Alpine ecosystems

Science.gov (United States)

P.W. Rundel; C.I. Millar

2016-01-01

Alpine ecosystems are typically defined as those areas occurring above treeline, while recognizing that alpine ecosystems at a local scale may be found below this boundary for reasons including geology, geomorphology, and microclimate. The lower limit of the alpine ecosystems, the climatic treeline, varies with latitude across California, ranging from about 3500 m in...

Le CRDI en Colombie

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Le CRDI appuie la recherche en Colombie dans des domaines tels ... Le CRDI a soutenu des activités de longue haleine qui ont eu pour ... Des travaux subventionnés par le CRDI ont aidé une fondation à intégrer Internet à son programme ...

Plants in alpine environments

Science.gov (United States)

Germino, Matthew J.

2014-01-01

Alpine and subalpine plant species are of special interest in ecology and ecophysiology because they represent life at the climate limit and changes in their relative abundances can be a bellwether for climate-change impacts. Perennial life forms dominate alpine plant communities, and their form and function reflect various avoidance, tolerance, or resistance strategies to interactions of cold temperature, radiation, wind, and desiccation stresses that prevail in the short growing seasons common (but not ubiquitous) in alpine areas. Plant microclimate is typically uncoupled from the harsh climate of the alpine, often leading to substantially warmer plant temperatures than air temperatures recorded by weather stations. Low atmospheric pressure is the most pervasive, fundamental, and unifying factor for alpine environments, but the resulting decrease in partial pressure of CO2 does not significantly limit carbon gain by alpine plants. Factors such as tree islands and topographic features create strong heterogeneous mosaics of microclimate and snow cover that are reflected in plant community composition. Factors affecting tree establishment and growth and formation of treeline are key to understanding alpine ecology. Carbohydrate and other carbon storage, rapid development in a short growing season, and physiological function at low temperature are prevailing attributes of alpine plants. A major contemporary research theme asks whether chilling at alpine-treeline affects the ability of trees to assimilate the growth resources and particularly carbon needed for growth or whether the growth itself is limited by the alpine environment. Alpine areas tend to be among the best conserved, globally, yet they are increasingly showing response to a range of anthropogenic impacts, such as atmospheric deposition.

Recent developments in the field of refractory fuels; Developpements recents dans le domaine des combustibles refractaires

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Accary, A; Delmas, R [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1964-07-01

or arc fusion). This latter method is based on fusion by electronic bombardment associated with the continuous casting. (authors) [French] L'effort des recentes annees au Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique dans le domaine des combustibles ceramiques a surtout porte sur le bi-oxyde d'uranium et les alliages uranium-carbone. Le bi-oxyde d'uranium est etudie dans l'optique de son utilisation comme combustible de la premiere charge d'EL 4, dans laquelle on impose au point le plus charge une conductibilite thermique integree de 29 W/cm pour une temperature de surface de 750 C environ. On s'est specialement preoccupe de mettre en place un procede de preparation d'une poudre de bi-oxyde de bonnes caracteristiques et le frittage industriel de cette poudre, et d'evaluer les principales proprietes des corps obtenus en relation avec les conditions des corps obtenus en relation avec les conditions prevues de leur utilisation: - aspect de micro-structure et distribution des pores, - comportement mecanique et thermique en geometrie cylindrique, - controle de l'oxygene excedentaire dans les produits industriels, - compatibilite aux hautes temperatures avec les oxydes utilisables comme isolants thermiques, - comportement des produits de fission gazeux a haute temperature apres irradiation ou au cours de l'irradiation. Dans le cas des carbures d'uranium, notre but a ete de determiner les conditions de fabrication industrielle d'un combustible satisfaisant de composition voisine de UC. Ceci nous a conduits a entreprendre un certain nombre d'etudes fondamentales Sur le domaine d'existence de UC non stoechiometrique, - l'influence, sur les proprietes de UC, des elements O et N dissous dans ce materiau, - la compatibilite des alliages uranium-carbone avec differents materiaux de gaine metalliques ou ceramiques, - la corrosion des alliages uranium-carbone par H{sub 2}O et CO{sub 2}, - les methodes de preparation d'echantillons de haute purete, - les dispositifs d'irradiation en pile

CALCUL DU SPECTRE DE REFLEXION DU MULTICOUCHE Ni/C DANS LE DOMAINE DES RAYONS X

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

A MEDDOUR

2000-12-01

Full Text Available Le pouvoir réflecteur d’un dioptre quelconque dans le domaine des rayons X est trop faible, mais il est toujours possible de choisir des systèmes pouvant présenter un pic de réflexion d’intensité importante autour d’une incidence caractéristique du matériau. Ce dernier est un multicouche, composé de deux couches déposées en sandwich.                 Nous avons élaboré un programme qui permet de calculer la réflexion d’un tel matériau en suivant la méthode d’Abelès dans laquelle une couche mince est représentée par une matrice carrée contenant toutes les informations nécessaires pour le calcul de la réflexion. Ce programme tient compte aussi des rugosités aux interfaces du multicouche, vue leur importante influence sur l’intensité du pic apparaissant sur le spectre de réflexion.                 L’application du programme au multicouche Ni/C a montré  l’existence d’un pic centré autour de 31.32°. Son intensité est sensible au nombre de périodes dans le multicouche, aux épaisseurs des couches minces de Ni et de C et à la taille des rugosités des interfaces Ni/C et C/Ni.

Le retour de la question foncière dans l’aménagement des stations touristiques alpines en Suisse

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Christophe Clivaz

2010-09-01

Full Text Available Cette contribution montre dans quelle mesure les enjeux et les problèmes actuels en matière de gestion foncière et immobilière dans les stations touristiques des Alpes suisses découlent pour une part importante des incohérences du régime fédéral de l’aménagement du territoire mis en place à la fin des années 1970, régime fondé sur le zonage et excluant quasiment tout instrument foncier, notamment le prélèvement de la plus-value. Dans ces conditions très favorables aux propriétaires fonciers, qui voient par ailleurs la garantie de la propriété foncière encore renforcée par son inscription dans la Constitution fédérale à la fin des années 1960, les « coalitions de croissances » structurant le pouvoir local dans de nombreuses communes touristiques ont généralement produit des zones à bâtir surdimensionnées (et souvent mal situées qui ont favorisé le développement de l’industrie de la résidence secondaire au détriment de l’immobilier de rente. Face à l’impuissance de la planification et du zonage à limiter ces tendances dont les effets négatifs pour le développement touristique commencent sérieusement à se faire sentir à partir des années 1990, l’on assiste depuis quelques années à la réémergence de la question foncière dans les discussions concernant l’aménagement des stations touristiques, notamment au travers de la mise en œuvre d’instruments fonciers et immobiliers, tels que quotas, contingentements, moratoires ou taxes, intervenant de manière beaucoup plus directe que le seul zonage sur les propriétaires fonciers et immobiliers, modalités d’intervention initialement écartées de la politique d’aménagement du territoire.This contribution demonstrates how the issues and current problems regarding real estate management in Swiss Alpine tourist resorts emerge, for an important part, from the inconsistencies of the Federal land management system set in place at the end of

Réseaux écologiques dans l’Arc alpin

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Thomas Scheurer

2009-07-01

Full Text Available Face au constat d’une perte accrue de biodiversité et de phénomènes nouveaux, tels le changement climatique, les initiatives de mise en place de réseaux écologiques se multiplient. Les réflexions et les actions conduites autour de la thématique de la connectivité écologique font naître une perception complètement nouvelle des pratiques de la protection de la nature : un changement d’une conception patrimoniale conservatrice vers une approche plus fonctionnelle des systèmes naturels. La place et le rôle des espaces protégés au sein de leur région sont redéfinis, les situant  dans un contexte territorial plus large et engendrant de nouvelles collaborations entre acteurs locaux. L’approche alpine pour la réalisation d’un réseau écologique transalpin, illustrée par différents exemples, souligne l’importance d’un cadre international pour ces démarches et d’une ouverture sur l’ensemble du territoire impliquant en plus des acteurs classiques de la protection de la nature, la collaboration avec des secteurs jusqu’à présent peu impliqués.In response to decreasing biodiversity and new phenomena such as climate change, the number of initiatives aimed at creating ecological networks is increasing. Research and activities based on the theme of ecological connectivity are generating a completely new perception of methods of protecting the natural environment: there is a shift from a conservationist approach to natural systems to one that is more functional. The place and role of protected areas within their regions are being redefined. Such areas are now situated in a wider territorial context and new cooperative arrangements are encouraged with local actors. The alpine approach adopted in establishing a transalpine ecological network, illustrated by several examples, underlines the importance of both an international framework for such activities and the need to extend them to include not only the classic actors

Rapport financier trimestriel pour le trimestre qui a pris fin le 31 ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Sophie Comeau

31 déc. 2017 ... Régi par la Loi sur le Centre de recherches pour le développement international ... optimiser les retombées; forme des leaders dans les secteurs de ... Centre dans ce domaine, et a animé une table ronde avec trois des quatre ...

Le Service Accueil et Contrôle d'Accès

CERN Document Server

Ducastel, C

1999-01-01

L'utilisateur qui vient au CERN pour la première fois, est accueilli généralement par les membres du service 'Accueil et Contrôle d'Accès'. Cet utilisateur sera tout d'abord orienté vers un des postes d'hôtesses d'accueil en charge de l'enregistrement et de la délivrance de cartes CERN. Les informations seront saisies et immédiatement disponibles et transmises, via le système AMS, aux équipements de contrôle d'accès et à la Centrale de Surveillance des accès, chargée de la supervision de tout le dispositif de contrôle d'accès au domaine. Ces contrôles aux entrées et accueil des visiteurs individuels sont complétés par des missions de surveillance à l'intérieur du Domaine pour les agents, et par des travaux de gestions de dossiers administratifs (service enregistrement) pour les hôtesses. Un contrat commun assure une uniformité de formation des agents et hôtesses. Ce contrat est assorti d'une clause de Bonus Malus afin de tendre vers une optimisation des performances.

Sédimentation et diagenèse des minéraux argileux du Jurassique supérieur-Crétacé dans le Jura méridional et le domaine subalpin (France, Sud-Est). Comparaison avec le domaine Atlantique Nord

OpenAIRE

Deconinck , Jean-François

1984-01-01

Le but de cette thèse est de décrire et d'expliquer l'évolution des assemblages argileux dans les Alpes occidentales depuis l'Oxfordien jusqu'au Crétacé supérieur, et de la comparer à celle connue dans l'Atlantique nord grâce aux forages DSDP. Etude géologique, sédimentologique et géochimique. Les assemblages argileux du Mésozolque supérieur (Malm - Crétacé) du domaine subalpin et du Jura mérldional sont étudiés par diffraction des rayons X, microscopie électronique à transmission et analyses...

Les territoires fragiles dans la région alpine : une proposition de lecture entre innovation et marginalité

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Federica Corrado

2010-05-01

Full Text Available Cet article propose une lecture et une description des territoires alpins fragiles, en jetant un autre regard, où le concept de fragilité est associé à celui de handicap, c’est-à-dire un autre regard sur l’identification des potentiels locaux spécifiques qui peuvent être encore activés à travers une force créatrice propre aux Alpes. La lecture est effectuée en fonction des territoires alpins fragiles qui font partie des provinces de Turin et Coni et se base sur une analyse empirique des initiatives qui enclenchent en quelque façon des dynamiques micro-territoriales de développement innovant.The paper proposes a reading and description of fragile Alpine areas that overturns the conventional standpoint, according to which marginality is often synonymous with handicap. The paper starts form a different point of view, able to recognize specific local potentialities that can still be activated with a specific creative effort. The reading regards fragile Alpine areas in the Provinces of Turin and Cuneo and is based on an empirical analysis of the actions underlying current micro-territorial innovative development trends.

Constraints Imposed by Rift Inheritance on the Compressional Reactivation of a Hyperextended Margin: Mapping Rift Domains in the North Iberian Margin and in the Cantabrian Mountains

Science.gov (United States)

Cadenas, P.; Fernández-Viejo, G.; Pulgar, J. A.; Tugend, J.; Manatschal, G.; Minshull, T. A.

2018-03-01

The Alpine Pyrenean-Cantabrian orogen developed along the plate boundary between Iberia and Europe, involving the inversion of Mesozoic hyperextended basins along the southern Biscay margin. Thus, this margin represents a natural laboratory to analyze the control of structural rift inheritance on the compressional reactivation of a continental margin. With the aim to identify former rift domains and investigate their role during the subsequent compression, we performed a structural analysis of the central and western North Iberian margin, based on the interpretation of seismic reflection profiles and local constraints from drill-hole data. Seismic interpretations and published seismic velocity models enabled the development of crustal thickness maps that helped to constrain further the offshore and onshore segmentation. Based on all these constraints, we present a rift domain map across the central and western North Iberian margin, as far as the adjacent western Cantabrian Mountains. Furthermore, we provide a first-order description of the margin segmentation resulting from its polyphase tectonic evolution. The most striking result is the presence of a hyperthinned domain (e.g., Asturian Basin) along the central continental platform that is bounded to the north by the Le Danois High, interpreted as a rift-related continental block separating two distinctive hyperextended domains. From the analysis of the rift domain map and the distribution of reactivation structures, we conclude that the landward limit of the necking domain and the hyperextended domains, respectively, guide and localize the compressional overprint. The Le Danois block acted as a local buttress, conditioning the inversion of the Asturian Basin.

Pierre Charmoz : La montagne à seins nus, un roman érotique de montagne, ou de la destruction du mythe alpin par le langage Pierre Charmoz: La Montagne à seins nus, or, the Debunking of the Alpine Myth trough Language Pierre Charmoz, La Sierra de los pechos desnudos o la destrucción del mito alpino por el lenguage

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Michel Mestre

1996-05-01

Full Text Available La Montagne à seins nus de Pierre Charmoz est l'un des rares romans de montagne dans lequel l'érotisme joue un rôle important. C'est également une tentative de remise en cause des mythologies sur lesquelles le roman de montagne s'appuie, pour n'en garder que l'aspect léger et humoristique.La Montagne à seins nus, by Pierre Charmoz, is one of these few mountain novels in which eroticism plays a major part, it is also an attempt at debunking the mythologies on which alpine novels traditionally rest. It keeps only laughter and a gentle spirit of derision from it.La Sierra de los pechos desnudos, de Pierre Charmoz, es una de las raras novelas de montaña en las cuales el erotismo ocupa un lugar preponderante. También se empeña en derribar los mitos sobre los cuales suelen construirse las novelas alpinas tradicionales. De éstos permanece la risa, y uno disfruta mientras se hace burla de ellos.

The potential for retreating alpine glaciers to alter alpine ecosystems in the Colorado Front Range

Science.gov (United States)

Hall, E.; Baron, J.

2013-12-01

Glaciers are retreating at an unprecedented rate. In mid-latitude alpine ecosystems the presence of glaciers and rock glaciers govern rates and ecology of alpine and sub-alpine ecosystems. Changes in the thermal environment due to the loss of isothermal habitat and inputs from glacier melt chemistry are altering alpine ecosystems in unpredictable ways. In particular, glacier may be a source of nitrogen that is altering alpine ecosystem dynamics. Loch Vale Watershed (LVWS) located within Rocky Mountain National Park. LVWS contains a surface glacier (Andrew's glacier) and a rock glacier (Taylor's glacier) at the headwater of each of the two drainages within the watershed. We collected precipitation from a National Atmospheric Deposition Site and surface water from multiple alpine lakes and streams during a particularly high and low snow year in the Colorado Front Range. We also sampled stream and lake sediments at each site to analyze the associated microbial community. Concentrations of nitrate and ammonium, relative abundance of amoA (the gene responsible for a key step in the microbial nitrification pathway), and the dual isotope signal to nitrate all point to snow melt as a key deliverer of nitrogen to ecosystems along the Colorado Front Range. However, late summer surface water chemistry is isotopically similar to the chemistry of glacial ice. This suggests that retreating glacier may be an additional source of N to alpine ecosystems and have the potential to alter microbial community composition, biogeochemical rate processes, and ecosystem function. These dynamics are most likely not unique to the Colorado Front Range and should be globally distributed as glaciers continue to retreat in high altitude ecosystems around the world.

Gentrification alpine : Lorsque le village de montagne devient un arrondissement métropolitain

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Manfred Perlik

2011-05-01

Full Text Available Cet article aborde la transformation de régions de montagne en lieux de résidence remplaçant des secteurs économiques plus anciens (agriculture, industrie manufacturière, tourisme dans les montagnes européennes. Il se place dans la perspective du développement régional et de son impact sur les ressources régionales fixes, le « capital territorial ». Cette nouvelle tendance affecte les montagnes européennes de deux manières, et participe à la formation de régions métropolitaines qui combinent centres métropolitains et environnements de loisirs fondés sur les attraits du paysage pour constituer de nouvelles entités intégrées. Au cours du processus, le paysage devient un bien de consommation nouveau et rare, qui joue un rôle dans l’accumulation du capital investi. L’article établit que les concepts d’esthétique du paysage et d’agréments ne suffisent pas à expliquer cette nouvelle dynamique, car ils méconnaissent les processus spatio-économiques ainsi que le rôle de la marchandisation du paysage pour les nouveaux résidents. Ces nouveaux résidents ont un profil plus « multilocal » que migrant. La multilocalité et l’usage sélectif des produits du paysage freinent le processus d’intégration, crucial pour entretenir et développer le capital territorial. On peut poser que la présence non permanente des nouveaux résidents risque d’affaiblir et non de renforcer les structures locales existantes. Il semble donc nécessaire de déployer des efforts particuliers auprès de chaque groupe de nouveaux résidents pour que de simples résidents à temps partiel deviennent des acteurs régionaux (au moins à temps partiel. De plus, le concept du développement régional centré sur les acteurs innovants doit être remis en question dans la mesure où l’aspect « consommation » domine le rapport du paysage.The article deals with the transformation of mountainous areas into residence places that replace

Le CRDI dans les Philippines

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Le CRDI appuie la recherche dans les. Philippines depuis 1972. Le travail qu'y ont accompli des universités et des instituts de recherche vigoureux et la participation active de la société civile ont entraîné d'importantes améliorations dans les domaines de l'agriculture, du suivi de la pauvreté et de la gestion des forêts.

Le rôle des associations  dans la médiation en archéologie

OpenAIRE

Sence, Christophe

2014-01-01

Le milieu associatif est connu en France pour son dynamisme et sa réactivité. Il en va de même en archéologie, notamment dans le domaine de la médiation. Si le public ignore bien souvent qu’une association se cache derrière le lieu qu’il vient de visiter, nombreux sont les sites archéologiques, toutes périodes confondues, dont la mise en valeur est entièrement assumée par une telle structure. Dans ce cadre, tout est envisageable, de la simple ouverture pendant les Journées européennes du patr...

Charabias et magiciens dans le théâtre des xiie-xiiie siècles

OpenAIRE

Revol, Thierry

2014-01-01

S’intéressant à l’imaginaire médiéval, Jacques Le Goff a mis en valeur trois domaines dans lesquels se manifeste le merveilleux. Le mirabilis correspond au merveilleux pré-chrétien, le magicus au surnaturel maléfique et satanique, et enfin le miraculosus au surnaturel chrétien. Dans la logique chrétienne, le dernier tend à repousser les deux autres dans le domaine de la superstition, ce qui, paradoxalement, légitime leur existence, puisque celle-ci n’est pas niée. Miraculosus et magicus appar...

centre of excellence le centre d'excellence contexte le centre d'

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Expertise technique dans le domaine juridique, en particulier dans l'analyse et la ... devront appuyer des processus de planification stratégique et fonctionnelle et formuler ... l'infrastructure de TI, l'intégration et l'interopérabilité des systèmes, ...

Working toward integrated models of alpine plant distribution.

Science.gov (United States)

Carlson, Bradley Z; Randin, Christophe F; Boulangeat, Isabelle; Lavergne, Sébastien; Thuiller, Wilfried; Choler, Philippe

2013-10-01

Species distribution models (SDMs) have been frequently employed to forecast the response of alpine plants to global changes. Efforts to model alpine plant distribution have thus far been primarily based on a correlative approach, in which ecological processes are implicitly addressed through a statistical relationship between observed species occurrences and environmental predictors. Recent evidence, however, highlights the shortcomings of correlative SDMs, especially in alpine landscapes where plant species tend to be decoupled from atmospheric conditions in micro-topographic habitats and are particularly exposed to geomorphic disturbances. While alpine plants respond to the same limiting factors as plants found at lower elevations, alpine environments impose a particular set of scale-dependent and hierarchical drivers that shape the realized niche of species and that require explicit consideration in a modelling context. Several recent studies in the European Alps have successfully integrated both correlative and process-based elements into distribution models of alpine plants, but for the time being a single integrative modelling framework that includes all key drivers remains elusive. As a first step in working toward a comprehensive integrated model applicable to alpine plant communities, we propose a conceptual framework that structures the primary mechanisms affecting alpine plant distributions. We group processes into four categories, including multi-scalar abiotic drivers, gradient dependent species interactions, dispersal and spatial-temporal plant responses to disturbance. Finally, we propose a methodological framework aimed at developing an integrated model to better predict alpine plant distribution.

Frost resistance in alpine woody plants.

Science.gov (United States)

Neuner, Gilbert

2014-01-01

This report provides a brief review of key findings related to frost resistance in alpine woody plant species, summarizes data on their frost resistance, highlights the importance of freeze avoidance mechanisms, and indicates areas of future research. Freezing temperatures are possible throughout the whole growing period in the alpine life zone. Frost severity, comprised of both intensity and duration, becomes greater with increasing elevation and, there is also a greater probability, that small statured woody plants, may be insulated by snow cover. Several frost survival mechanisms have evolved in woody alpine plants in response to these environmental conditions. Examples of tolerance to extracellular freezing and freeze dehydration, life cycles that allow species to escape frost, and freeze avoidance mechanisms can all be found. Despite their specific adaption to the alpine environment, frost damage can occur in spring, while all alpine woody plants have a low risk of frost damage in winter. Experimental evidence indicates that premature deacclimation in Pinus cembra in the spring, and a limited ability of many species of alpine woody shrubs to rapidly reacclimate when they lose snow cover, resulting in reduced levels of frost resistance in the spring, may be particularly critical under the projected changes in climate. In this review, frost resistance and specific frost survival mechanisms of different organs (leaves, stems, vegetative and reproductive over-wintering buds, flowers, and fruits) and tissues are compared. The seasonal dynamics of frost resistance of leaves of trees, as opposed to woody shrubs, is also discussed. The ability of some tissues and organs to avoid freezing by supercooling, as visualized by high resolution infrared thermography, are also provided. Collectively, the report provides a review of the complex and diverse ways that woody plants survive in the frost dominated environment of the alpine life zone.

Frost resistance of alpine woody plants

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Gilbert eNeuner

2014-12-01

Full Text Available This report provides a brief review of key findings related to frost resistance in alpine woody plant species, summarizes data on their frost resistance, highlights the importance of freeze avoidance mechanisms, and indicates areas of future research.Freezing temperatures are possible throughout the whole growing period in the alpine life zone. Frost severity, comprised of both intensity and duration, becomes greater with increasing elevation and, there is also a greater probability, that small statured woody plants, may be insulated by snow cover.Several frost survival mechanisms have evolved in woody alpine plants in response to these environmental conditions. Examples of tolerance to extracellular freezing and freeze dehydration, life cycles that allow species to escape frost, and freeze avoidance mechanisms can all be found. Despite their specific adaption to the alpine environment, frost damage can occur in spring, while all alpine woody plants have a low risk of frost damage in winter. Experimental evidence indicates that premature deacclimation in Pinus cembra in the spring, and a limited ability of many species of alpine woody shrubs to rapidly reacclimate when they lose snow cover, resulting in reduced levels of frost resistance in the spring, may be particularly critical under the projected changes in climate.In this review, frost resistance and specific frost survival mechanisms of different organs (leaves, stems, vegetative and reproductive over-wintering buds, flowers and fruits and tissues are compared. The seasonal dynamics of frost resistance of leaves of trees, as opposed to woody shrubs, is also discussed. The ability of some tissues and organs to avoid freezing by supercooling, as visualized by high resolution infrared thermography, are also provided. Collectively, the report provides a review of the complex and diverse ways that woody plants survive in the frost dominated environment of the alpine life zone.

How cushion communities are maintained in alpine ecosystems: A review and case study on alpine cushion plant reproduction

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jianguo Chen

2017-08-01

Full Text Available Cushion species occur in nearly all alpine environments worldwide. In past decades, the adaptive and ecosystem-engineering roles of such highly specialized life forms have been well studied. However, the adaptive strategies responsible for cushion species reproductive success and maintenance in severe alpine habitats remain largely unclear. In this study, we reviewed the current understanding of reproductive strategies and population persistence in alpine cushion species. We then present a preliminary case study on the sexual reproduction of Arenaria polytrichoides (Caryophyllaceae, a typical cushion species inhabiting high elevations of the Himalaya Hengduan Mountains, which is a hotspot for diversification of cushion species. Finally, we highlight the limitations of our current understanding of alpine cushion species reproduction and propose future directions for study.

«Le Domaine de la Terre», un conjunto de realizaciones-piloto a base de tierra, en L'isle D'abeau (Francia

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Salas, J.

1986-02-01

Full Text Available In this work, some of the experimental housing works (blocks, formwork, mud and straw... built on the outskirts of Lyon (France are presented in a systematic way. The ensemble is called «Le Domaine de la Terre», and eleven different projects are concerned, where a number of institutions and teams of professionals have worked. In its whole it is an excelent exposition at natural scale of the possibilities of mud construction, even though the results are of a great diversity -formal and conceptually- between those diverse projects.Se presentan en el trabajo de forma sistematizada algunas de las realizaciones de viviendas experimentales a base de tierra (bloques, tapial, bloques compactados, tierra-paja.... realizadas en las cercanías de Lyon (Francia y que constituyen el conjunto «Le Domaine de la Terre». Se trata de una realización a base de once proyectos distintos en los que han intervenido un buen número de instituciones, equipos de proyecto y profesionales franceses. Globalmente constituyen una excelente exposición a escala natural de las posibilidades de las construcciones de tierra, aunque los resultados son muy diversos -formal y conceptualmente- entre los distintos proyectos.

Le CRDI au Népal

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Au cours des années 1980 et 1990, les recherches menées dans le domaine de la phytosélection ont donné lieu à l'amélio- ration du rendement de céréales telles que le mil et l'orge. Par la suite, d'autres activités de recherche ont rendu les agriculteurs mieux en mesure de préserver la diversité génétique de leurs cultures ...

Soil Fauna Affects Dissolved Carbon and Nitrogen in Foliar Litter in Alpine Forest and Alpine Meadow.

Science.gov (United States)

Liao, Shu; Yang, Wanqin; Tan, Yu; Peng, Yan; Li, Jun; Tan, Bo; Wu, Fuzhong

2015-01-01

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) are generally considered important active biogeochemical pools of total carbon and nitrogen. Many studies have documented the contributions of soil fauna to litter decomposition, but the effects of the soil fauna on labile substances (i.e., DOC and TDN) in litter during early decomposition are not completely clear. Therefore, a field litterbag experiment was carried out from 13th November 2013 to 23rd October 2014 in an alpine forest and an alpine meadow located on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Litterbags with different mesh sizes were used to provide access to or prohibit the access of the soil fauna, and the concentrations of DOC and TDN in the foliar litter were measured during the winter (the onset of freezing, deep freezing and thawing stage) and the growing season (early and late). After one year of field incubation, the concentration of DOC in the litter significantly decreased, whereas the TDN concentration in the litter increased. Similar dynamic patterns were detected under the effects of the soil fauna on both DOC and TDN in the litter between the alpine forest and the alpine meadow. The soil fauna showed greater positive effects on decreasing DOC concentration in the litter in the winter than in the growing season. In contrast, the dynamics of TND in the litter were related to seasonal changes in environmental factors, rather than the soil fauna. In addition, the soil fauna promoted a decrease in litter DOC/TDN ratio in both the alpine forest and the alpine meadow throughout the first year of decomposition, except for in the late growing season. These results suggest that the soil fauna can promote decreases in DOC and TDN concentrations in litter, contributing to early litter decomposition in these cold biomes.

[The alpine garden of Monthabey in Vosges (1903-1914) and his creator, professor Camille Brunotte (1860-1910)].

Science.gov (United States)

Labrude, Pierre

2002-01-01

At the beginning of the XXth century, professor Brunotte, of the school of pharmacy of Nancy, and the section vosgienne de Nancy du Club alpin français, undertook the creation of an alpine garden, in the Vosges, near the col de la Schlucht and le Hohneck, near also with the frontier with Germany. After the death of professor Brunotte, in 1910, the garden was given to the University of Nancy and completed until 1914, but the 1st World War destroyed it completely and it was impossible to recreate it. 1966 was the year of the creation of a new garden, not far from Monthabey, along the route des Crêtes, with a monument devoted to Monthabey garden and its promoter. The paper describes the creation of the first garden, the personality and career of professor Brunotte, its garden after his death and after the war, the precursors in botany of the Vosges Kirschleger and Bleicher, the new garden at Haut-Chietlet, finally the memories of professor Brunotte.

Larch dwarf mistletoe not found on alpine larch

Science.gov (United States)

Robert L. Mathiasen; Brian W. Geils; Clinton E. Carlson; Frank G. Hawksworth

1995-01-01

Reports of larch dwarf mistletoe parasitizing alpine larch are based on two collections of this host/parasite combination made by J.R. Weir in Montana during the early 1900s. Examination of host material from these collections indicates that the host is western larch, not alpine larch as previously reported. Attempts to locate larch dwarf mistletoe on alpine larch were...

Stacking and metamorphism of continuous segments of subducted lithosphere in a high-pressure wedge: The example of Alpine Corsica (France)

Science.gov (United States)

Vitale Brovarone, Alberto; Beyssac, Olivier; Malavieille, Jacques; Molli, Giancarlo; Beltrando, Marco; Compagnoni, Roberto

2013-01-01

Alpine Corsica consists of a stack of variably metamorphosed units of continental and Tethys-derived rocks. It represents an excellent example of high-pressure (HP) orogenic belt, such as the Western Alps, exposed over a small and accessible area. Compared to the Western Alps, the geology of Alpine Corsica is poorly unraveled. During the 1970s-80s, based on either lithostratigraphic or metamorphic field observations, various classifications of the belt have been proposed, but these classifications have been rarely matched together. Furthermore, through time, the internal complexity of large domains has been progressively left aside in the frame of large-scale geodynamic reconstructions. As a consequence, major open questions on the internal structure of the belt have remained unsolved. Apart from a few local studies, Alpine Corsica has not benefited of modern developments in petrology and basin research. This feature results in several uncertainties when combining lithostratigraphic and metamorphic patterns and, consequently, in the definition of an exhaustive architecture of the belt. In this paper we provide a review on the geology of Alpine Corsica, paying particular attention to the available lithostratigraphic and metamorphic classifications of the metamorphic terranes. These data are completed by a new and exhaustive metamorphic dataset obtained by means of thermometry based on Raman Spectroscopy of Carbonaceous Material (RSCM). This technique provides reliable insights on the peak temperature of the metamorphic history for CM-bearing metasediments. A detailed metamorphic characterization of metasediments, which have been previously largely ignored due to retrogression or to the lack of diagnostic mineralogy, is thus obtained and fruitfully coupled with the available lithostratigraphic data. Nine main tectono-metamorphic units are defined, from subgreenschist (ca. 280-300 °C) to the lawsonite-eclogite-facies (ca. 500-550 °C) condition. These units are

Dans le tourbillon des particules

CERN Document Server

Zito, Marco

2015-01-01

Accélérateurs géants, détecteurs complexes, particules énigmatiques... La physique subatomique peut sembler bien intimidante pour le novice. Et pourtant, qui n a jamais entendu parler du boson de Higgs et du CERN, le laboratoire européen où il a été découvert en 2012 ? Nul besoin d être un spécialiste pour comprendre de quoi il s agit. Aujourd hui, une théorie extraordinairement élégante, le Modèle Standard, décrit tous les résultats des expériences dans le domaine. Trente-sept particules élémentaires et quatre forces fondamentales : c est tout ce dont nous avons besoin pour expliquer la matière et l Univers ! Ce livre, destiné à un large public, raconte sans équations le long parcours qui a abouti au Modèle Standard. Ce parcours, parfois sinueux, a été entamé lorsque les Grecs anciens, et peut-être d autres avant eux, ont imaginé que la matière est composée de petites « billes ». Il faudra attendre plusieurs siècles pour qu on réalise que la matière, à l échelle micros...

Towards Automation in Landcover Mapping from LiDAR Data in Alpine Environment

Science.gov (United States)

Dorninger, Peter; Briese, Christian; Nothegger, Clemens; Klauser, Armin

2010-05-01

Digital terrain models derived from airborne LiDAR (often referred to as airborne laser scanning) are commonly used for various applications in geomorphology. The ongoing development in sensor technology makes flight campaigns with some 10 points per square meter economically feasible for large areas. Simultaneously, the achievable accuracy of the originally acquired points as well as those of the derived products increases due to improved measurement techniques. Additionally, full-waveform (FWF) laser scanning systems record the time-dependent strength of the backscattered signal. This allows for the determination of numerous points (i.e. echoes) for one emitted laser beam hitting multiple targets within its footprint. Practically, about five echoes may be determined from the digitized signal form. Furthermore, additional attributes can be determined for each echo. These are, for example, a reflectivity measure (amplitude), the widening of the echo (echo width), or the sequence of the echoes of a single shot. By considering the polar measurement range and atmospheric conditions, a physical calibration of such measurements is possible. The application of FWF information to increase the accuracy and the reliability of digital terrain models especially in areas with dense vegetation was shown by Doneus & Briese (2006). However, these additional attributes are rarely used for object or landcover classification. This is still the domain of automated image interpretation (e.g. Zebedin et al., 2006). Nevertheless, image interpretation has well known deficiencies in areas with vegetation or if shadows occur. Therefore, we tested a hybrid approach which uses conventional first echo / last echo (FE/LE) airborne laser scanning data (first and last pulse) and an RGB-orthophoto. The testing site is located in an alpine area in Tyrol, Austria. For the classification, topographic models, a slope map, a local roughness measure and a penetration ratio were determined from the

Alpine vegetation communities and the alpine-treeline ecotone boundary in New England as biomonitors for climate change

Science.gov (United States)

Kenneth D. Kimball; Douglas M. Weihrauch

2000-01-01

This study mapped and analyzed the alpine-treeline ecotone (ATE) boundary and alpine plant communities on the Presidential Range, New Hampshire and Mount Katahdin, Maine. These are sensitive biomonitoring parameters for plant community responses to climatic change. The ATE boundary spans a considerable elevational range, suggesting that shorter growing seasons with...

Polyphase tectono-magmatic and fluid history related to mantle exhumation in an ultra-distal rift domain: example of the fossil Platta domain, SE Switzerland

Science.gov (United States)

Epin, Marie-Eva; Manatschal, Gianreto; Amann, Méderic; Lescanne, Marc

2017-04-01

Despite the fact that many studies have investigated mantle exhumation at magma-poor rifted margins, there are still numerous questions concerning the 3D architecture, magmatic, fluid and thermal evolution of these ultra-distal domains that remain unexplained. Indeed, it has been observed in seismic data from ultra-distal magma-poor rifted margins that top basement is heavily structured and complex, however, the processes controlling the morpho-tectonic and magmatic evolution of these domains remain unknown. The aim of this study is to describe the 3D top basement morphology of an exhumed mantle domain, exposed over 200 km2 in the fossil Platta domain in SE Switzerland, and to define the timing and processes controlling its evolution. The examined Platta nappe corresponds to a remnant of the former ultra-distal Adriatic margin of the Alpine Tethys. The rift-structures are relatively well preserved due to the weak Alpine tectonic and metamorphic overprint during the emplacement in the Alpine nappe stack. Detailed mapping of parts of the Platta nappe enabled us to document the top basement architecture of an exhumed mantle domain and to investigate its link to later, rift/oceanic structures, magmatic additions and fluids. Our observations show a polyphase and/or complex: 1) deformation history associated with mantle exhumation along low-angle exhumation faults overprinted by later high-angle normal faults, 2) top basement morphology capped by magmato-sedimentary rocks, 3) tectono-magmatic evolution that includes gabbros, emplaced at deeper levels and subsequently exhumed and overlain by younger extrusive magmatic additions, and 4) fluid history including serpentinization, calcification, hydrothermal vent, rodingitization and spilitization affecting exhumed mantle and associated magmatic rocks. The overall observations provide important information on the temporal and spatial evolution of the tectonic, magmatic and fluid systems controlling the formation of ultra

Some aspects of the role of rift inheritance on Alpine-type orogens

Science.gov (United States)

Tugend, Julie; Manatschal, Gianreto; Mohn, Geoffroy; Chevrot, Sébastien

2017-04-01

Processes commonly recognized as fundamental for the formation of collisional orogens include oceanic subduction, arc-continent and continent-continent collision. As collisional belts result from the closure of oceanic basins and subsequent inversion of former rifted margins, their formation and evolution may also in theory be closely interlinked with the initial architecture of the former rifted margins. This assumption is indeed more likely to be applicable in the case of Alpine-type orogens, mainly controlled by mechanical processes and mostly devoid of arc-related magmatism. More and more studies from present-day magma-poor rifted margins illustrate the complex evolution of hyperextended domains (i.e. severely thinned continental crust (images across the Pyrenees (PYROPE) and the Alps (CIFALPS) reveal a surprisingly comparable present-day overall crustal and lithospheric structure. Based on the comparison between the two orogens we discuss: (1) the nature and depth of decoupling levels inherited from hyperextension; (2) the implications for restorations and interpretations of orogenic roots (former hyperextended domains vs. lower crust only); and (3) the nature and major role of buttresses in controlling the final stage of collisional processes. Eventually, we discuss the variability of the role of rift-inheritance in building Alpine-type orogens. The Pyrenees seem to represent one extreme, where rift-inheritance is important at different stages of collisional processes. In contrast, in the Alps the role of rift-inheritance is subtler, likely because of its more complex and polyphase compressional deformation history.

Semaine alpine 2008 : innover (dans) les Alpes

OpenAIRE

Bourdeau, Philippe; Bourdeau, Philippe; Corneloup, Jean; Corneloup, Jean; Finger-Stich, Andréa; Finger-Stich, Andréa; Giraut, Frédéric; Giraut, Frédéric; Kohler, Yann; Kohler, Yann; Macchiavelli, Andrea; Macchiavelli, Andrea; Scheurer, Thomas; Scheurer, Thomas; Ullrich, Aurelia

2009-01-01

Ce premier dossier en ligne se penche sur une question de grande actualité : l’innovation, pour interroger les conceptions et mises en œuvre de démarches innovantes dans les contextes montagnards. Ces textes sont issus de la « Semaine alpine », qui s’est déroulée en juin 2008 à l’Argentière-La Bessée, dans les Hautes-Alpes (France). Ces « Semaines alpines », en alternance avec les « Forums alpins », rassemblent tous les deux ans des chercheurs et des acteurs locaux de l’ensemble de l’arc alp...

Publications | Page 133 | CRDI - Centre de recherches pour le ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Le 28 juin 2006, le domaine de programme Innovation, politique et science (IPS) a présenté au Conseil des gouverneurs du CRDI un plan stratégique pour orienter la phase initiale (2006 2011) des recherches ... Simultanément, il explore certaines des options permettant d'envisager la revitalisation de ce processus.

Global Warming and the Summertime Evapotranspiration Regime of the Alpine Region

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Calanca, P.; Jasper, K. [Agroscope FAL Reckenholz, Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture, CH-8046 Zuerich (Switzerland); Roesch, A.; Wild, M. [Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-8092 Zuerich (Switzerland)

2006-11-15

Changes of the summer evapotranspiration regime under increased levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases are discussed for three Alpine river basins on the basis of a new set of simulations carried out with a high-resolution hydrological model. The climate change signal was inferred from the output of two simulations with a state-of-the-art global climate model (GCM), a reference run valid for 1961-1990 and a time-slice simulation valid for 2071-2100 under forcing from the A2 IPCC emission scenario. In this particular GCM experiment and with respect to the Alpine region summer temperature was found to increase by 3 to 4C, whereas precipitation was found to decrease by 10 to 20%. Global radiation and water vapor pressure deficit were found to increase by about 5% and 2 hPa, respectively. On this background, an overall increase of potential evapotranspiration of about 20% relative to the baseline was predicted by the hydrological model, with important variations between but also within individual basins. The results of the hydrological simulations also revealed a reduction in the evapotranspiration efficiency that depends on altitude. Accordingly, actual evapotranspiration was found to increase at high altitudes and to the south of the Alps, but to decrease in low elevation areas of the northern forelands and in the inner-Alpine domain. Such a differentiation does not appear in the GCM scenario, which predicts an overall increase in evapotranspiration over the Alps. This underlines the importance of detailed simulations for the quantitative assessment of the regional impact of climate change on the hydrological cycle.

Qualité de l’air et nuisances sonores dans les vallées alpines de transit

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jürg Thudium

2009-03-01

Full Text Available Les conséquences du trafic routier, en termes de nuisances sonores et de qualité de l’air, ont été analysées et comparées pour quatre vallées de transit alpin (Fréjus, Mont Blanc, Gothard et Brenner durant l’année 2004. Au regard du trafic alpin dans son ensemble, des disparités considérables apparaissent entre les vallées étudiées, mais également à l’intérieur de ces mêmes vallées. Les immissions (concentration de polluants produites par unité d’émission du trafic routier sont deux à trois fois plus élevées dans ces vallées alpines qu’en plaine. Ceci s’explique principalement par la topographie et le climat particuliers de ces vallées. À de nombreux points d’observation, les seuils d’immission ont été dépassés. Les vallées sont également affectées durement par la pollution sonore. « L’effet amphithéâtre » transporte le bruit à des altitudes supérieures, qui n’auraient pas été exposées à autant d’irradiation acoustique si la source de nuisances était située à égale distance, mais dans un « paysage ouvert ». De plus, la protection contre le bruit qui se réfléchit sur les pentes est malaisée. En résumé, toutes les vallées de transit étudiées peuvent être considérées comme des régions sensibles.The environmental consequences of road transport with regard to air and noise in the transit valleys of Fréjus, Mont-Blanc, Gotthard, and Brenner have been analysed and compared with each other for the year 2004. In respect of the share of transport passing through the Alps in transport as a whole, there are in part considerable differences between the valleys under investigation as well as within the individual valleys. The air pollution produced per emission unit of road transport is two to three times higher than in the open country, mainly because of the topography and the climate. At numerous monitoring points, the thresholds for the air pollution were exceeded

Les recherches menées par le Gaz de France dans le domaine de l'hydrogène Research on Hydrogen by Gaz de France

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Donat G.

2006-11-01

Full Text Available Les besoins en énergie de l'humanité allant croissant et les ressources en combustibles de la Terre étant obligatoirement limitées, le temps viendra où la demande en hydrocarbures excédera la capacité mondiale de production; cette situation s'aggravera encore ultérieurement du fait de l'épuisement des réserves récupérables. Un recours massif aux énergies nucléaire et solaire semble donc indispensable et l'utilisation de l'hydrogène comme vecteur de ces énergies retient depuis quelques années l'attention, notamment en France où les ressources propres en pétrole sont faibles. Le Gaz de France a entrepris des recherches sur la production massive de l'hydrogène par décomposition de l'eau et vient de parvenir à des conclusions pessimistes quant à la compétitivité, par rapport à la voie électrolytique, de la filière utilisant des cycles thermochimiques. Par contre, l'électrolyse de l'eau offre des perspectives intéressantes à condition d'améliorer ses performances et son économie. D'autre part, des études concernant le stockage et le transport de l'hydrogène ont permis d'ores et déjà de tirer quelques conclusions dans ces domaines où les vecteurs gazeux disposent d'excellents atouts. With the increasing energy needs of mankind and the earth's necessarily limited resources of fuel, the time will come when the demand for hydrocarbons will exceed the world production capacity. This situation will subsequently get even worse becouse of the depletion of recoverable reserves. Massive recourse ta nuclear and solar energy thus appears indispensable, and the use of hydrogen as a vector for such energies has been under consideration for several years, especially in France where petroleum resources are very limited. Gaz de France has been doing research on the mass production of hydrogen by the decomposition of water and has just come ta rather pessimistic conclusions as ta the competitiveness of thermochemical processes in

Glucose homeostasis and cardiovascular disease biomarkers in older alpine skiers

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Dela, F; Niederseer, David; Patsch, Wolfgang

2011-01-01

Alpine skiing and ski training involves elements of static and dynamic training, and may therefore improve insulin sensitivity. Healthy men and women who where beginners/intermediate level of alpine skiing, were studied before (Pre) and immediately after (Post) 12 weeks of alpine ski training. Af...

Spatial distribution and environmental analysis of the alpine flora in the Pyrenees

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D. Gómez

2017-09-01

Full Text Available On the basis of the digital edition of the “Atlas of the vascular flora of the Pyrenees” (www.florapyrenaea. org, the alpine flora of this mountain range is delimited in order to know its diversity and the different patterns of its spatial distribution, along with some other environmental characteristics. The Pyrenean alpine flora is made up of 645 taxa (630 species and 15 subspecies. All the administrative regions harbour more than 60% of the alpine plants, with Catalonia and Aragon reaching the highest values (around 90%. Along the altitudinal gradient, the highest plant diversity is found between 2300 and 2600 m. a. s. l., although 25% of the total alpine flora goes beyond 3000 m. On the other hand, a remarkable number of alpine plants live in the lowlands, and thus more than 300 alpine plants can be found below 1500 m. The average altitude range of the alpine plants is 1369 m, 300 m wider than that observed for the whole Pyrenean flora. Life-forms, habitat distribution and habitat naturalness of alpine plants are significantly different from those of the whole Pyrenean flora. Distribution of abundance categories also shows values of rarity significantly lower among alpine plants than for the whole flora. More than half the Pyrenean endemic plants are present in the alpine flora. High diversity and wide ecological amplitude of the alpine flora must be taken into account either when considering vulnerability of alpine plants facing “global change” or when addressing conservation policies for the whole Pyrenees from a common perspective.

Reformulation à l’oral et dans le forum Web

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Eshkol-Taravella Iris

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Le cadre du travail réalisé entre dans le domaine de la linguistique de corpus et du Traitement Automatique des Langues (TAL. Les recherches sont fondées sur trois corpus : deux corpus oraux (ESLO1 et ESLO2 et un corpus composé de discussions collectées sur un forum de Doctissimo. Le travail vise à détecter, analyser et comparer la reformulation introduite par trois marqueurs (c’est-à-dire, je veux dire et disons dans le discours oral et le corpus écrit dialogique du Web. L’objectif est d’étudier la raison pour laquelle le locuteur décide de modifier un segment par un autre et de repérer un lien formel entre les deux segments reformulés aux différents niveaux linguistiques (morphologique, lexical, syntaxique, etc..

The relationship between soil physical properties and alpine plant diversity on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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Lin Tang

2015-04-01

Full Text Available Through a large-scale research, we examined the heterogeneity of soil properties and plant diversity, as well as their relationships across alpine grassland types on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The soil pH and EC value increased with the constant deepening of the soil in all the three alpine grassland types which in order of absolute value in every soil layer were alpine desert steppe, alpine steppe and alpine meadow. Among the three grassland types, the alpine meadow possessed the highest SM but the lowest SBD. For plant diversity, alpine meadow was the highest, alpine desert steppe ranked the second and alpine steppe was the last. SM and SBD were the highest influential soil physical properties to species richness, but with opposite effects.

Rock glaciers in crystalline catchments: Hidden permafrost-related threats to alpine headwater lakes.

Science.gov (United States)

Ilyashuk, Boris P; Ilyashuk, Elena A; Psenner, Roland; Tessadri, Richard; Koinig, Karin A

2018-04-01

A global warming-induced transition from glacial to periglacial processes has been identified in mountainous regions around the world. Degrading permafrost in pristine periglacial environments can produce acid rock drainage (ARD) and cause severe ecological damage in areas underlain by sulfide-bearing bedrock. Limnological and paleolimnological approaches were used to assess and compare ARDs generated by rock glaciers, a typical landform of the mountain permafrost domain, and their effects on alpine headwater lakes with similar morphometric features and underlying bedrock geology, but characterized by different intensities of frost action in their catchments during the year. We argue that ARD and its effects on lakes are more severe in the alpine periglacial belt with mean annual air temperatures (MAAT) between -2°C and +3°C, where groundwater persists in the liquid phase for most of the year, in contrast to ARD in the periglacial belt where frost action dominates (MAAT cycle of aquatic organisms should be considered when reconstructing long-term trends in the ecotoxicological state of lakes. © 2017 The Authors. Global Change Biology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Influence de l'irrigation sur le rendement et sur la qualité des raisins

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J. Cerny

1968-12-01

 Le travail présenté résume les résultats de l'expérience avec l'irrigation supplémentaire de la vigne dans le domaine sec du Sud de la Moravie ainsi que son influence sur le rendement et la qualité des raisins.

[Progresses of alpine treeline formation mechanism.

Science.gov (United States)

Cong, Yu; He, Hong Shi; Gu, Xiao Nan; Xu, Wen Ru; Liu, Kai; Zong, Sheng Wei; Du, Hai Bo

2016-09-01

Alpine treelines represent one of the most distinct vegetation boundaries between canopy closed montane forest and treeless alpine vegetation. This transitional ecotone is highly sensitive to global and regional climate change and is considered as an ideal indicator of such changes. Treeline studies have evolved from morphological description to various hypotheses of treeline formation. Although individual hypothesis may provide reasonable explanation locally, a generalized hypothesis that is applicable on the global scale is still lacking. Temperature is considered the limited factor controlling the distribution of alpine treeline as low temperature restricts biochemical processes of tree growth. However, which particular biochemical processes are affected by low temperature remains unknown. This paper summarized the mechanisms of treeline formation with a focus on how low temperature affects photosynthesis characteristics, nutrient characteristics, non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) and antioxidant system. We also reviewed the key issues and future perspectives in treeline research.

Le développement de projets en Bolivie

OpenAIRE

Maes, Sandrine; Maes, Jeremy; Rey, Jean-Charles

2007-01-01

Ce mémoire traite des projets, de leur développement. Qu’est-ce qu’un projet ? Comment est-il créé ? Le développement de projet est un domaine complexe. Au fil des pages, nous présentons une définition du projet, ainsi que deux manières différentes de le conduire. Ce mémoire parle également de la Bolivie. Nous y découvrirons une autre culture, une autre manière de penser, d’agir, de vivre. Dans ce travail, nous tentons de mettre en évidence comment le développement de projet s’insère da...

Sensitivity of Alpine Snow and Streamflow Regimes to Climate Changes

Science.gov (United States)

Rasouli, K.; Pomeroy, J. W.; Marks, D. G.; Bernhardt, M.

2014-12-01

Understanding the sensitivity of hydrological processes to climate change in alpine areas with snow dominated regimes is of paramount importance as alpine basins show both high runoff efficiency associated with the melt of the seasonal snowpack and great sensitivity of snow processes to temperature change. In this study, meteorological data measured in a selection of alpine headwaters basins including Reynolds Mountain East, Idaho, USA, Wolf Creek, Yukon in Canada, and Zugspitze Mountain, Germany with climates ranging from arctic to continental temperate were used to study the snow and streamflow sensitivity to climate change. All research sites have detailed multi-decadal meteorological and snow measurements. The Cold Regions Hydrological Modelling platform (CRHM) was used to create a model representing a typical alpine headwater basin discretized into hydrological response units with physically based representations of snow redistribution by wind, complex terrain snowmelt energetics and runoff processes in alpine tundra. The sensitivity of snow hydrology to climate change was investigated by changing air temperature and precipitation using weather generating methods based on the change factors obtained from different climate model projections for future and current periods. The basin mean and spatial variability of peak snow water equivalent, sublimation loss, duration of snow season, snowmelt rates, streamflow peak, and basin discharge were assessed under varying climate scenarios and the most sensitive hydrological mechanisms to the changes in the different alpine climates were detected. The results show that snow hydrology in colder alpine climates is more resilient to warming than that in warmer climates, but that compensatory factors to warming such as reduced blowing snow sublimation loss and reduced melt rate should also be assessed when considering climate change impacts on alpine hydrology.

Double modèle agraire ou prédominance de l’agrobusiness brésilienne en Afrique ? Le cas de ProSavana au Mozambique

OpenAIRE

WCusson, Gabrielle

2018-01-01

Dans un contexte de transformation du pouvoir mondial, les puissances émergentes n’hésitent pas à déployer des stratégies multidimensionnelles pour augmenter leur influence internationale. Dans le domaine de l’agriculture, le Brésil se présente comme une référence en termes de développement agraire et d’agriculture familiale. À travers des initiatives de coopération Sud-Sud (CSS), il exporte ainsi son double modèle agraire en Afrique afin de soutenir la révolution agraire...

Crustal structure and composition to the S of the Spanish Central System: Effect of Alpine reactivation in an internal Variscan domain

Science.gov (United States)

Ayarza, Puy; Carbonell, Ramón; Ehsan, Siddique; Martí, David; Palomeras, Immaculada; Martínez Poyatos, David

2016-04-01

The ALCUDIA Project has acquired vertical incidence and wide-angle reflection seismic data in the Variscan Central Iberian Zone of Spain. The NE-SW, ~300 km long profiles sample an area going from the suture between the Variscan Central Iberian and the Ossa-Morena Zones in the S to the boundary between the former and the Alpine Central System to the N. Although crustal thickness appears to be fairly constant along most of the Central Iberian Zone, a gradual increase of 3-5 km in the northern half of the profile is clearly imaged by the wide-angle data. This increase in the Moho depth is accompanied by a decrease in the thickness of the layered lower crust from the Toledo Anatectic Complex to the N. Right in this area, the amount of Variscan metasediments diminish and the surface geology is characterized by granites, migmatites and by the Madrid Basin, a foreland basin of the Alpine Central System that is part of the bigger Tagus Basin. The increase in crustal thickness identified in the neighborhood of the Central System is also accompanied by a slight increase in the Poisson ratio values, which even though still below 0.25, they are higher than those observed in the southern part of the profile, far from the influence of the late Variscan melting episode and of that of the Alpine tectonics. Two scenarios are considered to take part in the Moho deepening near the Central System: Firstly, the Alpine reactivation causing this mountain belt has increased the crustal load giving rise to a foreland basin and a moderate crustal thickening. Also, a gradual change in crustal composition to the N, incorporating denser and more basic rocks, might also play a role in the average crustal density and contribute to Moho deepening by isostatic readjustment. The importance of each of these process is, as yet, unknown. However, the next acquisition of the CIMDEF project wide-angle reflection dataset across the central part of the Iberian Peninsula, crossing the Central System, will

Le voyage en « oxygène rare » comme expérience initiatique

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Michel Raspaud

2003-09-01

Full Text Available L’expérimentation de la haute altitude (souvent baptisée « zone de la mort » en Himalaya, avec son cortège d’essais techniques et d’erreurs souvent fatales, apparaît bien comme le prototype de l’initiation en montagne. Par delà l’explication classique du phénomène d’ordalie, il s’agit bien d’un « rite personnel de passage » où la souffrance et la douleur renvoient à une anthropologie alpine.

Le risque naturel, l'élu et l'ingénieur dans les Pyrénées Ariégeoises

OpenAIRE

Antoine , Jean-Marc; Desailly , Bertrand

1998-01-01

International audience; En France, comme dans la plupart des pays alpins, la gestion des risques naturels est confiée à un service d'Etat spécialisé : le service de Restauration des Terrains en montagne (RTM). De ce fait, ce service est devenu l'interlocuteur privilégié des élus et des collectivités locales en matière de risques naturels spécifiques à la montagne.

The onset of alpine pastoral systems in the Eastern Alps

Science.gov (United States)

Oeggl, Klaus; Festi, Daniela; Putzer, Andreas

2015-04-01

Since the discovery of the Neolithic glacier mummy "Ötzi" in the nival belt of the main Alpine ridge, the onset of alpine pasture is matter of a highly controversial debate both in archaeology and in palaeo-ecology of the Eastern Alps. The implication is that his sojourn in the high-altitudes of the Alps is considered to be connected with pastoral nomadism. Regrettably any archaeological evidence for the existence of such Neolithic alpine pastoral systems is missing up to now and the assumption is based on palynological data only. However, also the palynological record is ambiguous, because pasture indicators in the alpine regions react positive on grazing as well as on fertilization induced by a higher runoff of precipitation. Thus alpine pasture indicators reflect both grazing pressure and climatic change. Anyhow, alpine pastoral systems are a common practice in Alpine animal husbandry, but from an economic point of view such a seasonal vertical transhumance is costly. There are three main reasons for its practice: i) climatic, ii) economic (mainly in connection with population pressure or mining activities), and iii) cultural ideology. In this study we tested the above mentioned reasons in an interdisciplinary study on the beginning of pastoral activities in high altitudes in the central part of the Eastern Alps. This is conducted by palynological analyses of peat deposits situated in the vicinity of the timberline (1600 - 2400 m a.s.l.) combined with archaeological surveys. The investigated sites are located in traditional Alpine transhumance regions and aligned on a transect through the central part of the Eastern Alps. The studies reveal that grazing pressure is reflected since the Bronze Age, which is corroborated by archaeological findings in the vicinity of the investigated sites.

Anterior cruciate ligament injury/reinjury in alpine ski racing

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Jordan, Matthew J; Aagaard, Per; Herzog, Walter

2017-01-01

and return to sport after ACL injury in alpine ski racing. Given that most of the scientific studies on ACL injuries in alpine ski racing have been descriptive, and that very few studies contributed higher level scientific evidence, a nonsystematic narrative review was employed. Three scholarly databases...... were searched for articles on ACL injury or knee injury in alpine ski racing. Studies were classified according to their relevance in relation to epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, and return to sport/reinjury prevention. Alpine ski racers (skiers) were found to be at high risk for knee injuries...... injuries in development-level skiers, there was limited scientific data on ACL injury risk factors among elite skiers. Based on expert opinion, research on injury risk factors should focus on equipment design, course settings/speed, and athlete factors (eg, fitness). While skiers seem to make a successful...

Statistical Downscaling Of Local Climate In The Alpine Region

Science.gov (United States)

Kaspar, Severin; Philipp, Andreas; Jacobeit, Jucundus

2016-04-01

The impact of climate change on the alpine region was disproportional strong in the past decades compared to the surrounding areas, which becomes manifest in a higher increase in surface air temperature. Beside the thermal changes also implications for the hydrological cycle may be expected, acting as a very important factor not only for the ecosystem but also for mankind, in the form of water security or considering economical aspects like winter tourism etc. Therefore, in climate impact studies, it is necessary to focus on variables with high influence on the hydrological cycle, for example temperature, precipitation, wind, humidity and radiation. The aim of this study is to build statistical downscaling models which are able to reproduce temperature and precipitation at the mountainous alpine weather stations Zugspitze and Sonnblick and to further project these models into the future to identify possible changes in the behavior of these climate variables and with that in the hydrological cycle. Beside facing a in general very complex terrain in this high elevated regions, we have the advantage of a more direct atmospheric influence on the meteorology of the exposed weather stations from the large scale circulation. Two nonlinear statistical methods are developed to model the station-data series on a daily basis: On the one hand a conditional classification approach was used and on the other hand a model based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) was built. The latter is in focus of this presentation. One of the important steps of developing a new model approach is to find a reliable predictor setup with e.g. informative predictor variables or adequate location and size of the spatial domain. The question is: Can we include synoptic background knowledge to identify an optimal domain for an ANN approach? The yet developed ANN setups and configurations show promising results in downscaling both, temperature (up to 80 % of explained variance) and precipitation (up

Photochemistry and aerosol in alpine region: mixing and transport; Photochimie et aerosol en region alpine: melange et transport

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Chaxel, E

2006-11-15

The Alpine arc deeply interacts with general circulation of atmosphere. By studying configurations in summer and winter over various Alpine areas, this work explains how mixing and transport of airborne pollutants happen, both gaseous and particulate matter, from their emission sources to free troposphere. Using observational results and a comprehensive Eulerian modelling system, one focuses on mechanisms of pollution by ozone in summer and by particulate matter and benzene in winter. After having validated the modelling system using datasets from field experiments POVA, GRENOPHOT and ESCOMPTE, it is applied on two periods with principal interest in the Grenoble area: one is the heat-wave August 2003 and the other is a long episode of thermal inversion in February 2005. Uncertainties are also calculated. One finishes by applying the modelling chain to understand how a stratospheric intrusion following a tropopause fold affected the Alpine region in July 2004. (author)

The air and noise situation in the alpine transit valleys of Fréjus, Mont-Blanc, Gotthard and Brenner

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jürg Thudium

2009-03-01

Full Text Available Les conséquences du trafic routier, en termes de nuisances sonores et de qualité de l’air, ont été analysées et comparées pour quatre vallées de transit alpin (Fréjus, Mont Blanc, Gothard et Brenner durant l’année 2004. Au regard du trafic alpin dans son ensemble, des disparités considérables apparaissent entre les vallées étudiées, mais également à l’intérieur de ces mêmes vallées. Les immissions (concentration de polluants produites par unité d’émission du trafic routier sont deux à trois fois plus élevées dans ces vallées alpines qu’en plaine. Ceci s’explique principalement par la topographie et le climat particuliers de ces vallées. À de nombreux points d’observation, les seuils d’immission ont été dépassés. Les vallées sont également affectées durement par la pollution sonore. « L’effet amphithéâtre » transporte le bruit à des altitudes supérieures, qui n’auraient pas été exposées à autant d’irradiation acoustique si la source de nuisances était située à égale distance, mais dans un « paysage ouvert ». De plus, la protection contre le bruit qui se réfléchit sur les pentes est malaisée. En résumé, toutes les vallées de transit étudiées peuvent être considérées comme des régions sensibles.The environmental consequences of road transport with regard to air and noise in the transit valleys of Fréjus, Mont-Blanc, Gotthard, and Brenner have been analysed and compared with each other for the year 2004. In respect of the share of transport passing through the Alps in transport as a whole, there are in part considerable differences between the valleys under investigation as well as within the individual valleys. The air pollution produced per emission unit of road transport is two to three times higher than in the open country, mainly because of the topography and the climate. At numerous monitoring points, the thresholds for the air pollution were exceeded

The microbially mediated soil organic carbon loss under degenerative succession in an alpine meadow.

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Yuguang; Liu, Xiao; Cong, Jing; Lu, Hui; Sheng, Yuyu; Wang, Xiulei; Li, Diqiang; Liu, Xueduan; Yin, Huaqun; Zhou, Jizhong; Deng, Ye

2017-07-01

Land-cover change has long been recognized as having marked effect on the amount of soil organic carbon (SOC). However, the microbially mediated processes and mechanisms on SOC are still unclear. In this study, the soil samples in a degenerative succession from alpine meadow to alpine steppe meadow in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau were analysed using high-throughput technologies, including Illumina sequencing and geochip functional gene arrays. The soil microbial community structure and diversity were significantly (p carbon degradation genes (e.g., pectin and hemicellulose) was significantly higher in alpine steppe meadow than in alpine meadow, but the relative abundance of soil recalcitrant carbon degradation genes (e.g., chitin and lignin) showed the opposite tendency. The Biolog Ecoplate experiment showed that microbially mediated soil carbon utilization was more active in alpine steppe meadow than in alpine meadow. Consequently, more soil labile carbon might be decomposed in alpine steppe meadow than in alpine meadow. Therefore, the degenerative succession of alpine meadow because of climate change or anthropogenic activities would most likely decrease SOC and nutrients medicated by changing soil microbial community structure and their functional potentials for carbon decomposition. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

The superposed orogenesis of the alpine-mediterranean edifice; Las orogenesis superpuestas del edificio alpino-mediterraneo

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Argyriadis, I.

2016-10-01

The circum-Mediterranean chains must be considered as the result of two distinct orogenies. The apparent unity of the present structure is of formal order, due to the latest deformations. Since the Hercynian time there have been two periods of paroxysmal deformation; the younger fits the definition of the alpine orogeny; the older occured during the Cretaceous and may correspond to the first great convergent relative drift of the Eurasiatic and African blocks. The Cretaceous or Mesogean orogeny is independent from the Alpine orogeny stricto sensu (Oligo-Miocene) and cannot be considered as its prefiguration. Being independent in time, it is independent in space as well. Even if this Mesogean orogeny can appear locally restricted to the internal parts of the Alpine chains (Central Mediterranean area, Carpathes, Dinarides) this cannot be taken as a rule: towards the west, the Cretaceous deformations cross the axis of the western Alps and extend (new investigations) over Provence to the Betic chains and the Pyrenean area. Towards the east, the deformations of this period cross the Hellenides (new observations) and spread over the external area in a spectacular way, interesting areas which have never been tectonised again (Cyprus, south-eastern Anatolia, northern Syria, Oman). As a whole, this large Cretaceous orogenic zone is part of a wider domain which extends over central Iran towards the Himalayas and eastern Asia, and has its equivalent on the western side of the Atlantic Ocean, in the Caribbean islands, Mexico and the Americas. (Author)

Tourism and Water: Themes of the Alpine Convention

Science.gov (United States)

Imhof, R.

2012-04-01

1) The contribution reflects the personal opinion of the author and does not necessarily reflect the point of view of the Permanent Secretariat. The Alpine Convention is a multilateral framework treaty signed in 1991 by the eight states of the Alpine bow as well as the European Community. Its main objectives are the sustainable development of the Alpine territory and the safeguarding of the interests of the people living within it, embracing the environmental, social and economic dimensions in the broadest sense. In order to achieve its objectives, over the years the Framework Convention has been equipped with a large number of thematic protocols, e.g. on tourism. The overall objective of the Protocol on Tourism, which first came into force in 2002, is to contribute to sustainable development in the Alpine region within the existing institutional framework, by encouraging environmentally-friendly tourism through specific measures and recommendations which take the interests of both the local population and tourists into account. The provisions of the Protocol on Tourism primarily concern tourism management and controlling tourist flows, structural developments such as ski lifts and ski slopes, accommodation and the balanced development of economically weak areas. Guidelines, development plans, sectoral plans have to be adopted at the appropriate territorial level in order to enable to assess the impact of tourism development on, inter alia, water. This extends also to ski slopes developments. For example the production of artificial snow production may be authorized only if the location's hydrological, climatic and ecological conditions allow. Water is listed among the twelve themes in relation to which the Contracting Parties are supposed to take measures and coordinate their policies (Article 2 of the Framework Convention). The Alpine Convention aims to preserve and re-establish healthy water systems, especially keeping waters clean and protecting the natural

[A large-scale accident in Alpine terrain].

Science.gov (United States)

Wildner, M; Paal, P

2015-02-01

Due to the geographical conditions, large-scale accidents amounting to mass casualty incidents (MCI) in Alpine terrain regularly present rescue teams with huge challenges. Using an example incident, specific conditions and typical problems associated with such a situation are presented. The first rescue team members to arrive have the elementary tasks of qualified triage and communication to the control room, which is required to dispatch the necessary additional support. Only with a clear "concept", to which all have to adhere, can the subsequent chaos phase be limited. In this respect, a time factor confounded by adverse weather conditions or darkness represents enormous pressure. Additional hazards are frostbite and hypothermia. If priorities can be established in terms of urgency, then treatment and procedure algorithms have proven successful. For evacuation of causalities, a helicopter should be strived for. Due to the low density of hospitals in Alpine regions, it is often necessary to distribute the patients over a wide area. Rescue operations in Alpine terrain have to be performed according to the particular conditions and require rescue teams to have specific knowledge and expertise. The possibility of a large-scale accident should be considered when planning events. With respect to optimization of rescue measures, regular training and exercises are rational, as is the analysis of previous large-scale Alpine accidents.

Biomechanical aspects of new techniques in alpine skiing and ski-jumping.

Science.gov (United States)

Müller, Erich; Schwameder, Hermann

2003-09-01

There have been considerable changes in equipment design and movement patterns in the past few years both in alpine skiing and ski-jumping. These developments have been matched by methods of analysing movements in field conditions. They have yielded new insights into the skills of these specific winter sports. Analytical techniques have included electromyography, kinetic and kinematic methods and computer simulations. Our aim here is to review biomechanical research in alpine skiing and ski-jumping. We present in detail the techniques currently used in alpine skiing (carving technique) and ski-jumping (V-technique), primarily using data from the authors' own research. Finally, we present a summary of the most important results in biomechanical research both in alpine skiing and ski-jumping. This includes an analysis of specific conditions in alpine skiing (type of turn, terrain, snow, speed, etc.) and the effects of equipment, materials and individual-specific abilities on performance, safety and joint loading in ski-jumping.

Alpine Windharvest: development of information base regarding potentials and the necessary technical, legal and socio-economic conditions for expanding wind energy in the Alpine Space - Alpine Space wind map - Modeling approach

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schaffner, B.; Remund, J. [Meteotest, Berne (Switzerland)

2005-07-01

This report presents describes the development work carried out by the Swiss meteorology specialists of the company METEOTEST as part of a project carried out together with the Swiss wind-energy organisation 'Suisse Eole'. The framework for the project is the EU Interreg IIIB Alpine Space Programme, a European Community Initiative Programme funded by the European Regional Development Fund. The project investigated the use of digital relief-analysis. The series of reports describes the development and use of a basic information system to aid the investigation of the technical, legal and socio-economical conditions for the use of wind energy in the alpine area. This report discusses two modelling approaches investigated for use in the definition of a wind map for the alpine area. The method chosen and its application are discussed. The various sources of information for input to the model are listed and discussed.

Minimal erosion of Arctic alpine topography during late Quaternary glaciation

Science.gov (United States)

Gjermundsen, Endre F.; Briner, Jason P.; Akçar, Naki; Foros, Jørn; Kubik, Peter W.; Salvigsen, Otto; Hormes, Anne

2015-10-01

The alpine topography observed in many mountainous regions is thought to have formed during repeated glaciations of the Quaternary period. Before this time, landscapes had much less relief. However, the spatial patterns and rates of Quaternary exhumation at high latitudes--where cold-based glaciers may protect rather than erode landscapes--are not fully quantified. Here we determine the exposure and burial histories of rock samples from eight summits of steep alpine peaks in northwestern Svalbard (79.5° N) using analyses of 10Be and 26Al concentrations. We find that the summits have been preserved for at least the past one million years. The antiquity of Svalbard’s alpine landscape is supported by the preservation of sediments older than one million years along a fjord valley, which suggests that both mountain summits and low-elevation landscapes experienced very low erosion rates over the past million years. Our findings support the establishment of northwestern Svalbard’s alpine topography during the early Quaternary. We suggest that, as the Quaternary ice age progressed, glacial erosion in the Arctic became inefficient and confined to ice streams, and high-relief alpine landscapes were preserved by minimally erosive glacier armour.

Du simple relevé de végétation à la gestion des données sur la biodiversité : problèmes liées à la construction d’une base de données sur la flore alpine

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

SPIEGELBERGER, Thomas

2010-10-01

Full Text Available À partir de l'exemple de constitution de la base de données FloRem sur la flore alpine, cet article nous présente ici les difficultés, les avantages et limites d'une telle base pour la valorisation de données de diversité végétale sur le long terme.

Changement climatique et domaines skiables: simulation en Savoie et Haute-Savoie à l’horizon 2015

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jean-Christophe Loubier

2007-03-01

Full Text Available Les domaines skiables et le changement climatique posent des questions importantes et nouvelles pour les espaces montagnards. Dans les hautes vallées où ces domaines sont souvent le moteur principal du développement local, on peut s'interroger sur la pérennité du modèle économique de l'or blanc à moyen terme quand les modèles de simulation du climat tablent sur une élévation de la température moyenne comprise entre 1,5° et 5° en 2100. Nous avons tenté de simuler les effets du changement climatique à l'horizon 2015, sur les domaines skiables de Savoie et Haute Savoie.

Modelling of Aerodynamic Drag in Alpine Skiing

OpenAIRE

Elfmark, Ola

2017-01-01

Most of the breaking force in the speed disciplines in alpine skiing is caused by the aerodynamic drag, and a better knowledge of the drag force is therefore desirable to gain time in races. In this study a complete database of how the drag area (CDA) changes, with respect to the different body segments, was made and used to explain a complete body motion in alpine skiing. Three experiments were performed in the wind tunnel at NTNU, Trondheim. The database from a full body measurement on an a...

LeCPK1, a Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase from Tomato. Plasma Membrane Targeting and Biochemical Characterization1

Science.gov (United States)

Rutschmann, Frank; Stalder, Urs; Piotrowski, Markus; Oecking, Claudia; Schaller, Andreas

2002-01-01

The cDNA of LeCPK1, a calcium-dependent protein kinase, was cloned from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). LeCPK1 was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified from bacterial extracts. The recombinant protein was shown to be a functional protein kinase using a synthetic peptide as the substrate (syntide-2, Km = 85 μm). Autophosphorylation of LeCPK1 was observed on threonine and serine residues, one of which was identified as serine-439. Kinase activity was shown to be Ca2+ dependent and required the C-terminal, calmodulin-like domain of LeCPK1. Two classes of high- and low-affinity Ca2+-binding sites were observed, exhibiting dissociation constants of 0.6 and 55 μm, respectively. LeCPK1 was found to phosphorylate the regulatory C-terminal domain of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase in vitro. A potential role in the regulation of proton pump activity is corroborated by the apparent colocalization of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase and LeCPK1 in vivo. Upon transient expression in suspension-cultured cells, a C-terminal fusion of LeCPK1 with the green fluorescent protein was targeted to the plasma membrane. Myristoylation of the LeCPK1 N terminus was found to be required for plasma membrane targeting. PMID:12011347

Mécanique quantique le minimum théorique

CERN Document Server

Susskind, Leonard

2014-01-01

Leonard Susskind nous a enseigné la mécanique classique dans le premier volume de cette série, Le Minimum Théorique. Avec son co-auteur Art Friedman, il nous expose maintenant les bases théoriques et les concepts mathématiques associés au monde étrange de la physique quantique. Dans ce deuxième ouvrage, Susskind et Friedman proposent une introduction claire et vivante à ce domaine notoirement ardu et déroutant pour le néophyte. Ils nous font comprendre le comportement des objets sub-atomiques au travers d'abstractions mathématiques simples. A la différence de la plupart des ouvrages de vulgarisation – souvent mal à l'aise quant à la façon d'aborder les singularités de la mécanique quantique –, le livre embrasse cet univers dans sa totalité, y compris les paradoxes si contraires à notre logique. Susskind et Friedman proposent des explications limpides aux problématiques d'état quantique, d'incertitude, d'intrication quantique ou de représentation de l'état d'une particule. Accessib...

Staying cool: preadaptation to temperate climates required for colonising tropical alpine-like environments

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Berit Gehrke

2018-04-01

Full Text Available Plant species tend to retain their ancestral ecology, responding to temporal, geographic and climatic changes by tracking suitable habitats rather than adapting to novel conditions. Nevertheless, transitions into different environments or biomes still seem to be common. Especially intriguing are the tropical alpine-like areas found on only the highest mountainous regions surrounded by tropical environments. Tropical mountains are hotspots of biodiversity, often with striking degrees of endemism at higher elevations. On these mountains, steep environmental gradients and high habitat heterogeneity within small spaces coincide with astounding species diversity of great conservation value. The analysis presented here shows that the importance of in situ speciation in tropical alpine-like areas has been underestimated. Additionally and contrary to widely held opinion, the impact of dispersal from other regions with alpine-like environments is relatively minor compared to that of immigration from other biomes with a temperate (but not alpine-like climate. This suggests that establishment in tropical alpine-like regions is favoured by preadaptation to a temperate, especially aseasonal, freezing regime such as the cool temperate climate regions in the Tropics. Furthermore, emigration out of an alpine-like environment is generally rare, suggesting that alpine-like environments – at least tropical ones – are species sinks.

RECHERCHES Une expertise française en microbiologie prévisionnelle : le projet PREVIUS

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Guyonnet Jean-Pierre

2000-09-01

Full Text Available Le projet PREVIUS (une dénomination non encore définitive vise la construction d’une expertise française en microbiologie prévisionnelle (ou « microbiologie quantitative » dans le domaine agro-alimentaire. Mis en chantier depuis un an, cet outil élaboré avec le soutien des pouvoirs publics à l’intention des professionnels et de leurs partenaires (organismes publics, fournisseurs, clients, laboratoires, centres techniques devrait être opérationnel fin 2002.

Evolutionary diversification of cryophilic Grylloblatta species (Grylloblattodea: Grylloblattidae in alpine habitats of California

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Roderick George K

2010-06-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Climate in alpine habitats has undergone extreme variation during Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs, resulting in repeated expansion and contraction of alpine glaciers. Many cold-adapted alpine species have responded to these climatic changes with long-distance range shifts. These species typically exhibit shallow genetic differentiation over a large geographical area. In contrast, poorly dispersing organisms often form species complexes within mountain ranges, such as the California endemic ice-crawlers (Grylloblattodea: Grylloblattidae: Grylloblatta. The diversification pattern of poorly dispersing species might provide more information on the localized effects of historical climate change, the importance of particular climatic events, as well as the history of dispersal. Here we use multi-locus genetic data to examine the phylogenetic relationships and geographic pattern of diversification in California Grylloblatta. Results Our analysis reveals a pattern of deep genetic subdivision among geographically isolated populations of Grylloblatta in California. Alpine populations diverged from low elevation populations and subsequently diversified. Using a Bayesian relaxed clock model and both uncalibrated and calibrated measurements of time to most recent common ancestor, we reconstruct the temporal diversification of alpine Grylloblatta populations. Based on calibrated relaxed clock estimates, evolutionary diversification of Grylloblatta occurred during the Pliocene-Pleistocene epochs, with an initial dispersal into California during the Pliocene and species diversification in alpine clades during the middle Pleistocene epoch. Conclusions Grylloblatta species exhibit a high degree of genetic subdivision in California with well defined geographic structure. Distinct glacial refugia can be inferred within the Sierra Nevada, corresponding to major, glaciated drainage basins. Low elevation populations are sister to alpine populations

Expression Study of LeGAPDH, LeACO1, LeACS1A, and LeACS2 in Tomato Fruit (Solanum lycopersicum

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Pijar Riza Anugerah

2015-10-01

Full Text Available Tomato is a climacteric fruit, which is characterized by ripening-related increase of respiration and elevated ethylene synthesis. Ethylene is the key hormone in ripening process of climacteric fruits. The objective of this research is to study the expression of three ethylene synthesis genes: LeACO1, LeACS1A, LeACS2, and a housekeeping gene LeGAPDH in ripening tomato fruit. Specific primers have been designed to amplify complementary DNA fragment of LeGAPDH (143 bp, LeACO1 (240 bp, LeACS1A (169 bp, and LeACS2 (148 bp using polymerase chain reaction. Nucleotide BLAST results of the complementary DNA fragments show high similarity with LeGAPDH (NM_001247874.1, LeACO1 (NM_001247095.1, LeACS1A (NM_001246993.1, LeACS2 (NM_001247249.1, respectively. Expression study showed that LeACO1, LeACS1A, LeACS2, and LeGAPDH genes were expressed in ripening tomato fruit. Isolation methods, reference sequences, and primers used in this study can be used in future experiments to study expression of genes responsible for ethylene synthesis using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and to design better strategy for controlling fruit ripening in agroindustry.

Développement | Page 12 | CRDI - Centre de recherches pour le ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

... climate change adaptation, and sustainable management of fragile ecosystems. ... An IDRC-sponsored symposium exploring the impact of the Internet on ... Les domaines de collaboration ciblés comprennent le commerce, la sécurité ...

Le bureau d'études mécaniques du groupe TS-MME

CERN Document Server

Menot, C

2004-01-01

Le bureau d'études du groupe MME représente le principal support d'ingénierie mécanique pour le LHC et quelques projets autres. Il est constitué de trois sections au mandat distinct. Ses activités couvrent le design des divers équipements : des aimants supraconducteurs du LHC et leur alimentation électrique, le design pour le système vide et de l'instrumentation et calibration de faisceau. Le groupe a aussi en charge le design de tout système se rapportant aux complexes PS et SPS Les principaux sujets présentés dans ce rapport concernent la structure du bureau d'études et son effectif, les ressources à disposition, son domaine d'activité, son mode de fonctionnement, les outils et les méthodologies développés. La coordination entre sections du groupe, qui apportent chacune son expertise, sera mise en évidence. Une vision du futur avec les besoins en ressources liés aux activités vitales pour le CERN est abordée en conclusion.

Le laboratoire, le temple et le marché

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

De manière générale, les auteurs insistent sur le fait que c'est leur foi qui leur a .... nettement que dans de nombreux cercles, le besoin était vivement ressenti de ... Le Dr Kapur présente tout d'abord une brève discussion sur sa vision du ...... pour les soins aux enfants orphelins et aux pauvres et pour la renaissance des ...

Volatile organic compounds in alpine valleys: sources, evolutions and transformations; Les composes organiques volatils dans les vallees alpines: sources, evolutions et transformations

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Colomb, A.

2002-12-01

Dynamic and chemical specificity in alpine valleys was the principal goal during the POVA project (Pollution des Vallees Alpines). Volatile Organic Compounds emissions in troposphere have important impacts on animal lives and environment. Then, the aim of this work was the improvement of the biogenic or anthropogenic VOC sources determination, of VOC transformation and evolution in mountain areas. During this project, the realisation of a daily continuous measurements campaign of a few chemical compounds allowed the understanding of the seasonal variations of these compounds. The goals of intensive field campaigns, realised in August 2000 and January 2001, were to understand photochemical process in a temporal and geographic small scale and to follow diurnal variation of different pollutants in summer and winter. Moreover, the VOC data would be used to develop and validate coupled atmospheric dynamic/chemical model. Therefore, these VOC measures give answer to two lacks of knowledge in alpine valleys about: - Biogenic and anthropogenic VOC respective part, and their main sources, - VOC photochemical reactions in alpine valleys, according to seasonal and diurnal cycles. Finally, we presented two atypical days results, in Maurienne valley during a Saharan episode in August 2000. This episode permitted to understand mass air transport mechanism in mountain region. (author)

Le Proche-Orient ancien à la lumière des sciences sociales

OpenAIRE

Angelini, Anna; Bert, Jean-François; Bodi, Daniel; Boyarin, Daniel; Glassner, Jean-Jacques; Kalinowski, Isabelle; Koch Piettre, Renée; Malkin, Irad; Polak, Frank; Vârtejanu-Joubert, Madalina; Vârtejanu‑Joubert, Madalina

2013-01-01

Les articles réunis dans ce volume explorent les multiples relations entre le Proche-Orient ancien comme objet d'étude et les méthodes des sciences sociales -- l'anthropologie, la sociologie, la socio-linguistique, l'histoire des mentalités. Le corpus est organisé en deux parties : la première porte sur la manière dont les spécialistes de l'Antiquité se sont approprié ces dispositifs heuristiques et la deuxième, sur les modalités selon lesquelles les socioanthropologues ont abordé le domaine ...

Le rôle des chefs traditionnels au Ghana : un modèle inspirant ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

8 févr. 2011 ... Avec ses partenaires du Sud, avec aussi le soutien du Centre de recherches pour le développement international ( CRDI ), organisme canadien, Ray a étudié le rôle des chefs traditionnels au Ghana dans la lutte contre le VIH et le sida. Les collectivités politiques antérieures au colonialisme sont une ...

Les mesures de métrologie pour le CLIC

CERN Document Server

Cherif, A

2008-01-01

Le projet CLIC est en tout point un défi technique majeur ; c?est le cas également pour la mesure dimensionnelle. Quels sont les équipements et les méthodes qui permettent de caractériser les pièces avec une incertitude de mesure aussi réduite que possible, vu les tolérances micrométriques imposées ? Afin de répondre à cette question, une veille technologique a été maintenue sur une longue période. Les acteurs relevants ont été contactés pour bénéficier d?une ouverture sur les dernières avancées dans le domaine. Différentes techniques ont été étudiées et comparées telles que la digitalisation, la tomographie X, la mesure tridimensionnelle. L'assemblage de haute précision des composants est aussi primordial. Sa mise en ?uvre sous un microscope optique ou à l'aide d'une machine tridimensionnelle est en cours d?étude. L'exposé traitera aussi de la mesure de rugosité, un domaine où nous disposons de moyens adaptés aux exigences spécifiques du projet.

la franchise :approche théorique tentative d'implantation en Algérie: le cas d'yves Rocher

OpenAIRE

Moussaoui, Rafika

2014-01-01

le premier chapitre présente l'explication théorique de la franchise en abordant la vision financiére ( théorie de rareté, l'agence et la théorie des coûts de transaction).le deuxiéme chapitre intitulé "la pratique de la franchise" la définition , son évolution et sa pratique .Le troisiéme chapitre est consacré au cadre juridique de la franchise et le quatriéme chapitre expose l'éxpérience de la france et le Maroc dans ce domaine et le dernier chapitre on va essayer d'illustrer le rôle de cet...

SYSTEME MULTISENSEUR DE PERCEPTION 3D POUR LE ROBOT MOBILE HILARE

OpenAIRE

Ferrer , Michel

1982-01-01

L'ETUDE PRESENTEE S'INSERE DANS LE VASTE DOMAINE DE LA VISION ARTIFICIELLE. ELLE CONCERNE PLUS PARTICULIEREMENT L'INTEGRATION DU SYSTEME DE PERCEPTION TROIS DIMENSIONS (3D) DU ROBOT MOBILE AUTONOME HILARE. CE SYSTEME EST COMPOSE D'UNE CAMERA MATRICIELLE A SEMICONDUCTEURS, D'UN TELEMETRE LASER ET D'UNE STRUCTURE MECANIQUE ASSURANT LA DEFLEXION DU FAISCEAU LASER. DANS CE MEMOIRE SONT DECRITS: LA CONCEPTION DE LA STRUCTURE DEFLECTRICE; LE LOGICIEL DE TRAITEMENT DES IMAGES VIDEO MULTINIVEAUX BASE...

Ethnobotany of medicinal plants among the communities of Alpine and Sub-alpine regions of Pakistan.

Science.gov (United States)

Kayani, Sadaf; Ahmad, Mushtaq; Sultana, Shazia; Khan Shinwari, Zabta; Zafar, Muhammed; Yaseen, Ghulam; Hussain, Manzoor; Bibi, Tahira

2015-04-22

To best of our knowledge it is first quantitative ethno-botanical study from Alpine and Sub-alpine, Western Himalaya of Pakistan. The study aims to report, compare the uses and highlight the ethno-botanical significance of medicinal plants for treatment of various diseases. A total of 290 (278 males and 12 females) informants including 14 Local Traditional Healers (LTHs) were interviewed. Information was collected using semi-structured interviews, analyzed and compared by quantitative ethno-botanical indices such as Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), Relative frequency of citation (RFC), use value (UV), Fidelity Level (FL) and Jaccard index (JI). A total of 125 plant species (Gymnosperms 7 species, Monocotyledons 2 and 116 Di-cotyledons) belonging to 41 families are collected, identified and ethno-botanically assessed. The most dominant family is Ranunculaceae (20 species) followed by Rosaceae (14 species). In diseases treated, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) diseases have highest proportion (27.5%) followed by respiratory diseases (20%) in the mountain communities. The most dominant life form of plants used is herbs (78%) followed by shrubs (19%) while the most commonly used plant parts are leaves (44 reports) followed by underground part, the roots (37 reports). The highest ICF (0.68) is found for ear, nose and eye disease category followed by respiratory disorders (0.46). There are 15 medicinal plants having 100% FL. Use value (UV) and Relative frequency of citation (RFC) range from 0.03 to 0.53 and 0.04 to 0.23 respectively. In comparison, maximum similarity index is found in the studies with JI 19.52 followed by 17.39. Similarity percentage of plant uses range from 1.69% to 19.52% while dissimilarity percentage varies from 0% to 20%. The Alpine and Sub-alpine regions of Pakistan are rich in medicinal plants and still need more research exploration. On the other hand, ethno-botanical knowledge in study areas is decreasing day by day due to high emigration rates

Area burned in alpine treeline ecotones reflects region-wide trends

Science.gov (United States)

C. Alina Cansler; Donald McKenzie; Charles B. Halpern

2016-01-01

The direct effects of climate change on alpine treeline ecotones – the transition zones between subalpine forest and non-forested alpine vegetation – have been studied extensively, but climate-induced changes in disturbance regimes have received less attention. To determine if recent increases in area burned extend to these higher-elevation landscapes, we analysed...

A simple spatial model exploring positive feedbacks at tropical alpine treelines

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Bader, M.; Rietkerk, M.; Bregt, A.K.

2008-01-01

Climate change could cause alpine treelines to shift in altitude or to change their spatial pattern, but little is known about the drivers of treeline dynamics and patterning. The position and patterns of tropical alpine treelines are generally attributed to land use, especially burning. Species

Coincidence of the alpine-nival ecotone with the summer snowline

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gottfried, M; Toechterle, R; Grabherr, G; Hantel, M; Maurer, C; Pauli, H

2011-01-01

The alpine-nival ecotone is the transition between the lower located alpine grassland/tundra zone and the upper located sparsely vegetated nival zone in the mountains. Its characteristics are qualitatively known. Here we study the dynamics of the ecotone through a quantitative approach based on plant data (from Mt Schrankogel, 3497 m, observations 1994 and 2004) and snow data (from 268 routine climate stations in the Alps, observations 1975-2004). We introduce the nivality index as the area ratio of nival and alpine plants, and the snow duration as the length of the summer snow cover. We fit a nonlinear probabilistic model to our field data; it yields state functions of both quantities. The nivality index curve comprises the entire information of the plant data in one analytical function; the snow duration curve represents the equivalent for the full snow data set. Thus all relevant parameters of both quantities follow from the respective state function. We find that the analytical profile of the alpine-nival ecotone at Mt Schrankogel (based on nivality index observations from the altitude interval 2910-3090 m) happens to sit right in the center of the independently determined summer snow profile across the entire Alps; specifically, the central altitude of the Schrankogel ecotone coincides almost perfectly with the central altitude of Alpine snow duration. Both state functions show extreme temperature sensitivity at 2967 m (vegetation) and 2897 m (snow), and both altitudes exhibit a positive trend during the measurement period.

Coincidence of the alpine-nival ecotone with the summer snowline

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gottfried, M; Toechterle, R; Grabherr, G [Research Platform Mountain Limits, University of Vienna, Faculty Center of Biodiversity, Rennweg 14, Wien 1030 (Austria); Hantel, M; Maurer, C [Research Platform Mountain Limits, University of Vienna, Theoretical Meteorology Research Forum, Berggasse 11, Wien 1090 (Austria); Pauli, H, E-mail: michael.hantel@univie.ac.at [Institute of Mountain Research (IGF), Austrian Academy of Sciences, c/o Faculty Center of Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Wien (Austria)

2011-01-15

The alpine-nival ecotone is the transition between the lower located alpine grassland/tundra zone and the upper located sparsely vegetated nival zone in the mountains. Its characteristics are qualitatively known. Here we study the dynamics of the ecotone through a quantitative approach based on plant data (from Mt Schrankogel, 3497 m, observations 1994 and 2004) and snow data (from 268 routine climate stations in the Alps, observations 1975-2004). We introduce the nivality index as the area ratio of nival and alpine plants, and the snow duration as the length of the summer snow cover. We fit a nonlinear probabilistic model to our field data; it yields state functions of both quantities. The nivality index curve comprises the entire information of the plant data in one analytical function; the snow duration curve represents the equivalent for the full snow data set. Thus all relevant parameters of both quantities follow from the respective state function. We find that the analytical profile of the alpine-nival ecotone at Mt Schrankogel (based on nivality index observations from the altitude interval 2910-3090 m) happens to sit right in the center of the independently determined summer snow profile across the entire Alps; specifically, the central altitude of the Schrankogel ecotone coincides almost perfectly with the central altitude of Alpine snow duration. Both state functions show extreme temperature sensitivity at 2967 m (vegetation) and 2897 m (snow), and both altitudes exhibit a positive trend during the measurement period.

Aurélien Bernier, 2008, Le climat otage de la finance ou comment le marché boursicote avec les droits à polluer, Essai, Mille et une nuits, Paris, 164 p.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Béatrice Quenault

2009-01-01

Full Text Available Dans cet essai, au titre provocateur « Le climat otage de la finance ou comment le marché boursicote avec les droits à polluer », l’auteur, Aurélien Bernier, ancien membre d’Attac France et chargé de mission dans le domaine de l’environnement, décrypte le fonctionnement d’un nouveau compartiment de la finance internationale, la « finance carbone » constituée d’un ensemble de marchés où s’échangent les permis d’émission négociables ou les unités de réduction d’émissions, communément appelés « ...

Snow, ice and water in alpine regions

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Baumgartner, H.

2009-01-01

This article takes a look at how climate change will have a deep impact on alpine regions. The findings discussed at a conference organised by the Swiss Hydrologic Commission are presented and discussed. Flooding incidents that occurred 'once in a century' are now becoming more frequent and were considered at the conference as being an indicator of climate change. Changing hydrological factors are also discussed and the influence of climate factors in alpine regions on the water quantities in the rivers are looked at. Also, the spontaneous emptying of glacial lakes as has already happened in Switzerland and the consequences to be drawn from such incidences are discussed.

Fuites dans les filetages des tubages : influence de la température et du passage dans le domaine plastique Leakage Through Tubular Connections: Influence of Temperature and of Partial Overstressing Unto the Plastic State

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Bes De Berg F.

2006-11-01

Full Text Available Après un rappel des conditions et des résultats du frettage purement mécanique des raccords filetés coniques, puis de l'influence d'une pression intérieure de fluide sur la réaction entre filetage mâle et manchon, l'étude montre que l'existence d'un gradient thermique élevé entre l'intérieur et l'extérieur du raccord bloqué entraîne une variation de la pression de contact dans le filetage (suivant approximativement une loi deltaPbar = 0,5 deltaT(°C qui peut favoriser une fuite. On voit aussi qu'en régime thermique établi (pseudoéquilibre les différences de température entre intérieur et extérieur du raccord sont trop faibles pour avoir quelque influence sur la pression de frettage. Les conséquences d'un accroissement des contraintes entraînant le passage de l'acier du raccord dans le domaine plastique ont été ensuite analysées, dans la perspective d'un critère suivant lequel le cylindre entre en déformation plastique, lorsque la contrainte de cisaillement maximum devient égale à la limite élastique du matériau du raccord. Examinant deux situations bien typées (dont on peut déduire toute situation intermédiaire, soit pression intérieure ou pression extérieure agissant seule, les auteurs montrent que la relaxation lente des contraintes qui avaient amené le matériau dans le domaine plastique, laissent subsister des contraintes résiduelles mobilisables dans un nouveau processus de sollicitation du raccord, pour en accroître d'autant la résistance dans le domaine élastique (à la limite duquel apparaît en principe la pression de fuite. Sous réserve d'un contrôle expérimental, cette démarche pourrait être appliquée en vue d'accroître la pression d'interférence dans les filetages, et d'augmenter les pressions de fuite, ce qui peut prendre une importance particulière dans le cas des tubes les plus épais de chaque dimension nominale, dont la résistance à l'éclatement des corps est toujours sup

Simulation of Wind-Driven Snow Redistribution at a High-Elevation Alpine Site Using a Meso-Scale Atmospheric Model

Science.gov (United States)

Vionnet, V.; Martin, E.; Masson, V.; Guyomarc'h, G.; Naaim-Bouvet, F.; Prokop, A.; Durand, Y.; Lac, C.

2012-12-01

In alpine regions, blowing snow events strongly influence the temporal and spatial evolution of the snow depth distribution throughout the winter season. We recently developed a new simulation system to gain understanding on the complex processes that drive the redistribution of snow by the wind in complex terrain. This new system couples directly the detailed snow-pack model Crocus with the meso-scale atmospheric model Meso-NH. A blowing snow scheme allows Meso-NH to simulate the transport of snow particles in the atmosphere. We used the coupled system to study a blowing snow event with snowfall that occurred in February 2011 in the Grandes Rousses range (French Alps). Three nested domains at an horizontal resolution of 450, 150 and 50 m allow the model to simulate the complex 3D precipitation and wind fields around our experimental site (2720 m a.s.l.) during this 22-hour event. Wind-induced snow transport is activated over the domains of higher resolution (150 and 50 m). We firstly assessed the ability of the model to reproduce atmospheric flows at high resolution in alpine terrain using a large dataset of observations (meteorological data, vertical profile of wind speed). Simulated blowing snow fluxes are then compared with measurements from SPC and mechanical snow traps. Finally a map of snow erosion and accumulation produced by Terrestrial Laser measurements allows to evaluate the quality of the simulated snow depth redistribution.

Un voyage fort instructif pour des pionniers dans le domaine des ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

26 janv. 2011 ... À l'occasion de l'ouverture du 500e centre en janvier 2008, le président Mahinda Rajapakshe a annoncé l'émission d'un timbre-poste commémoratif et un projet de voyage d'étude spécial en Inde. C'est ainsi qu'une vingtaine d'exploitants de nenasalas, accompagnés de quatre responsables de l'initiative ...

UAS applications in high alpine, snow-covered terrain

Science.gov (United States)

Bühler, Y.; Stoffel, A.; Ginzler, C.

2017-12-01

Access to snow-covered, alpine terrain is often difficult and dangerous. Hence parameters such as snow depth or snow avalanche release and deposition zones are hard to map in situ with adequate spatial and temporal resolution and with spatial continuous coverage. These parameters are currently operationally measured at automated weather stations and by observer networks. However such isolated point measurements are not able to capture the information spatial continuous and to describe the high spatial variability present in complex mountain topography. Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) have the potential to fill this gap by frequently covering selected high alpine areas with high spatial resolution down to ground resolutions of even few millimeters. At the WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF we test different photogrammetric UAS with visual and near infrared bands. During the last three years we were able to gather experience in more than 100 flight missions in extreme terrain. By processing the imagery applying state-of-the-art structure from motion (SfM) software, we were able to accurately document several avalanche events and to photogrammetrically map snow depth with accuracies from 1 to 20 cm (dependent on the flight height above ground) compare to manual snow probe measurements. This was even possible on homogenous snow surfaces with very little texture. A key issue in alpine terrain is flight planning. We need to cover regions at high elevations with large altitude differences (up to 1 km) with high wind speeds (up to 20 m/s) and cold temperatures (down to - 25°C). Only a few UAS are able to cope with these environmental conditions. We will give an overview on our applications of UAS in high alpine terrain that demonstrate the big potential of such systems to acquire frequent, accurate and high spatial resolution geodata in high alpine, snow covered terrain that could be essential to answer longstanding questions in avalanche and snow hydrology

The 'Guetsch' Alpine wind power test site; Alpine Test Site Guetsch. Handbuch und Fachtagung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cattin, R.

2008-12-15

This final report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) takes a look at the influence of icing-up on the operation of wind turbines in mountainous areas. Within the Swiss research project 'Alpine Test Site Guetsch', extensive icing studies were carried out at the Guetsch site near Andermatt, Switzerland. This document deals with the following subjects: Information about ice formation on structures, in particular with respect to wind turbines, standards and international research activities, wind measurements under icing-up conditions, estimation of the frequency of icing-up conditions, effects of icing-up on wind turbines, ice detection, measures available for de-icing and anti-icing as well as ice throw. A list of factors to be taken into account by the planners and operators of wind turbines in alpine environments is presented.

Alpine meadows and pastures after abandonment. Results of the Austrian MaB-programme and the EC-STEP project INTEGRALP

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Tappeiner, Ulrike

1993-12-01

escorrentía y la erosión superficial disminuyen apreciablemente. En general, los pastos alpinos abandonados reflejan una situación de transición entre el estado artificial de equilibrio mantenido por el cultivo y el equilibrio natural existente en las comunidades clímax.
[fr] On présente les résultats d'une étude du comportement des écosystèmes alpins après l'abandonnement des pratiques traditionnelles de pâturage. Les observations ont été faites dans la Vallée de Gastein (Autriche, dans le Parc National de l'Haut Tauern (Autriche et dans le M t. Bondone (Italie. Dans les trois places on a étudié différents phases de la succession végétale, en mesurant nombreux paramètres écologiques, telle bilan d'énergie, le bilan du carbone, la structure du tapis végétal et diverses interactions entre les organismes. Plus de 20 spécialistes ont travaillé dans la prise et l'analyse des données. Parmi les principaux résultats observés peut-on signaler l'augmentation de la diversité dans les pâturages abandonnés et leur relative instabilité; la lumière dévient là un facteur limitant, la dégradation de la litière se fait plus lente; l'écoulement et l'érosion de la surface diminuent beaucoup. Généralement les pâturages alpins abandonnées montrent une situation transitionnelle entre l'équilibre artificiel résultant de l'intervention humaine et l'équilibre naturel de la communauté climacique.

Préface

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sylvie Duvillard

2010-09-01

Full Text Available Le moment est opportun, la question foncière est de retour, légitimée par presque une décennie (2001-2008 d’augmentation continue des prix de l’immobilier. De « sommets » , en articles de presse, la montagne et les Alpes en particulier font l’objet, dans ce domaine, d’une attention toute particulière. Le contexte est ici délicat. Les sociétés alpines sont partagées entre désir de préservation d’une forte identité montagnarde et crainte d’une « déprise » économique (agricole, touristique et/...

SEA in local land use planning - first experience in the Alpine States

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jiricka, Alexandra; Proebstl, Ulrike

2008-01-01

In the Alpine area, planning decisions can result in far-reaching consequences because of the high sensitivity of the Alpine ecosystems. This article is based on two hypotheses: (1) The Alpine states/regions were aware of their sensitive environment and therefore recognized the necessity of introducing a comparable instrument to assess local land use planning. (2) By introducing this differentiated assessment tool, namely SEA, an increase in costs may be the consequence. However, better and more transparent planning can contribute to the enhancement of planning standards. To reveal the validity of these assumptions the legal implementation in the Alpine countries Austria, Germany, Italy and France was examined as well as first practical experience resulting from the determined procedures. The results of the implementation process in the four states were compared and discussed on the basis of selected process steps of SEA

Évolution de la normalisation dans le domaine des oléagineux et des corps gras

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Quinsac Alain

2003-07-01

Full Text Available La normalisation joue un grand rôle dans les échanges économiques en participant à l’ouverture et à la transparence des marchés. La filière des Oléagineux et des Corps Gras a intégré depuis longtemps la normalisation dans sa stratégie. Élaborés à partir des besoins de la profession et notamment au niveau de la relation client-fournisseur, les programmes ont concerné principalement l’échantillonnage et l’analyse. Depuis quelques années, une forte évolution du contexte socio-économique et réglementaire (utilisation non-alimentaire, sécurité alimentaire, assurance qualité, a élargi le champ de la normalisation. La démarche normative adoptée dans le cas des bio-diesels et de la détection des OGM dans les oléagineux est expliquée. Les conséquences de l’évolution de la normalisation et les enjeux pour la profession des oléagineux dans le futur sont évoqués.

Photochemistry and aerosol in alpine region: mixing and transport

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chaxel, E.

2006-11-01

The Alpine arc deeply interacts with general circulation of atmosphere. By studying configurations in summer and winter over various Alpine areas, this work explains how mixing and transport of airborne pollutants happen, both gaseous and particulate matter, from their emission sources to free troposphere. Using observational results and a comprehensive Eulerian modelling system, one focuses on mechanisms of pollution by ozone in summer and by particulate matter and benzene in winter. After having validated the modelling system using datasets from field experiments POVA, GRENOPHOT and ESCOMPTE, it is applied on two periods with principal interest in the Grenoble area: one is the heat-wave August 2003 and the other is a long episode of thermal inversion in February 2005. Uncertainties are also calculated. One finishes by applying the modelling chain to understand how a stratospheric intrusion following a tropopause fold affected the Alpine region in July 2004. (author)

Inventory of the Alpine Flora of Haramosh and Bagrote Valleys (Karakoram Range) District Gilgit, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Khan, S. W.; Abbas, Q.; Khatoon, S.; Raza, G.; Hussain, A.

2016-01-01

Inventorying of plant biodiversity of Haramosh and Bugrote valleys (District Gilgit, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan) was done for fourteen years from 2001- 2014. The fourteen years inventorying revealed a rich plant biodiversity consisting of 232 species belonging to 106 genera and 34 families of flowering plants. The Alpine zone had 18 genera with 4 or more species; Pedicularis with 10 species was the largest genus of this zone, followed by Potentilla and Carex (each with 9 species) and Draba (8 species). Genera containing 9 or 10 species occurred only in Alpine zone. In the Alpine zone, 15 of the larger families were represented by 189 species, forming 81.46 percent of the Alpine flora. Although the highest number of species belonging to these larger families was present in the subalpine zone, but in terms of percentage their contribution was the highest in the Alpine flora. Percentage-wise the contribution of these families gradually increased from Desert zone to Alpine zone, because of their particular distribution patterns. Although the total number of species was the highest in the Subalpine zone, but in the species specific to any one zone, the Alpine zone had the highest number, that is, 96 of the total 232 species of Alpine zone were exclusively found in this zone only. Out of these 96 species specific to the Alpine zone, 53 belonged to such 22 genera that were exclusively found in the Alpine zone only. The Alpine zone was characterized by herbs and low shrubs, with Potentilla species as the dominants. A clear trend of migration of certain species both from lower to higher latitudes and altitudes was observed. The species richness index of Alpine zone however showed increasing trend probably due to species migrations towards the alpine zone. The major threats to the plant biodiversity were recognized as the deforestation and habitat loss due to over-exploitation of species, over-grazing by livestock, and climate changes due to global warming, which were

Rapport sur le développement dans le monde sur le thème du rôle ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

... rural et sont tributaires principalement de l'agriculture pour assurer leur subsistance. Ce projet permettra de veiller à ce qu'une place soit accordée aux travaux de recherche financés par le CRDI, aux points de vue différents et aux auteurs de l'hémisphère Sud dans le Rapport sur le développement dans le monde 2008.

Ne jetons pas le Wiktionnaire avec l'oripeau du Web ! Etudes et réalisations fondées sur le dictionnaire collaboratif

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sajous Franck

2014-07-01

Plus précisément, nous questionnons la légitimité des ressources « approvisionnées par les foules » et nous étudions dans quelle mesure le Wiktionnaire peut, par ses spécificités, compléter les ressources dictionnairiques existantes dans le cadre d’études linguistiques ciblées et, d’autre part, servir de point de départ à la constitution d’un lexique électronique pour des domaines comme le traitement automatique des langues et la psycholinguistique. Notre contribution à la caractérisation du Wiktionnaire s'accompagne de la mise à disposition de deux lexiques construits à partir du dictionnaire collaboratif : - le premier est un lexique flexionnel et phonologique à très large couverture. Destiné notamment aux applications de TAL, nous donnons également des exemples d'utilisations de ce lexique en linguistique outillée. - le second est un lexique orienté vers la psycholinguistique. Dérivé du premier, il contient moins d'entrées, mais comprend pour chacune d'elle un ensemble d'informations habituellement utilisées dans cette discipline. Ces lexiques sont à la fois téléchargeables librement et interrogeables en ligne.

Les Nobel juifs de chimie le partage du savoir au XX siècle

CERN Document Server

Benguigui, Isaac

2010-01-01

L'un des traits marquants et remarquables des Juifs tout au long de leur histoire, plusieurs fois millénaire, a été leur créativité dans tous les domaines, en particulier dans le domaine scientifique. Ils ont participé de façon impressionnante à la remise en cause des valeurs, au démantèlement des dogmes et à l'irruption des forces cachées. On peut d'emblée souligner que la contribution des Juifs à la science a été sans commune mesure avec le pourcentage de la population qu'ils représentent. Cela reste vrai pour la chimie du XXe siècle. A travers la vie et l'oeuvre de 23 prix Nobel de chimie, l'auteur nous livre une histoire passionnante de ces hommes, biens souvent des exilés et d'origine modeste. dont la science fut leur vocation et le partage du savoir leur crédo.

Measurements concerning the immission load in the Alpine region with passive samplers

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kirchner, M.; Suppan, P.

1994-02-01

This project deals with measurements concerning the nuisance situation in various areas of the Alpine region using selected passive collectors for ozone and NO 2 . In a first partial step (phase I) a comparative experiment, building on a pilot test, with the use of different passive collectors in sites in the Alpine region was carried through. In a second stage of the project (Phase II) two types of passive collectors were used at suitable altitude profiles in the Alpine region to measure ozone levels. In this way, more detailed knowledge on the vertical distribution of ozone in areas with a varied orography was to be obtained. The study is a joint project of numerous scientific tasks forces from several countries and a number of institutions participating in the 'ARGE ALP' working group of Alpine countries. Results of the first project phase are reported. (orig./KW) [de

Climatic warming strengthens a positive feedback between alpine shrubs and fire.

Science.gov (United States)

Camac, James S; Williams, Richard J; Wahren, Carl-Henrik; Hoffmann, Ary A; Vesk, Peter A

2017-08-01

Climate change is expected to increase fire activity and woody plant encroachment in arctic and alpine landscapes. However, the extent to which these increases interact to affect the structure, function and composition of alpine ecosystems is largely unknown. Here we use field surveys and experimental manipulations to examine how warming and fire affect recruitment, seedling growth and seedling survival in four dominant Australian alpine shrubs. We found that fire increased establishment of shrub seedlings by as much as 33-fold. Experimental warming also doubled growth rates of tall shrub seedlings and could potentially increase their survival. By contrast, warming had no effect on shrub recruitment, postfire tussock regeneration, or how tussock grass affected shrub seedling growth and survival. These findings indicate that warming, coupled with more frequent or severe fires, will likely result in an increase in the cover and abundance of evergreen shrubs. Given that shrubs are one of the most flammable components in alpine and tundra environments, warming is likely to strengthen an existing feedback between woody species abundance and fire in these ecosystems. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

The role of solar UV radiation in the ecology of alpine lakes.

Science.gov (United States)

Sommaruga, R

2001-09-01

Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 290-400 nm) is a crucial environmental factor in alpine lakes because of the natural increase of the UVR flux with elevation and the high water transparency of these ecosystems. The ecological importance of UVR, however, has only recently been recognized. This review, examines the general features of alpine lakes regarding UVR, summarizes what is known about the role of solar UVR in the ecology of alpine lakes, and identifies future research directions. Unlike the pattern observed in most lowland lakes, variability of UV attenuation in alpine lakes is poorly explained by differences in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations, and depends mainly on optical characteristics (absorption) of the chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). Within the water column of lakes with low DOC concentrations (0.2-0.4 mg l(-1)), UV attenuation is influenced by phytoplankton whose development at depth (i.e. the deep chlorophyll maximum) causes important changes in UV attenuation. Alpine aquatic organisms have developed a number of strategies to minimize UV damage. The widespread synthesis or bioaccumulation of different compounds that directly or indirectly absorb UV energy is one such strategy. Although most benthic and planktonic primary producers and crustacean zooplankton are well adapted to high intensities of solar radiation, heterotrophic protists, bacteria, and viruses seem to be particularly sensitive to UVR. Understanding the overall impact of UVR on alpine lakes would need to consider synergistic and antagonistic processes resulting from the pronounced climatic warming, which have the potential to modify the UV underwater climate and consequently the stress on aquatic organisms.

Compte rendu de : La vallée électrique,Foëx E. (photographies) et Broennimann T. (textes), 2006, Paris, InFolio éditions, 164 p., 210 photographies en noir et blanc

OpenAIRE

Buisson, André

2008-01-01

Réunies sous le titre La vallée électrique, 210 photographies en noir et blanc du photographe Emmanuel Foëx illustrent l’architecture industrielle, l’urbanisme et le paysage dans l’Arc alpin. Comme un ouvrage classique, l’album est divisé en trois parties : La centrale, le réseau, le transformateur. L’auteur est parti de l’évidence qu’à travers l’arc alpin, les sillons des vallées sont constellés d’usines consacrées à la fabrication de l’électricité (La centrale). La montagne, telle un châtea...

Etnoarcheologia dei paesaggi alpini di alta quota nelle Alpi occidentali: un bilancio preliminare / Ethnoarchaeology of Western Alpine upland landscapes: preliminary results

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Francesco Carrer

2015-12-01

Full Text Available Lo studio dell’interazione tra gruppi umani e ambiente montano è centrale nell’attuale ricerca archeologica. L’etnoarcheologia contribuisce analizzando questa interazione nei contesti moderni e contemporanei, con lo scopo di creare modelli analogici per interpretare il passato e di comprendere più a fondo le strategie umane storiche e attuali. Il progetto EthWAL (Etnoarcheologia dei paesaggi alpini di alta quota nelle Alpi occidentali, nato nel 2013, si pone come punto di riferimento per lo studio delle attività umane nelle alte quote alpine in epoca moderna e contemporanea. È un progetto multidisciplinare (unisce i metodi archeologici a quelli etnografici e storiografici, alle analisi spaziali e alle analisi dei suoli e multiscalare (dalla piccola alla grande scala. Particolare attenzione è data alle capanne pastorali tradizionali. I risultati di questo progetto saranno utili all’archeologia e permetteranno la valorizzazione delle caratteristiche culturali dei paesaggi di alta montagna. The study of the interaction between human groups and mountain environment is crucial for archaeological research. Ethnoarchaeology contributes the analysis of this interaction in modern and contemporary contexts, aimed at creating analogical models for interpreting the past and understanding human strategies in historical and modern periods. The EthWAL project (Ethnoarchaeology of Western Alpine upland Landscapes, started in 2013, and aims to be a reference for the study of human activities in the alpine uplands during the modern and contemporary age. This is a multidisciplinary (associating archaeological methods to ethnography, historiography, spatial analysis and soil analysis and multiscalar project (small to large scale. Specific attention is given to traditional pastoral huts. The results of this project will be useful for archaeology and contribute to the management of cultural heritage in high altitude landscapes.

Transformation of graphite by tectonic and hydrothermal processes in an active plate boundary fault zone, Alpine Fault, New Zealand

Science.gov (United States)

Kirilova, Matina; Toy, Virginia; Timms, Nicholas; Halfpenny, Angela; Menzies, Catriona; Craw, Dave; Rooney, Jeremy; Giorgetti, Carolina

2017-04-01

Graphite is a material with one of the lowest frictional strengths, with coefficient of friction of 0.1 and thus in natural fault zones it may act as a natural solid lubricant. Graphitization, or the transformation of organic matter (carbonaceous material, or CM) into crystalline graphite, is induced by compositional and structural changes during diagenesis and metamorphism. The supposed irreversible nature of this process has allowed the degree of graphite crystallinity to be calibrated as an indicator of the peak temperatures reached during progressive metamorphism. We examine processes of graphite emplacement and deformation in the Alpine Fault Zone, New Zealand's active continental tectonic plate boundary. Raman spectrometry indicates that graphite in the distal, amphibolite-facies Alpine Schist, which experienced peak metamorphic temperatures up to 640 ◦C, is highly crystalline and occurs mainly along grain boundaries within quartzo-feldspathic domains. The subsequent mylonitisation in the Alpine Fault Zone resulted in progressive reworking of CM under lower temperature conditions (500◦C-600◦C) in a structurally controlled environment, resulting in spatial clustering in lower-strain protomylonites, and further foliation-alignment in higher-strain mylonites. Subsequent brittle deformation of the mylonitised schists resulted in cataclasites that contain over three-fold increase in the abundance of graphite than mylonites. Furthermore, cataclasites contain graphite with two different habits: highly-crystalline, foliated forms that are inherited mylonitic graphite; and lower-crystallinity, less mature patches of finer-grained graphite. The observed graphite enrichment and the occurrence of poorly-organised graphite in the Alpine Fault cataclasites could result from: i) hydrothermal precipitation from carbon-supersaturated fluids; and/or ii) mechanical degradation by structural disordering of mylonitic graphite combined with strain-induced graphite

Des idées novatrices et vivifiantes : le Canada prend les devants en ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

25 janv. 2011 ... Des chercheurs de l'Université du Québec à Montréal ont été parmi les premiers à innover dans ce domaine en réalisant des études qui ont fait date sur la contamination par le mercure au Brésil, ainsi que dans des collectivités des Premières nations dans le nord du Canada et dans les milieux humides du ...

Réseau Asie-Pacifique de recherche et de formation dans le ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

) vise à renforcer la capacité des chercheurs et des établissements de recherche de produire, à l'intention des responsables des politiques et en temps opportun, des recherches impulsées par la demande dans le domaine du commerce.

Nouvelles fonctionnalités (cartographiques offertes sur le web

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Laurent Jégou

2014-04-01

Full Text Available Les possibilités offertes par les technologies Internet libres dans le domaine du graphisme, et plus spécifiquement de l’infographie et de la cartographie, semblent avoir stagné après un premier stade de développement au début des années 2000.

Normalisation et certification dans le photovoltaïque: perspectives juridiques.

OpenAIRE

Boy , Laurence

2012-01-01

International audience; Legal approach of standardization in photovoltaic industry in France. Legal sources. Stakeholder"s liabillities. Competition aspects.; Approche juridique de la normalisation et de la certification dans le domaine du photovoltaïque en France. Sources du droit. Responsabilités des acteurs.Aspects concurrentiels.

Seedling recruitment of forb species under experimental microhabitats in alpine grassland

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Li, S. S.; Yu, L.; Lin, W. G.; Pingi, T. F.

2015-01-01

Which factors limit plant seedling recruitment in alpine meadow of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), China? This study examined the relative influence of seed mass and microsites (resulted from grazing disturbance) on field seedling emergence and survival of nineteen alpine herbaceous species with a range of traits in QTP. Seed mass had significant effects on seedling emergence and survival eliminating influence of light and nutrient variances among these species. The larger-seed species had more advantageous than the smaller-seed species in seedling survival, but it was disadvatage for seedling emergence, especially under high nutrient availability and low light intensity conditions. Light had obvious effects on seedling survival, but less effects on seedling emergence for these species. Moreover, nutrient and light treatments altered the regression relationships of seed mass and seedling emergence and survival and the order of significances was L25>L50>L100>L10>L4. These results suggested that seed mass may restrict seedling recruitment processes, however, light and nutrient availability all have significant effects on seedling emergence and survival for these alpine species. Moderate light intensity was propitious to seedling emergence and survival in alpine grassland. This suggests that ecological factors in alpine grassland provide a stochastic influence on different seed-mass species. These trends may help to explain why many small-seeded species of Asteraceae and Gramineae tend to be more abundant in disturbed habitats. (author)

Dairy cattle on Norwegian alpine rangelands – grazing preferences and milk quality

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Sickel, H; Abrahamsen, R K; Eldegard, K; Lunnan, T; Norderhaug, A; Petersen, M.A.; Sickel, M.; Steenhuisen, F.; Ohlson, M.

2014-01-01

The results from the study ‘Effects of vegetation and grazing preferences on the quality of alpine dairy products’ will be presented. The main objective of the project was to investigate the connections bet - ween alpine rangeland vegetation, landscape use and grazing preferences of free ranging

Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 isolated from a hunted wild alpine ibex.

Science.gov (United States)

Joutsen, S; Sarno, E; Fredriksson-Ahomaa, M; Cernela, N; Stephan, R

2013-03-01

Occurrence of Yersinia spp. in wild ruminants was studied and the strains were characterized to get more information on the epidemiology of enteropathogenic Yersinia in the wildlife. In total, faecal samples of 77 red deer, 60 chamois, 55 roe deer and 27 alpine ibex were collected during 3 months of the hunting season in 2011. The most frequently identified species was Y. enterocolitica found in 13%, 10%, 4% and 2% of roe deer, red deer, alpine ibex and chamois, respectively. Interestingly, one Y. enterocolitica O:3 strain, isolated from an alpine ibex, carried the important virulence genes located on the virulence plasmid (yadA and virF) and in the chromosome (ail, hreP, myfA and ystA). Most of the Y. enterocolitica strains belonged to biotype 1A of which 14 were ystB positive. Further studies are needed to clarify the importance of alpine ibex as a reservoir of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica.

Compétition et coexistence : la motorisation des transports terrestres et le lent processus de substitution de la traction équine

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Mom, G.P.A.

2009-01-01

Cet article interroge les liens entre la mécanisation des moyens de transport terrestre et la disparition du cheval comme outil de locomotion. Trois domaines différents sont successivement analysés : le chemin de fer et le tramway dans la seconde moitié du xixe siècle, le développement des flottes

Le contrôle de gestion des entreprises familiales : un contrôle non-financiarisé ?

OpenAIRE

Barbelivien , Dominique

2016-01-01

Nous examinons la tendance décrite dans la littérature quant à la financiarisation de la fonction de contrôle de gestion en nous appuyant sur le cas d’une entreprise de taille intermédiaire familiale. Nous constatons que le contrôle de gestion dans le cas étudié correspond à une rationalisation des décisions opérationnelles et développons les raisons qui peuvent expliquer la persistance d’un contrôle de gestion très opérationnel. Le contexte d’entreprise familiale dans laquelle il y a confusi...

INFLUENCE DE L’EPAISSEUR SUR LE COEFFICIENT DE DILATATION THERMIQUE DE LA TOLE ALMGSI

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

S SAADALLAH

2014-12-01

Full Text Available L’objectif de cet article est l’étude de l’influence de l’épaisseur sur le coefficient de dilatation thermique de la tôle AlMgSi. Les résultats obtenus dépendent fortement de l’épaisseur. Les courbes dilatométriques varient d’une direction à une autre. Il y a présence d’une anisotropie dont l’intensité dépend de l’épaisseur et de la direction de mesure. L’échantillon prélevé selon la direction Y et dont l’épaisseur est de 1.15mm présente une dilatation faible devant les autres. Ce comportement le rend intéressant dans le domaine industriel.

Uranium-series dating of fossil bones from alpine caves

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Leitner-Wild, E.; Steffan, I.

1993-01-01

During the course of an investigation of fossil cave bear populations the uranium-series method for absolute age determination has been applied to bone material. The applicability of the method to bone samples from alpine caves is demonstrated by the concordance of U/Th and U/Pa ages and cross-checks with the radiocarbon method. Stratigraphic agreement between bone ages and carbonate speleothem ages also indicates the potential of the uranium-series method as a suitable tool for the age determination of fossil bones from alpine cave environments. (Author)

Clonage de l'IGF-I et de son récepteur chez le turbot (Psetta maxima

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

ELIES G.

1998-07-01

Full Text Available Les IGF, leurs récepteurs et leurs protéines de liaison constituent une famille moléculaire qui joue un rôle essentiel dans la régulation de la croissance et du développement. Nous nous sommes intéressés à la caractérisation moléculaire de l'IGF-l et de son récepteur (IGF-1R chez le turbot (Psetta maxima, un poisson plat téléostéen. Par RT-PCR, nous avons clone un ADNc codant pour les quatre domaines de l'IGF-l mature. La protéine présente 70 à 96 % d'identité avec les autres IGF-I de vertébrés. Le clonage de la séquence codante entière du récepteur a nécessité la construction d'une banque d'ADNc d'embryons de turbots. Le récepteur est organisé en domaines dont la taille et les caractéristiques sont semblables à celles des autres récepteurs aux IGF de type 1 décrits chez les mammifères et le poulet. La région catalytique est particulièrement conservée. Dans certains domaines, notamment dans la région C-terminale du précurseur, quelques différences qui pourraient avoir une importance fonctionnelle sont cependant observées. Enfin, par RT-PCR, nous avons mis en évidence une régulation ontogénique du statut de polyadénylation des ARNm IGF-1R.

A kinematic and kinetic study of alpine skiing technique in slalom

OpenAIRE

Reid, Robert C.

2010-01-01

Avhandling (doktorgrad) - Norges idrettshøgskole, 2010. Despite a large body of lay and professional literature covering numerous aspects of alpine skiing technique, only a limited number of published scientific investigations have examined the relationship between skier technical and tactical characteristics and racing performance. As a consequence, our scientific understanding of how the underlying mechanics of alpine ski racing technique relate to performance is surprisin...

High solar radiation hinders tree regeneration above the alpine treeline in northern Ecuador

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Bader, M.Y.; Geloof, I. van; Rietkerk, M.G.

2007-01-01

Many tropical alpine treelines lie below their climatic potential, because of natural or anthropogenic causes. Forest extension above the treeline depends on the ability of trees to establish in the alpine environment. This ability may be limited by different factors, such as low

Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Resulting From Tourism Travel in an Alpine Setting

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Rainer Unger

2016-11-01

Full Text Available Tourism—with its social, economic, and ecological dimensions—can be an important driver of sustainable development of alpine communities. Tourism is essential for local people's incomes and livelihoods, but it can also have a major impact on the local environment, landscape aesthetics, and (mainly through tourist transport global climate change. A project currently underway is developing the Austrian mountain municipality of Alpbach into a role model for competitive and sustainable year-round alpine tourism using an integrated and spatially explicit approach that considers energy demand and supply related to housing, infrastructure, and traffic in the settlement and the skiing area. As the first outcome of the project, this article focuses on the development of the Model of Alpine Tourism and Transportation, a geographic information system–based tool for calculating, in detail, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions resulting from travel to a single alpine holiday destination. Analysis results show that it is crucial to incorporate both direct and indirect energy use and emissions as each contributes significantly to the climate impact of travel. The study fills a research gap in carbon impact appraisal studies of tourism transport in the context of alpine tourism at the destination level. Our findings will serve as a baseline for the development of comprehensive policies and agendas promoting the transformation toward sustainable alpine tourism.

Increasing alpine transit traffic through Switzerland will considerably enhance high altitude alpine pollutant levels

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Prevot, A S.H.; Dommen, J; Furger, M; Graber, W K [Paul Scherrer Inst. (PSI), Villigen (Switzerland)

1999-08-01

Within the EU-Project VOTALP (Vertical Ozone Transports in the Alps), we have shown that deep alpine valleys like the Mesolcina Valley very efficiently transport air out of the polluted valley up to altitudes between 2000 and near 4000 m asl (above sea level). Pollutants emitted in these valleys are very efficiently transported up to high altitudes. (author) 2 figs., 1 tab., 2 refs.

Climate change and alpine stream biology

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Hotaling, Scott; Finn, Debra S.; Joseph Giersch, J.

2017-01-01

micro- to macroscopic organisms and genes to communities. Herein, we describe the current state of alpine stream biology from an organism-focused perspective. We begin by reviewing seven standard and emerging approaches that combine to form the current state of the discipline. We follow with a call...

Response of alpine vegetation growth dynamics to snow cover phenology on the Tibetan Plateau

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, X.; Wu, C.

2017-12-01

Alpine vegetation plays a crucial role in global energy cycles with snow cover, an essential component of alpine land cover showing high sensitivity to climate change. The Tibetan Plateau (TP) has a typical alpine vegetation ecosystem and is rich of snow resources. With global warming, the snow of the TP has undergone significant changes that will inevitably affect the growth of alpine vegetation, but observed evidence of such interaction is limited. In particular, a comprehensive understanding of the responses of alpine vegetation growth to snow cover variability is still not well characterized on TP region. To investigate this, we calculated three indicators, the start (SOS) and length (LOS) of growing season, and the maximum of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVImax) as proxies of vegetation growth dynamics from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data for 2000-2015. Snow cover duration (SCD) and melt (SCM) dates were also extracted during the same time frame from the combination of MODIS and the Interactive Multi-sensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS) data. We found that the snow cover phenology had a strong control on alpine vegetation growth dynamics. Furthermore, the responses of SOS, LOS and NDVImax to snow cover phenology varied among plant functional types, eco-geographical zones, and temperature and precipitation gradients. The alpine steppes showed a much stronger negative correlation between SOS and SCD, and also a more evidently positive relationship between LOS and SCD than other types, indicating a longer SCD would lead to an earlier SOS and longer LOS. Most areas showed positive correlation between SOS and SCM, while a contrary response was also found in the warm but drier areas. Both SCD and SCM showed positive correlations with NDVImax, but the relationship became weaker with the increase of precipitation. Our findings provided strong evidences between vegetation growth and snow cover phenology, and changes in

Energy engineering. Standardization in the domain of coldness production; Genie energetique. Normalisation dans le domaine du froid

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Legent, N. [Association Francaise de Normalisation (AFNOR), 92 - Paris-la-Defense (France)

2000-10-01

This paper deals with the recent advances in the domain of standardization and regulation of refrigeration and cold production systems used in the industry and in the commercial sector: 1 - international standardization; 2 - European standardization; 3 - international standardization in the domain of cold production (ISO/TC 86 'coldness and air conditioning', CEI 61C 'domestic refrigerating appliances', CEI 61D 'air-conditioning appliances for domestic and similar use', ISO/TC 104 'goods transportation containers'); 4 - European standardization in the domain of cold production (CEN/TC 182 'refrigerating systems - safety and environment requirements', CEN/TC 44 'household refrigerating appliances and refrigerating furniture for stores', CEN/TC 113 'heat pumps and air-conditioners', CEN/TC 141 'manometers and thermometers, measuring and recording means', CENELEC 61 'safety of domestic electrical appliances'); 5 - French standardization (international file, European file, French file, French standardization system); 6 - national standardization in other countries; 7 - regulations in the domain of cold production. (J.S.)

Anterior cruciate ligament injury/reinjury in alpine ski racing: a narrative review

Science.gov (United States)

Jordan, Matthew J; Aagaard, Per; Herzog, Walter

2017-01-01

The purpose of the present review was to: 1) provide an overview of the current understanding on the epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, and prevention methods for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in alpine ski racing; and 2) provide an overview of what is known pertaining to ACL reinjury and return to sport after ACL injury in alpine ski racing. Given that most of the scientific studies on ACL injuries in alpine ski racing have been descriptive, and that very few studies contributed higher level scientific evidence, a nonsystematic narrative review was employed. Three scholarly databases were searched for articles on ACL injury or knee injury in alpine ski racing. Studies were classified according to their relevance in relation to epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, and return to sport/reinjury prevention. Alpine ski racers (skiers) were found to be at high risk for knee injuries, and ACL tears were the most frequent diagnosis. Three primary ACL injury mechanism were identified that involved tibial internal rotation and anteriorly directed shear forces from ski equipment and the environment. While trunk muscle strength imbalance and genetics were found to be predictive of ACL injuries in development-level skiers, there was limited scientific data on ACL injury risk factors among elite skiers. Based on expert opinion, research on injury risk factors should focus on equipment design, course settings/speed, and athlete factors (eg, fitness). While skiers seem to make a successful recovery following ACL injury, there may be persistent neuromuscular deficits. Future research efforts should be directed toward prospective studies on ACL injury/reinjury prevention in both male and female skiers and toward the effects of knee injury on long-term health outcomes, such as the early development of osteoarthritis. International collaborations may be necessary to generate sufficient statistical power for ACL injury/reinjury prevention research in alpine ski racing

Facilitation among plants in alpine environments in the face of climate change

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Fabien eAnthelme

2014-08-01

Full Text Available While there is a large consensus that plant–plant interactions are a crucial component of the response of plant communities to the effects of climate change, available data remain scarce, particularly in alpine systems. This represents an important obstacle to making consistent predictions about the future of plant communities. Here, we review current knowledge on the effects of climate change on facilitation among alpine plant communities and propose directions for future research. In established alpine communities, while warming seemingly generates a net facilitation release, earlier snowmelt may increase facilitation. Some nurse plants are able to buffer microenvironmental changes in the long term and may ensure the persistence of other alpine plants through local migration events. For communities migrating to higher elevations, facilitation should play an important role in their reorganization because of the harsher environmental conditions. In particular, the absence of efficient nurse plants might slow down upward migration, possibly generating chains of extinction. Facilitation–climate change relationships are expected to shift along latitudinal gradients because (1 the magnitude of warming is predicted to vary along these gradients, and (2 alpine environments are significantly different at low vs. high latitudes. Data on these expected patterns are preliminary and thus need to be tested with further studies on facilitation among plants in alpine environments that have thus far not been considered. From a methodological standpoint, future studies will benefit from the spatial representation of the microclimatic environment of plants to predict their response to climate change. Moreover, the acquisition of long-term data on the dynamics of plant–plant interactions, either through permanent plots or chronosequences of glacial recession, may represent powerful approaches to clarify the relationship between plant interactions and

Facilitation among plants in alpine environments in the face of climate change.

Science.gov (United States)

Anthelme, Fabien; Cavieres, Lohengrin A; Dangles, Olivier

2014-01-01

While there is a large consensus that plant-plant interactions are a crucial component of the response of plant communities to the effects of climate change, available data remain scarce, particularly in alpine systems. This represents an important obstacle to making consistent predictions about the future of plant communities. Here, we review current knowledge on the effects of climate change on facilitation among alpine plant communities and propose directions for future research. In established alpine communities, while warming seemingly generates a net facilitation release, earlier snowmelt may increase facilitation. Some nurse plants are able to buffer microenvironmental changes in the long term and may ensure the persistence of other alpine plants through local migration events. For communities migrating to higher elevations, facilitation should play an important role in their reorganization because of the harsher environmental conditions. In particular, the absence of efficient nurse plants might slow down upward migration, possibly generating chains of extinction. Facilitation-climate change relationships are expected to shift along latitudinal gradients because (1) the magnitude of warming is predicted to vary along these gradients, and (2) alpine environments are significantly different at low vs. high latitudes. Data on these expected patterns are preliminary and thus need to be tested with further studies on facilitation among plants in alpine environments that have thus far not been considered. From a methodological standpoint, future studies will benefit from the spatial representation of the microclimatic environment of plants to predict their response to climate change. Moreover, the acquisition of long-term data on the dynamics of plant-plant interactions, either through permanent plots or chronosequences of glacial recession, may represent powerful approaches to clarify the relationship between plant interactions and climate change.

Experimental Warming Aggravates Degradation-Induced Topsoil Drought in Alpine Meadows of The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Science.gov (United States)

Xue, X.

2017-12-01

Climatic warming is presumed to cause topsoil drought by increasing evapotranspiration and water infiltration, and by progressively inducing land degradation in alpine meadows of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. However, how soil moisture and temperature patterns of degraded alpine meadows respond to climate warming remains unclear. A six-year continuous warming experiment was carried out in both degraded and undegraded alpine meadows in the source region of the Yangtze River. The goal was to identify the effects of climatic warming and land degradation on soil moisture (θ), soil surface temperature (Tsfc), and soil temperature (Ts). In the present study, land degradation significantly reduced θ by 4.5-6.1% at a depth of 0-100 cm (P soil surface. Experimental warming aggravated topsoil drought caused by land degradation, intensified the magnitude of degradation, and caused a positive feedback in the degraded alpine meadow ecosystem. Therefore, an immediate need exists to restore degraded alpine meadow grasslands in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in anticipation of a warmer future.

Geochronologic constraints of the uplift and metamorphism along the Alpine Fault, South Island, New Zealand

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chamberlain, C.P.; Zeitler, P.K.; Cooper, A.F.

1995-01-01

Geochronological studies of pegmatites and Alpine Schist exposed east of the Alpine Fault, South Island, New Zealand, reveal a complex history beginning with magmatism and metamorphism at c. 68 m.y. ago and ending with rapid uplift and exhumation in the last 5 m.y. Pegmatites exposed in the Mataketake Range give conventional U-Pb monazite and SHRIMP ion-probe zircon ages of 68 ± 2.6 Ma and 67.9 ± 2.5 Ma, respectively. Inasmuch as petrologic and isotopic data indicate that the Alpine pegmatites are melts derived from the Alpine Schist, the age of the pegmatites suggests that, at least locally, the high-grade metamorphism is considerably younger than previously assumed. We tentatively suggest that metamorphism, in at least some areas of the Alpine Schist, may be associated with Late Cretaceous transtension rather than resulting from the consequences of collision during the Rangitata Orogeny. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar studies of hornblendes from the Alpine Schist, collected from the Haast River to the Franz Josef Glacier area, reveal highly disturbed spectra. Despite this complexity, these analyses define a systematic decrease in ages both across-strike toward the Alpine Fault (Haast River traverse) and northwards along-strike towards Mt Cook. This pattern of decreasing 40 Ar/ 39 Ar hornblende ages is also observed in lower closure temperature systems such as zircon and apatite fission-track ages. We interpret the decrease in ages toward the fault to be the result of deeper exhumation in the immediate vicinity of the Alpine Fault, whereas we interpret the northward younging of fault-proximal samples to be a result of both more recent and possibly more extensive exhumation than occurred in areas to the south. (author). 55 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs

High solar radiation hinders tree regeneration above the alpine treeline in northern Ecuador

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Bader, M.; Geloof, van I.; Rietkerk, M.

2007-01-01

Many tropical alpine treelines lie below their climatic potential, because of natural or anthropogenic causes. Forest extension above the treeline depends on the ability of trees to establish in the alpine environment. This ability may be limited by different factors, such as low temperatures,

Histoire d'une cité scientifique le campus du CNRS à Gif-sur-Yvette (1946-2016)

CERN Document Server

2016-01-01

L'histoire du campus de Gif-sur-Yvette, cité scientifique de renommée internationale, commence en 1946, à l'heure de la reconstruction de la recherche française, ajuste après le deuxième conflit mondial. L'histoire du campus de Gif-sur-Yvette, cité scientifique de renommée internationale, commence en 1946, à l'heure de la reconstruction de la recherche française, ajuste après le deuxième conflit mondial. À cette époque, l'on cherche à favoriser l'émergence d'études nouvelles, à soutenir les travaux fondamentaux sans s'interdire de réfléchir à leurs applications, ou encore à stimuler l'interdisciplinarité. L'acquisition du domaine par le CNRS reflète alors l'ambition de son directeur, Frédéric Joliot-Curie, de refonder la Recherche scientifique et de restaurer son rayonnement. Depuis, le campus de Gif-sur-Yvette a connu une formidable aventure, aussi bien humaine que scientifique. Pionnier dans de nombreux domaines, en biologie, en chimie mais aussi en sciences du climat et de l'env...

Alpine hydropower schemes and their 'remote influence' on lakes and rivers downstream

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wuest, A.

2003-01-01

This article discusses the effect that alpine dams and reservoirs have on lakes and rivers in the lowlands. Not only the contribution of Swiss alpine hydropower installations to Switzerland's electricity generation capacity is mentioned, but also the way they 'export' ecological deficits to lower-lying regions. Examples of this are quoted, including, for example, the filtering-out of around 50% of water-borne particles in the river Rhone by the dams in its catchment area. The consequences of such effects for the ecology of lakes and rivers are discussed. Further examples of how the alpine dams hold back nutrients and regulate the flow and temperature of rivers are given and the resulting ecological effects are commented on

Le français sportif: un jeu lexical d’exportation/importation

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Riham M. EL KHAMISSY

2017-04-01

Full Text Available Le sport a renouvelé la vision du monde et a envahi les différentes sphères d’activités humaines sous de multiples aspects, entre autres la langue. Sport et presse écrite participent de concert à la génération “d’une langue qui joue”. Afin de décrire des événements sportifs ou en rendre compte, le journalisme génère un lexique qui s’est répandu progressivement jusqu’à conquérir la langue courante. Inversement, les termes empruntés à d’autres champs d’activité, prennent des dimensions sémantiques intéressantes, lorsqu’elles immigrent vers les terrains sportifs. Dans la présente contribution, notre objectif est de mettre en relief l’investissement du lexique du sport dans le discours politique et économique d’une part et celui d’autres domaines dans le discours sportif d’autre part, afin de souligner les effets de ce jeu “d’exportation/importation”. Nous verrons à quel point le journalisme se permet des usages particuliers qui pourraient défricher des voies peu explorables.

Reconciling experimental and static-dynamic numerical estimations of seismic anisotropy in Alpine Fault mylonites

Science.gov (United States)

Adam, L.; Frehner, M.; Sauer, K. M.; Toy, V.; Guerin-Marthe, S.; Boulton, C. J.

2017-12-01

Reconciling experimental and static-dynamic numerical estimations of seismic anisotropy in Alpine Fault mylonitesLudmila Adam1, Marcel Frehner2, Katrina Sauer3, Virginia Toy3, Simon Guerin-Marthe4, Carolyn Boulton5(1) University of Auckland, New Zealand, (2) ETH Zurich, Switzerland, (3) University of Otago, New Zealand (4) Durham University, Earth Sciences, United Kingdom (5) Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Quartzo-feldspathic mylonites and schists are the main contributors to seismic wave anisotropy in the vicinity of the Alpine Fault (New Zealand). We must determine how the physical properties of rocks like these influence elastic wave anisotropy if we want to unravel both the reasons for heterogeneous seismic wave propagation, and interpret deformation processes in fault zones. To study such controls on velocity anisotropy we can: 1) experimentally measure elastic wave anisotropy on cores at in-situ conditions or 2) estimate wave velocities by static (effective medium averaging) or dynamic (finite element) modelling based on EBSD data or photomicrographs. Here we compare all three approaches in study of schist and mylonite samples from the Alpine Fault. Volumetric proportions of intrinsically anisotropic micas in cleavage domains and comparatively isotropic quartz+feldspar in microlithons commonly vary significantly within one sample. Our analysis examines the effects of these phases and their arrangement, and further addresses how heterogeneity influences elastic wave anisotropy. We compare P-wave seismic anisotropy estimates based on millimetres-scale ultrasonic waves under in situ conditions, with simulations that account for micrometre-scale variations in elastic properties of constitutent minerals with the MTEX toolbox and finite-element wave propagation on EBSD images. We observe that the sorts of variations in the distribution of micas and quartz+feldspar within any one of our real core samples can change the elastic wave anisotropy by 10

Abiotic and biotic controls of spatial pattern at alpine treeline

Science.gov (United States)

Malanson, George P.; Xiao, Ningchuan; Alftine, K.J.; Bekker, Mathew; Butler, David R.; Brown, Daniel G.; Cairns, David M.; Fagre, Daniel; Walsh, Stephen J.

2000-01-01

At alpine treeline, trees and krummholz forms affect the environment in ways that increase their growth and reproduction. We assess the way in which these positive feedbacks combine in spatial patterns to alter the environment in the neighborhood of existing plants. The research is significant because areas of alpine tundra are susceptible to encroachment by woody species as climate changes. Moreover, understanding the general processes of plant invasion is important. The importance of spatial pattern has been recognized, but the spatial pattern of positive feedbacks per se has not been explored in depth. We present a linked set of models of vegetation change at an alpine forest-tundra ecotone. Our aim is to create models that are as simple as possible in order to test specific hypotheses. We present results from a model of the resource averaging hypothesis and the positive feedback switch hypothesis of treelines. We compare the patterns generated by the models to patterns observed in fine scale remotely sensed data.

Renforcement des capacités d'évaluation dans le domaine des ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Les subtilités des interactions entre les technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC) et les sociétés en développement exigent une évaluation réfléchie et systématique, axée sur l'utilité, les résultats et l'appropriation. Cette subvention permettra au projet de renforcement des capacités d'évaluation dans le ...

The AlpArray Seismic Network: A Large-Scale European Experiment to Image the Alpine Orogen

Science.gov (United States)

Hetényi, György; Molinari, Irene; Clinton, John; Bokelmann, Götz; Bondár, István; Crawford, Wayne C.; Dessa, Jean-Xavier; Doubre, Cécile; Friederich, Wolfgang; Fuchs, Florian; Giardini, Domenico; Gráczer, Zoltán; Handy, Mark R.; Herak, Marijan; Jia, Yan; Kissling, Edi; Kopp, Heidrun; Korn, Michael; Margheriti, Lucia; Meier, Thomas; Mucciarelli, Marco; Paul, Anne; Pesaresi, Damiano; Piromallo, Claudia; Plenefisch, Thomas; Plomerová, Jaroslava; Ritter, Joachim; Rümpker, Georg; Šipka, Vesna; Spallarossa, Daniele; Thomas, Christine; Tilmann, Frederik; Wassermann, Joachim; Weber, Michael; Wéber, Zoltán; Wesztergom, Viktor; Živčić, Mladen

2018-04-01

The AlpArray programme is a multinational, European consortium to advance our understanding of orogenesis and its relationship to mantle dynamics, plate reorganizations, surface processes and seismic hazard in the Alps-Apennines-Carpathians-Dinarides orogenic system. The AlpArray Seismic Network has been deployed with contributions from 36 institutions from 11 countries to map physical properties of the lithosphere and asthenosphere in 3D and thus to obtain new, high-resolution geophysical images of structures from the surface down to the base of the mantle transition zone. With over 600 broadband stations operated for 2 years, this seismic experiment is one of the largest simultaneously operated seismological networks in the academic domain, employing hexagonal coverage with station spacing at less than 52 km. This dense and regularly spaced experiment is made possible by the coordinated coeval deployment of temporary stations from numerous national pools, including ocean-bottom seismometers, which were funded by different national agencies. They combine with permanent networks, which also required the cooperation of many different operators. Together these stations ultimately fill coverage gaps. Following a short overview of previous large-scale seismological experiments in the Alpine region, we here present the goals, construction, deployment, characteristics and data management of the AlpArray Seismic Network, which will provide data that is expected to be unprecedented in quality to image the complex Alpine mountains at depth.

The uranium dioxide-uranium system at high temperature; Le systeme uranium-dioxyde d'uranium a haute temperature

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Guinet, Ph.; Vaugoyeau, H.; Blum, P. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1966-07-01

The liquidus curve has been determined by a saturation method in which the thermal gradient was cancelled upon cooling, and the solidus curve by analyzing the deposits in equilibrium with the liquid at each temperature. The diagram, of a displaced eutectic type, presents a liquid immiscibility domain between 47 and 59 mol per cent of dioxide and a substoichiometry range UO{sub 2x}, the minimum O/U ratio being 1,6 at 3470 {+-} 30 C. The monotectic composition was found by chemical analysis to be 59 mol per cent of dioxide and the reaction temperature 2470 {+-} 30 C. (author) [French] La courbe liquidus a ete determinee par une methode de saturation en annulant le gradient thermique au cours du refroidissement, la courbe solidus par analyse des depots en equilibre avec le liquide a chaque temperature. Le diagramme du type a eutectique deporte comporte un domaine d'immiscibilite liquide entre 47 et 59 moles pour cent de dioxyde, ainsi qu'un domaine d'existence du compose sous stoechiometrique UO{sub 2x}, le rapport O/U minimum etant egal a 1,6 a 2470 {+-} 30 C. La composition du monotectique, obtenue par analyse chimique, est de 59 moles pour cent de dioxyde et la temperature de la reaction a ete trouvee egale a 2470 {+-} 30 C. (auteur)

Alpine treeline and timberline dynamics during the Holocene in the Northern Romanian Carpathians

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Anca GEANTĂ

2014-11-01

Full Text Available High altitude environments (treeline and alpine communities are particularly sensitive to climate changes, disturbances and land-use changes due to their limited tolerance and adaptability range, habitat fragmentation and habitat restriction. The current and future climate warming is anticipated to shift the tree- and timberlines upwards thus affecting alpine plant communities and causing land-cover change and fragmentation of alpine habitats. An upslope movement of some trees, shrubs and cold adapted alpine herbs as a response to the current climate warming has already been noted in many montane and subalpine regions.Four Holocene peat and lacustrine sediment sequences located between 1670 and 1918 m a.s.l. (Fig.1, in the Rodna Mountains (Northern Romania, Eastern Carpathians are used with the aim to determine: i the sensitivity of high mountain habitats to climate, fire and land use changes; ii tree- and timberline shifts: and iii the influence of landscape topography on trees and shrubs.

Introgression from domestic goat generated variation at the major histocompatibility complex of Alpine ibex.

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Christine Grossen

2014-06-01

Full Text Available The major histocompatibility complex (MHC is a crucial component of the vertebrate immune system and shows extremely high levels of genetic polymorphism. The extraordinary genetic variation is thought to be ancient polymorphisms maintained by balancing selection. However, introgression from related species was recently proposed as an additional mechanism. Here we provide evidence for introgression at the MHC in Alpine ibex (Capra ibex ibex. At a usually very polymorphic MHC exon involved in pathogen recognition (DRB exon 2, Alpine ibex carried only two alleles. We found that one of these DRB alleles is identical to a DRB allele of domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus. We sequenced 2489 bp of the coding and non-coding regions of the DRB gene and found that Alpine ibex homozygous for the goat-type DRB exon 2 allele showed nearly identical sequences (99.8% to a breed of domestic goats. Using Sanger and RAD sequencing, microsatellite and SNP chip data, we show that the chromosomal region containing the goat-type DRB allele has a signature of recent introgression in Alpine ibex. A region of approximately 750 kb including the DRB locus showed high rates of heterozygosity in individuals carrying one copy of the goat-type DRB allele. These individuals shared SNP alleles both with domestic goats and other Alpine ibex. In a survey of four Alpine ibex populations, we found that the region surrounding the DRB allele shows strong linkage disequilibria, strong sequence clustering and low diversity among haplotypes carrying the goat-type allele. Introgression at the MHC is likely adaptive and introgression critically increased MHC DRB diversity in the genetically impoverished Alpine ibex. Our finding contradicts the long-standing view that genetic variability at the MHC is solely a consequence of ancient trans-species polymorphism. Introgression is likely an underappreciated source of genetic diversity at the MHC and other loci under balancing selection.

[Effects of altitudes on soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity in alpine-gorge regions.

Science.gov (United States)

Cao, Rui; Wu, Fu Zhong; Yang, Wan Qin; Xu, Zhen Feng; Tani, Bo; Wang, Bin; Li, Jun; Chang, Chen Hui

2016-04-22

In order to understand the variations of soil microbial biomass and soil enzyme activities with the change of altitude, a field incubation was conducted in dry valley, ecotone between dry valley and mountain forest, subalpine coniferous forest, alpine forest and alpine meadow from 1563 m to 3994 m of altitude in the alpine-gorge region of western Sichuan. The microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, and the activities of invertase, urease and acid phosphorus were measured in both soil organic layer and mineral soil layer. Both the soil microbial biomass and soil enzyme activities showed the similar tendency in soil organic layer. They increased from 2158 m to 3028 m, then decreased to the lowest value at 3593 m, and thereafter increased until 3994 m in the alpine-gorge region. In contrast, the soil microbial biomass and soil enzyme activities in mineral soil layer showed the trends as, the subalpine forest at 3028 m > alpine meadow at 3994 m > montane forest ecotone at 2158 m > alpine forest at 3593 m > dry valley at 1563 m. Regardless of altitudes, soil microbial biomass and soil enzyme activities were significantly higher in soil organic layer than in mineral soil layer. The soil microbial biomass was significantly positively correlated with the activities of the measured soil enzymes. Moreover, both the soil microbial biomass and soil enzyme activities were significantly positively correlated with soil water content, organic carbon, and total nitrogen. The activity of soil invertase was significantly positively correlated with soil phosphorus content, and the soil acid phosphatase was so with soil phosphorus content and soil temperature. In brief, changes in vegetation and other environmental factors resulting from altitude change might have strong effects on soil biochemical properties in the alpine-gorge region.

Introgression from Domestic Goat Generated Variation at the Major Histocompatibility Complex of Alpine Ibex

Science.gov (United States)

Grossen, Christine; Keller, Lukas; Biebach, Iris; Croll, Daniel

2014-01-01

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a crucial component of the vertebrate immune system and shows extremely high levels of genetic polymorphism. The extraordinary genetic variation is thought to be ancient polymorphisms maintained by balancing selection. However, introgression from related species was recently proposed as an additional mechanism. Here we provide evidence for introgression at the MHC in Alpine ibex (Capra ibex ibex). At a usually very polymorphic MHC exon involved in pathogen recognition (DRB exon 2), Alpine ibex carried only two alleles. We found that one of these DRB alleles is identical to a DRB allele of domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus). We sequenced 2489 bp of the coding and non-coding regions of the DRB gene and found that Alpine ibex homozygous for the goat-type DRB exon 2 allele showed nearly identical sequences (99.8%) to a breed of domestic goats. Using Sanger and RAD sequencing, microsatellite and SNP chip data, we show that the chromosomal region containing the goat-type DRB allele has a signature of recent introgression in Alpine ibex. A region of approximately 750 kb including the DRB locus showed high rates of heterozygosity in individuals carrying one copy of the goat-type DRB allele. These individuals shared SNP alleles both with domestic goats and other Alpine ibex. In a survey of four Alpine ibex populations, we found that the region surrounding the DRB allele shows strong linkage disequilibria, strong sequence clustering and low diversity among haplotypes carrying the goat-type allele. Introgression at the MHC is likely adaptive and introgression critically increased MHC DRB diversity in the genetically impoverished Alpine ibex. Our finding contradicts the long-standing view that genetic variability at the MHC is solely a consequence of ancient trans-species polymorphism. Introgression is likely an underappreciated source of genetic diversity at the MHC and other loci under balancing selection. PMID:24945814

Climate change links fate of glaciers and an endemic alpine invertebrate

Science.gov (United States)

Muhlfeld, Clint C.; Giersch, J. Joseph; Hauer, F. Richard; Pederson, Gregory T.; Luikart, Gordon; Peterson, Douglas P.; Downs, Christopher C.; Fagre, Daniel B.

2011-01-01

Climate warming in the mid- to high-latitudes and high-elevation mountainous regions is occurring more rapidly than anywhere else on Earth, causing extensive loss of glaciers and snowpack. However, little is known about the effects of climate change on alpine stream biota, especially invertebrates. Here, we show a strong linkage between regional climate change and the fundamental niche of a rare aquatic invertebrate—themeltwater stonefly Lednia tumana—endemic toWaterton- Glacier International Peace Park, Canada and USA. L. tumana has been petitioned for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act due to climate-change-induced glacier loss, yet little is known on specifically how climate impacts may threaten this rare species and many other enigmatic alpine aquatic species worldwide. During 14 years of research, we documented that L. tumana inhabits a narrow distribution, restricted to short sections (∼500 m) of cold, alpine streams directly below glaciers, permanent snowfields, and springs. Our simulation models suggest that climate change threatens the potential future distribution of these sensitive habitats and persistence of L. tumana through the loss of glaciers and snowfields. Mountaintop aquatic invertebrates are ideal early warning indicators of climate warming in mountain ecosystems. Research on alpine invertebrates is urgently needed to avoid extinctions and ecosystem change.

LUTTE CONTRE LE CANCER AU MAROC - L’APPORT DE LA FONDATION LALLA SALMA

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Rachid BEKKALI

2017-05-01

Full Text Available Depuis la création de la Fondation Lalla Salma le 22 novembre 2005, la lutte contre le cancer au Maroc est devenue une priorité de santé publique. A cet effet, la Fondation et le Ministère de la Santé ont développé le Plan National de Prévention et de Contrôle du Cancer 2010-2019. Dans ce cadre, la Fondation mène des actions dans les domaines de la sensibilisation, de la prévention, de la détection précoce et de l’accès aux soins. De plus, la Fondation développe des activités de solidarité sociale par la construction de "Maisons de vie" pour les patients et leurs proches, la création d’un réseau de bénévoles à travers le Royaume, le développement des soins palliatifs à domicile et le soutien scolaire des orphelins du cancer.Sous le leadership de Son Altesse Royale La Princesse Lalla Salma, La Fondation mobilise les fonds nécessaires, coordonne les différentes actions et fédère les différents intervenants dans la lutte contre le cancer.En tant qu’Ambassadrice de bonne volonté de l'OMS pour la promotion de la prévention et des soins du cancer, Son Altesse Royale a aussi un rôle important dans la plaidoirie pour la lutte contre le cancer dans le monde, et soutient plusieurs pays africains pour la mise en place de programmes de prévention et de contrôle du cancer et d’accès aux médicaments.

Hydrological model performance and parameter estimation in the wavelet-domain

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B. Schaefli

2009-10-01

Full Text Available This paper proposes a method for rainfall-runoff model calibration and performance analysis in the wavelet-domain by fitting the estimated wavelet-power spectrum (a representation of the time-varying frequency content of a time series of a simulated discharge series to the one of the corresponding observed time series. As discussed in this paper, calibrating hydrological models so as to reproduce the time-varying frequency content of the observed signal can lead to different results than parameter estimation in the time-domain. Therefore, wavelet-domain parameter estimation has the potential to give new insights into model performance and to reveal model structural deficiencies. We apply the proposed method to synthetic case studies and a real-world discharge modeling case study and discuss how model diagnosis can benefit from an analysis in the wavelet-domain. The results show that for the real-world case study of precipitation – runoff modeling for a high alpine catchment, the calibrated discharge simulation captures the dynamics of the observed time series better than the results obtained through calibration in the time-domain. In addition, the wavelet-domain performance assessment of this case study highlights the frequencies that are not well reproduced by the model, which gives specific indications about how to improve the model structure.

Thèses soutenues dans le domaine de l’image en France et en Espagne entre novembre 2009 et novembre 2010 Tesis defendidas sobre cine e imagen en España y Francia entre noviembre de 2009 y noviembre de 2010

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Nancy Berthier

2011-03-01

Full Text Available Ce texte recense les travaux de recherches soutenus en France et en Espagne dans le domaine de l’image entre novembre 2009 et novembre 2010. Les résumés ont été fournis par les auteurs des travaux recensés.

Characterisation of alpine skis

OpenAIRE

Wikerman, Fredrik

2016-01-01

Skiing is a fast and competitive sport where skiers must push their performance limit to win medals, the di↵erence can be within hundreds of a second. Therefore, technical improvements are essential for assisting in the skier’s improvement. This thesis project is a joint project between KTH and the Swedish Ski Association and Swedish Ski Team with the purpose of obtaining a better understanding of the structural properties of alpine skis, aiming to improve the individual selection process of ...

Les réseaux professionnels : facteur clé pour l'innovation et les performances dans le secteur viti-vinicole ?

OpenAIRE

Touzard, Jean-Marc

2011-01-01

L'article fait le point sur les recherches qui étudient le rôle des " réseaux professionnels " dans les processus d'innovation du secteur viti-vinicole. Après un rappel des définitions et méthodes d'analyse de ces réseaux, les résultats de recherches sont présentées dans quatre domaines : le changement de pratiques au vignoble, la construction de nouveaux marchés, l'innovation dans les caves coopératives, les relations avec les institutions de recherche. Les résultats montrent comment des for...

Evaluation of storage and filtration protocols for alpine/subalpine lake water quality samples

Science.gov (United States)

John L. Korfmacher; Robert C. Musselman

2007-01-01

Many government agencies and other organizations sample natural alpine and subalpine surface waters using varying protocols for sample storage and filtration. Simplification of protocols would be beneficial if it could be shown that sample quality is unaffected. In this study, samples collected from low ionic strength waters in alpine and subalpine lake inlets...

Identification and climatology of Alpine pumping from a regional climate simulation

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Maximilian eGraf

2016-02-01

Full Text Available The thermally driven circulation between the European Alps and the alpine foreland - named Alpine pumping – occurs regularly under clear and calm weather conditions. While previous studies focused on the impact of Alpine pumping on moist convection and transport of air pollutants, this study was motivated by its ventilation effect for Munich, located about 50 km north of the Alps in undulating and only slightly inclined terrain, where local thermal circulations are weak. Hourly data from a reanalysis driven regional climate simulation with COSMO-CLM model for the period 1989 to 2008 were analysed to identify days with Alpine pumping and to determine the mean diurnal characteristics of this regional thermal circulation. Four literature derived combinations of meteorological criteria were tested to identify days favorable for Alpine pumping from COSMO-CLM results. The first criterion selects days with a daily sum of solar radiation ≥20 MJ/m2 and has been used in an earlier observational study. On average 60 d/y are fulfilling the criterion in the model simulation, which compares well to the 67 d/y determined from observations. The other three criteria combinations consider a maximum wind velocity at 850 hPa, a maximum daily precipitation sum, and/or a maximum mean cloud cover. The mean annual number of selected days is lower for these criteria combinations and ranges between 20 and 52. Diurnal wind reversals occur on 77 to 81% of the selected days, depending on the criteria combinationThe daily solar radiation sum of 20 MJ/m2 is only exceeded during April to September, while days satisfying the criteria combinations without the radiation threshold occur all year round. In agreement with observations, the simulated regional thermally driven wind field extends up to ~100 km north of the Alps with average near-surface wind speeds of 0.5-1.5 m/s in the Munich area. With increasing distance from the Alps, the diurnal cycle of Alpine pumping is

Le pompage optique naturel dans le milieu astrophysique

Science.gov (United States)

Pecker, J.-C.

The title of this lecture abstracts only a part of it : the importance in astrophysics of the study of non-LTE situations has become considerable, as well in the stellar atmospheres as, still more, in the study of fortuitous coincidences as a mechanism of formation of emission line nebular spectra, or of molecular interstellar « masers ». Another part of this talk underlines the role of Kastler in his time, and describes his warm personality through his public reactions in front of the nuclear armement, of the Viet-Nam and Algerian wars, of the problems of political refugees... Kastler was a great scientist ; he was also a courageous humanist. 1976 : Les accords nucléaires du Brésil : allocution d'ouverture (19 mars). Colloque sur le sujet ci-dessus. 1976 : La promotion de la culture dans le nouvel ordre économique international, allocution à l'occasion d'une table ronde sur ce thème par l'UNESCO (23-27 juin 1976) ; « Sciences et Techniques », octobre 1976. 1979 : La bête immonde (avec J.-C. Pecker), « Le Matin », 20 mars. 1979 : Appel à nos ministres (avec J.-C. Pecker), « Le Monde », 13 décembre. 1979 : Le flou, le ténébreux, l'irrationnel (avec J.-C. Pecker), « Le Monde », 14 septembre. 1980 : Education à la paix, Préface, in : Publ. UNESCO. 1981 : Le vrai danger, « Le Monde », 6 août 1981. 1982 : Nucléaire civil et militaire, « Le Monde », 1er juin 1982. 1982 : Les scientifiques face à la perspective d'holocauste nucléaire (texte inédit). Le titre de cette communication en résume seulement une partie : l'importance prise en astrophysique par l'analyse des situations hors ETL est devenue considérable, qu'il s'agisse des atmosphères stellaires, ou plus encore, des coïncidences fortuites de la formation des spectres d'émission nébulaires, ou des « masers » moléculaires interstellaires. Une autre partie de cet exposé souligne le rôle de Kastler dans son époque, et décrit sa personnalité généreuse à travers ses r

Seasonal variations in carbon dioxide exchange in an alpine wetland meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

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L. Zhao

2010-04-01

Full Text Available Alpine wetland meadow could functions as a carbon sink due to it high soil organic content and low decomposition. However, the magnitude and dynamics of carbon stock in alpine wetland ecosystems are not well quantified. Therefore, understanding how environmental variables affect the processes that regulate carbon fluxes in alpine wetland meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is critical. To address this issue, Gross Primary Production (GPP, Ecosystem Respiration (R_eco, and Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE were examined in an alpine wetland meadow using the eddy covariance method from October 2003 to December 2006 at the Haibei Research Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Seasonal patterns of GPP and R_eco were closely associated with leaf area index (LAI. The R_eco showed a positive exponential to soil temperature and relatively low R_eco occurred during the non-growing season after a rain event. This result is inconsistent with the result observed in alpine shrubland meadow. In total, annual GPP were estimated at 575.7, 682.9, and 630.97 g C m⁻² in 2004, 2005, and 2006, respectively. Meanwhile, the R_eco were equal to 676.8, 726.4, 808.2 g C m⁻², and thus the NEE were 101.1, 44.0 and 173.2 g C m⁻². These results indicated that the alpine wetland meadow was a moderately source of carbon dioxide (CO₂. The observed carbon dioxide fluxes in the alpine wetland meadow were higher than other alpine meadow such as Kobresia humilis meadow and shrubland meadow.

Paleomagnetism and the alpine tectonics of Eurasia

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Raven, Th.

1964-01-01

The following paper by Gregor and Zijderveld is the first of a series planned to report results of paleomagnetic investigations in the Alpine area from Italy to the Himalayas. These investigations are carried out in close collaboration between the well-equipped paleomagnetic laboratory of

The consequences of elevated CO² and land use in alpine ecosystems

OpenAIRE

Inauen, Nicole

2014-01-01

The consequences of elevated CO2 and land use in alpine ecosystems This PhD thesis addresses two main aspects of Global Change and their impacts on alpine vegetation and eco-hydrology, (1) the steadily increasing concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere as well as (2) land use and its current decline across the Alps. Current and future rises of atmospheric CO2 concentration are commonly expected to stimulate photosynthesis and to reduce carbon limitation of plant growth. Whether this hypoth...

Identifying key conservation threats to Alpine birds through expert knowledge

Science.gov (United States)

Pedrini, Paolo; Brambilla, Mattia; Rolando, Antonio; Girardello, Marco

2016-01-01

Alpine biodiversity is subject to a range of increasing threats, but the scarcity of data for many taxa means that it is difficult to assess the level and likely future impact of a given threat. Expert opinion can be a useful tool to address knowledge gaps in the absence of adequate data. Experts with experience in Alpine ecology were approached to rank threat levels for 69 Alpine bird species over the next 50 years for the whole European Alps in relation to ten categories: land abandonment, climate change, renewable energy, fire, forestry practices, grazing practices, hunting, leisure, mining and urbanization. There was a high degree of concordance in ranking of perceived threats among experts for most threat categories. The major overall perceived threats to Alpine birds identified through expert knowledge were land abandonment, urbanization, leisure and forestry, although other perceived threats were ranked highly for particular species groups (renewable energy and hunting for raptors, hunting for gamebirds). For groups of species defined according to their breeding habitat, open habitat species and treeline species were perceived as the most threatened. A spatial risk assessment tool based on summed scores for the whole community showed threat levels were highest for bird communities of the northern and western Alps. Development of the approaches given in this paper, including addressing biases in the selection of experts and adopting a more detailed ranking procedure, could prove useful in the future in identifying future threats, and in carrying out risk assessments based on levels of threat to the whole bird community. PMID:26966659

Identifying key conservation threats to Alpine birds through expert knowledge

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Dan E. Chamberlain

2016-02-01

Full Text Available Alpine biodiversity is subject to a range of increasing threats, but the scarcity of data for many taxa means that it is difficult to assess the level and likely future impact of a given threat. Expert opinion can be a useful tool to address knowledge gaps in the absence of adequate data. Experts with experience in Alpine ecology were approached to rank threat levels for 69 Alpine bird species over the next 50 years for the whole European Alps in relation to ten categories: land abandonment, climate change, renewable energy, fire, forestry practices, grazing practices, hunting, leisure, mining and urbanization. There was a high degree of concordance in ranking of perceived threats among experts for most threat categories. The major overall perceived threats to Alpine birds identified through expert knowledge were land abandonment, urbanization, leisure and forestry, although other perceived threats were ranked highly for particular species groups (renewable energy and hunting for raptors, hunting for gamebirds. For groups of species defined according to their breeding habitat, open habitat species and treeline species were perceived as the most threatened. A spatial risk assessment tool based on summed scores for the whole community showed threat levels were highest for bird communities of the northern and western Alps. Development of the approaches given in this paper, including addressing biases in the selection of experts and adopting a more detailed ranking procedure, could prove useful in the future in identifying future threats, and in carrying out risk assessments based on levels of threat to the whole bird community.

Comparative seed germination traits in alpine and subalpine grasslands: higher elevations are associated with warmer germination temperatures.

Science.gov (United States)

Fernández-Pascual, E; Jiménez-Alfaro, B; Bueno, Á

2017-01-01

Seed germination traits in alpine grasslands are poorly understood, despite the sensitivity of these communities to climate change. We hypothesise that germination traits predict species occurrence along the alpine-subalpine elevation gradient. Phylogenetic comparative analyses were performed using fresh seeds of 22 species from alpine and subalpine grasslands (1600-2400 m) of the Cantabrian Mountains, Spain (43° N, 5° W). Laboratory experiments were conducted to characterise germinability, optimum germination temperature and effect of cold and warm stratification on dormancy breaking. Variability in these traits was reduced by phylogenetic principal component analysis (phyl.PCA). Phylogenetic generalised least squares regression (PGLS) was used to fit a model in which species average elevation was predicted from their position on the PCA axes. Most subalpine species germinated in snow-like conditions, whereas most alpine species needed accumulation of warm temperatures. Phylogenetic signal was low. PCA1 ordered species according to overall germinability, whilst PCA2 ordered them according to preference for warm or cold germination. PCA2 significantly predicted species occurrence in the alpine-subalpine gradient, as higher elevation species tended to have warmer germination preferences. Our results show that germination traits in high-mountain grasslands are closely linked to the alpine-subalpine gradient. Alpine species, especially those from stripped and wind-edge communities, prefer warmer germination niches, suggesting that summer emergence prevents frost damage during seedling establishment. In contrast, alpine snowfield and subalpine grassland plants have cold germination niches, indicating that winter emergence may occur under snow to avoid drought stress. © 2016 German Botanical Society and The Royal Botanical Society of the Netherlands.

Seismic anisotropy in the vicinity of the Alpine fault, New Zealand, estimated by seismic interferometry

Science.gov (United States)

Takagi, R.; Okada, T.; Yoshida, K.; Townend, J.; Boese, C. M.; Baratin, L. M.; Chamberlain, C. J.; Savage, M. K.

2016-12-01

We estimate shear wave velocity anisotropy in shallow crust near the Alpine fault using seismic interferometry of borehole vertical arrays. We utilized four borehole observations: two sensors are deployed in two boreholes of the Deep Fault Drilling Project in the hanging wall side, and the other two sites are located in the footwall side. Surface sensors deployed just above each borehole are used to make vertical arrays. Crosscorrelating rotated horizontal seismograms observed by the borehole and surface sensors, we extracted polarized shear waves propagating from the bottom to the surface of each borehole. The extracted shear waves show polarization angle dependence of travel time, indicating shear wave anisotropy between the two sensors. In the hanging wall side, the estimated fast shear wave directions are parallel to the Alpine fault. Strong anisotropy of 20% is observed at the site within 100 m from the Alpine fault. The hanging wall consists of mylonite and schist characterized by fault parallel foliation. In addition, an acoustic borehole imaging reveals fractures parallel to the Alpine fault. The fault parallel anisotropy suggest structural anisotropy is predominant in the hanging wall, demonstrating consistency of geological and seismological observations. In the footwall side, on the other hand, the angle between the fast direction and the strike of the Alpine fault is 33-40 degrees. Since the footwall is composed of granitoid that may not have planar structure, stress induced anisotropy is possibly predominant. The direction of maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) estimated by focal mechanisms of regional earthquakes is 55 degrees of the Alpine fault. Possible interpretation of the difference between the fast direction and SHmax direction is depth rotation of stress field near the Alpine fault. Similar depth rotation of stress field is also observed in the SAFOD borehole at the San Andreas fault.

Le contrôle de gestion environnementale d'une entreprise

OpenAIRE

Marquet-Pondeville, Sophie

2001-01-01

Dans cette recherche, nous étudions comment s’opère le contrôle de gestion environnementale. Cette problématique est abordée dans une perspective contingente et nous proposons un modèle théorique qui met en évidence l’impact de certaines variables sur les systèmes de contrôle de la gestion environnementale. Certains liens présents dans ce modèle sont discutés à travers une étude de cas.

Les trajectoires archivées des experts de la modernisation rurale alpine (XIXe-XXe siècles Exploring the archives on the trajectories of 19th and 20th century experts in rural Alpine modernization

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sylvain Brunier

2010-07-01

Full Text Available Cet article propose une résolution historienne de la question des parcours individuels dans leurs contextes, inscrite dans l'historiographie des études prosopographiques visant à saisir les caractéristiques sociales d’un groupe par le biais d’une comparaison des itinéraires biographiques qui le constitue. Opérant un détour méthodologique et épistémologique, elle se retourne vers l’opération historiographique telle qu’a pu la définir Paul Ricoeur, et le processus d’enquête tel qu’en rend compte Jean-Claude Passeron. Il s’agit de présenter un usage possible des bases de données relationnelles en histoire qui ne se limite pas à faciliter la décomposition des sources en évènements biographiques. Conservant la lieutenance des informations extraites envers le document historique, l’outil peut être mobilisé dans la perspective d’une reconstitution des rapports individuels qui président à la formation et la conservation de chaque type d’archive. L'étude prend alors pour objet les trajectoires d'individus amenés à se reconnaître et/ou à être reconnus comme les experts de la modernisation agricole des Alpes. La politique de Restauration des Terrains de Montagne de la fin du XIXe siècle dans les Alpes occidentales françaises et la politique de Reconstitution agricole après la Seconde Guerre mondiale sur le Plateau du Vercors, s’effectuent toutes les deux sur la base d’enquêtes menées par des experts, produisant ainsi les archives à partir desquelles se dessinent les trajectoires des individus.The purpose of this contribution is to suggest a historian’s way of dealing with individual careers and social context in the past. The main historical background is rooted in prosopographic studies that arrived from the United-States in the mid-1970s. We focus on social groups, using the comparative method to grasp their social characteristics. After a theoretical detour through Paul Ric

Enzymatic milk clotting activity in artichoke (Cynara scolymus) leaves and alpine thistle (Carduus defloratus) flowers. Immobilization of alpine thistle aspartic protease.

Science.gov (United States)

Esposito, Marilena; Di Pierro, Prospero; Dejonghe, Winnie; Mariniello, Loredana; Porta, Raffaele

2016-08-01

Two different milk clotting enzymes, belonging to the aspartic protease family, were extracted from both artichoke leaves and alpine thistle flowers, and the latter was covalently immobilized by using a polyacrylic support containing polar epoxy groups. Our findings showed that the alpine thistle aspartic protease was successfully immobilized at pH 7.0 on Immobeads IB-150P beads and that, under these experimental conditions, an immobilization yield of about 68% and a recovery of about 54% were obtained. Since the enzyme showed an optimal pH of 5.0, a value very similar to the one generally used for milk clotting during cheese making, and exhibited a satisfactory stability over time, the use of such immobilized vegetable rennet for the production of novel dairy products is suggested. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Quand le lait devient enjeu social : le cas de la société peule dans le Séno (Burkina Faso

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Madina Querre

2003-09-01

Full Text Available L’intérêt pour le « lait » en tant que sujet de recherche est issu, ici, de questionnements autour de l’allaitement en tant que facteur de transmission du VIH. En effet, la transmission du VIH par l’allaitement représente un important problème de santé publique dans les pays du Sud. La mise en place des programmes de prévention reste un problème complexe qui touche divers domaines dont une partie concerne directement notre discipline, étant d’ordre social et culturel. Les perceptions qui valorisent l’allaitement maternel sont très ancrées dans la plupart des cultures « tradi­tionnelles », mettant en valeur celles du lait. Le lait prend en effet dans la société peule une valeur qui va au-delà de la simple question de l’allaitement, étant présent au cœur même de la structure socio-économique. C’est cet aspect qui constituera le propos de cet article.Le terme Kossam, qui désigne le lait, signifie « ce qui est meilleur ». A la base de l’organisation socio-économique peule, son exploitation révèle une originalité particulière concernant les femmes : c’est le lait qui donne aux femmes la possibilité d’une émancipation sociale et économique. En effet, tel que cela sera développé dans cet article, le lait de vache est la propriété de la femme dès l’instant où elle est mariée ; elle peut alors en disposer selon ses intérêts pour la consommation et/ou la commercialisation. Elle peut donc avoir une certaine marge de liberté dans ses actions sans être sous la tutelle complète de son époux. Le fait même qu’elle en soit propriétaire fait référence à un fonctionnement et à une représentation sociale spécifiques.Le lait et sa productrice, la vache, sont au cœur du fonctionnement socio-économique peul. Le lait est considéré comme étant à la base de l’alimentation ; même si dans les faits l’alimentation est aussi organisée autour du mil. Aussi, envisager le

Effect of degradation intensity on grassland ecosystem services in the alpine region of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China.

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Lu Wen

Full Text Available The deterioration of alpine grassland has great impact on ecosystem services in the alpine region of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. However, the effect of grassland degradation on ecosystem services and the consequence of grassland deterioration on economic loss still remains a mystery. So, in this study, we assessed four types of ecosystem services following the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment classification, along a degradation gradient. Five sites of alpine grassland at different levels of degradation were investigated in Guoluo Prefecture of Qinghai Province, China. The species composition, aboveground biomass, soil total organic carbon (TOC, and soil total nitrogen (TN were tested to evaluate major ecological services of the alpine grassland. We estimated the value of primary production, carbon storage, nitrogen recycling, and plant diversity. The results show the ecosystem services of alpine grassland varied along the degradation gradient. The ecosystem services of degraded grassland (moderate, heavy and severe were all significantly lower than non-degraded grassland. Interestingly, the lightly degraded grassland provided more economic benefit from carbon maintenance and nutrient sequestration compared to non-degraded. Due to the destruction of the alpine grassland, the economic loss associated with decrease of biomass in 2008 was $198/ha. Until 2008, the economic loss caused by carbon emissions and nitrogen loss on severely degraded grassland was up to $8 033/ha and $13 315/ha, respectively. Urgent actions are required to maintain or promote the ecosystem services of alpine grassland in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

Effect of degradation intensity on grassland ecosystem services in the alpine region of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China.

Science.gov (United States)

Wen, Lu; Dong, Shikui; Li, Yuanyuan; Li, Xiaoyan; Shi, Jianjun; Wang, Yanlong; Liu, Demei; Ma, Yushou

2013-01-01

The deterioration of alpine grassland has great impact on ecosystem services in the alpine region of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. However, the effect of grassland degradation on ecosystem services and the consequence of grassland deterioration on economic loss still remains a mystery. So, in this study, we assessed four types of ecosystem services following the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment classification, along a degradation gradient. Five sites of alpine grassland at different levels of degradation were investigated in Guoluo Prefecture of Qinghai Province, China. The species composition, aboveground biomass, soil total organic carbon (TOC), and soil total nitrogen (TN) were tested to evaluate major ecological services of the alpine grassland. We estimated the value of primary production, carbon storage, nitrogen recycling, and plant diversity. The results show the ecosystem services of alpine grassland varied along the degradation gradient. The ecosystem services of degraded grassland (moderate, heavy and severe) were all significantly lower than non-degraded grassland. Interestingly, the lightly degraded grassland provided more economic benefit from carbon maintenance and nutrient sequestration compared to non-degraded. Due to the destruction of the alpine grassland, the economic loss associated with decrease of biomass in 2008 was $198/ha. Until 2008, the economic loss caused by carbon emissions and nitrogen loss on severely degraded grassland was up to $8 033/ha and $13 315/ha, respectively. Urgent actions are required to maintain or promote the ecosystem services of alpine grassland in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

Le rôle des intervenants non gouvernementaux dans le ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Ce projet servira à déterminer les facteurs stratégiques et réglementaires qui ont contribué ou nui aux efforts visant à permettre aux fournisseurs non gouvernementaux de participer au renforcement des systèmes de santé. Le rôle des fournisseurs de ... Climate Change and Water Adaptation Options. The impacts of climate ...

Human behaviour towards climatic change during the 4th millennium BC in the Swiss Alpine forelands

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Karg, Sabine

Human behaviour towards climatic change during the 4th millennium BC in the Swiss Alpine forelands.......Human behaviour towards climatic change during the 4th millennium BC in the Swiss Alpine forelands....

LES RELATIONS ENTRE LE MILIEU NATUREL ET LE MILIEU ANTHROPIQUE DANS LE GEOSYSTEME DE LA DEPRESSION OZANA-TOPOLIŢA

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Cristina LETOS

2010-03-01

Full Text Available Bien que le thème de l’article se réfère seulement à un géosystème particulier, lamanière d’investigation exige un élargissement du domaine de la recherche en ce quiconcerne la dimension temporelle et aussi la dimension fonctionnelle et socioéconomique.On a essayé un étude qui concerne la connexion de l’environnementà la composante anthropique du géosystème de la Dépression Ozana-Topoliţa à l’aide des indicateurs qui seront bonites dans une matrice pour identifier des différents niveaux de pression anthropique du géosystème en question. 

Temperature-driven flower longevity in a high-alpine species of Oxalis influences reproductive assurance.

Science.gov (United States)

Arroyo, Mary T K; Dudley, Leah S; Jespersen, Gus; Pacheco, Diego A; Cavieres, Lohengrin A

2013-12-01

How high-alpine plants confront stochastic conditions for animal pollination is a critical question. We investigated the effect of temperature on potential flower longevity (FL) measured in pollinator-excluded flowers and actual FL measured in pollinated flowers in self-incompatible Oxalis compacta and evaluated if plastically prolonged potential FL can ameliorate slow pollination under cool conditions. Pollinator-excluded and hand-pollinated flowers were experimentally warmed with open-top chambers (OTCs) on a site at 3470 m above sea level (asl). Flower-specific temperatures, and pollinator-excluded and open-pollination flower life-spans were measured at six alpine sites between 3100 and 3470 m asl. Fruit set was analyzed in relation to inferred pollination time. Warming reduced potential FL. Variable thermal conditions across the alpine landscape predicted potential and actual FL; flower senescence was pollination-regulated. Actual FL and potential FL were coupled. Prolonged potential FL generally increased fruit set under cooler conditions. Plastic responses permit virgin flowers of O. compacta to remain open longer under cooler temperatures, thereby ameliorating slow pollination, and to close earlier when pollination tends to be faster under warmer conditions. Plastic potential FL provides adaptive advantages in the cold, thermally variable alpine habitat, and has important implications for reproductive success in alpine plants in a warming world. © 2013 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2013 New Phytologist Trust.

The Alpine loop of the tethys zone

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Bemmelen, R.W. van

The Alpine loop in Europe results from semi-autochthonous crustal movements which are restricted to the mobile Tethys zone. Its evolution cannot be explained by a uniform northward drift and push of the African continent; it has to be sought, in the first place, in geodynamic processes occurring in

: tous les projets | Page 59 | CRDI - Centre de recherches pour le ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Ce projet formera jusqu'à 36 nouveaux leaders en matière de changements climatiques dans le domaine du financement de l'adaptation, qui soutient les efforts visant à s'adapter aux répercussions des changements climatiques. Région: North of Sahara, South of Sahara, Central Asia, Far East Asia, South Asia, North and ...

: tous les projets | Page 578 | CRDI - Centre de recherches pour le ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Les modèles commerciaux libres proposent une façon différente d'échanger, dans le domaine de l'information, des connaissances et de la culture, ne reposant pas essentiellement sur les droits de propriété intellectuelle comme moteur ou comme source de revenus principale. Date de début : 14 septembre 2008.

Anterior cruciate ligament injury/reinjury in alpine ski racing: a narrative review

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jordan MJ

2017-03-01

Full Text Available Matthew J Jordan,1 Per Aagaard,2 Walter Herzog1 1Human Performance Laboratory, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; 2Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark Abstract: The purpose of the present review was to: 1 provide an overview of the current understanding on the epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, and prevention methods for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL injury in alpine ski racing; and 2 provide an overview of what is known pertaining to ACL reinjury and return to sport after ACL injury in alpine ski racing. Given that most of the scientific studies on ACL injuries in alpine ski racing have been descriptive, and that very few studies contributed higher level scientific evidence, a nonsystematic narrative review was employed. Three scholarly databases were searched for articles on ACL injury or knee injury in alpine ski racing. Studies were classified according to their relevance in relation to epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, and return to sport/reinjury prevention. Alpine ski racers (skiers were found to be at high risk for knee injuries, and ACL tears were the most frequent diagnosis. Three primary ACL injury mechanism were identified that involved tibial internal rotation and anteriorly directed shear forces from ski equipment and the environment. While trunk muscle strength imbalance and genetics were found to be predictive of ACL injuries in development-level skiers, there was limited scientific data on ACL injury risk factors among elite skiers. Based on expert opinion, research on injury risk factors should focus on equipment design, course settings/speed, and athlete factors (eg, fitness. While skiers seem to make a successful recovery following ACL injury, there may be persistent neuromuscular deficits. Future research efforts should be directed toward prospective studies on ACL injury/reinjury prevention in both

Relation between extinction and assisted colonization of plants in the arctic-alpine and boreal regions.

Science.gov (United States)

Pykälä, Juha

2017-06-01

Assisted colonization of vascular plants is considered by many ecologists an important tool to preserve biodiversity threatened by climate change. I argue that assisted colonization may have negative consequences in arctic-alpine and boreal regions. The observed slow movement of plants toward the north has been an argument for assisted colonization. However, these range shifts may be slow because for many plants microclimatic warming (ignored by advocates of assisted colonization) has been smaller than macroclimatic warming. Arctic-alpine and boreal plants may have limited possibilities to disperse farther north or to higher elevations. I suggest that arctic-alpine species are more likely to be driven to extinction because of competitive exclusion by southern species than by increasing temperatures. If so, the future existence of arctic-alpine and boreal flora may depend on delaying or preventing the migration of plants toward the north to allow northern species to evolve to survive in a warmer climate. In the arctic-alpine region, preventing the dispersal of trees and shrubs may be the most important method to mitigate the negative effects of climate change. The purported conservation benefits of assisted colonization should not be used to promote the migration of invasive species by forestry. © 2016 Society for Conservation Biology.

Growth responses of low-alpine dwarf-shrub heath species to nitrogen deposition and management

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Britton, Andrea J.; Fisher, Julia M.

2008-01-01

Nitrogen deposition is a continuing problem in European alpine regions. We hypothesised that, despite climatic limitations, low-alpine Calluna heathland would respond to nitrogen addition with increased shoot growth and flowering and that fire and grazing would modify responses. In a five-year study, 0-50 kg N ha -1 y -1 were added, combined with burning (+/-) and clipping (+/-). Calluna vulgaris responded with increased shoot extension, but effects on flowering were variable. Burning enhanced the positive effect of nitrogen addition and negative effects of clipping. Sub-dominant shrubs generally did not respond to nitrogen. C. vulgaris shoot extension was stimulated by nitrogen addition of 10 kg N ha -1 y -1 (above background) supporting suggestions that alpine heathlands are sensitive to low levels of nitrogen deposition. Increased C. vulgaris growth could negatively impact on important lichen components of this vegetation through increased shading and competition. Climatic factors constrain productivity in this community, but do not prevent rapid responses to nitrogen deposition by some species. - Low levels of N deposition increase productivity in alpine dwarf-shrub heath despite strong climatic constraints

Le stéréotype dans le roman policier

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marion François

2009-12-01

Full Text Available Le roman policier offre à l’étude du stéréotype une grande variété de redondances, lexicales et structurelles, qui permettent d’éclairer le concept même de genre, en fait issu du constat de stéréotypie. Il est également manifeste que contrairement aux idées reçues, les clichés font du texte policier un texte littéraire, parce qu’ils naissent d’images associées, distinctes de la réalité, qui révèlent d’ailleurs le cheminement même de l’écriture. Par ailleurs ces images jouent un rôle fondamental dans le plaisir du lecteur, comme dans les contes de fées de notre enfance. Les clichés ouvrent la porte des fantasmes : le stéréotype rejoignant l’archétype, les clichés policiers réactivent de nombreux mythes, le texte évoquant l’Autre Scène. Le constat de stéréotypie provoque l’écriture, en particulier parodique, et stimule le renouvellement et l’essaimage des clichés dans toutes sortes de textes, qui bénéficieront de la présence du déjà-lu, laquelle donne au lecteur une assise pour affronter l’inconnu et une expérience pour apprécier la nouveauté.

Directeur de domaine de programme (h/f) | CRDI - Centre de ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

... le directeur de domaine de programme, fournit de l'information stratégique, ... et assumer la responsabilité du recrutement, de l'affectation, de l'orientation, de ... des politiques et de la planification (GPP) afin de consolider la cohérence de la ...

Cuticular waxes in alpine meadow plants: climate effect inferred from latitude gradient in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

Science.gov (United States)

Guo, Yanjun; Guo, Na; He, Yuji; Gao, Jianhua

2015-09-01

Alpine meadow ecosystems are susceptible to climate changes. Still, climate impact on cuticular wax in alpine meadow plants is poorly understood. Assessing the variations of cuticular wax in alpine meadow plants across different latitudes might be useful for predicting how they may respond to climate change. We studied nine alpine meadows in a climate gradient in the east side of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, with mean annual temperature ranging from -7.7 to 3.2°C. In total, 42 plant species were analyzed for cuticular wax, averaged 16 plant species in each meadow. Only four plant species could be observed in all sampling meadows, including Kobresia humilis,Potentilla nivea,Anaphalis lacteal, and Leontopodium nanum. The amounts of wax compositions and total cuticular wax in the four plant species varied among sampling meadows, but no significant correlation could be observed between them and temperature, precipitation, and aridity index based on plant species level. To analyze the variations of cuticular wax on community level, we averaged the amounts of n-alkanes, aliphatic acids, primary alcohols, and total cuticular wax across all investigated plant species in each sampling site. The mean annual temperature, mean temperature in July, and aridity index were significantly correlated with the averaged amounts of wax compositions and total cuticular wax. The average chain length of n-alkanes in both plant and soil linearly increased with increased temperature, whereas reduced with increased aridity index. No significant correlation could be observed between mean annual precipitation and mean precipitation from June to August and the cuticular wax amounts and average chain length. Our results suggest that the survival of some alpine plants in specific environments might be depended on their abilities in adjusting wax deposition on plant leaves, and the alpine meadow plants as a whole respond to climate change, benefiting the stability of alpine meadow ecosystem.

The use of invertebrates as indicators of environmental change in alpine rivers and lakes

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Khamis, K.; Hannah, D.M.; Brown, L.E.; Tiberti, R.; Milner, A.M.

2014-01-01

In alpine regions climatic change will alter the balance between water sources (rainfall, ice-melt, snowmelt, and groundwater) for aquatic systems, particularly modifying the relative contributions of meltwater, groundwater and rain to both rivers and lakes. While these changes are expected to have implications for alpine aquatic ecosystems, little is known about potential ecological tipping points and associated indicator taxa. We examined changes in biotic communities along a gradient of glacier influence for two study systems: (1) a stream network in the French Pyrénées; and (2) a network of lakes in the Italian Alps, with the aim of identifying potential indicator taxa (macroinvertebrates and zooplankton) of glacier retreat in these environments. To assess parallels in biotic responses across streams and lakes, both primary data and findings from other publications were synthesised. Using TITAN (Threshold Indicator Taxa ANalysis) changes in community composition of river taxa were identified at thresholds of < 5.1% glacier cover and < 66.6% meltwater contribution. Below these thresholds the loss of cold stenothermic benthic invertebrate taxa, Diamesa spp. and the Pyrenean endemic Rhyacophila angelieri was apparent. Some generalist taxa including Protonemura sp., Perla grandis, Baetis alpinus, Rhithrogena loyolaea and Microspectra sp. increased when glacier cover was < 2.7% and < 52% meltwater. Patterns were not as distinct for the alpine lakes, due to fewer sampling sites; however, Daphnia longispina grp. and the benthic invertebrate groups Plectopera and Planaria were identified as potential indicator taxa. While further work is required to assess potential indicator taxa for alpine lake systems, findings from alpine river systems were consistent between methods for assessing glacier influence (meltwater contribution/glacier cover). Hence, it is clear that TITAN could become a useful management tool, enabling: (i) the identification of taxa particularly

The use of invertebrates as indicators of environmental change in alpine rivers and lakes

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Khamis, K.; Hannah, D.M. [School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT (United Kingdom); Brown, L.E. [School of Geography/water@leeds, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT (United Kingdom); Tiberti, R. [DSTA, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell' Ambiente, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia (Italy); Alpine Wildlife Research Centre, Gran Paradiso National Park, Degioz 11, I-1101 Valsavarenche, Aosta (Italy); Milner, A.M., E-mail: a.m.milner@bham.ac.uk [School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT (United Kingdom); Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775 (United States)

2014-09-15

In alpine regions climatic change will alter the balance between water sources (rainfall, ice-melt, snowmelt, and groundwater) for aquatic systems, particularly modifying the relative contributions of meltwater, groundwater and rain to both rivers and lakes. While these changes are expected to have implications for alpine aquatic ecosystems, little is known about potential ecological tipping points and associated indicator taxa. We examined changes in biotic communities along a gradient of glacier influence for two study systems: (1) a stream network in the French Pyrénées; and (2) a network of lakes in the Italian Alps, with the aim of identifying potential indicator taxa (macroinvertebrates and zooplankton) of glacier retreat in these environments. To assess parallels in biotic responses across streams and lakes, both primary data and findings from other publications were synthesised. Using TITAN (Threshold Indicator Taxa ANalysis) changes in community composition of river taxa were identified at thresholds of < 5.1% glacier cover and < 66.6% meltwater contribution. Below these thresholds the loss of cold stenothermic benthic invertebrate taxa, Diamesa spp. and the Pyrenean endemic Rhyacophila angelieri was apparent. Some generalist taxa including Protonemura sp., Perla grandis, Baetis alpinus, Rhithrogena loyolaea and Microspectra sp. increased when glacier cover was < 2.7% and < 52% meltwater. Patterns were not as distinct for the alpine lakes, due to fewer sampling sites; however, Daphnia longispina grp. and the benthic invertebrate groups Plectopera and Planaria were identified as potential indicator taxa. While further work is required to assess potential indicator taxa for alpine lake systems, findings from alpine river systems were consistent between methods for assessing glacier influence (meltwater contribution/glacier cover). Hence, it is clear that TITAN could become a useful management tool, enabling: (i) the identification of taxa particularly

Alpine forest-tundra ecotone response to temperature change,Sayan Mountains, Siberia

Science.gov (United States)

Ranson, K Jon; Kharuk, Vyetcheslav I.

2007-01-01

Models of climate change predict shifts of vegetation zones. Tree response to climate trends is most likely observable in the forest-tundra ecotone, where temperature mainly limits tree growth. There is evidence of vegetation change on the northern treeline However, observations on alpine tree line response are controversial. In this NEESPI related study we show that during the past three decades in the forest-tundra ecotone of the Sayan Mountains, Siberia, there was an increase in forest stand crown closure, regeneration propagation into the alpine tundra, and transformation of prostrate Siberian pine and fir into arboreal forms. We found that these changes occurred since the mid 1980s, and strongly correlates with positive temperature (and to a lesser extent, precipitation) trends. Improving climate for forest growth( i.e., warmer temperatures and increased precipitation) provides competitive advantages to Siberian pine in the alpine forest-tundra ecotone, as well as in areas typically dominated by larch, where it has been found to be forming a secondary canopy layer. Substitution of deciduous conifer, larch, for evergreen conifers, decreases albedo and provides positive feedback for temperature increase.

Le domaine des co-infections et des maladies concomitantes du Réseau canadien pour les essais VIH des IRSC : lignes directrices canadiennes pour la prise en charge et le traitement de la co-infection par le VIH et l’hépatite C chez les adultes

Science.gov (United States)

Hull, Mark; Giguère, Pierre; Klein, Marina; Shafran, Stephen; Tseng, Alice; Côté, Pierre; Poliquin, Marc; Cooper, Curtis

2014-01-01

HISTORIQUE : De 20 % à 30 % des Canadiens qui vivent avec le VIH sont co-infectés par le virus de l’hépatite C (VHC), lequel est responsable d’une morbidité et d’une mortalité importantes. La prise en charge du VIH et du VHC est plus complexe en raison de l’évolution accélérée de la maladie hépatique, du choix et des critères d’initiation de la thérapie antirétrovirale et du traitement anti-VHC, de la prise en charge de la santé mentale et des toxicomanies, des obstacles socioéconomiques et des interactions entre les nouvelles thérapies antivirales à action directe du VHC et les antirétroviraux OBJECTIF : Élaborer des normes nationales de prise en charge des adultes co-infectés par le VHC et le VIH dans le contexte canadien. MÉTHODOLOGIE : Le Réseau canadien pour les essais VIH des Instituts de recherche en santé du Canada a réuni un groupe d’experts possédant des compétences cliniques en co-infection par le VIH et le VHC pour réviser les publications à jour ainsi que les lignes directrices et les protocoles en place. Après une vaste sollicitation afin d’obtenir des points de vue, le groupe de travail a approuvé des recommandations consensuelles, qu’il a caractérisées au moyen d’une échelle de qualité des preuves fondée sur la classe (bienfaits par rapport aux préjudices) et sur la catégorie (degré de certitude). RÉSULTATS : Toutes les personnes co-infectées par le VIH et le VHC devraient subir une évaluation en vue de recevoir un traitement du VHC. Les personnes qui ne sont pas en mesure d’entreprendre un traitement du VHC devraient être soignées pour le VIH afin de ralentir l’évolution de la maladie hépatique. La norme de traitement du VHC de génotype 1 est un régime comprenant de l’interféron pégylé et de la ribavirine dosée en fonction du poids, associés à un inhibiteur de la protéase du VHC. Pour les génotypes 2 ou 3, une bithérapie classique est recommandée pendant 24 semaines s�

pour le trimestre qui a pris fin le 30 juin 2015

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30 juin 2015 ... Le CRDI finance des travaux de recherche appliquée ... recherches pour le développement international (le Centre) et de ..... voie de développement et sur la mise en oeuvre des connaissances scientifiques, techniques et autres en .... Les accords expirent à des dates différentes, et le dernier prend fin en.

Le CRDI et la lutte contre le paludisme | CRDI - Centre de ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

22 juil. 2011 ... D'autres interventions luttent également contre le paludisme, notamment les moustiquaires imprégnées d'insecticide et les médicaments visant à prévenir le ... Le CRDI appuie le GCRAI depuis les années 1970 et participe avec SIMA au financement de la recherche sur les interactions complexes entre ...

Le sens des mots : le vocabulaire du genre en Espagne

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sofía Rodríguez

2011-12-01

Full Text Available Cet article dresse le bilan des études de genre menées en Espagne et revient sur les concepts-clé ayant orienté la recherche dans ce domaine. Il montre la relation entre l´évolution du féminisme théorique et l´apparition progressive d´un vocabulaire qui défini les femmes comme des sujets politiques. Si les relations de pouvoir sont l´épicentre des catégories structurant l´analyse historique, la violence, les demandes sociales et le matérialisme traversent la société civile et s’inscrivent dans l´agenda des États. L´avenir, néanmoins, s’accompagne de nouveaux défis et dialogues interculturels qui, sans aucun doute, transformeront le discours des femmes et le langage des genres au XXIe siècle.In these lines there is an account of gender studies in Spain and the key concepts on which this research has pivoted. The aim of this article is to show the relationship between the evolution of feminist theory and the gradual emergence of a vocabulary that explain women as political subjects. If power relationships are the epicenter of the categories of historical analysis, violence, social demands and maternalism are on the street and the agendas of state. But the future brings new challenges and intercultural dialogue, no doubt, will expand or transform the discourse of women and gender language in the XXI century.En estas líneas se hace balance de los estudios de género en España, así como los conceptos clave sobre los que la ha pivotado la investigación. El objetivo del artículo es mostrar la relación entre la evolución del feminismo teórico y la progresiva aparición de un vocabulario que explica a las mujeres como sujetos políticos. Si las relaciones de poder son el epicentro de las categorías de análisis histórico, la violencia, las demandas sociales y el maternalismo están en la calle y las agendas de Estado. Pero el futuro trae consigo nuevos retos y diálogos interculturales que, sin duda, habrán de

haïti : tous les projets | Page 2 | CRDI - Centre de recherches pour le ...

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Tout -, Divers, Développement, Sciences et technologie, Politique sociale, Économie ... ECONOMIC RECONSTRUCTION, SOUTH SOUTH RELATIONS ... Accroissement de l'efficacité des applications et outils TIC dans la gestion des catastrophes ... virtuelle des intervenants dans le domaine des TIC des Caraïbes (CIVIC).

Le livre sur le livre traité de documentation

CERN Document Server

Otlet, Paul

2015-01-01

Paul Otlet est considéré comme le père des sciences de l'information. Ouvrage fondateur et fondamental, le Traité de documentation. Le livre sur le livre (1934) est l'aboutissement de son travail inlassable pour rassembler, classer et partager les connaissances. Otlet y propose une remarquable synthèse du savoir sur le livre et le document en même temps qu'il anticipe Internet et l'hypertexte. La réédition du Traité de documentation, 70 ans après la disparition de son auteur, coïncide avec la réouverture du Mundaneum à Mons, où le fabuleux héritage documentaire légué par Paul Otlet et Henri La Fontaine est conservé. « Ici, la table de travail n'est plus chargée d'aucun livre. À leur place se dresse un écran et à portée un téléphone. Là-bas, au loin, dans un édifice immense, sont tous les livres et tous les renseignements. De là, on fait apparaître sur l'écran la page à lire pour connaître la réponse aux questions posées par téléphone. » Préfaces de Benoît Peeters (éc...

Extrême-Orient | Page 101 | CRDI - Centre de recherches pour le ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Tim Unwin, titulaire de la chaire UNESCO en TIC pour le développement et professeur de géographie, Royal Holloway, Université de Londres. Read more about ... En Asie, l'enseignement à distance (ou téléenseignement) apporte des solutions décisives dans les domaines de l'éducation et de la formation. Les méthodes ...

Être et exister: le cas de La Nausée

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Buuren, M.B. van

2007-01-01

Dans La Nausée, Jean-Paul Sartre oppose ‘exister’ à ‘être’. Exister, c’est la contingence, c’est la facticité, c’est la matière qui étouffe petit à petit Antoine Roquentin. L’existence lui inspire angoisse, répulsion et nausée. L’être, pale lueur d’espoir, s’y oppose comme le domaine de

Grazing exclusion increases soil CO2 emission during the growing season in alpine meadows on the Tibetan Plateau

Science.gov (United States)

Guo, Na; Wang, Aidong; Allan Degen, A.; Deng, Bin; Shang, Zhanhuan; Ding, Luming; Long, Ruijun

2018-02-01

Soil CO2 emission is a key part of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Grazing exclusion by fencing is often considered a beneficial grassland management option to restore degraded grassland, but its effect on soil CO2 emission on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau is equivocal and is the subject of this study. Using a closed static chamber, we measured diurnal soil CO2 flux weekly from July, 2008, to April, 2009, in response to grazing and grazing exclusion in the alpine meadow and alpine shrub meadow. Concomitantly, soil temperature was measured at depths of 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm and 20 cm with digital temperature sensors. It emerged that: 1) non-grazed grasslands emitted more soil CO2 than grazed grasslands over the growing season; 2) the alpine shrub meadow emitted more soil CO2 than the alpine meadow; the annual cumulative soil CO2 emissions of alpine meadow and alpine shrub meadow were 241.5-326.5 g C/m2 and 429.0-512.5 g C/m2, respectively; 3) seasonal patterns were evident with more soil CO2 flux in the growing than in the non-growing season; and 4) the diurnal soil CO2 flux exhibited a single peak across all sampling sites. In addition, soil CO2 flux was correlated positively with soil temperature at 5 cm, but not at the other depths. We concluded that grazing exclusion enhanced soil CO2 emission over the growing season, and decreased carbon sequestration of alpine meadow and alpine shrub meadow on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Since an increase in soil temperature increased soil CO2 flux, global warming could have an effect on soil CO2 emission in the future.

Hydrologic and Isotopic Sensitivity of Alpine Lakes to Climate Change in the Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming

Science.gov (United States)

Liefert, D. T.; Shuman, B. N.; Mercer, J.; Parsekian, A.; Williams, D. G.

2017-12-01

Climate reconstructions show that global average temperatures were 0.5°C higher than today during the mid-Holocene, falling well within projections for increases in global average temperature presented in the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report. Despite the consensus for the prediction of a warmer climate, however, it is unclear how snowmelt from high-elevation watersheds will be affected by such a change. Snowmelt contributes substantially to major rivers in the western United States, and much of the water flows through lakes in the highest-elevation watersheds. Our water balance models show that modern alpine lakes with seasonably unstable water levels can desiccate primarily through groundwater outflow, resulting in increased groundwater storage that likely sustains baseflow in mountain streams once snowmelt has subsided in late summer. However, contribution of freshwater from alpine lakes to streams may vary over time as changes in climate alters snowpack, rates of evaporation, and the abundance of snowmelt-fed lakes. As such, alpine lakes with seasonally unstable water levels today may have dried out entirely during the mid-Holocene warm period and may dry out in the future as temperatures increase. To investigate the response of alpine lakes to temperatures of the mid-Holocene, we collected 9 sediment cores from closed-basin alpine lakes in the Medicine Bow Mountains of southern Wyoming that lose most their volumes each summer. We use radiocarbon-dating of charcoal in basal sediments to determine lake formation age, abundance of conifer needles to infer relative forest cover, and a δ18O carbonate record to determine changes in the ratio of evaporation to precipitation in an alpine lake that existed throughout the Holocene. Warming likely changed watershed hydrology through a) decreased snowpack and earlier snowmelt, b) increased evaporation, and c) increased transpiration associated with expanded forest cover and longer growing seasons

L’Association du personnel, le TREF, le Comité des Finances et le Conseil du CERN

CERN Multimedia

Staff Association

2016-01-01

L’Association du personnel, forte de son approche participative et consensuelle, recherche toujours le meilleur accord possible pour l’Organisation et son personnel. Pour ce faire, discussions et concertation avec la Direction, travail d’explication et de persuasion au TREF et ailleurs auprès des délégués des États membres sont nos principaux atouts. TREF (Tripartite Employment Conditions Forum), un Forum d’échanges, de discussions « L’objectif du Forum est d’améliorer le processus de prise de décision  en donnant aux personnes concernées la possibilité et le temps de comprendre pleinement la position de tous les participants. » (CERN/RTG/8) Le Forum tripartite sur les conditions d’emploi (TREF), créé par le Conseil du CERN en juin 1994, est composé de r...

INVESTIR DANS LE SAVOIR : le soutien que le CRDI consent à des ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

5 nov. 2010 ... ... 40 ans, le Cenre de recherches pour le développement international (CRDI), en plus d'appuyer des travaux de recherche dans l'ensemble des pays en développement, encourage des générations successives de jeunes chercheurs par l'entremise de son Programme de formation et de bourses (PFB).

Alpine Windharvest: development of information base regarding potentials and the necessary technical, legal and socio-economic conditions for expanding wind energy in the Alpine Space - Digital relief analysis - Abstract of work package 7

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schaffner, B.; Cattin, R. [Meteotest, Berne (Switzerland)

2005-07-01

This report presents an abstract of the development work carried out by the Swiss meteorology specialists METEOTEST as part of a project carried out together with the Swiss wind-energy organisation 'Suisse Eole'. The framework for the project is the EU Interreg IIIB Alpine Space Programme, a European Community Initiative Programme funded by the European Regional Development Fund. The project investigated the use of digital relief-analysis. The series of reports describes the development and use of a basic information system to aid the investigation of the technical, legal and socio-economical conditions for the use of wind energy in the alpine area. This report presents an abstract of the work done as part of the Work Package 7 of the Alpine Windharvest project.

The 'Alpine Windharvest' project - Overview; Projekt Alpine Windharvest - Schlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schaffner, B.; Kunz, S. [Suisse Eole, Meteotest, Berne (Switzerland)

2005-07-01

This short introduction forms part of a final report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) that presents the results of a project carried out by the Swiss wind-energy organisation 'Suisse Eole' and the meteorology specialists of the company METEOTEST. The project investigated the use of digital relief-analysis and formed part of a European wind-energy project that investigated the technical, legal and socio-economical aspects of the use of wind energy. The work-package 7 included the identification of wind-energy areas using comparative Geographic Information System (GIS) methods. An overview is provided of the wind-energy potential in the whole of the alpine region and five areas in which measurements are to be made, including GIS analyses, are defined.

Relationship between alpine tourism demand and hot summer air temperatures associated with climate change

Science.gov (United States)

Rebetez, M.; Serquet, G.

2010-09-01

We quantified the impacts of hot summer air temperatures on tourism in the Swiss Alps by analyzing the relationship between temperature and overnight stays in 40 Alpine resorts. Several temperature and insolation thresholds were tested to detect their relationship to summer tourism. Our results reveal significant correlations between the number of nights spent in mountain resorts and hot temperatures at lower elevations. Alpine resorts nearest to cities are most sensitive to hot temperatures. This is probably because reactions to hot episodes take place on a short-term basis as heat waves remain relatively rare. The correlation in June is stronger compared to the other months, probably because school holidays and the peak domestic tourist demand in summer usually takes place in July and August. Our results suggest that alpine tourist resorts could benefit from hotter temperatures at lower elevations under future climates. Tourists already react on a short-term basis to hot days and spend more nights in hotels in mountain resorts. If heat waves become more regular, it seems likely that tourists choose to stay at alpine resorts more frequently and for longer periods.

Recent crustal movements and geophysical interpretation of geodynamic processes in the Alpine mountain belt

Science.gov (United States)

Gubler, E.; Kahle, H. G.

It is a well-known fact that the surface phenomena of global plate tectonics are most convincingly seen and felt along the boundaries of the moving lithospheric plates. These boundaries are morphologically expressed as mild-ocean ridges or as subduction zones such as deep sea trenches or Himalayan/Alpine fold belts, the latter of which are the subject of this paper. On a global scale, there are kinematic models giving an idea of what kind of rates can be expected. This is due to the fact that magnetic sea floor spreading anomalies are missing in the Alpine environment. On the other hand, the structure and kinematics of the Apulian microplate are of major interest to Switzerland because its northern boundary seems to be formed by the Alpine chain. In Switzerland there are some 14 special study groups actively working in this field of geodynamics. This paper is restricted to the geodetic and gravity studies. With emphasis on the assumed northern boundary of the Apulian microplate, the kinematics of relative plate movements in the Alpine area were investigated. A simplified tectonic map of this region is shown.

Le nouveau modèle africain | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

22 juil. 2011 ... L'annulation de la dette, un commerce plus équitable, davantage d'aide : voilà le plan d'action mondial dont on convient qu'il faut de toute urgence mettre en oeuvre en vue d'accélérer le développement en Afrique. Or, ce serait rater le bateau que de ne pas s'engager dans la voie tout autre que les ...

Generic Regional Development Strategies from Local Stakeholders' Scenarios - an Alpine Village Experience

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Wolfgang Loibl

2010-09-01

Full Text Available The article discusses the participatory elaboration of strategies for sustainable regional development in an Alpine tourist region in Austria to cope with global change effects evolving locally, considering climate change, economic change as well as (local societal change. Local stakeholders in an Alpine village in the Montafon region contributed in workshops to achieve the final results: participant teams conducted system analyses of the regional system to explore key elements of the region. Narrative scenarios described possible positive and negative development trends and indicated the critical issues controlling future development; 3D-images of landscape transition simulations show the consequences of certain development directions. Alternative development directions supported the local stakeholders to elaborate regional development strategies. In the end, the scientist team derived generic strategies for Alpine regions based on the locally developed strategy bundle. The article presents the intention, progress and outcome of the participatory approach and elaborates the potential to derive generic strategies from local ones and discusses the possibly occurring conflicts regarding cross-scale transfers of these local strategies. Overall, tourism was seen as a key element for future regional development, which can on the one hand derogate Alpine regions and is on the other hand threatened by climate change and diminution of landscape attractiveness. The suggested development strategies will help to cope with global change issues mitigating the negative consequences on the local society and environment.

La lipogenèse chez le lapin. Importance pour le contrôle de la teneur en lipides de la viande

OpenAIRE

Gondret, Florence

1999-01-01

La teneur en lipides d’un tissu est la résultante de plusieurs flux métaboliques (dépôt, synthèse, utilisation). Cet article présente les principales caractéristiques de la synthèse des lipides chez le lapin, dans le muscle comparativement aux tissus adipeux visibles et au foie. Le potentiel de synthèse de novo exprimé par le muscle augmente avec l’âge de l’animal, en parallèle à l’accumulation des triglycérides dans les adipocytes intramusculaires. L’activité des enzymes qui fournissent le N...

Le CERN à la Fête de la science - French version only

CERN Multimedia

2006-01-01

Du 9 au 15 octobre prochain, la 15e édition de la Fête de la science se déroulera partout en France. Le CERN participe à la manifestation en proposant des activités dans le Globe de la Science et de l'Innovation ainsi que des visites. Exposition: A des années-lumière L'exposition dans le Globe ouvrira exceptionnellement du 9 au 15 octobre, de 9h à 18h. Animations - Mini-Einstein: des notions de physique expliquées aux tout-petits, de 4 à 6 ans.Mercredi 11 et samedi 14 octobre, de 14h30 à 15h30. Pour les enfants accompagnés. Réservation obligatoire au + 41 22 767 76 76 Poussière d'étoiles: observez des traces de rayons cosmiques grâce à une chambre à brouillard et apprenez les bases de la détection de particules. Mercredi 11 octobre de 14 à 17h et samedi 14 octobre de 9h à 17h. Rencontre Paul Lecoq, physicien au CERN et Olivier Mundler, Professeur à l'Hôpital de la Timone (Marseille) évoqueront les retombées de la physique des particules dans le domaine de la médecine et dialogue...

Exploring the Potential of Aerial Photogrammetry for 3d Modelling of High-Alpine Environments

Science.gov (United States)

Legat, K.; Moe, K.; Poli, D.; Bollmannb, E.

2016-03-01

High-alpine areas are subject to rapid topographic changes, mainly caused by natural processes like glacial retreat and other geomorphological processes, and also due to anthropogenic interventions like construction of slopes and infrastructure in skiing resorts. Consequently, the demand for highly accurate digital terrain models (DTMs) in alpine environments has arisen. Public administrations often have dedicated resources for the regular monitoring of glaciers and natural hazard processes. In case of glaciers, traditional monitoring encompasses in-situ measurements of area and length and the estimation of volume and mass changes. Next to field measurements, data for such monitoring programs can be derived from DTMs and digital ortho photos (DOPs). Skiing resorts, on the other hand, require DTMs as input for planning and - more recently - for RTK-GNSS supported ski-slope grooming. Although different in scope, the demand of both user groups is similar: high-quality and up-to-date terrain data for extended areas often characterised by difficult accessibility and large elevation ranges. Over the last two decades, airborne laser scanning (ALS) has replaced photogrammetric approaches as state-of-the-art technology for the acquisition of high-resolution DTMs also in alpine environments. Reasons include the higher productivity compared to (manual) stereo-photogrammetric measurements, canopy-penetration capability, and limitations of photo measurements on sparsely textured surfaces like snow or ice. Nevertheless, the last few years have shown strong technological advances in the field of aerial camera technology, image processing and photogrammetric software which led to new possibilities for image-based DTM generation even in alpine terrain. At Vermessung AVT, an Austrian-based surveying company, and its subsidiary Terra Messflug, very promising results have been achieved for various projects in high-alpine environments, using images acquired by large-format digital

Project SHARE Sustainable Hydropower in Alpine Rivers Ecosystems

Science.gov (United States)

Mammoliti Mochet, Andrea

2010-05-01

SHARE - Sustainable Hydropower in Alpine Rivers Ecosystems is a running project early approved and co funded by the European regional development fund in the context of the European Territorial Cooperation Alpine Space programme 2007 - 2013: the project is formally ongoing from August 2009 and it will end July 2012. Hydropower is the most important renewable resource for electricity production in alpine areas: it has advantages for the global CO2 balance but creates serious environmental impacts. RES-e Directives require renewable electricity enhance but, at the same time, the Water Framework Directive obliges member States to reach or maintain a water bodies "good" ecological status, intrinsically limiting the hydropower exploitation. Administrators daily face an increasing demand of water abstraction but lack reliable tools to rigorously evaluate their effects on mountain rivers and the social and economical outputs on longer time scale. The project intends to develop, test and promote a decision support system to merge on an unprejudiced base, river ecosystems and hydropower requirements. This approach will be led using existing scientific tools, adjustable to transnational, national and local normative and carried on by permanent panel of administrators and stakeholders. Scientific knowledge related to HP & river management will be "translated" by the communication tools and spent as a concrete added value to build a decision support system. In particular, the Multicriteria Analysis (MCA) will be applied to assess different management alternatives where a single-criterion approach (such as cost-benefit analysis) falls short, especially where environmental, technical, economic and social criteria can't be quantified by monetary values. All the existing monitoring databases will be used and harmonized with new information collected during the Pilot case studies. At the same time, all information collected will be available to end users and actors of related

Vascular plant flora of the alpine zone in the southern Rocky Mountains, U.S.A

Science.gov (United States)

James F. Fowler; B. E. Nelson; Ronald L. Hartman

2014-01-01

Field detection of changes in occurrence, distribution, or abundance of alpine plant species is predicated on knowledge of which species are in specific locations. The alpine zone of the Southern Rocky Mountain Region has been systematically inventoried by the staff and floristics graduate students from the Rocky Mountain Herbarium over the last 27 years. It is...

Le monde a besoin de plus de femmes scientifiques | CRDI - Centre ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

24 oct. 2017 ... Les femmes sont très sous-représentées en sciences, ne constituant que 28 p. 100 de tous les chercheurs à l'échelle mondiale; la disparité est encore plus grande dans les domaines des sciences naturelles et du génie. Bien que le nombre de femmes qui poursuivent des études doctorales et ...

Rapport financier trimestriel pour le trimestre qui a pris fin le 31

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31 déc. 2015 ... Le CRDI finance des travaux de recherche appliquée ... recherches pour le développement international (CRDI, le Centre) et ..... voie de développement et sur la mise en oeuvre des connaissances scientifiques, techniques et autres en .... Les accords expirent à des dates différentes, et le dernier prend fin.

Rapport financier trimestriel pour le trimestre qui a pris fin le 30

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

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30 sept. 2015 ... Le CRDI finance des travaux de recherche appliquée ... recherches pour le développement international (le Centre) et de ..... voie de développement et sur la mise en oeuvre des connaissances scientifiques, techniques et autres en .... Les accords expirent à des dates différentes, et le dernier prend fin en.

Le modèle spatial de la capitale allemande

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Antoine Laporte

2013-06-01

Full Text Available En Allemagne, en 1999, le Chancelier fédéral et son gouvernement ont quitté Bonn pour Berlin. Ce transfert du pouvoir est accompagné de celui d’une grande partie de l’appareil d’État et de la haute administration, et des fonctions qui leur sont traditionnellement attribuées comme la presse, les lobbys ou encore la diplomatie. Le déplacement du statut de capitale effective de l’Allemagne de Bonn à Berlin est le résultat des évolutions géopolitiques d’un pays ayant recouvré son unité et sa pleine et entière souveraineté. Installer le pouvoir exécutif et législatif à Berlin était une démarche hautement symbolique, visant à normaliser la position de l’ancienne capitale de la RDA et du IIIe Reich comme véritable centre politique de l’Allemagne. Or le déplacement des institutions fédérales n’est pas qu’un acte symbolique. Il entraîne également à l’échelle intra-urbaine des dynamiques très concrètes sur le tissu urbain et participe à la mise en place de nouvelles centralités dans la ville. En effet, le statut de capitale d’État prédestine l’agglomération à la coprésence de nombreuses fonctions urbaines spécifiques plus ou moins directement liées à l’exercice ou à la symbolique du pouvoir.

Les défis de la réconciliation des objectifs de développement dans le contexte du changement démographique 

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

John Provo

2011-04-01

Full Text Available Cet article cherche à déterminer si l’initiative de développement basé sur les ressources (ABDI, Asset-Based Development Initiative de la Commission régionale des Appalaches (ARC, Appalachian Regional Commission aux États-Unis réconcilie les objectifs de développement économique dans les communautés qui présentent un changement démographique. À travers des études de cas reposant sur des entretiens informatifs clés menés dans les communautés de la Virginie Occidentale et un examen de projets financés par l’ARC, les auteurs tentent de répondre à deux questions fondamentales : « Le leadership communautaire a-t-il évolué et s’est-il adapté au programme ? » et « Les nouveaux projets différaient-ils clairement, en termes d’objectifs, de contenu ou de résultats, des projets antérieurs ? ». Les similitudes économiques et démographiques entre les communautés alpines et appalachiennes, notamment en ce qui concerne le rôle des immigrants, suggèrent que les conclusions de cette étude seront pertinentes pour d’autres régions de montagnes et pourraient contribuer à un débat entre spécialistes du développement en montagne.This paper considers whether the US Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC Asset-Based Development Initiative (ABDI reconciles economic development objectives in communities experiencing demographic change. Through a case study approach utilizing key informant interviews in Southwest Virginia communities and a review of ARC-funded projects, the authors consider two main questions. Did community leadership change or adapt to the program? Were new projects demonstrably different in objectives, content, or outcomes than past projects? Economic and demographic similarities between Alpine and Appalachian communities, particularly in the role of in-migrants, suggest that this study’s findings will be relevant for other mountain regions and could contribute to a conversation among

Seasonality in the alpine water logistic system on a regional basis

Science.gov (United States)

Vanham, D.; Fleischhacker, E.; Rauch, W.

2007-08-01

In this study the water logistic system is defined as the interaction of the subsystems water resources, water supply and water demand in terms of water flow. The analysis of a water balance in alpine regions is strongly influenced by both temporal and spatial seasonal fluctuations within these elements, the latter due to the vertical dimension of mountainous areas. Therefore the determination of different seasons plays a key role within the assessment of alpine water logistic systems. In most studies a water balance for a certain region is generated on an annual, monthly or classic 4-seasonal basis. This paper presents a GIS-based multi criteria method to determine an optimal winter and summer period, taking into account different water demand stakeholders, alpine hydrology and the characteristic present day water supply infrastructure of the Alps. Technical snow-making and (winter) tourism were identified as the two major seasonal water demand stakeholders in the study area, which is the Kitzbueheler region in the Austrian Alps. Based upon the geographical datasets mean snow cover start and end date, winter was defined as the period from December to March, and summer as the period from April to November.

Rapid response of alpine timberline vegetation to the Younger Dryas climate oscillation in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Reasoner, M.A.; Jodry, M.A.

2000-01-01

Paleobotanical records from two high-altitude (>3,300 m) sites in Colorado show a clear and immediate response to the Younger Dryas climate oscillation. The Black Mountain Lake and Sky Pond records indicate that alpine timberline migrated upslope to near-modern elevations during the late Bolling-Allerod (13.6--12.9 ka). Subsequent declines in arboreal pollen percentages and accumulation rates during the Younger Dryas interval (12.9--11.7 ka) reflect a downslope displacement of the alpine timberline ecotone of 60--120 m in elevation. This change translates to a cooling of summer temperature by ∼0.4--0.9 C and is consistent with proposed Younger Dryas advances of alpine glaciers in the Rocky Mountains to positions close to Little Ice Age maxima. Alpine timberline readvanced upslope to elevations above both sites between 11.7 and 11.4 ka. The concomitant response of temperature-sensitive alpine timberline vegetation in Colorado and late-glacial changes in North Atlantic thermohaline circulating implicates a rapid, widespread atmospheric transmission of the Younger Dryas climate oscillation

Rapid response of alpine timberline vegetation to the Younger Dryas climate oscillation in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Reasoner, M.A.; Jodry, M.A.

2000-01-01

Paleobotanical records from two high-altitude (>3,300 m) sites in Colorado show a clear and immediate response to the Younger Dryas climate oscillation. The Black Mountain Lake and Sky Pond records indicate that alpine timberline migrated upslope to near-modern elevations during the late Bolling-Allerod (13.6--12.9 ka). Subsequent declines in arboreal pollen percentages and accumulation rates during the Younger Dryas interval (12.9--11.7 ka) reflect a downslope displacement of the alpine timberline ecotone of 60--120 m in elevation. This change translates to a cooling of summer temperature by {approximately}0.4--0.9 C and is consistent with proposed Younger Dryas advances of alpine glaciers in the Rocky Mountains to positions close to Little Ice Age maxima. Alpine timberline readvanced upslope to elevations above both sites between 11.7 and 11.4 ka. The concomitant response of temperature-sensitive alpine timberline vegetation in Colorado and late-glacial changes in North Atlantic thermohaline circulating implicates a rapid, widespread atmospheric transmission of the Younger Dryas climate oscillation.

Les femmes dans le secteur du travail domestique et le secteur ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Ce projet vise à rectifier le tir en faisant la lumière sur les caractéristiques ... le secteur du travail domestique et dans le secteur bancaire modifient la nature du travail ... des sciences sociales, des sciences humaines, de la santé publique ou.

Carbon sequestration in Himalaya's alpine meadows: Mitigating cropping encroachment on pastures in Northern Pakistan

OpenAIRE

Rueff, Henri; Syed Rehman, Aziz; Rahim, Inam; Maselli, Daniel; Nafees, Mohammad; Wiesmann, Urs

2011-01-01

Rangelands store about 30% of the world’s carbon and support over 120 million pastoralists globally. Adjusting the management of remote alpine pastures bears a substantial climate change mitigation potential that can provide livelihood support for marginalized pastoralists through carbon payment. Landless pastoralists in Northern Pakistan seek higher income by cropping potatoes and peas over alpine pastures. However, tilling steep slopes without terracing exposes soil to erosion. Moreover, yi...

Extension nationale de la méthode AIGA. Amélioration de la réactivité du modèle

OpenAIRE

Organde, D.; Javelle, P.

2014-01-01

/ Pour le développement de son système d'anticipation des crues soudaines, le SCHAPI (Service Central d'Hydrométéorologie et d'Appui à la Prévision des Inondations) souhaite s'appuyer sur le système AIGA développé par Irstea (anciennement Cemagref). Le système AIGA a fait l'objet d'évaluations et de développements récents en vue de l'extension de son domaine d'application de l'arc méditerranéen à la France entière (Caseri, 2012, Organde, 2013). Deux modèles hydrologiques ont été calés, ré...

Le Conseil des gouverneurs | CRDI - Centre de recherches pour le ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Le Conseil des gouverneurs guide le travail du CRDI en lui fournissant une orientation stratégique, en examinant ses activités et en approuvant ses budgets. Les gouverneurs – un maximum de 14 – sont nommés par le gouverneur en conseil du Canada pour un mandat d'au plus quatre ans, qui peut être reconduit. La Loi ...

Le FIVB annonce le financement de cinq autres projets | CRDI ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

10 avr. 2018 ... En partenariat avec la Fondation Bill et Melinda Gates et Affaires mondiales Canada, le CRDI est heureux d'annoncer la prochaine série de projets soutenus par le Fonds d'innovation en matière de vaccins pour le bétail (FIVB). À ce jour, 11 projets ont obtenu un financement total de 13,6 millions de CAD ...

A new approach for surveying the Alpine Salamander (Salamandra atra in Austria

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ursula Reinthaler-Lottermoser

2010-12-01

Full Text Available The Alpine Salamander is a small pitch black amphibian which is endemic to the European Alps and the Dinarides. It is strictly protected according to the European FFH guidelines. Despite its central role in the alpine ecosystem our actual published record in Austria is small. In order to resolve this shortcoming our project explores its distribution in Austria. It uses a participatory and community based approach to gather data. Everybody can enter and look at Alpine Salamander observations on our website www.alpensalamander.eu. This approach also allows us to establish an “oral history” of Salamander observations in the past 50 years by conducting interviews in the local community. Since July 2009 the website and salamander report database are online. From the actual data (more than 5600 records we already obtained an overview about the present distribution and data quality. The data are an excellent basis for detailed scientific studies on these remarkable amphibians. With this new and highly interactive approach science and education are combined to initiate protection measures with the public.

Continuous recording of seismic signals in Alpine permafrost

Science.gov (United States)

Hausmann, H.; Krainer, K.; Staudinger, M.; Brückl, E.

2009-04-01

Over the past years various geophysical methods were applied to study the internal structure and the temporal variation of permafrost whereof seismic is of importance. For most seismic investigations in Alpine permafrost 24-channel equipment in combination with long data and trigger cables is used. Due to the harsh environment source and geophone layouts are often limited to 2D profiles. With prospect for future 3D-layouts we introduce an alternative of seismic equipment that can be used for several applications in Alpine permafrost. This study is focussed on controlled and natural source seismic experiments in Alpine permafrost using continuous data recording. With recent data from an ongoing project ("Permafrost in Austria") we will highlight the potential of the used seismic equipment for three applications: (a) seismic permafrost mapping of unconsolidated sediments, (b) seismic tomography in rock mass, and (c) passive seismic monitoring of rock falls. Single recording units (REFTEK 130, 6 channels) are used to continuously record the waveforms of both the seismic signals and a trigger signal. The combination of a small number of recording units with different types of geophones or a trigger allow numerous applications in Alpine permafrost with regard to a high efficiency and flexible seismic layouts (2D, 3D, 4D). The efficiency of the light and robust seismic equipment is achieved by the simple acquisition and the flexible and fast deployment of the (omni-directional) geophones. Further advantages are short (data and trigger) cables and the prevention of trigger errors. The processing of the data is aided by 'Seismon' which is an open source software project based on Matlab® and MySQL (see SM1.0). For active-source experiments automatic stacking of the seismic signals is implemented. For passive data a program for automatic detection of events (e.g. rock falls) is available which allows event localization. In summer 2008 the seismic equipment was used for the

Le salaire minimum contribue-t-il à réduire la pauvreté ? | CRDI ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

17 déc. 2010 ... Intervention clé du domaine des politiques visant le marché du travail, ... de cette stratégie dans des pays donnés, et des débats houleux ont ... En effet, une modification du salaire minimum est défavorable au recrutement de ...

Classification of the eastern alpine vegetation of Lesotho | Morris ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Five vegetation communities in the alpine catchment of Lesotho were identified by hierarchical classification of the botanical composition data. Discriminant analysis indicated that these communities occupy particular topographic positions. The community-environmental relationships identified in this study were similar to ...

Quantitative ecological relationships in the alpine grassland of ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

A survey, based on 56 000 points at 102 sampling sites in the Tsehlanyane valley of the Oxbow (Madibamatso) Dam catchment in the alpine grassland of Lesotho, indicates that the area is generally in good condition. Physiographic and floristic criteria were measured and the association between pairs of criteria statistically ...

Alpine Skiing With total knee ArthroPlasty (ASWAP)

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kristensen, M.; Pötzelsberger, B.; Scheiber, P.

2015-01-01

We investigated the effect of alpine skiing for 12 weeks on skeletal muscle characteristics and biomarkers of glucose homeostasis and cardiovascular risk factors. Twenty-three patients with a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) were studied 2.9 ± 0.9 years (mean ± SD) after the operation. Fourteen...

Démocratie et le développement dans le monde arabe | IDRC ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Le Rapport sur le développement humain dans le monde arabe 2002 souligne un " déficit en matière de libertés " fondamental dans le monde arabe se traduisant dans toute la région par des régimes autoritaires et la faiblesse de la démocratie. Cette subvention permettra aux chercheurs Samir Makdisi et Ibrahim Elbadawi ...

Dendrochronological potential of the alpine shrub Rhododendron nivale on the south-eastern Tibetan Plateau.

Science.gov (United States)

Liang, Eryuan; Eckstein, Dieter

2009-09-01

Shrubs and dwarf shrubs are wider spread on the Tibetan Plateau than trees and hence offer a unique opportunity to expand the present dendrochronological network into extreme environments beyond the survival limit of trees. Alpine shrublands on the Tibetan Plateau are characterized by rhododendron species. The dendrochronological potential of one alpine rhododendron species and its growth response to the extreme environment on the south-east Tibetan Plateau were investigated. Twenty stem discs of the alpine snowy rhododendron (Rhododendron nivale) were collected close to the tongue of the Zuoqiupu Glacier in south-east Tibet, China. The skeleton plot technique was used for inter-comparison between samples to detect the growth pattern of each stem section. The ring-width chronology was developed by fitting a negative exponential function or a straight line of any slope. Bootstrapping correlations were calculated between the standard chronology and monthly climate data. The wood of snowy rhododendron is diffuse-porous with evenly distributed small-diameter vessels. It has well-defined growth rings. Most stem sections can be visually and statistically cross-dated. The resulting 75-year-long standard ring-width chronology is highly correlated with a timberline fir chronology about 200 km apart, providing a high degree of confidence in the cross-dating. The climate/growth association of alpine snowy rhododendron and of this timberline fir is similar, reflecting an impact of monthly mean minimum temperatures in November of the previous year and in July during the year of ring formation. The alpine snowy rhododendron offers new research directions to investigate the environmental history of the Tibetan Plateau in those regions where up to now there was no chance of applying dendrochronology.

78 FR 28273 - Alpine Investors IV SBIC, LP; Notice Seeking Exemption Under Section 312 of the Small Business...

Science.gov (United States)

2013-05-14

... SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION [License No. 09/09-0461] Alpine Investors IV SBIC, LP; Notice... hereby given that Alpine Investors IV SBIC, LP, 3 Embarcadero Center, Suite 2330, San Francisco, CA, a...'') Rules and [[Page 28274

Alpins and thibos vectorial astigmatism analyses: proposal of a linear regression model between methods

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Giuliano de Oliveira Freitas

2013-10-01

Full Text Available PURPOSE: To determine linear regression models between Alpins descriptive indices and Thibos astigmatic power vectors (APV, assessing the validity and strength of such correlations. METHODS: This case series prospectively assessed 62 eyes of 31 consecutive cataract patients with preoperative corneal astigmatism between 0.75 and 2.50 diopters in both eyes. Patients were randomly assorted among two phacoemulsification groups: one assigned to receive AcrySof®Toric intraocular lens (IOL in both eyes and another assigned to have AcrySof Natural IOL associated with limbal relaxing incisions, also in both eyes. All patients were reevaluated postoperatively at 6 months, when refractive astigmatism analysis was performed using both Alpins and Thibos methods. The ratio between Thibos postoperative APV and preoperative APV (APVratio and its linear regression to Alpins percentage of success of astigmatic surgery, percentage of astigmatism corrected and percentage of astigmatism reduction at the intended axis were assessed. RESULTS: Significant negative correlation between the ratio of post- and preoperative Thibos APVratio and Alpins percentage of success (%Success was found (Spearman's ρ=-0.93; linear regression is given by the following equation: %Success = (-APVratio + 1.00x100. CONCLUSION: The linear regression we found between APVratio and %Success permits a validated mathematical inference concerning the overall success of astigmatic surgery.

Le nouveau modèle africain | CRDI - Centre de recherches pour le ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

22 juil. 2011 ... Or, ce serait rater le bateau que de ne pas s'engager dans la voie tout autre que les Africains proposent maintenant — à savoir se défaire du syndrome de la dépendance qui afflige l'Afrique depuis des décennies. Le Canada et les autres pays riches du Nord reconnaissent généralement qu'ils ne peuvent ...

Glacial refugia, recolonization patterns and diversification forces in Alpine-endemic Megabunus harvestmen.

Science.gov (United States)

Wachter, Gregor A; Papadopoulou, Anna; Muster, Christoph; Arthofer, Wolfgang; Knowles, L Lacey; Steiner, Florian M; Schlick-Steiner, Birgit C

2016-06-01

The Pleistocene climatic fluctuations had a huge impact on all life forms, and various hypotheses regarding the survival of organisms during glacial periods have been postulated. In the European Alps, evidence has been found in support of refugia outside the ice shield (massifs de refuge) acting as sources for postglacial recolonization of inner-Alpine areas. In contrast, evidence for survival on nunataks, ice-free areas above the glacier, remains scarce. Here, we combine multivariate genetic analyses with ecological niche models (ENMs) through multiple timescales to elucidate the history of Alpine Megabunus harvestmen throughout the ice ages, a genus that comprises eight high-altitude endemics. ENMs suggest two types of refugia throughout the last glacial maximum, inner-Alpine survival on nunataks for four species and peripheral refugia for further four species. In some geographic regions, the patterns of genetic variation are consistent with long-distance dispersal out of massifs de refuge, repeatedly coupled with geographic parthenogenesis. In other regions, long-term persistence in nunataks may dominate the patterns of genetic divergence. Overall, our results suggest that glacial cycles contributed to allopatric diversification in Alpine Megabunus, both within and at the margins of the ice shield. These findings exemplify the power of ENM projections coupled with genetic analyses to identify hypotheses about the position and the number of glacial refugia and thus to evaluate the role of Pleistocene glaciations in driving species-specific responses of recolonization or persistence that may have contributed to observed patterns of biodiversity. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Le facteur humain et la sûreté de fonctionnement dans le ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Notre contribution porte sur le rôle fondamental du facteur humain dans le management intégré des risques d'une part et du rôle déterminant qu'il peut avoir à jouer pour que la sûreté de fonctionnement réponde à sa propriété d'autre part. Un rôle illustré à travers une analyse de risque dans un complexe de Gaz Naturel ...

Le corps sportif1

OpenAIRE

Brulé, Pierre

2015-01-01

Le nu et le cuit Si, pas plus que l’Auvergne, le monde grec antique n’a été le théâtre d’un quelconque « miracle », il n’a pas manqué, toutefois, de « distinctions » diverses, d’exceptions même, qui le singularisent absolument. Une, c’est la pédérastie. Quelle culture l’a autant valorisée, autant instrumentalisée, l’a autant érigée en modèle ? Nous n’en avons pas encore mesuré toutes les conséquences. La place inhabituelle que prend là et alors cette polyvalence rare de la libido masculine de...

A half century of change in alpine treeline patterns at Glacier National Park, Montana, U.S.A.

Science.gov (United States)

Klasner, F.L.; Fagre, D.B.

2002-01-01

Using sequential aerial photography, we identified changes in the spatial distribution of subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) habitat at the alpine treeline ecotone. Six 40-ha study sites in the McDonald Creek drainage of Glacier National Park contained subalpine fir forests that graded into alpine tundra. Over a 46-yr period, altitudinal changes in the location of alpine treeline ecotone were not observed. However, over this 46-yr period the area of krummholz, patch-forest, and continuous canopy forest increased by 3.4%, and tree density increased within existing patches of krummholz and patch-forest. Change in subalpine fir vegetation patterns within 100 m of trails was also compared to areas without trails. Within 100 m of trails, the number of small, discrete krummholz stands increased compared to areas without trails, but there was no significant change in total krummholz area. We used historical terrestrial photography to expand the period (to 70 yr) considered. This photography supported the conclusions that a more abrupt ecotone transition developed from forest to tundra at alpine treeline, that tree density within forested areas increased, and that krummholz became fragmented along trails. This local assessment of fine-grained change in the alpine treeline ecotone provides a comparative base for looking at ecotone change in other mountain regions throughout the world.

[Nitrogen bio-cycle in the alpine tundra ecosystem of Changbai Mountain and its comparison with arctic tundra].

Science.gov (United States)

Wei, Jing; Zhao, Jing-zhu; Deng, Hong-bing; Wu, Gang; Hao, Ying-jie; Shang, Wen-yan

2005-03-01

The nitrogen bio-cycle was discussed in the alpine tundra ecosystem of Changbai Mountain through compartment model. The alpine tundra of Changbai Mountain was compared with Arctic tundra by the common ratio of genus and species in this paper. It was found that the 89.3% of genus and 58.6% of species was the common between Changbai alpine tundra and Arctic tundra while 95.5% of lichen genus and 58.7% lichen species, 82.1% of moss genus and 76.3% of moss species, 93.1% of vascular bundle genus and 40.5% of vascular bundle species were the common, respectively, which made vegetation type or community to be similar between Changbai alpine tundra and Arctic tundra. The total storage of nitrogen was 65220.6 t in the vegetation-plant system of Changbai Mountain, of which soil pool amounted to 99.3%. The nitrogen storage of each compartment was as follows: the vegetation pool, litterfall pool and soil pool were 237.4 t, 145.3 t and 64837.9 t respectively. The transferable amounts of nitrogen were 131.7 t x a(-1), 58 t/a and 73.7 t x a(-1) in the aboveground plant, belowground root system and litterfall of alpine tundra ecosystem of Changbai Mountain.

Potential of cold-adapted microorganisms for bioremediation of oil-polluted Alpine soils

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Margesin, R.

2000-01-01

The environmental contamination by organic pollutants is a widespread problem in all climates. The most widely distributed pollution can be attributed to oil contamination. Bioremediation methods can provide efficient, inexpensive and environmentally safe cleanup tools. The role of cold-adapted microorganisms for the bioremediation of experimentally and chronically oil-contaminated Alpine soils was evaluated in the studies described. The results demonstrated that there is a considerable potential for oil bioremediation in Alpine soils. Oil biodegradation can be significantly enhanced by biostimulation (inorganic nutrient supply), but a complete oil elimination is not possible by employing biological decontamination alone. (Author)

Vegetation Structure and Temperature Regimes of Tropical Alpine Treelines

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Bader, M.Y.; Rietkerk, M.G.; Bregt, A.K.

2007-01-01

Alpine treeline ecotones can be gradual transitions, abrupt boundaries, or patchy mosaics, and these different patterns may indicate important processes and dynamic properties. We present observed spatial patterns of a wide range of tropical treelines and try to explain these patterns. Treelines

Vegetation structure and temperature regimes of tropical alpine treelines

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Bader, M.; Rietkerk, M.; Bregt, A.K.

2007-01-01

Alpine treeline ecotones can be gradual transitions, abrupt boundaries, or patchy mosaics, and these different patterns may indicate important processes and dynamic properties. We present observed spatial patterns of a wide range of tropical treelines and try to explain these patterns. Treelines

Goods Traffic and the Economy

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Frank Bruns

2009-03-01

Full Text Available Le transport intra-alpin et transalpin est en constante augmentation. Dans les corridors de transit alpins, les répercussions négatives de cette circulation sur l’homme et l’environnement se ressentent particulièrement. Pour les régions alpines affectées, des solutions en terme de développement durable devront être trouvées au plus vite. Toutes suggestions pour résoudre ce problème, devront être discutées à la lumière de nombreux facteurs. Ainsi, les relations entre « le transport des marchandises et l’économie/la société » doivent être prises en compte. Le problème central est que l’impact du transport sur l’économie et la société, diffère selon les ressources économiques et la réactivité des acteurs des régions concernées. Le projet MONITRAF examine les impacts réciproques et identifie les indicateurs (Bruns, Delb, 2005.Transport through and within the Alps is continuously increasing. In the Alpine transit corridors the negative effects of transport on humans and the environment are felt particularly. From the focus point of the affected Alpine regions, a sustainable development solution for this problem is required as soon as possible. Any suggestions in order to solve this problem should be discussed in view of all the facts: Thus, the relationship between “freight transport and the Economy/Society” also need to be taken into account. In this context, the central issue is that the impact of transport on the economy and society will differ depending on the economic potential and the reaction of players in the relevant region. Within the project MONITRAF the respective relationships has been investigated and indicators identified (BRUNS F., DELB V., 2005.

Transport de marchandises et économie

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Frank Bruns

2009-03-01

Full Text Available Le transport intra-alpin et transalpin est en constante augmentation. Dans les corridors de transit alpins, les répercussions négatives de cette circulation sur l’homme et l’environnement se ressentent particulièrement. Pour les régions alpines affectées, des solutions en terme de développement durable devront être trouvées au plus vite. Toutes suggestions pour résoudre ce problème, devront être discutées à la lumière de nombreux facteurs. Ainsi, les relations entre « le transport des marchandises et l’économie/la société » doivent être prises en compte. Le problème central est que l’impact du transport sur l’économie et la société, diffère selon les ressources économiques et la réactivité des acteurs des régions concernées. Le projet MONITRAF examine les impacts réciproques et identifie les indicateurs (Bruns, Delb, 2005.Transport through and within the Alps is continuously increasing. In the Alpine transit corridors the negative effects of transport on humans and the environment are felt particularly. From the focus point of the affected Alpine regions, a sustainable development solution for this problem is required as soon as possible. Any suggestions in order to solve this problem should be discussed in view of all the facts: Thus, the relationship between “freight transport and the Economy/Society” also need to be taken into account. In this context, the central issue is that the impact of transport on the economy and society will differ depending on the economic potential and the reaction of players in the relevant region. Within the project MONITRAF the respective relationships has been investigated and indicators identified (BRUNS F., DELB V., 2005.

Approximation auto-coherente a deux particules, pseudogap et supraconductivite dans le modele de Hubbard attractif

Science.gov (United States)

Allen, Steve

2000-10-01

Dans cette these nous presentons une nouvelle methode non perturbative pour le calcul des proprietes d'un systeme de fermions. Notre methode generalise l'approximation auto-coherente a deux particules proposee par Vilk et Tremblay pour le modele de Hubbard repulsif. Notre methode peut s'appliquer a l'etude du comportement pre-critique lorsque la symetrie du parametre d'ordre est suffisamment elevee. Nous appliquons la methode au probleme du pseudogap dans le modele de Hubbard attractif. Nos resultats montrent un excellent accord avec les donnees Monte Carlo pour de petits systemes. Nous observons que le regime ou apparait le pseudogap dans le poids spectral a une particule est un regime classique renormalise caracterise par une frequence caracteristique des fluctuations supraconductrices inferieure a la temperature. Une autre caracteristique est la faible densite de superfluide de cette phase demontrant que nous ne sommes pas en presence de paires preformees. Les resultats obtenus semblent montrer que la haute symetrie du parametre d'ordre et la bidimensionalite du systeme etudie elargissent le domaine de temperature pour lequel le regime pseudogap est observe. Nous argumentons que ce resultat est transposable aux supraconducteurs a haute temperature critique ou le pseudogap apparait a des' temperatures beaucoup plus grandes que la temperature critique. La forte symetrie dans ces systemes pourraient etre reliee a la theorie SO(5) de Zhang. En annexe, nous demontrons un resultat tout recent qui permettrait d'assurer l'auto-coherence entre les proprietes a une et a deux particules par l'ajout d'une dynamique au vertex irreductible. Cet ajout laisse entrevoir la possibilite d'etendre la methode au cas d'une forte interaction.

Hydrologic response to valley-scale structure in alpine headwaters

Science.gov (United States)

Weekes, Anne A.; Torgersen, Christian E.; Montgomery, David R.; Woodward, Andrea; Bolton, Susan M.

2015-01-01

Few systematic studies of valley-scale geomorphic drivers of streamflow regimes in complex alpine headwaters have compared response between catchments. As a result, little guidance is available for regional-scale hydrological research and monitoring efforts that include assessments of ecosystem function. Physical parameters such as slope, elevation range, drainage area and bedrock geology are often used to stratify differences in streamflow response between sampling sites within an ecoregion. However, these metrics do not take into account geomorphic controls on streamflow specific to glaciated mountain headwaters. The coarse-grained nature of depositional features in alpine catchments suggests that these landforms have little water storage capacity because hillslope runoff moves rapidly just beneath the rock mantle before emerging in fluvial networks. However, recent studies show that a range of depositional features, including talus slopes, protalus ramparts and 'rock-ice' features may have more storage capacity than previously thought.

Phosphate sorption characteristics of European alpine soils

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Kaňa, Jiří; Kopáček, Jiří; Camarero, L.; Garcia-Pausas, J.

2011-01-01

Roč. 75, č. 3 (2011), s. 862-870 ISSN 0361-5995 R&D Projects: GA ČR(CZ) GA526/09/0567; GA AV ČR(CZ) KJB600960907 Grant - others:EU EMERGE(CZ) EVK1-CT-1999-00032 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z60170517 Keywords : phosphate sorption * alpine soil s * acidification Subject RIV: DJ - Water Pollution ; Quality Impact factor: 1.979, year: 2011

Enseignement Basé sur les Compétences : Manuel d'Application dans le Domaine des Sciences Agronomiques a L'Université d'Abomey-Calavi

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Koutinhouin, B.; Hupkes, M.; Gooijer, de G.; Aho, N.; Windmeijer, P.N.

2011-01-01

Le présent manuel est produit dans le cadre du Projet d’Appui au Renforcement des Programmes de Formation et de Recherche en Agriculture à la Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques et à l’Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey-Calavi, financé par le Gouvernement du Royaume des Pays-Bas (Projet NPT/BEN/146). Il est

Hyperloop : le droit et le devoir de douter...

OpenAIRE

Crozet , Yves

2016-01-01

National audience; C’est comme si c’était fait ! Les journaux les plus sérieux (Les Echos) nous annoncent que le premier test du prototype Hyperloop dans le désert du Nevada est un succès. Le projet futuriste d’Elon Musk se concrétise. Un véhicule terrestre de transport collectif va bientôt se déplacer à plus de 1000 km/h entre San Francisco et Los Angeles. Comme pour donner du crédit à cette information, la SNCF, via sa filiale SYSTRA va devenir partenaire du projet. Déjà les journaux de Pro...

LE LIEN ENTRE FINANCE ET ECONOMIE ISLAMIQUES VIA LE MODELE PRINCIPIEL "ZR"

OpenAIRE

BELABES, ABDERRAZAK

2010-01-01

A l'heure où certains évoquent l'intégration de la finance islamique à la finance globale, et d'autres rattachent la finance islamique à des thèmes en vogue telles que la finance éthique, la finance participative ou la finance socialement responsable, le présent papier explore le lien entre finance et économie islamiques à partir du modèle principiel "ZR", c’est-à-dire "Zakât" et "Ribâ". Ce modèle montre que les principes invariants de Zakât et Ribâ jouent un rôle central dans l’établissement...

A comparison of Alpine emissions to forest soil and spruce needle loads for persistent organic pollutants (POPs)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Belis, C.A., E-mail: claudio.belis@jrc.ec.europa.e [Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of Lombardia (Italy); Offenthaler, I.; Uhl, M.; Nurmi-Legat, J. [Umweltbundesamt GmbH (Austria); Bassan, R. [Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention and Protection of Veneto (Italy); Jakobi, G.; Kirchner, M. [Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Centre for Environment and Health (Germany); Knoth, W. [German Federal Environmental Agency (Germany); Kraeuchi, N. [WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (Switzerland); Levy, W. [Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Centre for Environment and Health (Germany); Magnani, T. [Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of Lombardia (Italy); Moche, W. [Umweltbundesamt GmbH (Austria); Schramm, K.-W. [Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention and Protection of Veneto (Italy); Simoncic, P. [Slovenian Forestry Institute (Slovenia); Weiss, P. [Umweltbundesamt GmbH (Austria)

2009-12-15

The project MONARPOP analysed the concentrations of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in two important sink compartments, needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and forest soil from 40 remote Alpine forest sites in Austria, Germany, Italy, Slovenia and Switzerland. In the present study the load of PCDD/F, PCB, PBDE, PAH, HCB, HCH and DDT in the Alps calculated on the basis of measured data are compared with their estimated emissions in the Alpine region. It comes out that the masses of the studied pollutants stored in the forests are higher than the corresponding emissions in the Alpine area indicating that the Alps are a sink for POPs advected from surrounding areas. It is assumed that local emissions of PCDD/F and PAH deriving from biomass burning are probably underestimated and that the pool of these pollutants in the forests represents the accumulation over some decades. - The loads of POPs in the Alps are higher than their emissions in the Alpine region.

Exploring the patterns of alpine vegetation of Eastern Bhutan: a case study from the Merak Himalaya.

Science.gov (United States)

Jamtsho, Karma; Sridith, Kitichate

2015-01-01

A survey was conducted from March to September 2012 along the altitudinal gradient of the Jomokungkhar trail in the Merak Himalaya of Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary to study the floristic compositions and the patterns of alpine vegetation of Eastern Bhutan. The vegetation of the sampled plots is classified into five types of communities based on the hierarchical cluster analysis at similarity index 63% viz., (1) Riverine Community; (2) Abies-Rhododendron Woodland Community; (3) Juniperus Scrub Community; (4) Rhododendron Krummholz and (5) Alpine Meadow, based on the floristic compositions. In addition, it was noticed that the fragile alpine environment of the Merak Himalaya has high plant diversity and important plants that are susceptible to the anthropogenic pressures.

Le Kenya nomme le titulaire de sa première chaire de recherche

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

14 avr. 2016 ... De concert avec le CRDI, la National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI) du Kenya a inauguré sa première chaire de recherche à Nairobi, le 31 mars 2015. Le professeur Fabian Omoding Esamai, qui dirige actuellement le College of Health Sciences de la Moi University, a été ...

pour le trimestre qui a pris fin le 31 décembre 2014

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Office 2004 Test Drive User

31 déc. 2014 ... Le CRDI finance des travaux de recherche appliquée ... recherches pour le développement international (le Centre) et de ...... voie de développement et sur la mise en oeuvre des connaissances scientifiques, techniques et autres en vue .... Les accords expirent à des dates différentes, et le dernier prend fin.

Le cru, le cuit et le pourri dans _Le vice-consul_ de Marguerite Duras

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Hélène Caron

2011-05-01

Full Text Available Bien que plusieurs articles critiques aient déjà avancé de nouvelles perspectives sur le texte Le Vice-Consul (LVC de Marguerite Duras, l’analyse de la représentation de la nourriture dans ce roman n’a fait l’objet d’aucune étude. Cet article tente donc de combler cette lacune en proposant d’analyser les images du cru et du cuit, images qui se rejoignent sous les notions du pourri et de l’abject, tout en offrant quelques interprétations de l’un des passages critiques du roman où la folle mendiante croque la tête d’un poisson vivant.

Le Peer to Peer: Vers un Nouveau Modèle de Civilization

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Michel Bauwens

2006-06-01

Full Text Available Le « peer to peer » est la dynamique intersubjective caractéristique des réseaux distribués. Le but de cet essai est de montrer qu'il s'agit d'une véritable nouvelle forme d’organisation sociale, apte à produire et échanger des biens, à créer de la valeur. Celle-ci est la conséquence d'un nouvel imaginaire social, et possède le potentiel de devenir le pilier d'un nouveau mode d'économie politique, voire d'un nouveau type de civilisation. Pour cela, nous allons d'abord définir le P2P, décrire en bref ces manifestations, et le différencier d'autres modalités d'échange intersubjectif tel que le marché, la hiérarchie, l'économie du don.Comme principale modalité P2P nous distinguons: Les processus de production P2P, comme troisième mode de production, qui n'est ni géré par un mode hiérarchique ou par l'état, ni répondant à des impératifs de profit ou qui sont modulés par le biais des prix. Les processus de gouvernance P2P, qui gouverne ces processus de production. Les formes de propriété P2P, qui sont destine a empecher l’appropriation prive de cette production pour le commun.Afin d’examiner les characteristiques de cette nouvelle dynamique sociale, nous utilisons la typologie intersubjective de l’anthropologue Alan Page Fisque, qui distingue: 1. l'échange égalitaire (Equality Matching, c..a.d l’economie du don. 2. La relation d’autorité (Authority Ranking tel qu’elle s’exprime dans le mode hierarchique. 3. le marché (Market Pricing. 4. la participation commune (Communal Shareholding.En conclusion, nous examinons les possibilites d’expansion de ce nouveau mode sociale et son insertion dans l’economie capitaliste, en nous nous posons la question: le P2P peut-il etre concu comme alternative sociale et economique aux modeles existants.

Le concept de projet en psichologie du développement et de l'éducation

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Brigitte Detry

2015-07-01

Full Text Available Dans cet article, on commence par problématiser la notion de projet et la situer dans le contexte des études en psychologie du développement et de l’éducation : nous partons d’un problème qui est celui-ci : comment réussit-on une phase de vie déterminée? Pour répondre à cette question, la proposition que nous développons aujourd’hui passe par un critère, celui des tâches de développement et concerne l’élaboration d’un projet. Pour ne pas rester dans le vague, nous concrétisons cette idée dans le domaine de l’éducation et d’une phase de vie en particulier : l’adolescence. Les différents eexemples concernent cette phase de vie. Nous commençons par nous interroger sur le fait que certains individus semblent présenter une croissance harmonieuse alors que d’autres sont démotivés, s’ennuient, ne semblent progresser en rien (Galand & Bourgeois, 2006. Les ambiances scolaires sont particulièrement propices à ce genre d’observation. C’est pourquoi, nous nous tournons d’abord vers les parcours scolaires. Une constatation s’impose : sans en avoir envie, on n’apprend pas. Comment des éducateurs, des enseignants peuvent-ils susciter ce désir d’apprendre sans prendre la place de l’élève ? Notre proposition rejoint celle de Perrenoud (2001 et concerne le projet de l’élève et plus globalement le projet de formation. Elle s’enrichit d’une synthèse des recherches sur le concept de projet dans la littérature scientifique contemporaine. Dans la dernière partie de l’article, nous montrons aussi que s’interroger sur le projet académique de l’individu ne suffit pas, le projet socio-affectif et le développment de l’identité constituent le soubassement sur lequel le projet de formation s’établit.

Technical Note: Seasonality in alpine water resources management - a regional assessment

Science.gov (United States)

Vanham, D.; Fleischhacker, E.; Rauch, W.

2008-01-01

Alpine regions are particularly affected by seasonal variations in water demand and water availability. Especially the winter period is critical from an operational point of view, as being characterised by high water demands due to tourism and low water availability due to the temporal storage of precipitation as snow and ice. The clear definition of summer and winter periods is thus an essential prerequisite for water resource management in alpine regions. This paper presents a GIS-based multi criteria method to determine the winter season. A snow cover duration dataset serves as basis for this analysis. Different water demand stakeholders, the alpine hydrology and the present day water supply infrastructure are taken into account. Technical snow-making and (winter) tourism were identified as the two major seasonal water demand stakeholders in the study area, which is the Kitzbueheler region in the Austrian Alps. Based upon different geographical datasets winter was defined as the period from December to March, and summer as the period from April to November. By determining potential regional water balance deficits or surpluses in the present day situation and in future, important management decisions such as water storage and allocation can be made and transposed to the local level.

Are low altitude alpine tundra ecosystems under threat? A case study from the Parc National de la Gaspésie, Québec

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dumais, Catherine; Ropars, Pascale; Denis, Marie-Pier; Dufour-Tremblay, Geneviève; Boudreau, Stéphane

2014-01-01

According to the 2007 IPCC report, the alpine tundra ecosystems found on low mountains of the northern hemisphere are amongst the most threatened by climate change. A treeline advance or a significant erect shrub expansion could result in increased competition for the arctic-alpine species usually found on mountaintops and eventually lead to their local extinction. The objectives of our study were to identify recent changes in the cover and growth of erect woody vegetation in the alpine tundra of Mont de la Passe, in the Parc National de la Gaspésie (Québec, Canada). The comparison of two orthorectified aerial photos revealed no significant shift of the treeline between 1975 and 2004. During the same period however, shrub species cover increased from 20.2% to 30.4% in the lower alpine zone. Dendrochronological analyses conducted on Betula glandulosa Michx. sampled at three different positions along an altitudinal gradient (low, intermediate and high alpine zone) revealed that the climatic determinants of B. glandulosa radial growth become more complex with increasing altitude. In the lower alpine zone, B. glandulosa radial growth is only significantly associated positively to July temperature. In the intermediate alpine zone, radial growth is associated positively to July temperature but negatively to March temperature. In the high alpine zone, radial growth is positively associated to January, July and August temperature but negatively to March temperature. The positive association between summer temperatures and radial growth suggests that B. glandulosa could potentially benefit from warmer temperatures, a phenomenon that could lead to an increase in its cover over the next few decades. Although alpine tundra vegetation is not threatened in the short-term in the Parc National de la Gaspésie, erect shrub cover, especially B. glandulosa, could likely increase in the near future, threatening the local arctic-alpine flora. (letter)

Le « modèle germanique » Français

OpenAIRE

Lefebvre , Armelle

2009-01-01

Resume Le concept d?Allemagne permet de reveler, selon une approche , l?ampleur des desaccords ayant preside a la definition du concept d?Etat en France. De ce dernier, l?on aborde divers emplois qu?illustrent des modeles d?Etat. Le opere ainsi dans un debat qui est le creuset de la connaissance politique moderne, avec ses apories: celles de la souverainete externe, de l?ordre interetatique, de la confederation. L?article expose alo...

Valorisation et Recyclage des Déchets Plastiques dans le Béton

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Benimam Samir

2014-04-01

Full Text Available La valorisation des déchets dans le génie civil est un secteur important dans la mesure où les produits que l’on souhaite obtenir ne sont pas soumis à des critères de qualité trop rigoureux. Le recyclage des déchets touche deux impacts très importants à savoir l’impact et l’impact économique. Donc plusieurs pays du monde, différents déchets sont utilisé dans le domaine de la construction et spécialement dans le ciment ou béton comme poudre, fibres ou agrégats. Ce travail s’intéresse à la valorisation d’un déchet qui est nuisible pour l’environnement vu son caractère encombrant et inesthétique il s’agit du déchet plastique. Trois types de déchets plastiques sont ajoutés dans le béton (sous forme de grains et fibres (ondulées et rectilignes. Les propriétés à l’état frais (maniabilité, air occlus et densité et à l’état durci (résistance à la compression, à la traction, retrait et absorption d’eau des différents bétons réalisés sont analysées et comparés par rapport leurs témoins respectifs. D’après les résultats expérimentaux on peut conclure que le renforcement de la matrice cimentaire avec des fibres plastiques ondulées montrent une nette amélioration de la résistance à la traction du béton ainsi qu’une diminution remarquable de sa capacité d’absorption de l’eau lorsqu’on utilise des grains plastiques.

Simulation of wind-induced snow transport and sublimation in alpine terrain using a fully coupled snowpack/atmosphere model

Science.gov (United States)

Vionnet, V.; Martin, E.; Masson, V.; Guyomarc'h, G.; Naaim-Bouvet, F.; Prokop, A.; Durand, Y.; Lac, C.

2014-03-01

In alpine regions, wind-induced snow transport strongly influences the spatio-temporal evolution of the snow cover throughout the winter season. To gain understanding on the complex processes that drive the redistribution of snow, a new numerical model is developed. It directly couples the detailed snowpack model Crocus with the atmospheric model Meso-NH. Meso-NH/Crocus simulates snow transport in saltation and in turbulent suspension and includes the sublimation of suspended snow particles. The coupled model is evaluated against data collected around the experimental site of Col du Lac Blanc (2720 m a.s.l., French Alps). First, 1-D simulations show that a detailed representation of the first metres of the atmosphere is required to reproduce strong gradients of blowing snow concentration and compute mass exchange between the snowpack and the atmosphere. Secondly, 3-D simulations of a blowing snow event without concurrent snowfall have been carried out. Results show that the model captures the main structures of atmospheric flow in alpine terrain. However, at 50 m grid spacing, the model reproduces only the patterns of snow erosion and deposition at the ridge scale and misses smaller scale patterns observed by terrestrial laser scanning. When activated, the sublimation of suspended snow particles causes a reduction of deposited snow mass of 5.3% over the calculation domain. Total sublimation (surface + blowing snow) is three times higher than surface sublimation in a simulation neglecting blowing snow sublimation.

A comparative phylogeographic study reveals discordant evolutionary histories of alpine ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae).

Science.gov (United States)

Weng, Yi-Ming; Yang, Man-Miao; Yeh, Wen-Bin

2016-04-01

Taiwan, an island with three major mountain ranges, provides an ideal topography to study mountain-island effect on organisms that would be diversified in the isolation areas. Glaciations, however, might drive these organisms to lower elevations, causing gene flow among previously isolated populations. Two hypotheses have been proposed to depict the possible refugia for alpine organisms during glaciations. Nunatak hypothesis suggests that alpine species might have stayed in situ in high mountain areas during glaciations. Massif de refuge, on the other hand, proposes that alpine species might have migrated to lower ice-free areas. By sampling five sympatric carabid species of Nebria and Leistus, and using two mitochondrial genes and two nuclear genes, we evaluated the mountain-island effect on alpine carabids and tested the two proposed hypotheses with comparative phylogeographic method. Results from the phylogenetic relationships, network analysis, lineage calibration, and genetic structure indicate that the deep divergence among populations in all L. smetanai, N. formosana, and N. niitakana was subjected to long-term isolation, a phenomenon in agreement with the nunatak hypothesis. However, genetic admixture among populations of N. uenoiana and some populations of L. nokoensis complex suggests that gene flow occurred during glaciations, as a massif de refuge depicts. The speciation event in N. niitakana is estimated to have occurred before 1.89 million years ago (Mya), while differentiation among isolated populations in N. niitakana, N. formosana, L. smetanai, and L. nokoensis complex might have taken place during 0.65-1.65 Mya. While each of the alpine carabids arriving in Taiwan during different glaciation events acquired its evolutionary history, all of them had confronted the existing mountain ranges.

Los Dioramas de Le Corbusier = Le Corbusier's Dioramas

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José Ramón Alonso Pereira

2013-10-01

Full Text Available ResumenLe Corbusier simboliza el urbanismo moderno racional, cuyo esfuerzo riguroso de planificación exige un esfuerzo paralelo de comprensión. Se opone a ese urbanismo contemporáneo que quiere percibir y disfrutar la ciudad sensiblemente. Sentimiento y razón, sin embargo, no son opuestos y Le Corbusier nos dio en su momento las claves para intentar una síntesis, uniéndolos de modo singular por medio de sus ‘boîte à miracles’ o ‘cajas mágicas’: esos "espectáculos arquitectónicos de síntesis" que definiría en el Ciam de 1951. Pretendemos aproximarnos aquí a la primera de esos ‘espectáculos’: el ‘diorama’, viéndolo como estrategia corbuseriana de mediación entre lo racional y lo sensible en la ciudad moderna y contemporánea.Palabras claveLe Corbusier, diorama, Ville Contemporaine, Plan Voisin, Plan MaciáAbstractLe Corbusier symbolizes the modern rational urbanism, whose rigorous effort of town planning demands a parallel effort of comprehension. It opposes to these contemporary urbanism that wish to perceive and to enjoy cities in a sensible way. Nevertheless, sentiment and reason are not adverses and Le Corbusier gives us at his  moment keys to intent a synthesis, joined them in a singular way by means of his ‘boîtes à miracles’ or ‘magic boxes’: those "architectural spectacles of synthesis" that he defined in 1951 Ciam. Here we try to approach to the first of those ‘spectacles’: the ‘diorama’, considering it as a corbusean strategy of mediation between rational and sensible in modern and contemporary city.Key wordsLe Corbusier, diorama, Ville Contemporaine, Plan Voisin, Plan Maciá.

Rapport financier trimestriel pour le trimestre qui a pris fin le 30

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Sophie Comeau

30 sept. 2011 ... politiques, de chercheurs et de collectivités de par le monde. ..... Financement : le CRDI est visé par l'Examen stratégique et ... Le Conseil des gouverneurs a amorcé la planification du recrutement du nouveau président.

Snowmelt runoff from northern alpine tundra hillslopes: major processes and methods of simulation

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W. L. Quinton

2004-01-01

Full Text Available In northern alpine tundra, large slope gradients, late-lying snow drifts and shallow soils overlying impermeable substrates all contribute to large hillslope runoff volumes during the spring freshet. Understanding the processes and pathways of hillslope runoff in this environment is, therefore, critical to understanding the water cycle within northern alpine tundra ecosystems. This study: (a presents the results of a field study on runoff from a sub-alpine tundra hillslope with a large snow drift during the spring melt period; (b identifies the major runoff processes that must be represented in simulations of snowmelt runoff from sub-alpine tundra hillslopes; (c describes how these processes can be represented in a numerical simulation model; and d compares field measurements with modelled output to validate or refute the conceptual understanding of runoff generation embodied in the process simulations. The study was conducted at Granger Creek catchment, 15 km south of Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, Canada, on a north-facing slope below a late-lying snow drift. For the freshet period, the major processes to be represented in a runoff model include the rate of meltwater release from the late-lying snowdrift, the elevation and thickness of the saturated layer, the magnitude of the soil permeability and its variation with depth. The daily cycle of net all-wave radiation was observed to drive the diurnal pulses of melt water from the drift; this, in turn, was found to control the daily pulses of flow through the hillslope subsurface and in the stream channel. The computed rate of frost table lowering fell within the observed values; however, there was wide variation among the measured frost table depths. Spatial variability in frost table depth would result in spatial variabilities in saturated layer depth and thickness, which would, in turn, produce variations in subsurface flow rates over the slope, including preferential flowpaths. Keywords

Coupled cryoconite ecosystem structure-function relationships are revealed by comparing bacterial communities in alpine and Arctic glaciers

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Edwards, Arwyn; Mur, Luis A. J.; Girdwood, Susan E.

2014-01-01

Cryoconite holes are known as foci of microbial diversity and activity on polar glacier surfaces, but are virtually unexplored microbial habitats in alpine regions. In addition, whether cryoconite community structure reflects ecosystem functionality is poorly understood. Terminal restriction...... revealed Proteobacteria were particularly abundant, with Cyanobacteria likely acting as ecosystem engineers in both alpine and Arctic cryoconite communities. However, despite these generalities, significant differences in bacterial community structures, compositions and metabolomes are found between alpine...... fragment length polymorphism and Fourier transform infrared metabolite fingerprinting of cryoconite from glaciers in Austria, Greenland and Svalbard demonstrated cryoconite bacterial communities are closely correlated with cognate metabolite fingerprints. The influence of bacterial-associated fatty acids...

Semen quality and concentration of soluble proteins in the seminal plasma of Alpine bucks Semen quality and concentration of soluble proteins in the seminal plasma of Alpine bucks

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Simone Eliza Facione Guimarães

2010-06-01

Full Text Available It was aimed to study the in vitro seminal quality analyzed by complementary tests and to compare them with physical, morphological and biochemical aspects of male goat semen of the Alpine breed. This experiment took place at the Federal University of Viçosa, situated at 20º45’ S latitude and 42º51’ W longitude, Southwest of Brazil. It was done during the summer months of January and February, and three adult male goats of the Alpine breed were used in intensive conditions. The semen was collected by artificial vagina method. In all semen samples (45 ejaculates, after the physical and morphological analysis, the hiposmotic test was done. In 24 ejaculates, it were done thermo-resistance test, and in 21 ejaculates it were determined the concentration of total soluble proteins in seminal plasma. The male goats presented difference in the semen physical and morphological aspects, in the hiposmotic test and thermo-resistance test, but they did not presented difference in total soluble proteins concentration in seminal plasma. Results of the slow thermo-resistance test and hiposmotic test were positively correlated (r = 0.60. It was concluded, according to our results, that the concentration of total soluble proteins in seminal plasma can not be used as a parameter to predict the seminal quality of Alpine bucks.It was aimed to study the in vitro seminal quality analyzed by complementary tests and to compare them with physical, morphological and biochemical aspects of male goat semen of the Alpine breed. This experiment took place at the Federal University of Viçosa, situated at 20º45’ S latitude and 42º51’ W longitude, Southwest of Brazil. It was done during the summer months of January and February, and three adult male goats of the Alpine breed were used in intensive conditions. The semen was collected by artificial vagina method. In all semen samples (45 ejaculates, after the physical and morphological analysis, the hiposmotic test

Geochemistry of the triassic-Jurassic alpine continental deposits: origin and geodynamic implications

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Poinssot, Ch.; Goffe, B.; Toulhoat, P.

1997-01-01

Mid-Triassic to mid-Jurassic Alpine continental deposits are known all along the former Brianconnais peninsula. They constitutes small karstic pockets on the thick Triassic calcareous series and their chemistry evolves between bauxites s.s. and aluminous argilites. Most of them were deeply buried during the Alpine orogenesis as recorded by HP-LT metamorphism. Only the deposits of the Pre-Alps were submitted to lower PT conditions (diagenesis-anchizone boundary) during their incorporation in the thrust wedge of the 'Prealpes Medianes'. These formations are known for containing traces of light elements (Li, F) and heavy elements (Zn, REE...). In order to understand the possible origin of these elements, we studied the geochemistry (major and trace elements) of two representative deposits, one in Vanoise which underwent a HP-LT metamorphism, the other one in the Pre-Alps, which was only submitted to diagenesis. Trace elements patterns allow us to preclude an autochthonous origin for these formations as well as the intervention of metasomatism, and demonstrate a granitic origin. Moreover, discrimination diagrams for granites indicate an obvious alkaline granitic origin for these deposits. In the framework of the Alpine palaeogeography, we then discuss the possible granitic sources. Two main sources can be invoked: either a Brianconnais s.s. formation (crystalline or sediments), which supposes a more intense erosion as classically admitted, or more distant sources such as the Corso-Sardinian alkaline acid-rocks, which supposes a complex palaeo-hydrography. This confirms the sedimentary origin of the light elements in these rocks and precludes the intervention of light elements-rich hydrothermal fluids migrating through Alpine metamorphic units. (author)

French achievements in the field of nuclear electronics; Realisations francaises dans le domaine de l'electronique nucleaire

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Doireau, M; Fabre, R; Guillon, H; Guyot, C [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1958-07-01

Nuclear electronic equipment used by the french Atomic Energy Commission has been developed, with an increasing participation of the radioelectric industry (manufacture under AEC license, contracts for prototypes). The equipment for general use has been standardized and satis the technical specification sheets in which are specified more particularly, the conditions for construction, the choice of the spare parts and the conditions for acceptance by the french AEC at factory. The electronic equipment is classified in nine classes, and a brief description of the principal instruments is given in each class. The reliability of the equipment in use is satisfactory, as it is shown by the mean frequency of faults per 1000 hours operation. (author)Fren. [French] L'appareillage d'electronique nucleaire utilise au Commissariat a l'Energie atomique fran is a ete developpe en demandant un concours de plus en plus important a l'industrie radioelectrique (fabrications sous licence CEA, marches de prototypes, etc...). Le materiel d'emploi courant a ete standardise et repond aux specifications de cahiers des charges ou sont precises en particulier les conditions de realisation du materiel, le choix des pieces detachees et les conditions de recette en usine. L'appareillage electronique est classe en neuf rubriques et une description sommaire des principaux appareils est donnee dans chacune des rubriques. La tenue en service du materiel est satisfaisante, ainsi que le montre la frequence moyenne des pannes observees par 1000 heures de fonctionnement. (auteur)

Impact de la forêt sur l’évolution des ressources en eau en moyenne montagne alpine depuis le milieu du XIXe siècle (massif de Chartreuse, France

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Dominique Dumas

2012-02-01

Full Text Available Depuis la révolution industrielle, une grande partie des terres des espaces de moyenne montagne a été abandonnée au profit d’une extension de la couverture forestière. Or, la forêt intercepte et retient un pourcentage plus ou moins élevé des pluies sur son feuillage, diminuant du même coup la quantité d’eau réellement reçue par le sol. Le transfert de l’eau atmosphérique en une eau utilisable comme ressource a donc été progressivement modifié au cours de ces dernières décennies par la transformation progressive du paysage. Dans cette étude, conduite à l’échelle du massif de Chartreuse, la pluviométrie annuelle, le rôle de la forêt dans l’interception des pluies et l’extension de la forêt, sont appréciés tour à tour. L’impact de l’extension de la forêt depuis le milieu du XIXe siècle sur les quantités d’eau perdues pour l’écoulement et les réserves souterraines peut ainsi être évalué. Cette étude montre que, depuis le milieu du XIXe siècle, l’extension de la couverture forestière en Chartreuse aurait accru de presque 100 mm les pertes en eau par les processus d’interception. Et, sur cette même période, cette quantité d’eau perdue n’a pas été compensée par une hausse des précipitations. Au total, le bilan hydrologique a donc été notablement modifié, avec une quantité d’eau disponible pour l’écoulement, ou les réserves souterraines, plus réduite que celle définie traditionnellement à partir des uniques relevés météorologiques.

Le Sanskrit

CERN Document Server

Balbir, Nalini

2013-01-01

Cet ouvrage est destiné à tous ceux qui souhaitent se mettre ou se remettre à l'étude du sanskrit et ne peuvent y consacrer que quelques minutes par jour. En suivant le principe de la méthode quotidienne Assimil, vous acquerrez progressivement le vocabulaire et la grammaire de base qui sont nécessaires à la lecture des textes de la littérature sanskrite classique. Vous trouverez dans cette méthode une approche vivante de la langue et de la culture sanskrite classique à travers des textes d'abord adaptés pour le débutant puis authentiques. En quelques mois, vous manierez la langue sans efforts ni hésitation, de manière très naturelle. Les enregistrements reprennent l'intégralité des textes en sanskrit des leçons et des exercices de traduction du livre. Ils sont interprétés, à un rythme progressif, par des locuteurs natifs professionnels.

The relative role of dispersal and local interactions for alpine plant community diversity under simulated climate warming

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Klanderud, K.; Totland, Oe. [Norwegian Univ. of Life Science, Dept. of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Aas (Norway)

2007-08-15

Most studies on factors determining diversity are conducted in temperate or warm regions, whereas studies in climatically harsh and low productivity areas, such as alpine regions, are rare. We examined the relative roles of seed availability and different biotic and abiotic factors for the diversity of an alpine plant community in southern Norway. Furthermore, because climate warming is predicted to be an important driver of alpine species diversity, we assessed how the relative impacts of dispersal and local interactions on diversity might change under experimental warming (open top chambers, OTCs). Addition of seeds from 27 regional species increased community diversity. The establishment of the species was negatively related both to the diversity of the existing system and the cover of the abundant dwarf shrub Dryas octopetala. These results show that both species dispersal limitation and local biotic interactions are important factors for alpine plant community diversity. Despite relatively harsh environmental conditions and low productivity, competition from the resident vegetation appeared to have a greater role for species establishment and diversity than facilitation and experimental warming. Higher temperature appeared to increase the negative relationship between resident species diversity and species establishment. This may suggest that climate warming can increase the role of interspecific competition for alpine plant community structure, and thus alter the long-term effects of biotic interactions on diversity. (au)

De quoi le genre est-il le nom ?

OpenAIRE

Andrieu, Bernard

2013-01-01

Cette note de lecture présente une courte évolution des travaux sur le genre sous l’angle du rapport au corps en démontrant comment la dénaturalisation du corps et du sexe biologique a conduit à une description culturaliste des fonctions individuelles et des rôles sociaux. Si le genre dénaturalise le corps c’est en refusant toute référence au sexe ou à la sexualité en tant qu’ils seraient des données naturelles. Depuis son apparition en 1947, sous la plume de John Money, psychologue chargé du...

Le modèle fédéral dans le sport français, un principe fondateur dépassé ?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Béatrice Barbusse

2009-06-01

Full Text Available Dans le sport français, le fédéralisme s’est installé comme une évidence institutionnelle dès la fin du 19e siècle et le début du 20e siècle dans un pays qui pourtant ne se pense pas fédéral. En outre, si son apparition est liée à l’émergence du sport comme nouvelle pratique sociale à côté d’autres pratiques physiques plus traditionnelles, il s’est rapidement imposé comme la pierre angulaire de l’ordre sportif français. Près d’un siècle plus tard, son monopole institutionnel est bousculé voire «concurrencé». Ces constats d’ensemble nous amènent à nous interroger sur les raisons pour lesquelles le sport a épousé le modèle fédéral dans un pays non fédéral, mais aussi sur ses limites actuelles. Est-il encore le modèle approprié aux circonstances contemporaines ? A-t-il toujours sa place dans le système de gouvernance du sport ? Ou bien, a contrario, reste-t-il le dernier rempart légitime face aux excès du sport contemporain (dopage, violence, corruptions, déficits… ? À partir d’une approche socio-historique, il s’est agi dans cet article de reconstruire le fil de la généalogie du fédéralisme sportif tout en s’interrogeant sur ses perspectives. Au delà de la question du fédéralisme, c’est bien celle de la gouvernance du sport contemporain qui est posée.

Oxygen titration in sodium. The mercury method and its use for very low values; Dosage de l'oxygene dans le sodium. La methode au mercure : son utilisation dans le cas de tres faibles teneurs

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Champeix, L; Darras, R; Duflo, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1958-07-01

The mercury method for the oxygen titration in sodium has now been known for ten years and is probably the more frequently used. In this text, precision are given to what extent it is valuable when used in microanalysis. Details are given on the apparatus, its manipulation and its calibration. After testing, we have decided to use flame spectroscopy to titrate the sodium hydroxide formed. Discussions are exposed on the errors due to the presence of sodium chloride and calcium. Results are examined from the point of view of their reproducibility and accuracy. If great care is taken, this method allows oxygen titration in sodium even for values below 10 ppm with satisfactory precision. (author) [French] La methode au mercure pour le dosage de l'oxygene dans le sodium est connue depuis une dizaine d'annees, elle est probablement la plus utilisee. Nous avons voulu preciser dans quelle mesure elle etait valable dans le domaine des faibles teneurs avec une precision acceptable. Nous decrivons en detail l'appareil utilise pour l'analyse, le mode operatoire et la methode d'etalonnage. Nos essais nous ont conduit a adopter la spectrographie de flamme pour le dosage de la soude formee, les erreurs introduites par la presence de chlorure de sodium et de calcium sont discutes. Les resultats obtenus sont examines du point de vue de la reproductibilite, de la justesse. Moyennant un mode operatoire tres soigne, cette methode permet le dosage de l'oxygene dans le sodium, meme a des teneurs inferieures a 10 ppm avec une precision satisfaisante. (auteur)

Le modèle judiciaire libéral mis à l’épreuve : la surveillance des juges sous le Directoire

OpenAIRE

Berger, Emmanuel

2007-01-01

La justice du Directoire est principalement identifiée aux différentes violations infligées par le gouvernement afin de contrôler le pouvoir judiciaire et durcir la répression criminelle. Cette représentation est, en réalité, partiale. L’auteur tente de le prouver à travers l’analyse d’un aspect essentiel du système judiciaire directorial : la surveillance des juges. L’étude des normes et des pratiques montre que le mode de surveillance établi par le code des délits et des peines respecte la ...

Australian Alps: Kosciuszko, Alpine and Namadgi National Parks (Second Edition

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Nicole Porter

2017-02-01

Full Text Available Reviewed: Australian Alps: Kosciuszko, Alpine and Namadgi National Parks (Second Edition By Deidre Slattery. Clayton South, Australia: CSIRO Publishing, 2015. xvii + 302 pp. AU$ 45.00, US$ 35.95. ISBN 978-1-486-30171-3.

Rôle des universités dans le renforcement des technologies de l ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Rôle des universités dans le renforcement des technologies de l'information et de la communication au service du développement (TIC-D) en Asie. Jusqu'à maintenant, les efforts déployés dans le secteur de l'enseignement supérieur ont surtout été axés sur le téléapprentissage, l'apprentissage électronique et différentes ...

MILK COAGULATION PROPERTIES OF CATTLE BREEDS REARED IN ALPINE AREA

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Giulio Visentin

2015-09-01

Full Text Available The aim of the present study was to apply mid-infrared spectroscopy prediction models developed for milk coagulation properties (MCP to a spectral dataset of 123,240 records collected over a 2-year period in the Alpine area, and to investigate sources of variation of the predicted MCP. Mixed linear models included fixed effects of breed, month and year of sampling, days in milk, parity, and the interactions between the main effects. Random effects were herd nested within breed, cow nested within breed, and the residual. All fixed effects were significant (P<0.05 in explaining the variation of MCP. In particular, milk clotting characteristics varied significantly among breeds, and local Alpine Grey breed exhibited the most favourable processing characteristics. Milk coagulation properties varied across lactation and were at their worst after the peak.

Le Mouvement Social

OpenAIRE

FRIDENSON, Patrick

2003-01-01

J'ai la faiblesse d'affirmer que parmi les revues françaises d'histoire Le Mouvement Social est la revue qui a publié le plus d'articles et de comptes rendus en matière d'histoire des femmes et du gender. Chacun peut le vérifier grâce à nos pages Web sur le site Internet du Dictionnaire créé par Jean Maitron. Elles comportent la table des matières complète de la revue depuis sa fondation en 1960. Notre rédaction est extrêmement fière de ce résultat. Mais elle reconnaît qu'il a été difficile à...

The return of the property question in the development of Alpine tourist resorts in Switzerland

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Christophe Clivaz

2010-09-01

Full Text Available This contribution demonstrates how the issues and current problems regarding real estate management in Swiss Alpine tourist resorts emerge, for an important part, from the inconsistencies of the Federal land management system set in place at the end of the 1970s, system based on zoning scheme and excluding virtually any estate instrument, including the capital-gain levy. In these very favourable conditions for landowners, who also see land ownership strengthened by its introduction in the Federal Constitution at the end of the 1960s, the "growth coalitions" structuring the local power in many tourist towns usually planned oversized building areas (and often badly located which have facilitated the development of second homes industry to the detriment of productive estate home industry. Faced with the failure of planning and zoning to limit these trends whose negative effects on the development of tourism seriously begin to be felt in the 1990s, we encounter, now in recent years, the post-eradication of the real estate question in discussions concerning the development of tourist resorts particularly in implementing real estate instruments, such as quota systems, moratoriums or taxes, intervening so much more directly than only zoning on land and real estate owners, contingency arrangements initially excluded from spatial planning policy.Cette contribution montre dans quelle mesure les enjeux et les problèmes actuels en matière de gestion foncière et immobilière dans les stations touristiques des Alpes suisses découlent pour une part importante des incohérences du régime fédéral de l’aménagement du territoire mis en place à la fin des années 1970, régime fondé sur le zonage et excluant quasiment tout instrument foncier, notamment le prélèvement de la plus-value. Dans ces conditions très favorables aux propriétaires fonciers, qui voient par ailleurs la garantie de la propriété foncière encore renforcée par son inscription

Le faussaire roman

CERN Document Server

D'Anna, Gianfranco

2016-01-01

À l'aube du XXIe siècle, le monde de la science est sur le point de vivre une révolution. Le jeune physicien allemand Albert Hendrick Thebell, des célèbres laboratoires de recherche B-Labs, à Summit, dans le New Jersey, publie, dans les plus grandes revues scientifiques internationales, une série d'articles dans lesquels il prétend avoir obtenu des résultats extraordinaires qui pourraient révolutionner les bases mêmes de la technologie. Rapidement, la communauté scientifique puis les médias saluent en lui un futur prix Nobel; on compare même son génie à celui d'Albert Einstein. Le progrès scientifique semble avoir franchi une étape décisive, susceptible d'amener un futur meilleur. Mais ces découvertes sont-elles authentiques ? Car pendant ce temps, dans les mêmeslaboratoires, des voix s'élèvent pour contester non seulement les théories de Thebell mais aussi la légitimité même de ses expériences ; certains le soupçonnent d'avoir combiné la plus grande fraude scientifique de tous l...

Soil bacterial and fungal diversity differently correlated with soil biochemistry in alpine grassland ecosystems in response to environmental changes

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Yong; Dong, Shikui; Gao, Qingzhu; Liu, Shiliang; Ganjurjav, Hasbagan; Wang, Xuexia; Su, Xukun; Wu, Xiaoyu

2017-03-01

To understand effects of soil microbes on soil biochemistry in alpine grassland ecosystems under environmental changes, we explored relationships between soil microbial diversity and soil total nitrogen, organic carbon, available nitrogen and phosphorus, soil microbial biomass and soil enzyme activities in alpine meadow, alpine steppe and cultivated grassland on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau under three-year warming, enhanced precipitation and yak overgrazing. Soil total nitrogen, organic carbon and NH4-N were little affected by overgrazing, warming or enhanced precipitation in three types of alpine grasslands. Soil microbial biomass carbon and phosphorus along with the sucrase and phosphatase activities were generally stable under different treatments. Soil NO3-N, available phosphorus, urease activity and microbial biomass nitrogen were increased by overgrazing in the cultivated grassland. Soil bacterial diversity was positively correlated with, while soil fungal diversity negatively with soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities. Soil bacterial diversity was negatively correlated with, while soil fungal diversity positively with soil available nutrients. Our findings indicated soil bacteria and fungi played different roles in affecting soil nutrients and microbiological activities that might provide an important implication to understand why soil biochemistry was generally stable under environmental changes in alpine grassland ecosystems.

New P-T and U-Pb constraints on Alpine Schist metamorphism in south Westland, New Zealand

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Scott, J.M.; Auer, A.; Muhling, J.R.; Czertowicz, T.A.; Cooper, A.F.; Billia, M.A.; Kennedy, A.K.

2015-01-01

Metamorphic mineral compositions of a staurolite-bearing greyschist from the middle reaches of the Moeraki River valley in south Westland reveal peak equilibration at c. 558±50 degrees C and c. 6.1±1.2 kbar. Two c. 83 Ma U-Pb monazite age populations from the cores of monazite-apatite-allanite-epidote corona structures in mylonitised schists from near Fox Glacier confirm that Alpine Schist metamorphism occurred during the Late Cretaceous. The published spread in Late Cretaceous metamorphic ages indicates that metamorphism was diachronous or was a protracted event. Further dating is required to pin down the cryptic transition into the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous metamorphosed Otago Schist, but the Alpine Schist must extend at least 11 km east of the Alpine Fault in south Westland and overprint the suture between the Pounamu and Rakaia terranes. The P-T-t results imply that the Late Cretaceous crust represented by portions of the Alpine Schist was probably of similar thickness to that beneath the Southern Alps today, but with dehydration and partial melting occurring near the base. The crust under Westland and Otago may be dry and therefore strong. (author).

Experimental effects of herbivore density on above-ground plant biomass in an alpine grassland ecosystem

OpenAIRE

Austrheim, Gunnar; Speed, James David Mervyn; Martinsen, Vegard; Mulder, Jan; Mysterud, Atle

2014-01-01

Herbivores may increase or decrease aboveground plant productivity depending on factors such as herbivore density and habitat productivity. The grazing optimization hypothesis predicts a peak in plant production at intermediate herbivore densities, but has rarely been tested experimentally in an alpine field setting. In an experimental design with three densities of sheep (high, low, and no sheep), we harvested aboveground plant biomass in alpine grasslands prior to treatment and after five y...

De la plate-forme urgonienne au bassin vocontien : le Barrémo-Bédoulien des Alpes occidentales entre Isère et Buëch (Vercors méridional, Diois oriental et Dévoluy)

OpenAIRE

Arnaud , Hubert

1981-01-01

Vol. 1 : Stratigraphie. Vol. 2 : Sédimentologie et paléogéographie. Vol. 3 (écrit en commun avec Annie Arnaud-Vanneau) : Atlas des microfaciès et de la microfaune de la plate-forme urgonienne entre la Chartreuse et le Dévoluy Géologie alpine. Mémoire.- 1981, n° 12; Entre la plate-forme urgonienne et la bordure septentrionale du bassin vocontien, les assises barrémo-bédouliennes du Vercors, de la zone de Borne et du Dévoluy sont caractérisées par des variations constantes d'épaisseur et de fac...

Le rôle du pharmacien dans la fécondation in vitro

OpenAIRE

Hannoun , Odélia

2017-01-01

La procréation médicalement assistée regroupe plusieurs techniques venant en aide aux couples ayant des difficultés à concevoir. Environ 15% des couples en age de procréer consultent pour une difficulté à concevoir. Ce véritable problème de société nous incite à réfléchir sur le role que tient le pharmacien en tant que professionnel de santé dans le parcours de fécondation in vitro. Le pharmacien développe une relation étroite avec les patients au comptoir. Il est la pour expliquer le traitem...

Le boson et le chapeau mexicain un nouveau grand récit de l'univers

CERN Document Server

Cohen-Tannoudji, Gilles

2013-01-01

Le boson ? C'est l'ultime particule élémentaire prédite par la théorie de l'infiniment petit, qui manquait encore et dont la découverte, grâce au grand collisionneur de hadrons du CERN, a été annoncée au monde entier le 4 juillet 2012. Postulée en 1964 par Robert Brout, François Englert et Peter Higgs, elle explique que le photon - particule qui transmet la force électromagnétique - n'a pas de masse, à l'encontre de celles véhiculant la force faible. Une telle dissymétrie était a priori incompatible avec la symétrie fondamentale, dite «de jauge», sur laquelle est fondé le modèle standard de la physique des particules. Le chapeau mexicain ? C'est le mécanisme grâce auquel le boson rend compte, en préservant les acquis du modèle standard, de l'origine des masses des particules élémentaires. Le boson et le chapeau mexicain se placent à la croisée - retracée par les deux auteurs en dialogue avec François Englert - des chemins de l'évolution des théories de l'astrophysique contemp...

Le traitement informatisé de ressources électroniques au Service de l'Information Scientifique du CERN

CERN Document Server

Pignard, Nathalie; Jerdelet, Jocelyne

2001-01-01

Nous présentons une méthode automatique d'importation de données mise en oeuvre au Service de l'Information Scientifique, SIS, du CERN. Ce programme informatique, baptisé Uploader, permet d'importer dans le catalogue de la bibliothèque du CERN des notices bibliographiques et le texte intégral de documents provenant de diverses sources sur Internet. Ces bases de données concernent la littérature grise en physique et dans les disciplines voisines (par exemple DOE, KEK, Math-Doc, TipTop, etc.). Cette politique d'acquisition, qui met en avant le traitement informatisé des ressources électroniques, soulève quelques réflexions sur l'augmentation du nombre de documents collectés et sur l'élargissement des domaines traités. Le souci constant d'enrichir ces données et d'en faciliter l'accès aux utilisateurs, sur un mode hypertextuel, conduit à une évolution des métiers de la gestion documentaire.

Preserved organic matter in the Serpentinized Ocean-Continent Transition of Alpine Tethys

Science.gov (United States)

Mateeva, T.; Wolff, G. A.; Kusznir, N.; Manatschal, G.; Wheeler, J.

2017-12-01

Serpentinization occurs at slow-spreading ocean ridges and magma-poor rifted continental margins. At modern hydrothermal vents, serpentinization has been observed to support hydrogen-driven microbial environments including methanotrophic biosystems. An important question is: "Are such bio-systems locally restricted to hydrothermal vents or are they more pervasive, being linked with the exhumation of serpentinized mantle at the seafloor?" Fieldwork sampling of km scale exposures of orogenically exhumed serpentinized mantle in the Alps allows 3D mantle sampling that is not possible at ocean ridges and provides an opportunity to investigate the organic matter in an ophiolite sequence relative to the seafloor. Samples from the fossil Tethyan OCT, exhumed during Alpine collisional orogeny, have been examined for the presence or absence of biomarkers typical of methanotrophy within serpentinized exhumed mantle. Samples from the Totalp unit, Tasna nappe and Platta unit of the Eastern Swiss Alps and Chenaillet in the Western Alps from the Tethyan magma-poor OCT were selected for analysis because they have little Alpine deformation and underwent only low-grade Alpine metamorphism. Hand specimens and cores taken from these locations have been analysed to search for the presence or absence of biomarkers in the serpentinite and its overlying lithologies. Thin sections of samples from these OCT locations reveal multiple serpentinization events and calcification phases. All the lithologies sampled show the presence of hydrocarbons such as n-alkanes, low molecular weight polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, of mixed petrogenic and pyrogenic source), hopanes, steranes (of marine origin), and branched alkanes (pristane and phytane, non-specific marine origin). The identifiable biomarkers and the isotopic data are consistent with organic matter of a marine origin and do not provide any evidence for a methanotrophic bio-system. It is noteworthy that basement mantle rocks still

Entre les violences conjugales et le harcèlement moral : le stalking .

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Nicolas Desurmont

2007-09-01

Full Text Available Ce livre de la criminologue Murielle Anteo est le premier publié en langue française sur le stalking si l’on excepte les travaux encore inédits de Virginie Léon (2004. Comme le rappelle l’auteure, le terme est emprunté à l’anglais to stalk (hanter, rôder, et désigne un comportement menaçant, initié par un individu dont l’objectif conscient ou inconscient est l’objectivation de sa victime à des fins de domination. L’agression prend différentes formes : ...

Le jeu de la création : Le mangeur (2005) de Ying Chen

OpenAIRE

Nicole Dunham

2013-01-01

Le théoricien James Hans définit le jeu comme une déconstruction structurante, un processus de perpétuelle remise en question. Dans Le Mangeur (2005) de Ying Chen, la narratrice revit un épisode d’une de ses vies passées où elle meurt mangée, avalée, par son père, descendant dans le « tunnel » du ventre de ce dernier. Cependant, suite à cet événement, elle se retrouve dans un autre espace-temps où elle rencontre son mari, A.. Une équivalence s’établit dans le roman entre les éléments suivants...

113 Étude de la qualité des eaux épurées par le lagunage naturel ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

sam

Mots-clés : lagunage naturel, performances, eaux usées, Algérie. Abstract ... domaine de l'irrigation agricole. Le ratio entre les ... traitement biologique : Cette filière est composée de six bassins, qui sont réparties suivant trois étages : • .

Geomorphic determinants of species composition of alpine tundra, Glacier National Park, U.S.A.

Science.gov (United States)

George P. Malanson,; Bengtson, Lindsey E.; Fagre, Daniel B.

2012-01-01

Because the distribution of alpine tundra is associated with spatially limited cold climates, global warming may threaten its local extent or existence. This notion has been challenged, however, based on observations of the diversity of alpine tundra in small areas primarily due to topographic variation. The importance of diversity in temperature or moisture conditions caused by topographic variation is an open question, and we extend this to geomorphology more generally. The extent to which geomorphic variation per se, based on relatively easily assessed indicators, can account for the variation in alpine tundra community composition is analyzed versus the inclusion of broad indicators of regional climate variation. Visual assessments of topography are quantified and reduced using principal components analysis (PCA). Observations of species cover are reduced using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). A “best subsets” regression approach using the Akaike Information Criterion for selection of variables is compared to a simple stepwise regression with DCA scores as the dependent variable and scores on significant PCA axes plus more direct measures of topography as independent variables. Models with geographic coordinates (representing regional climate gradients) excluded explain almost as much variation in community composition as models with them included, although they are important contributors to the latter. The geomorphic variables in the model are those associated with local moisture differences such as snowbeds. The potential local variability of alpine tundra can be a buffer against climate change, but change in precipitation may be as important as change in temperature.

Regional climate models downscaling in the Alpine area with multimodel superensemble

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

D. Cane

2013-05-01

Full Text Available The climatic scenarios show a strong signal of warming in the Alpine area already for the mid-XXI century. The climate simulations, however, even when obtained with regional climate models (RCMs, are affected by strong errors when compared with observations, due both to their difficulties in representing the complex orography of the Alps and to limitations in their physical parametrization. Therefore, the aim of this work is to reduce these model biases by using a specific post processing statistic technique, in order to obtain a more suitable projection of climate change scenarios in the Alpine area. For our purposes we used a selection of regional climate models (RCMs runs which were developed in the framework of the ENSEMBLES project. They were carefully chosen with the aim to maximise the variety of leading global climate models and of the RCMs themselves, calculated on the SRES scenario A1B. The reference observations for the greater Alpine area were extracted from the European dataset E-OBS (produced by the ENSEMBLES project, which have an available resolution of 25 km. For the study area of Piedmont daily temperature and precipitation observations (covering the period from 1957 to the present were carefully gridded on a 14 km grid over Piedmont region through the use of an optimal interpolation technique. Hence, we applied the multimodel superensemble technique to temperature fields, reducing the high biases of RCMs temperature field compared to observations in the control period. We also proposed the application of a brand new probabilistic multimodel superensemble dressing technique, already applied to weather forecast models successfully, to RCMS: the aim was to estimate precipitation fields, with careful description of precipitation probability density functions conditioned to the model outputs. This technique allowed for reducing the strong precipitation overestimation, arising from the use of RCMs, over the Alpine chain and to

Regional climate models downscaling in the Alpine area with multimodel superensemble

Science.gov (United States)

Cane, D.; Barbarino, S.; Renier, L. A.; Ronchi, C.

2013-05-01

The climatic scenarios show a strong signal of warming in the Alpine area already for the mid-XXI century. The climate simulations, however, even when obtained with regional climate models (RCMs), are affected by strong errors when compared with observations, due both to their difficulties in representing the complex orography of the Alps and to limitations in their physical parametrization. Therefore, the aim of this work is to reduce these model biases by using a specific post processing statistic technique, in order to obtain a more suitable projection of climate change scenarios in the Alpine area. For our purposes we used a selection of regional climate models (RCMs) runs which were developed in the framework of the ENSEMBLES project. They were carefully chosen with the aim to maximise the variety of leading global climate models and of the RCMs themselves, calculated on the SRES scenario A1B. The reference observations for the greater Alpine area were extracted from the European dataset E-OBS (produced by the ENSEMBLES project), which have an available resolution of 25 km. For the study area of Piedmont daily temperature and precipitation observations (covering the period from 1957 to the present) were carefully gridded on a 14 km grid over Piedmont region through the use of an optimal interpolation technique. Hence, we applied the multimodel superensemble technique to temperature fields, reducing the high biases of RCMs temperature field compared to observations in the control period. We also proposed the application of a brand new probabilistic multimodel superensemble dressing technique, already applied to weather forecast models successfully, to RCMS: the aim was to estimate precipitation fields, with careful description of precipitation probability density functions conditioned to the model outputs. This technique allowed for reducing the strong precipitation overestimation, arising from the use of RCMs, over the Alpine chain and to reproduce well the

La construction de la matière le modèle Standard

CERN Document Server

Léon, Jacques

2016-01-01

Qu'est-ce que la matière ? Voilà une question à laquelle il pourrait sembler facile de répondre car il n'est rien de plus concret que la matière. Et pourtant, la réponse qu'en donne la physique contemporaine est pour le moins déconcertante ! Le concept-même de particules, briques élémentaires de la matière, s'est volatilisé, dissout dans des objets mathématiques abstraits et abscons pour les non-initiés. Plus nos théories sont précises et plus l'image qu'elles nous renvoient est insaisissable. En un siècle, la représentation des particules s'est métamorphosée en nuages de probabilité portés par des champs quantiques régis par des symétries confinées dans des espaces abstraits. Mais dans un même temps, nous avons réussi le tour de force d'expliquer toute cette complexité avec seulement 16 particules… et une seule théorie, véritable construction de notre conception de la matière : le modèle standard. Ce livre tente de guider le lecteur dans le dédale de la physique des particu...

RECOMMANDATIONS 2016 DU COLLOQUE NATIONAL SUR LE DIABETE ET LA NUTRITION

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jamal BELKHADIR

2017-05-01

Full Text Available La Ligue Marocaine de Lutte contre le Diabète, membre de la Fédération Internationale du Diabète Région MENA, a adopté durant l’année 2016 (Colloque National sur le Diabète et la Nutrition de Rabat les 13 et 14 mai 2016 et célébration de la Journée Mondiale du Diabète à Dakhla les 11, 12 et 13 novembre 2016 deux importantes résolutions :1-     La Déclaration / Plaidoyer pour la mise en place d’un plan d’action national pour une réglementation juridique multisectorielle de lutte contre le diabète et pour la promotion et la protection des droits des diabétiques.2-     l’Appel de Dakhla 2016 pour la mise en œuvre de  « la Charte Internationale des Droits et des Responsabilités des personnes atteintes du Diabète » en Afrique  annonçant la création d’un Observatoire Africain pour la Promotion et la Protection des Droits des Diabétiques».Les recommandations et résolutions de 2016 soulignent l’importance accordée par la Ligue Marocaine à l’effort continue dans la lutte contre l’épidémie du diabète au Maroc, dans la Région MENA et en Afrique.L’implication forte et la participation des différents partenaires dont le Ministère de la Santé, le Conseil National de l’Ordre National des Médecins, les Organismes de Prévoyance Sociale et le Parlement Marocain constitue un acquis considérable dans cette approche multisectorielle et partenariale.Dans ce cadre, le droit des diabétiques constitue un objectif prioritaire, permettant d’engager autant les politiques que l’ensemble des partenaires concernés pour améliorer non seulement la prise en charge thérapeutique du diabétique mais également le droit à l’information, à l’éducation et le droit à la justice sociale.D’autre part, la mise en place d’un Observatoire Africain pour la Protection et la Promotion des Droits des Diabétiques permettra de suivre l’évolution de l’épidémie du Diabète dans le continent autant

Intelligence artificielle et agents collectifs : le modèle EUROSIM

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Denise Pumain

2007-07-01

Full Text Available EUROSIM est un modèle multi-agents conçu pour simuler l’évolution à moyen terme du système des villes européennes. Les agents sont des entités collectives, les grandes villes caractérisées par leur taille et leur fonction dans le système des villes, et dont les interactions (échanges modulés par des relations de proximité ou de réseau déterminent la dynamique relative, tandis que la croissance d’ensemble dépend de l’innovation. Des outils d’analyse multiscalaire ont été développés afin d’interpréter les sorties du modèle et faciliter le calibrage.

ÉTUDE DE CAS — Cuba : Le logement et le capital humain à Cuba ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

10 janv. 2011 ... ÉTUDE DE CAS — Cuba : Le logement et le capital humain à Cuba ... Centre de recherches pour le développement international (CRDI) du Canada révèle ... Les ressources déjà limitées sont devenues encore plus rares. ... de l'Institut national pour l'hygiène, l'épidémiologie et la microbiologie (INHEM), ...

Le Rôle du langage de programmation dans la réalisation de code ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Le Rôle du langage de programmation dans la réalisation de code de qualité, les cas de Delphi et C++ Nous discutons dans ce papier le rôle du langage de programmation dans la production d'un code de qualité. La qualité d'un code peut être atteinte en respectant certains critères simples au niveau de la programmation ...

Gossip Girls : le rôle du potin dans quelques romans pour adolescentes

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Daniela Di Cecco

2014-04-01

Full Text Available Cet article explore le rôle joué par le potin dans une sélection de romans anglophones publiés aux Etats-Unis et au Canada pour adolescentes et préadolescentes. Des études psychologiques et sociologiques récentes sur les agressions féminines et la façon dont les filles infligent de la peine aux autres filles de façon indirecte et voilée servent de cadre à notre analyse. Le fait que la violence physique soit considérée comme un comportement réservé aux garçons et donc inapproprié pour les filles, incite les adolescentes à agir autrement. Le potin devient parfois une arme pour marginaliser ou punir une fille, mais il peut aussi jouer un rôle positif au niveau de la cohésion d’une bande et de la solidarité entre filles.

Seasonal inorganic nitrogen release in alpine lakes on the Colorado western slope

Science.gov (United States)

Inyan, B.I.; Williams, M.W.; Tonnessen, K.; Turk, J.T.; Campbell, D.H.

1998-01-01

In the Rocky Mountains, the association of increases in acidic deposition with increased atmospheric loading of sulfate and direct changes in surface water chemistry has been well established. The importance, though, of increased nitrogen (N) deposition in the episodic acidification of alpine lakes and N saturation in alpine ecosystems is only beginning to be documented. In alpine areas of the Colorado Front Range, modest loadings of N in deposition have been associated with leakage of N to surface waters. On the Colorado western slope, however, no leakage of N to surface waters has been reported. A 1995 study that included early season under-ice water samples that were not available in earlier studies showed that there is, in fact, N leakage to surface waters in some western slope basins. Under-ice nitrate (NO3-) concentrations were as high as 10.5 ??q L-1, and only decreased to detection limits in September. Landscape type appears to be important in leakage of N to surface waters, which is associated with basins having steep slopes, thin soils, and large amounts of exposed bedrock. NO3- leakage compounds the existing sensitivity to episodic acidification from low acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), which is less than 40 ??eq L-1 in those basins.

Nested Within or Swallowed Up: Le dilemme des chercheurs francophones en pédagogie postsecondaire au Canada

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Genevieve Maheux-Pelletier

2017-06-01

Full Text Available La littérature dans le domaine de la recherche en pédagogie postsecondaire (RePP a pris une expansion importante au cours des dernières décennies, particulièrement dans les espaces anglophones tels que l’Amérique du Nord, l’Europe de l’Ouest et l’Australie. Bien que cette expansion des idées reliées à la RePP puisse être également présente dans les communautés francophones, cela ne semble pas se traduire dans la nature et le nombre de publications dans le domaine en français et dans les expériences vécues par des chercheurs du domaine issus de diverses communautés francophones et bilingues. Cet article met en lumière plusieurs enjeux pertinents qui influencent la diffusion de la RePP en français, qui pour les auteurs représente la dimension savante des décisions pédagogiques que prend l’enseignant au postsecondaire. Initié par une analyse des récits personnels partagés par chaque auteur, deux thèmes principaux seront abordés. D’abord, les différentes définitions de la RePP selon ses influences géographiques, culturelles et sa prévalence au sein de la communauté de recherche et de pratique anglophone ; et deuxièmement, l’accès limité à des espaces pour la publication, et conséquemment à un auditoire limité, auquel font face les chercheurs francophones en RePP (Loiola et Romainville, 2008; Rege Colet et al., 2011. En établissant des liens entre ces aspects et ceux issus d’autres groupes minoritaires impliqués dans des activités de RePP, l’article se veut un catalyseur renouvelé pour échanger et générer des idées pour mettre en œuvre des actions visant une meilleure intégration au sein et au-delà des communautés francophones et bilingues des voix qui s’identifient à la RePP mais qui restent à ce jour marginalisées. En conclusion, les auteurs encouragent une mobilisation accrue et un rayonnement de la recherche en pédagogie postsecondaire effectuée en français. The

Le beau et le vrai

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Létitia Mouze

2006-05-01

Full Text Available La vie des abeilles de Maeterlinck est un ouvrage à la fois scientifique et littéraire, non pas parce qu’il appartiendrait à la science par son exactitude et à la littérature par son style, mais en ce qu’il invite à penser l’unité des deux domaines. Les aspects littéraires de l’ouvrage (beauté de l’écriture, usage des images, de l’analogie, etc. ne sont pas des accessoires, mais des outils indispensables à l’élaboration d’un authentique savoir sur les abeilles, c’est-à-dire un savoir qui reconnaît la part d’inconnu et le mystère qui subsistent en dépit de toutes les explications physiques et mécaniques que l’on peut par ailleurs donner des phénomènes observés. Etre scientifique, dans cette perspective, c’est-à-dire donner à connaître, c’est donc être littéraire. Cette conception de la science repose en dernière instance sur une conception philosophique de l’univers comme un tout où toutes choses sont reliées, unies, par des relations d’analogies, ce qui fonde et justifie l’emploi d’un style symboliste.The life of bees, one of Maeterlinck’s works, is together a scientific and literary book, not because of it scientific exactness and its literary style, but for the reason it suggests the unity of both these domains. Literay’s aspects of this work (writing’s beauty, use of images, analogy, etc. are not secondary but necessary to elaborate an authentic knowledge about bees, that means a knowledge which admit the unknown part and the mistery that subsist despite all the physical and mechanical explanations we can give moreover about the observed phenomenons. Be a scientist, in this sense, that is give something to know, therefore means be literary. Finally, this conception of science consist in a philosophiacl conception of Universe as a whole where everything links together, and is united by analogical relations, that base and justify the use of a symbolist style.

Notarum figura : l’écriture musicale et le monde des signes au IXe siècle

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Eduardo Henrik Aubert

2010-10-01

Full Text Available Quand l’auteur (ou les auteurs du traité De musica disciplina employèrent l’expression notarum figura pour parler de l’écriture musicale au milieu du IXe siècle, il a placé la notation dans le domaine d’une pluralité de marques écrites qui étaient aussi nommées notae : les signes prosodiques, les signes de ponctuation, parmi plusieurs autres. En faisant appel au mot figura dans la même expression – et aussi à forma –, le champ a été élargi davantage et l’écriture musicale a ainsi été potenti...

A novel missense mutation in collagenous domain of EDA gene in a ...

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Supplementary data: A novel missense mutation in collagenous domain of EDA gene in a. Chinese family with X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Daxu Li, Ran Xu, Fumeng Huang, Biyuan Wang, Yu Tao, Zijian Jiang, Hairui Li, Jianfeng Yao,. Peng Xu, Xiaokang Wu, Le Ren, Rui Zhang, John R. Kelsoe and Jie Ma.

Distribution and diversity of Arctic-Alpine species in the Balkans

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Stevanovic, Vladimir; Vukojicic, Snezana; Sinzar-Sekulic, Jasmina

2009-01-01

The distributions of 77 Arctic-Alpine species in the Balkans are mapped and the centers of their richness and diversity presented. Within the Dinaric Alps these are Mts Vranica, Durmitor, and Prokletije; in the Scardo-Pindhic mountains, Šarplanina-Rudoka-Korab form a continuous chain...

Alpine glacial topography and the rate of rock column uplift

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Pedersen, Vivi Kathrine; Egholm, D.L.; Nielsen, S.B.

2010-01-01

The present study investigates the influence of alpine glacial erosion on the morphology and relief distribution of mountain regions associated with varying rock column uplift rates. We take a global approach and analyse the surface area distribution of all mountain regions affected by glacial er...

205 Le Role de la Litterature dans le Developpement de la Nation ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Ike Odimegwu

du plaisir en même temps qu'il le moralise. Elle fait naître dans ses lecteurs ou dans son audience des .... développement de l'esprit>>(319)Par cette définition nous comprenons que le développement signale qu'il du progrès ... qu'elle est une œuvre de l'imagination qui aide l'homme à transcender le monde physique.

Rapport financier trimestriel pour le trimestre qui a pris fin le 30 juin ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Sophie Comeau

30 juin 2017 ... Régi par la Loi sur le Centre de recherches pour le développement international ... des retombées; forme des leaders dans les secteurs de l'administration .... Au cours de la période de trois mois qui a pris fin le 30 juin 2017, ...

Comprendre la construction des usages des TIC en formation : Vers un modèle d'analyse systémique

OpenAIRE

POYET , FRANCOISE

2014-01-01

Mémoire de HDR présenté et soutenu publiquement le 24 avril 2014 par Françoise POYETDepuis quelque trente ans, les Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication ont pris un essor considérable dans le monde professionnel et dans la plupart des activités de la vie quotidienne. Cet essor ne semble pas aussi rapide en ce qui concerne les domaines de l’éducation et de la formation dans lesquels les TIC prennent davantage de temps à s’intégrer durablement aux pratiques professionnelles des e...

Regard sur Le Temps des grâces, de Dominique Marchais A look at Le temps des grâces by Dominique Marchais Una mirada a Le temps des grâces, de Dominique Marchais

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Christèle Dondeyne

2013-03-01

Full Text Available Le documentaire Le Temps des grâces de Dominique Marchais s’attache aux regards que des agriculteurs de différentes générations portent sur leur activité et aux analyses d’agronomes et d’économistes sur l’agriculture française. Il donne à voir quelques unes des multiples façons dont le travail agricole modèle les paysages et les écosystèmes et souligne le poids des politiques publiques dans ces orientations. Son constat global laisse plus de place à une industrialisation de l’agriculture qui conduit à l’uniformisation des produits et à la mort des sols qu’à des alternatives viables pour les écosystèmes. La confrontation de ce documentaire avec des travaux majeurs de la sociologie sur ce thème produit une impression de décalage et renvoie à des réflexions théoriques et méthodologiques.Dominique Marchais’ documentary, Le Temps des grâces, deals with different farmer generations’ vision of their work. It also provides an agronomic and economic analysis of French farming, showing some of the many different ways in which agricultural activity shapes landscape and ecosystems, while stressing the responsibility of public policy in such processes. The general observation highlights the growing industrialisation of agriculture, leading more to the uniformisation of products and destruction of soil fertility than to ecologically viable alternatives. When compared with major sociological studies in this area, the documentary highlights certain deviations while referring to theoretical and methodological thinking in this domain.En su documental Le Temps des grâces, Dominique Marchais se interesa en la visión que agricultores de diferentes generaciones tienen de su quehacer y en algunos análisis de la agricultura francesa realizados por agrónomos y economistas. Su trabajo permite vislumbrar algunas de las múltiples formas en que el trabajo agrícola modela los paisajes y los ecosistemas, y hace hincapié en el

Le jeu de la création : Le mangeur (2005 de Ying Chen

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Nicole Dunham

2013-11-01

Full Text Available Le théoricien James Hans définit le jeu comme une déconstruction structurante, un processus de perpétuelle remise en question. Dans Le Mangeur (2005 de Ying Chen, la narratrice revit un épisode d’une de ses vies passées où elle meurt mangée, avalée, par son père, descendant dans le « tunnel » du ventre de ce dernier. Cependant, suite à cet événement, elle se retrouve dans un autre espace-temps où elle rencontre son mari, A.. Une équivalence s’établit dans le roman entre les éléments suivants : le ventre du père, les tableaux peints par ce dernier et l’espace-temps de A., et la fenêtre. Ces éléments deviennent des aires de jeu, remettant en question les concepts de l’intérieur et de l’extérieur et du créateur et de l’œuvre. En nous servant du texte « Le Tunnel » écrit par Ying Chen, nous démontrerons que cette notion du jeu s’applique également à l’ensemble de son œuvre.

Le facteur humain et la sûreté de fonctionnement dans le ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Elle permettait d'optimiser le couple « performance-coût », en identifiant, évaluant et maîtrisant les pannes qu'il ... gestion des risques deviennent une ...... Etre en mesure de détecter les .... variés qui s'y déroulent, avoir le contrôle du.

Découper le Maghreb: deux géographies coloniales antagonistes (1902-1937

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Florence Deprest

2008-11-01

Full Text Available Entre les dernières années du XIXe siècle et la fin de l’entre-deux-guerres, Augustin Bernard et Émile-Félix Gautier sont en lutte pour le monopole de la compétence scientifique dans le domaine de la géographie universitaire nord-africaine. Leur compétition institutionnelle se double d’un affrontement idéologique concernant la politique coloniale en Algérie. À partir de l’analyse de quelques-unes de leurs principales œuvres publiées entre 1902 et 1937, l’auteur se propose de montrer comment les positions dans les champs universitaire et politique orientent les savoirs géographiques produits par les deux hommes, et tout particulièrement leurs conceptions du découpage de l’espace régional maghrébin.

Logiques et contradictions du trafic transalpin dans le contexte politique et social européen

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Manfred Perlik

2009-03-01

Full Text Available Dans les régions alpines, deux intérêts contradictoires coexistent. Une part de la population se plaint du manque d’accessibilité et de mobilité, l’autre part de la population est correctement desservie par les axes routiers internationaux mais en subit des nuisances importantes. Ces régions argumentent qu’une bonne part de ces transports est superflue, voire inutile. Cet article rend compte d’une étude qui s’est intéressée aux points suivants : 1 - Est-ce que des transports superflus ou inutiles pourraient être déplacés sans être remplacés ? 2 - Est-ce que les politiques fondées sur des redistributions modales ou sur le marché, comme la tarification des passages, sont suffisantes pour réduire les transports et leurs impacts ? 3 - Sous quelles conditions le transport peut-il être réduit de la manière la plus complète ? Des réponses sont proposées ici en analysant trois champs pertinents pour comprendre l’augmentation du trafic : la logique politique, la logique économique, et la logique de développement spatial. Ces logiques sont interprétées selon une approche régulationiste. Chacune a son application en terme d’arguments normatifs. Néanmoins, il y a des contradictions entre les différents objectifs sociétaux et/ou politiques et les objectifs économiques, et plus particulièrement entre la recherche de compétitivité et le respect de conditions de vie équitables entre les différentes régions. De telles contradictions peuvent être expliquées par les processus d’unification européenne, par les intérêts divergents entre les acteurs majeurs et par les changements de valeur des trente dernières années, qui peuvent être caractérisés comme un changement de régime. Les trois logiques sont le fruit de rapports sociaux et sont donc sujettes à des changements sur le long terme par les acteurs. Selon les principes du développement durable, à un niveau global, et dans l�

Metabolic Profiling of Alpine and Ecuadorian Lichens

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Verena K. Mittermeier

2015-10-01

Full Text Available Non-targeted 1H-NMR methods were used to determine metabolite profiles from crude extracts of Alpine and Ecuadorian lichens collected from their natural habitats. In control experiments, the robustness of metabolite detection and quantification was estimated using replicate measurements of Stereocaulon alpinum extracts. The deviations in the overall metabolite fingerprints were low when analyzing S. alpinum collections from different locations or during different annual and seasonal periods. In contrast, metabolite profiles observed from extracts of different Alpine and Ecuadorian lichens clearly revealed genus- and species-specific profiles. The discriminating functions determining cluster formation in principle component analysis (PCA were due to differences in the amounts of genus-specific compounds such as sticticin from the Sticta species, but also in the amounts of ubiquitous metabolites, such as sugar alcohols or trehalose. However, varying concentrations of these metabolites from the same lichen species e.g., due to different environmental conditions appeared of minor relevance for the overall cluster formation in PCA. The metabolic clusters matched phylogenetic analyses using nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS sequences of lichen mycobionts, as exemplified for the genus Sticta. It can be concluded that NMR-based non-targeted metabolic profiling is a useful tool in the chemo-taxonomy of lichens. The same approach could also facilitate the discovery of novel lichen metabolites on a rapid and systematical basis.

Le rôle de l’audit interne dans le pilotage et la performance du système de contrôle interne : cas d’un échantillon d’entreprises algériennes

OpenAIRE

Chekroun, Meriem

2013-01-01

Les scandales financiers qui ont ébranlé récemment les entreprises publiques algériennes, telle que l’entreprise Sonatrach, ont mis sur le devant de la scène la nécessité de renforcer le système de contrôle interne (SCI) qui est considéré de plus en plus comme une solution à un large éventail de problèmes latents ( les problèmes d’ordre éthique,…), y compris la fonction d’audit interne ayant un rôle prépondérant dans le pilotage et la performance du SCI. Pour ce faire, l’audit ...

Comment les différences entre consommateurs francophones et néerlandophones sont-elles perçues et prises en compte par les professionnels du marketing en Belgique, dans le domaine du B2C ?

OpenAIRE

Willems, Robin

2015-01-01

L'objectif du mémoire est de comprendre comment les différences entre les consommateurs francophones et néerlandophones de Belgique sont perçues et prises en compte par les professionnels du marketing dans le domaine du B2C. La méthodologie d'étude consiste premièrement en une revue de la littérature sur les thèmes du marketing multiculturel et des différences entre francophones et néerlandophones de Belgique. Sur base de cette revue de littérature et d'interviews, des hypothèses de recherche...

Methods for measuring arctic and alpine shrub growth: A review

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Myers-Smith, I.H.; Hallinger, M.; Blok, D.; Sass-Klaassen, U.G.W.; Rayback, S.A.

2015-01-01

Shrubs have increased in abundance and dominance in arctic and alpine regions in recent decades. This often dramatic change, likely due to climate warming, has the potential to alter both the structure and function of tundra ecosystems. The analysis of shrub growth is improving our understanding of

Le rôle des institutions dans le processus de l’innovation ; l’apport de Thorstein Veblen

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Diane-Gabrielle Tremblay

2007-10-01

Full Text Available Nous nous intéressons ici au rôle des institutions dans le processus de l’innovation, puisque Veblen le met en valeur. Cet apport de Veblen nous paraît déterminant pour mieux comprendre l’innovation, surtout que l’on parle de plus en plus d’une diversité de formes d’innovation (technologique, mais aussi organisationnelle, sociale et de produit, et que celles-ci sont mieux comprises lorsque l’on tient compte du rôle des institutions dans la diffusion ou le blocage de l’innovation. Veblen met aussi en évidence le caractère parfois retardataire des institutions, ainsi que la réciprocité des effets entre technologie et institutions, autant d’éléments fort pertinents pour l’analyse, encore aujourd’hui.This paper addresses the role of institutions in the process of innovation, since Veblen highlights this role. This contribution of Veblen appears determinant to better understand the process of innovation, especially in a context where we are more and more interested in various forms of innovation (technological, but also organisational, social and product innovations; these various forms of innovation are better understood and analysed when the role of institutions in their diffusion or lack of diffusion is taken into account. Veblen also highlights the fact that institutions sometimes block or slow down the process of diffusion of innovations, as well as the reciprocity of effects between technology and institutions, contributions which are all the more important for the analysis of innovation today.

Bâle 3 : Quels impacts sur le financement des pays émergents ?

OpenAIRE

Figuet, Jean-Marc; Humblot, Thomas; Lahet, Delphine

2013-01-01

La persistance de crises bancaires démontre l'incapacité des établissements de crédit à s'autoréguler. De ce fait, le Comité de Bâle étend largement le périmètre de la nouvelle règlementation prudentielle. Sur la base de la littérature sur les déterminants des flux de capitaux transfrontières et d'un GMM système, cet article analyse l'impact potentiel de l'accord Bâle 3 sur les flux de capitaux bancaires provenant des banques de 16 pays industrialisés à destination d'un panel de 30 pays émerg...

Le glaive et la chair : le pouvoir et son incarnation au temps des derniers Valois

OpenAIRE

Roux, Nicolas Le

2014-01-01

Au xvie siècle, pouvait-on concevoir la monarchie autrement qu’incarnée ? Servir le roi, c’était servir un prince auquel on était lié personnellement, et non une institution abstraite. Le monarque devait apparaître comme un compagnon pour la noblesse militaire. Henri II représentait le modèle du roi chevalier. Contrairement à son père, Charles IX ne faisait pas la guerre, mais il épuisait son corps dans d’interminables chasses. Henri III a tenu dans sa jeunesse le rôle de chef de guerre. Deve...

Within-season variability of fighting behaviour in an Australian alpine grasshopper.

Science.gov (United States)

Muschett, Giselle; Umbers, Kate D L; Herberstein, Marie E

2017-01-01

Throughout the breeding season, changing environmental and biological conditions can lead to variation in the reproductive landscape of many species. In alpine environments temperature is a key driver of behaviour for small ectotherms such as insects, but variable biotic factors such as mate quality and availability can also influence behaviour. Kosicuscola tristis is a small semelparous grasshopper of the Australian alpine region. In a rare behaviour among grasshoppers, K. tristis males engage in vigorous fights over access to females, involving mandible displays, kicking, biting and grappling. In this study we describe the variation in fighting behaviour of K. tristis throughout the breeding season and test several hypotheses related to temperature, body size, mating behaviour, and female quality. We show that K. tristis males are more aggressive toward each other at the end of the breeding season than at the beginning. This increased aggression is associated with decreased daily average temperatures (from ~20°C to ~9°C), decreased mating activity, increased female fecundity, and an unexpected trend toward an increase in female-to-male aggression. These results suggest that K. tristis is likely under increased selective pressure to time key life cycle events with favourable biological and climatic conditions. The stochastic nature of alpine environments combined with a relatively short life span and breeding season, as well as limited mating opportunities toward the end of the season may have contributed to the evolution of this extraordinary mating system.

ALPINE VEGETATION ECOTONE DYNAMICS IN GANGOTRI CATCHMENT USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

C. P. Singh

2012-09-01

Full Text Available Analysis of the satellite imagery reveals two different perspectives of the vegetation ecotone dynamics in Gangotri catchment. On one hand, there is evidence of upward shift in the alpine tree and vegetation ecotone over three decades. On the other hand, there has been densification happening at the past treeline. The time series fAPAR data of two decades from NOAA-AVHRR confirms the greening trend in the area. The density of trees in Chirbasa has gone up whereas in Bhojbasa there is no significant change in NDVI but the number of groves has increased. Near Gaumukh the vegetal activity has not shown any significant change. We found that the treeline extracted from satellite imagery has moved up about 327±80m and other vegetation line has moved up about 401±77m in three decades. The vertical rate of treeline shift is found to be 11m/yr with reference to 1976 treeline; however, this can be 5m/yr if past toposheet records (1924 – 45 are considered as reliable reference. However, the future IPCC scenario based bioclimatic fundamental niche modelling of the Betula utilis (a surrogate to alpine treeline suggests that treeline could be moving upward with an average rate of 3m/yr. This study not only confirms that there is an upward shift of vegetation in the alpine zone of Himalayas, but also indicate that old vegetation ecotones have grown denser

Climate change and mountain Grouse: recent evidences from alpine habitats

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Brugnoli A

2013-02-01

Full Text Available Current climate change, referring as well to the observed rain and temperature patterns as to the increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather conditions, has a deep influence on biotic communities and, in particular, on mountain Grouse. These species show great adaptation to coldness, are highly sedentary and have quite “strict” ecological requirements, when it deals with habitat selection. Moreover, their alpine ranges are dangerously marginal to the main distribution areas, which increases the risk of dramatic changes in occurrence, demography and ecology. However, not all the species will predictably be exposed in the same way to the menace of climate change over the next 50-100 years. This article gives a brief review of the main data acquired in the alpine environment in this matter. It also underlines the utmost need to proceed with research and monitoring activities, in order to effectively adapt and manage conservation strategies on mid-long terms.

In Review (Geology): Alpine Landscape Evolution Dominated by Cirque Retreat

Science.gov (United States)

Oskin, Michael; Burbank, Doug

2005-01-01

Despite the abundance in alpine terrain of glacially dissected landscapes, the magnitude and geometry of glacial erosion can rarely be defined. In the eastern Kyrgyz Range, a widespread unconformity exhumed as a geomorphic surface provides a regional datum with which to calibrate erosion. As tectonically driven surface uplift has progressively pushed this surface into the zone of ice accumulation, glacial erosion has overprinted the landscape. With as little as 500 m of incision into rocks underlying the unconformity, distinctive glacial valleys display their deepest incision adjacent to cirque headwalls. The expansion of north-facing glacial cirques at the expense of south-facing valleys has driven the drainage divide southwards at rates up to 2 to 3 times the rate of valley incision. Existing ice-flux-based glacial erosion rules incompletely model expansion of glacial valleys via cirque retreat into the low-gradient unconformity remnants. Local processes that either directly sap cirque headwalls or inhibit erosion down-glacier appear to control, at least initially, alpine landscape evolution.

Le don gratuit. Le cas d'un établissement public

OpenAIRE

Barel , Yvan; Frémeaux , Sandrine

2008-01-01

Disponible en ligne : http://www.annales.org/gc/2008/gc94/barel.pdf; La logique de la réciprocité est le cadre d'analyse dominant de la relation de travail. La logique du don/contredon s'inscrit dans ce même cadre de référence, en postulant qu'aucune relation d'échange ne peut survivre à une situation d'asymétrie trop forte (MAUSS, 1924). Mais elle ajoute une idée nouvelle en mettant en exergue le " tabou du calcul " (BOURDIEU, 1980) : le désir de contredon n'est pas toujours manifesté, ni mê...

Le salaire minimum n'est pas toujours le meilleur moyen d'accroître ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

4 mai 2016 ... De fait, cette intervention vigoureuse sur le marché du travail est une ... la mobilité des travailleurs entre le secteur structuré et le secteur non structuré, ... On peut certes se constituer rapidement du capital politique en faisant ...

Bibliographie sélective sur le corps

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Anne-Claire Rebreyend

2007-11-01

Full Text Available Ouvrages générauxBruit Zaidman Louise, Houbre Gabrielle, Klapisch-Zuber Christiane, Schmitt Pantel Pauline (dir., Le corps des jeunes filles de l'Antiquité à nos jours, Paris, Perrin, 2001.Vigarello Georges, Le propre et le sale. L'hygiène du corps depuis le Moyen Âge, Paris, Seuil, 1985.—, Le sain et le malsain : santé et mieux-être depuis le Moyen Âge, Paris, Seuil, 1993.—, Histoire de la beauté. Le corps et l'art d'embellir de la Renaissance à nos jours, Paris, Seuil, 2004.Le corps au Moy...

Water and CO2 fluxes over semiarid alpine steppe and humid alpine meadow ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Lei; Liu, Huizhi; Shao, Yaping; Liu, Yang; Sun, Jihua

2018-01-01

Based on eddy covariance flux data from July 15, 2014, to December 31, 2015, the water and CO2 fluxes were compared over a semiarid alpine steppe (Bange, Tibetan Plateau) and a humid alpine meadow (Lijiang, Yunnan) on the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding region. During the wet season, the evaporative fraction (EF) was strongly and linearly correlated with the soil water content (SWC) at Bange because of its sparse green grass cover. In contrast, the correlation between the EF at Lijiang and the SWC and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was very low because the atmosphere was close to saturation and the EF was relatively constant. In the dry season, the EF at both sites decreased with the SWC. The net ecosystem exchange (NEE) at Bange was largely depressed at noon, while this phenomenon did not occur at Lijiang. The saturated NEE at Bange was 24% of that at Lijiang. The temperature sensitivity coefficient of ecosystem respiration at Bange (1.7) was also much lower than that at Lijiang (3.4). The annual total NEE in 2015 was 21.8 and -230.0 g C m-2 yr-1 at Bange and Lijiang, respectively, and the NEE was tightly controlled by the NDVI at the two sites. The distinct differences in the water and CO2 fluxes at Bange and Lijiang are attributed to the large SWC difference and its effect on vegetation growth.

Alpine Ecohydrology Across Scales: Propagating Fine-scale Heterogeneity to the Catchment and Beyond

Science.gov (United States)

Mastrotheodoros, T.; Pappas, C.; Molnar, P.; Burlando, P.; Hadjidoukas, P.; Fatichi, S.

2017-12-01

In mountainous ecosystems, complex topography and landscape heterogeneity govern ecohydrological states and fluxes. Here, we investigate topographic controls on water, energy and carbon fluxes across different climatic regimes and vegetation types representative of the European Alps. We use an ecohydrological model to perform fine-scale numerical experiments on a synthetic domain that comprises a symmetric mountain with eight catchments draining along the cardinal and intercardinal directions. Distributed meteorological model input variables are generated using observations from Switzerland. The model computes the incoming solar radiation based on the local topography. We implement a multivariate statistical framework to disentangle the impact of landscape heterogeneity (i.e., elevation, aspect, flow contributing area, vegetation type) on the simulated water, carbon, and energy dynamics. This allows us to identify the sensitivities of several ecohydrological variables (including leaf area index, evapotranspiration, snow-cover and net primary productivity) to topographic and meteorological inputs at different spatial and temporal scales. We also use an alpine catchment as a real case study to investigate how the natural variability of soil and land cover affects the idealized relationships that arise from the synthetic domain. In accordance with previous studies, our analysis shows a complex pattern of vegetation response to radiation. We find also different patterns of ecosystem sensitivity to topography-driven heterogeneity depending on the hydrological regime (i.e., wet vs. dry conditions). Our results suggest that topography-driven variability in ecohydrological variables (e.g. transpiration) at the fine spatial scale can exceed 50%, but it is substantially reduced ( 5%) when integrated at the catchment scale.

Simulating the influence of snow surface processes on soil moisture dynamics and streamflow generation in an alpine catchment

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N. Wever

2017-08-01

Full Text Available The assessment of flood risks in alpine, snow-covered catchments requires an understanding of the linkage between the snow cover, soil and discharge in the stream network. Here, we apply the comprehensive, distributed model Alpine3D to investigate the role of soil moisture in the predisposition of the Dischma catchment in Switzerland to high flows from rainfall and snowmelt. The recently updated soil module of the physics-based multilayer snow cover model SNOWPACK, which solves the surface energy and mass balance in Alpine3D, is verified against soil moisture measurements at seven sites and various depths inside and in close proximity to the Dischma catchment. Measurements and simulations in such terrain are difficult and consequently, soil moisture was simulated with varying degrees of success. Differences between simulated and measured soil moisture mainly arise from an overestimation of soil freezing and an absence of a groundwater description in the Alpine3D model. Both were found to have an influence in the soil moisture measurements. Using the Alpine3D simulation as the surface scheme for a spatially explicit hydrologic response model using a travel time distribution approach for interflow and baseflow, streamflow simulations were performed for the discharge from the catchment. The streamflow simulations provided a closer agreement with observed streamflow when driving the hydrologic response model with soil water fluxes at 30 cm depth in the Alpine3D model. Performance decreased when using the 2 cm soil water flux, thereby mostly ignoring soil processes. This illustrates that the role of soil moisture is important to take into account when understanding the relationship between both snowpack runoff and rainfall and catchment discharge in high alpine terrain. However, using the soil water flux at 60 cm depth to drive the hydrologic response model also decreased its performance, indicating that an optimal soil depth to include in

Interdiction de Genre: La Loi Qui Fait Taire le Corp

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Renato Duro Dias

2015-12-01

Full Text Available Cette recherche discute les identités de genre avec la base dans l'analyse du travail La Ley no escrita (2012 d'Oihana Cordero. Le travail de l'artiste plasticien a comme l'objectif provoque la réflexion sur les lois et les normes juridiques-sociales qu'ils existent autour du caractère ficcional et le genre performatife, révélant de nouvelles lectures sur l'acte du corps. C'est un travail sculptural (KRAUSS, 1984, composé par une base blanche, une épée et un groupe de feuilles, dans lesquelles ils sont exprimés, par un contrat de genre, comme ils se prononcent, interseccionam et c'est des interdictions imposées aux possibilités de genre. Comme ceci, les règles et des règlements sont faits la preuve imposés par le binarisme du genre que la force soumet et ils arrêtent des identités pour le compte de la normalisation (normatisation des corps. Pour cette enquête les concepts de genre sont problematize, le corps subjugué, la normativité et de la performance dans le Butler (2012a, 2012b, 2013, Foucault (1997, 1998, 2014, Fraser (2002, 2006, 2009, Scott (2008, Cordero (2012 et Preciado (2011. Cordero (2012, dans son travail, nous présente les copies multiples d'un contrat de papier imprimé a passé par une épée. C'est une métaphore, une forme de représentation dogmatizé du corps par les actes visibles et invisibles qui compose et ils naturalisent les identités de genre dans une dualité obscurantiste homme/femme. Ce travail comme l'objet conceptuel (FREIRE 2006 produit la puissance exprimée pour en plus d'un document légal perforé, elle vise à provoquer les gens de contempler sur leurs pratiques et leurs corps, mais, par-dessus tout, réfléchir comme ces périmètres ont de transgression difficile. Lors de l'analyse de l'intersection possible des identités de genre et un objet artistique dans le domaine juridique est prévu pour gérer des éléments capables de révéler les technologies complexes corporels politiques

Leaf waxes of slow-growing alpine and fast-growing lowland Poa species: inherent differences and responses to UV-B radiation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Pilon, J.J.; Lambers, H.; Baas, W.; Tosserams, M.; Rozema, J.; Atkin, O.K.

1999-01-01

We investigated whether alpine and lowland Poa species exhibit inherent differences in leaf cuticular waxes, leaf UV absorbing compounds and/or growth responses to UV-B treatment. All plants were grown hydroponically in a growth cabinet (constant 20°; 14 hr photoperiod; 520 μmol photons m −2 s −1 PAR). Two alpine (P. fawcettiae and P. costiniana), one sub-alpine (P. alpina) and three temperate lowland species (P. pratensis, P. compressa and P. trivialis) were grown under conditions without UV radiation for 36 days. In a subsequent experiment, four Poa species (P. costiniana, P. alpina, P. compressa and P. trivialis) were also exposed for 21 days to UV-B/(UV-A) radiation ('UV-B treatment') that resulted in daily UV-B radiation of 7.5 kJ m −2 day −1 , with control plants being grown without UV-B ('UV-A control treatment'). All treatments were carried out in the same growth cabinet. There was no altitudinal trend regarding wax concentrations per unit leaf area, when the six species grown under UV-less conditions, were compared at similar developmental stage (20–30 g shoot fresh mass). However, large differences in cuticular wax chemical composition were observed between the alpine and lowland species grown under UV-less conditions. For example, a single primary alcohol was present in the waxes of the lowland and sub-alpine species (C 26 H 53 OH), but was virtually absent in the alpine species. Although alkanes were present in all six species (primarily C 29 H 60 and C 31 H 64 ), the proportion of total wax present as alkanes was highest in the alpine species. Aldehydes were only present in the waxes of the alpine species. Conversely, substantial amounts of triterpenoids were mainly present in the three lowland species (squalene and lupeol were the dominant forms). The proportion of total wax present as long-chain esters (LCE-s) was similar in all six species grown in the absence of UV radiation. Acetates were observed only in the wax of

Rapport financier trimestriel pour le trimestre qui a pris fin le 30 juin

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30 juin 2016 ... Le CRDI finance des travaux de recherche appliquée ... développement international (le Centre) et lʼévolution de la ..... voie de développement et sur la mise en oeuvre des connaissances scientifiques, techniques et autres en vue .... Les accords expirent à des dates différentes, et le dernier prend fin en.

Tumelo le Moruo

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Vuyani S. Vellem

2015-03-01

Full Text Available Paleng ya rona batho ba batsho, tumelo ya boKreste e fihlile lefatsheng la rona la Afrika Borwa mmoho le dikgoka tsa ditjhaba tsa boPhirima. BoKreste bo fihlile ka nako ya dintwa tseo mohopolo wa tsona e neng e le ho hapa lefatshe la, batho ba batsho. Ka mantswe amang, rona batho ba batsho, re ile ra qetella re le setjhaba se ileng sa hlolwa, mme lefatshe la rona la nkuwa ka dikgoka. Ka hare ho dikgoka tsena, ho ne ho dutse tumelo ya boKreste. Makgowa a ile are: �A re kwaleng mahlo re rapeleng, rona ra kwala mahlo, mme ha re qeta hore Amen, re bula mahlo, ra fumana lefatshe le nkuwe matsohong a rona ho setse Bibele.� Re ile ra sala le Bibele eo ka yona re lekileng dilemong tse fitileng ho lwana ntwa ya topollo, kapa tokoloho hofihlela selemong sa 1994. Le ha re ile ra fumana tokoloho ka selemo seo, hare so ka re lokoloha ho tsa moruo. E kaba sena se bolela eng mabapi le tumelo ya rona ya boKreste? Segolweng sena re leka ho araba potso ena. Tumelo ke eng ho batho ba sa lokolohang moruong wa naha ya bona? Re lekola pale ya boKreste, tumelo ya batho le maemo a kereke ntlheng ya ho tadimana le tokoloho ka tumelo.Faith and economics. In our history from a black perspective, Christianity arrived through violent conquest from the west. Evidentially, this faith coincided with wars of dispossession and the ultimate defeat of black Africans. It is difficult to separate the violent defeat of black Africans from the arrival of Christian faith. This well-known statement within the circles of black Theology of liberation: When the white man arrived in our land he said, �let us pray and after prayer, when we opened our eyes, our land was taken and only the Bible was left in our hands,� captures the black sentiment of this history. Ironically, it was this Bible that black Africans used to wage their struggle for liberation up to the demise of apartheid in 1994.Nonetheless, political liberation is not enough as the struggle for economic liberation

Quantitative analysis of nickel in zirconium and zircaloy; Dosage du nickel dans le zirconium et dans le zircaloy

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rastoix, M [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1957-07-01

A rapid spectrophotometric has been developed for determination of 10 to 1000 ppm of Ni in zirconium and zircaloy using dimethylglyoxime. Iron, copper, tin and chromium, do not interfere at the concentration usually present in zirconium and its alloys. (author) [French] On determine colorimetriquenent 10 a 1000 ppm de Ni dans le zirconium et le zircaloy par photo colorimetrie a 440 m{mu} de la dimethylglyoxime nickelique. Le dosage est rapide. Le fer, le cuivre, l'etain, le chrome ne genent pas aux concentrations habituellement rencontrees dans le zirconium et ses alliages. (auteur)

Treeline proximity alters an alpine plant-herbivore interaction.

Science.gov (United States)

Illerbrun, Kurt; Roland, Jens

2011-05-01

Rising treeline threatens the size and contiguity of alpine meadows worldwide. As trees encroach into previously open habitat, the movement and population dynamics of above-treeline alpine species may be disrupted. This process is well documented in studies of the Rocky Mountain apollo butterfly (Parnassius smintheus). However, subtler consequences of treeline rise remain poorly understood. In this study, we examine whether treeline proximity affects feeding behaviour of P. smintheus larvae, due to altered habitat affecting the distribution and availability of their host plant, lance-leaved stonecrop (Sedum lanceolatum). Understanding differential larval exploitation of food resources in relation to the treeline is an important step in predicting the consequences of continued treeline rise. Parnassius smintheus larvae feed more intensively on S. lanceolatum away from the treeline despite the relative paucity of hosts in these areas, and despite higher fitness penalties associated with the plant's herbivory-induced chemical defenses. Sedum lanceolatum growing near the treeline is less attractive, and therefore represents a less significant resource for P. smintheus larvae than its abundance might imply. If treeline rise continues, we suggest that this pattern of altered resource exploitation may represent a mechanism by which larvae are adversely affected even while adult movement among and within meadows appears sufficient for maintaining population health, and total host availability seems ample.

Synoptic climatology evaluation of wind fields in the alpine region

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lotteraner, C.

2009-01-01

The present investigation basically consists of two parts: In the first part, a 22-year set of 3-hourly 2D-wind analyses (1980-2001) that have been generated within the framework of the VERACLIM (VERA-Climatology) project are evaluated climatologically over the Alpine region. VERACLIM makes use of the VERA (Vienna Enhanced Resolution Analysis) analysis system, combining both the high spatial resolution as provided by the analysis algorithm and the high temporal resolution of a comprehensive synop data set, provided by ECMWF's (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) data archives. The obtained charts of averaged wind speed and the mean wind vector as well as the evaluations of frequency distribution of wind speed and wind direction on gridpoints for several different time periods should be interpreted very carefully as orographic influence is not taken into consideration in the analysis algorithm. However, the 3-hourly wind analyses of the time period 1980-2001 are suitable for investigation of the so-called Alpine Pumping. For that purpose, an arbitrarily chosen border has been drawn around the Alps and the Gauss theorem has been applied in a way that the mean diurnal variations of the two-dimensional divergence over the Alps could be evaluated. The sinusoidal run of the curve not only visualizes the 'breathing of the Alps' in an impressive way, it also enables us to roughly estimate the diurnal air volume exchange on days with a weak large-scale pressure gradient and strong incoming solar radiation. The second part of this investigation deals with the development of three different 'wind-fingerprints' which are included in the VERA-system in order to improve the analysis quality. The wind-fingerprints are designed in a way that they reflect the wind field pattern in the Alpine region on days with weak large-scale pressure gradient and strong incoming solar radiation. Using the fingerprints, both the effects of channelling as well as thermally induced

Les nouvelles perspectives d'analyse spatiale des nuisances sonores. Le projet SIGAUR (Système d'Information Géographique et Acoustique URbaine

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Erwan Quesseveur

1999-06-01

Full Text Available Ce rapport présente un projet de recherche sur l’intégration d’une couche d’information de nuisances acoustiques dans un système d’information géographique.Après un développement sur l’état de la pollution et des moyens aujourd’hui en vigueur pour la combattre, on va montrer les nouvelles perspectives offertes pour l’analyse spatiale du bruit. En confrontant cette nuisance aux enjeux du territoire, elle peut devenir un véritable critère de décision en aménagement du territoire.Ce projet résulte d’une collaboration entre le Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment C.S.T.B. et l’équipe " S.I.G. " de l'Institut de Géographie Alpine (IGA

Le Bon, Gustave

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Borch, Christian

2017-01-01

Gustave Le Bon (1841–1931) was a French physician and crowd psychologist who published extensively on themes such as crowds, war, race, revolution, socialism, and war. His work on crowd psychology in particular was highly influential, including beyond scholarly circles. Le Bon argued that crowds...

Evaluating the Contributions of Atmospheric Deposition of Carbon and Other Nutrients to Nitrification in Alpine Environments

Science.gov (United States)

Oldani, K. M.; Mladenov, N.; Williams, M. W.

2013-12-01

The Colorado Front Range of the Rocky Mountains contains undeveloped, barren soils, yet in this environment there is strong evidence for a microbial role in increased nitrogen (N) export. Barren soils in alpine environments are severely carbon-limited, which is the main energy source for microbial activity and sustenance of life. It has been shown that atmospheric deposition can contain high amounts of organic carbon (C). Atmospheric pollutants, dust events, and biological aerosols, such as bacteria, may be important contributors to the atmospheric organic C load. In this stage of the research we evaluated seasonal trends in the chemical composition and optical spectroscopic (fluorescence and UV-vis absorbance) signatures of snow, wet deposition, and dry deposition in an alpine environment at Niwot Ridge in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado to obtain a better understanding of the sources and chemical character of atmospheric deposition. Our results reveal a positive trend between dissolved organic carbon concentrations and calcium, nitrate and sulfate concentrations in wet and dry deposition, which may be derived from such sources as dust and urban air pollution. We also observed the presence of seasonally-variable fluorescent components that may be attributed to fluorescent pigments in bacteria. These results are relevant because atmospheric inputs of carbon and other nutrients may influence nitrification in barren, alpine soils and, ultimately, the export of nitrate to alpine watersheds.

Alpine Windharvest: development of information base regarding potentials and the necessary technical, legal and socio-economic conditions for expanding wind energy in the Alpine Space - Digital relief analysis - Abstract of work package 7; Alpine Windharvest: development of information base regarding potentials and the necessary technical, legal and socio-economic conditions for expanding wind energy in the Alpine Space - Digitale Relief-Analyse - Zusammenfassung von Arbeitspaket 7

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schaffner, B.; Cattin, R. [Meteotest, Berne (Switzerland)

2005-07-01

This report describes the development work carried out by the Swiss meteorology specialists METEOTEST as part of a project carried out together with the Swiss wind-energy organisation 'Suisse Eole'. The framework for the project is the EU Interreg IIIB Alpine Space Programme, a European Community Initiative Programme funded by the European Regional Development Fund. The project investigated the use of digital relief-analysis. The series of reports describes the development and use of a basic information system to aid the investigation of the technical, legal and socio-economical conditions for the use of wind energy in the alpine area. This report presents a summary of work done on the digital relief analysis used in various stages of the project, its validation and use.

High resolution climate scenarios for snowmelt modelling in small alpine catchments

Science.gov (United States)

Schirmer, M.; Peleg, N.; Burlando, P.; Jonas, T.

2017-12-01

Snow in the Alps is affected by climate change with regard to duration, timing and amount. This has implications with respect to important societal issues as drinking water supply or hydropower generation. In Switzerland, the latter received a lot of attention following the political decision to phase out of nuclear electricity production. An increasing number of authorization requests for small hydropower plants located in small alpine catchments was observed in the recent years. This situation generates ecological conflicts, while the expected climate change poses a threat to water availability thus putting at risk investments in such hydropower plants. Reliable high-resolution climate scenarios are thus required, which account for small-scale processes to achieve realistic predictions of snowmelt runoff and its variability in small alpine catchments. We therefore used a novel model chain by coupling a stochastic 2-dimensional weather generator (AWE-GEN-2d) with a state-of-the-art energy balance snow cover model (FSM). AWE-GEN-2d was applied to generate ensembles of climate variables at very fine temporal and spatial resolution, thus providing all climatic input variables required for the energy balance modelling. The land-surface model FSM was used to describe spatially variable snow cover accumulation and melt processes. The FSM was refined to allow applications at very high spatial resolution by specifically accounting for small-scale processes, such as a subgrid-parametrization of snow covered area or an improved representation of forest-snow processes. For the present study, the model chain was tested for current climate conditions using extensive observational dataset of different spatial and temporal coverage. Small-scale spatial processes such as elevation gradients or aspect differences in the snow distribution were evaluated using airborne LiDAR data. 40-year of monitoring data for snow water equivalent, snowmelt and snow-covered area for entire

Le Conseil des gouverneurs | CRDI - Centre de recherches pour le ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

2 nov. 2010 ... La gouvernance du CRDI. Reddition de comptes, transparence et efficacité. Au cours de l'exercice 2009–2010, le Conseil des gouverneurs du CRDI a adopté un nouveau cadre stratégique quinquennal, Le développement par l'innovation. Pendant de nombreux mois, les gouverneurs et les membres de la ...

The alpine cushion plant Silene acaulis as foundation species: a bug's-eye view to facilitation and microclimate.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Olivia Molenda

Full Text Available Alpine ecosystems are important globally with high levels of endemic and rare species. Given that they will be highly impacted by climate change, understanding biotic factors that maintain diversity is critical. Silene acaulis is a common alpine nurse plant shown to positively influence the diversity and abundance of organisms--predominantly other plant species. The hypothesis that cushion or nurse plants in general are important to multiple trophic levels has been proposed but rarely tested. Alpine arthropod diversity is also largely understudied worldwide, and the plant-arthropod interactions reported are mostly negative, that is,. herbivory. Plant and arthropod diversity and abundance were sampled on S. acaulis and at paired adjacent microsites with other non-cushion forming vegetation present on Whistler Mountain, B.C., Canada to examine the relative trophic effects of cushion plants. Plant species richness and abundance but not Simpson's diversity index was higher on cushion microsites relative to other vegetation. Arthropod richness, abundance, and diversity were all higher on cushion microsites relative to other vegetated sites. On a microclimatic scale, S. acaulis ameliorated stressful conditions for plants and invertebrates living inside it, but the highest levels of arthropod diversity were observed on cushions with tall plant growth. Hence, alpine cushion plants can be foundation species not only for other plant species but other trophic levels, and these impacts are expressed through both direct and indirect effects associated with altered environmental conditions and localized productivity. Whilst this case study tests a limited subset of the membership of alpine animal communities, it clearly demonstrates that cushion-forming plant species are an important consideration in understanding resilience to global changes for many organisms in addition to other plants.

Le marché mondial de la propriété intellectuelle : Droits des ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Destiné aux groupes indigènes, aux activistes et aux décideurs qui oeuvrent dans le domaine de la propriété intellectuelle et à tous ceux qui s'intéressent à la préservation de la diversité biologique et culturelle de notre planète, ce volume constitue un exposé précieux et révélateur de l'une des questions les plus ...

Active summer carbon storage for winter persistence in trees at the cold alpine treeline.

Science.gov (United States)

Li, Mai-He; Jiang, Yong; Wang, Ao; Li, Xiaobin; Zhu, Wanze; Yan, Cai-Feng; Du, Zhong; Shi, Zheng; Lei, Jingpin; Schönbeck, Leonie; He, Peng; Yu, Fei-Hai; Wang, Xue

2018-03-12

The low-temperature limited alpine treeline is one of the most obvious boundaries in mountain landscapes. The question of whether resource limitation is the physiological mechanism for the formation of the alpine treeline is still waiting for conclusive evidence and answers. We therefore examined non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) and nitrogen (N) in treeline trees (TATs) and low-elevation trees (LETs) in both summer and winter in 11 alpine treeline cases ranging from subtropical monsoon to temperate continental climates across Eurasia. We found that tissue N concentration did not decrease with increasing elevation at the individual treeline level, but the mean root N concentration was lower in TATs than in LETs across treelines in summer. The TATs did not have lower tissue NSC concentrations than LETs in summer. However, the present study with multiple tree species across a large geographical scale, for the first time, revealed a common phenomenon that TATs had significantly lower NSC concentration in roots but not in the aboveground tissues than LETs in winter. Compared with LETs, TATs exhibited both a passive NSC storage in aboveground tissues in excess of carbon demand and an active starch storage in roots at the expense of growth reduction during the growing season. This starch accumulation disappeared in winter. Our results highlight some important aspects of the N and carbon physiology in relation to season in trees at their upper limits. Whether or to what extent the disadvantages of winter root NSC and summer root N level of TATs affect the growth of treeline trees and the alpine treeline formation needs to be further studied.

LeMYC2 acts as a negative regulator of blue light mediated photomorphogenic growth, and promotes the growth of adult tomato plants

Science.gov (United States)

2014-01-01

Background Arabidopsis ZBF1/MYC2bHLH transcription factor is a repressor of photomorphogenesis, and acts as a point of cross talk in light, abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways. MYC2 also functions as a positive regulator of lateral root development and flowering time under long day conditions. However, the function of MYC2 in growth and development remains unknown in crop plants. Results Here, we report the functional analyses of LeMYC2 in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). The amino acid sequence of LeMYC2 showed extensive homology with Arabidopsis MYC2, containing the conserved bHLH domain. To study the function of LeMYC2 in tomato, overexpression and RNA interference (RNAi) LeMYC2 tomato transgenic plants were generated. Examination of seedling morphology, physiological responses and light regulated gene expression has revealed that LeMYC2 works as a negative regulator of blue light mediated photomorphogenesis. Furthermore, LeMYC2 specifically binds to the G-box of LeRBCS-3A promoter. Overexpression of LeMYC2 has led to increased root length with more number of lateral roots. The tomato plants overexpressing LeMYC2 have reduced internode distance with more branches, and display the opposite morphology to RNAi transgenic lines. Furthermore, this study shows that LeMYC2 promotes ABA and JA responsiveness. Conclusions Collectively, this study highlights that working in light, ABA and JA signaling pathways LeMYC2 works as an important regulator for growth and development in tomato plants. PMID:24483714

Des broussailles dans les prairies alpines

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Olivier Camacho

2009-03-01

Full Text Available Landscape closing due to the decline in agricultural activity is considered to be a major problem in the Alps. Abondance Valley provides a good example of this phenomenon and is also representative of a paradox commonly found in the Northern French Alps: the mountainsides and alpine pastures are still used, whereas they are becoming increasingly afforested. Environmental conditions play a major role in the localisation of agricultural land uses, but they are not sufficient to explain why pastures still in use are being invaded by shrub. Even if cutting makes it possible to effectively control the encroachment by woody species, this is not true for uncut pastures where grazing is not able to keep up with grass production. This situation is repeated every year and is the likely cause of the colonisation by woody species. To ensure their forage system and to simplify their work, farmers tend to establish grazing units that are oversized in relation to the needs of their animals. They implement compensatory practices that consist of mechanical maintenance as a complement to grazing to limit the dynamics of woody species. These labour-intensive practices are not used on all of the pastures. The analysis of farmers’ practices by agronomists is therefore a useful complement to studies of physical and socio-economic environments, at the level of the grazed field as well as at that of the valley as a whole.La dégradation des paysages par suite du recul de l’activité agricole est considérée comme un enjeu majeur dans les Alpes. La vallée d’Abondance illustre bien ce phénomène de fermeture de l’espace mais elle est en outre représentative d’un paradoxe assez répandu dans les Alpes du nord françaises : les versants et les alpages sont encore exploités et pourtant ils se boisent progressivement. Les conditions de milieux jouent un rôle majeur sur la localisation des usages agricoles de l'espace, mais elles ne peuvent pas suffire pour

Results in pion proton scattering near the higher resonances (1961); Resultats pour la diffusion des mesons pi par les protons dans le domaine des hautes resonances (1962)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Falk-Vairant, P; Valladas, G [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1961-07-01

We present briefly the available Information on the total cross sections for pion proton scattering in the energy region from 400 MeV to 1.5 GeV. We also have collected all results on total cross sections for particular channels like elastic scattering, inelastic scattering and charge exchange. Using new results on the total cross section for neutral events, we have plotted separately the cross section for elastic and for inelastic scattering in the T = 1/2 state. (authors) [French] On presente brievement les donnees connues concernant la section efficace totale pour la diffusion des mesons pi par les protons dans le domaine d'energie de 400 MeV a 1,5 GeV. On a egalement rassemble tous les resultats concernant les sections efficaces totales pour des canaux particuliers: diffusion elastique, diffusion inelastique et echange de charge. En partant des nouveaux resultats sur la section efficace pour la diffusion elastique et inelastique dans l'etat T = 1/2. (auteurs)

Le paradigme du Mur dans le monde contemporain : évolution et perspectives 1989-2009

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Hélène Yèche

2010-06-01

Full Text Available Il y a près de vingt ans, dans la nuit du 9 au 10 novembre 1989, disparaissait le mur de Berlin, symbole de la séparation de l’Europe en deux blocs antagonistes – d’un côté le camp soviétique, de l’autre le camp occidental. Le véritable tournant de ce que l’on a ensuite appelé la « révolution pacifique » eut cependant lieu un mois auparavant, le 9 octobre 1989, avec la première manifestation de masse qui réunit environ 70 000 personnes à Leipzig, RDA (ville plus tard honorée du titre de Helde...

Atmospheric deposition as a source of carbon and nutrients to barren, alpine soils of the Colorado Rocky Mountains

Science.gov (United States)

Mladenov, N.; Williams, M. W.; Schmidt, S. K.; Cawley, K.

2012-03-01

Many alpine areas are experiencing intense deglaciation, biogeochemical changes driven by temperature rise, and changes in atmospheric deposition. There is mounting evidence that the water quality of alpine streams may be related to these changes, including rising atmospheric deposition of carbon (C) and nutrients. Given that barren alpine soils can be severely C limited, we evaluated the magnitude and chemical quality of atmospheric deposition of C and nutrients to an alpine site, the Green Lake 4 catchment in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Using a long term dataset (2002-2010) of weekly atmospheric wet deposition and snowpack chemistry, we found that volume weighted mean dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were approximately 1.0 mg L-1and weekly concentrations reached peaks as high at 6-10 mg L-1 every summer. Total dissolved nitrogen concentration also peaked in the summer, whereas total dissolved phosphorus and calcium concentrations were highest in the spring. Relationships among DOC concentration, dissolved organic matter (DOM) fluorescence properties, and nitrate and sulfate concentrations suggest that pollutants from nearby urban and agricultural sources and organic aerosols derived from sub-alpine vegetation may influence high summer DOC wet deposition concentrations. Interestingly, high DOC concentrations were also recorded during "dust-in-snow" events in the spring. Detailed chemical and spectroscopic analyses conducted for samples collected in 2010 revealed that the DOM in many late spring and summer samples was less aromatic and polydisperse and of lower molecular weight than that of winter and fall samples and, therefore, likely to be more bioavailable to microbes in barren alpine soils. Bioavailability experiments with different types of atmospheric C sources are needed to better evaluate the substrate quality of atmospheric C inputs. Our C budget estimates for the Green Lake 4 catchment suggest that atmospheric deposition represents an

Using Sentence-Level Classifiers for Cross-Domain Sentiment Analysis

Science.gov (United States)

2014-09-01

National Defence, 2014 © Sa Majesté la Reine (en droit du Canada), telle que représentée par le ministre de la Défense nationale, 2014 DRDC-RDDC...domain sentiment classification via spectral feature alignment. In Proceedings of the 19th international conference on World Wide Web, WWW ’10...Dennis, S. 5. DATE OF PUBLICATION (Month and year of publication of document.) September 2014 6a. NO. OF PAGES (Total containing information

Google Livres et le futur des bibliothèques numériques historique du projet, techniques documentaires, alternatives et controverses

CERN Document Server

Jacquesson, Alain

2010-01-01

En 2004, le monde du livre apprend le projet fou de deux jeunes illuminés : construire en cinq ans une bibliothèque numérique universelle. Six ans plus tard, une gigantesque bibliothèque numérique de plus de 12 millions de volumes a vu le jour. Des collections, que des générations de conservateurs ont mis des siècles à constituer, sont avalées par Google Livres. Jamais une collaboration d'une telle envergure entre les secteurs publics et privés n'avait été entreprise dans le domaine patrimonial. Dans le monde entier, les chercheurs comme le grand public s'habituent peu à peu à utiliser Google Livres, qui dit viser maintenant 30 millions de livres numériques. Cette réalisation a nécessité l'élaboration de compétences informatiques spécifiques, notamment en ce qui concerne la numérisation de masse. L'efficacité de ce savoir-faire a suscité l'intérêt de nombreuses bibliothèques qui ont choisi de participer au projet. Cette appropriation des biens publics soulève aussi de nombreuses c...

Etudes optiques de nouveaux materiaux laser: Des orthosilicates dopes a l'ytterbium: Le yttrium (lutetium,scandium) pentoxide de silicium

Science.gov (United States)

Denoyer, Aurelie

La decouverte et l'elaboration de nouveaux materiaux laser solides suscitent beaucoup d'interet parmi la communaute scientifique. En particulier les lasers dans la gamme de frequence du micron debouchent sur beaucoup d'applications, en telecommunication, en medecine, dans le domaine militaire, pour la, decoupe des metaux (lasers de puissance), en optique non lineaire (doublage de frequence, bistabilite optique). Le plus couramment utilise actuellement est le Nd:YAG dans cette famille de laser, mais des remplacants plus performants sont toujours recherches. Les lasers a base d'Yb3+ possedent beaucoup d'avantages compares aux lasers Nd3+ du fait de leur structure electronique simple et de leur deterioration moins rapide. Parmi les matrices cristallines pouvant accueillir l'ytterbium, les orthosilicates Yb:Y 2SiO5, Yb:Lu2SiO5 et Yb:Sc2SiO 5 se positionnent tres bien, du fait de leur bonne conductivite thermique et du fort eclatement de leur champ cristallin necessaire a l'elaboration de lasers quasi-3 niveaux. De plus l'etude fine et systematique des proprietes microscopiques de nouveaux materiaux s'avere toujours tres interessante du point de vue de la recherche fondamentale, c'est ainsi que de nouveaux modeles sont concus (par exemple pour le champ cristallin) ou que de nouvelles proprietes inhabituelles sont decouvertes, menant a de nouvelles applications. Ainsi d'autres materiaux dopes a l'ytterbium sont connus pour leurs proprietes de couplage electron-phonon, de couplage magnetique, d'emission cooperative ou encore de bistabilite optique, mais ces proprietes n'ont encore jamais ete mises en evidence dans Yb:Y 2SiO5, Yb:Lu2SiO5 et Yb:Sc2SiO 5. Ainsi, cette these a pour but l'etude des proprietes optiques et des interactions microscopiques dans Yb:Y2SiO 5, Yb:Lu2SiO5 et Yb:Sc2SiO5. Nous utilisons principalement les techniques d'absorption IR et de spectroscopie Raman pour determiner les excitations du champ cristallin et les modes de vibration dans le materiau

A deposition record of inorganic ions from a high-alpine glacier

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Huber, T. [Bern Univ. (Switzerland); Bruetsch, S.; Gaeggeler, H.W.; Schotterer, U.; Schwikowski, M. [Paul Scherrer Inst. (PSI), Villigen (Switzerland)

1997-09-01

The lowest five metres of an ice core from a high-alpine glacier (Colle Gnifetti, Monte Rosa massif, 4450m a.s.l., Switzerland) were analysed for ammonium, calcium, chloride, magnesium, nitrate, potassium, sodium, and sulphate by ion chromatography. (author) 1 fig., 3 refs.

Modelling channel incision and alpine hillslope development using laser altimetry data

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Anders, N.S.; Seijmonsbergen, A.C.; Bouten, W.

2009-01-01

This paper presents a new approach to simulate drainage basin evolution and demonstrates that high resolution elevation data can be used as useful tool for a dynamic simulation of Alpine landscape development, in which channel incision is incorporated in high spatial detail. A vector channel

Biomechanical factors influencing the performance of elite Alpine ski racers.

Science.gov (United States)

Hébert-Losier, Kim; Supej, Matej; Holmberg, Hans-Christer

2014-04-01

Alpine ski racing is a popular international winter sport that is complex and challenging from physical, technical, and tactical perspectives. Despite the vast amount of scientific literature focusing on this sport, including topical reviews on physiology, ski-snow friction, and injuries, no review has yet addressed the biomechanics of elite alpine ski racers and which factors influence performance. In World Cup events, winning margins are often mere fractions of a second and biomechanics may well be a determining factor in podium place finishes. The aim of this paper was to systematically review the scientific literature to identify the biomechanical factors that influence the performance of elite alpine ski racers, with an emphasis on slalom, giant slalom, super-G, and downhill events. Four electronic databases were searched using relevant medical subject headings and key words, with an additional manual search of reference lists, relevant journals, and key authors in the field. Articles were included if they addressed human biomechanics, elite alpine skiing, and performance. Only original research articles published in peer-reviewed journals and in the English language were reviewed. Articles that focused on skiing disciplines other than the four of primary interest were excluded (e.g., mogul, ski-cross and freestyle skiing). The articles subsequently included for review were quality assessed using a modified version of a validated quality assessment checklist. Data on the study population, design, location, and findings relating biomechanics to performance in alpine ski racers were extracted from each article using a standard data extraction form. A total of 12 articles met the inclusion criteria, were reviewed, and scored an average of 69 ± 13% (range 40-89%) upon quality assessment. Five of the studies focused on giant slalom, four on slalom, and three on downhill disciplines, although these latter three articles were also relevant to super-G events

Le corps dans l’espace architectural. Le Corbusier, Claude Parent et Henri Gaudin

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Julie Cattant

2016-12-01

Full Text Available Le premier geste de l’espace architectural est d’accueillir nos corps humains. En leur offrant un espacement à habiter, il leur permet de s’abriter, de se mouvoir et de se rencontrer. L’homme et l’architecture s’affectent l’un l’autre. Nombreux sont les architectes qui interrogent cette coexistence car, renouveler la pensée de l’espace nécessite de reconsidérer le corps humain. L’étude des relations entre le corps et l’espace chez trois architectes français sera l’occasion d’évoquer les écarts et les convergences entre l’homme et l’architecture. L’œuvre de Le Corbusier, protagoniste du mouvement moderne, maintient ainsi une distance entre un corps machinisé et un espace idéal. Marquée par un mode de pensée dualiste, l’architecture de Le Corbusier annonce toutefois son propre dépassement, dépassement que Claude Parent et Henri Gaudin opèreront par la suite à leur manière, le premier en introduisant l’oblique et la déstabilisation du corps, le second en transgressant la limite de l’espace et du corps pour envisager leur porosité réciproque. Finalement, c’est la manière dont l’homme appréhende l’espace avec son corps qui est questionnée par ces trois architectes, de la prégnance du visuel à son évincement.

Seedling Regeneration in the Alpine Treeline Ecotone: Comparison of Wood Microsites and Adjacent Soil Substrates

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Adelaide Chapman Johnson

2016-11-01

Full Text Available Although climate warming is generally expected to facilitate upward advance of forests, conifer seedling regeneration and survival may be hindered by low substrate moisture, high radiation, and both low and high snow accumulation. To better understand substrate-related factors promoting regeneration in the alpine treeline ecotone, this study compared 2 substrates supporting conifer seedlings: rotten downed wood and adjacent soil. Study locations, each with 3 levels of incoming radiation, were randomly selected at forest line–alpine meadow borders in Pacific Northwest wilderness areas extending along an east–west precipitation gradient. Associations among substrate type, seedling density, radiation, site moisture, site temperature, plant water potential, and plant stomatal conductance were assessed. Wood microsites, flush with the ground and supporting Abies spp conifer seedlings, extended up to 20 m into alpine meadows from the forest line. Although wood microsites thawed later in the spring and froze earlier in the fall, they had warmer summer temperatures, greater volumetric water content, and more growing degree hours, and seedlings growing on wood had higher water potentials than seedlings growing on adjacent soil. At drier eastern sites, there was a positive relationship between seedling density and volumetric water content. Further, there was a positive relationship between seedling stomatal conductance and volumetric water content. Our study indicates that in the Pacific Northwest. and likely elsewhere, seedlings benefit from wood microsites, which provide greater water content. Given predictions of increased summer drought in some locations globally, wood microsites at forest line–alpine meadows and forest line–grasslands borders may become increasingly important for successful conifer regeneration.

Microsatellite Markers for the Chameleon Grasshopper (Kosciuscola tristis (Orthoptera: Acrididae, an Australian Alpine Specialist

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ange-Marie Risterucci

2012-09-01

Full Text Available A set of polymorphic loci was characterised using an enrichment library for the Australian alpine specialist, the chameleon grasshopper (Kosciuscola tristis, an atypical grasshopper known for its remarkable temperature-controlled colour change. The number of alleles per locus ranged from three to 20 and observed heterozygosity from 0.16 to 0.76. These are the first microsatellite markers for a non-endangered Australian alpine animal and will inform questions of gene flow across the sky islands of this unique and threatened region.

Constraints on Alpine Fault (New Zealand) Mylonitization Temperatures and Geothermal Gradient from Ti-in-quartz Thermobarometry

OpenAIRE

Kidder, Steven; Toy, Virginia; Prior, Dave; Little, Tim; MacRae, Colin

2018-01-01

We constrain the thermal state of the central Alpine Fault using approximately 750 Ti-in-quartz SIMS analyses from a suite of variably deformed mylonites. Ti-in-quartz concentrations span more than an order of magnitude from 0.24 to ~5 ppm, suggesting recrystallization of quartz over a 300° range in temperature. Most Ti-in-quartz concentrations in mylonites, protomylonites, and the Alpine Schist protolith are between 2 and 4 ppm and do not vary as a function of grain size or bul...

Beware of ligand efficiency (LE): understanding LE data in modeling structure-activity and structure-economy relationships.

Science.gov (United States)

Polanski, Jaroslaw; Tkocz, Aleksandra; Kucia, Urszula

2017-09-11

On the one hand, ligand efficiency (LE) and the binding efficiency index (BEI), which are binding properties (B) averaged versus the heavy atom count (HAC: LE) or molecular weight (MW: BEI), have recently been declared a novel universal tool for drug design. On the other hand, questions have been raised about the mathematical validity of the LE approach. In fact, neither the critics nor the advocates are precise enough to provide a generally understandable and accepted chemistry of the LE metrics. In particular, this refers to the puzzle of the LE trends for small and large molecules. In this paper, we explain the chemistry and mathematics of the LE type of data. Because LE is a weight metrics related to binding per gram, its hyperbolic decrease with an increasing number of heavy atoms can be easily understood by its 1/MW dependency. Accordingly, we analyzed how this influences the LE trends for ligand-target binding, economic big data or molecular descriptor data. In particular, we compared the trends for the thermodynamic ∆G data of a series of ligands that interact with 14 different target classes, which were extracted from the BindingDB database with the market prices of a commercial compound library of ca. 2.5 mln synthetic building blocks. An interpretation of LE and BEI that clearly explains the observed trends for these parameters are presented here for the first time. Accordingly, we show that the main misunderstanding of the chemical meaning of the BEI and LE parameters is their interpretation as molecular descriptors that are connected with a single molecule, while binding is a statistical effect in which a population of ligands limits the formation of ligand-receptor complexes. Therefore, LE (BEI) should not be interpreted as a molecular (physicochemical) descriptor that is connected with a single molecule but as a property (binding per gram). Accordingly, the puzzle of the surprising behavior of LE is explained by the 1/MW dependency. This effect

Climate-induced glacier and snow loss imperils alpine stream insects

Science.gov (United States)

Giersch, J. Joseph; Hotaling, Scott; Kovach, Ryan; Jones, Leslie A.; Muhlfeld, Clint C.

2017-01-01

Climate warming is causing rapid loss of glaciers and snowpack in mountainous regions worldwide. These changes are predicted to negatively impact the habitats of many range-restricted species, particularly endemic, mountaintop species dependent on the unique thermal and hydrologic conditions found only in glacier-fed and snowmelt-driven alpine streams. Though progress has been made, existing understanding of the status, distribution, and ecology of alpine aquatic species, particularly in North America, is lacking, thereby hindering conservation and management programs. Two aquatic insects – the meltwater stonefly Lednia tumana and the glacier stonefly Zapada glacier – were recently proposed for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act due to climate-change-induced habitat loss. Using a large dataset (272 streams, 482 total sites) with high-resolution climate and habitat information, we describe the distribution, status, and key environmental features that limit L. tumana and Z. glacier across the northern Rocky Mountains. Lednia tumana was detected in 113 streams (175 sites) within Glacier National Park (GNP) and surrounding areas. The probability of L. tumana occurrence increased with cold stream temperatures and close proximity to glaciers and permanent snowfields. Similarly, densities of L. tumana declined with increasing distance from stream source. Zapada glacier was only detected in 10 streams (20 sites), six in GNP and four in mountain ranges up to ~600 km southwest. Our results show that both L. tumana and Z. glacier inhabit an extremely narrow distribution, restricted to short sections of cold, alpine streams often below glaciers predicted to disappear over the next two decades. Climate warming-induced glacier and snow loss clearly imperils the persistence of L. tumana and Z. glacier throughout their ranges, highlighting the role of mountaintop aquatic invertebrates as sentinels of climate change in mid-latitude regions.

Influence of climate on alpine stream chemistry and water sources

Science.gov (United States)

Foks, Sydney; Stets, Edward; Singha, Kamini; Clow, David W.

2018-01-01

The resilience of alpine/subalpine watersheds may be viewed as the resistance of streamflow or stream chemistry to change under varying climatic conditions, which is governed by the relative size (volume) and transit time of surface and subsurface water sources. Here, we use end‐member mixing analysis in Andrews Creek, an alpine stream in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, from water year 1994 to 2015, to explore how the partitioning of water sources and associated hydrologic resilience change in response to climate. Our results indicate that four water sources are significant contributors to Andrews Creek, including snow, rain, soil water, and talus groundwater. Seasonal patterns in source‐water contributions reflected the seasonal hydrologic cycle, which is driven by the accumulation and melting of seasonal snowpack. Flushing of soil water had a large effect on stream chemistry during spring snowmelt, despite making only a small contribution to streamflow volume. Snow had a large influence on stream chemistry as well, contributing large amounts of water with low concentrations of weathering products. Interannual patterns in end‐member contributions reflected responses to drought and wet periods. Moderate and significant correlations exist between annual end‐member contributions and regional‐scale climate indices (the Palmer Drought Severity Index, the Palmer Hydrologic Drought Index, and the Modified Palmer Drought Severity Index). From water year 1994 to 2015, the percent contribution from the talus‐groundwater end member to Andrews Creek increased an average of 0.5% per year (p < 0.0001), whereas the percent contributions from snow plus rain decreased by a similar amount (p = 0.001). Our results show how water and solute sources in alpine environments shift in response to climate variability and highlight the role of talus groundwater and soil water in providing hydrologic resilience to the system.

Le paludisme, le tsunami silencieux d'Afrique | IDRC - International ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

12 janv. 2011 ... Dans un élan de compassion fort justifié, le monde s'est porté au secours des victimes du tsunami qui a touché récemment la région de l'océan Indien. Mais il ignore qu'un « tsunami silencieux », le paludisme, s'abat sans cesse sur l'Afrique et y fait chaque année plus de 1,5 million de victimes, surtout de ...

Le Peer to Peer: Vers un Nouveau Modèle de Civilisation

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Michel Bauwens

2006-06-01

Full Text Available Le « peer to peer » est la dynamique intersubjective caractéristique des réseaux distribués. Le but de cet essai est de montrer qu’il s’agit d’une véritable nouvelle forme d’organisation sociale, apte à produire et échanger des biens, à créer de la valeur. Celle-ci est la conséquence d’un nouvel imaginaire social, et possède le potentiel de devenir le pilier d’un nouveau mode d’économie politique, voire d’un nouveau type de civilisation. Pour cela, nous allons d’abord définir le P2P, décrire en bref ces manifestations, et le différencier d’autres modalités d’échange intersubjectif tel que le marché, la hiérarchie, l’économie du don. Comme principale modalité P2P nous distinguons: Les processus de production P2P, comme troisième mode de production, qui n’est ni géré par un mode hiérarchique ou par l’état, ni répondant à des impératifs de profit ou qui sont modulés par le biais des prix. Les processus de gouvernance P2P, qui gouverne ces processus de production. Les formes de propriété P2P, qui sont destine a empecher l’appropriation prive de cette production pour le commun. Afin d’examiner les characteristiques de cette nouvelle dynamique sociale, nous utilisons la typologie intersubjective de l’anthropologue Alan Page Fisque, qui distingue: 1. l’échange égalitaire (Equality Matching, c..a.d l’economie du don. 2. La relation d’autorité (Authority Ranking tel qu’elle s’exprime dans le mode hierarchique. 3. le marché (Market Pricing. 4. la participation commune (Communal Shareholding. En conclusion, nous examinons les possibilites d’expansion de ce nouveau mode sociale et son insertion dans l’economie capitaliste, en nous nous posons la question: le P2P peut-il etre concu comme alternative sociale et economique aux modeles existants. Abstract: “Peer to peer” is hypothesized as a new social formation with intersubjective dynamics characteristic of distributed

The relative age effect and the influence on performance in youth alpine ski racing.

Science.gov (United States)

Müller, Lisa; Hildebrandt, Carolin; Raschner, Christian

2015-03-01

The relative age effect (RAE), which refers to an over representation of athletes born early in a selection year, recently was proven to be present in alpine skiing. However, it was not made apparent whether the RAE exists as early as at the youngest level of youth ski racing at national level, nor whether the relative age influences racing performance. As a consequence, the purpose of the present study was twofold: first, to examine the extent of the RAE and second, to assess the influence the relative age has on the overall performance at the youngest levels of youth ski racing. The study included the investigation of 1,438 participants of the Austrian Kids Cup and 1,004 participants of the Teenager Cup at the provincial level, as well as 250 finalists of the Kids Cup and 150 finalists of the Teenager Cup at the national level. Chi²-tests revealed a highly significant RAE already at the youngest level of youth ski racing (Kids Cup) at both the provincial and national levels. There are not again favorably selected the relatively older athletes from the first into the second level of youth ski racing (Teenager Cup). Among the athletes of the Kids Cup, the relative age quarter distribution differed highly significantly from the distribution of the total sample with an over representation of relatively older athletes by comparison taking the top three positions. The data revealed that relative age had a highly significant influence on performance. This study demonstrated that the RAE poses a problem as early as the youngest level of youth ski racing, thereby indicating that many young talented kids are discriminated against, diminishing any chance they might have of becoming elite athletes despite their talents and efforts. The RAE influences not only the participation rate in alpine skiing, but also the performances. As a result, changes in the talent development system are imperative. Key pointsThe relative age influences not only the participation in youth ski

Snow effects on alpine vegetation in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Kun; Zhang, Li; Qiu, Yubao; Ji, Lei; Tian, Feng; Wang, Cuizhen; Wang, Zhiyong

2013-01-01

Understanding the relationships between snow and vegetation is important for interpretation of the responses of alpine ecosystems to climate changes. The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is regarded as an ideal area due to its undisturbed features with low population and relatively high snow cover. We used 500 m Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) datasets during 2001–2010 to examine the snow–vegetation relationships, specifically, (1) the influence of snow melting date on vegetation green-up date and (2) the effects of snow cover duration on vegetation greenness. The results showed that the alpine vegetation responded strongly to snow phenology (i.e., snow melting date and snow cover duration) over large areas of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Snow melting date and vegetation green-up date were significantly correlated (p growth was influenced by different seasonal snow cover durations (SCDs) in different regions. Generally, the December–February and March–May SCDs played a significantly role in vegetation growth, both positively and negatively, depending on different water source regions. Snow's positive impact on vegetation was larger than the negative impact.

La piraterie sur le web

CERN Multimedia

2002-01-01

Les échanges de toutes sortes sont facilités à l'extrême par le web: des forums, des vidéoconférences, le commerce à distance, ou tout simplement la célérité des courriers électroniques ou la convivialité des chats, tout cela participe de la société de communication. Une certaine partie du monde découvre le nouvel horizon des échanges quasi instantanés, mais... les transactions sur le web sont-elles vraiment s res?

Le système de l'harmonie de Rameau dans sa correspondance avec d'Alembert et Rousseau

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Stefanović Ana M.

2002-01-01

Full Text Available (francuski L'article examine la correspondance polémique de Rameau avec d'Alembert et Rousseau, entretenue dans la sixième décénie du XVIIIe siècle. Le système de l'harmonie de Rameau y est affronté à deux défis contradictoires: d'un côté, à la provocation d'absolutisation du système venant de son intériorité-même, et de l'autre, à une nouvelle conception de l'autonomie musicale, conçue sur le geste anarchique et destructif envers lui. Tandis que, de la polémique avec d'Alembert, le système vient de ressortir assuré et renforcé, soutenant la suprématie de la musique dans le champ théorique, la polémique avec Rousseau démontre que l'autonomie scientifique n'entraîne pas de soi l'isolation de la musique dans le domaine esthétique. Fondé sur le réseau cohérent de ses propres règles, le système musical est apte de se plier, de se modifier sous l'influence de ce qui lui est "extérieur": du sens contenu dans des énoncés linguistiques. L'idée de représentation musicale est alors modifiée dans la direction d'une réconcilliation possible de la raison (cartésienne et de l'imagination créatrice, du général et du particulier, de la norme et de l'individualité, dans la mesure où le système musical devenant analogue au système linguistique, en tant que "langue en action" participe chaque fois dans l'événement de sa propre création.

Temporal variations of perfluoroalkyl substances and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in alpine snow

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kirchgeorg, Torben; Dreyer, Annekatrin; Gabrieli, Jacopo; Kehrwald, Natalie; Sigl, Michael; Schwikowski, Margit

2013-01-01

The occurrence and temporal variation of 18 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and 8 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the European Alps was investigated in a 10 m shallow firn core from Colle Gnifetti in the Monte Rosa Massif (4455 m above sea level). The firn core encompasses the years 1997–2007. Firn core sections were analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (PFASs) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (PBDEs). We detected 12 PFASs and 8 PBDEs in the firn samples. Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA; 0.3–1.8 ng L −1 ) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; 0.2–0.6 ng L −1 ) were the major PFASs while BDE 99 ( −1 ) and BDE 47 (n.d.–2.6 ng L −1 ) were the major PBDEs. This study demonstrates the occurrence of PFASs and PBDEs in the European Alps and provides the first evidence that PFASs compositions may be changing to PFBA-dominated compositions. -- Highlights: •PFASs and PBDEs were detected in low ng L −1 concentrations in an Alpine firn core. •BDE 47, BDE 99 and BDE 209 are the dominating PBDEs. •PFOA, PFNA and PFBA are the major PFASs. •We demonstrate a change in the PFASs composition. •Atmospheric degradation of volatile precursor might be the main source for >C8 PFCAs. -- PFAS and PBDE concentrations in European Alpine snow provide information about the occurrence, accumulation and recent changes of these persistent organic pollutants in Alpine regions

Le SRAS, le sida, et la santé publique | IDRC - International ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

22 juil. 2011 ... Certaines de ces leçons portent sur les interactions complexes entre la biologie, la culture et le pouvoir. D'autres traitent des moyens de .... HIV prevention policy in China. IDRC-funded research is using mathematical modelling to influence local and national policies in China to reduce HIV transmission.

Systèmes de type radar appliqués aux domaines routiers et ferroviaires

OpenAIRE

DELOOF, P; GHYS, JP; RIVENQ, A; HAESE, N; SAINT-VENANT, M

2001-01-01

La détection d'obstacles par radar peut s'appliquer aussi bien au domaine des transports routiers qu'à ceux des transports en commun. Quelques uns de ces systèmes sont étudiés au LEOST dans le cadre du GRRT, Groupement Régional Nord Pas-de-Calais pour la Recherche dans les Transports. La plupart des capteurs micro-ondes furent réalisés par le DHS. Ils étaient fondés soit sur la modulation linéaire en fréquence (FMCW) soit sur la modulation par impulsions. Ces études ont mené à la réalisation ...

La science, la littérature, le rituel: le vrai dire et le plus que mentir

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Panagiotis Christias

2005-03-01

Full Text Available Le scientifique promet la vérité sans être en mesure d'accomplir sa promesse tandis que l'écrivain promet de mentir mais par son mensonge, il fait plus que mentir. Il ne dit certainement pas la vérité, car la vérité n'est pas sa préoccupation première. Voilà comment nous pouvons résumer les deux attitudes, condamnées à un antagonisme stérile par l'attitude positiviste moderne. Compte tenu donc de l'intention fondatrice de la science, de sa promesse donc originaire et fondatrice, la science doit dire la vérité et rien que la vérité. Ce qui, de l'aveu même de cette même science, est impossible. [...] La littérature se permet de reconstruire des mondes par-delà le vrai et le faux. [...] Un récit littéraire ne demande pas la consécration de la vérité, ne demande pas à être suivi parce que vrai, n'impose rien et n'attend rien. Sa vraie destinée est l'errance et sa vraie conscience est celle de sa dissémination. Celui qui renonce à la prétention de vérité renonce en même temps à la volonté de dominer. Dominer signifie créer un espace de vérité dans lequel celui qui énonce la vérité est le maître légitime de ceux qui sont dans le champ de la conception du monde dont cette vérité est la pierre angulaire.

Alien roadside species more easily invade alpine than lowland plant communities in a subarctic mountain ecosystem.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jonas J Lembrechts

Full Text Available Effects of roads on plant communities are not well known in cold-climate mountain ecosystems, where road building and development are expected to increase in future decades. Knowledge of the sensitivity of mountain plant communities to disturbance by roads is however important for future conservation purposes. We investigate the effects of roads on species richness and composition, including the plant strategies that are most affected, along three elevational gradients in a subarctic mountain ecosystem. We also examine whether mountain roads promote the introduction and invasion of alien plant species from the lowlands to the alpine zone. Observations of plant community composition were made together with abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic factors in 60 T-shaped transects. Alpine plant communities reacted differently to road disturbances than their lowland counterparts. On high elevations, the roadside species composition was more similar to that of the local natural communities. Less competitive and ruderal species were present at high compared with lower elevation roadsides. While the effects of roads thus seem to be mitigated in the alpine environment for plant species in general, mountain plant communities are more invasible than lowland communities. More precisely, relatively more alien species present in the roadside were found to invade into the surrounding natural community at high compared to low elevations. We conclude that effects of roads and introduction of alien species in lowlands cannot simply be extrapolated to the alpine and subarctic environment.

Alien roadside species more easily invade alpine than lowland plant communities in a subarctic mountain ecosystem.

Science.gov (United States)

Lembrechts, Jonas J; Milbau, Ann; Nijs, Ivan

2014-01-01

Effects of roads on plant communities are not well known in cold-climate mountain ecosystems, where road building and development are expected to increase in future decades. Knowledge of the sensitivity of mountain plant communities to disturbance by roads is however important for future conservation purposes. We investigate the effects of roads on species richness and composition, including the plant strategies that are most affected, along three elevational gradients in a subarctic mountain ecosystem. We also examine whether mountain roads promote the introduction and invasion of alien plant species from the lowlands to the alpine zone. Observations of plant community composition were made together with abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic factors in 60 T-shaped transects. Alpine plant communities reacted differently to road disturbances than their lowland counterparts. On high elevations, the roadside species composition was more similar to that of the local natural communities. Less competitive and ruderal species were present at high compared with lower elevation roadsides. While the effects of roads thus seem to be mitigated in the alpine environment for plant species in general, mountain plant communities are more invasible than lowland communities. More precisely, relatively more alien species present in the roadside were found to invade into the surrounding natural community at high compared to low elevations. We conclude that effects of roads and introduction of alien species in lowlands cannot simply be extrapolated to the alpine and subarctic environment.

48. Le pavillon Liliane de Stewart

OpenAIRE

Cameron, Christina; Déom, Claudine; Valois, Nicole

2018-01-01

Le pavillon Liliane de Stewart Le pavillon Liliane de Stewart est situé à l’arrière du pavillon Marguerite-d’Youville, qui lui est mitoyen. Il en constitue en quelque sorte un agrandissement, mais il s’en différencie par son plus petit volume (trois étages). Les deux pavillons partagent quelques caractéristiques architecturales, dont le plan angulaire et le revêtement de brique chamois. Le pavillon Liliane de Stewart se distingue cependant par sa fenestration, surtout celle de la façade avant...

Cloning, characterization and effect of TmPGRP-LE gene silencing on survival of Tenebrio molitor against Listeria monocytogenes infection.

Science.gov (United States)

Tindwa, Hamisi; Patnaik, Bharat Bhusan; Kim, Dong Hyun; Mun, Seulgi; Jo, Yong Hun; Lee, Bok Luel; Lee, Yong Seok; Kim, Nam Jung; Han, Yeon Soo

2013-11-14

Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are a family of innate immune molecules that recognize bacterial peptidoglycan. PGRP-LE, a member of the PGRP family, selectively binds to diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-type peptidoglycan to activate both the immune deficiency (Imd) and proPhenoloxidase (proPO) pathways in insects. A PGRP-LE-dependent induction of autophagy to control Listeria monocytogenes has also been reported. We identified and partially characterized a novel PGRP-LE homologue, from Tenebrio molitor and analyzed its functional role in the survival of the insect against infection by a DAP-type PGN containing intracellular pathogen, L. monocytogenes. The cDNA is comprised of an open reading frame (ORF) of 990 bp and encodes a polypeptide of 329 residues. TmPGRP-LE contains one PGRP domain, but lacks critical residues for amidase activity. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed a broad constitutive expression of the transcript at various stages of development spanning from larva to adult. RNAi mediated knockdown of the transcripts, followed by a challenge with L. monocytogenes, showed a significant reduction in survival rate of the larvae, suggesting a putative role of TmPGRP-LE in sensing and control of L. monocytogenes infection in T. molitor. These results implicate PGRP-LE as a defense protein necessary for survival of T. molitor against infection by L. monocytogenes.

Cloning, Characterization and Effect of TmPGRP-LE Gene Silencing on Survival of Tenebrio Molitor against Listeria monocytogenes Infection

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Yeon Soo Han

2013-11-01

Full Text Available Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs are a family of innate immune molecules that recognize bacterial peptidoglycan. PGRP-LE, a member of the PGRP family, selectively binds to diaminopimelic acid (DAP-type peptidoglycan to activate both the immune deficiency (Imd and proPhenoloxidase (proPO pathways in insects. A PGRP-LE-dependent induction of autophagy to control Listeria monocytogenes has also been reported. We identified and partially characterized a novel PGRP-LE homologue, from Tenebrio molitor and analyzed its functional role in the survival of the insect against infection by a DAP-type PGN containing intracellular pathogen, L. monocytogenes. The cDNA is comprised of an open reading frame (ORF of 990 bp and encodes a polypeptide of 329 residues. TmPGRP-LE contains one PGRP domain, but lacks critical residues for amidase activity. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed a broad constitutive expression of the transcript at various stages of development spanning from larva to adult. RNAi mediated knockdown of the transcripts, followed by a challenge with L. monocytogenes, showed a significant reduction in survival rate of the larvae, suggesting a putative role of TmPGRP-LE in sensing and control of L. monocytogenes infection in T. molitor. These results implicate PGRP-LE as a defense protein necessary for survival of T. molitor against infection by L. monocytogenes.

Climate regulates alpine lake ice cover phenology and aquatic ecosystem structure

Science.gov (United States)

Preston, Daniel L.; Caine, Nel; McKnight, Diane M.; Williams, Mark W.; Hell, Katherina; Miller, Matthew P.; Hart, Sarah J.; Johnson, Pieter T.J.

2016-01-01

High-elevation aquatic ecosystems are highly vulnerable to climate change, yet relatively few records are available to characterize shifts in ecosystem structure or their underlying mechanisms. Using a long-term dataset on seven alpine lakes (3126 to 3620 m) in Colorado, USA, we show that ice-off dates have shifted seven days earlier over the past 33 years and that spring weather conditions – especially snowfall – drive yearly variation in ice-off timing. In the most well-studied lake, earlier ice-off associated with increases in water residence times, thermal stratification, ion concentrations, dissolved nitrogen, pH, and chlorophyll-a. Mechanistically, low spring snowfall and warm temperatures reduce summer stream flow (increasing lake residence times) but enhance melting of glacial and permafrost ice (increasing lake solute inputs). The observed links among hydrological, chemical, and biological responses to climate factors highlight the potential for major shifts in the functioning of alpine lakes due to forecasted climate change.

Le cosmos et le lotus confessions d'un astrophysicien

CERN Document Server

Trinh, Xuan Thuan

2011-01-01

Que nous dit vraiment la science sur la nature de l'univers, sur son origine et son avenir ? Par quel mystère le langage mathématique, pure création de l'esprit humain, se révèle-t-il aussi performant pour nous décrire les phénomènes physiques, de l'infiniment petit à l'infiniment grand ? S'il existe un ordre du monde, ce que nous en disent la physique quantique et la théorie de la relativité est-il compatible avec ce qu'enseigne le bouddhisme ? Et que peut-on en conclure concernant notre propre vie ? A ces questions passionnantes et à beaucoup d'autres, le célèbre astrophysicien Trinh Xuan Thuan répond ici d'une façon personnelle, en s'appuyant sur son expérience. Son itinéraire l'a placé d'emblée à la confluence de trois cultures : issu d'une famille de lettrés vietnamiens imprégnée de traditions bouddhiste et confucéenne, il a reçu une éducation à la française puis une formation scientifique à l'américaine. Une telle richesse de points de vue lui permet d'apporter, non pas de...

Accessibilité aux emplois en France : le rôle de la distance à la ville

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mohamed Hilal

2004-12-01

Full Text Available L'objet de cet article est de modéliser les niveaux d’accessibilité potentielle aux emplois des communes françaises selon le rôle de la distance à la ville. Pour ce faire, nous présentons, tout d’abord, un modèle d’accessibilité et la méthode mise en œuvre pour calculer de façon systématique, à partir des données du réseau routier, une matrice des plus courts chemins, mesurés en temps, entre les communes françaises. Ensuite, dans la deuxième partie, ces distances sont intégrées dans le modèle d’accessibilité retenu afin de mesurer la disponibilité potentielle aux emplois selon la distance au pôle urbain le plus proche et selon les principales catégories d’espace du zonage en aires urbaines et de son complément rural. Enfin, la mesure d’accessibilité potentielle est comparée à plusieurs mesures d’accessibilité empirique.

Le fictif et le réel dans L’Empereur et l’assassin de Chen Kaige

OpenAIRE

Giafferri, Xiaomin

2008-01-01

Comme tout texte historique littéraire refait l’Histoire en la manipulant, le récit filmique est doublement mensongère du fait de sa double représentation : le décor et les acteurs représentent une situation qui est la fiction, et le film lui-même représente sous forme d’images juxtaposées cette première représentation. Sans vouloir faire la part du réel et de l’imaginaire, le présent travail tente de montrer comment, dans le film L’empereur et l’assassin de Chen Kaige, l’illusion de l’authen...

pour le trimestre qui a pris fin le 30 juin 2013

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

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30 juin 2013 ... Conseil des gouverneurs du CRDI. Le mandat des gouverneurs suivants a pris fin le 27 mai 2013 : Margaret Biggs, d'Ottawa, en Ontario;. Faith Mitchell, de Washington, aux États-Unis; Elizabeth Parr-Johnston, de Chester Basin, en Nouvelle-Écosse; Gordon Shirley, de Kingston, en Jamaïque; l'honorable ...

Collembola at three alpine subarctic sites resistant to twenty years of experimental warming

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Alatalo, J.M.; Jägerbrand, A.K.; Čuchta, Peter

2015-01-01

Roč. 5, December (2015), s. 18161 ISSN 2045-2322 Institutional support: RVO:60077344 Keywords : Collembola * alpine subarctic sites * experimental warming Subject RIV: EH - Ecology, Behaviour Impact factor: 5.228, year: 2015

Nouvelles formes de gouvernance dans le domaine de l’eau. Apports et limites de la coopération décentralisée dans les pays en développement

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Raoudha Makkaoui

2010-09-01

Full Text Available La problématique de cet article porte sur le rôle de la coopération décentralisée dans le domaine de l’eau, dans la mesure où celle-ci semble pouvoir apporter des réponses concrètes au problème de l’accès universel à l’eau et constituer une nouvelle option pour la communauté internationale. Dans une première partie, on présentera les problèmes rencontrés par les différents modes de gestion de l’eau dans les pays en développement et la façon dont ils ont successivement tenté de satisfaire à certains objectifs bien précis (accès universel à l’eau, réduction des coûts, prise en compte des besoins prioritaires. Dans une deuxième partie, sur la base d’une initiative de coopération décentralisée entre le Conseil régional de Seine-Saint-Denis et la ville marocaine de Figuig, on s’interrogera sur les apports et limites de cette nouvelle forme de partenariat participatif afin d’en évaluer la pérennité ainsi que la « soutenabilité sociale », montrant, de ce fait, sa proximité avec l’économie solidaire.Our paper builds on this issue of decentralized cooperation in the field of water management. Cooperation between decentralized entities in order to ensure the access to safe drinking water for all now constitutes in many places a preferred water governance option. Therefore, in the first part, we will provide an overview of the current difficulties encountered by the various forms of water management in developing countries, showing the solutions that they successively brought to specific issues (access for all, cost reduction, priority needs. In the second part, we will address the particular case of decentralized cooperation between the General Council of Seine-Saint-Denis in the suburbs of Paris, France, in partnership with the city of Figuig in Morocco. We review the insights and limits of such processes that refer to the people’s capabilities, at both individual and collective levels, in

Alpine crossroads or origin of genetic diversity? Comparative phylogeography of two sympatric microgastropod species.

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Alexander M Weigand

Full Text Available The Alpine Region, constituting the Alps and the Dinaric Alps, has played a major role in the formation of current patterns of biodiversity either as a contact zone of postglacial expanding lineages or as the origin of genetic diversity. In our study, we tested these hypotheses for two widespread, sympatric microgastropod taxa--Carychium minimum O.F. Müller, 1774 and Carychium tridentatum (Risso, 1826 (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Carychiidae--by using COI sequence data and species potential distribution models analyzed in a statistical phylogeographical framework. Additionally, we examined disjunct transatlantic populations of those taxa from the Azores and North America. In general, both Carychium taxa demonstrate a genetic structure composed of several differentiated haplotype lineages most likely resulting from allopatric diversification in isolated refugial areas during the Pleistocene glacial periods. However, the genetic structure of Carychium minimum is more pronounced, which can be attributed to ecological constraints relating to habitat proximity to permanent bodies of water. For most of the Carychium lineages, the broader Alpine Region was identified as the likely origin of genetic diversity. Several lineages are endemic to the broader Alpine Region whereas a single lineage per species underwent a postglacial expansion to (recolonize previously unsuitable habitats, e.g. in Northern Europe. The source populations of those expanding lineages can be traced back to the Eastern and Western Alps. Consequently, we identify the Alpine Region as a significant 'hot-spot' for the formation of genetic diversity within European Carychium lineages. Passive dispersal via anthropogenic means best explains the presence of transatlantic European Carychium populations on the Azores and in North America. We conclude that passive (anthropogenic transport could mislead the interpretation of observed phylogeographical patterns in general.

Growth and reproduction of the alpine grasshopper Miramella alpina feeding on CO2-enriched dwarf shrubs at treeline.

Science.gov (United States)

Asshoff, Roman; Hättenschwiler, Stephan

2005-01-01

The consequences for plant-insect interactions of atmospheric changes in alpine ecosystems are not well understood. Here, we tested the effects of elevated CO(2) on leaf quality in two dwarf shrub species (Vaccinium myrtillus and V. uliginosum) and the response of the alpine grasshopper (Miramella alpina) feeding on these plants in a field experiment at the alpine treeline (2,180 m a.s.l.) in Davos, Switzerland. Relative growth rates (RGR) of M. alpina nymphs were lower when they were feeding on V. myrtillus compared to V. uliginosum, and were affected by elevated CO(2) depending on plant species and nymph developmental stage. Changes in RGR correlated with CO(2)-induced changes in leaf water, nitrogen, and starch concentrations. Elevated CO(2) resulted in reduced female adult weight irrespective of plant species, and prolonged development time on V. uliginosum only, but there were no significant differences in nymphal mortality. Newly molted adults of M. alpina produced lighter eggs and less secretion (serving as egg protection) under elevated CO(2). When grasshoppers had a choice among four different plant species grown either under ambient or elevated CO(2), V. myrtillus and V. uliginosum consumption increased under elevated CO(2) in females while it decreased in males compared to ambient CO(2)-grown leaves. Our findings suggest that rising atmospheric CO(2) distinctly affects leaf chemistry in two important dwarf shrub species at the alpine treeline, leading to changes in feeding behavior, growth, and reproduction of the most important insect herbivore in this system. Changes in plant-grasshopper interactions might have significant long-term impacts on herbivore pressure, community dynamics and ecosystem stability in the alpine treeline ecotone.

The GRETA project: the contribution of near-surface geothermal energy for the energetic self-sufficiency of Alpine regions

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Alessandro Casasso

2017-03-01

Full Text Available The Alpine regions are deeply involved in the challenge set by climate change, which is a threat for their environment and for important economic activities such as tourism. The heating and cooling of buildings account for a major share of the total primary energy consumption in Europe, and hence the energy policies should focus on this sector to achieve the greenhouse gas reduction targets set by international agreements. Geothermal heat pump is one of the least carbon-intensive technologies for the heating and cooling of buildings. It exploits the heat stored within the ground, a local renewable energy source which is widely available across the Alpine territory. Nevertheless, it has been little considered by European policies and cooperation projects. GRETA (near-surface Geothermal REsources in the Territory of the Alpine space is a cooperation project funded by the EU INTERREG-Alpine Space program, aiming at demonstrating the potential of shallow geothermal energy and to foster its integration into energy planning instruments. It started in December 2015 and will last three years, involving 12 partners from Italy, France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, and Slovenia. In this paper, the project is presented, along with the results of the first year of work.

Le droit, l'économie et le fondamental

OpenAIRE

Gérard Farjat

2005-01-01

MAITRE Grégory, préf. MUIR WATT Horatia, La Responsabilité civile à l’épreuve de l’analyse économique du droit, Paris, L.G.D.J., coll. Droit &Économie, 2005,315 p. LE TOURNEAU Philippe, L’Éthique des affaires et du management au XXIe siècle, Paris, Dalloz, Paris, Dunod, 2000,269 p. DELMAS-MARTY Mireille, Le Relatif et l’universel : les forces imaginantes du droit, Paris, Seuil, coll. La Couleur des idées, 2004,440 p. FRISON-ROCHE Marie-Anne, BONFILS Sébastien, Les Grandes Questions du droit é...

Le FIVB annonce le financement de huit autres projets | CRDI ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

5 avr. 2018 ... Découvrez les derniers récents projets soutenus par le Fonds d'innovation en matière de vaccins pour le bétail : Maladie de Newcastle · Pleuropneumonie contagieuse caprine – cowdriose · Plateforme de modification génétique CRISPR/cas9 · Entérotoxémie, la bactérie Pasteurella et la fièvre de la vallée ...

pour le trimestre qui a pris fin le 30 septembre 2016

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Office 2004 Test Drive User

30 sept. 2016 ... Le CRDI finance des travaux de recherche appliquée ... internationales dʼinformation financière (normes IFRS). ..... voie de développement et sur la mise en oeuvre des connaissances scientifiques, techniques et autres en vue du .... Les accords expirent à des dates différentes, et le dernier prend fin en.

Dating the past 7000 years of major earthquakes on the Alpine Fault, New Zealand

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Clark, KJ.; Biasi, G.

2009-01-01

The Alpine Fault, New Zealand, is a major plate boundary fault that accommodates two thirds of the motion between the Australian and Pacific plates. The Hokuri Stream locality at the southern end of the Alpine Fault has the potential to contain a long record of earthquakes. The field component of this study involved the description, measurement and sampling of multiple river bank outcrops of the Hokuri sedimentary sequence. Sampling was undertaken by two approaches: discrete sediment sampling and continuous push-core sampling. Radiocarbon samples were processed at the Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory, New Zealand. 123 samples were dated and the most commonly dated organic fractions were individual leaves, reeds, and seeds. 15 refs., 6 figs.

Le barrage des trois Gorges (Chine

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Luc Merchez

1999-09-01

Full Text Available Le barrage des Trois Gorges, en construction sur le Yangzijiang, sera le plus grand barrage au monde. Le gigantisme du projet et sa médiatisation croissante en Occident permettent d'en saisir les enjeux environnementaux et humains. On analyse les grandes caractéristiques du projet et ses conséquences premières avant d'aborder le travail de recherche de l'équipe SIG de l'IGA de Grenoble qui vise à préparer la relocalisation de plus d'un million d'habitants, et à modéliser les impacts démographiques et sociaux.

Un modèle cognitif computationnel de représentation de la connaissance au sein des environnements virtuels d’apprentissage

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Mehdi Najjar

2005-01-01

Full Text Available Dans le cadre de la représentation des connaissances au sein des environnements virtuels d’apprentissage (EVA et du fait de la nature relationnelle et structurée de ces connaissances, leur exploitation nécessite de faire appel à des processus d’analyse capables de traiter et de manipuler un grand volume de données structurées. Dans ce sens, un modèle de représentation trouve sa pleine utilité pour la recherche et le traitement automatique d’information guidant le raisonnement, le diagnostic et la prédiction d’un système tuteur dont la tâche est de fournir des suggestions, des exemples et des explications bien adaptés à chaque apprenant. Nous présentons dans cet article un modèle pour représenter la connaissance du domaine et celle des usagers utilisant des EVA. Le modèle s’inspire des recherches en intelligence artificielle sur la modélisation computationnelle et des théories de la psychologie cognitive qui expliquent l’activité cognitive humaine en termes de sous-systèmes de la mémoire et de leurs processus. Ces sous-systèmes (implémentés dans un EVA, parce qu’ils sont similaires à ceux utilisés par l’apprenant, facilitent, d’une part, l’identification de la connaissance acquise correcte ou erronée, et suggèrent, d’autre part, la planification d’une séquence d’activités pédagogiques pour améliorer de manière significative le niveau cognitif de cet apprenant.

Le rôle de l'IL6 dans le cancer du foie lié à l'hépatopathie métabolique

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Le cancer du foie est souvent mortel. Il n'existe que très peu d'options de traitement, et il s'agit de l'un des cancers dont l'incidence augmente dans le monde entier. L'obésité ou les maladies métaboliques (comme le diabète et la stéatose hépatique) constituent des facteurs de risque du cancer du foie qui sont mal compris.

Rapport financier trimestriel pour le trimestre qui a pris fin le 30 ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Sophie Comeau

30 sept. 2017 ... Régi par la Loi sur le Centre de recherches pour le développement international ... forme des leaders dans les secteurs de l'administration publique, de la .... Plus des trois quart du manque à gagner prévu de 11,6 millions.

Nicolas Michel, Une économie de subsistances. Le Maroc précolonial, IFAO, Le Caire, 1997.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sylvie Denoix

2004-11-01

Full Text Available Le titre de cet ouvrage peut apparaître paradoxal si l'on considère, comme le rappelle Nicolas Michel, que le Maroc, dès avant le XIXe siècle, était inséré dans une économie marchande internationale "faisant circuler dans tout le pays produits et espèces monétaires". En fait, les produits de première nécessité échappent au grand négoce et font plutôt l'objet d'un troc, d'un échange contre services, hors système monétaire. Néanmoins, dans un souci de rigueur méthodologique, l'auteur nous garde...

Le CRDI en Égypte

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

afin d'y favoriser la croissance et le développement. Il en résulte des solutions locales, novatrices et durables, qui offrent des choix aux personnes qui en ont le plus besoin et font changer les choses. Centre de recherches pour le développement international. CP 8500, Ottawa (Ontario) Canada K1G 3H9. 1012 alexandrie.

Le CRDI en Indonésie

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

l'État dans l'île de Java. Soutenu par le CRDI, l'institut Lembaga Alam Tropika Indonesia. (ou LATIN) a conçu un modèle de cogestion des forêts qui met à contribution les collec- tivités et le gouvernement dans trois dis- tricts. Ainsi, les agriculteurs disposent d'un meilleur accès aux ressources de la forêt. Évaluation des ...

The evolution of dwarf shrubs in alpine environments: a case study of Alchemilla in Africa.

Science.gov (United States)

Gehrke, Berit; Kandziora, Martha; Pirie, Michael D

2016-01-01

Alpine and arctic environments worldwide, including high mountains, are dominated by short-stature woody plants (dwarf shrubs). This conspicuous life form asserts considerable influence on local environmental conditions above the treeline, creating its own microhabitat. This study reconstructs the evolution of dwarf shrubs in Alchemilla in the African tropical alpine environment, where they represent one of the largest clades and are among the most common and abundant plants. Different phylogenetic inference methods were used with plastid and nuclear DNA sequence markers, molecular dating (BEAST and RelTime), analyses of diversification rate shifts (MEDUSA and BAMM) and ancestral character and area reconstructions (Mesquite). It is inferred that African Alchemilla species originated following long-distance dispersal to tropical East Africa, but that the evolution of dwarf shrubs occurred in Ethiopia and in tropical East Africa independently. Establishing a timeframe is challenging given inconsistencies in age estimates, but it seems likely that they originated in the Pleistocene, or at the earliest in the late Miocene. The adaptation to alpine-like environments in the form of dwarf shrubs has apparently not led to enhanced diversification rates. Ancestral reconstructions indicate reversals in Alchemilla from plants with a woody base to entirely herbaceous forms, a transition that is rarely reported in angiosperms. Alchemilla is a clear example of in situ tropical alpine speciation. The dwarf shrub life form typical of African Alchemilla has evolved twice independently, further indicating its selective advantage in these harsh environments. However, it has not influenced diversification, which, although recent, was not rapid. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Le shopping mall : un modèle pour la construction de la ville ?

OpenAIRE

Daniau, Anaïs

2017-01-01

Après avoir montré à quel point le renouvellement du concept de shopping mall s’était inspiré de la ville, le présent article souhaite symétriser l’analyse de cette relation en décrivant la manière dont la gestion des centres urbains emprunte au fonctionnement des centres commerciaux pour se réinventer. Cette référence croissante au centre commercial comme modèle d’efficacité par les gestionnaires de centre-ville révèle selon nous l’existence de processus plus larges touchant nos centres-vill...

Périodiques scientifiques Les usagers du CERN entre passage au tout électronique et nouveau modèle de publication

CERN Document Server

Bessero, C

2008-01-01

Les usagers de la bibliothèque du CERN (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire) représentent près de la moitié des physiciens des hautes énergies à travers le monde. Les spécificités de cette communauté expliquent sa rapide adoption du format électronique pour l'organisation de sa communication scientifique ; elles permettent également de comprendre l'émergence d'un nouveau modèle de publication en libre accès conçu à son intention. La bibliothèque se révèle être un partenaire indispensable à ces changements, notamment en raison de la constitution d'une collection complémentaire, adaptée à des besoins pointus et diversifiés dans les domaines connexes à la physique des hautes énergies.

Alpine treeline of western North America: linking organism-to-landscape dynamics.

Science.gov (United States)

George P. Malanson; David R. Butler; Daniel B. Fagre; Stephen J. Walsh; Diana F. Tomback; Lori D. Daniels; Lynn M. Resler; William K. Smith; Daniel J. Weiss; David L. Peterson; Andrew G. Bunn; Christopher A. Hiemstra; Daniel Liptzin; Patrick S. Bourgeron; Zehao Shen; Constance I. Millar

2007-01-01

Although the ecological dynamics of the alpine treeline ecotone are influenced by climate, it is an imperfect indicator of climate change. Mechanistic processes that shape the ecotone—seed rain, seed germination, seedling establishment and subsequent tree growth form, or, conversely tree diebackdepend on microsite patterns. Growth forms affect wind...

Le partenariat mondial sur les données ouvertes pour le ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Les données ouvertes favorisent le changement. Au Brésil, au Népal et au Nigeria, certaines personnes utilisent les données publiquement accessibles sur le budget gouvernemental pour repérer et combattre la corruption. Des analystes de données et des développeurs en TI d'autres pays en développement améliorent ...

pour le trimestre qui a pris fin le 30 septembre 2012

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

acray

30 sept. 2012 ... recommande de lire ce rapport en parallèle avec les états financiers non audités (à la page 9). L'information et les .... développement ont augmenté de 56,9 % par rapport au même trimestre de l'exercice 2011-2012 ..... IFRS) telles que publiées par le Conseil des normes comptables internationales (CNCI).

A Retrospective Analysis of Concurrent Pathology in ACL-Reconstructed Knees of Elite Alpine Ski Racers

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Jordan, Matthew J; Doyle-Baker, Patricia; Heard, Mark

2017-01-01

/chondral surgery, 60% of meniscal tears and 80% of chondral lesions had worsened since the time of primary ACLR. CONCLUSION: Concurrent injury was common in this group of elite ski racers. Primary ACL tears were typically accompanied by lateral compartment chondral lesions and complex meniscal tears that worsened...... over time. ACL/MCL tears were the most common multiligament injury pattern.......BACKGROUND: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear is the most frequent injury in alpine ski racing, and there is a high prevalence of ACL reinjury. Limited data exist on the concurrent pathology with primary ACL tears in elite alpine ski racers and the magnitude of injury progression after primary...

Impact of the Chernobyl fallout in the alpine environment

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gastberger, M.; Lettner, H.; Hofmann, W.; Pohl-Rueling, J.; Steinhaeusler, N.F.; Hubmer, A.

1997-01-01

In Austria the alpine regions received the highest fallout contamination, showing a very inhomogeneous spatial distribution of the surface deposition. About half of the national territory is within alpine regions, which are very different in times of underlying bedrock and soil characteristic. Since this is the controlling factor for the radionuclide uptake of the vegetation, it is crucial for the long-term effects of radioactive fallout. Different studies have been carried out in the Province of Salzburg (area: 7154 km 2 ) over the past ten years, addressing a broad spectrum of issues, such as: measurement of the spatial distribution of the fallout, research in monitoring techniques comparison of theoretical calculations with actual in vivo-measurements of nuclide uptake by man for different population groups, and the investigation of biological effects. When considering the radioecological effects of the Chernobyl fallout a distinction has to be made between the short-term effects immediately following the fallout and the long-term effects. While the short term effects are controlled by the physical characteristics of the fallout, similar for the whole region, the long-term effects are more determined by the radioecological properties of the environments affected which are much more variable than the fallout-characteristics

Estimation of Alpine Skier Posture Using Machine Learning Techniques

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Bojan Nemec

2014-10-01

Full Text Available High precision Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS measurements are becoming more and more popular in alpine skiing due to the relatively undemanding setup and excellent performance. However, GNSS provides only single-point measurements that are defined with the antenna placed typically behind the skier’s neck. A key issue is how to estimate other more relevant parameters of the skier’s body, like the center of mass (COM and ski trajectories. Previously, these parameters were estimated by modeling the skier’s body with an inverted-pendulum model that oversimplified the skier’s body. In this study, we propose two machine learning methods that overcome this shortcoming and estimate COM and skis trajectories based on a more faithful approximation of the skier’s body with nine degrees-of-freedom. The first method utilizes a well-established approach of artificial neural networks, while the second method is based on a state-of-the-art statistical generalization method. Both methods were evaluated using the reference measurements obtained on a typical giant slalom course and compared with the inverted-pendulum method. Our results outperform the results of commonly used inverted-pendulum methods and demonstrate the applicability of machine learning techniques in biomechanical measurements of alpine skiing.

Geochemistry and petrography of the MacAlpine Hills lunar meteorites

Science.gov (United States)

Lindstrom, Marilyn M.; Mckay, David S.; Wentworth, Susan J.; Martinez, Rene R.; Mittlefehldt, David W.; Wang, Ming-Sheng; Lipschutz, Michael E.

1991-01-01

MacAlpine Hills 88104 and 88105, anorthositic lunar meteorites recovered form the same area in Antartica, are characterized. Petrographic studies show that MAC88104/5 is a polymict breccia dominated by impact melt clasts. It is better classified as a fragmental breccia than a regolith breccia. The bulk composition is ferroan and highly aluminous (Al2O3-28 percent).

Les pôles de compétitivité : le recours au modèle des clusters ?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jean Bouinot

2007-03-01

Full Text Available Introduction : définition d’un cluster En novembre 2004, le gouvernement a lancé un appel d’offre pour structurer des pôles de compétitivité que les praticiens français n’hésitent pas à qualifier de cluster, littéralement un rassemblement du type « bouquet de fleurs ». Pour une définition théorique on peut s’appuyer sur une comparaison avec le modèle du district industriel italien (MDII. Le district est spécialisé dans un produit donné (chaussures de sport à Montebelluna, le leader mondial e...

Luther contre le protocole de Kyoto ou le retour des « indulgences ».

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Bernard Jouve

2005-05-01

Full Text Available Le 16 février 2005 a marqué la mise en œuvre du Protocole de Kyoto. En fait, depuis l’annonce par la Russie, le 25 octobre 2004, de sa décision de ratifier ce protocole, l’affaire était entendue. Menacé depuis le refus des États-Unis, l’un des plus grands pollueurs de la planète, de ne pas le ratifier pour des raisons purement économiques alors que ce pays produit à lui seul 40 % des gaz à effet de serre ( ges , l’accord survenu à Kyoto en 1997 est enfin entériné et ...

Le paludisme, le tsunami silencieux d'Afrique | CRDI - Centre de ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

12 janv. 2011 ... Dans un élan de compassion fort justifié, le monde s'est porté au secours des victimes du tsunami qui a touché récemment la région de l'océan Indien. Mais il ignore qu'un « tsunami silencieux », le paludisme, s'abat sans cesse sur l'Afrique et y fait chaque année plus de 1,5 million de victimes, surtout de ...

Sauver le café | CRDI - Centre de recherches pour le ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

D'un tiroir de la collection entomologique de Cenicafé, où sont conservés 38 000 spécimens, Álvaro Gaitán extrait le coupable, un minuscule insecte brunâtre qui a fait perdre à lui seul un demi-milliard de dollars par an à l'industrie du café dans les dernières années. Le scolyte du caféier (la broca, en espagnol) se nourrit ...

Bacteria and pelagic food webs in Pristine alpine lakes (Retezat Mountains, Romania)

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Straškrábová, Viera; Cogalniceanu, D.; Nedoma, Jiří; Parpala, L.; Postolache, C.; Tudorancea, C.; Vadineanu, A.; Valcu, C. M.; Zinevici, V.

2006-01-01

Roč. 3, - (2006), s. 1-10 ISSN 1841-7051 Grant - others:EC(XE) EVK1-CT-1999-00032; EC(XE) GOCE-CT-2003-505298 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z60170517 Keywords : alpine lakes * pelagic bacteria * chlorophyll * zooplankton Subject RIV: EH - Ecology, Behaviour

Le continu contre l'espace

Science.gov (United States)

Salanskis, Jean-Michel

Disons pour conclure que, en tout état de cause, la façon de concevoir philosophiquement le conflit du continu et de l'espace que nous avons trouvée chez Hegel n'est pas homogène avec le style et les modalités de la pensée mathématique: 1) d'une part, le lien classique, le lien de référence entre continu et espace en mathématiques n'est pas que l'espace serait premier et privé de pensée, et le continu second, venant dissoudre l'espace en apportant la qualité, l'infini et la pensée, mais tout au contraire, il consiste en ce que l'espace est fondé sur l'abîme infinitaire du continu ; 2) d'autre part, l'éventuel divorce entre l'espace et le continu dans l'aire mathématique n'est pas celui d'une réflexivité purement conceptuelle du continu avec un positivisme géométrique, n'équivaut pas à une rupture disciplinaire ; il est plutôt le symptôme de la dérive d'une herméneutique à l'égard d'une autre, au sein d'un continent juridique commun définissant la discipline (la mathématique ensembliste), cette dérive pouvant, à la limite, induire une refonte de ce sol juridique, sans que jamais il soit question pour autant de nier l'unité des mathématiques, à comprendre ici comme l'unité ultime de responsabilité de la communauté mathématique à l'égard des trois questions Qu'est-ce que l'espace?”, “Qu'est-ce que le continu?” et “Qu'est-ce que l'infini?”.

Le surpoids, l'obésité et le contrôle glycémique chez les diabétiques ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

utilisation et du stockage des sucres apportés par l'alimentation, sa prise en charge est ... l'organisation mondiale de santé (OMS), Le contrôle glycémique a été effectué par l'analyse sanguine de l'Hémoglobine glycosylée et de la Glycémie à jeun.

La recherche sur les montagnes entre Alpes et monde : regards rétrospectifs

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Thomas Scheurer

2009-03-01

Full Text Available L’expression « recherche alpine », on le constatera au fil de ce volume, reste bien incertaine. La première lecture suscite une interrogation : s’agit-il d’une recherche menée sur les Alpes ou dans les Alpes ? Ou pour les Alpes ? C’est-à-dire répondant à une demande émanant d’« acteurs alpins » ? On observera aisément que la recherche sur des terrains alpins et selon des thématiques et des questionnements soulevés par les sociétés alpines est menée préférentiellement au sein des Alpes. Il n’y...

The long-term trends (1982-2006) in vegetation greenness of the alpine ecosystem in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Li; Guo, Huadong; Wang, Cuizhen; Ji, Lei; Li, Jing; Wang, Kun; Dai, Lin

2014-01-01

The increased rate of annual temperature in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau exceeded all other areas of the same latitude in recent decades. The influence of the warming climate on the alpine ecosystem of the plateau was distinct. An analysis of alpine vegetation under changes in climatic conditions was conducted in this study. This was done through an examination of vegetation greenness and its relationship with climate variability using the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer satellite imagery and climate datasets. Vegetation in the plateau experienced a positive trend in greenness, with 18.0 % of the vegetated areas exhibiting significantly positive trends, which were primarily located in the eastern and southwestern parts of the plateau. In grasslands, 25.8 % of meadows and 14.1 % of steppes exhibited significant upward trends. In contrast, the broadleaf forests experienced a trend of degradation. Temperature, particularly summer temperature, was the primary factor promoting the vegetation growth in the plateau. The wetter and warmer climate in the east contributed to the favorable conditions for vegetation. The alpine meadow was mostly sensitive to temperature, while the steppes were sensitive to both temperature and precipitation. Although a warming climate was expected to be beneficial to vegetation growth in the alpine region, the rising temperature coupled with reduced precipitation in the south did not favor vegetation growth due to low humidity and poor soil moisture conditions.

[Litter decomposition and soil faunal diversity of two understory plant debris in the alpine timberline ecotone of western Sichuan in a snow cover season].

Science.gov (United States)

He, Run-lian; Chen, Ya-mei; Deng, Chang-chun; Yan, Wan-qin; Zhang, Jian; Liu, Yang

2015-03-01

In order to understand the relationship between litter decomposition and soil fauna diversity during snow cover season, litterbags with plant debris of Actinothuidium hookeri, Cystopteris montana, two representative understory plants in the alpine timberline ecotone, and their mixed litter were incubated in the dark coniferous forest, timberline and alpine meadow, respectively. After a snow cover season, the mass loss and soil fauna in litterbags were investigated. After decomposition with a snow cover season, alpine meadow showed the highest mass loss of plant debris in comparison with coniferous forest and timberline, and the mass loss of A. hookeri was more significant. The mixture of two plants debris accelerated the mass loss, especially in the timberline. A total of 968 soil invertebrates, which belonged to 5 classes, 10 orders and 35 families, were captured in litterbags. Acarina and Collembola were the dominant groups in plant debris. The numbers of individuals and groups of soil faunal communities in litter of timberline were higher than those of alpine meadow and dark coniferous forest. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that the groups of soil animals were related closely with the average temperature, and endemic species such as Isoptera and Geophilomorpha were observed only in coniferous forest, while Hemiptera and Psocoptera only in.the alpine meadow. The diversity of soil faunal community was more affected by plant debris varieties in the timberline than in the coniferous forest and alpine meadow. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the average temperature and snow depth explained 30.8% of the variation of litter mass loss rate, soil animals explained 8.3%, and altogether explained 34.1%. Snow was one of the most critical factors impacting the decomposition of A. hookeri and C. montana debris in the alpine timberline ecotone.

PV plants for Alpine huts: Installation and operating experience at seven ENEL plants

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Belli, G.; Iliceto, A.; Previ, A.

1988-01-01

The problem of supplying electric power to isolated users far from the electricity distribution grid is one of general interest. Such consumers are nowadays generally supplied with electricity produced by small diesel generator-sets, and only recently have photovoltaic arrays and wind-turbines offered an alternative to the internal combustion engine. ENEL, as a State-owned electricity utility, is interested in the development of this particular application of renewable energy sources. Enlarging a low-voltage distribution network to connect consumers whose power requirements are extremely low (about 1000 kWh/year) may, in certain conditions, be uneconomical, both for the utility, which has to absorb most of the expense involved in construction and maintenance, and for the consumer himself. The paper reports the design criteria, the tests and the problems encountered in electrifying seven alpine huts belonging to CAI (Italian Alpine Club)

Rapport financier trimestriel pour le trimestre qui a pris fin le 31

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Sophie Comeau

31 déc. 2011 ... politiques, de chercheurs et de collectivités de par le monde. ..... qui a été choisi à l'issue d'un processus de recrutement mené ... Les bureaux régionaux constituent une ressource stratégique et un élément clé du modèle de.

Rapport financier trimestriel pour le trimestre qui a pris fin le 31

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Office 2004 Test Drive User

31 déc. 2016 ... Le CRDI finance des travaux de recherche appliquée ... développement international (le Centre) et lʼévolution de la ...... voie de développement et sur la mise en oeuvre des connaissances scientifiques, techniques et autres en vue du .... vertu d'accords de contribution conclus avec des bailleurs de fonds.

The Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaridic orogenic system: correlation and evolution of tectonic units

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Schmid, S.M.; Bernoulli, D.; Fügenschuh, B.; Matenco, L.C.; Schefer, S.; Schuster, R.; Tischler, M.; Ustaszewski, K.

2008-01-01

A correlation of tectonic units of the Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaridic system of orogens, including the substrate of the Pannonian and Transylvanian basins, is presented in the form of a map. Combined with a series of crustal-scale cross sections this correlation of tectonic units yields a clearer

Bibliographie de l’île de Clipperton – Île de La Passion (1711-2005)

OpenAIRE

Jost, Christian

2008-01-01

L’île de Clipperton, baptisée « Île de La Passion » par ses découvreurs français en 1711, porte pourtant le nom d’un pirate anglais. Malgré les très courtes périodes d’occupation qu’elle connut au début du XXe siècle et dans les années 1960, son histoire est jalonnée de nombreux écrits. Son intérêt scientifique sur le plan des études environnmentales et les enjeux économique et géopolitique récemment renouvelés conduisent l’auteur à publier ici cette bibliographie de plus de trois cent cinqua...

Nitrogen-15 natural abundance of different soil N pools as a tool for assessing N transformation processes in alpine soils

Science.gov (United States)

Makarov, Mikhail; Malysheva, Tatiana; Tiunov, Alexei; Kadulin, Maxim; Maslov, Mikhail

2017-04-01

Nitrogen availability, net N mineralization, nitrification and 15N natural abundance of total soil N and small soil N pools (N-NH4+, N-NO3-, DON and microbial biomass N) were studied in a toposequence of alpine ecosystems in the Northern Caucasus. The toposequence was represented by (1) low productive alpine lichen heath (ALH) of the wind-exposed ridge and upper slope; (2) more productive Festuca varia grassland (FG) of the middle slope; (3) most productive Geranium gymnocaulon/Hedysarum caucasicum meadow (GHM) of the lower slope and (4) low productive snow bed community (SBC) of the slope bottom. Nitrogen transformation in the alpine soils produces distinct N pools with different 15N enrichment: DON/microbial biomass N > total N > N-NH4+ > N-NO3-. Grassland and meadow soils of the middle part of the toposequence are characterized by higher nitrogen transformation activities and higher δ15 values of total N and N-NH4+. Field incubation of alpine soils increased δ15N of N-NH4+ from -2.6 - +2.0‰ to +6.1 - +15.7‰. The N-NO3-produced in the incubation experiment had extremely low (negative) δ15N values (up to -14‰). We found a positive correlation between δ15N of different soil N pools (total N, N-NH4+ and N-NO3-) and net N mineralization and nitrification. Nitrification controls the formation of 15N enriched N-NH4+ pool while N mineralization probably had an important role in regulation of 15N enrichment of DON pool in alpine soils. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that 15N is more enriched in N-rich and more depleted in N-poor ecosystems. We conclude that δ15N values of different soil N pools could be a good indicator of microbial N transformation in alpine soils of the Northern Caucasus. Acknowledgement: This study was supported by Russian Science Foundation (16-14-10208).

Lutter contre le paludisme sans DDT

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Nancy Minogue

La participation de la collectivité aux stratégies de contrôle, une surveillance ... Le contrôle de la maladie passe par une meilleure gestion de l'environnement. En vertu de ... de la santé humaine, ou écosanté, est un processus dynamique qui.

Characterising hydrological behaviour of springs draining different alpine formations

Science.gov (United States)

Volze, N.; Smoorenburg, M.; Kienzler, P.; Naef, F.; Rabenstein, L.; Kinzelbach, W.

2012-04-01

The project SACflood (Susceptibility of alpine catchment flood runoff to changes in meteorological boundary conditions) concentrates on alpine areas and wants to identify catchments that show a damped reaction to runoff but may react unexpectedly strong to increased precipitation as observed in 2005 in the Schächen. The catchment showed a delayed and damped behaviour for smaller precipitation events but reacted with strongly increased discharge when a threshold amount of rainfall was reached, causing a flood with high damages. This is attributed to the complex interaction of storage and drainage mechanisms that are not yet well enough understood. Typical alpine geomorphic formations are identified that are likely to be associated with large storages which could considerably delay runoff reaction but still contribute to flow within a timescale relevant for flood formation. From these geomorphic formations deep drainage is measured as outflow from several springs. In addition natural tracers are measured in the springs. On a steep hill slope, associated to one of the observed springs, ground water levels are observed. Geoelectric profiles were recorded to depict the structure of the underground. Discharge measurements from the springs show remarkable differences between the sites. After long dry periods certain springs do not react to rainfall immediately but need considerable amounts of rain to increase discharge. Even steep slopes as well as large talus areas can substantially delay runoff. Observations of the groundwater levels reveal an unexpected picture of the underground. The water table is not as often assumed above the bedrock but at a depth of several meters within the highly fractured bedrock material. This can result in a much higher storage capacity of such slopes despite the steepness of the surface. On the basis of the results from field work conceptual ideas are developed. The influence of parameters such as the depth of the unsaturated zone and the

Enzymology under global change: organic nitrogen turnover in alpine and sub-Arctic soils

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Weedon, J.T.; Aerts, R.; Kowalchuk, G.A.; van Bodegom, P.M.

2011-01-01

Understanding global change impacts on the globally important carbon storage in alpine, Arctic and sub-Arctic soils requires knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the balance between plant primary productivity and decomposition. Given that nitrogen availability limits both processes, understanding

Enzymology under global change: organic nitrogen turnover in alpine and sub-Arctic soils.

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Weedon, J.T.; Aerts, R.; Kowalchuk, G.A.; van Bodegom, P.M.

2011-01-01

Understanding global change impacts on the globally important carbon storage in alpine, Arctic and sub-Arctic soils requires knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the balance between plant primary productivity and decomposition. Given that nitrogen availability limits both processes, understanding

PERFORMANCE ET RESTRUCTURATION: LE CAS SAÏDAL ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

performance de SAÏDAL suite à sa restructuration débutée en 1997. Le concept de ... millions d'actions. Du point de vue du management, SAÏDAL adopte le tableau de .... Méthodes et Pratiques de la Performance : Le Guide du Pilotage. ... performance des entreprises, Kaplan et Norton proposèrent le tableau de bord ...

Close-Range Sensing Techniques in Alpine Terrain

Science.gov (United States)

Rutzinger, M.; Höfle, B.; Lindenbergh, R.; Oude Elberink, S.; Pirotti, F.; Sailer, R.; Scaioni, M.; Stötter, J.; Wujanz, D.

2016-06-01

Early career researchers such as PhD students are a main driving force of scientific research and are for a large part responsible for research innovation. They work on specialized topics within focused research groups that have a limited number of members, but might also have limited capacity in terms of lab equipment. This poses a serious challenge for educating such students as it is difficult to group a sufficient number of them to enable efficient knowledge transfer. To overcome this problem, the Innsbruck Summer School of Alpine Research 2015 on close-range sensing techniques in Alpine terrain was organized in Obergurgl, Austria, by an international team from several universities and research centres. Of the applicants a group of 40 early career researchers were selected with interest in about ten types of specialized surveying tools, i.e. laser scanners, a remotely piloted aircraft system, a thermal camera, a backpack mobile mapping system and different grade photogrammetric equipment. During the one-week summer school, students were grouped according to their personal preference to work with one such type of equipment under guidance of an expert lecturer. All students were required to capture and process field data on a mountain-related theme like landslides or rock glaciers. The work on the assignments lasted the whole week but was interspersed with lectures on selected topics by invited experts. The final task of the summer school participants was to present and defend their results to their peers, lecturers and other colleagues in a symposium-like setting. Here we present the framework and content of this summer school which brought together scientists from close-range sensing and environmental and geosciences.

Characterization of the shallow groundwater system in an alpine watershed: Handcart Gulch, Colorado, USA

Science.gov (United States)

Kahn, Katherine G.; Ge, Shemin; Caine, Jonathan S.; Manning, A.

2008-01-01

Water-table elevation measurements and aquifer parameter estimates are rare in alpine settings because few wells exist in these environments. Alpine groundwater systems may be a primary source of recharge to regional groundwater flow systems. Handcart Gulch is an alpine watershed in Colorado, USA comprised of highly fractured Proterozoic metamorphic and igneous rocks with wells completed to various depths. Primary study objectives include determining hydrologic properties of shallow bedrock and surficial materials, developing a watershed water budget, and testing the consistency of measured hydrologic properties and water budget by constructing a simple model incorporating groundwater and surface water for water year 2005. Water enters the study area as precipitation and exits as discharge in the trunk stream or potential recharge for the deeper aquifer. Surficial infiltration rates ranged from 0.1-6.2??0-5 m/s. Discharge was estimated at 1.28??10-3 km3. Numerical modeling analysis of single-well aquifer tests predicted lower specific storage in crystalline bedrock than in ferricrete and colluvial material (6.7??10-5-2.10??0-3 l/m). Hydraulic conductivity in crystalline bedrock was significantly lower than in colluvial and alluvial material (4.3??10-9 -2.0??10-4 m/s). Water budget results suggest that during normal precipitation and temperatures water is available to recharge the deeper groundwater flow system. ?? Springer-Verlag 2007.

Warming-induced upward migration of the alpine treeline in the Changbai Mountains, northeast China.

Science.gov (United States)

Du, Haibo; Liu, Jie; Li, Mai-He; Büntgen, Ulf; Yang, Yue; Wang, Lei; Wu, Zhengfang; He, Hong S

2018-03-01

Treeline responses to environmental changes describe an important phenomenon in global change research. Often conflicting results and generally too short observations are, however, still challenging our understanding of climate-induced treeline dynamics. Here, we use a state-of-the-art dendroecological approach to reconstruct long-term changes in the position of the alpine treeline in relation to air temperature at two sides in the Changbai Mountains in northeast China. Over the past 160 years, the treeline increased by around 80 m, a process that can be divided into three phases of different rates and drives. The first phase was mainly influenced by vegetation recovery after an eruption of the Tianchi volcano in 1702. The slowly upward shift in the second phase was consistent with the slowly increasing temperature. The last phase coincided with rapid warming since 1985, and shows with 33 m per 1°C, the most intense upward shift. The spatial distribution and age structure of trees beyond the current treeline confirm the latest, warming-induced upward shift. Our results suggest that the alpine treeline will continue to rise, and that the alpine tundra may disappear if temperatures will increase further. This study not only enhances mechanistic understanding of long-term treeline dynamics, but also highlights the effects of rising temperatures on high-elevation vegetation dynamics. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Le Valais et ses Reines

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Alberto Campi

2012-06-01

Full Text Available Combat de ReinesAu premier plan (la corde dans la main, un propriétaire de vaches. Dans l'arène se trouve le rabatteur. Les Reines sur la photo sont des reines de première catégorie (ainsi que le montre le « I » sur leur cuisse .Dimanche 6 mai 2012, « Schakira », la vache numéro 42, a gagné, non sans polémique, le titre de Reine. Elle peut donc être considérée comme la Reine des Reines, titre qu’elle a gagné en se battant contre ses rivales dans différents combats, qui ont commencé pour Sch...

Forgotten Edible alpine plants in the canton of Valais

OpenAIRE

Abbet, Christian Paul

2014-01-01

Tradition possesses plenty of forgotten wild edible plants and may help researchers in the quest for new food varieties. Swiss alpine cantons, especially the canton of Valais, have still had a viable tradition. However, societal changes and extensive urbanization have caused this knowledge to be confined to lateral valleys. This contribution aimed to document wild edible plants which were collected in the canton of Valais. 38 informants originating from four different valleys of the canton (V...

The Relationship among Leg Strength, Leg Power and Alpine Skiing Success.

Science.gov (United States)

Gettman, Larry R.; Huckel, Jack R.

The purpose of this study was to relate leg strength and power to alpine skiing success as measured by FIS points. Isometric leg strength was represented by the knee extension test described by Clarke. Leg power was measured by the vertical jump test and the Margaria-Kalamen stair run. Results in the strength and power tests were correlated with…

Le vernis des apparences

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Grazia Nicosia

2010-04-01

Full Text Available Le but de cet article est de comprendre l’incidence sémiotique du nettoyage d’un tableau ainsi que la résultante cognitive induite sur l’observateur. Cette étude confronte l’analyse des phénomènes visuels engendrés par le jaunissement du vernis et son retrait, à des entretiens réalisés à dessein. Le retrait d’un vernis jauni change considérablement l’image. L’heure, le climat, la saison et l’activité même des personnages s’en trouvent ainsi modifié. La patine peut être perçue, soit comme un obstacle à l’exploration, soit pour ceux qui l’apprécient, comme le medium d’une relation plus intime entre l’œuvre et l’observateur.The purpose of this article is to understand the semiotic impact of the cleaning of a painting and the cognitive effects induced on the observer. This study analyses conjointly the visual phenomenon generated by yellowing varnish and its removal and controlled interviews of observers.The removal of yellowing varnish modifies considerably the perception of the picture. Daytime, climate, season and characters activities are modified. The patina may be perceived either as an obstacle to the painting exploration, or, for those who appreciate it, as a medium for a closer relationship between the painting and the observer.

Le corps dans l'Antiquité

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Sophie Lalanne

2008-06-01

Full Text Available Ouvrages générauxLaqueur Thomas, La fabrique du sexe. Essai sur le corps et le genre en Occident, trad. fr., Paris, Gallimard, 1992.Feher Michel, Naddaff Ramona, Tazi Nadia, Fragments for a History of the Human Body, 3 volumes, New York, Zone Books, 1989.Le Corps dans l’AntiquitéBodiou Lydie, Frère Dominique, Mehl Véronique dir., L’expression des corps. Gestes, attitudes, regards dans l’iconographie antique, Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2006.Bonnard Jean-Baptiste, Le complexe de ...

POPs and other persistent organic compounds in fish from remote alpine lakes in the Grisons, Switzerland

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schmid, P.; Gujer, E.; Zennegg, M. [Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (EMPA), Duebendorf (Switzerland); Lanfranchi, M. [Agency for Nature and Environment of the Canton Grisons, Chur (Switzerland)

2004-09-15

Global transfer of persistent semivolatile organic compounds, such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), is effected by long-range atmospheric transport in combination with condensation and volatilization processes. Within the global atmosphere, evaporation in warm latitudes and deposition in cold latitudes leads to a transfer of contaminants towards the poles. The phenomenon of atmospheric migration of semivolatile chemicals, such as PCB and DDT, has been predicted and associated with the term ''global distillation'' by Goldberg, and the model has been extensively reviewed by Mackay and Wania. For comparatively less volatile components such as PCDD/F and PBDE, particle-bound deposition is the dominating transfer mechanism. Therefore, the input of these compounds in remote alpine regions without point sources is controlled by atmospheric deposition (dry and wet) and condensation. For organochlorine compounds, such as pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), it has been shown that accumulation is enhanced by temperaturecontrolled condensation also in alpine regions with low average temperatures. The hydrology of remote alpine lakes is determined by direct atmospheric deposition feeding and feeding with water from the surrounding catchment area, without significant inputs from tributaries or from nearby anthropogenic activities. Fish dwelling in these ecosystems represents an excellent indicator for the long-term input of bioaccumulating contaminants, such as POPs and other persistent organic compounds. In the present study, fish from 7 alpine lakes from the Grisons (Switzerland) situated between 2062 and 2637 m above sea level were investigated. With the exception of Laghetto Moesola which is situated adjacent to a mountain pass road, input from local anthropogenic emissions can be excluded for these lakes.

A probabilistic method for streamflow projection and associated uncertainty analysis in a data sparse alpine region

Science.gov (United States)

Ren, Weiwei; Yang, Tao; Shi, Pengfei; Xu, Chong-yu; Zhang, Ke; Zhou, Xudong; Shao, Quanxi; Ciais, Philippe

2018-06-01

Climate change imposes profound influence on regional hydrological cycle and water security in many alpine regions worldwide. Investigating regional climate impacts using watershed scale hydrological models requires a large number of input data such as topography, meteorological and hydrological data. However, data scarcity in alpine regions seriously restricts evaluation of climate change impacts on water cycle using conventional approaches based on global or regional climate models, statistical downscaling methods and hydrological models. Therefore, this study is dedicated to development of a probabilistic model to replace the conventional approaches for streamflow projection. The probabilistic model was built upon an advanced Bayesian Neural Network (BNN) approach directly fed by the large-scale climate predictor variables and tested in a typical data sparse alpine region, the Kaidu River basin in Central Asia. Results show that BNN model performs better than the general methods across a number of statistical measures. The BNN method with flexible model structures by active indicator functions, which reduce the dependence on the initial specification for the input variables and the number of hidden units, can work well in a data limited region. Moreover, it can provide more reliable streamflow projections with a robust generalization ability. Forced by the latest bias-corrected GCM scenarios, streamflow projections for the 21st century under three RCP emission pathways were constructed and analyzed. Briefly, the proposed probabilistic projection approach could improve runoff predictive ability over conventional methods and provide better support to water resources planning and management under data limited conditions as well as enable a facilitated climate change impact analysis on runoff and water resources in alpine regions worldwide.

Feed selection and radiocaesium intake by reindeer, sheep and goats grazing alpine summer habitats in southern Norway

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Staaland, H.; Garmo, T.H.; Hove, K.; Pedersen, O.

1995-01-01

Radiocaesium concentrations ( 137 Cs) were measured in extrusa from oesophageally fistulated sheep, goats and reindeer grazing alpine summer vegetation in Griningsdalen, Southern Norway in the period 1987-1989. The experiments with sheep and goats were conducted in different sub-alpine areas. The reindeer were, in addition, grazed in three areas in the low alpine zone. Grazing bouts lasted for 10-20 min and bite selections were recorded every 15 s through the grazing bout. Reindeer and goats had the most diverse food selection whereas sheep fed mainly on grasses, forbs and to some extent, on leaves of willow. The reindeer extrusa had the highest radiocaesium activity, apparently to a large extent caused by intake of lichens in areas where this type of plants were present. Depending on the type of vegetation in the grazed areas the transfer of radiocaesium from soil to grazed vegetation (Bq kg -1 dry extrusa/Bq m -2 soil) was estimated to 0.02-0.04 in sheep, 0.02-0.05 in goats and 0.02-0.43 in reindeer for 1987. (author)

[The seroconversion of Chlamydia abortus in sheep from the region of Vorarlberg before and after Alpine pasturing].

Science.gov (United States)

Blumer, S; Moestl, K; Krametter-Froetscher, R; Hässig, M; Pospischil, A; Borel, N

2012-01-01

In total, 796 serum samples of sheep on commune alpine pastures in the region of Vorarlberg were investigated by a commercial ELISA kit for antibodies against Chlamydia abortus, the agent of ovine enzootic abortion. The aim of the study was to determine the seroprevalence within this region and to compare these results with the seroprevalence in the neighboring canton Graubünden as well as to obtain data on the seroconversion after alpine pasturing. Therefore, 421 samples were collected before and 375 samples after alpine pasturing, whereas corresponding serum samples were available from 359 sheep. Within the region of Vorarlberg, a mean seroprevalence of 9.2 % was calculated with a threshold of 60 %. Seroconversion for C. abortus occurred in 5.0 % of animals with corresponding serum samples. Seroprevalence values were comparable to Swiss regions with similar management systems, although the neighboring canton Graubünden is known to have a much more higher seroprevalence of 43 %. In conclusion, the traditional animal exchange between these two regions is not significantly favoring the spread of C. abortus.

Water and Sediment Output Evaluation Using Cellular Automata on Alpine Catchment: Soana, Italy - Test Case

Science.gov (United States)

Pasculli, Antonio; Audisio, Chiara; Sciarra, Nicola

2017-12-01

In the alpine contest, the estimation of the rainfall (inflow) and the discharge (outflow) data are very important in order to, at least, analyse historical time series at catchment scale; determine the hydrological maximum and minimum estimate flood and drought frequency. Hydrological researches become a precious source of information for various human activities, in particular for land use management and planning. Many rainfall- runoff models have been proposed to reflect steady, gradually-varied flow condition inside a catchment. In these last years, the application of Reduced Complexity Models (RCM) has been representing an excellent alternative resource for evaluating the hydrological response of catchments, within a period of time up to decades. Hence, this paper is aimed at the discussion of the application of the research code CAESAR, based on cellular automaton (CA) approach, in order to evaluate the water and the sediment outputs from an alpine catchment (Soana, Italy), selected as test case. The comparison between the predicted numerical results, developed through parametric analysis, and the available measured data are discussed. Finally, the analysis of a numerical estimate of the sediment budget over ten years is presented. The necessity of a fast, but reliable numerical support when the measured data are not so easily accessible, as in Alpine catchments, is highlighted.

The Balearic Islands in the Alpine Orogeny

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bourrouilh, R.

2016-10-01

The place of the Balearic Islands in the Alpine orogeny is examined using detailed sedimentology studies, stratigraphical studies from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) to modern times and a careful tectonic review of sedimentary formations from the Western Mediterranean. Despite being considered as the ultimate end of the north-eastern termination of the Betic Cordillera, the history of the Balearic archipelago seems to be closer to the tectonic opening of the Gulf of Valencia and to the Corsica-Sardinia rotation, and thus to the tectonic history of the Western Mediterranean Sea, than to the tectonics of the Betic Cordillera which appear as its symmetrical image with respect to this opening. (Author)

Prevalence and Molecular Identification of Nematode and Dipteran Parasites in an Australian Alpine Grasshopper (Kosciuscola tristis)

Science.gov (United States)

Umbers, Kate D. L.; Byatt, Lachlan J.; Hill, Nichola J.; Bartolini, Remo J.; Hose, Grant C.; Herberstein, Marie E.; Power, Michelle L

2015-01-01

In alpine Australia, Orthoptera are abundant, dominant herbivores, important prey species, and hosts for parasites and parasitoids. Despite the central role of orthopterans in alpine ecosystems, the impact of parasites on orthopteran populations is under-explored. In this study we describe the relationship between parasite prevalence and host sex, body size and year of collection. We accessed an existing, preserved collection of 640 Kosciuscola tristis collected from across its range between 2007 and 2011. Upon dissection we collected juvenile parasites and used molecular tools to identify them to three families (Nematoda; Mermithidae, and Arthropoda: Diptera: Tachinidae and Sarcophagidae). The prevalence of nematodes ranged from 3.5% to 25.0% and dipterans from 2.4% to 20.0%. Contrary to predictions, we found no associations between parasite prevalence and grasshopper sex or size. Although there was an association between prevalence of both nematodes and dipterans with year of collection, this is likely driven by a small sample size in the first year. Our results provide a foundation for future studies into parasite prevalence within the alpine environment and the abiotic factors that might influence these associations. PMID:25919745

La filière d’oignon d’été dans le Saïs au Maroc : la place et le rôle des intermédiaires de la commercialisation

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Caroline Lejars

2014-11-01

Full Text Available Les agriculteurs dépendent souvent, pour la commercialisation de leur produit, d'un réseau complexe d'intermédiaires privés. Dans les pays en développement, ces intermédiaires de la vente sont souvent accusés de réaliser des profits excessifs et d’être responsables des énormes écarts entre le prix de vente au champ et le prix payé par le consommateur. En s’appuyant sur l’étude de la filière oignon d’été dans le Saïs au Maroc, cet article analyse le rôle de ces réseaux d'intermédiaires, et la répartition des coûts et de la marge bénéficiaire le long de la chaine de production et de commercialisation. On montre ainsi que cette filière crée un grand nombre d'emplois en aval de la production, que ce soit pour la collecte, le stockage, le transport ou la vente. La part de la marge bénéficiaire revenant à l’ensemble des intermédiaires est supérieure à celle revenant aux producteurs, ce qui entraine effectivement une importante différence de prix entre le prix de vente et le prix du marché. Même si les profits et les rôles des intermédiaires sont très variables, certains des acteurs intermédiaires, notamment les détaillants et les revendeurs en gros, récupèrent des marges bien supérieures à celles des agriculteurs. L’organisation des producteurs autour de zones de stockage et d’activités de commercialisation permettrait de limiter le nombre d’intermédiaires, d’accroitre le profit des agriculteurs et de modifier les rapports de négociations souvent asymétriques entre agriculteurs et commerçants.

Le rôle des chefs traditionnels en Afrique | CRDI - Centre de ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

14 juil. 2011 ... Se fondant sur ces expériences, Ray, présentement professeur de sciences politiques à l'Université de Calgary, a mené un nouveau projet sur le rôle des chefs traditionnels dans la gouvernance locale en Afrique. Bien qu'il soient souvent ignorés par les organismes de développement international, les ...

Le nouveau modèle québécois axé sur la gouvernance

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Jeffrey Roy

2002-10-01

Full Text Available L'article soutient qu'il a bien eu un modèle québécois de développement, mais il est devenu inefficace et remis en question. Ce modèle se distinguait par son interventionniste étatique dynamique et par la constitution d'alliances entre les différents partenaires sociaux. Mais les fondements d'un modèle performant tels que l'étatisme et le nationalisme civique sont devenus empreints de faiblesses et d'insuffisances que l'utilisation du concept de gouvernance permet d'identifier. Le concept se définit comme étant « la coordination efficace de l'ensemble des activités d'une entité socio-économico-politique quand les ressources, le pouvoir et l'information sont vastement distribués ». Malgré l'inefficacité décrite, il est possible de repenser le modèle québécois de développement par la construction des communautés qui s'appuie sur la régionalité et la socialité. Finalement, le renouveau s'appuierait sur une stratégie de-gouvernance pour un meilleur usage de l'intelligence collective et des cités-régions intelligentes.The article supports that it indeed had a Quebecois model of development, but it became ineffective and questioned. This model distinguished itself by his(her dynamic state interventionist and by the constitution of alliances among the various social partners. But the foundations of a successful model such as the state control and the civil nationalism became printed by weaknesses and by incapacities which the use of the concept of governance allows to identify. The concept defines itself as being « the effective coordination of all the activities of an entity « socio-économico-politique » when the resources, the power and the information are distributed spaciously » Meanwhile the described ineffectiveness, it is possible to rethink the Quebecois model of development by the construction of the communities which leans on the regionality and the sociality. Finally, the flourish would lean on a strategy

LE CORBUSIER: CONCURSOS Y PALACIOS / Le Corbusier: competitions and palaces

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Fernando Zaparaín Hernández

2012-11-01

Full Text Available RESUMEN Cuando Le Corbusier ya había pasado de los cuarenta años se enfrentó a dos concursos internacionales: el Palacio de las Naciones en Ginebra (1926–31 y el Palacio de los Soviets en Moscú (1931–32 con los que intentaba acceder a grandes encargos de estado con mayor escala urbana en los que poner a prueba su ideario moderno sobre arquitectura y urbanismo. En ambos casos estuvo entre los vencedores pero por conveniencia e indecisión, los poderes políticos optaron por soluciones academicistas. Al conocer las decisiones definitivas, Le Corbusier y todos sus contactos del Movimiento Moderno orquestaron diversas polémicas ante los medios de comunicación y los gobernantes por entender que el progreso se veía lastrado por el triunfo de propuestas reaccionarias. Mediante el estudio de la correspondencia con personas particulares como Moser, Giedion, Colly o Stonorov, conservada en la Fundación Le Corbusier, se analizan las relaciones y el tono ideológico en torno a aquellas protestas. En esos textos quedan reflejados los principales rasgos que caracterizan la modernidad como su internacionalización, la seguridad en la propia misión, la defensa de lo nuevo o el método dialéctico. SUMMARY When Le Corbusier had already passed the age of forty he confronted two international competitions: the Palais des Nations in Geneva (1926–1931 and the Palace of the Soviets in Moscow (1931–32, with which he attempted to access large state commissions, with greater urban scale, in which to test his ideas about modern architecture and urbanism. In both cases he was among the winners, but through convenience and indecision the political powers opted for solutions from academicians. Upon knowing the final decisions, Le Corbusier and all his contacts in the Modern Movement orchestrated several controversies with the media, and the people in power, to convey that progress seemed burdened by the triumph of reactionary proposals. The relationships