humanitarianism in the places where the act took form. In so doing, it draws our attention to the proper place of the Eastern mediterranean, and its women and children, in the global history of humanitarianism. The prevailing narrative of the history of human rights places much of its emphasis on the post-World War II era, the international reaction to the Holocaust, and the founding of the United Nations. yet contemporary human rights thinking also took place within practices of humanitarianism in the interwar period, and is necessarily inseparable from the histories of refugees, colonialism, and the non-West.

Trends in the Presentation, Management, and Outcomes of Little League Shoulder.

Science.gov (United States)

Heyworth, Benton E; Kramer, Dennis E; Martin, Daniel J; Micheli, Lyle J; Kocher, Mininder S; Bae, Donald S

2016-06-01

With rising participation in youth sports such as baseball, proximal humeral epiphysiolysis, or Little League shoulder (LLS), is being seen with increasing frequency. However, there remains a paucity of literature regarding the causes, natural history, or treatment outcomes of LLS. To analyze the demographic, clinical, and diagnostic features of a population of LLS patients, with an emphasis on identifying underlying risk factors for the development and recurrence of LLS after nonoperative treatment. Case series; Level of evidence, 4. A departmental database at a high-volume regional children's hospital was queried to identify cases of LLS between 1999 and 2013. Medical records were reviewed to allow for analysis of age, sex, athletic information, physical examination and radiologic findings, treatment details, clinical course, and rates of recurrence. Ninety-five patients (93 males, 2 females; mean age, 13.1 years; range, 8-16 years) were diagnosed with LLS. The number of diagnosed cases increased annually over the study period. All patients had shoulder pain with overhead athletics; secondary symptoms included elbow pain in 13%, shoulder fatigue or weakness in 10%, and mechanical symptoms in 8%. While the majority of patients (97%) were baseball players (86% pitchers, 8% catchers, 7% other positions), a small subset (3%) were tennis players. On physical examination, 30% were reported to have glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD), defined as a decreased arc of rotational range of motion of the shoulder. Treatment recommendations included rest in 99% of cases, physical therapy in 79% (including 100% of patients with GIRD), and position change upon return to play in 26%. Average time to full resolution of symptoms was 2.6 months, while average time to return to competition was 4.2 months. Recurrent symptoms were reported in 7% of the overall cohort at a mean of 7.6 months after initial diagnosis. The odds of recurrence in the group with diagnosed GIRD (14

Regional integration of developing countries. Interview with Amr Moussa, the Secretary General of the League of Arab States (2001-2011

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E M Savicheva

2017-12-01

Full Text Available Amr Mussa is one of the most experienced diplomats with rich experience in international organizations. In 1958 Mr. Moussa joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Egypt, where he worked in several departments and Egyptian missions including Egypt’s UN mission (1985-1972. In 1974-1977 Amr Moussa was an Assistant and Advisor to the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Arab Republic of Egypt. In 1977-1981 and 1986-1990 he held office of the Department of International Organizations as the Director in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Egypt. In 1981-1983 Mr. Moussa was an Alternate Permanent Representative of Egypt to the United Nations in New York. In 1983-1986 he worked as Ambassador to India. Amr Moussa worked as Permanent Representative of the Arab Republic of Egypt to the United Nations in 1990-1991. In 1991-2001 he was a head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Egypt. In 2001-2011 he worked as Secretary General of the League of Arab States. In his interview, Mr. Amr Moussa talks about the role of international organizations in the developing world, the peculiarities of regional political and economic integration of developing countries. Particular attention is paid to the problems of peacekeeping activities at the regional level.

In Pursuit of Becoming a Senior Coach: The Learning Culture for Australian Football League Coaches

Science.gov (United States)

Mallett, Clifford J.; Rossi, Tony; Rynne, Steven B.; Tinning, Richard

2016-01-01

Background and Purpose: Given the turbulent and highly contested environment in which professional coaches work, a prime concern to coach developers is how coaches learn their craft. Understanding the learning and development of senior coaches (SCs) and assistant coaches (ACs) in the Australian Football League (AFL--the peak organisation for…

Scheduling for the National Hockey League Using a Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithm

Science.gov (United States)

Craig, Sam; While, Lyndon; Barone, Luigi

We describe a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm that derives schedules for the National Hockey League according to three objectives: minimising the teams' total travel, promoting equity in rest time between games, and minimising long streaks of home or away games. Experiments show that the system is able to derive schedules that beat the 2008-9 NHL schedule in all objectives simultaneously, and that it returns a set of schedules that offer a range of trade-offs across the objectives.

Vías de contaminación de la leche con esporas generadoras de gas butírico (clostridium) a partir del silaje consumido por las vacas lecheras

OpenAIRE

Nescier, I; Ramos, E; De María, M; Bonzi, E; Bonvin, C; Thomas, J

2015-01-01

La leche contaminada con esporas generadoras de gas butírico del género Clostridium genera defectos de hinchazón en los quesos de pasta dura y semidura. Uno de los principales causales es el consumo de silaje contaminado por las vacas lecheras. Se han asociado alteraciones en la salud de los animales, cuando el alimento que consume el rodeo lechero contiene alta carga de esporas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el grado de asociación entre: calidad del silo almacenado, extracción y d...

The League of Astronomers: Outreach

Science.gov (United States)

Paat, Anthony; Brandel, A.; Schmitz, D.; Sharma, R.; Thomas, N. H.; Trujillo, J.; Laws, C. S.; Astronomers, League of

2014-01-01

The University of Washington League of Astronomers (LOA) is an organization comprised of University of Washington (UW) undergraduate students. Our main goal is to share our interest in astronomy with the UW community and with the general public. The LOA hosts star parties on the UW campus and collaborates with the Seattle Astronomical Society (SAS) on larger Seattle-area star parties. At the star parties, we strive to teach our local community about what they can view in our night sky. LOA members share knowledge of how to locate constellations and use a star wheel. The relationship the LOA has with members of SAS increases both the number of events and people we are able to reach. Since the cloudy skies of the Northwest prevent winter star parties, we therefore focus our outreach on the UW Mobile Planetarium, an inflatable dome system utilizing Microsoft’s WorldWide Telescope (WWT) software. The mobile planetarium brings astronomy into the classrooms of schools unable to travel to the UW on-campus planetarium. Members of the LOA volunteer their time towards this project and we make up the majority of the Mobile Planetarium volunteers. Our outreach efforts allow us to connect with the community and enhance our own knowledge of astronomy.

Climate policies in the U.S. at the stakeholder level: A case study of the National Football League

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Reiche, Danyel

2013-01-01

This article analyzes how stakeholders are able to influence climate policy-making in the U.S.; emphasis is placed upon the most popular sports league in the United States, the National Football League (NFL). An empirical analysis of the 32 NFL franchises identifies pioneering clubs that have introduced ambitious green programs that include the utilization of renewable energies, the adoption of energy efficiency measures and carbon offsetting policies, as well as the facilitation of public transport and electric cars. Apart from environmental concerns, this paper identifies several drivers for pioneering actions: economic motives, pressure exerted by the local environment, public relations, and political incentives such as the promotion from the federal government's stimulus package. Finally, this article investigates the role that state actors, such as the Environmental Protection Agency, and non-state actors, such as the Natural Resources Defense Council, play in the innovation and diffusion processes of environmental programs in the NFL. - Highlights: • The article analyzes the role of stakeholders in influencing climate policy-making in the U.S. • A case study of the National Football League (NFL) and their 32 franchises is carried out. • The research identifies pioneering teams and describes their actions. • The motives of pioneering action are identified. • State and non state actors that were involved in innovation and diffusion of green programs in the NFL are pinpointed

Edge Detection Algorithm Based on Fuzzy Logic Theory for a Local Vision System of Robocup Humanoid League

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Andrea K. Perez-Hernandez

2013-06-01

Full Text Available At this paper we shown the development of an algorithm to perform edges extraction based on fuzzy logic theory. This method allows recognizing landmarks on the game field for Humanoid League of RoboCup. The proposed algorithm describes the creation of a fuzzy inference system that permit evaluate the existent relationship between image pixels, finding variations on grey levels of related neighbor pixels. Subsequently, it shows an implementation of OTSU method to binarize an image that was obtained from fuzzy process and so generate an image containing only extracted edges, validating the algorithm with Humanoid League images. Later, we analyze obtained results that evidence a good performance of algorithm, considering that this proposal only takes an extra 35% processing time that will be required by traditional methods, whereas extracted edges are 52% less noise susceptible.

Effects of Long-Haul Transmeridian Travel on Subjective Jet-Lag and Self-Reported Sleep and Upper Respiratory Symptoms in Professional Rugby League Players.

Science.gov (United States)

Fowler, Peter M; Duffield, Rob; Lu, Donna; Hickmans, Jeremy A; Scott, Tannath J

2016-10-01

To examine the effects of 24-h travel west across 11 time zones on subjective jet-lag and wellness responses together with self-reported sleep and upper respiratory symptoms in 18 professional rugby league players. Measures were obtained 1 or 2 d before (pretravel) and 2, 6, and 8 d after travel (post-2, post-6, and post-8) from Australia to the United Kingdom (UK) for the 2015 World Club Series. Compared with pretravel, subjective jet-lag remained significantly elevated on post-8 (3.1 ± 2.3, P 0.90), although it was greatest on post-2 (4.1 ± 1.4). Self-reported sleep-onset times were significantly earlier on post-2 than at all other time points (P 0.90), and large effect sizes suggested that wake times were earlier on post-2 than on post-6 and post-8 (d > 0.90). Although significantly more upper respiratory symptoms were reported on post-6 than at pretravel (P .05, d sleep responses, along with upper respiratory symptoms, in professional rugby league players. Of note, the increase in self-reported upper respiratory symptoms is a reminder that the demands of long-haul travel may be an additional concern in jet-lag for traveling athletes. However, due to the lack of sport-specific performance measures, it is still unclear whether international travel interferes with training to the extent that subsequent competition performance is impaired.

DISEÑO DE UN PROTOTIPO FERMENTADOR DE LECHE SEMIAUTOMÁTICO PARA LA ELABORACIÓN DE SUERO COSTEÑO

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BASHIR YACUB B.

Full Text Available El Suero Costeño es un producto lácteo fermentado, artesanalmente en la costa atlántica colombiana. Para cumplir con las normas sanitarias el fermentador está constituido por un tanque diseñado y fabricado en acero inoxidable 304, con un volumen neto de 30 L. Se garantizó una temperatura de 35°C en la fermentación de la leche, con un sistema de enfriamiento mediante una chaqueta. La temperatura se medió con un sensor de temperatura, tipo PT-100, con el sistema microcontrolado se programó su set-point, para separar el espiche del suero se utilizó una válvula; la finalización de la fermentación se determinó con la medición del pH con un pH-metro. La cantidad de materia prima y producto se mide con un sensor de nivel y se muestra de manera continua en la pantalla LCD del panel de control.

Birth order and risk taking in athletics: a meta-analysis and study of major league baseball.

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Sulloway, Frank J; Zweigenhaft, Richard L

2010-11-01

According to expectations derived from evolutionary theory, younger siblings are more likely than older siblings to participate in high-risk activities. The authors test this hypothesis by conducting a meta-analysis of 24 previous studies involving birth order and participation in dangerous sports. The odds of laterborns engaging in such activities were 1.48 times greater than for firstborns (N = 8,340). The authors also analyze performance data on 700 brothers who played major league baseball. Consistent with their greater expected propensity for risk taking, younger brothers were 10.6 times more likely to attempt the high-risk activity of base stealing and 3.2 times more likely to steal bases successfully (odds ratios). In addition, younger brothers were significantly superior to older brothers in overall batting success, including two measures associated with risk taking. As expected, significant heterogeneity among various performance measures for major league baseball players indicated that older and younger brothers excelled in different aspects of the game.

The impact of a cervical spine diagnosis on the careers of National Football League athletes.

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Schroeder, Gregory D; Lynch, T Sean; Gibbs, Daniel B; Chow, Ian; LaBelle, Mark W; Patel, Alpesh A; Savage, Jason W; Nuber, Gordon W; Hsu, Wellington K

2014-05-20

Cohort study. To determine the effect of cervical spine pathology on athletes entering the National Football League. The association of symptomatic cervical spine pathology with American football athletes has been described; however, it is unknown how preexisting cervical spine pathology affects career performance of a National Football League player. The medical evaluations and imaging reports of American football athletes from 2003 to 2011 during the combine were evaluated. Athletes with a cervical spine diagnosis were matched to controls and career statistics were compiled. Of a total of 2965 evaluated athletes, 143 players met the inclusion criteria. Athletes who attended the National Football League combine without a cervical spine diagnosis were more likely to be drafted than those with a diagnosis (P = 0.001). Players with a cervical spine diagnosis had a decreased total games played (P = 0.01). There was no difference in the number of games started (P = 0.08) or performance score (P = 0.38). In 10 athletes with a sagittal canal diameter of less than 10 mm, there was no difference in years, games played, games started, or performance score (P > 0.24). No neurological injury occurred during their careers. In 7 players who were drafted with a history of cervical spine surgery (4 anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, 2 foraminotomy, and 1 suboccipital craniectomy with a C1 laminectomy), there was no difference in career longevity or performance when compared with matched controls. This study suggests that athletes with preexisting cervical spine pathology were less likely to be drafted than controls. Players with preexisting cervical spine pathology demonstrated a shorter career than those without; however, statistically based performance and numbers of games started were not different. Players with cervical spinal stenosis and those with a history of previous surgery demonstrated no difference in performance-based outcomes and no reports of neurological

EFECTO DEL PROPILENGLICOL SOBRE LA UREMIA, GLICEMIA Y LA PRODUCCIÓN DE COMPONENTES DE LA LECHE EFFECT OF PROPYLENEGLYCOL ON URAEMIA, GLYCAEMIA AND MILK COMPONENTS PRODUCTION

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Sandra Guisela Durango Morales

2010-12-01

Full Text Available Con el objetivo de determinar el efecto de la inclusión de propilenglicol (PG sobre las concentraciones plasmáticas de urea y glucosa y sobre la cantidad de leche producida y su concentración de sólidos, se analizó un grupo de 10 vacas entre su segunda y quinta lactancia. Los animales recibieron al día 45 posparto PG y durante 3 días consecutivos, éste se suministró diariamente en dosis de 250 g durante cada ordeño con la ración de suplemento comercial. Los animales fueron muestreados antes y después de suministrar el PG. Se estimaron balances de proteína degradable en rumen (PDR, proteína no degradable en rumen (PNDR y energía neta de lactancia (ENL. El balance promedio de PDR antes y después de suministrar el PG fue de 53,17 (+/-7,32 y 59,79 (+/-12,7 como porcentaje de los requerimientos respectivamente. Se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa para el balance de ENL. Respecto al contenido de sólidos en leche no hubo una diferencia significativa para los porcentajes de grasa y de proteína, sin embargo se evidenció una disminución en la cantidad total de grasa producida por vaca y un aumento en la cantidad total de proteína producida por vaca. Ni la producción de leche ni las concentraciones plasmáticas de glucosa y urea se afectaron con el suministro del PG.In order to determine the effect of including propyleneglycol (PrGl on plasmatic concentrations of urea and glucose as well as milk produced and solids concentration, a group of 10 cows was studied between second and fifth lactation. The animals received PrGl at 45 day postpartum during 3 consecutive days. The estimated variables were rumen degradable protein (RDP, undegradable rumen protein (URP, and net energy for lactation (NEL. The RDP average before and after administering PrGl, was 53.17 (±7.32 and 59.79 (±12.7 as a percentage of requirements, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference for the balance NEL. Regarding

The Radical Camera, New York’s Photo League, 1936-1951

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Marie Cordié Levy

2012-05-01

Full Text Available En ce printemps 2012 New York apparaît plus que jamais comme le lieu vivant de la photographie. En témoignent la rétrospective de Cindy Sherman au MoMA ainsi que d’autres expositions plus engagées, telles que celle de Weegee à la Steven Kasher Gallery (dont la vitrine présente un mur de clichés noirs et blanc des indignés de Wall Street, pris en octobre 2011, des « Happenings » des années 60 à la Pace Gallery et enfin de l’exposition sur la Photo League au Jewish Museum. Riche d’environ 200 ...

FOTOGRAFÍAS DE AMAS DE LECHE EN BAHÍA. EVIDENCIA VISUAL DE LOS APORTES AFRICANOS A LA FAMILIA ESCLAVISTA EN BRASIL

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Christianne Silva Vasconcellos

2011-01-01

Full Text Available Este artículo presenta un análisis de la producción y el uso de fotografías de personas africanas y afrodescendientes, realizadas en Brasil entre 1840, cuando esta técnica fue introducida al país, y 1920, cuando las primeras fotografías aún estaban en circulación. Desde la evidencia visual, se analizan tres temas recurrentes en el Brasil del siglo XIX: la difusión de teorías del racismo científico europeo a través de la fotografía, la creación de los tipos urbanos en las ciudades esclavistas y las nodrizas (amas de leche como agentes culturales en el seno de la familia colonial en Bahía.

THE FAILURE OF COLLECTIVE SECURITY IN THE POST WORLD WARS I AND II INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM

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JOSEPH C. EBEGBULEM

2012-05-01

Full Text Available The League of Nations and the United Nations Organization were two post-World War (World War I and World War II organizations established for the maintenance of peace and security in the international system. One of the cardinal objectives of these organizations was the promotion of a Collective Security System which was considered as vital in the pursuit of global peace and security. In other words, Collective Security is an institutional mechanism established to address a comprehensive list of major threats to peace and security around the world. With the escalation of conflicts and wars in different parts of the world, there is therefore the need for collective responses at global, regional and national levels in conflict situations. The achievement of collective security in the international system would be based on the principle that any attack on any member of the United Nations would be considered as an attack on all the members. After a panoramic discourse of the meaning and nature of Collective Security, the paper also examines the problems of collective security in the international system; its failure under the League of Nations and the United Nations. The paper concludes that the weaknesses inherent in the system do not make it unuseful as it is a relevant factor in the maintenance of international peace and security.

Black Generation Y gender differences in Premier Soccer League spectator motives : sport marketing

OpenAIRE

T.E. Mofokeng; A.L. Bevan-Dye

2014-01-01

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are gender differences concerning Premier Soccer League (PSL) spectator motives amongst black Generation Y students in South Africa. In South Africa, the black Generation Y cohort (individuals born between 1986 and 2005) represents an important but under-researched market segment in that, in 2013, they made up 32 percent of the country's population. From a PSL marketing perspective, understanding the motives that drive game spectatorshi...

How Major League Baseball Clubs Have Commercialized Their Investment in Japanese Top Stars

OpenAIRE

Isao Okada; Stephen A. Greyser

2013-01-01

When a Major League Baseball club signs a Japanese star player, it obviously tries to commercialize its investment in the player. The initial focus is on home attendance (ticket sales) and television audiences, plus merchandise sales. These elements are similar to those considered for any high-performing players. However, for Japanese stars, there is also the potential to attract significant fandom from the local Japanese community. This represents an opportunity for truly incremental local r...

Distributed active traction control system applied to the RoboCup middle size league

OpenAIRE

Almeida, José; Dias, André; Sequeira, João; Martins, Alfredo; Silva, Eduardo

2013-01-01

This work addresses the problem of traction control in mobile wheeled robots in the particular case of the RoboCup Middle Size League (MSL). The slip control problem is formulated using simple friction models for ISePorto Team robots with a differential wheel configuration. Traction was also characterized experimentally in the MSL scenario for relevant game events. This work proposes a hierarchical traction control architecture which relies in local slip detection and con...

DESARROLLO DE UN SISTEMA EN FLUJO MEDIANTE INYECCIÓN SECUENCIAL (SIA) PARA LA DETERMINACIÓN DE ZINC EN LECHE EN POLVO Y FÓRMULAS INFANTILES

OpenAIRE

Mariela Pistón; Moisés Knochen

2011-01-01

Se presenta el desarrollo y optimización de un sistema en flujo con inyección secuencial (SIA) para la determinación de zinc en leche en polvo y fórmulas infantiles. La determinación se basa en la reacción de Zn(II) con zincón a pH 9 en presencia de citrato de sodio para enmascarar interferentes de la matriz con detección espectrofotométrica a 612 nm. El sistema fue optimizado mediante experimentos multivariantes. El sistema validado presentó un rango lineal de 0.4 a 10 mg L-1, la precisión d...

Epidemiology and history of knee injury and its impact on activity limitation among football premier league professional referees.

Science.gov (United States)

Mahdavi Mohtasham, Hamid; Shahrbanian, Shahnaz; Khoshroo, Fatemeh

2018-01-01

The purpose of this study was to determine the epidemiology and history of knee injury and its impact on activity limitation among football premier league professional referees in Iran. This was a descriptive study. 59 Football Premier League professional referees participated in the study. The knee injury related information such as injury history and mechanism was recorded. Injury related symptoms and their impacts on the activity limitation, ability to perform activities of daily living as well participation in sports and recreational activities was obtained through the Knee Outcome Survey (KOS). The results indicated that 31 out of 59 participants reported the history of knee injury. In addition, 18.6%, 22.4% and 81% of the referees reported that they had been injured during the last 6 months of the last year, and at some point in their refereeing careers, respectively. Results further indicated that 48.8% of the injuries occurred in the non-dominant leg and they occurred more frequently during training sessions (52%). Furthermore, the value of KOS was 85 ± 13 for Activities of Daily Living subscale and 90 ± 9 for Sports and Recreational Activities subscale of the KOS. Knee injury was quite common among the Football Premier League professional referees. It was also indicated that the injuries occurred mainly due to insufficient physical fitness. Therefore, it is suggested that football referees undergo the proper warm-up program to avoid knee injury.

Evaluación clínica abierta multicéntrica no aleatorizada y prospectiva de la efectividad de una emulsión a base de ácidos grasos hiperoxigenados, Aloe barbadensis y Mimosa tenuiflora (Mepentol® Leche en diferentes tipos de pacientes con riesgo de ulceración Multicentric prospective non randomized open clinical evaluation of the efficacy of an emulsion based on hyperoxigenated fatty acids Aloe barbadensis and Mimosa tenuiflora (Mepentol® Leche in different types of patients with risk of ulceration

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José Puentes Sánchez

2012-09-01

Full Text Available Las úlceras de la extremidad inferior suponen un grave problema sanitario que afecta a un gran número de pacientes, constituyendo por ello un gran reto de trabajo para los profesionales de la salud. Los ácidos grasos hiperoxigenados (AGHO han demostrado tener eficacia en la prevención de este tipo de úlceras. Gracias a los buenos resultados obtenidos en un estudio previo, nos planteamos seguir evaluando la efectividad del producto Mepentol® Leche, una emulsión a base de ácidos grasos hiperoxigenados, Aloe barbadensis y Mimosa tenuiflora, en el cuidado de la piel y alivio de los síntomas en pacientes con este problema, pero ampliando el tamaño de la muestra y centrándonos en pacientes diabéticos junto con otras enfermedades concomitantes. Además, en este estudio se ha implicado a profesionales de enfermería de seis provincias: Almería, Alicante, Granada, Sevilla, Málaga y Ceuta. De nuevo con este estudio, realizado en un total de 2.145 pacientes, hemos demostrado que ningún paciente ha ulcerado durante el tiempo de seguimiento y tratamiento con Mepentol® Leche y que su aplicación sistemática mejora claramente los síntomas previos a la aparición de úlceras, evitando la sequedad cutánea, reduciendo el prurito, escozor, dolor y eccema, y devolviendo la piel de estos pacientes a su coloración normal.The lower extremity wounds are a serious health problem that affects a large number of patients, thereby assuming a great challenge to work for health professionals. Hyperoxygenated fatty acids (AGHO, have demonstrated efficacy in the prevention of this type of ulcers. Thanks to the good results obtained in a previous study, we plan to continue evaluating the effectiveness of Mepentol® Leche, an emulsion-based hyper-oxygenated fatty acids, Aloe barbadensis and Mimosa tenuiflora in skin care and relief of symptoms, in patients with this problem, but expanding the sample size and focusing on diabetic patients with concomitant

El impacto social de League of Legends en Corea del Sur

OpenAIRE

García Callealta, Desiré

2016-01-01

Trabajo de Fin de Máster del Máster en Asia oriental - Estudios japoneses, curso 2015-2016 [ES] Este trabajo consiste en una breve descripción y revisión bibliográfica sobre la historia de los e-Sports y su desarrollo en Corea del Sur. Debido a que se trata del primer videojuego tipo MOBA totalmente gratis que ha alcanzado la máxima popularidad en todo el mundo, League of Legends será el e-Sport central de esta exposición, si bien el impacto social que ha causado en Corea del Sur, la segun...

Imaging Correlates of Memory and Concussion History in Retired National Football League Athletes.

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Strain, Jeremy F; Womack, Kyle B; Didehbani, Nyaz; Spence, Jeffrey S; Conover, Heather; Hart, John; Kraut, Michael A; Cullum, C Munro

2015-07-01

To our knowledge, this is the first study to show an association between concussion, cognition, and anatomical structural brain changes across the age spectrum in former National Football League athletes. To assess the relationship of hippocampal volume, memory performance, and the influence of concussion history in retired National Football League athletes with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This retrospective cohort study assessed differences between groups, mean hippocampal volumes, and memory performance by computing age quintiles based on group-specific linear regression models corrected for multiple comparisons for both athletes and control participants. The study was conducted starting in November 2010 and is ongoing at a research center in the northern region of Texas. This current analysis was conducted from October 9, 2013, to August 21, 2014. Participants included 28 retired National Football League athletes, 8 of whom had MCI and a history of concussion, 21 cognitively healthy control participants, and 6 control participants with MCI without concussion. Hippocampal volume, age, California Verbal Learning Test scores, and the number of grade 3 (G3) concussions. In addition, the number of games played was examined as an objective variable pertaining to football history. The mean (SD) age was 58.1 (13) years for the 28 former athletes and 59.0 (12) years for the 27 control participants. Retired athletes with concussion history but without cognitive impairment had normal but significantly lower California Verbal Learning Test scores compared with control participants (mean [SD], 52.5 [8] vs 60.24 [7]; P = .002); those with a concussion history and MCI performed worse (mean [SD], 37 [8.62]) compared with both control participants (P history of G3 concussion were more likely to have MCI (7 of 7) compared with retired athletes without a history of G3 concussion (1 of 5) older than 63 years (P = .01). In addition, the left hippocampal

Breast milk donation and social support: reports of women donors Donación de leche humana y apoyo social: relatos de mujeres donadoras Doação de leite humano e apoio social: relatos de mulheres doadoras

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Lucienne Christine Estevez de Alencar

2010-06-01

Full Text Available The study aimed to characterize the behavior of human milk donation and to describe the informal social and formal institutional support, according to reports from women donors. It is an exploratory, cross-sectional, descriptive study using domicile interviews based on structured and semi-structured scripts. The participants were 36 women enrolled in two human milk banks of the public health system of the Federal District. Statistical analysis of quantitative data and categorical content analysis of qualitative data were performed. Categories of reasons that most influenced the frequency of expressing were: food, time availability, negative emotions and fluid intake. The manual expressing technique was reported as predominant. The use of breast shells was cited by almost a third of the donors. Most frequent suggestions for improving institutional support were more attention and support from the milk banks for the donor. The study may serve as a stimulus for the implementation of technical and political strategies to encourage this practice.El estudio objetivó caracterizar el comportamiento envuelto en la donación de leche humana y describir el apoyo social informal e institucional, según relatos de mujeres donadoras. Se trata de un estudio exploratorio, descriptivo, de corte transversal, con entrevista domiciliar basada en guiones estructurados y semiestructurados. Participaron 36 mujeres registradas en dos bancos de leche humana de la red pública de salud del Distrito Federal. Fue realizado el análisis estadístico descriptivo de los datos cuantitativos, y el categórico de contenido de los datos cualitativos. Las categorías de motivos que más influyeron en la frecuencia de la extracción de leche: alimentación, disponibilidad de tiempo, emociones negativas e ingestión de líquidos. La extracción de leche manual fue referida como técnica predominante. El uso de la “conchita” fue citado por casi un tercio de las donadoras

Vitamin D profile in National Football League players.

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Maroon, Joseph C; Mathyssek, Christina M; Bost, Jeffrey W; Amos, Austin; Winkelman, Robert; Yates, Anthony P; Duca, Mark A; Norwig, John A

2015-05-01

By maintaining phosphate and calcium homeostasis, vitamin D is critical for bone health and possibly physical performance. Hence, vitamin D is important to athletes. Few studies have investigated vitamin D levels in relation to fractures and performance in athletes, and no published study has included a multiracial sample of professional American football players. To assess vitamin D levels, including the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency, in professional American football players and to evaluate the association of vitamin D levels with race, fracture history, and the ability to obtain a contract position, which may be a marker for athletic performance. Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Serum vitamin D levels of 80 professional football players from a single team in the National Football League were obtained during the 2011 off-season (mean age, 26.5±3.7 years; black, n=67 [84%]). These levels were used to compare injury reports from the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 seasons. Statistical analyses were performed to test if vitamin D levels were related to race, fracture history, and the ability to obtain a contract position. Mean vitamin D level was 27.4±11.7 ng/mL, with significantly lower levels for black players (25.6±11.3 ng/mL) versus white players (37.4±8.6 ng/mL; F 1,78=13.00, P=.001). All athletes who were vitamin D deficient were black. When controlling for number of professional years played, vitamin D levels were significantly lower in players with at least 1 bone fracture when compared with no fractures. Players who were released during the preseason because of either injury or poor performance had significantly lower vitamin D levels than did players who played in the regular season. Black professional football players have a higher rate of vitamin D deficiency than do white players. Furthermore, professional football players with higher vitamin D levels were more likely to obtain a contract position in the National Football League

La implantación de las Gotas de Leche en España (1902-1935: un estudio a partir de la prensa histórica

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Muñoz Pradas, Francisco

2016-06-01

Full Text Available Milk Depots were health care institutions involved in fighting against high levels of child mortality in Spain in the first third of 20th century. They promoted the improvement of food hygiene of the newborn. This article reconstructs the trajectory of its implementation until the Spanish Civil War. Given the limited number of statistical sources available, it has been used as documentary source digitized historical newspapers. Analysis of these documents and other published studies leads to the estimation that this institution was deployed in 79 cities between 1902 and 1935. Milk Depots were settled mostly in provincial capitals, in all regions, including the Spanish protectorate in Morocco. Before 1936, a complete sequence of expansion and stabilization took place in the opening of these centers. This opening seems to respond most to influence of existing medical and charitable institutions that infant mortality levels prevailing at that time. Examination of the news shows as setting up a Milk Depot was not the outcome of a simple decision process, implemented quickly. The management was not exempt from difficulties. They came mainly from the lack of financial support or they were consequence from greater demand for their services.Las Gotas de Leche eran instituciones sanitarias que intervinieron en la reducción de la mortalidad infantil en España promoviendo la mejora en la higiene alimentaria de los recién nacidos. Este artículo reconstruye la trayectoria de su implantación hasta la Guerra Civil. Dada la limitada información estadística disponible, se ha empleado como base documental las hemerotecas históricas digitalizadas. El análisis de la misma y de otros estudios permite estimar que el despliegue de esta institución entre 1902 y 1935 involucró, al menos, a 79 localidades. Se establecieron mayoritariamente en capitales de provincia, en todas las regiones, incluido el protectorado español en Marruecos. Antes de 1936 tuvo lugar

Concussions are associated with decreased batting performance among Major League Baseball players.

Science.gov (United States)

Wasserman, Erin B; Abar, Beau; Shah, Manish N; Wasserman, Daniel; Bazarian, Jeffrey J

2015-05-01

Concussions impair balance, visual acuity, and reaction time--all of which are required for high-level batting performance--but the effects of concussion on batting performance have not been reported. The authors examined this relationship between concussion and batting performance among Major League Baseball (MLB) players. Batting performance among concussed MLB players will be worse upon return to play than batting performance among players missing time for noninjury reasons. Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. The authors identified MLB players who sustained a concussion between 2007 and 2013 through league disabled-list records and a Baseball Prospectus database. For a comparison group, they identified players who went on paternity or bereavement leave during the same period. Using repeated-measures generalized linear models, the authors compared 7 batting metrics between the 2 groups for the 2 weeks upon return, as well as 4 to 6 weeks after return, controlling for pre-leave batting metrics, number of days missed, and position. The authors identified 66 concussions and 68 episodes of bereavement/paternity leave to include in the analysis. In the 2 weeks after return, batting average (.235 vs .266), on-base percentage (.294 vs .326), slugging percentage (.361 vs .423), and on-base plus slugging (.650 vs .749) were significantly lower among concussed players relative to the bereavement/paternity leave players (time×group interaction, Pperformance after concussion is adversely affected and to identify better measures to use for return-to-play decisions. © 2015 The Author(s).

Hip strength and range of motion: Normal values from a professional football league.

Science.gov (United States)

Mosler, Andrea B; Crossley, Kay M; Thorborg, Kristian; Whiteley, Rod J; Weir, Adam; Serner, Andreas; Hölmich, Per

2017-04-01

To determine the normal profiles for hip strength and range of motion (ROM) in a professional football league in Qatar, and examine the effect of leg dominance, age, past history of injury, and ethnicity on these profiles. Cross-sectional cohort study. Participants included 394 asymptomatic, male professional football players, aged 18-40 years. Strength was measured using a hand held dynamometer with an eccentric test in side-lying for hip adduction and abduction, and the squeeze test in supine with 45° hip flexion. Range of motion measures included: hip internal and external rotation in 90° flexion, hip IR in prone, bent knee fall out and hip abduction in side-lying. Demographic information was collected and the effect on the profiles was analysed using linear mixed models with repeated measures. Strength values (mean±SD) were: adduction=3.0±0.6Nm/kg, abduction=2.6±0.4Nm/kg, adduction/abduction ratio=1.2±0.2, Squeeze test=3.6±0.8N/kg. Range of motion values: internal rotation in flexion=32±8°, external rotation=38±8°, internal rotation in prone=38±8°, bent knee fall out=13±4.4cm, abduction in side-lying=50±7.3°. Leg dominance had no clinically relevant effect on these profiles. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that age had a minor influence on squeeze strength (-0.03N/kg/year), external rotation (-0.30°/year) and abduction range (-0.19°/year) but past history of injury, and ethnicity did not. Normal values are documented for hip strength and range of motion that can be used as reference profiles in the clinical assessment, screening, and management of professional football players. Leg dominance, recent past injury history and ethnicity do not need to be accounted for when using these profiles for comparison purposes. Copyright © 2016 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Prevalence of Os Styloideum in National Hockey League Players

Science.gov (United States)

Greditzer, Harry G.; Hutchinson, Ian D.; Geannette, Christian S.; Hotchkiss, Robert N.; Kelly, Bryan T.; Potter, Hollis G.

2017-01-01

Background: Os styloideum describes an accessory carpal ossicle between the trapezoid, the capitate, and the second and third metacarpals. Injuries to this tissue have been described as part of the carpal boss syndrome. While the etiology of os styloideum remains uncertain, it may represent a physiologic response to altered loading forces in the wrist, similar to the development of cam-type deformity in the hips of ice hockey players or the Bennett lesion in the shoulders of baseball pitchers. Hypothesis: Professional hockey players will have a higher prevalence of os styloideum compared with the general population. Study Design: Case series. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: A retrospective review of 16 professional hockey players from 4 different National Hockey League (NHL) teams who underwent unilateral imaging of the wrist was performed. Seventeen wrists were reviewed for the presence of os styloideum. Results: Thirteen of 16 players (81%) had an os styloideum, representing an increased prevalence compared with the general population. Previous clinical and cadaveric studies estimated a general prevalence of up to 19% (P < 0.001). For the 10 players who had their leading wrist scanned, 9 had an os styloideum (90%). Ten of 11 (91%) players demonstrated a bone marrow edema pattern within the metacarpal and the os styloideum on magnetic resonance imaging. There was no significant association between the presence of an os styloideum and the player’s position, leading wrist, or years in the league. Conclusion: There appears to be an increased prevalence of os styloideum among NHL players, and team physicians should consider this finding while formulating a differential diagnosis for dorsal wrist pain. Clinical Relevance: This study identified NHL players as having an increased prevalence of os styloideum compared with the general population. By doing so, these findings represent an opportunity to enhance our understanding of the etiology, clinical significance

Control hormonal de la producción de leche en bovinos Holstein. Efectos de las nematodiasis gastrointestinales durante el desarrollo de las terneras y distintas etapas reproductivas de la vaca adulta

OpenAIRE

Perri, Adrián Francisco

2015-01-01

Se evaluó la influencia de parasitosis gastrointestinales sobre producción lechera y desarrollo de bovinos Holstein, considerando los mecanismos fisiológicos involucrados. En vacas se evaluó la producción de leche y la concentración de hormonas lactogénicas y en terneras la influencia parasitaria sobre el desarrollo mamario y las alteraciones hormonales. Se muestrearon mensualmente 256 vacas, materia fecal y sangre. Las vacas positivas a huevos por gramo (HPG>0) durante el periparto (meses -...

Private Financing and Sports Franchise Values: The Case of Major League Baseball

OpenAIRE

Phillip Miller

2006-01-01

This paper examines the impact of receiving a new stadium on team franchise values. I argue that a new stadium will increase the franchise values of teams regardless of how construction was financed. A team playing in a stadium that it owns will be able to capitalize the value of the stadium in the team’s franchise value and will thus have a higher franchise value. Using panel data for Major League Baseball teams from 1990-2002, I find that, after controlling for team quality and metro area d...

Effects of Preseason Training on the Sleep Characteristics of Professional Rugby League Players.

Science.gov (United States)

Thornton, Heidi R; Delaney, Jace A; Duthie, Grant M; Dascombe, Ben J

2018-02-01

To investigate the influence of daily and exponentially weighted moving training loads on subsequent nighttime sleep. Sleep of 14 professional rugby league athletes competing in the National Rugby League was recorded using wristwatch actigraphy. Physical demands were quantified using GPS technology, including total distance, high-speed distance, acceleration/deceleration load (SumAccDec; AU), and session rating of perceived exertion (AU). Linear mixed models determined effects of acute (daily) and subacute (3- and 7-d) exponentially weighted moving averages (EWMA) on sleep. Higher daily SumAccDec was associated with increased sleep efficiency (effect-size correlation; ES = 0.15; ±0.09) and sleep duration (ES = 0.12; ±0.09). Greater 3-d EWMA SumAccDec was associated with increased sleep efficiency (ES = 0.14; ±0.09) and an earlier bedtime (ES = 0.14; ±0.09). An increase in 7-d EWMA SumAccDec was associated with heightened sleep efficiency (ES = 0.15; ±0.09) and earlier bedtimes (ES = 0.15; ±0.09). The direction of the associations between training loads and sleep varied, but the strongest relationships showed that higher training loads increased various measures of sleep. Practitioners should be aware of the increased requirement for sleep during intensified training periods, using this information in the planning and implementation of training and individualized recovery modalities.

Asymmetry after hamstring injury in English Premier League: issue resolved, or perhaps not?

Science.gov (United States)

Barreira, P; Drust, B; Robinson, M A; Vanrenterghem, J

2015-06-01

Hamstring injuries constitute one of the most concerning injuries in English Premier League football, due to its high primary incidence but also its recurrence. Functional methods assessing hamstring function during high-risk performance tasks such as sprinting are vital to identify potential risk factors. The purpose of this study was to assess horizontal force deficits during maximum sprint running on a non-motorized treadmill in football players with previous history of hamstring strains as a pre-season risk-assessment in a club setting. 17 male football players from one Premier League Club were divided into 2 groups, experimental (n=6, age=24.5±2.3 years) and control (n=11, age=21.3±1.2 years), according to history of previous hamstring injury. Participants performed a protocol including a 10-s maximum sprint on a non-motorized treadmill. Force deficits during acceleration phase and steady state phases of the sprint were assessed between limbs and between groups. The main outcome measures were horizontal and vertical peak forces during the acceleration phase or steady state. There were no significant differences in peak forces between previously injured and non-injured limbs, or between groups, challenging the ideas around functional force deficits in sprint running as a diagnostic measure of hamstring re-injury risk. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

Limitations of the relative standard deviation of win percentages for measuring competitive balance in sports leagues

OpenAIRE

P. Dorian Owen

2009-01-01

The relative standard deviation of win percentages, the most widely used measure of within-season competitive balance, has an upper bound which is very sensitive to variation in the numbers of teams and games played. Taking into account this upper bound provides additional insight into comparisons of competitive balance across leagues or over time.

"A Miniature League of Nations": Inquiry into the Social Origins of the International School, 1924-1930

Science.gov (United States)

Dugonjic, Leonora

2014-01-01

Today, the International School of Geneva is known as the world's oldest and largest private international school, having opened in 1924 under the name "International School". Many schools have attempted to foster an international environment in a general sense; this school is the first to claim an "inter-national" identity…

The effect of overnight sleep deprivation after competitive rugby league matches on postmatch physiological and perceptual recovery.

Science.gov (United States)

Skein, Melissa; Duffield, Rob; Minett, Geoffrey M; Snape, Alanna; Murphy, Alistair

2013-09-01

This study examined the effects of overnight sleep deprivation on recovery after competitive rugby league matches. Eleven male amateur rugby league players played 2 competitive matches, followed by either a normal night's sleep (~8 h; CONT) or a sleep-deprived night (~0 h; SDEP) in a randomized fashion. Testing was conducted the morning of the match, immediately postmatch, 2 h postmatch, and the next morning (16 h postmatch). Measures included countermovement-jump (CMJ) distance, knee-extensor maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and voluntary activation (VA), venous-blood creatine kinase (CK) and C-reactive protein (CRP), perceived muscle soreness, and a word-color recognition cognitive-function test. Percent change between postmatch and 16-h postmatch was reported to determine the effect of the intervention the next morning. Large effects indicated a greater postmatch to 16-h-postmatch percentage decline in CMJ distance after SDEP than in CONT (P = .10-.16, d = 0.95-1.05). Similarly, the percentage decline in incongruent word-color reaction times was increased in SDEP trials (P = .007, d = 1.75). Measures of MVC did not differ between conditions (P = .40-.75, d = 0.13-0.33), although trends for larger percentage decline in VA were detected in SDEP (P = .19, d = 0.84). Furthermore, large effects indicated higher CK and CRP responses 16 h postmatch in SDEP than in CONT (P = .11-.87, d = 0.80-0.88). Sleep deprivation negatively affected recovery after a rugby league match, specifically impairing CMJ distance and cognitive function. Practitioners should promote adequate postmatch sleep patterns or adjust training demands the next day to accommodate the altered physical and cognitive state after sleep deprivation.

A Typology of International Strategies for Hungarian Professional Sports Clubs

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Miklos Kozma

2016-03-01

Full Text Available The objective of our research project was to examine how league strength explains the observed differences between the international strategies of professional sports clubs in Hungary. Three case studies were made primarily based on the content analysis of management interviews, cross-checked with data from sports databases and corporate documentation. Through our analysis we identified three types of international strategy followed by professional sports clubs in Hungary. The typology highlights the importance of having a competitive product professional clubs may bring to the international marketplace. Hence, governments and local municipalities are advised to focus their support on sports where there is a team with reasonable chance to win trophies at international level. For club managers, the implication is that strategic focus on improving service provision and sales is critical even if they receive windfall support from government.

High league bench players and starters: differences in group interactions, group cohesion, role acceptance and self-confidence in football teams

OpenAIRE

Simonenkova Irina Petrovna

2015-01-01

Main staff players differ from bench players in their perceptions and demonstrate different responses. This research compares the situation of bench players with the situation of starters in high league Latvian football teams.

International law and United Nations

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Savić Matej

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Along with centuries-lasting open military pretensions of world superpowers, modern diplomacy has developed, as beginning a war, as well as coming to peace demanded political activity which resulted, first in signing, and then coming into effect of international documents, on the basis of which, a foundation for the modern international order has been cast. Further on, by the formation of international organizations, codification has been allowed, as well as a progressive development of international law. Additionally, in the sense of preserving international peace and security, first the League of Nations was formed, and following the ending of World War II, the UN. Generally, the functioning of the United Nation's organs, has been regulated by legal rules, however political goals, tendencies, and mechanisms which the member states are using determine greatly the activity above all of the Security Council, but furthermore of the General Assembly, as a plenary organ. Nevertheless, the achieved results of the Commission for International Law in the meaning of creation of international conventions, as well as state adhering to the same, present unassailable achievements in the sense of development of international law. On the other hand, tendencies of motion of international relationships are aimed at establishing a multi-polar system in the international community. Today, the political scene is assuming a new appearance, by which the nearly built international system is already awaiting further progressive development.

Intersection of Re-Designated National League for Nursing Centers of Excellence(TM) and Quality in Nursing Education

Science.gov (United States)

Merriam, Deborah

2013-01-01

Nursing education is challenged to meet a growing demand for nurses, while substantiating the quality of the educational experience as well as the achievement of desired student outcomes. The National League for Nursing (NLN) Centers of Excellence (COE) in Nursing Education(TM) program represents high performing nursing schools which utilize…

Cervical stenosis in a professional rugby league football player: a case report

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Hoskins Wayne

2005-08-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background This paper describes a case of C7 radiculopathy in a professional rugby league player after repeated cervical spine trauma. The report outlines the management of the patient following an acute cervical hyperflexion injury with chiropractic manipulation and soft tissue therapies. It also presents a change in approach to include distractive techniques on presentation of a neurological deficit following re-injury. The clinical outcomes, while good, were very dependent upon the athlete restricting himself from further trauma during games, which is a challenge for a professional athlete. Case presentation A 30-year old male front row Australian rugby league player presented complaining of neck pain after a hyperflexion and compressive injury during a game. Repeated trauma over a four month period resulted in radicular pain. Radiographs revealed decreased disc height at the C5-C6 and C6-C7 levels and mild calcification within the anterior longitudinal ligament at the C6-C7 level. MRI revealed a right postero-lateral disc protrusion at the C6-C7 level causing a C7 nerve root compression. Conclusion Recommendations from the available literature at the present time suggest that conservative management of cervical discogenic pain and disc protrusion, including chiropractic manipulation and ancillary therapies, can be successful in the absence of progressive neurological deficit. The current case highlights the initial successful management of a football athlete, and the later unsuccessful management. This case highlights the issues involvement in the management of a collision sport athlete with a serious neck injury.

A socio-ecological survey in Jalantai Area, Alxa League, Inner Mongolia, China

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Lorenzo Orioli

2015-12-01

Full Text Available This article concerns with new and traditional practises in agriculture in Alxa League in the Inner Mongolia of China. For such a purpose, the DISPAA Department of University of Florence (Italy collaborated with the University of Tuscia (Italy, which has been one of the Italian executives for the Beijing Wind Dust Control Project under the framework of the Sino-Italian Cooperation Programme on Environmental Protection. In the context of ADAM Project, the Inner Mongolia was indicated as a potential hot-spot due to the combination of climatic change, human activities and the general phenomenon of desertification, which is an ongoing process in this area. During the past centuries, arid and semi-arid general environmental characteristics of Inner Mongolia’s landscape have conditioned the main course of economic development in rural areas. Into the Alxa League, a sub-case study situated around Jarantai City in the Alxa Left Banner was selected. During 2005-06, the work analysed the agricultural activities of the local rural population to evaluate if these might be able to cope with desertification and, more in general, with climatic change impacts. In particular, field surveys were implemented among local peasants, which were old herders or new farmers immigrated in the area, following a non-structured interview approach where the length of the interview was calibrated on the characteristics of the single interviewed. The interviews showed that soil fertility and water requirement (e.g. water drawdown and high evaporation rate that cause superficial salt crust formation are yet the main constraints to social and economic development of agriculture.

The Dynamics of Quadropoly: League Position in English Football between 1888 and 2010

OpenAIRE

Penn, Roger; Berridge, Damon

2016-01-01

The paper explores competitive balance in top tier English league football from its inception in 1888. It examines the extent to which finishing in the top four positions in successive seasons is the preserve of a small number of clubs. Using a range of statistical measures, the analysis shows that the current high levels of competitive imbalance are not new phenomena. The overall pattern approximates a ‘U curve’: current patterns parallel those in the 1890s. In the early years of English lea...

Of Bricks and Bats: New Stadiums, Talent Supply and Team Performance in Major League Baseball

OpenAIRE

Rockerbie, Duane W; Easton, Stephen

2016-01-01

This paper considers whether publicly-financed new facility investments encourage professional sports team owners to increase their investments in costly talent. We develop a model of a sports league that incorporates publicly-financed facility investments, the unique characteristics of the talent market, and revenue sharing to explore the complementarity between new facility amenities, the team budget decision and team performance. Our empirical results suggest that publicly-financed new sta...

Nutritional knowledge and eating habits of professional rugby league players: does knowledge translate into practice?

OpenAIRE

Alaunyte, Ieva; Perry, John L; Aubrey, Tony

2015-01-01

Background Adequate nutrient intake is important to support training and to optimise performance of elite athletes. Nutritional knowledge has been shown to play an important role in adopting optimal nutrition practices. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the level of nutritional knowledge and dietary habits in elite English rugby league players using the eatwell plate food categories. Method General nutritional knowledge questionnaires were collected duri...

DEVELANDO EL UMBRAL ESTÉTICO DE LA OBRA MUJER DE CARNE Y LECHE

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Yulmis Merencio Cabrera

2014-05-01

Full Text Available Why think about the theatrical cuban scene from artistic performs like Mujer de carne y leche (Leire Fernández, espaniard in diplomatics function in Cuba since,? The first answer appears since the space of multidisciplinary scenic creation which proposes the argument in his treatment of a phenomenon complex: the gender violence. The analysis comprises or apprehends the multisystem desestructuring of several scenic languages that corporiza the play, like every one of these languages contribute an essential thematic core and many echo that happen inside the real scene created. Some detail of the show: we are talking about spaces very close to the public whit sporadic projection, the construction of one mix sound band by a Dj and the inclusion of musical interpreters; in like manner, of intervention of actors who doesn’t pretender enunciate like a dramatic subject (fellow, but since their individuality. I´ts  discursive potential can track in the structuring of multiples stories who answer to the creation of ideological scene to look for in the spectator a desmitification of a phalocentric thought  and the themes designate like female and male or the banalitation of the consume societies. This perform its looking to get away from literal sense of the text and the historic treatment and the stereotype of dispossess, abandon and fateful women. The gestuality of that woman, her intentionality and irreverence, deduce an andless reading

The 2010 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism Classification Criteria for Rheumatoid Arthritis Phase 2 Methodological Report

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Neogi, Tuhina; Aletaha, Daniel; Silman, Alan J.; Naden, Raymond L.; Felson, David T.; Aggarwal, Rohit; Bingham, Clifton O.; Birnbaum, Neal S.; Burmester, Gerd R.; Bykerk, Vivian P.; Cohen, Marc D.; Combe, Bernard; Costenbader, Karen H.; Dougados, Maxime; Emery, Paul; Ferraccioli, Gianfranco; Hazes, Johanna M. W.; Hobbs, Kathryn; Huizinga, Tom W. J.; Kavanaugh, Arthur; Kay, Jonathan; Khanna, Dinesh; Kvien, Tore K.; Laing, Timothy; Liao, Katherine; Mease, Philip; Ménard, Henri A.; Moreland, Larry W.; Nair, Raj; Pincus, Theodore; Ringold, Sarah; Smolen, Josef S.; Stanislawska-Biernat, Ewa; Symmons, Deborah; Tak, Paul P.; Upchurch, Katherine S.; Vencovský, Jiří; Wolfe, Frederick; Hawker, Gillian

2010-01-01

Objective. The American College of Rheumatology and the European League Against Rheumatism have developed new classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of Phase 2 of the development process was to achieve expert consensus on the clinical and laboratory variables that should

The 2010 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis: Phase 2 methodological report

NARCIS (Netherlands)

T. Neogi (Tuhina); D. Aletaha (Daniel); A.J. Silman (Alan); R.L. Naden (Raymond); D. Felson; R. Aggarwal (Rohit); C.O. Bingham (Clifton); N.S. Birnbaum (Neal); G.R. Burmester (Gerd); V.P. Bykerk (Vivian); M.D. Cohen (Marc); B. Combe (Bernard); K.H. Costenbader (Karen); M. Dougados (Maxime); P. Emery (Paul); G. Ferraccioli (Gianfranco); J.M.W. Hazes (Mieke); K. Hobbs (Kathryn); T.W.J. Huizinga (Tom); A. Kavanaugh (Arthur); J. Kay (Jonathan); D. Khanna (Dinesh); T.K. Kvien (Tore); T. Laing (Timothy); K. Liao (Katherine); P. Mease (Philip); H.A. Ménard (Henri); L.W. Moreland (Larry); R. Nair (Raj); T. Pincus (Theodore); S. Ringold (Sarah); J.S. Smolen (Josef); E. Stanislawska-Biernat (Ewa); D. Symmons (Deborah); P.P. Tak (Paul); K.S. Upchurch (Katherine); J. Vencovský (Jiří); F. Wolfe (Frederick); G. Hawker (Gillian)

2010-01-01

textabstractObjective. The American College of Rheumatology and the European League Against Rheumatism have developed new classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of Phase 2 of the development process was to achieve expert consensus on the clinical and laboratory variables that

Mood states of soccer players in the english leagues: reflections of an increasing workload

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R Thatcher

2010-06-01

Full Text Available The aim of this investigation was to assess whether the demands of the modern English competitive soccer season would be reflected in the mood states of professional soccer players. Sixty-nine male participants either activity competing in English soccer leagues or resident in England were recruited and grouped accordingly as professional soccer players, university level soccer players, Sunday league soccer players, or non-sporting controls. On three separate occasions; at the beginning, at the middle, and finally towards the end of the English soccer season, participants completed both the Profile of Mood States (POMS questionnaire as well as a questionnaire related to their teams’ performance in addition to their perceived life stress. Results showed the POMS scores to differ over the season in relation to the groups’ standard of competition. ANOVAs demonstrated this pattern to be significant for the dependent measures of tension, depression, and confusion with significant group by time interactions (95% level of confidence. At the outset of the season professionals had the most positive POMS profile, however, as the season progressed they showed the greatest change towards a negative profile. These results indicate that English soccer is placing professional players at a predisposition of demonstrating POMS commensurate with negative adaptation to training, having important implications for their long-term performance and health.

Propiedades fisicoquímicas y aceptabilidad sensorial de yogur de leche descremada de cabra frutado con mango y plátano en pruebas aceleradas

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Víctor Vásquez-Villalobos

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Dos tipos de yogur de leche descremada de cabra (3% de grasa frutado con mango (YM y plátano (YP fueron almacenados a temperaturas de 5 °C, 15 °C y 25 °C durante 72 horas. Cada 24 horas se analizó el pH, acidez titulable, sólidos totales, grasa y proteína. Asimismo se evaluó la aceptabilidad sensorial con 75 consumidores habituales de yogur, que respondieron con “sí” o “no” a la pregunta ¿consumiría este producto?. Al inicio, el pH, acidez, sólidos totales, grasa y proteína fue 4,35 y 4,36; 0,76% y 0,75%; 12,71% y 13,23%; 3,2% y 3,3%; 4,4% y 4,5%, respectivamente para el YM y el YP, cumpliendo con normas conocidas para yogur de leche de vaca: rango de acidez 0,5%-1,6%, grasa valor máximo 15% y proteína valor mínimo 2,7%. La aceptabilidad sensorial del YM y el YP fue alta, con 88,9% y 94,7%, respectivamente. Durante el almacenamiento en condiciones aceleradas, el pH disminuyó hasta 3,88 y 3,92; la acidez titulable aumentó hasta 1,1% y 0,93%; los sólidos totales, grasa y proteína disminuyeron hasta 9,37% y 9,7%; 2,4% y 2,0%; 2,5% y 2,6%, respectivamente para el YM y el YP, permaneciendo dentro de los límites de las normas consultadas. La aceptabilidad sensorial disminuyó hasta 4% y 5,33% para el YM y el YP respectivamente. Estimando así la vida útil de la aceptabilidad sensorial (V.U.A.S. a 4ºC en 69 y 49 h (para un porcentaje de rechazo de 25%, 193 y 111 h (para un porcentaje de rechazo de 50% para el YM y el YP respectivamente.

The Texts of the Agency's Co-operation Agreements with Regional Intergovernmental Organizations. The Agreement with the League of Arab States

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1972-01-01

The text of the Agency's agreement for co-operation with the League of Arab States is reproduced in this document for the information of all Members. The agreement entered into force on 15 December 1971 pursuant to Article IX

Ascending Aortic Dimensions in Former National Football League Athletes.

Science.gov (United States)

Gentry, James L; Carruthers, David; Joshi, Parag H; Maroules, Christopher D; Ayers, Colby R; de Lemos, James A; Aagaard, Philip; Hachamovitch, Rory; Desai, Milind Y; Roselli, Eric E; Dunn, Reginald E; Alexander, Kezia; Lincoln, Andrew E; Tucker, Andrew M; Phelan, Dermot M

2017-11-01

Ascending aortic dimensions are slightly larger in young competitive athletes compared with sedentary controls, but rarely >40 mm. Whether this finding translates to aortic enlargement in older, former athletes is unknown. This cross-sectional study involved a sample of 206 former National Football League (NFL) athletes compared with 759 male subjects from the DHS-2 (Dallas Heart Study-2; mean age of 57.1 and 53.6 years, respectively, P 40 mm (29.6% versus 8.6%; P history of hypertension, current smoking, diabetes mellitus, and lipid profile, the former NFL athletes still had significantly larger ascending aortas ( P 40 mm after adjusting for the same parameters. Ascending aortic dimensions were significantly larger in a sample of former NFL athletes after adjusting for their size, age, race, and cardiac risk factors. Whether this translates to an increased risk is unknown and requires further evaluation. © 2017 American Heart Association, Inc.

LEAGUE OF LEGENDS GAME CHARACTERS SELECTION PROBLEMS OF THE MULTICRITERIA DECISION MAKING METHOD AND SOLUTION

OpenAIRE

ERCAN, Merve; YILDIRIM, Meral; OTURAK, Çiğdem; EREN, Tamer

2018-01-01

Strategy games occupy a very important place in gaming industry. In this study, characterselection is made according to the rival team which is created by developing scenarios for Summoner's Rift inLeague of Legends (LOL) strategy game and Howling Abyss modes. In order to solve the problem, AnalyticalHierarchy Process (AHP), TOPSIS and PROMETHEE methods are utilized from multicriteria decision makingmethods in Summoner's Rift and Howling Abyss mode. For the problem, five alternative...

Composição Nutricional e Teor de Carotenóides de Doces de Leite Adicionados de Extrato de Urucum/Nutritional Composition and Level of Carotenoids of Dulce de Leche Added of Extract Annatto (Bixa orellana

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Admilson José da Silva Braga

2012-03-01

Full Text Available Objetivo: O trabalho objetivou avaliar a composição centesimal, pH e teor de carotenóides de doces de leite tipo caseiro com diferentes concentrações de urucum. Materiais e Métodos: Os doces de leite foram elaborados com leite de vaca integral e sacarose, além da adição (0%; 1,0%; 1,5% e 2,0% de urucum. Foram realizadas análises de composição centesimal, pH e carotenóides, sendo estes últimos extraídos com acetona, para posterior leitura em espectrofotômetro a 450nm. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado e teste de Tukey (p<0,05 para as análises estatísticas. Resultados: Os teores de umidade, lipídeos, proteínas e cinzas apresentaram-se dentro dos parâmetros exigidos pela legislação brasileira. As amostras com 0% e 1% de urucum não diferiram significativamente entre si, mas diferiram das amostras com 1,5% e 2,0% de urucum (p<0,05. A adição de extrato de urucum no doce de leite interferiu na composição química do mesmo, entretanto, ainda permaneceu dentro dos limites exigidos pela legislação. Conclusão: Os teores de carotenóides nas amostras de doce de leite aumentou proporcionalmente ao acréscimo de extrato de urucum, variando de 0,0281 mg.100g-1 a 0,6030 mg.100g-1, ocorrendo beneficiamento do produto pelo incremento de carotenóides. Objective: the work aimed to evaluate the percent composition, pH and carotenoid content of home-made type dulce de leche with different concentrations of annato. Materials end Methods: The dulces de leche were made with whole cow milk and sucrose, besides the addition (0%; 1.0%; 1.5% and 2.0% of annatto. Analyses of percent composition, pH and carotenoids were performed, these latter ones being extracted with acetone for further reading in spectrophotometer at 450nm. Completely randomized design and Tukey test (p<0.05 were utilized for statistical analyses. Results: The contents of moisture, lipids, proteins and ashes lay within the parameters demanded by the Brazilian

Función de las organizaciones de productores de leche al servicio del pequeño productor The role of producers organizations serving the small milk producer

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Carrasco V. Alfredo

1990-12-01

Full Text Available El trabajo plantea la problemática de los pequeños productores de leche en América Tropical, caracterizada por el ambiente individualista en que se desenvuelven, los escasos recursos con que laboran y las experiencias negativas en la superación de sus limitaciones. Así mismo, argumenta que la ausencia de organizaciones de pequeños productores dificulta las actividades de abastecimiento de insumos y la comercialización/transformación de la leche, constituyéndose en el principal obstáculo para dinamizar su proceso de desarrollo limitando el acceso a la capacitación y a la asistencia técnica, y sugiere, en consecuencia, impulsar en América Tropical organizaciones formales de pequeños
productores que sean locales, homogéneos en su composición, democráticas y autogestadas para a través de ellas buscar la superación de los limitantes anotados.The paper states the problems faced by the small milk producers in tropical America which are characterized by the individualistic environment in which they play, the scarity of resources which they operate and the negative experiences for the over coming of their lirnitatiens. It also points out that the lack of small farmers organizations brings more difficulties to such activities as the availability of inputs and the marketing/processing of milk; it also constitutes the main obstacle for the acceleration of their development process limiting their access to capacitation and technical assitence
programs. Consequently, the paper sugest for Tropical America to promote formal organizations of small milk producers which should be local, homogeneous in their compositions, with democratic management in order to overcome the stated limitations.

Emulsiones tipo crema preparadas a base de leche de soja 3: Efecto de ciclos de temperatura

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Wagner, Jorge R.

2005-09-01

Full Text Available In this work, the effect of temperature cycling on emulsions formulated with reconstituted soy milk, sunflower oil and high melting point milk fat was analysed. The emulsions were prepared at 60 ºC , stored at 4 ºC (3 h, warmed at 40 ºC or 50 ºC (30 min and afterwards recooled at 4 ºC (2h. Although solid fat content of emulsions did not raised after tempering at 40 ºC , increase of G' and G'' was observed only in those formulated with 40 % lipid phase. This phenomenon was attributed to droplet aggregation due to partial melting, recrystallization and reordering of fat crystals in oil droplets. The main droplet destabilization mechanism was the partial coalescence; it was corroborated by nuclear magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry and droplet size distribution studies. On the other hand, the consistency of 20 % of lipid phase emulsion did not increased. Low droplet concentration disfavoured the partial coalescence of droplets. Similar assays on cream at 40 ºC and cream-like soy milk emulsions at 50 ºC , did not show rheological modifications, due to almost total melting of milk fat during tempering.En este trabajo se analizó el efecto de ciclos calentamiento-enfriamiento sobre cremas preparadas a 60 ºC con leche de soja en polvo reconstituida, aceite de girasol y grasa láctea y almacenadas posteriormente a 4 °C durante 3 horas. Los ciclos consistieron en un calentamiento a 40 °C o 50 °C (30 min seguido de un re-enfriamiento a 4 °C (2 horas. En los ensayos realizados sobre cremas formuladas con 40% de fase lipídica se observó un aumento de los valores de G' y G'' después del ciclo 40 °C- 4 °C , a pesar de no haberse observado un aumento en el contenido de grasa sólida. Estos resultados se atribuyen a la formación de agregados de gotas inducida por la fusión parcial, reordenamiento y recristalización de la grasa láctea en las gotas. Estudios de resonancia magnética nuclear de

The effect of playing formation on high-intensity running and technical profiles in English FA Premier League soccer matches

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Bradley, Paul S; Carling, Chris; Archer, Dave

2011-01-01

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of playing formation on high-intensity running and technical performance during elite soccer matches. Twenty English FA Premier League games were analysed using a multiple-camera computerized tracking system (n = 153 players). Overall ball possession...

UvA Rescue - Team Description Paper - Infrastructure competition - Rescue Simulation League RoboCup 2014 - João Pessoa - Brazil

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Visser, A.

2014-01-01

The UvA Rescue Team has several innovative ideas to further improve the infrastructure of the RoboCup Rescue Simulation League. Those ideas range from providing USARSim an interface compatible with the RoboCup@Home Simulation, to provide the possibility to specify robots in the URDF format, to

THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN TEAMS RANKED THIRD AND FOURTH IN THE SUPER LEAGUE VOLLYEBALL OF KOSOVO

OpenAIRE

Bahri Gjinovci; Valon Nikqi; Florian Miftari

2014-01-01

Introduction: When it is about elite male volleyball players, it is always meant about players that possess such anthropometric parameters which correspond with volleyball game. In this research we are deal with two teams of the super league of Kosovo in volleyball. The goal of this study is to verify the differences between the two teams in volleyball in some anthropometric characteristics, basic motor skills and situational tests. Methods: For the realization of this research, there were in...

Tendencias genéticas y fenotípicas para características de producción y composición de la leche en cabras Saanen de México

OpenAIRE

José Antonio Torres-Vázquez; Mauricio Valencia-Posadas; Héctor Castillo-Juárez; Hugo H. Montaldo

2010-01-01

Con el objetivo de estimar las tendencias genéticas y fenotípicas, se analizaron registros de primera lactancia estandarizados a 305 días para producción de leche (MILK, n=1041), producción de grasa (FAT, n=487), producción de proteína (PROT, n=477), producción de lactosa (LACT, n=401), contenido de grasa (%FAT, n=487), contenido de proteína (%PROT, n=477) y contenido de lactosa (%LACT, n=401), obtenidos entre 2000 y 2006 en 10 rebaños de cabras Saanen de Guanajuato, México. Los valores genét...

The physical demands of Super League rugby: Experiences of a newly promoted franchise.

Science.gov (United States)

Evans, S D; Brewer, C; Haigh, J D; Lake, M; Morton, J P; Close, G L

2015-01-01

The physical match demands for a newly promoted European Super League (ESL) squad were analysed over a full season using global positioning systems. Players were classified into four positional groups: outside backs (OB), pivots (PIV), middle unit forwards (MUF) and wide running forwards (WRF). MUF covered less total distance (4318 ± 570 m) than WRF (6408 ± 629 m), PIV (6549 ± 853) and OB (7246 ± 333 m) (P 0.05). WRF (36 ± 5) and MUF (35 ± 6) were involved in more collisions than OB (20 ± 3) and PIV (23 ± 3; P franchises.

Evaluación del suministro de levaduras Saccharomyces Cerevisiae en la alimentación y su efecto sobre la producción y composición de leche de ovejas de raza Pampinta

OpenAIRE

Boggero, Carina Alejandra; Boggero, Carina Alejandra

2013-01-01

Existe creciente uso de aditivos alimenticios en la dieta de los animales para lograr mejoras en la producción. Entre ellos, las levaduras Saccharomyces Cerevisiae. Se llevaron a cabo dos estudios, en el primer estudio, se evaluó el efecto de las levaduras Saccharomyces Cerevisiae sobre la producción y composición de la leche de oveja, se formaron dos grupos de 20 animales cada uno (Grupo 1 Control, sin levaduras, y Grupo 2, tratado con 10 gramos de levadura/día.animal).Se tomaron muestras in...

Prevalencia de alergia alimentaria y sensibilización a leche, maní y camarón en adolescentes de octavo y noveno de básica de Cuenca y Santa Isabel

OpenAIRE

Ramírez Jimbo, Patricia Liliana

2015-01-01

La alergia alimentaria es una respuesta inmunológica a la ingestión de ciertos alimentos, los síntomas varían desde leves hasta fatales. El objetivo de este trabajo es reportar la prevalencia de alergia alimentaria y sensibilización a leche, maní y camarón en adolescentes de octavo y noveno de básica de Cuenca y Santa Isabel. El estudio fue descriptivo transversal realizado en 1008 adolescentes de Cuenca y 500 de Santa Isabel, mediante la aplicación de encuestas y test cutáneos. El alérgeno m...

A developmental and psychoeducational approach to reducing conflict and abuse in little league and youth sports. The sport psychiatrist's role.

Science.gov (United States)

Kamm, R L

1998-10-01

To stress a point made earlier, whether backyard or Little League, the tone of the youth sports experience is greatly influenced by the player and team selection process. All possible steps should therefore be taken to ensure that the draft is held on high moral ground, and that the adult participants, even on the Major Little League level, behave cooperatively rather than competitively. If it is the community's hope that Little League will "build character, and not characters," it must embrace Shields and Bredemeier's work and flood the Draft Room with the four virtues of compassion, fairness, sportspersonship, and integrity. In one attempt to achieve fairness and balance, some leagues enter player evaluations into a data base and allow a properly programmed computer to project equal teams. It might be best, however, to borrow a page from backyard baseball, and make team selection a more cooperative venture. Wolff has proposed such a draft model. He recommends that each child's name be placed on a big blackboard at the beginning of the draft. All assembled give their assessment of each child's baseball ability, and a consensus skill-level number (one through five) is entered next to each player's name. If there are 72 names, and the league wishes to form six teams of 12 players each, dividing up the rated players so that the skill levels balance would assure everyone (coaches, parents, the league, and by extension, the community) that the teams were of relatively equal strength. No coach at this point would know to which team he or she was being assigned, so there would be no motive for "stacking" a given team. Each team would be designated by a letter of the alphabet, and the six letters would be thrown into a hat. The six coaches would then blindly pick a team from the hat. If a coach desired that his or her child play on his or her team, fair adjustments (trades) could be made subject to majority agreement. The three draft models can be summarized as follows

Robust Color Choice for Small-size League RoboCup Competition

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Qiang Zhou

2004-10-01

Full Text Available In this paper, the problem of choosing a set of most separable colors in a given environment is discussed. The proposed method models the process of generating theoretically computed best colors, printing of these colors through a color printer, and imaging the printed colors through a camera into an integrated framework. Thus, it provides a feasible way to generate practically best separable colors for a given environment with a set of given equipment. A real world application (robust color choice for small-size league RoboCup competition is used as an example to illustrate the proposed method. Experimental results on this example show the competitiveness of the colors learned from our algorithm compared to the colors adopted by other teams which are chosen via an extensive trial and error process using standard color papers.

Modifying Rules of a Regular Girls Softball League to Facilitate the Inclusion of a Child with Severe Disabilities.

Science.gov (United States)

Bernabe, Elaine A.; Block, Martin E.

1994-01-01

Coaches and players were assisted in modifying select rules of a girls' fast-pitch softball league so as to accommodate the skill limitations of a player with moderate to severe disabilities. The girl's batting average and on-base average indicated that modifications were effective. The player was well received by her teammates and other teams.…

Does self-perceived sleep reflect sleep estimated via activity monitors in professional rugby league athletes?

Science.gov (United States)

Caia, Johnpaul; Thornton, Heidi R; Kelly, Vincent G; Scott, Tannath J; Halson, Shona L; Cupples, Balin; Driller, Matthew W

2018-07-01

This study examined agreement between self-perceived sleep and sleep estimated via activity monitors in professional rugby league athletes. 63 athletes, from three separate teams wore actigraphy monitors for 10.3 ± 3.9 days. During the monitoring period, ratings of perceived sleep quality (on a 1-5 and 1-10 Likert scale), and an estimate of sleep duration were recorded daily. Agreement between sleep estimated via activity monitors and self-perceived sleep was examined using mean bias, Pearson correlation (r) and typical error of the estimate (TEE). 641 nights of sleep were recorded, with a very large, positive correlation observed between sleep duration estimated via activity monitors and subjective sleep duration (r = 0.85), and a TEE of 48 minutes. Mean bias revealed subjective sleep duration overestimated sleep by an average of 19.8 minutes. The relationship between sleep efficiency estimated via activity monitors and self-perceived sleep quality on a 1-5 (r = 0.22) and 1-10 Likert scale (r = 0.28) was limited. The outcomes of this investigation support the use of subjective measures to monitor sleep duration in rugby league athletes when objective means are unavailable. However, practitioners should be aware of the tendency of athletes to overestimate sleep duration.

Major League pitching workload after primary ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction and risk for revision surgery.

Science.gov (United States)

Keller, Robert A; Mehran, Nima; Marshall, Nathan E; Okoroha, Kelechi R; Khalil, Lafi; Tibone, James E; Moutzouros, Vasilios

2017-02-01

Literature has attempted to correlate pitching workload with risk of ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injury; however, limited data are available in evaluating workload and its relationship with the need for revision reconstruction in Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers. We identified 29 MLB pitchers who underwent primary UCL reconstruction surgery and subsequently required revision reconstruction and compared them with 121 MLB pitchers who underwent primary reconstruction but did not later require revision surgery. Games pitched, pitch counts, and innings pitched were evaluated and compared for the seasons after returning from primary reconstruction and for the last season pitched before undergoing revision surgery. The difference in workload between pitchers who did and did not require revision reconstruction was not statistically significant in games pitched, innings pitched, and MLB-only pitch counts. The one significant difference in workload was in total pitch counts (combined MLB and minor league), with the pitchers who required revision surgery pitching less than those who did not (primary: 1413.6 pitches vs. revision: 959.0 pitches, P = .04). In addition, pitchers who required revision surgery underwent primary reconstruction at an early age (22.9 years vs. 27.3 years, P risk for injury after primary UCL reconstruction. However, correlations of risk may be younger age and less MLB experience at the time of the primary reconstruction. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Arthroscopic Surgical Technique for an Acute Talar Dome Osteochondral Lesion in a Professional Rugby League Player.

Science.gov (United States)

Sullivan, Martin; Fraser, Ethan J; Linklater, James; Harris, Craig; Morgan, Kieran

2017-06-01

Talar osteochondral lesions represent challenging clinical entities, particularly in high-demand athletes. Surgical treatment of large lesions often requires a 2-step procedure, or the use of osteotomy in the case of autologous osteochondral transfer, which can delay return to sport. A professional rugby league player underwent surgery for a complex injury to the ankle. A talar osteochondral lesion with a maximal diameter of 15 mm was treated in an arthroscopic fashion using the cartilage taken from the completely displaced osteochondral fragment. Cartilage was cut into chips and combined with bone graft product containing platelet-derived growth factor and a porous collagen scaffold. Autologous cartilage was then reimplanted arthroscopically. The patient was allowed full ankle motion from 2 weeks postoperatively, and weightbearing was commenced at 6 weeks. Follow-up imaging and functional outcomes, including return to sport, were assessed at regular intervals. The patient was able to return to professional rugby league by 23 weeks postoperatively. Magnetic resonance imaging at 16 months postoperatively showed restoration of the subchondral plate and osseous infill. At final follow-up, the patient remained pain free and was playing at preinjury level. This report describes good outcomes using a novel, 1-step cartilage repair technique to treat a large talar osteochondral lesion in a professional athlete. Level V: Expert opinion.

Premier League academy soccer players' experiences of competing in a tournament bio-banded for biological maturation.

Science.gov (United States)

Cumming, Sean P; Brown, Daniel J; Mitchell, Siobhan; Bunce, James; Hunt, Dan; Hedges, Chris; Crane, Gregory; Gross, Aleks; Scott, Sam; Franklin, Ed; Breakspear, Dave; Dennison, Luke; White, Paul; Cain, Andrew; Eisenmann, Joey C; Malina, Robert M

2018-04-01

Individual differences in the growth and maturation have been shown to impact player performance and development in youth soccer. This study investigated Premier League academy players' experiences of participating in a tournament bio-banded for biological maturation. Players (N = 66) from four professional soccer clubs aged 11 and 14 years and between 85-90% of adult stature participated in a tournament. Players competed in three 11 vs 11 games on a full size pitch with 25-min halves. Sixteen players participated in four 15-min focus groups and were asked to describe their experiences of participating in the bio-banded tournament in comparison to age group competition. All players described their experience as positive and recommended the Premier League integrate bio-banding into the existing games programme. In comparison to age-group competitions, early maturing players described the bio-banded games more physically challenging, and found that they had to adapt their style of play placing a greater emphasis on technique and tactics. Late maturing players considered the games to be less physically challenging, yet appreciated the having more opportunity to use, develop and demonstrate their technical, physical, and psychological competencies. Bio-banding strategies appear to contribute positively towards the holistic development of young soccer players.

Brand Equity, Efficiency and Valuation of Professional Sports Franchises: The Case of Major League Baseball

OpenAIRE

Srinivas K Reddy; Antonie Stam; Per J Agrell

2015-01-01

Values of professional sports franchises have outpaced even investment returns in recent bull markets. Financial World found the value of professional teams like the Dallas Cowboys, Miami Dolphins and the NY Yankees to exceed $200 million each. In 1996, the average estimated value of Major League Baseball (MLB) teams was $134 million, and most showed double-digit growth in value, although 13 of the 26 teams were in the red. Our research proposes a model to determine the value of a professiona...

Teacher Mobility and Transnational, "British World" Space: The League of the Empire's "Interchange of Home and Dominion Teachers", 1907-1931

Science.gov (United States)

Crutchley, Jody

2015-01-01

This article explores the experiences of teachers who participated in the League of the Empire's "Interchange of Home and Dominion Teachers" scheme through a tripartite approach to "British World" space. First, it identifies the mechanisms through which exchanges were established. It analyses the patterns of teacher mobility…

The Impact of Relationship Marketing on Team Loyalty (The Case Study:Sport Team Fans of Azadeghan Football League of Iran

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Pejman Ebrahimi

2016-05-01

Full Text Available Given the importance of brand management of sport teams, the objective of this study was to investigate the impact of relationship marketing dimensions, including team attachment, team trust, team involvement, and team selfexpression on team loyalty of fans of sport teams participating in Iran Azadeghan Football League. Sample size of this study included 480 fans of football teams, and structural equation modeling was used for analysis of data using Lisrel software. The results confirmed all hypotheses, except one hypothesis. Therefore, there is significant relationship between team self-expression and team attachment among football sport teams in Azadeghan Football League of Iran. The results show the importance of paying attention to fans of sports teams and use of their high potential and capacity that sports teams brand managers must pay particular attention to this enormous capacity. Regarding sports teams, the impact of relationship marketing, particularly dimensions of self-expression and team involvement was investigated for the first time in Iran.

Sugarcane Molasse and Whey as Additives in the Silage of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus [DC.] Stapf Leaves Melaza de Caña de Azúcar y Suero de Leche como Aditivos en el Ensilaje de Hojas de Zacate de Limón (Cymbopogon citratus [DC.] Stapf

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Lucía María Cristina Ventura-Canseco

2012-03-01

Full Text Available After extraction of essential oil from lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus [DC.] Stapf leaves by steam distillation (heat treatment, large amounts of organic wastes are obtained. This by-product could easily be used as animal feed. The potential of sugarcane molasse and whey as additives to ensile lemongrass leaves was investigated. The vegetative material was obtained after essential oils were extracted from lemongrass leaves with steam distillation. Lemongrass leaves were chopped, mixed with sugarcane molasse and whey, placed in cylindrical plastic containers, hermetically closed. The experimental design for pH optimization was a response surface 3-level factorial design 3² with three replicates. Sugarcane molasse at 5, 10 and 15% (w/w and whey at 20, 25 and 30% (w/w were used. The pH of the silage decreased significantly in each treatment, but it was faster when sugarcane molasse was added. The lactic acid concentration was 2.8 g kg-1 DM in silage amended with 15% molasse plus 25% whey and was higher than in silage supplemented with commercial additive after 15 d. In conclusion, it was shown that lemongrass leaves obtained as by product after extracting essential oils can be effectively ensiled with whey and sugarcane molasse as additives inducing a faster production of lactic acid.Después de la extracción del aceite esencial de zacate limón (Cymbopogon citratus [DC.] Stapf por destilación con vapor (tratamiento térmico se obtiene un residuo. Este residuo podría ser utilizado para alimentación animal. El potencial de la melaza de caña y suero de leche como aditivos para ensilar hojas de zacate limón fue investigado. El material vegetal se obtuvo después que los aceites esenciales se extrajeron de las hojas de zacate limón usando destilación con vapor. Las hojas de zacate limón se picaron, mezclaron con melaza de caña y suero de leche y se colocaron en recipientes cilíndricos de plástico y se cerraron herméticamente. El dise

Mecanismos institucionales de control y transparencia en la rendición de cuentas en la gestión del programa de vaso de leche en el distrito de Carabayllo - Lima, año 2014

OpenAIRE

Ángeles Cueto, Víctor Alberto; Caller Loaiza, Alejandrina

2017-01-01

El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo general, determinar si los mecanismos institucionales de control y transparencia en la rendición de cuentas inciden en la gestión del Programa del Vaso de Leche de la Municipalidad de Carabayllo - Lima, año 2014, contando con el apoyo de la Sub gerencia de dicha corporación edil, ubicada en el Distrito de Carabayllo, Provincia de Lima, Región Lima. Asimismo, se formuló como hipótesis general, los mecanismos institucionales de control...

Vaccination in paediatric patients with auto-immune rheumatic diseases : A systemic literature review for the European League against Rheumatism evidence-based recommendations

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Heijstek, M. W.; de Bruin, L. M. Ott; Borrow, R.; van der Klis, F.; Kone-Paut, I.; Fasth, A.; Minden, K.; Ravelli, A.; Abinun, M.; Pileggi, G.; Borte, M.; Bijl, M.; Wulffraat, N. M.

2011-01-01

Objectives: To analyze available evidence on vaccinations in paediatric patients with rheumatic and auto-inflammatory diseases. This evidence formed the basis of the recently constructed European League against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations for vaccination of these patients. Methods: A

Variable Resistance Training Promotes Greater Strength and Power Adaptations Than Traditional Resistance Training in Elite Youth Rugby League Players.

Science.gov (United States)

Rivière, Maxence; Louit, Loic; Strokosch, Alasdair; Seitz, Laurent B

2017-04-01

Rivière, M, Louit, L, Strokosch, A, and Seitz, LB. Variable resistance training promotes greater strength and power adaptations than traditional resistance training in elite youth rugby league players. J Strength Cond Res 31(4): 947-955, 2017-The purpose of this study was to examine the strength, velocity, and power adaptations in youth rugby league players in response to a variable resistance training (VRT) or traditional free-weight resistance training (TRAD) intervention. Sixteen elite youth players were assigned to a VRT or TRAD group and completed 2 weekly upper- and lower-body strength and power sessions for 6 weeks. Training programs were identical except that the VRT group trained the bench press exercise with 20% of the prescribed load coming from elastic bands. Bench press 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and bench press mean velocity and power at 35, 45, 65, 75, and 85% of 1RM were measured before and after the training intervention, and the magnitude of the changes was determined using effect sizes (ESs). The VRT group experienced larger increases in both absolute (ES = 0.46 vs. 0.20) and relative (ES = 0.41 vs. 0.19) bench press 1RM. Similar results were observed for mean velocity as well as both absolute and relative mean power at 35, 45, 65, 75, and 85% of 1RM. Furthermore, both groups experienced large gains in both velocity and power in the heavier loads but small improvements in the lighter loads. The improvements in both velocity and power against the heavier loads were larger for the VRT group, whereas smaller differences existed between the 2 groups in the lighter loads. Variable resistance training using elastic bands may offer a greater training stimulus than traditional free-weight resistance training to improve upper-body strength, velocity, and power in elite youth rugby league players.

Qualitative Impact Assessment 2010: An Independent Study Conducted by BDRC Continental, Ltd., February-July 2010. Premier League Reading Stars

Science.gov (United States)

National Literacy Trust, 2010

2010-01-01

Premier League Reading Stars (PLRS) is in its eighth year. To complement a pre-post quantitative survey, an impact evidence base was required to inform consideration of continued funding into 2011 and beyond. PLRS is very highly regarded among child participants, parents, and librarians. The structure of the scheme, its basis on football, and the…

Tendencias genéticas y fenotípicas para características de producción y composición de la leche en cabras Saanen de México

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

José Antonio Torres-Vázquez

2010-01-01

Full Text Available Con el objetivo de estimar las tendencias genéticas y fenotípicas, se analizaron registros de primera lactancia estandarizados a 305 días para producción de leche (MILK, n=1041, producción de grasa (FAT, n=487, producción de proteína (PROT, n=477, producción de lactosa (LACT, n=401, contenido de grasa (%FAT, n=487, contenido de proteína (%PROT, n=477 y contenido de lactosa (%LACT, n=401, obtenidos entre 2000 y 2006 en 10 rebaños de cabras Saanen de Guanajuato, México. Los valores genéticos aditivos predichos (VGP se obtuvieron mediante modelos animales univariados que incluyeron grupos genéticos de progenitores fantasmas. Las tendencias genéticas se estimaron a partir de la regresión de los VGP en el año de nacimiento. Las tendencias fenotípicas se estimaron a partir de la regresión de los registros en el año de nacimiento. Las tendencias genéticas anuales para MILK, FAT, PROT y LACT fueron de 2.99±1.06 kg, -0.21±0.09 kg, -0.10±0.04 kg y -0.19±0.09 kg, respectivamente (P0.05. La tendencia genéticaanual para MILK fue de 0.32 % de la media fenotípica. Estos resultados indican que es preciso usar criterios más adecuados de selección, incrementando el énfasis en todas las características productivas,incluyendo los contenidos de grasa y proteína, para maximizar el progreso económico en esta población, cuya principal finalidad es la producción de leche para la fabricación de queso.

International Social Medicine between the Wars : Positioning a Volatile Concept

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Borowy, Iris

2007-12-01

Full Text Available International health work during the 1930s was influenced by several inter-acting developments which caused general attention to turn away from pathogens and individual diseases to social conditions and their impact on the status of public health. Internationally, the League of Nations Health Organisation became the centre of initiatives in social medicine. After 1932, the search for the health implications of the depression invigorated ongoing social studies. Thus, nutrition, housing and rural hygiene became major issues, followed by discussions on sports. All these topics had important political connotations because they touched sensitive questions of welfare, status and the distribution of wealth and poverty within societies. In the process, they opened discussions on abstract issues like social and moral justice and on tangible questions of political systems.

Premature mortality of epilepsy in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review from the Mortality Task Force of the International League Against Epilepsy.

Science.gov (United States)

Levira, Francis; Thurman, David J; Sander, Josemir W; Hauser, W Allen; Hesdorffer, Dale C; Masanja, Honorati; Odermatt, Peter; Logroscino, Giancarlo; Newton, Charles R

2017-01-01

improved access to treatments, including AEDs. © 2016 The Authors. Epilepsia published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International League Against Epilepsy.

PREVALENCIA DE BRUCELOSIS EN LA LECHE CRUDA DE BOVINOS EXPENDIDA EN EL MUNICIPIO DE POPAYÁN CAUCA SEPTIEMBRE - DICIEMBRE 2006. PREVALENCE OF BRUCELLOSIS IN CATTLE RAW MILK SPREAD IN THE CITY OF POPAYAN CAUCA. SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER 2006

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

DIEGO VERGARA COLLAZOS

2008-12-01

Full Text Available La Brucelosis bovina es una zoonosis de declaración obligatoria y la de mayor difusión en el mundo según la Organización Mundial de la Salud OMS. Esta enfermedad ocasiona pérdidas importantes en la producción, reproducción del ganado lechero y en humanos afecta la salud, productividad y calidad de vida. El propósito de este trabajo es determinar la prevalencia de Brucelosis en la leche cruda que se expende en el Municipio de Popayán e identificar factores asociados con la presencia de brucelosis en los diferentes hatos proveedores de leche cruda. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, se evaluaron 247 muestras de leche cruda comercializadas en el Municipio de Popayán a través de 11 rutas, provenientes de los municipios de Sotará, Puracé y Coconuco, principales proveedores de leche cruda al Municipio de Popayán, mediante la técnica de Ring Test para detectar anticuerpos específicos antibrucella y se aplicó una encuesta estructurada a los dueños de los hatos. La Prevalencia encontrada en este estudio fue del 15% (37/247. Los factores que se asociaron significativamente (p The Cattle Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonosis and it is greatly released in the world according to World Health Organization (WHO. This disease causes important looses in the production, reproduction of dayri cattle. In humans it affects the health, productivity and human quality. This article aims at determining the prevalence of Brucellosis in raw milk that is expended in the city of Popayán and identificate the factors associated with the presence of Brucellosis in the different raw milk provider herds. At descriptive study of cross-cutting was carried out. There were evaluated 247 marketed samples of raw milk in the city of Popayan by 11 routes, originating from the municipalities of Sotará, Puracé and Coconuco, principal providers of raw milk in the city of Popayan. The Ring Test Technique was used for detecting specific

Association Between Playing American Football in the National Football League and Long-term Mortality.

Science.gov (United States)

Venkataramani, Atheendar S; Gandhavadi, Maheer; Jena, Anupam B

2018-02-27

Studies of the longevity of professional American football players have demonstrated lower mortality relative to the general population but they may have been susceptible to selection bias. To examine the association between career participation in professional American football and mortality risk in retirement. Retrospective cohort study involving 3812 retired US National Football League (NFL) players who debuted in the NFL between 1982 and 1992, including regular NFL players (n = 2933) and NFL "replacement players" (n = 879) who were temporarily hired to play during a 3-game league-wide player strike in 1987. Follow-up ended on December 31, 2016. NFL participation as a career player or as a replacement player. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality by December 31, 2016. Cox proportional hazards models were estimated to compare the observed number of years from age 22 years until death (or censoring), adjusted for birth year, body mass index, height, and position played. Information on player death and cause of death was ascertained from a search of the National Death Index and web-based sources. Of the 3812 men included in this study (mean [SD] age at first NFL activity, 23.4 [1.5] years), there were 2933 career NFL players (median NFL tenure, 5 seasons [interquartile range {IQR}, 2-8]; median follow-up, 30 years [IQR, 27-33]) and 879 replacement players (median NFL tenure, 1 season [IQR, 1-1]; median follow-up, 31 years [IQR, 30-33]). At the end of follow-up, 144 NFL players (4.9%) and 37 replacement players (4.2%) were deceased (adjusted absolute risk difference, 1.0% [95% CI, -0.7% to 2.7%]; P = .25). The adjusted mortality hazard ratio for NFL players relative to replacements was 1.38 (95% CI, 0.95 to 1.99; P = .09). Among career NFL players, the most common causes of death were cardiometabolic disease (n = 51; 35.4%), transportation injuries (n = 20; 13.9%), unintentional injuries (n = 15; 10.4%), and neoplasms (n = 15

Social medicine and international expert networks in Latin America, 1930-1945.

Science.gov (United States)

Carter, Eric D

2018-01-03

This paper examines the international networks that influenced ideas and policy in social medicine in the 1930s and 1940s in Latin America, focusing on institutional networks organised by the League of Nations Health Organization, the International Labour Organization, and the Pan-American Sanitary Bureau. After examining the architecture of these networks, this paper traces their influence on social and health policy in two policy domains: social security and nutrition. Closer scrutiny of a series of international conferences and local media accounts of them reveals that international networks were not just 'conveyor belts' for policy ideas from the industrialised countries of the US and Europe into Latin America; rather, there was often contentious debate over the relevance and appropriateness of health and social policy models in the Latin American context. Recognition of difference between Latin America and the global economic core regions was a key impetus for seeking 'national solutions to national problems' in countries like Argentina and Chile, even as integration into these networks provided progressive doctors, scientists, and other intellectuals important international support for local political reforms.

Plastic People in Pinstripe Suits: An Exploration of the Views of Irish Parents on the Publication of School League Tables

Science.gov (United States)

McCormack, O.; Lynch, R.; Hennessy, J.

2015-01-01

While the publication of school league tables is prohibited by law in Ireland, the publication of data categorising university placements achieved per school has become common practice. A central argument advanced in this endeavour includes the provision of information for parents. The views of parents on this issue have, until now, not been…

Concussion surveillance: do low concussion rates in the Qatar Professional Football League reflect a true difference or emphasize challenges in knowledge translation?

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Eirale, Cristiano; Tol, Johannes L.; Targett, Steve; Holmich, Per; Chalabi, Hakim

2015-01-01

To investigate concussion epidemiology in the first football (soccer) division of Qatar. Prospective cohort study. Professional First Division Football League of Qatar. All first team players were included at the beginning of each season. Daily collection of training and match exposure from August

Surpluses and Deficits: How University Partners Perceive University-Community Partnerships at One Ivy League Institution

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Alison Klebanoff Cohen

2012-07-01

Full Text Available University-community partnerships are a critical method for how universities can serve the public interest.  Yet key questions remain: how do these partnerships work in practice, and how can university and fill reciprocal and mutual needs effectively?  A participatory evaluation of university-community partnerships in education at an Ivy League university found that university partners had a surplus perspective of the university and a deficit perspective of community partners; practitioners must shift our paradigm towards mutually beneficial, asset-driven university-community partnerships to ensure success.

What Happens When Employers are Free to Discriminate? Evidence from the English Barclays Premier Fantasy Football League

OpenAIRE

Bryson, Alex; Chevalier, Arnaud

2014-01-01

Research on employers' hiring discrimination is limited by the unlawfulness of such activity. Consequently, researchers have focused on the intention to hire. Instead, we rely on a virtual labour market, the Fantasy Football Premier League, where employers can freely exercise their taste for racial discrimination in terms of hiring and firing. The setting allows us to eliminate co-worker, consumer-based and statistical discrimination as potential sources of discrimination, thus isolating the ...

CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE LECHE DE LA CONEJA CON ENFASIS EN LA SUPERVIVENCIA Y CRECIMIENTO DE LA CAMADA EN RAZAS NUEVA ZELANDA BLANCO Y CALIFORNIA

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Benjamin Gómez-Ramos

2010-10-01

Full Text Available El objetivo fue integrar los conocimientos sobre factores genéticos y ambientales que inciden en la producción de leche (PL de la coneja y su efecto en la supervivencia y crecimiento de la camada. Las investigaciones sugieren que la PL se relaciona con el crecimiento y supervivencia del gazapo durante las primeras tres semanas de vida. En cuanto a los aspectos genéticos, se ha estimado que existen diferencias en PL entre razas puras y sus cruzas, además de que el índice de herencia (h2 para PL en Nueva Zelanda Blanco, California y sus cruzas reciprocas es de 0.12%, lo cual establece un mayor efecto ambiental sobre PL. Al parecer la PL alcanza su máxima producción (219.6 g con 12 gazapos/camada y su pico de producción se alcanza al tercer parto y disminuye a partir del quinto parto. Sin embargo, la PL es determinada por: la condición fisiológica de la coneja -lactante-gestante (130 g/día o lactante-no gestante (141 g/día-; el número de pezones, conejas con 10 pezones produjeron 10% más leche que aquellas con 8; la temperatura ambiente, por cada grado centígrado por arriba de 20°C la PL disminuye 7.7 g/día. Los principales factores que influyen sobre la PL de la coneja no son atribuibles a esta. Por lo tanto, es importante controlar la naturaleza aleatoria de la mayoría de los factores no-genéticos que afectan a PL.

The stages of the international drug control system.

Science.gov (United States)

Carstairs, Catherine

2005-01-01

This paper argues that the history of the international drug control system of the League of Nations/United Nations can be divided into three cumulative stages. The first stage, the supply stage, dates back to early part of the 20th century, and aimed to reduce the supply of drugs through careful monitoring and trade regulations. This has remained the dominant control strategy. In the middle of the century, demand control, in the form of treatment and criminalization of the individual user, began to appear. This was the least successful stage. Finally, in the 1980s, the dangers of the drug traffic assumed an important place on the international agenda and measures to reduce drug-related organized crime were enacted. To date, this has been a process of proliferation of regulatory strategies. Recently, new challenges to the international drug control system have emerged, including well-funded non-governmental organizations critical of the war on drugs, and the adoption of harm reduction measures in national policies around the world.

Evaluación del efecto de la papa fresca incluida en un alimento para vacas Holstein sobre la producción y la calidad de la leche

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Dania Alejandra Fonseca-López

2015-04-01

Full Text Available Debido a la creciente necesidad de hallar estrategias de alimentación rentables, de buena calidad y fácil adopción para el ganado surge la idea de utilizar subproductos de cosechas. En este trabajo se evaluó el efecto de la papa de desecho en fresco sobre la producción y la calidad de la leche en 6 vacas Holstein entre primer y segundo parto, con producciones promedio de 24 L/vaca/día y con más de 4 semanas de lactancia. Se trabajó con un diseño completamente al azar, con 2 tratamientos, correspondientes a los diferentes porcentajes de inclusión de papa fresca; cada tratamiento con tres repeticiones, para un total de 6 unidades experimentales que se dividieron al azar en los tratamientos TC=30%-35% ms de papa + alimento balanceado en cantidad de 4.5 kilos-4 kilos; T1=25% ms de papa + alimento balanceado en cantidad necesaria para cubrir requerimientos + 100 g de grasa protegida; T2=20% ms de papa + alimento balanceado en cantidad necesaria para cubrir requerimientos + 200 g de grasa protegida. Encontrando diferencias significativas (p<0,05 para grasa en el T2, con un incremento de 1,61%, seguido del T1: 1,2%. Los animales suplementados con el T1 y T2 produjeron 0,6 y 1,7 L/día más de leche frente al tratamiento control, respectivamente. Aplicando la prueba de Tukey se obtuvo que el mejor tratamiento fue el T2, con 4,92%, seguido del T1, con 4,46%, y el testigo (TC, con 3,29%. Para las variables de proteína, densidad y sólidos totales no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p>0,05. 

ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO DE PERFILES DE TEXTURA DE QUESOS FRESCOS DE LECHE DE CABRA Y VACA

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LUIS ENRIQUE GUZMAN C

Full Text Available Pese a la existencia de varios estudios sobre diversos aspectos de los quesos de vaca y cabra, hay una escasa información sobre sus propiedades texturales. El estudio de las propiedades reológicas en los quesos es importante porque determina el cuerpo y textura característicos. La presente investigación se realizó con el fin de comparar el perfil de textura de los quesos frescos pasteurizados elaborados a partir de leche de cabra y de vaca y con contenidos de grasa de 30, 50 y 70%; los cuales fueron almacenados en refrigeración a 4°C y analizados los días 1, 6, 12, y 18 respectivamente. Los parámetros texturales de dureza, adhesividad, cohesividad, elasticidad, gomosidad y masticabilidad, se determinaron utilizando un texturómetro EZ-TEST SERIES S. Se concluye que los valores de dureza y adhesividad aumentaron durante el tiempo de almacenamiento, contrario a la elasticidad y cohesividad. Además, el aumento del contenido graso influye en el incremento de estos parámetros a excepción de la dureza. Así mismo, la gomosidad y masticabilidad varían con respecto a la dureza, cohesividad y elasticidad. Los quesos frescos de cabra presentaron mayor adhesividad, cohesividad y elasticidad, con respecto a los quesos frescos de vaca, en los cuales los valores de dureza fueron mayores.

Crowd medical services in the English Football League: remodelling the team for the 21st century using a realist approach

Science.gov (United States)

Leary, Alison; Kemp, Anthony; Greenwood, Peter; Hart, Nick; Agnew, James; Barrett, John; Punshon, Geoffrey

2017-01-01

Objectives To evaluate the new model of providing care based on demand. This included reconfiguration of the workforce to manage workforce supply challenges and meet demand without compromising the quality of care. Design Currently the Sports Ground Safety Authority recommends the provision of crowd medical cover at English Football League stadia. The guidance on provision of services has focused on extreme circumstances such as the Hillsborough disaster in 1989, while the majority of demand on present-day services is from patients with minor injuries, exacerbations of injuries and pre-existing conditions. A new model of care was introduced in the 2009/2010 season to better meet demand. A realist approach was taken. Data on each episode of care were collected over 14 consecutive football league seasons at Millwall FC divided into two periods, preimplementation of changes and postimplementation of changes. Data on workforce retention and volunteer satisfaction were also collected. Setting The data were obtained from one professional football league team (Millwall FC) located in London, UK. Primary and secondary outcomes The primary outcome was to examine the demand for crowd medical services. The secondary outcome was to remodel the service to meet these demands. Results In total, 981 episodes of care were recorded over the evaluation period of 14 years. The groups presenting, demographic and type of presentation did not change over the evaluation. First aiders were involved in 87.7% of episodes of care, nurses in 44.4% and doctors 17.8%. There was a downward trend in referrals to hospital. Workforce feedback was positive. Conclusions The new workforce model has met increased service demands while reducing the number of referrals to acute care. It involves the first aid workforce in more complex care and key decision-making and provides a flexible registered healthcare professional team to optimise the skill mix of the team. PMID:29273665

'Wild league' in water polo: An exploration of recreational sports event visit motivation

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Sindik Joško

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Scope of this study was to identify motivational factors related to specific recreational sport event: 'Wild league' in water polo, which takes place in Dubrovnik, have very long tradition. First goal of the study is to determine the relationship between motivational factors related to this event, as well as with socio-demographic variables. Second goal is to determine the differences in motivational factors, according to several independent variables, mainly related to the previous experiences with sports and touristic destination. The cross-sectional study is conducted. The sample of 125 participants was examined, using the Questionnaire on sports event. All participants were Croatian citizens, excluding those who are born, and currently live in Dubrovnik. Major sports tourism motives of the potential tourists in this sporting event, were obtained. In general, the importance of the benefits of sports and tourist destination prevailed, as compared with their limitations, which appeared as an important factor only in participants who didn't visited Dubrovnik yet. At the participants, pull factors, i.e. advanced sports and travel motives slightly dominated over push motives, but statistically significant only in females, who expressed more sophisticated pulling tourist motives, such as the acquisition of knowledge about the destination. Correlations indicate that previous interest in sport, particularly in water polo and Wild League, are moderate positively associated with pushing motives. Moreover, previous recreationally engaging in sports, as well as destination-related origin, appeared as the important factors for having more emphasized pull motives for visiting this sport event. Level of the education did not appear as important factor in differentiating main type of motives in target population. Results provide initial information about the possibility of profiling potential tourists who could be motivated to visit the destination by this

Talent development in times of commercialisation and globalisation

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Storm, Rasmus K.; Agergaard, Sine

2014-01-01

the period between 1994 and 2010 – several international star players were employed by clubs in the Danish league, which thereby created one of the best leagues in Europe. However, as a parallel development, the results of the successful Danish national team began to deteriorate – especially in the second...... half of the 2000-10 decade. Denmark’s fall in international standings initiated a discussion on whether the growing amount of foreign star players competing in the national league prevented upcoming Danish talents from competing at the highest club level, thus disadvantaging the national team....... This chapter gives a description of developments in Danish women’s handball and focuses on the potential problems of commercialization, providing an analysis of the flow of international players into the Danish women’s handball league following its rapid commercialization. The chapter discusses the advantages...

Producción de ácido cítrico con Aspergillus niger NRRL 2270 a partir de suero de leche

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CARLOS ANDRÉS LÓPEZ RÍOS

2006-01-01

Full Text Available Con el fin de aprovechar el subproducto de la fabricación de queso blanco, se evaluó el suero de leche como sustrato para la producción de ácido cítrico utilizando Aspergillus niger NRRL 2270. Para este sustrato se comparó la hidrólisis ácida y enzimática de la lactosa con el fin de proporcionar al microorganismo una fuente de carbono más asimilable. En el suero entero (SE y desproteinizado e hidrolizado (SDH, se estudió el efecto del pH y la adición de nitrógeno, además en el suero hidrolizado (SH la complementación con sacarosa; posteriormente se estudió la adición de nitrógeno y fósforo en el SE y SDH; se determinó la producción de ácido cítrico al agregar magnesio, carboximetil celulosa (CMC, gelatina y metanol al SE. El proceso fermentativo se realizó en cultivo sumergido discontinuo agitado y a las mejores condiciones nutricionales se hizo un seguimiento de las variables del proceso en el tiempo.

Communication dated 12 August 2005 received from the Resident Representative of Yemen to the Agency concerning a letter from the Secretary General of the League of Arab States to the Director General

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2005-01-01

The Secretariat has received a letter dated 12 August 2005 from the Resident Representative of Yemen attaching a letter dated 8 August 2005 from Mr. Amre Moussa, Secretary General of the League of Arab States, to the Director General. In the light of the request expressed by the Resident Representative of Yemen in his letter of 12 August 2005, his letter and the letter of the Secretary General of the League of Arab States are attached for the information of all Member States

Aggression, Violence and Injury in Minor League Ice Hockey: Avenues for Prevention of Injury.

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Michael D Cusimano

Full Text Available In North America, more than 800,000 youth are registered in organized ice hockey leagues. Despite the many benefits of involvement, young players are at significant risk for injury. Body-checking and aggressive play are associated with high frequency of game-related injury including concussion. We conducted a qualitative study to understand why youth ice hockey players engage in aggressive, injury-prone behaviours on the ice.Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 61 minor ice hockey participants, including male and female players, parents, coaches, trainers, managers and a game official. Players were aged 13-15 playing on competitive body checking teams or on non-body checking teams. Interviews were manually transcribed, coded and analyzed for themes relating to aggressive play in minor ice hockey.Parents, coaches, teammates and the media exert a large influence on player behavior. Aggressive behavior is often reinforced by the player's social environment and justified by players to demonstrate loyalty to teammates and especially injured teammates by seeking revenge particularly in competitive, body-checking leagues. Among female and male players in non-body checking organizations, aggressive play is not reinforced by the social environment. These findings are discussed within the framework of social identity theory and social learning theory, in order to understand players' need to seek revenge and how the social environment reinforces aggressive behaviors.This study provides a better understanding of the players' motivations and environmental influences around aggressive and violent play which may be conducive to injury. The findings can be used to help design interventions aimed at reducing aggression and related injuries sustained during ice hockey and sports with similar cultures and rules.

Aggression, Violence and Injury in Minor League Ice Hockey: Avenues for Prevention of Injury.

Science.gov (United States)

Cusimano, Michael D; Ilie, Gabriela; Mullen, Sarah J; Pauley, Christopher R; Stulberg, Jennifer R; Topolovec-Vranic, Jane; Zhang, Stanley

2016-01-01

In North America, more than 800,000 youth are registered in organized ice hockey leagues. Despite the many benefits of involvement, young players are at significant risk for injury. Body-checking and aggressive play are associated with high frequency of game-related injury including concussion. We conducted a qualitative study to understand why youth ice hockey players engage in aggressive, injury-prone behaviours on the ice. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 61 minor ice hockey participants, including male and female players, parents, coaches, trainers, managers and a game official. Players were aged 13-15 playing on competitive body checking teams or on non-body checking teams. Interviews were manually transcribed, coded and analyzed for themes relating to aggressive play in minor ice hockey. Parents, coaches, teammates and the media exert a large influence on player behavior. Aggressive behavior is often reinforced by the player's social environment and justified by players to demonstrate loyalty to teammates and especially injured teammates by seeking revenge particularly in competitive, body-checking leagues. Among female and male players in non-body checking organizations, aggressive play is not reinforced by the social environment. These findings are discussed within the framework of social identity theory and social learning theory, in order to understand players' need to seek revenge and how the social environment reinforces aggressive behaviors. This study provides a better understanding of the players' motivations and environmental influences around aggressive and violent play which may be conducive to injury. The findings can be used to help design interventions aimed at reducing aggression and related injuries sustained during ice hockey and sports with similar cultures and rules.

Critical reflection of the advanced rehabilitation of an elite rugby league player sustaining a posterior Bankart lesion.

Science.gov (United States)

McDonough, Andrew; Funk, Lennard

2013-02-01

The following is a critical description and discussion of the successful assessment and rehabilitation of a right shoulder posterior Bankart repair in an elite rugby league player. The rehabilitation follows accelerated, goal based guidelines, widely adopted in current sports practice but not well documented in the literature (Funk & Snow, 2007; Park, Lin, Yokota, & McFarland, 2004). The study serves to be the first critical discussion of such a regime. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Technical progress and efficiency changes in football teams participating in the UEFA Champions League

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Lucía Isabel García Cebrián

2015-09-01

Full Text Available This paper commits to calculate and analyze productivy levels and its components for teams that participated in the UEFA Champions League between 2003 and 2012. It will pursue three objectives: 1 evaluate resources usage, 2 analyze the productivity levels of the football teams and the sports results, and 3 see the influence of participation experience in reference to productivity and sports results. Using Malmquist Productivity Index, the results reflect a lack of consistent progression of efficiency, productivity, and technical change. This competition does not reward the efficient usage of resources and there is not a conclusive relationshop between permanence in the competition and productivity.

Technical and tactical training team «Helios» Kharkiv in the first round of 23 Ukrainian football championship in the premier league 2013–2014

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Rebaz Sleman

2014-10-01

Full Text Available Purpose: to define the characteristics of the model command of technical and tactical training team participating in the Ukrainian Premier League First League. Material and Methods: the research was conducted using the method of peer review. The experts were involved 5 specialists football. Results: the mean values for the analyzed variables in 10 games. The various technical and tactical actions and their percentage in the overall structure of the game team statistics for 20 games, as well as some indicators of team play "Helios" Kharkov. Conclusions: the obtained quantitative and qualitative indicators (coefficient of marriage as a team on the technical and tactical actions, as well as separately for each technical and tactical reception. The performances allow you to make adjustments to the training process this command to improve sportsmanship.

Develando el umbral estético de la obra Mujer de carne y leche

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Yulmis Merencio Cabrera

2014-01-01

Full Text Available ¿Por qué reflexionar sobre la escena teatral cubanadesde praxis artísticas como Mujer de carne y leche (LeireFernández, española en funciones diplomáticas en Cuba,.Las primeras respuestas surgen desde el espacio de creaciónescénico multidisciplinario que propone la pieza ensu tratamiento de un complejo fenómeno: la violencia degénero. El análisis comprende o aprehende la desestructuraciónmultisistémica de diversos lenguajes escénicosque corporiza la obra, cómo cada uno de estos lenguajesaporta al núcleo temático esencial y las disímiles resonanciasque ocurren dentro la realidad escénica creada. Algunospormenores del espectáculo: hablamos de espaciosmuy cercanos al público desde proyecciones esporádicas,de la construcción de una banda sonara mezclada por unDj y la inclusión de intérpretes musicales; asimismo, de laintervención de actuantes que no pretendían enunciarsedesde ningún sujeto dramático sino desde su individualidad.Su potencialidad discursiva puede rastrearse en laestructuración de múltiples relatos que responden a lacreación de escenarios ideológicos con el fin de buscaren el espectador una desmitificación del pensamiento falocéntricoy de los thémes designados como femeninos ymasculinos o la banalización de las sociedades de consumo.Esta puesta en escena busca alejarse del sentido literaldel texto y del tratamiento histórico del estereotipo dela mujer desposeída, abandonada y fatal. La gestualidadde esta mujer, su intencionalidad e irreverencia, infierenun sinfín de lecturas.

A Note on the 'Hellenic League against Persia' and the Sanctuary of Zeus at Nemea

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Nielsen, Thomas Heine

2007-01-01

  The present note discusses why 'The Hellenic League against Persia' made no thank-offering to Zeus at Nemea after its defeat of Xerxes' invasion, even though it did make monumental thank-offerings at the three other great Panhellenic sanctuaries at Delphi, Isthmia and Olympia. It has been argued...... that Nemea was the least prestigious of the four great sanctuaries, and while this is probably true, two additional reasons may be adduced: (1) there was no tradition of celebrating martial victory at Nemea, and even if there had been (2) the sanctuary may have been tainted with medism on account...

[An example of partnership cooperation. Cantonal League against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases/Association "Das Band"].

Science.gov (United States)

Michaelis, E

1984-01-01

Together with the Cantonal League against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases of Zurich, the Association "Das Band" has organized a first course for parents of children with asthma. The course is a component of the associations new "Prophylaxis Program for Children with Asthma and Their Parents". By exchanging ideas, the parents should become able to reflect their situation, characterized by excessive protectionism, aggressiveness, and guiltiness, and they also should learn to accept the disease as a part of their daily life. The first course, which meanwhile is followed by a second one, provided a first base for the solution of the many problems.

Requirements for Privatization of Iran Pro League Football Clubs

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Hemati-Nejad Mehrali

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Urpose : The purpose of this research was to determine the requirements for privatization of Iran Pro League (IPL football clubs. Methods: A questionnaire was developed and distributed among a sample of IPL coaches, executives (senior executives from the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports and the Privatization Organization, and faculty members (public and private universities. Descriptive statistics and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for data analysis. Besides, AHP was used in Expert Choice software to weight and rank the items. Results: The results showed that the most important factors were fighting corruption and rent-seeking during and after biddings (political, improving public perception of privatization of football clubs (sociocultural, increasing revenues from ticket sales (economic, transparency in laws regarding football club privatization (legal, and the changing structure and role of the government from exclusive ownership to oversight (structural. Conclusion: Given the results of this research, the most important requirements for privatization of IPL football clubs include offering television broadcast rights, advertisement rights, and ticket sale rights to the clubs, and these and other factors discussed earlier are likely to accelerate privatization of football clubs.

Biopéptidos en la leche y sus derivados: funcionamiento y beneficios a la salud / Bioactive peptides in milk and their derivatives: functionality and health benefits

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Gabriela Rodríguez-Hernández

2014-04-01

Full Text Available La leche y los productos lácteos son fuente de proteínas de alto valor biológico. Algunas de éstas presentan actividades biológicas, nutricionales y funcionales en el ser humano. En los últimos años se ha reportado que los péptidos, derivados de las proteínas lácteas, son capaces de influir positivamente en la salud del consumidor. Sin embargo, éstos no ejercen beneficio alguno, más allá del aporte nutricional, cuando forman parte de las proteínas lácteas nativas, por lo que es necesario someter a las proteínas a procesos de hidrólisis enzimática. Este proceso puede llevarse a cabo por los microorganismos propios de la leche o por aquellos que son inoculados durante la elaboración y por la adición de enzimas comerciales utilizadas durante el procesado. Cabe señalar que el efecto hidrolítico no se limita a la elaboración de los productos lácteos, sino que continúa durante la maduración y la vida en el anaquel. Así mismo, diversas investigaciones han evidenciado que la actividad de las enzimas gastrointestinales es determinante en la hidrólisis que experimentan las proteínas lácteas. De tal forma que la liberación de los péptidos, aunada al tamaño, hidrofobicidad y secuencia de los mismos constituyen requisitos indispensables para convertirlos en péptidos con actividad biológica. Éstos últimos, también considerados como péptidos bioactivos o biopéptidos, han despertado recientemente el interés de los investigadores debido a que pueden influenciar favorablemente las funciones que llevan a cabo los sistemas inmune, gastrointestinal, nervioso y cardiovascular impactando la salud del consumidor. En esta revisión de literatura, se abordaron los mecanismos por los cuales son generados los biopéptidos derivados de proteínas lácteas y los efectos fisiológicos que producen.

Common rugby league injuries. Recommendations for treatment and preventative measures.

Science.gov (United States)

Gibbs, N

1994-12-01

Rugby league is the main professional team sport played in Eastern Australia. It is also very popular at a junior and amateur level. However, injuries are common because of the amount of body contact that occurs and the amount of running that is required to participate in the game. Injuries to the lower limbs account for over 50% of all injuries. The most common specific injuries are ankle lateral ligament tears, knee medial collateral and anterior cruciate ligament tears, groin musculotendinous tears, hamstring and calf muscle tears, and quadriceps muscle contusions. Head injuries are common and consist of varying degrees of concussion as well as lacerations and facial fractures. Serious head injury is rare. Some of the more common upper limb injuries are to the acromioclavicular and glenohumeral joints. Accurate diagnosis of these common injuries using appropriate history, examination and investigations is critical in organising a treatment and rehabilitation plan that will return the player to competition as soon as possible. An understanding of the mechanism of injury is also important in order to develop preventative strategies.

[The 1935 veterinary agreements of the League of the Nations: A vision of a united veterinary Europe].

Science.gov (United States)

Häsler, S

2018-01-01

A group of leading veterinary experts engaged by the league of the Nations created three new Veterinary Conventions focusing at consequently controlling the import, export and transit of animals and animal products. The aim was on one hand to facilitate trade and on the other hand to make sure that livestock epidemic laws were respected. The outbreak of war prevented the laws from coming into effect. Nevertheless they became the basis for veterinary regulations of the World Trade Organisation and of the European Union.

Anterior cruciate ligament injury profile in Italian Serie A1-A2 women's volleyball league.

Science.gov (United States)

Devetag, Francesca; Mazzilli, Massimiliano; Benis, Roberto; LA Torre, Antonio; Bonato, Matteo

2018-01-01

The aim of this study was to assess how anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures with subsequent surgery reconstruction impact on the professional career of A1-A2 Italian women's volleyball league players. Using an observational study with a retrospective case-series design for ACL ruptures, 125 teams with 1488 players were monitored. Subjects had to report level, role, injury modality, lower limb injured, laterality, period of the season and age. A total of 34 ACL ruptures were reported. Thirty-three (97%) were non-contact and 1 (3%) with contact. Twenty-one (61.7%) occurred in landing from a jump attack, 3 (8.8%) in landing from wall jump, 1 (3%) with apparent contact and 9 (26.5%) in other landing conditions. The most injured knee was the left limb (22, 64.7%) respect to the right limb (12, 35.3%). Fourteen (41.2%) ruptures occurred in spikers, 10 (29.4%) in middle blockers, 6 (17.6%) in setters, 3 (8.8%) in liberos and 1 (3%) in opposite hitters. Nine (26.5%) occurred in pre-season period, 16 (47%) in the first round, 4 (11.8%) in the second round, and 5 (14.7%) during play-off. The average age of the first ACL rupture was 23±3 years. We observed that female volleyball players of A1-A2 Italian volleyball league occurred mostly in a left non-contact ACL rupture during a landing condition and the spikers were the players most at risk. Therefore, it is desirable that coaches teach players variations of landing in order to avoid possible chronic overloading of ACL.

The malleability of spatial ability under treatment of a FIRST LEGO League-based robotics unit

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Coxon, Steven Vincent

Spatial ability is important to science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) success, but spatial talents are rarely developed in schools. Likewise, the gifted may become STEM innovators, but they are rarely provided with pedagogy appropriate to develop their abilities in schools. A stratified random sample of volunteer participants (n=75) ages 9-14 was drawn from 16 public school districts' gifted programs, including as many females (n=28) and children from groups traditionally underrepresented in gifted programs (n=18) as available. Participants were randomly divided into an experimental (n=38) and a control group (n=37) for an intervention study. All participants took the CogAT (form 6) Verbal Battery and the Project TALENT Spatial Ability Assessments. The experimental group participated in a simulation of the FIRST LEGO League (FLL) competition for 20 hours total over five consecutive days. All participants took the spatial measure another time. Experimental males evidenced significant and meaningful gains in measured spatial ability (Cohen's d = 0.87). Females did not evidence significant gains in measured spatial ability. This may be due to sampling error, gender differences in prior experience with LEGO, or differences in facets of spatial ability in the treatment or measurements. Further research studies with larger samples of females, other treatments and measurement tools, and longer treatment periods are recommended. The literature review revealed that FLL is beneficial for STEM engagement in both genders and its use in schools is recommended. The present study provides additional evidence for FLL's usefulness in increasing the number of individuals in the STEM pipeline. Keywords: spatial, gilled, talent, robotics, FIRST LEGO League, science

Football fans and food: a case study of a football club in the English premier league.

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Ireland, Robin; Watkins, Francine

2010-05-01

Although there is growing awareness of the impact of diet on health, little attention has been given to the food available in our sports stadia. We used a football club (Citygrene FC) - Citygrene is a fictional name - in the English Premier League as a case study to examine the attitudes of male and female football supporters to the food and drink available at their home stadium (Citygrene Stadium). The research design used five focus groups of male and female fans. The discourse was audiotaped, transcribed, coded and analysed for themes. A football stadium in the English Premier League, England. The participants were season ticket holders drawn from two stands at Citygrene Stadium. The research showed a high level of dissatisfaction with the food and drink supplied. There were key differences in the views of the male and female participants in the focus groups, with the women more concerned about wider issues such as the lack of healthy food. Both men and women were aware of their role as consumers and felt that there was an opportunity for Citygrene to improve their catering profits, if they provided a better selection of food and drink and an improved service. The study shows that there is a demand for healthier food options (and a wider choice of food and drink in general), which may provide an economic opportunity for stadium and catering managers. In addition, a stadium may be considered a potential 'healthy setting', which can serve as a supportive environment for healthier food choices.

Impact of visors on eye and orbital injuries in the National Hockey League.

Science.gov (United States)

Micieli, Jonathan A; Zurakowski, David; Ahmed, Iqbal Ike K

2014-06-01

Eye and orbital injuries are a significant risk to professional hockey league players and have resulted in career-ending injuries. The goal of this study was to determine the incidence, value lost, mechanism, and effect of visors on eye and orbital injuries over the last 10 National Hockey League (NHL) seasons: 2002-2003 to 2012-2013. Retrospective case-control study. Participants were 8741 NHL players who had played at least 1 game during the last 10 seasons. Using The Sports Network (TSN), ProSportsTransactions, and the Sporting News Hockey Register, NHL players were searched to identify eye and orbital injuries. The mechanism of injury was obtained from media reports and direct observation from online videos. The number of players wearing visors each year was obtained from The Hockey News annual visor survey. A total of 149 eye or orbital injuries over the last 10 seasons resulted in an overall incidence of 2.48 per 10 000 athlete exposures. A total of 1120 missed games led to a lost financial value of more than $33 million. Visor use among players grew from 32% in 2002-2003 to 73% in 2012-2013, and there was a significantly increased risk for having an eye or orbital injury when a visor was not worn (OR 4.23, 95% CI 2.84-6.30). Most injuries were a result of being hit by a deflected or direct puck (37%) followed by being struck by a high stick (28%). Players who did not wear a visor were found to be involved in more fights, hits, and penalty minutes (p < 0.001). Eye and orbital injuries are mostly accidental in nature and represent a significant risk and cost to the NHL and its players. Eye and orbital injuries are significantly more likely in players who do not wear visors. Copyright © 2014 Canadian Ophthalmological Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Using FIRST LEGO League Robotics Competitions to Engage Middle School Students in Physics

Science.gov (United States)

Rosen, Jeffrey

2009-11-01

As the nation and world grapple with looming crises in sectors such as energy, health care and the environment, it is critical that we keep today's youth interested in careers in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM). Studies indicate that many students lose interest in the sciences by ages 10-13, when they are in grades 4-8 in the U.S. educational system. Many of the interventions to counteract this trend focus on boosting interest in STEM in secondary schools and universities. However the case can be made that the greater need is actually earlier in the education of the child. How can we work with this age group in an exciting way that will promote the study of science? Student robotics competitions might be one effective answer. Programs are currently being run around the country and the world that engage young people in the study of science through robotic competition. Many of these programs rely on mentors to guide the students through the process, which in the most effective programs includes the study of physic concepts through engineering design. During this presentation we will discuss the options for participating in programs that help the students and teachers better understand the science, specifically the physics, which underlies robotics. In particular, we will focus on the international program called FIRST LEGO League (FLL), in which students ages 9-14 are challenged every year to construct a LEGO robot that can navigate and complete a course of theme-related missions. The FLL program is currently operating in almost every state in the U.S. and relies on recruiting qualified mentors and judges who want to impact young people's interest in STEM. Physics professionals can make a tremendous difference in the lives of these eager middle school students.

Shirt sponsorship by gambling companies in the English and Scottish Premier Leagues: global reach and public health concerns

OpenAIRE

Bunn, C.; Ireland, R.; Minton, J.; Holman, D.J.; Philpott, M.; Chambers, S.

2018-01-01

While the nature of gambling practices is contested, a strong evidence\\ud base demonstrates that gambling can become a serious disorder and have\\ud a range of detrimental effects for individuals, communities and societies.\\ud Over the last decade, football in the UK has become visibly entwined with\\ud gambling marketing. To explore this apparent trend, we tracked shirt\\ud sponsors in both the English and Scottish Premier Leagues since 1992 and\\ud found a pronounced increase in the presence of...

Perceptions of the Coach–Athlete Relationship Predict the Attainment of Mastery Achievement Goals Six Months Later: A Two-Wave Longitudinal Study among F. A. Premier League Academy Soccer Players

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Adam R. Nicholls

2017-05-01

Full Text Available All football teams that compete within the F. A. Premier League possess an academy, whose objective is to produce more and better home-grown players that are capable of playing professionally. These young players spend a large amount of time with their coach, but little is known about player’s perception of the coach–athlete relationship within F. A. Premier League Academies. The objectives of this study were to examine whether perceptions of the coach–athlete relationship changed over six months and if the coach–athlete relationship predicted self-reported goal achievement among F. A. Premier League academy players. This study included cross-sectional (n = 104 and longitudinal (n = 52 assessments, in which academy soccer players completed a measure of the coach–athlete relationship and goal achievement across either one or two time periods. The cross-sectional data were subjected to bivariate correlations, whereas the longitudinal data were analyzed using multiple regressions. Perceptions of the coach–athlete relationship remained stable over time. The coach–athlete relationship predicted the achievement of mastery goals six months later. Enhancing the quality of the coach–athlete relationship among elite adolescent athletes appears to be a suitable way of maximizing mastery achievement goals, particularly among developmental athletes who participate in team sports.

Unravelling hieroglyphs : Urban traffic signs and the League of Nations

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Frank Schipper

2009-11-01

Full Text Available Cet article porte sur les enjeux de signalisation routière pendant l'entre-deux-guerres. Il esquisse d'abord la relation souvent difficile entre l'automobile et la ville d'une part et la société en général. Il revient sur le rôle de la signalisation routière dont la mise en place a contribué à encadrer ces rapports. À la veille de la Première Guerre Mondiale, des milliers de panneaux décorent déjà les routes européennes. Depuis la guerre, la nouvelle Société des Nations réussit à s'accaparer les discussions sur la signalisation routière au début des années 1920, puis commence ses travaux sur la signalisation routière spécifiquement urbaine à partir de 1926. La Conférence Européenne sur le Trafic Routier en 1931 est le sommet de ce mouvement. Le système n'a pas changé fondamentalement depuis. A l'inverse des propositions des représentants urbains, la SdN n’est cependant pas devenue le coordinateur central des problèmes de signalisation routière. L’article conclut par nuancer la qualification des panneaux routiers comme des hiéroglyphes par le journaliste français Baudry de Saunier en 1931.This article discusses road traffic signs in the Interwar years. The article first sketches the often difficult relationship between the car and the city and society at large. It proposes road signs were introduced in part to mitigate this antagonistic relation. On the eve of the First World War thousands of signs already adorned European roads. After the war the new League of Nations managed to seize discussions on road signs in the early 1920s, and started to work on specifically urban road signs from 1926 onwards. The European Conference on Road Traffic in 1931 formed the apex of this development. The system has not fundamentally changed since. Contrary to the proposal of urban representatives, the League did not, however, become the supreme arbiter of traffic signs. The article concludes by nuancing a 1931

Modelos mentales de estudiantes de educación secundaria sobre la transformación de la leche en yogur

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Verónica Muñoz-Campos

2018-01-01

Full Text Available Los modelos mentales de los estudiantes proporcionan información valiosa sobre sus marcos conceptuales, es decir, sus estructuras de conocimiento subyacentes que pueden ayudar a mejorar el diseño de actividades de aprendizaje en el aula. Este trabajo investiga los modelos mentales de 153 estudiantes de secundaria obligatoria de entre 13 y 15 años sobre la transformación de la leche en yogur y propone un modelo escolar. Los datos se recogieron con dos tareas que demandaban explicar esta transformación a través de respuestas verbales y dibujos. A partir de las respuestas de los alumnos se identificaron siete modelos mentales, de los cuales cuatro (la fermentación es un proceso mecánico, implica un aumento en el número de bacterias, consiste en una mezcla macroscópica, y las bacterias como aglutinante de moléculas deben considerarse como una aportación de este trabajo, al no haber sido identificados en estudios previos en esta etapa educativa. No obstante, los modelos están aún muy alejados del modelo escolar de fermentación láctica, por lo que se plantea la necesidad de recurrir a nuevas estrategias didácticas para avanzar en su progresión.

Proceso de elaboración de yogur deslactosado de leche de cabra Processo para elaboração de iogurte deslactosado de leite de cabra

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Virginia Antonieta Rodriguez

2008-12-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar un proceso para la elaboración de yogur deslactosado de leche de cabra, realizando en forma simultánea la hidrólisis de la lactosa y la fermentación. Se utilizaron tres dosis de una β-galactosidasa ácida de origen fúngico (Aspergillus oryzae: 1253, 2506 y 3759 unidades/L, usando como referente una muestra sin enzima. Luego de una incubación de 5 horas a 38 °C y posterior conservación durante 24 horas a 4 °C, se determinaron las concentraciones de glucosa, galactosa, lactosa, pH y acidez titulable. Teniendo en cuenta una concentración de lactosa en leche de 4,42 g.100 mL-1, el mayor porcentaje de hidrólisis obtenido en el yogur (82,6%, p O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um processo para a elaboração de iogurte deslactosado de leite de cabra, realizando de forma simultânea a hidrólise da lactose e a fermentação. Utilizaram-se três doses de uma β-galactosidase ácida de origem fúngica (Aspergillus oryzae: 1253, 2506 e 3759 unidades/L, usando como referente uma amostra sem enzima. Após uma incubação de 5 horas a 38 °C e posterior conservação durante 24 horas a 4 °C, determinaram-se as concentrações de glicose, galactose, lactose, pH e acidez titulável. Considerando uma concentração de lactose em leite de 4,42 g.100 mL-1, a maior porcentagem de hidrólise obtida no iogurte (82,6%, p < 0,0001 foi conseguida com 2506 unidades/L de enzima, enquanto que sem o agregado de enzima a porcentagem foi de 48,5%. Conclui-se que o processo utilizado permitiria, somente numa etapa, a elaboração de um iogurte que além de ter as propriedades hipoalergênicas e nutricionais próprias do leite de cabra, por seu baixo conteúdo de lactose, se converteria num alimento de características funcionais de grande utilidade para aquelas pessoas que padecem intolerância ao açúcar do leite.

Modificaciones en el nivel de anión superóxido en leche materna, según la ingesta de flavonoides y carotenoides

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Mariana A Marchesino

2017-08-01

Full Text Available Objetivo. Asociar la ingesta de flavonoides y carotenoides con el nivel en leche materna del anión superóxido, como marcador de estrés oxidativo. Material y métodos. Durante el periodo 2013-2015 se estudió a 100 mujeres lactantes de Córdoba (Argentina, dentro los primeros seis meses posparto; se evaluaron sus datos sanitarios, ingesta alimentaria y nivel lácteo del anión con regresión logística múltiple. Resultados. La ingesta de flavonoides, carotenoides provitamínicos y carotenoides no provitaminas fue de 72 (61 mg/día, 1 813 (1 657 μg/día y 5 427 (3 664 μg/día, respectivamente. El anión se asoció con la ingesta de flavanoles (RM=1.081; IC95 1.001-1.167 y flavanonas (RM=1.025; IC95 1.001-1.048. No se observó este efecto con otros flavonoides ni con los carotenoides. Conclusiones. La ingesta de flavanoles y flavanonas aumenta el riesgo de oxidación láctea, lo cual es relevante para realizar recomendaciones dietéticas.

Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Glenoid in a Major League Baseball Prospect: A Case Report.

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Grau, Luis Carlos; Jose, Jean; Sama, Andrew Joseph; Baraga, Michael Gerald

2016-01-01

A 16-year-old Major League Baseball prospect presented with persistent shoulder pain associated with throwing. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a large osteochondritis dissecans lesion in the posterosuperior aspect of the glenoid. The patient was restricted from throwing and underwent therapy to improve range of motion and throwing mechanics. Eight months after initiating nonoperative treatment, an MRI arthrogram demonstrated a healed lesion. At follow-up 2 years after treatment, full relief of symptoms had persisted. Osteochondritis dissecans lesions of the glenoid are extremely rare, but have the potential to heal in overhead-throwing athletes. To our knowledge, this is the only case reported in the literature that demonstrates a healed osteochondritis dissecans lesion of the glenoid following nonoperative treatment.