Synthesis and electrical properties of the pyrochlore-type Gd2-yLayZr2O7 solid solution

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León, C.

2008-06-01

Full Text Available Different compositions in the pyrochlore-type Gd2-yLayZr2O7 solid solution (0 ≤ y ≤ 1 were prepared at room-temperature by mechanically milling stoichiometric mixtures of the corresponding oxides. Irrespective of their lanthanum content, as-prepared powder samples consist of single-phase anion deficient fluorite materials, although long-range ordering of cations and anion vacancies characteristic of pyrochlores was observed in all cases after firing the samples at 1500°C. Interestingly, activation energy for oxygen migration in the series decreases as La-content increases, from 1.13 eV for Gd2Zr2O7 to 0.81 eV for GdLaZr2O7, whereas ionic conductivity was found to be almost La-content independent, at least for y ≤ 0.8 at T = 500°C and y ≤ 0.4 at T = 800°C. These results are explained in terms of weaker ion-ion interactions in better ordered structures (i.e., as La-content increases and highlight the importance of structural ordering/disordering in determining the dynamics of mobile oxygen ions.Partiendo de mezclas estequiométricas de los óxidos correspondientes, se prepararon por molienda mecánica y a temperatura ambiente diferentes composiciones en la solución sólida Gd2-yLayZr2O7 (0 ≤ y ≤ 1 con estructura de tipo pirocloro y conductora de iones oxígeno. Independientemente del contenido de lantano, los polvos extraídos del molino presentaron difractogramas similares al de una fluorita no estequiométrica aunque en todos los casos, el tratamiento térmico a 1500°C indujo la aparición del ordenamiento de largo alcance de cationes y vacancias aniónicas característico de pirocloros. La energía de activación para el proceso de migración de iones oxígeno en la serie disminuye a medida que se incrementa el contenido de lantano, desde 1.13 eV de Gd2Zr2O7 hasta 0.81 eV de GdLaZr2O7, mientras que la conductividad resultó ser prácticamente independiente del mismo hasta y ≤ 0.8 para T = 500°C e y ≤ 0.4 para T = 800�

Test of zircon materials for sorption of europium; Pruebas de materiales circoniferos para sorcion de europio

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Ordonez R, E.; Fernandez V, S.M.; Garcia R, G. [ININ, 52045 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico)

2003-07-01

In previous works it has already been made notice that some phosphates have the property of sipping radioactive metals in solution, what takes advantage to fabricate reactive barriers that are placed in the repositories of nuclear wastes. In our laboratory it has been obtained to the zirconium silicate (ZrSiO{sub 4}) and the alpha zirconium hydrogen phosphate (Zr(HPO{sub 4}) 2H{sub 2}0) starting from sea sand in an easy and economic way. With the interest of knowing if these compounds can be used in contention barriers the evaluation of their surface properties it is made and of europium sorption. (Author)

Cerámica y Vidrio Optimización de un nuevo método de preparación de óxidos mixtos tipo perovskita con vacantes de oxígeno

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Mestres, L.

2004-08-01

Full Text Available The conditions of both the delithiation of compounds of general formula La2/3-xLi3xTiO3, and the thermolisis of compounds of general formula La2/3-xTiO3-3x(OH3x have been optimised. In both processes the cubic perovskite structure Pm3m is maintained. Preliminary studies of the electrical conductivity show that the La2/3-xTiO3-3x/2 compounds obtained through soft chemistry from lanthanum and lithium perovskite, behave as semiconductors.

Se han optimizado las condiciones para la deslitiación de compuestos de fórmula general La2/3-xLi3xTiO3 así como las de la posterior termólisis de compuestos de fórmula general La2/3-xTiO3-3x(OH3x. En ambos procesos se mantiene la estructura perovskita cúbica Pm3m. Estudios preliminares de conductividad eléctrica indican que los compuestos La2/3-xTiO3-3x/2 obtenidos mediante química suave a partir de la perovskita de lantano y litio se comportan como semiconductores.

Study of the europium behavior in aqueous media; Estudio sobre el comportamiento del europio en medios acuosos

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Fernandez R, E.; Jimenez R, M.; Solache R, M.; Martinez M, V. [Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Departamento de Quimica, A.P. 18-1027, C.P. 11801 Mexico D.F. (Mexico)

2000-07-01

Europium as waste can produce a pollution problem in water that is in contact with it, what would has a heavy environmental impacts, because of the possibilities of diffusion of these wastes from their place of confinement or storage until the geo and biosphere. The solution of such problem requires of a lot of knowledge over the behavior of several chemical elements such as europium in aqueous solutions. In this work it was used a low ion force (0.02 M). The data set will allow extrapolate the hydrolytic behavior of europium in too much minors ion force media, such as the ground waters, including in ion force zero.

Estudio de la formación de hidróxidos de europio por medio de espectroscopía de fluorescencia.

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Carmen Leonor Barajas-Forero

2003-01-01

Full Text Available The electron configuration of europium (Eu has characteristics that make it very suitable for the study by spectroscopic techniques especially fluorescence. The deemisión ion spectrum of Eu (III presents different bands to different electronic transitions. Do transitions 5 Do 7 F 1 (? = 585-600 y 5 Do – 7 F 2 (? = 610-630 show intense lines in the spectrum of Eu (III in solution. Do transition 5 - 7 F 2 hypersensitive called is especially important because it is easily altered by changes occurring around the ion. The parameter? ( I 5Do 7F1 / I 5Do - 7F2 that defines the intensity ratio between non-sensitive band and hypersensitive to characterize the physical and chemical properties of complex and provides information about its symmetry. When the ion adsorption processes Eu (III are studied in a solid, spectroscopic identification of these hydroxides is important because in this way it helps to characterize the different ion species in the different phases. The objective of this study was to identify by using fluorescence spectroscopy, different hydroxides Eu (III formed conditions that can be expected in absorption processes. The study showed that the fluorescence of Eu hydrolysis (III starts at pH values ​​higher than 6. values? 6 no differences in the spectra were observed. The formation of compounds due to hydrolysis implies that the position of the hypersensitive band is transferred to shorter wavelengths (higher energies and in the presence of carbonates both bands wave lengths and even lower manifest parameter? increases its value.

Determination of the constants of the solubility product of Ln(OH){sub 3} and the effect of the chloride ions on the lanthanum hydrolysis, praseodymium and lutetium in aqueous solutions of ion force 2 Molar; Determinacion de las constantes del producto de solubilidad de Ln(OH){sub 3} y el efecto de los iones cloruro sobre la hidrolisis de lantano, praseodimio y lutecio en soluciones acuosas de fuerza ionica 2 Molar

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Lopez G, H.D

2005-07-01

The behavior of lanthanum (III), praseodymium (III), and lutetium (III) was studied in 2 M NaClO{sub 4} (aq) and 2 M NaCl (aq) at 303 K and free -CO{sub 2} conditions. Solubility diagrams (p Ln(aq)-pC{sub H}) were obtained by means of a radiochemical method. The pC{sub H} borderlines of saturation and unsaturation zones of the solutions and solubility product constants for Ln(OH){sub 3} were determined from these diagrams. The fitting of the solubility equation to the experimental values of p Ln(aq)-pC{sub H} diagrams allowed the calculation of the first hydrolysis and solubility product constants. Independently, the stability constants for the first species of hydrolysis were determined by means of pH titrations, the data were treated with the program SUPERQUAD and fitted to the mean ligand number equation. The stability constants for the species LnCl{sup 2+} were as well calculated in 2M ionic strength and 303 K from the hydrolysis constant values obtained in both perchlorate and chloride media. The values obtained for La, Pr and Lu were: logK{sub ps}: 21.11 {+-} 0.09, 19.81 {+-} 0.11 and 18.10 {+-} 0.13 in 2M NaClO{sub 4}; logK{sub ps}: 22.22 {+-} 0.09, 21.45 {+-} 0.14 and 18.52 {+-} 0.29 in 2M NaCl; log {beta}{sub 1}: - 8.64 {+-} 0.02, - 8.37 {+-} 0.01 and - 7.95 {+-} 0.11 in 2M NaClO{sub 4}; log {beta}{sub 1}{sup /} : - 9.02 {+-} 0.11, - 8.75 {+-} 0.01 and - 8.12 {+-} 0.03 in 2M NaCl and the values for log {beta}{sub 1,Cl} were - 0.0255, - 0.155 and - 0.758, respectively. (Author)

Inhibidores de escaso impacto medioambiental. Sistemas basados en tierras raras

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Aballe, A.

1997-12-01

Full Text Available Lanthanum, Cerium and Samarium chlorides have been investigated as uniform and pitting corrosion inhibitors of AISI 434 and AISI 304 stainless steels and AA 5083 Al-Mg alloy in 3.5 % NaCl aerated aqueous solutions. Their inhibitor power was evaluated by using electrochemical techniques such as Linear and Cyclic Polarisation. In each case, the highest protection degree was found in the solution dopped with 500 ppm of CeCl₃. Similar results were obtained for additions of 500 ppm of LaCl₃. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy allowed us to confirm the cathodic nature of the inhibition process.

Se estudia el comportamiento de los cloruros de lantano, cerio y samario como inhibidores de los procesos de corrosión uniforme y por picaduras de los aceros inoxidables AISI 434 y AISI 304 y de la aleación de aluminio AA 5083 en disoluciones aireadas de NaCl al 3,5 %. Utilizando técnicas electroquímicas como polarización lineal y cíclica, se ha podido evaluar el poder inhibidor de estas sustancias. El mejor comportamiento inhibidor se ha obtenido para una concentración de 500 ppm de CeCl₃, si bien para los aceros se obtienen resultados del mismo orden para 500 ppm de LaCl₃. Con la ayuda de microscopía electrónica de barrido y espectroscopia de dispersión de energía se ha podido confirmar el carácter catódico del mecanismo de inhibición que tiene lugar en el proceso.

SÍNTESIS DE ÓXIDOS TIPO PEROVSKITA MEDIANTE POLIMERIZACIÓN CON ÁCIDO CÍTRICO Y PROPIÓNICO

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Jairo Gómez Cuaspud

2010-03-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se describe la preparación de la perovskita La0,75Sr0,25Co0,5Fe0,5O3 (LaSrCoFeO, empleando una ruta de química húmeda, mediante la polimerización con ácido cítrico y propiónico, con el propósito de obtener materiales para potenciales aplicaciones como membranas de purificación de oxígeno y como materiales electródicos en celdas de combustible de óxido sólido (SOFC. Para ello, los sólidos se caracterizaron mediante difracción de rayos X (DRX y microscopia electrónica de barrido (SEM, con lo que se obtuvo información sobre la formación y pureza de fases, la morfología, la estructura y las propiedades superficiales de cada sistema, indicando que es posible obtener sólidos con una distribución de grano homogéneo, textura y relieve característicos, en cuyo contexto el método que involucra la polimerización con ácido cítrico mostró los mejores resultados. La composición global se determinó mediante microanálisis de rayos X de energía dispersiva (EDX, y se señaló una buena concordancia entre las composiciones propuestas y obtenidas. La caracterización realizada sugiere la presencia de pequeñas cantidades de carbono y algunos óxidos de lantano, estroncio y cobalto como principales contaminantes, específicamente en la muestra obtenida mediante la polimerización con ácido propiónico.

Stability constants of the Europium complexes with the chloride ions; Constantes de estabilidad de los complejos del europio con los iones cloruro

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Jimenez R, M.; Solache R, M.; Rojas H, A. [Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Departamento de Quimica, A.P. 18-1027, C.P. 11801 Mexico D.F. (Mexico)

2000-07-01

The stability constants of lanthanides complexes with chloride ions which were determined at the same ionic force but in different media, are significantly different. It does not exist a systematic study over these stability constants. The purpose of this work is to determine the stability constants of the europium complexes with chloride ions at 303 K, by the solvents extraction method. (Author)

Thermoluminescent kinetic parameters of the perovskite, KMgF{sub 3}, activated with lanthanum; Parametros cineticos termoluminiscentes de la perovskita, KMgF{sub 3}, activada con lantano

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Sepulveda M, F. [ESFM-IPN, 07738 Mexico D.F. (Mexico); Azorin N, J.; Rivera M, T. [UAM-I, 09340 Mexico D.F. (Mexico); Furetta, C.; Sanipoli, C. [Physics Department, Universita di Roma ' ' La Sapienza' ' , Piazzale A. Moro 2, 00185 Roma (Italy)

2004-07-01

The thermoluminescent curves induced by the beta radiation in the perovskite KMgF{sub 3} were investigated activated with lanthanum. The classic methods were used to determine the kinetic parameters (the kinetic order b, the activation energy E and the frequency of escape intent s) associated with the peaks of the thermoluminescent curve (Tl) in the KMgF{sub 3} activated with lanthanum after the irradiation with beta rays. The method is based on the position of the thermoluminescent peaks, obtained of the temperature change of the peak in the maximum emission caused by the change in the heating rapidity to which the samples were measured. In this work, the samples in form of pellets were re cooked previously at 400 C during one hour before irradiating them with beta particles. The Tl measures were made with a Tl reader system using three different heating rapidities and storing the glow curves. To calculate the depth of the E traps and the frequency factor s, the parameters of the glow curve were determined experimentally of the shame of the glow curve by means of the mensuration of the shame of the maximum temperature of the peak, T{sub M} like a function of the heating rapidity. The results indicate that the values of the kinetic parameters are very near among if when they are obtained indistinctly of anyone of the different methods. (Author)

Determination of the ionic transport numbers of lanthanum gallate materials by impedance spectroscopy and modified EMF method

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Peña-Martínez, J.

2008-06-01

Full Text Available A combination of impedance spectroscopy and a modified electromotive force method (emf were used to evaluate the ionic transport numbers and the overall conductivity of several doped lanthanum gallate materials, i.e. La0.9Sr0.1Ga1-xMgxO3-δ (x=0.05-0.30, La0.9A0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O3-δ (A=Sr, Ba and Ca and La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2-yCoyO3-δ (y=0.015 and 0.045. La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O2.85 (LSGM sample showed the maximum ionic transport number in the temperature range 900-1173 K, around 0.99 in both O2/air and H2/air gradients.

La conductividad total y los números de transporte iónico de las composiciones, basadas en el galato de lantano, La0,9Sr0,1Ga1-xMgxO3-δ (x=0,05-0,30, La0,9A0,1Ga0,8Mg0,2O3-δ (A=Sr, Ba, Ca y La0,9Sr0,1Ga0,8Mg0,2-yCoyO3-δ (y=0.015; 0,045 fueron estudiadas mediante una combinación de técnicas de espectroscopia de impedancia compleja y fuerza electromotriz (fem. La composición La0,9Sr0,1Ga0,8Mg0,2O2,85 (LSGM presenta el mayor número de transporte iónico, concretamente 0,99 en el rango de temperaturas 900-1173 K, tanto en gradiente de O2/aire como de H2/aire.

Production and characterization of LaMnO3 thin films prepared by Sol–Gel technique; Producción y caracterización de láminas delgadas de LaMnO3 preparadas por la técnica de Sol-Gel

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Ebeoğlugil, M.F.

2017-09-01

In this study, lanthanum manganite (LaMnO3) thin films were prepared by sol-gel method for magnet technology. With this context, precursor solutions with low contact angles were synthesized from all nitrate salts of the respective cations (La, Mn), using ethanol as solvent and acetyl acetone as chelating agents. A dense amorphous film was deposited on silicon (Si) substrate. crystallization of the films was carried out at temperatures between 850 and 1000 °C. The thermal, phase, elemental, microstructural and magnetic properties of the obtained samples were determined by TG/DTA, FTIR, XRD, XPS, SEM and VSM. The results show that sustained perovskite polycrystalline films were grown on the [100]-oriented Si substrates. In addition, the films show ferromagnetic behavior. [Spanish] Se prepararon películas delgadas de manganita de lantano (LaMnO3) mediante el método Sol-gel para la tecnología del imán. Se sintetizaron soluciones precursoras con bajos ángulos de contacto a partir de sales de nitrato de los respectivos cationes (La, Mn), utilizando etanol como disolvente y acetil acetona como agente quelante. Se depositó una película amorfa y densa sobre sustrato de silicio (Si). La cristalización de las láminas se llevó a cabo a temperaturas entre 850 y 1000 ºC. El comportamiento térmico, especies químicas, microestructura y propiedades magnéticas se determinaron mediante TG / DTA, FTIR, XRD, XPS, SEM y VSM respectivamente. Los resultados muestran que láminas policristalinas de perovskita crecieron sobre los sustratos de Si orientados en el plano [100]. Finalmente, las láminas muestran un comportamiento ferromagnético.

Synthesis and characterization of barium titanate, doped with europium and neodymium; Sintese e caracterizacao de titanato de bario, dopados com europio e neodimio

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Sousa, Fernanda L.C.; Cabral, Alciney M.; Silva, Ademir O.; Oliveiro, Joao B.L., E-mail: nanda_louise@yahoo.com.br [Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal (Brazil). Instituto de Quimica

2013-07-01

This work aims at synthesize and characterize mixed oxides in Barium Titanium matrix in doping with Neodymium and Europium analyzing thermogravimetric curves, characteristic bands at infrared region of the polymer complex, which are intermediates to mixed oxides, and identify the formation thereof, and the crystallinity using XRD analysis.

Thermoluminescent and optical processes in alkaline halogenides dosemeters contaminated with Europium; Procesos opticos y termoluminiscentes en dosimetros de halogenuros alcalinos contaminados con Europio

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Barboza F, M.; Melendrez, R.; Castaneda, B.; Pedroza M, M.; Chernov, V.; Perez S, R.; Aceves, R. [Centro de Investigacion en Fisica, Universidad de Sonora, A.P. 5-088, 83190 Hermosillo, Sonora (Mexico)

2000-07-01

Recent research results are presented about the properties of the optical processes of photo transferred thermoluminescence (TLFT), optical whitening (BO), thermoluminescence induced by light (TLL) and its effect in the thermoluminescent curve (Tl) produced by ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. The systematic analysis of all these processes, acquires a singular importance due that actually the alkaline halogenide crystals are object of intense investigations which analyse their potential applications as detectors and radiation dosemeters through stimulated optical luminescence techniques or thermoluminescence. The obtained data show that the Tl curve of material with this nature can be enormously affected by exposure of phosphorus to the environmental light or UV. This is in part due to liberation processes of charge bearers are shouted and makes a subsequent trapping in less temperature traps; at the same time that induce changes in the intensity of determined Tl bands. Additionally, also it is observed that mentioned phenomena are related as with wavelength of incident light as of the illumination time. Finally, the obtained information allows to conclude that although the illumination effect is extremely complex, it is associated and can be explained mainly with phenomena that implicate the electrons excitation trapped in form of F centers and trapping mechanisms or radioactive and non-radioactive recombination. (Author)

High temperature corrosion of metallic interconnects in solid oxide fuel cells

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Bastidas, D. M.

2006-12-01

Full Text Available Research and development has made it possible to use metallic interconnects in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC instead of ceramic materials. The use of metallic interconnects was formerly hindered by the high operating temperature, which made the interconnect degrade too much and too fast to be an efficient alternative. When the operating temperature was lowered, the use of metallic interconnects proved to be favourable since they are easier and cheaper to produce than ceramic interconnects. However, metallic interconnects continue to be degraded despite the lowered temperature, and their corrosion products contribute to electrical degradation in the fuel cell. Coatings of nickel, chromium, aluminium, zinc, manganese, yttrium or lanthanum between the interconnect and the electrodes reduce this degradation during operation

El uso de interconectores metálicos en pilas de combustible de óxido sólido (SOFC en sustitución de materiales cerámicos ha sido posible gracias a la investigación y desarrollo de nuevos materiales metálicos. Inicialmente, el uso de interconectores metálicos fue limitado, debido a la elevada temperatura de trabajo, ocasionando de forma rápida la degradación del material, lo que impedía que fuesen una alternativa. A medida que la temperatura de trabajo de las SOFC descendió, el uso de interconectores metálicos demostró ser una buena alternativa, dado que son más fáciles de fabricar y más baratos que los interconectores cerámicos. Sin embargo, los interconectores metálicos continúan degradándose a pesar de descender la temperatura a la que operan las SOFC y, asimismo, los productos de corrosión favorecen las pérdidas eléctricas de la pila de combustible. Recubrimientos de níquel, cromo, aluminio, zinc, manganeso, itrio y lantano entre el interconector y los electrodos reduce dichas pérdidas eléctricas.

Thermoluminescence, luminescence optically stimulated and creation of defects in alkaline halogenides contaminated with Europium; Termoluminiscencia, luminiscencia opticamente estimulada y creacion de defectos en halogenuros alcalinos contaminados con Europio

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Barboza F, M. [Centro de Investigacion en Fisica, Universidad de Sonora, Apartado Postal 5-088, 83190 Hermosillo, Sonora (Mexico)

1999-07-01

The alkaline halogenides have been subject matter of investigations related with the search of sensor materials for X-ray bidimensional images or optical memories. The understanding of the damage formation processes generated by ionizing and non-ionizing radiations is important for the correct design of devices that working as detectors and dosemeters of both type of radiations. In this work we present the investigation results related with the defects produced by the ionizing radiation type X and ultraviolet light in the range of 200-360 nm in crystals of KCl: Eu{sup 2+} and KBr:Eu{sup 2+}. It is examined the thermoluminescence and luminescence spectra with the purpose of identifying the exciton processes, owing to the excitation of the halogenide ions in which the primary defects correspond to the F and H centers. It has been found that the 400-600 nm emission is associated with the luminescence type that in his turn can be associated with autotrapped excitons perturbed by the impurity. On the other hand, it is examined the emission spectra of the luminescence optically stimulated in crystals of KBr: Eu{sup 2+} and KCl: Eu{sup 2+} finding too that such materials would be used as optical memories susceptible of to store information, and through of photostimulation to read this. It was determined that the F centers participate in the luminescence optically stimulated in these crystals, as well as too in the recombination processes responsible by the thermoluminescent emission. (Author)

Grado de adherencia terapéutica a los fármacos del metabolismo óseo-mineral: ¿toman nuestros pacientes la medicación prescrita?

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María Nieves Cazorla Santana

Full Text Available Los fármacos del metabolismo óseo-mineral tienen gran importancia el tratamiento de los pacientes de hemodiálisis, pero desconocemos las preferencias, y el grado de conocimiento de estos fármacos. Los objetivos del estudio fueron conocer el grado de adherencia terapéutica a los fármacos del metabolismo oseo-mineral, e identificar los factores más relevantes que influyen en la adherencia a este tipo de tratamiento. Pacientes y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en un Centro de hemodiálisis, incluyendo 106 pacientes. Utilizamos el cuestionario simplificado de adherencia a la medicación (SMAQ¹ y un cuestionario específico sobre cumplimiento y preferencias, para conocer el grado de adherencia. Resultados: El 37,7% de los pacientes fue incumplidor según el cuestionario SMAQ. De ellos, el 34% no tomaba la medicación a la misma hora (P<0.000, el 5,7% incumplía el tratamiento los fines de semana (P<0.010, el 13,2% dejan de tomar la medicación cuando se encuentran mal (P<0.010; y en la última semana, el 18% reconocía que olvidó el tratamiento 1día (P= 0.001 y entre 2-3días (12,5%. El 52% no tiene preferencias por ningún quelante del fósforo y el 60.4% conocía la utilidad de los mismos. La principal razón de desagrado fue el aumento del consumo de agua (16%, seguido del tamaño del comprimido (15% y el carbonato de lantano es el fármaco que menos les gusta. Finalmente, el 91% reconoce recibir información dietética. Conclusiones: Como conclusión de nuestro estudio, el 37,7% de los pacientes en programa de hemodiálisis de nuestro centro, fue no adherente al tratamiento médico prescrito, según las respuestas obtenidas en el cuestionario SMAQ, y que el grado de conocimiento, información y/o compresión sobre el tratamiento médico-dietético prescrito a los pacientes son factores muy importantes para mejorar el grado de cumplimiento, por lo que la implicación activa el personal de enfermería constituye una

Effect of the chloride ions on the hydrolysis of praseodymium in a 2M ion force media; Efecto de los iones cloruro sobre la hidrolisis del praseodimio en medio de fuerza ionica 2M

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Lopez G, H.; Jimenez R, M.; Solache R, M.; Rojas H, A. [ININ, 52045 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico)

2004-07-01

The constants of the product of solubility and the first of hydrolysis were determined of the Praseodymium in media 2M of NaClO{sub 4} and 2M of NaCl, to 303 K and under conditions free of CO{sub 2}. The diagram of solubility was obtained (pPr{sub (ac)} - pC{sub H}), by means of a radiochemical method and with it was established the pC{sub H} that limit the saturation and non saturation areas; that diagram allowed, also, to calculate the constant of the product of solubility. Also, it was adjusted with the polynomial of solubility equation, that it allowed to determine and to check the values of the constants of the product of solubility and the first of hydrolysis. Independently, it was determined the first constant of hydrolysis of the element, by means of potentiometric titrations whose data were treated with the computer program named SUPERQUAD and with the adjustment of the equation of the average number of bonds. It was also calculates the log constant {beta}{sub Pr,Cl} of the specie PrCI{sup 2+} starting from the hydrolysis constants obtained in the perchlorate and chloride media. (Author)

Photoluminescent study of Polycarbonate (PC) and Poly(9-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) doped films with europium complex; Estudo fotoluminescente de filmes de Policarbonato (PC) e Poli(9-vinilcarbazol) (PVK) dopados com complexo de europio

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Forster, Pedro Lima

2010-07-01

Polymers doped with rare earth complexes are advantaged in film production for many applications in the luminescent field. In this study luminescent polymer obtained from polycarbonate (PC) and poly(9-vinylcarbazole) films doped with diaquatris(thenoyltrifluoroacetonate)europium(III) complex [Eu(tta){sub 3}(H{sub 2}0){sub 2}] were prepared and their calorimetric and luminescent properties in the solid state are reported. The thermal behavior was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (OSC) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). Due of the addition of rare earth Eu(tta){sub 3}(H{sub 2}0){sub 2}] into PC and PVK matrices, changes were observed in the thermal behavior concerning the glass transition and thermal stability. Characteristic broadened narrow bands arising from the {sup 5}D{sub 0} -{yields} {sup 7}F{sub J} transitions (J = 0-4) of Eu{sup 3+} ion indicate the incorporation of the Eu{sup 3+} ions into those polymers. The luminescent films show enhancement emission intensity with an increase in the rare earth concentration in polymeric matrix accompanied by decrease in thermal stability. (author)

Oxygen permeability of transition metal-containing La(Sr,PrGa(MgO3-δ ceramic membranes

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Frade, J. R.

2004-08-01

-1273 K. El dopado de LaGa0.65Mg0.15Ni0.20O3-δ con praseodimio da lugar a un incremento moderado de los flujos de permeabilidad, menor dilatación térmica y una mejor estabilidad de fase en entornos reductores.

Effect of the ion force on the hydrolysis constants and of the solubility product of Europium; Efecto de la fuerza ionica sobre las constantes de hidrolisis y del producto de solubilidad del europio

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Jimenez R, M.; Ramirez G, J.J.; Solache R, M.; Rojas H, A. [ININ, 52045 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico)

2003-07-01

A study on the behavior of the first hydrolysis constant {beta}{sub Eu,H}{sup l-0} and the constant of the solubility product Kps of the europium in front of the changes of the ion force: 0. 02 M, 0.1 M, 0.7M, 2M, 3M and 4M of sodium perchlorate, at 303 K. Experimentally the potentiometry and also radioactivity measures its were used. The specific interaction of ions theory (SIT) of Bronsted-Guggenheim-Scatchard allows the extrapolation of the values to infinite dilution and the results were: log {beta}{sub Eu,H}{sup l-0} = -7 36 and log K{sub sp}{sup l-0} = -24. 68. A discussion of the group of results with the data of the literature is presented. (Author)

Study in aqueous solution of the praseodymium inclusion in β-cyclodextrin in 2 M of NaCl; Estudio en solucion acuosa de la inclusion del praseodimio en la β-ciclodextrina en 2 M de NaCl

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De la Cruz M, N.

2013-07-01

In the fission of uranium to produce electricity, generated between the fission products which are the lanthanides and actinides that at any given time may come into contact with aqueous media, because of this, praseodymium was including in the β-cyclodextrin in order to increase the solubility and stability of praseodymium by forming inclusion complexes Praseodymium-β-cyclodextrin (Pr-β-Cd). The inclusion study was conducted in a proportion of praseodymium and β-cyclodextrin. Infrared spectra, Raman and X-ray diffraction showed the presence of praseodymium and β-cyclodextrin in the inclusion complex, in both proportions. The analysis by scanning electron microscopy confirmed the inclusion of praseodymium in βcyclodextrin. In general, the results of characterization obtained by these techniques show the formation of the inclusion complex. Furthermore, the behaviour of praseodymium inclusion in the β-cyclodextrin was studied in 2 M NaCl at 303 K and free-CO{sub 2} conditions. For this reason, we used two methods: spectrophotometric and potentiometric titration direct of praseodymium-β-cyclodextrin, the data were treated graphically and with the program SUPERQUAD, respectively. The values obtained for praseodymium by spectrophotometric method was: log β{sub 1}= -8.75 calculated graphically and with the potentiometric method, using program SUPERQUAD were logβ{sub 1,OH}= -8.73 ± 0.01 logβ{sub 1,2OH}= -18.27 ± 0.16 and logβ{sub 1,3OH}= -26.44 ± 0.02 obtained simultaneously. (Author)

Spectroscopic studies of europium-tetracyclines complexes and their applications in detection of hydrogen peroxide and urea peroxide; Estudos espectroscopicos dos complexos europio-tetraciclinas e suas aplicacoes na detecao de peroxido de hidrogenio e peroxido de ureia

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Grasso, Andrea Nastri

2010-07-01

In this work were studied the spectroscopic properties of trivalent europium ion complexed with components of tetracycline family, chlorotetracycline, oxytetracycline and metacycline, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and urea peroxide. Optical parameters were obtained such as absorption, emission, lifetime and calibration curves were constructed for luminescence spectra. Experiments were carried out with both inorganic compounds and europium-tetracyclines complexes in order to verify possible interferences. Studies for glucose determination were also described using europium-tetracyclines complexes as biosensors. Results show that europium tetracyclines complexes emit a narrow band in the visible region and, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide or urea peroxide there is a greater enhancement in their luminescence and lifetime. Thus, europium-tetracyclines complexes studied can be used as biosensors for hydrogen and urea peroxides determination as a low cost and room temperature method. An indirect method for glucose determination was studied by adding glucose oxidase enzyme in europium-tetracyclines complex in the presence of glucose promoting as product hydrogen peroxide. (author)

Study of the influence of zirconium and gallium on the magnetic properties and microstructures of praseodymium-based permanent magnets; Estudo da influencia do zirconio e galio nas propriedades magneticas e na microestrutura dos imas permanentes a base de praseodimio

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Fusco, Alexandre Giardini

2006-07-01

In this work was studied the influence of the addition of 0.5 at. % of zirconium and gallium on praseodymium-based HD sintered magnets obtained using a mixture of alloys. The alloys used in this study were: Pr{sub 12.6}Fe{sub 68.3}Co{sub 11.6}B{sub 6}Zr{sub 0.5}Ga{sub 1}, Pr{sub 16}Fe{sub 75.5}B{sub 8}Zr{sub 0.5}, Pr{sub 13}Fe{sub 80.5}B{sub 6}Zr{sub 0.5}. The investigation started by measuring the magnetic properties and observing the microstructure of the magnets. After that, the magnets were annealed at 1000 deg C for 2 hours followed by rapid cooling, in a total of 10 hours. This heat treatment was followed by 5 hours at the same temperature up to a total of 35 hours. Changes in the microstructure were compared to the change in the magnetic properties aiming at a proper understanding of the role of each added element in relation to the magnetically hard phase (phase {phi}). It has been shown that gallium and zirconium act as grain refiners of the matrix phase {phi}. Gallium acts in the grain and favoring of the shape stability and improvement of the magnetic properties. For the Pr{sub 14.3}Fe{sub 71.9}Co{sub 5.8}B{sub 7}Zr{sub 0.5}Ga{sub 0.5} sintered magnet the evolution of the magnetic properties after 15 hours heat treatment was: remanence from (1.25{+-}0.02) T to (1.30{+-}0.02) T, intrinsic coercivity from (1.11{+-}0.02) T to (0.87{+-}0.02) T, squareness factor from (0.68{+-}0.02) to (0.82{+-}0.02) and energy product from (285{+-}5) kJ/m{sup 3} to (317{+-}5) kJ/m{sup 3}. Zirconium has two effects on the sintered magnets. Firstly, avoiding random grain growth and enhancing anisotropy. However, by concentrating on the grain boundaries, yield reverse domains and is detrimental to the intrinsic coercivity. For the sintered Pr{sub 14.5}Fe{sub 78}B{sub 7}Zr{sub 0.5} magnet the evolution of the magnetic properties achieved after a heat treatment of 15 hours was: remanence from (1.19{+-}0.02) T to (1.25{+-}0.02) T, coercivity from (0.74{+-}0.02) T to (0.94{+-}0.02) T, squareness factor from (0.88{+-}0.02) to (0,85{+-}0.02) and energy product from (258{+-}5) kJ/m{sup 3} to (291{+-}5) kJ/m{sup 3}. For the Pr{sub 16}Fe{sub 75.5}B{sub 8}Zr{sub 0.5} sintered magnet the evolution of magnetic properties after 20 hours heat treatment was: remanence from (1.17{+-}0,02) T to (1.24{+-}0.02) T, coercivity from (0.90{+-}0,02) T to (1.22{+-}0.02) T, squareness factor from (0,93{+-}0,02) to (0.66{+-}0.02) and energy product from (258{+-}5) kJ/m{sup 3} to (291{+-}5) kJ/m{sup 3}. (author)

Synthesis in aqueous medium and organic praseodymium complexes with ligands derived from Schiff base quinolinic. Characterization and physicochemical study; Sintesis en medio acuoso y organico de complejos de praseodimio con ligantes derivados de base de Schiff quinolicos. Caracterizacion y estudio fisicoquimico

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Garcia G, A.

2015-07-01

It was investigated the coordination ability of the quinolinic Schiff base organic tetradentate quinolinic ligand (Q Schiff-(OH){sub 2}) towards the trivalent praseodymium by UV/Vis spectrophotometric titration (St). By St, was studied the formed species between the Q Schiff-(OH){sub 2} ligand and the praseodymium nitrate salt in equimolar concentrations (5.86 x 10{sup -4} M: 5.22 x 10{sup -4} M) in methanol. The statistical analysis of the experimental results suggested three complexed species with 1Pr:3L, 1Pr:2L y 1Pr:1L stoichiometries. The predominant stoichiometries were the second and the latter. Based on these results and data from the scientific literature, the methodology for the syntheses of the complexes Q Schiff-(OH){sub 2}-Pr in aqueous-organic and organic media was established and a molar ratio M:L= 1:2 of praseodymium nitrate and the ligand was used. The new complexes were characterized by UV/Vis, Infrared, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XP S), Diffuse Reflectance (Dr) and Thermogravimetric Analysis/Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TGA/DSC). Elemental analysis of C, N, O and Pr by XP S suggested 1Pr:2L:1Na (PrC{sub 32}H{sub 20}N{sub 4}O{sub 4}Na) stoichiometry of the complex synthesized by the aqueous-organic medium while for the complex synthesized by the organic medium it was 1Pr:3L (PrC{sub 48}H{sub 33}N{sub 6}O{sub 6}). In the first case, the praseodymium ion charge was neutralized by the anionic ligands whose remaining charge was compensated by the sodium ion. In the second case, the ion charge was neutralized by the ligands. The minimum formula was Pr(Q Schiff){sub 2}Na for the pure coordination compound from the aqueous-organic medium and the minimum formula Pr(Q Schiff){sub 3} for that from the organic medium. XP S also indicated that the oxidation state of praseodymium ion was maintained. Both complexes were stable in methanol, ethanol and acetonitrile at least for 5 days. The photophysical properties of the studied complexes were evaluated by emission and excitation luminescence (fluorescence and phosphorescence) at ambient temperature (291 K) and liquid nitrogen (77 K) in the UV-Visible region. It was found that the ligand transfers its energy to the praseodymium at least 70%. It is concluded that two new complexes were obtained by Q Schiff-(OH){sub 2} and the praseodymium with a reaction yield of about 60% (Pr(Q Schiff){sub 2}Na) and 75% (Pr(Q Schiff){sub 3}). UV/Vis, IR and Dr, XP S and TGA/DSC demonstrated the coordination of quinolate and imine groups from the ligand to the metal ion. Thus a CN=8 para Pr(Q Schiff){sub 2}Na and CN= 12 para Pr(Q Schiff){sub 3}. Their photophysical properties in the visible region suggested that the quinolinic Schiff base organic tetradentate quinolinic ligand transfers energy from its excited triplet state to the praseodymium ion sensitising the luminescence properties from the metal ion which in turn re-emits enhanced light from its {sup 1}D{sub 2} level, mainly. (Author)

Processing and electrical conductivity of lanthanum gallate core-shell heterostructures

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Gomes, Eduarda

2006-06-01

Full Text Available The electrical properties of a lanthanum gallate solid electrolyte were modified by selectively doping the grain boundaries with Fe. This was achieved by sandwiching a La0.95Sr0.05Ga0.90Mg0.10O3-δ (LSGM dense pellet between LaFeO3 samples. Annealing at 1550°C in air for several hours promoted Fe diffusion into LSGM via the grain boundaries. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy analyses showed that iron was located at the grain boundary while the grain bulk preserved the LSGM composition. Impedance spectra obtained at low temperature consist of the two usual bulk and grain boundary contributions. A significant increase in total conductivity was observed for the iron-doped samples, the effect being greater for the grain boundary contribution. The total conductivity measured for the iron-containing material revealed a slight decrease with decreasing oxygen partial pressure, suggesting the onset of p-type electronic conduction. Estimates of the p-type electronic conductivity (σp were obtained by fitting the low temperature impedance spectra to a simple equivalent circuit including one parallel electronic branch. The value for σp in air at 300°C is 3.1×10-6 S/cm and the activation energy is 75.1 kJ/mol between 300 and 400°C.

Las propiedades elécticas de un electrolito sólido de galato de lantano se han modificado mediante un dopado eléctrico de Fe en borde de grano. Esto se consiguió preparando una estructura de sandwich con una plantilla densa de La0.95Sr0.05Ga0.90Mg0.10O3-δ (LSGM entre las muestras de LaFeO3. Un tratamiento de varias horas a 1550ºC en aire favoreció la difusión de Fe a lo largo de los bordes de grano. Los análisis mediante microscopia electrónica de barrido y espectroscopía de energía dispersada muestran que el hierro se localiza en borde de grano mientras que se preserva la composición de LSGM en el interior de grano. En las muestras dopadas con hierro se observa un aumento de

Ceramic materials for SOFCs: Current status

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Kozhukharov, V.

2002-10-01

ás relevantes. Después de una revisión y breve clasificación de los materiales SOFCs cerámicos, el estudio se centra en la descripción del cátodo, electrolito y ánodo, así como de la unión y materiales de sellado. También se han estudiado sus requisitos, estructura, estabilidad térmica, control composicional y de comportamiento, procesado y rendimiento. Se ha establecido una correlación entre los diagramas de fase de incorporación y transporte de oxígeno y las ventajas de los SOFC, generalmente para materiales de la familia de las perovsquitas basadas en lantano. Con el fin de analizar las investigaciones innovadoras que conciernen al campo del desarrollo y aplicación de SOFCs, se han revisado patentes de Japón, Estados Unidos, Alemania y la Unión Europea. Se dan algunos ejemplos de dichas patentes en las que destaca el papel de los materiales cerámicos. Además, se ha analizado la tendencia en actividades de I + D sobre los SOFCs en compañías líderes mundiales. Se ha intentado realizar una evaluación y correlación en base a los parámetros tecnológicos y económicos más importantes de los materiales de celda cátodo/electrolito/ánodo y se han mostrado conceptos innovadores.

Development of a methodology for the separation of europium and samarium from a mixture of rare earth oxides by electroreduction/ precipitation; Desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para a separacao de samario e europio a partir de mistura de oxidos de terras raras por reducao eletroquimica/precipitacao

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Chepcanoff, Vera

2006-07-01

The rare earths (RE) were first used in 1903, when Welsbach developed a lighter that is still used today. Nowadays, the RE are employed in many different fields, as in the production of super-alloys , as catalysts for petroleum industry, in the manufacture of non-ferrous alloys, color television tubes, x-ray screens, special glasses, ceramics, computer industries, nuclear medicine, lasers, pigments, etc., moving, in the last decade , a market of US$ 2 billions per year. Due to their similar properties, the RE elements are very difficult to separate, requiring complex processes, what make the products very expensive. Elements like Eu and Sm, which contents in the minerals are low (0.05% and 2.0%, respectively, in monazite) are extremely expensive, but their field of application justifies the research for looking for other processes, more simple and/or more effective. Trivalent state is a characteristic of all RE, but some of them presents oxidation state +2, like Ce, Eu, Sm and Yb. In the case of Eu and Sm, the focus of the present work, the divalent state is achieved by electro-reduction in the potentials -0.65 and -1.55 (SCE), respectively. This makes possible the separation of these elements from the other rare earths and from each other. Thus, making use of this characteristic, a process for the individual separation of Eu and Sm in (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}SO{sub 4} solution by electro-reduction/precipitation is proposed, where Sm is first separated from the solution as sulfate, and Eu, that remains in the solution, is precipitated after the decrease of temperature and potential applied. The process developed from a synthetic Eu and Sm solution was applied to a mixture of semi-heavy RE oxide, produced at IPEN-CNEN/SP, obtaining the separation of Sm. This product was analyzed by spectrophotometry, showing high purity. (author)

Determination of formation constants of hydroxo carbonate complexes of Pr{sup 3+} in 2M NaCl at 303 K; Determinacion de las constantes de hidrolisis y de los complejos con carbonatos del Praseodimio (III), en medio de fuerza ionica 2M de cloruro de sodio, a 303 K

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Lopez G, H D

1997-12-31

The hydrolysis of Praseodymium III in 2M sodium chloride at 303 K was studied. Two methods were used: pH titration followed by a computational refinement and solvent extraction in the presence of a competitive ligand. The hydrolysis constants obtained by pH titration were: log {beta}{sub 1,H} = -7.68 {+-} 0.07, log {beta}{sub 1,2H} = -15.10 {+-} 0.03, and {beta}{sub 1,3H} -23.8 {+-} 0.04. The stability constants of Praseodymium carbonates were determined by pH titration as well and were: log {beta}{sub 1,CO3}{sup 2-} = 5.94 {+-} 0.08 and log {beta}{sub 1,2CO3}{sup 2-} = 11.15 {+-} 0.15. Praseodymium carbonate species were taken into consideration for calculating the first hydrolysis constants by the solvent extraction method and the value obtained was: log {beta}{sub 1,H} = -7.69 {+-} 0.27. The values for log {beta}{sub 1,H} attained by both methods are the same. The species-distribution diagram was obtained from the stability constants of Praseodymium carbonates and hydrolysis products in the conditions of the present work. (Author).

Dispersion-Type Absorbing Materials for the Control Organs of Thermal Reactors; Absorbants du Type a Dispersion pour les Organes de Commande des Reacteurs a Neutrons Thermiques; Pogloshchayushchie materialy dispersionnogo tipa dlya organov regulirovaniya teplovykh reaktorov; Absorbentes de Tipo Dispersion para los Organos de Mando de los Reactores Termicos

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Nosov, V. I.; Ponomarjov-Stepnoj, H. H.; Portnoj, K. I.; Savel' ev, E. G.

1964-06-15

type nimonik auxquels on a ajoute des. oxydes de terres rares ont des caracteristiques d'endurance et des.caracteristiques thermo-physiques d'une valeur relativement elevee (o{sub B}, E, {lambda}) a des temperatures elevees pour les valeurs de la concentration de l 'absorbant voisines de 10%. Les materiaux du type a dispersion de ce genre ont une radioresistance satisfaisante dans un champ de rayonnement ( Tilde-Operator 3 * 10{sup 20}n/cm{sup 2}) aux hautes temperatures. (author) [Spanish] Los autores exponen los resultados de su estudio de las caracteristicas fisicas de las aleaciones absorbentes del tipo 'nimonic' con oxidos de las tierras raras (gadolinio, samario, europio, etc.) dispersos en ellas. Examinan las variaciones de la capacidad de absorcion segun la composicion del material, indican las propiedades mecanicas y termofisicas de los materiales absorbentes en funcion de la concentracion del absorbente incorporado a la aleacion y, por ultimo, presentan los resultados de un estudio acerca de los efectos de la irradiacion sobre esas propiedades. . Demuestran que las aleaciones absorbentes que contienen oxidos de las tierras raras dispeisos en la matriz metalica poseen una elevada capacidad de absorcion para una proporcion relativamente baja de absorbente en la aleacion ( Tilde-Operator 5 a 10%). Las caracteristicas de resistencia y las propiedades termofisicas (o{sub B}, E, {lambda}) de las aleaciones del tipo 'nimonic' con adicion de oxidos de las tierras raras asumen valores comparativamente elevados al ascender la temperatura, cuando la concentracion del absorbente es del orden del 10%. A temperaturas elevadas los materiales de tipo dispersion de esa indole ofrecen una radiorresistencia satisfactoria dentro del campo de irradiacion estudiado ( Tilde-Operator 3 x 10{sup 20} n/cm{sup 2}). (author) [Russian] Privodjatsja rezul'taty issledovanija fizicheskih harakteristik pogloshhajushhih splavov tipa nimonik s dispergirovannymi v nih okislami redkozemel

Determination of the hydrolysis constants of Europium (III), in ion strength media 4, 5 and 6 M NaClO{sub 4} at 303 K; Determinacion de las constantes de hidrolisis del Europio (III), en medios de fuerza ionica 4, 5 y 6 M de NaClO{sub 4} a 303 K

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Alvarado B, A.; Jimenez R, M.; Solache R, M. [Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, A.P. 18-1027, 11801 Mexico D.F. (Mexico)

1999-07-01

This work was made with the purpose to complete information about the hydrolysis constants of Europium (III) in high ion strength media. So it was determined at a ion forces media 4, 5 and 6 M of sodium perchlorate at 303 K. The method used was the potentiometric with the aid of the Super quad computer program. In high ion strength media, the measurements of p H do not correspond directly to negative logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions, by this it is necessary to calibrate the electrode in these conditions. The Europium was hydrolized at pC{sub H} values greater 6 in all cases. The potentiometric method used under the described experimental conditions is adequate to determine the hydrolysis constants of Europium (III). According to the results and diagrams of chemical species of Europium obtained we can conclude that the hydrolysis constants, differ by its distribution but not in its identity. (Author)

Chemical species of europium (III) in ionic force media 0.02M, 0.1M, and 0.7M NaClO{sub 4} at 298 K; Especies quimicas del europio (III) en medios de fuerza ionica 0.02M, 0.1M y 0.7M NaClO{sub 4} a 298 K

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Fernandez R, E.; Jimenez R, M.; Solache R, M. [Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Departamento de Quimica, A.P. 18-1027, C.P. 11801 Mexico D.F. (Mexico)

2000-07-01

In order to know the effects of the controlled or accidental liberation of the europium in the environment, it is necessary to know its chemical behavior in found conditions in oceans, ground and surface water. The behavior of this element in these environments can be controlled mainly by the hydrolysis and its interaction with inorganic and organic ions. (Author)

Some Applications of Short-Lived Radioisotopes in the Study of Metals; Applications Diverses des Radioelements de Courte Periode dans l'Etude des Metaux; РАЗЛИЧНЫЕ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ КОРОТКОЖИВУЩИХ РАДИОЭЛЕМЕНТОВ ПРИ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯХ МЕТАЛЛОВ; Aplicaciones de los Radioelementos de Periodo Corto en el Estudio de los Metales

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Kohn, A. [Institut de Recherches de la Siderurgie, Saint-Germain-en-Laye (France)

1963-03-15

important du lingot une heure apres la fin de la coulee. (author) [Spanish] La memoria expone algunas aplicaciones tipicas de los radioelementos de periodo corto en diversos tipos de estudios metalograficos. Se ha desarrollado una tecnica sencilla de analisis por activacion que permite determinar el lantano en los aceros a los que se ha anadido una pequena cantidad de mischmetall durante la fusion. Se ha estudiado el comportamiento de pequenas cantidades de arsenico presentes en el hierro durante la oxidacion de este metal y se ha comprobado por autorradiograffa que el arsenico se concentra notablemente en la interfaz metal-oxido. Mediante una tecnica que consiste en activar las muestras oxidadas en un reactor nuclear y disolver capas sucesivas de algunas mieras de espesor, el fenomeno se ha podido estudiar cuantitativamente. Asi se ha comprobado que el arsenico se concentra en las proximidades de la superficie de los granos metalicos, alcanzando hasta 30 o 40 veces la concentracion media inicial correspondiente a la aleacion. Se ha realizado un estudio del crecimiento de los cristales metalicos por autorradiograffa aprovechando el hecho que el solido es mas pobre en elementos aleados que el liquido a partir del cual los cristales se forman. Se han estudiado aleaciones aluminio-cobre enfriadas lentamente y templadas durante la solidificacion, lo cual permitio poner en evidencia la configuracion de los cristales metalicos en diversas etapas de su crecimiento, y establecer la relacion que existe entre el progreso de la solidificacion y las variaciones de temperatura de la aleacion, medidas mediante un termopar. Finalmente, se han estudiado las corrientes de conveccion en lingotes de forja de grandes dimensiones. La finalidad de este trabajo era confirmar que en los lingotes de forja se producen fuertes corrientes de conveccion. Los ensayos se realizaron introduciendo una pequena cantidad de oro-198 radiactivo en lingotes de 4t y en lingotes de 30 a 60 t en diversos momentos