Sample records for kvantovaya teoriya vodorodnogo
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Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Brownell, G L [Physics Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (United States)
1959-07-01
aspecto del empleo de los radioisotopos en la medicina. El autor compara los esquemas de sensibilidad de diversos sistemas de colimacion y calcula su eficacia y su poder de resolucion. Los sistemas de coliminacion de que se trata se componen de orificios cilindricos y cenicos, de colimadores de enfoque y de dispositivos que permitan detectar por coincidencia las radiaciones de aniquilacion. Formula una teoria general con miras a establecer la concentracion optima de isotopos para cada uno de los sistemas. El autor enuncia una teoria analoga con respecto a la camara de centelleo, y compara la concentracion optima de isotopos para este dispositivo en relacion con los resultados logrados con ayuda de los distintos metodos de exploracion. Estudia tambien la posibilidad de modificar el principio de la camara a fin de utilizarla en la deteccion de las radiaciones de aniquilacion. Para terminar, compara diversos sistemas de registre desde el punto de vista de su eficacia y de la presentacion de los datos. (author) [Russian] Vozmozhnost' tochno ustanovit' raspredelenie izotopov yavlyaetsya vazhnym aspektom ispol'zovaniya ikh v meditsine. Sravnivaetsya stepen' chuvstvitel'nosti razlichnykh sistem kollimirovaniya, ustanavlivaetsya ikh ehffektivnost' i razreshayushchaya sposobnost'. Rassmatrivaemye kollimiruyushchie sistemy sostoyat iz tsilindricheskikh i konusnykh otverstij, fokusiruyushchikh kollimatorov i prispo-soblenij dlya obnaruzheniya annigilyatsionnogo izlucheniya metodom sovpadenij. Vyrabatyvaetsya obshchaya teoriya s tsel'yu ustanovit' optimal'nuyu kontsentratsiyu izotopov dlya kazhdoj iz ehtikh sistem. Podobnaya zhe teoriya razrabatyvaetsya i dlya stsintillyatsionnoj kamery; pro voditsya sravnenie optimal'noj kontsentratsii izotopov ehtogo pribora v svyazi s primenyaemymi metodami issledovaniya. Obsuzhdaetsya vopros ob izmenenii printsipa dejstviya kamery v tselyakh ispol'zovaniya ee pri nalichii annigilya-tsionnogo izlucheniya. Sravnivayutsya razlichnye sistemy
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Theory of many-electron atoms. Selected papers. Teoriya mnogoehlektronnykh atomov. Izbrannye trudy
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Jucys, A P
1978-01-01
Selected papers of the founder of contemporary theoretical physics in Lithuania Adolfas Jucys on the theory of many-electron atoms and their spectra are presented, as well as a complete bibliography of his scientific works, a brief biographical essay and description of his scientific and social activities, reminiscences of other scientists about him. In these papers such questions are considered: Fock's self-consistent field in different approximations, various problems of the many-configurational approximation, incomplete separation of variables, expanded calculation method, application of nonorthogonal radial orbitals, method of irreducible tensor operators, graphical representation of the matrix elements and a number of other problems.
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International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Wang, Chia-Nan; Chen, Hsin-Po; Hsueh, Ming-Hsien; Chin, Fong-Li
2017-01-01
The Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011 has raised widespread concern over the safety of nuclear power plants. This study employed knowledge management in conjunction with the Teoriya Resheniya Izobreatatelskih Zadatch (TRIZ) method in the formulation of a database to facilitate the evaluation of post-fire safe shutdown capability with the aim of safeguarding nuclear facilities in the event of fire. The proposed approach is meant to bring facilities in line with US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) standards. When implemented in a case study of an Asian nuclear power plant, our method proved highly effective in the detection of 22 cables that fell short of regulatory requirements, thereby reducing 850,000 paths to 0. This study could serve as reference for industry and academia in the development of systematic approaches to the upgrading of nuclear power plants.
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International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Wang, Chia-Nan; Chen, Hsin-Po; Hsueh, Ming-Hsien; Chin, Fong-Li
2018-01-01
The Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011 has raised widespread concern over the safety of nuclear power plants. This study employed knowledge management in conjunction with the Teoriya Resheniya Izobreatatelskih Zadatch (TRIZ) method in the formulation of a database to facilitate the evaluation of post-fire safe shutdown capability with the aim of safeguarding nuclear facilities in the event of fire. The proposed approach is meant to bring facilities in line with US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) standards. When implemented in a case study of an Asian nuclear power plant, our method proved highly effective in the detection of 22 cables that fell short of regulatory requirements, thereby reducing 850,000 paths to 0. This study could serve as reference for industry and academia in the development of systematic approaches to the upgrading of nuclear power plants.
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Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Wang, Chia-Nan; Chen, Hsin-Po; Hsueh, Ming-Hsien; Chin, Fong-Li [National Kaohsiung Univ. of Applied Sciences, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan (China). Dept. of Industrial Engineering and Management
2017-11-15
The Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011 has raised widespread concern over the safety of nuclear power plants. This study employed knowledge management in conjunction with the Teoriya Resheniya Izobreatatelskih Zadatch (TRIZ) method in the formulation of a database to facilitate the evaluation of post-fire safe shutdown capability with the aim of safeguarding nuclear facilities in the event of fire. The proposed approach is meant to bring facilities in line with US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) standards. When implemented in a case study of an Asian nuclear power plant, our method proved highly effective in the detection of 22 cables that fell short of regulatory requirements, thereby reducing 850,000 paths to 0. This study could serve as reference for industry and academia in the development of systematic approaches to the upgrading of nuclear power plants.
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Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Wang, Chia-Nan; Chen, Hsin-Po; Hsueh, Ming-Hsien; Chin, Fong-Li [National Kaohsiung Univ. of Applied Sciences, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan (China). Dept. of Industrial Engineering and Management
2018-02-15
The Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011 has raised widespread concern over the safety of nuclear power plants. This study employed knowledge management in conjunction with the Teoriya Resheniya Izobreatatelskih Zadatch (TRIZ) method in the formulation of a database to facilitate the evaluation of post-fire safe shutdown capability with the aim of safeguarding nuclear facilities in the event of fire. The proposed approach is meant to bring facilities in line with US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) standards. When implemented in a case study of an Asian nuclear power plant, our method proved highly effective in the detection of 22 cables that fell short of regulatory requirements, thereby reducing 850,000 paths to 0. This study could serve as reference for industry and academia in the development of systematic approaches to the upgrading of nuclear power plants.
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The intersections between TRIZ and forecasting methodology
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Georgeta BARBULESCU
2010-12-01
Full Text Available The authors’ intention is to correlate the basic knowledge in using the TRIZ methodology (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving or in Russian: Teoriya Resheniya Izobretatelskikh Zadatch as a problem solving tools meant to help the decision makers to perform more significant forecasting exercises. The idea is to identify the TRIZ features and instruments (40 inventive principles, i.e. for putting in evidence the noise and signal problem, for trend identification (qualitative and quantitative tendencies and support tools in technological forecasting, to make the decision-makers able to refine and to increase the level of confidence in the forecasting results. The interest in connecting TRIZ to forecasting methodology, nowadays, relates to the massive application of TRIZ methods and techniques for engineering system development world-wide and in growing application of TRIZ’s concepts and paradigms for improvements of non-engineering systems (including the business and economic applications.
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The Sustainable Improvement of Manufacturing for Nano-Titanium
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Chia-Nan Wang
2016-04-01
Full Text Available Scientists have found that nanomaterials possess many outstanding features in their tiny grain structure compared to other common materials. Titanium at the nano-grain scale shows many novel characteristics which demonstrate suitability for use in surgical implants. In general, equal channel angular pressing (ECAP is the most popular and simple process to produce nano-titanium. However, ECAP is time-consuming, power-wasting, and insufficiently produces the ultrafine grain structure. Therefore, the objective of this research is to propose a new method to improve the ECAP’s performances to reach the ultrafine grain structure, and also to save production costs, based on the innovation theory of Teoriya Resheniya Izobreatatelskih Zadatch (TRIZ. Research results show that the process time is reduced by 80%, and 94% of the energy is saved. Moreover, the grain size of the diameter for nano-titanium can be reduced from 160 nanometers (nm to 80 nm. The results are a 50% reduction of diameter and a 75% improvement of volume. At the same time, the method creates a refined grain size and good mechanical properties in the nano-titanium. The proposed method can be applied to produce any nanomaterial as well as biomaterials.
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An Innovative Approach to Enhancing the Sustainable Development of Japanese Automobile Suppliers
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Chia-Nan Wang
2016-04-01
Full Text Available The Japanese automobile industry has been hit sharply by the economic downturn of recent decades. The rise in costs and decline in sales have led to serious problems in the auto industry. In order to address these issues, most companies engage in downsizing and redesigning production operations. It is crucial to investigate the time wasted by replacing assembly boards occurring in manufacturing lines. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide an integrated approach, Teoriya Resheniya Izobreatatelskih Zadatch (TRIZ, to providing efficient solutions for the automobile industry. The first step of this methodology is to detail the technical problems using the Function and Attribute Analysis (FAA model. Secondly, a contradiction matrix and the inventive principle were applied to find the solutions. In this study, an auto part supplier named Sumi-Hanel located in Hanoi, Vietnam, was taken as a case study; the empirical results showed that waste time had been reduced to 67%, nearly 8400 square meters was saved, and a 20% cost reduction was achieved by reusing old frames. The research proves that the combination of TRIZ and lean manufacturing successfully increases production performance and reduces waste due to technological advancements.
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Using TRIZ to Improve the Procurement Process of Spare Parts in the Taiwan Navy
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Chia-Nan Wang
2017-10-01
Full Text Available Abstract: The Naval Maintenance and Repair Command Acquisition Management Unit (NMRC-AMU of the Taiwan Navy suffered from poor stock control of spare parts and inadequate modification of requested items and manufacturer/part codes during recent years. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate core categorization, coordination, and procurement (CCP problems, to formulate feasible solutions and then to improve the CCP performances of spare parts in NMRC-AMU. The Teoriya Resheniya Izobreatatelskih Zadatch (TRIZ method was applied to solve this issue. A problem hierarchy analysis (PHA was first used to identify the core problems. Then, the 40 principles were used to determine the ideal improvement solution and formulate a solution strategy that simultaneously simplified CCP processed and enhanced the correctness of procurement tasks, thereby elevating CCP efficiency, supporting the Taiwan Navy repair missions, and satisfying fleet maintenance and servicing demands. The results indicated that total 6925 requests for coordination and procurement were submitted. Of these requests, 4366 requests had been completed (with total 102 cases, and the CCP efficiency is 63.0%. After improvement by this study, a total of 4529 items were submitted and 3592 executed items were completed (with a total of 172 cases, and the CCP efficiency is 79.3%. The improvement percentage of the CCP efficiency and completed cases are 30.6% and 68.6%, respectively. The performances are good and the TRIZ could be applied for other military forces.
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Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Beck, R. N. [Argonne Cancer Research Hospital, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (United States)
1964-10-15
The principal goal of a general theory of scanning systems is the prediction and evaluation of the performance of hypothetical systems, optimally designed for specific scanning applications, e.g. brain-tumour detection. Such a theory should provide quantitative answers to such questions as ''How does a scanning system designed for I{sup 131} radiation compare with one designed for Hg{sup 203} in detecting brain tumours of a certain size, depth, etc.?'' This paper attempts to organize the various components of such a theory and to derive equations which relate the biological and physical parameters which must be considered. These include tumour size, depth, uptake ratio, collimator sensitivity, resolution, focal length, scan area, time, reliability, etc. Central to such a theory is a criterion or figure of merit which can be computed for any system and used for comparison of different systems. Figures of merit based on visual perception and information, theory are discussed and one based on statistics is adopted. This figure of merit is a function of detector sensitivity and resolution, which are treated in detail. Collimator response to point, plane, and volume distributions of radioactivity is discussed in detail. The total response [E{sub t} = E(l+P+S)] of a collimated detector viewing a large distributed source consists of three components produced by gamma-rays which enter the collimator (1) ''geometrically'' or properly (E), (2) by penetrating the collimator septa (EP), and (3) by scattering in the source or collimator (ES). Exact equations for these components are very complex for multi-channel collimators. Useful approximate expressions are derived for E, P, and S; the limitations of these expressions are discussed. Collimator resolution, as defined by some fraction of the width of the point-source response curve, is inadequate for predicting the response to a distributed source. An analogous situation exists in optics where ''it has been increasingly realized that the advantages of resolving power as a criterion of quality are largely illusory''. Borrowing from that field, the concept of ''sine wave response'' is introduced to define resolution of collimated scintillation detectors for d istributed sources. (author) [French] Le principal objet d'une theorie generale des systemes de scintigraphie est de predire et d'evaluer les performances de systemes hypothetiques concus a des fins bien determinees, par exemple pour la detectiondes tumeurs cerebrales. Une telle theorie devrait donner des responses quantitatives a des questions telles que la suivante: 'Pour la detection de tumeurs cerebrales d'une certaine dimension, profondeur, etc., faut-il utiliser un scintigraphe concu pour u'I ou pour {sup 203}Hg?' L'auteur cherche a coordonner les divers elements d'une telle theorie et a etablir des equations exprimant les rapports entre les parametres biologiques et physiques a considerer: dimension et profondeur de la tumeur, taux de fixation, sensibilite du collimateur, pouvoir de resolution, distance focale, surface du scintigramme, temps d'exploration, fiabilite, etc. L'element essentiel de cette theorie est un critere ou indice de qualite pouvant etre calcule pour n'importe quel systeme et utilise pour la comparaison de divers systemes. L'auteur discute des indices de qualite fondes sur la perception visuelle et la theorie de l'information et adopte un indice fonde sur la statistique. Cet indice est une fonction de la sensibilite et de la resolution du detecteur; l'une et l'autre sont etudiees de maniere detaillee. L'auteur analyse la reponse du collimateur pour des sources de radioactivite ponctuelles et pour des sources distribuees dans un plan ou dans l'espace. La reponse totale [E{sub t} = E(l+P+S)] d'un detecteur.collimate, dirige sur une source de grande surface, est la somme de trois composantes dues aux rayons gamma qui penetrent dans le collimateur: a)'geometriquement'ou de facon normale (E); b) a travers les parois du collimateur (EP); c) par dispersion dans la source ou l e collimateur (ES). Dans le cas des collimateurs a canaux multiples, les equations exactes pour ces composantes sont tres complexes. Des valeurs approchees, d'interet pratique, sont donnees pour E, P et S; l'auteur discute les conditions dans lesquelles on peut les utiliser. La resolution du collimateur, definie par une fraction de la largeur de la courbe de reponse pour une source ponctuelle, ne suffit pas pour prevoir la reponse pour une source en volume. Une situation analogue se presente en optique ou ' l'on comprend de mieux en mieux que les avantages du pouvoir de resolution comme critere de qualite sont en grande partie illusoires'. S'inspirant de cette consideration, l'auteur introduit le concept dela 'reponseauneondesinusoiedale' pour definir la resolution des detecteurs a scintillation collimates pour les sources non ponctuelles. (author) [Spanish] El principal objetivo de una teoria general de los sistemas de exploracion radioisotopica es predecir y evaluar el rendimiento de sistemas hipoteticos concebidos para fines bien determinados, por ejemplo, para la deteccion de tumores cerebrales. Dicha teori'a deberia dar respuestas cuantitativas a preguntas taies como la siguiente: 'Para la deteccion de tumores cerebrales de un cierto tamaño, profundidad, etc., es necesario utilizar un aparato de exploracion concebido para el {sup 131}I o para el {sup 203}Hg?'. El autor trata de coordinar los diversos elementos de uiia teoria de esa clase y de establecer ecuaciones que expresen las relaciones entre los parametras biologicos y fisicos que deben tenerse en cuenta: tamaflo y profundidad del tumor, indice de captacion, sensibilidad del colimador, poder de resolucion, distancia focal, superficie del centelleograma, tiempo de exploracion, exactitud de los resultados, etc. El elemento esencial de esta teoria es un criterio o indice de calidad que se pueda calculai para cualquier sistema y sirva para comparer entre si sistemas diversos. El autor discute indices de calidad basados en la percepcion Visual y en la teorfa de la informaeion, y adopta uno basado en la estadistica. Este indice es una function de la sensibilidad y del poder de resolucion del detector; los dos son estudiados detalladamente. El autor analiza la respuesta del colimador a fuentes radiactivas puntuales, planas y tridimensionales. La respuesta total [E{sub t} = E(l+P+S)] de un detector colimado dirigido sobre una fuente de gran extension es la suma de tres ccmponentes debidos a los rayos gamma que penetran en el colimador a) 'geometricamente' o de una manera normal (E); b) atravesando los tabiques del colimador (EP); c) por dispersion en la fuente o en el colimador (ES). Las ecuaciones exaetas de estos componentes son muy complejas para los colimadores multicanales. En la memoria se dan valores aproximados de interes practico para E, P y S, y se discuten las condiciones en que estos valores pueden utilizarse. El poder de resolucion del colimador, definido por una fraeeion de la anebura de la curva de respuesta a una fuente puntual, no basta para prever la respuesta a una fuente tridimensional externa. En optica se produce una situaeion aniloga y 'cadavezsehace mas patente que las ventajas del poder de resolucion como criterio de la calidad son en gran parte ilusorias'. Inspirandose en esta consideracion el autor introduce el concepto de la 'respuesta a una onda sinusoidal' para definir el poder de resolucion de los detectores de centelleo colimados para fuentes no puntuales. (author) [Russian] Glavnoj cel'ju obshhej teorii sistem skennirovanija javljaetsja predskazanie i ocenka harakteristiki gipotetiches- kih sistem, optimal'no prednaznachennyh dlja konkretnyh celej primenenija skennirovanija; naprimer dlja obnaruzhenija opuholej mozga. Takaja teorija dolzhna dat' kolichestvennye otvety na vopros: ''Kak sravnivat' sistemu skennirovanija, prednaznachennuju dlja joda-131 s sistemoj, prednaznachennoj dlja rtuti-203 pri obnaruzhenii opuholej mozga opredelennogo razmera, glubiny i t . d . ? V doklade delajutsja popytki sistematizacii razlichnyh komponentov takoj teorii i vyvedenija uravnenij dlja rassmatrivaemyh biologicheskih i fizicheskih parametrov. Oni vkljuchajut razmer opuholej, glubinu, kojefficient pogloshhenija, chuvstvitel'nost' kollima- tora, razreshajushhuju sposobnost', fokusnoe rasstojanie, ploshhad' skennirovanija, vremja, na- dezhnost' it. d. Osnovoj takoj teorii javljaetsja kriterij ili cifrovye parametry, kotorye mogut byt' vychisleny dlja ljuboj sistemy i ispol'zovany dlja sravnenija razlichnyh sistem. Ob- suzhdajutsja cifrovye parametry, osnovannye na vizual'nom vosprijatii i teorii informa- cii i prinimaetsja odin iz nih, imejushhij statisticheskuju osnovu. Jeti cifrovye parametry javljajutsja funkciej chuvstvitel'nosti detektora i e g o razreshajushhej sposobnosti, kotorye podrobno rassmatrivajutsja. Podrobno obsuzhdaetsja harakteristika kollimatora otnositel'no mesta, urovnja i ob{sup -} ema raspredelenija radioaktivnosti. Obshhaja harakteristika [E{sub t} = E ( + P + S)] detektora, snabzhennogo kollimatorom, napravlennogo na krupnyj raspredelennyj istochnik, sostoit iz treh komponentov, proizvodimyh gamma-luchami, kotorye popadajut v kollimator 1) ''geo- metricheski'' ili pravil'no (E), 2) putem proniknovenija cherez peregorodki kollimatora (ER), i putem rassejanija v istochnike ili kollimatore (ES). Tochnye uravnenija dlja jetih kompo- nentov javljajutsja ochen' slozhnymi dlja mnogokanal'nyh kollimatorov. Vyvedeny poleznye priblizitel'nye vyrazhenija dlja E, R i S; obsuzhdaetsja ogranichennost' primenenija jetih vyrazhenij. Razreshajushhaja sposobnost' kollimatora, opredeljaemaja nekotoroj frakciej shiroty krivoj chuvstvitel'nosti k tochechnomu istochniku, ne adekvatna dlja predskazanija chuvstvi- tel'nosti k raspredelennomu istochniku. 'Analogichnoe polozhenie sushhestvuet v optike, gde ''vse chashhe priznaetsja, chto preimushhestva razreshajushhej moshhnosti kak kriterija kachestva jav- ljajutsja v znachitel'noj stepeni illjuzornymi'' . Po analogii vvoditsja koncepcija ''sinusoidnaja volnovaja harakteristika'' dlja opredelenija razreshajushhej sposobnosti scintilljacionnyh de- tektorov, snabzhennyh kollimatorom, v otnoshenii raspredelennyh istochnikov. (author)
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Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Cassen, B. [Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States)
1964-10-15
In a published paper, the author has presented a simplified basic theory of the quantitative performance characteristics of radioisotope imaging and scanning systems. A ''figure of merit'' is derived, depending partly on the instrument characteristics and partly on the methodology utilized. The factors involved in the figure of merit are: the count-rate sensitivity of the detector per unit solid angle, subtended from a resolution element, the solid angle subtended from a resolution element, the number of resolution elements viewed simultaneously, the number of resolution elements in the total field scanned or imaged, the dose concentration, the total time taken to produce an image or scan and the background count-rate. In the present presentation the basic theory is further refined and discussed to take into account factors such as ''depth-of-focus'' resolution, variable speed or variable dwell scanning, possibilities of variable or automatically variable resolution, relative resolvability of ''cold'' and ''hot'' nodules, field size and use of special radioisotopes and types of detectors. Also, a discussion is presented on the handling and processing of data arising from scanning and imaging techniques. The relative merits of background eliminators and contrast enhancement procedures such as photoscanning and colour scanning are analysed. The advantages and possible disadvantages of tape recording original data and the repeated playback through contrast and background processing circuits is discussed. Some experimentally determined figure-of-merit data are presented on a widely used commercialscanner and on some new developments, especially a new high quantum utilization scanner, which is briefly described in the above-mentioned article and has since undergone further development, improvement and testing. (author) [French] Dans une publication, l'auteur a expose une theorie fondamentale simplifiee des caracteristiques quantitatives de rendement des divers systemes de scintigraphic (a balayage ou fixes) au moyen des radioisotopes. Il en a deduit un 'indice de qualite' qui varie selon les caracteristiques de l'appareillage et selon la methodologie utilisee. Les facteurs intervenant dans l'indice de qualite sont notamment: l'angle solide unitaire sous-tendu par un element de resolution, la sensibilite du detecteur pour cet angle solide unitaire, le nombre d'elements de resolution 'vus' simultanement, le nombre d'elements de resolution dans l'ensemble du champ balaye ou autrement explore, la concentration du radioisotope, le temps total necessaire pour produire un scintigramme, ainsi que l'intensite du bruit de fond. Dans la presentation actuelle, la theorie fondamentale a ete encore perfectionnee et tient compte d'autres facteurs: resolution en fonction de la 'profondeur focale', vitesse de balayage ou temps d'exposition, possibilites des resolution variable ou automatiquement variable, resolubilite relative des nodules ' froids ' et ' chauds', dimension du champ, et utilisation de radioisotopes et de types de detecteurs speciaux. Ensuite, l'auteur fait un expose sur le depouillement et le traitement des donnees obtenues par lesdiverses techniques de scintigraphic. U analyse les avantages relatifs des eliminateurs de bruits de fond et des methodes d'accentuation du contraste, telles que la photoscintigraphie et la scintigraphie polychrome. Il examine les avantages qu'il y a, les inconvenients qu'il pourrait y avoir a enregistrer sur bandes des donnees originales et a faire repasser a volonte les bandes dans les circuits d'accentuation du contraste et d'elimination du bruit de fond. L'auteur donne des valeurs de l'indice de qualite determinees experimentalement pour un appareil d'exploration tres courant vendu dans le commerce, et pour quelques appareils nouveaux, notammente un appareil tres perfectionne, qui a ete brievement decrit dans l'article mentionne au debut du resume et qui a fait depuis lots l'objet de nouvelles mises au point et ameliorations et d'essais. (author) [Spanish] En un articulo ya publicado el autor expuso una teoria fundamental simplificada de las caracteristicas cuantitativas de funcionamiento de diversos sistemas de exploracion y obtencion de imagenes radioisotopicas. De ella hadeducidoun 'indice de calidad' que varia segun las caracteristicas del instrumente y segun el metodo empleado. Los factores que intervienen en dicho indice de calidad son: la sensibilidad del detector para el angulo solido subtendido por un elemento de resolucion, el numero de elementos de resolucion 'vistos' simultaneamente, el numero de elementos de resolucion en el conjunto del campo que se explora o cuya imagen se obtiene, la concentracion del radioisotopo, el tiempo total necesario para obtener una imagen y la intensidad de la actividad de fondo. En la actual presentacion, la teoria fundamental ha sido perfeccionada teniendo encuentaotros factores:el poder de resolucion en funcion de la 'profundidad focal', la velocidad de la exploracion o el tiempo de exposicion, las posibilidades de un poder de resolucion modificable o automa'ticamente variable, la resolubilidad relativa, losnodulos 'frios' y 'calientes', ladimension del campo y el empleo de radioisotopos y de tipos de detectores especiales. A continuacion, el autor expone la manera de tratar les datos obtenidos con las diferentes tecnicas de centelleografia. Analiza las ventajas relativas de los eliminadores de la actividad de fondo y de los metodos de aumentar el contraste, taies como la fotoexploracion, y la centelleograffa policroma. Examina las ventajas y los inconvenientes de registrar en cinta los datos originales y de hacer pasar dicha cinta pot circuitos electronicos que aumenten el contraste o eliminen el fondo. El autor da algunos valores del indice de calidad determinadoe experimentalmente par un aparato comercial de exploracion y para algunos aparatos nuevos, especialmente para uno muy perfeccionadobrevemente descrito en el articulo que se meenciona al principio de este resumen y que, desde entonces, ha sido objeto de nuevos ensayos y perfeccionamientos. (author) [Russian] Daetsja uproshennaja osnovnaja teorija kolichestvennogo opredelenija harakteristik radioizotopnyh sistem izobrazhenija i skennirovanija. Vyvoditsja {sup c}ifrovoj pokazatel'{sup ,} chastichno zavisjashhij ot harakteristik pribora i chastichno ot ispol'zuemoj metodologii. Faktorami, vlijajushhimi na cifrovoj pokazatel', javljajutsja: chuvstvitel'nost' detektora k skorosti scheta na edinicu prostranstvennogo ugla, protivolezhashhego razreshajushhemu jele- mentu, prostranstvennyj ugol, protivolezhashhij razreshajushhemu jelementu, kolichestvo razreshajushhih jelementov, nabljudaemyh odnovremenno, kolichestvo jelementov razlozhenija vo vsem pole skennirovanija ili nabljudenija, koncentracija dozy, obshhee vremja, zatrachennoe na poluchenie izobrazhenija ili skennogrammy i skorost' scheta fona. V nastojashhem predstavlenii osnovnaja teorija sovershenstvuetsja i obsuzhdaetsja s tem, chtoby uchityvat' takie faktory, kak ''glubina fokusa'' razlozhenija, peremennaja skorost' ili peremennoe skennirovanie.vozmozhnosti peremennogo ili avtomaticheski izmenjajushhe- gosja razreshenija, sravnitel'naja razreshajushhaja sposobnost', ''holodnyh'' i ''gorjachih'' uzlov, razmer polja i ispol'zovanie special'nyh radioizotopov i vidov detektorov. Daetsja takzhe obsuzhdenie voprosov obrabotki dannyh, poluchaemyh metodami skenni- rovanija i proekcii. Analiziruetsja otnositel'naja osobennost' jeliminatorov fona i procedur kontrastnogo usilenija takih kak fotoskennirovanie i cvetnoe skennirovanie. Obsuzhdajutsja preimushhestva i vozmozhnye nedostatki zapisi na plenku original'nyh dannyh i povtornoe vosproizvedenie s pomoshh'ju kontrastnyh i fonovyh obrabatyvajushhih konturov. Dajutsja nekotorye jeksperimental'nye cifrovye dannye dlja shiroko ispol'zuemogo kom- mercheskogo skennera, a takzhe nekotorye novye dannye kasajushhiesja novogo skennera, ispol'- zujushhego kvanty vysokoj jenergii, kotoryj vkratce opisyvaetsja v vysheupomjanutoj stat'e, i s togo vremeni byl usovershenstvovan i proshel ispytanija. (author)
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Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Gilles-Maurice de Schryver
2011-10-01
mohlalago laetša seo se bitšwago 'tokelo ya mantšu ka lenaneo' (paradigmatic lemmatisation ya mantšu alegoro leo le tswaletšwego ka go maleme a Afrika. Tlhokego ya nyakišišo ya mohuta wo e tla kamorago ga therišano ya ditaetšo tša gonabjale le tšeo di sego gona ka go tlhamopukuntšu ya teoriya maleme a Afrika. Ditaba tše di hlalošwa ka go dikarolo 1 le 2. Tlhalošo ya teori ya lešalašupilebaka go Sesotho sa Leboa e fiwa ka go karolo 3, mola karolo 4 e hlahloba tokelo le tlhalošo yalešalašupi-leba ka go dipukuntšu tše nne tšeo di lego gona mo polelong ye. Dipoelo tša dikarolo 3le 4 di šomišwa karolong ya 5, yeo e sekasekago mathata le dikgonego tša tokelotlhalošo yalešalašupi-leba ka go dipukuntšu tša polelopedi le tša polelotee. Dikarolo tše pedi tšeo di latelagodi tšwela pele ka tekolo tirišong ya dikakanyetšo tša tšhomišo ya lešalašupi-leba ka go PyaSsaL, elego Pukuntšutlhaloši ya Sesotho sa Leboa. Karolo 6 e lebane le taodišwana ya pampiri mola karolo 7 elebane le taodišwana ya Inthanete. Ka go dira bjalo, pukuntšu ya mathomothomo ya polelotee yamaleme a Afrika e tsebagatšwa mo Inthaneteng. Mafelelong karolo 8 e fa kakaretšo ka bokopana.
Mantšu a bohlokwa: TLHAMOPUKUNTŠU, TOKELO YA MANTŠU KA LENANEO,MALEME A AFRIKA, SESOTHO SA LEBOA, LEŠALAŠUPI-LEBA, TŠHUPANO, KHOPHASE,PUKUNTŠU YA POLELOTEE, PUKUNTŠU YA POLELOPEDI, PUKUNTŠU YA PAMPIRI, KAGO INTHANETE, INTHANETE, PUKUNTŠUTLHALOŠI YA SESOTHO SA LEBOA (PYASSAL,SIMULTANEOUS FEEDBACK (SF
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Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Kokkedee, J J.J. [Institute for Theoretical Physics of the University of Utrecht (Netherlands)
1963-01-15
As predicted by harmonic theory the coherent inelastic spectrums of neutrons, scattered by a single, non-conducting crystal, for a particular angle of scattering consists of a number of delta-function peaks superposed on a continuous background. The peaks correspond to one-phonon processes in which one phonon is absorbed or emitted by the neutron; the background arises from multi-phonon processes. When anharmonic forces (phonon-phonon interactions) are present, the delta-function peaks are broadened into finite peaks, while their central frequencies are shifted with respect to the harmonic values. In the case of a metal there is in addition to phonon-phonon interactions an interaction between phonons and conduction electrons, which also gives a contribution to the displacement and broadening oftheone-phononpeaks. Continuing earlier work of Van Hove (sho considered the relatively simple case of a non-conductin crystal in its ground state (T = 0{sup o}K) ), we have studied the shifts and widths of the scattering peaks as a 'result of the above-mentioned interactions by means of many particle perturbation theory, making extensive use of diagram techniques. Prerequisite to the entire discussion is the assumption that, independent of the strength of the interactions, the width of each peak is small compared to the value of the frequency at its centre; only then the peaks can be considered as being well defined with respect to the background to higher order in the interactions. This condition is expected to be fulfilled for temperatures which are not too high and values of the phonon wave vector which are not too large. Our procedure yields closed formulae for the partial scattering function describing the peaks, which can be evaluated to arbitrarily high accuracy. In particular an expansion for calculating the line shift and line width in powers of u/d and in terms of simple connected diagrams is obtained (u is an average atomic or ionic displacement, d is the smallest interatomic or interionic distance in the crystal). Approximate calculations are performed to give some insight into the orders of magnitude of the effects under study. (author) [French] Comme le predit la theorie harmonique, le spectre de la diffusion inelastique coherente de neutrons par un monocristal non conducteur, pour un angle de diffusion donne, se compose d'une serie de pics de fonction delta, qui se superposent a un bruit de fond continu. Les pics correspondent a des phenomenes a un phonon, dans lesquels un phonon est absorbe ou emis par le neutron; le bruit de fond provient de phenomenes a plusieurs phonons. Lorsqu'il existe des forces anharmoniques (interaction phonon-phonon) les pics de fonction delta s'elargissent pour former des pics finis et leur frequence centrale est dephasee par rapport aux valeurs harmoniques. Dans le cas d'un metal il y a, en plus des interactions phonon-phonon, une interaction entre les phonons et les electrons de conduction, laquelle contribue a dephaser et elargir encore davantage les pics a un phonon. Continuant les travaux de Van Hove (qui avait considere le cas relativement simple d'un cristal non conducteur a l'etat fondamental, soit T = 0{sup o}K) l'auteut a etudie les deplacements et les largeurs des pics de diffusion resultant des interactions indiquees plus haut, a l'aide de la theorie de la perturbation a plusieurs particules, en ayant largement recours a la methode des diagrammes. Il admet, avant tout examen du probleme, que quelle que soit la force des interactions, la largeur de chaque pic est petite par rapport a la valeur de la frequence en son centres dans ces conditions seulement, on peut considerer que les pics sont bien definis par rapport au bruit de fond, si les calculs d'interaction sont pousses jusqu'aux ordres superieurs. On estime que cette hipothbse est realisee tant que les temperatures ne sont pas trop elevees et que les valeurs du vecteur d'onde des phonons ne sont pas trop considerables. La methode appliquee par l'auteur lui permet d'obtenir des formules fermees pour la fonction de diffusion partielle decrivant les pics, qui peuvent etre calculees avec une approximation aussi pousee qu'on le desire. L'auteur a obtenu notamment une expression qui permet de calculer le dephasage et la largeur des raies en puissances de u/d et en fonction de diagrammes connectes simples (u etant le deplacement atomique ou ionique moyen et d la plus petite distance interatomique ou interionique dans le cristal). Des calculs approches donnent une idee de l'ordre de grandeur des effets etudies. (author) [Spanish] Como permite predecir la teoria armonica, el espectro de neutrones dispersados coherente e inelasticamente por un monocristal no conductor consiste, para un angulo de dispersion determinado, en una serie de picos de function delta supetpuestos a un fondo continuo. Los picos corresponden a procesos en que el neutron absorbe o emite un solo fonon; el fondo se debe a procesos de varios fonones. Cuando intervienen fuerzas anarmonicas (interacciones fonon-fonon), los picos de funcion delta se ensanchan, convirtiendose en picos finitos y sus frecuencias centrales se desplazan respecto de los valores armonicos. En el caso de los metales, ademas de las interacciones fonon-fonon existe interaccion entre los fonones y los electrones de conduccion, lo que tambien contribuye al desplazamiento y ensanchamiento de los picos correspondientes a los procesos de un solo fonon. Prosiguiendo trabajos anteriores de Van Hove (quien investigo el caso relativamente sencillo de un cristal no conductor en el estado fundamental (T = 0{sup o}K) ), el autor ha estudiado el desplazamiento y la amplitud de los picos de dispersion resultantes de las mencionadas interacciones aplicando la teoria de las perturbaciones originadas por partfbulas multiples y utilizando ampliamente tecnicas de diagramas. Un requisito indispensable para dicho estudio es la hipotesis de que, sea cual fuere la intensidad de las interacciones, la amplitud de cada pico es pequena en comparacion con el valor de la frecuencia en el centro: solo en tal caso puede considerarse que los picos estan bien definidos respecto del fondo correspondiente a las interacciones de oiden mas elevado. Cabe esperar que esta condicion se cumpla para temperaturas no demasiado elevadas y valores de vector de onda fononico no excesivamente grandes. El procedimiento del autor permite obtener formulas cerradas de la funcion de dispersion parcial que describe los picos; estos pueden evaluarse con el grado de precision que se desee. En particular, se obtiene un desarrollo para calcular en potencias de u/d y en funcion de diagramas simples conectados el desplazamiento y la anchura de las rayas (u es el desplazamiento atomico o ionico medio y d es la distancia minima interatomica en el cristal). El autor efectua calculos aproximados para dar una idea del orden de magnitud de los efectos estudiados. (author)
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Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Haefele, W. [Kernforschungszentrum, Karlsruhe (Germany)
1962-03-15
thermique. Le probleme est etudie avec un groupe de neutrons retardes (au sens habituel). Un formalisme exprime le temps de vie effectif et le coefficient de temperature aux differents stades de la saute de puissance. L'auteur indique les sautes de puissance pour differentes valeurs de {alpha}{sub 0} jusqu'a ce que soit atteinte la limite de la cinetique du reacteur a neutrons rapides. (author) [Spanish] La teoria de los sistemas acoplados fue ampliamente desarrollada por Avery y sus colaboradores en el Argonne National Laboratory. Una de las caracteristicas mas interesantes de los sistemas acoplados es la prolongacion de la vida efectiva de los neutrones. La componente termica actua como una especie de retardador neutronico. Como en la teoria de los neutrones retardados, el efecto retardador desaparece cuando la reactividad adquiere un valor suficientemente elevado para que la componente rapida alcance la criticidad independientemente . El autor examina un reactor con acoplamiento en el que la componente rapida sufre un salto instantaneo de reactividad {alpha}{sub 0}. La temperatura aumenta como consecuencia del incremento del nivel de potencia y comienzan a actuar dos coeficiente termicos: el que corresponde a la componente rapida y el coeficiente de temperatura de la componente termica. El problema se estudia en relacion con un grupo de neutrones retardados (en el sentido corriente del termino). El autor presenta una serie de formulas que expresan la vida efectiva de los neutrones y el coeficiente de temperatura en las diferentes etapas del salto de reactividad. El autor indica esos saltos para distintos valores de {alpha}{sub 0}, basta alcanzar el limite correspondiente a la cinetica de los reactores de neutrones rapidos. (author) [Russian] Teoriya dvoyakikh sistem byla podrobno razrabotana R. Ehjveri i sotrudnikami v Argonskoj natsional'noj laboratorii. Odnim iz osnovnykh interesnykh momentov v sparennoj sisteme yavlyaetsya bol'shij ehffektivnyj srok zhizni nejtronov
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Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Smith, H A; Carter, Jr, E H [University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)
1962-01-15
gas portador, la columna de silice permitio obtener una separacion satisfactoria, pero no fue posible eluir los isotopos con ayuda de helio. Las columnas de oxido de aluminio recubierto de oxido de cromo o de oxido ferrico, parcialmente desactivado, dieron buenos resultados cuando se empleo helio o neon como gas portador, pero la mejor separacion se obtuvo mediante alumina activada sin recubrimiento. Para determinar cuantitativamente el tritio y el hidruro de tritio, es preciso calibrar el dispositivo con mezclas de helio y tritio de actividad conocida y, ademas, con mezclas de hidrogeno y tritio en equilibrio, de actividad tambien conocida. (author) [Russian] V nastoyashchee vremya, kogda uzhe dostignuty znachitel'nye uspekhi v razdelenii vodoroda, dejteriya i vodorodnogo dejterida pri pomoshchi gazovoj khromatografii, provoditsya analogichnoe izuchenie smesi vodoroda, tritiya i gidrida tritiya. Poskol'ku tritij primenyaetsya v kachestve indikatora v nichtozhno malykh kolichestvakh, ispol'zovanie obychnogo katatermometra dlya ego obnaruzheniya ne predstavlyaetsya vozmozhnym. Vykhod iz ehtogo zatrudneniya byl najden pri pomoshchi togo, chto neposredstvenno za katatermometrom ustanavlivaets ya vibratsionnyj ehlektrometr, snabzhennyj otvodom utechki vysokogo soprotivleniya, chto pozvolyaet nepreryvno sledit' pri pomoshchi sinkhronizovannykh zapisyvayushchikh mekhanizmov za aktivnost'yu tritiya i gidrida tritiya pri vykhode ikh khz kolonny. Razdelenie takikh smesej proveryalos' na kolonnakh, zapolnennykh palladiem na kremnezeme, kremnezemom, glinozemom i glinozemom, pokrytym okis'yu khroma ili okis'yu zheleza. Na kolonne, zapolnennoj palladiem na kremnezeme, ne bylo dostignuto ehffektivnogo razdeleniya. KHoroshee razdelenie bylo dostignuto na prostoj kremnezemnoj kolonne, kogda vodorod ispol'zovals ya v kachestve gaza-nositelya, no gelij ne smog ehlyuirovat' izotopy. Udovletvoritel'nye rezul'taty byli polucheny na kolonne, zapolnennoj pokrytym i chastichno
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Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Klehr, E H; Voigt, A F [Institute for Atomic Research and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (United States)
1962-03-15
-Myullera ili zhidkikh rassloenij stsintillyatsionnym schetchikom tipa kolodtsa. Vse rastvorimosti byli poryadka (4,6 do 16) x 10{sup -6} gramm-atomov/l. Temperaturnaya zavisimost' rastvorimosti dlya n-dekana, toluola i khlorbenzola opredelyalas' poryadkom ot 0 do 45{sup o}C. Dlya sravneniya k ehtim sistemam primenyalas' teoriya rastvorimosti KHil'debranda-Skotta. Dlya uglevodorodov alifaticheskogo ryada predskazannye teoriej rastvorimosti sostavlyayut 35% tekh, kotorye udalos' nablyudat', no dlya drugikh rastvoritelej predskazannye velichiny yavlyayutsya v 4 - 18 raz bol'she tekh, kotorye prishlos' nablyudat'. Izmenenie teorii daet luchshee soglasovanie dlya odnikh rastvoritelej i khudshee dlya drugikh. Krivye log C (rastvorimost') protiv 1/T byli pryamymi liniyami s naklonami, kotorye skhodny s naklonami teorii KHil'debranda-Skotta, no so smeshcheniem ot ehtikh krivykh. Naklony krivykh ispol'zovalis' dlya vychisleniya tepla i ehntropii rastvora, a ehntropii takzhe vychislyalis' iz krivykh log C protiv log T. Dve serii znachenij ehntropii soglasovyvalis' drug s drugom, a takzhe nakhodilis' v predelakh ot odnogo do chetyrekh edinits ehntropii nailuchshego smesheniya ehntropii. (author)
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Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Bulashevich, Yu P; Voskobojnikov, G M; Muzyukin, L V
1962-01-15
, intensivnost' kotoroj rezko oslablyaetsya s uvelicheniem srednego atomnogo nomera ehlementov sredy. EHtim metodom uspeshno vydelyayutsya rudnye zony s tyazhelymi ehlementami (svinets, vol'fram, rtut' i dr.). CHuvstvitel'nost' metoda poryadka 0,01 % SGGK uspeshno primenyaetsya na zhelezorudnykh (sideritovykh) mestorozhde- niyakh. Anomal'no bol'shoe sechenie zakhvata teplovykh nejtronov borom pozvolyaet vydelyat' v razreze skvazhin boronosnye zony metodami NGK i NNK. Meshayushchee vliyanie vody isklyuchaetsya inversionnymi zondami. EHti nejtronnye metody, a takzhe nejtronno-aktivatsionnyj karotazh nashli primenenie takzhe na mestorozhdeniyakh medi, margantsa, alyuminiya i nekotorykh drugikh. Nepreryvnyj aktivatsionnyj karotazh tselesoobrazen pri podkhodyashchem periode poluraspada voznikayushchego radioaktivnogo izotopa. Pri ehtom teoriya pozvolyaet ustanovit' optimal'nye usloviya karotazha (skorost', dlina zonda i t.d.). Registratsiya nejtronov pri foto-nejtronnom karotazhe pozvolyaet vydelyat' zony, obogashchennye berilliem, i otsenivat' soderzhaniya ehtogo ehlementa, nachinaya s 0,001%. Opyt podtverzhdaet ehffektivnost' i ehkonomicheskuyu tselesoobraznost' primeneniya metodov yadernoj geofiziki pri razvedke rudnykh i ugol'nykh mestorozhdenij. (author)
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Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Schmidt, F H; Gerhart, J B; Hopkins, J C; Bichsel, H; Stroth, J [University of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States)
1962-01-15
, rabotayushchikh s bystrym sovpadeniem. Dlya oboikh metodov ozhidaemaya dissimetrichnost' neznachitel'na, i trebuyutsya dlitel'nye promezhutki vremeni podscheta. Rezul'taty pokazyvayut, chto pozitrony O{sup 14} v 1 mehv polyariziruyutsya v napravlenii chasovoj strelki. Metod annigilyatsii daet znacheniya (0,73-0,17) v/c; metod rasseivaniya Baba daet (0,97-0,19) v/c. Prostejshaya teoriya predusmatrivaet 1,00 v/c. Nuzhno dumat', chto metod rasseivaniya Baba bolee nadezhen, glavnym obrazom potomu, chto sootnoshenie mezhdu assimetrichnost'yu i polyarizatsiej bolee legko poddaetsya raschetu. (author)