international development rules: Topics by WorldWideScience.org

Sample records for international development rules

Drivers of Changes in Product Development Rules

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Christiansen, John K.; Varnes, Claus J.

2015-01-01

regimes. However, the analysis here indicates that there are different drivers, both internal and external, that cause companies to adopt new rules or modify their existing ones, such as changes in organizational structures, organizational conflicts, and changes in ownership or strategy. In addition......Purpose: - The purpose of this research is to investigate the drivers that induce companies to change their rules for managing product development. Most companies use a form of rule-based management approach, but surprisingly little is known about what makes companies change these rules...... 10 years based on three rounds of interviews with 40 managers. Findings: - Previous research has assumed that the dynamics of product development rules are based on internal learning processes, and that increasingly competent management will stimulate the implementation of newer and more complex rule...
Rules-of-trade for international nuclear commerce

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Harris, W.R.

1978-07-01

The rules-of-trade are those treaties, laws, executive agreements, and implementing regulations that apply to international transfers of nuclear materials, equipment, technology, or skilled personnel. The rules-of-trade are a key element in assuring the international commerce that facilitates deployment of nuclear energy will not also facilitate the manufacture of nuclear explosive devices. But the rules must be pertinent, enforceable, and understandable. The two principal problems of current rules-of-trade concern their enforceability and their flexibility; these are discussed at some length. The following additional concerns are described briefly: fast breeder reactors, spent fuel management, nonconforming parties, eligibility for international financing, fair competition and equity, and pre-existing facilities
International Harmonization of the Patent-awarding Rules

OpenAIRE

Kaz Miyagiwa

2009-01-01

While the rest of the world issues patents to those who file applications first the U.S. do so to those who can demonstrate to have made inventions first. The U.S. has recently been under pressure to conform to the international rule. In this paper I examine the effect of international harmonization of the patent-awarding rules. In a dynamic two-country model of R&D competition for sequential inventions, I find that harmonization to the first-to-file rule can undermine innovation. This result...
The Effect of International Trade on Rule of Law

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Junsok Yang

2013-03-01

Full Text Available In this paper, we look at the relationship between international trade and the rule of law, using the World Justice Project Rule of Law Index, which include index figures on human rights, limits on government powers, transparency and regulatory efficiency. Based on regression analyses using the rule of law index figures and international trade figures (merchandise trade, service trade, exports and importsIn this paper, we look at the relationship between international trade and the rule of law, using the World Justice Project Rule of Law Index, which include index figures on human rights, limits on government powers, transparency and regulatory efficiency. Based on regression analyses using the rule of law index figures and international trade figures (merchandise trade, service trade, exports and imports as percentage of GDP, international trade and basic human rights seem to have little relationship; but trade has a close positive relationship with strong order and security. Somewhat surprisingly, regulatory transparency and effective implementation seems to have little or no effect on international trade and vice versa. International trade shows a clear positive relationship with the country’s criminal justice system, but the relationship with the civil justice system is not as clear as such. For regulatory implementation and civil justice, services trade positively affect these institutions, but these institutions in turn affect exports more strongly than services trade. Finally, the effect of trade on rule of law is stronger on a medium to long term (10-20 year time horizon.
Development of the International Trade in Terms of Incoterms 2010 Rules

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Lucia PALIU - POPA

2012-04-01

Full Text Available It is known that the world economy provides the entrepreneurs a wide range of functional integration in foreign trade systems, but these commercial transactions are subject to common rules established and uniformly applied throughout the world. In the context of the importance of time or place of the transfer of ownership from seller to buyer, in carrying out intra-Community and international trade, time that also influences the price of goods, as now and then there takes place the transfer and the acquisition of costs and of the risk that the delivery involves, in this paper we will analyse the new delivery terms used in foreign trade, regulated under the name of Incoterms 2010, after which analysis we will issue opinions on the benefits of the proper use of such rules.
International criminal justice: a pillar for the international rule of law

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Gonzalo Aguilar Cavallo

2012-12-01

Full Text Available The international criminal justice has experienced a rapid change over the past years. This circumstance has underscored the need for interaction and complementation between international and domestic law. Some authors consider that the international criminal justice, and the activities of its tribunals, jeopardize the legality of international law. Our vision is that international criminal justice is a central pillar of the rule of law, at the national and the international levels. Far from undermining the legality of international law, international criminal justice paves the way towards a true international public order.
SHORT OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION RULING IN ROMANIA FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE RULES OF NEWLY ESTABLISHED ARBITRATION FORUMS

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Beatrice Onica-Jarka

2016-11-01

Full Text Available In Romania there are several traditional or new arbitral Courtsthat are willing to provide their services to legal entities in an international context and in a competent and efficient semblance. Two of these, the Arbitration Court of the Romanian-German Chamber of Industry and Commerce and Bucharest International Arbitration Court, adopted their Rules relatively recent and eluded from practitionersreviews. Therefore, the present article will analyze the Rules of the mentioned arbitral Courts by comparison with the ICC Rules, LCIA Rules and HKIAC Rules, starting from the most valuable characteristics of international arbitration, as determined in the 2015 International Arbitration Survey, with the purpose of concluding if the new arbitral Courts of Romania are important competitors in the field and if their recommended arbitration agreement should be included in the commercial agreements.
Rules of international law applicable to transfrontier pollution. Draft

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anon.

1983-01-01

During the 1982 conference of the International Law Association (ILA) in Montreal the ILA discussed and adopted a draft of rules of international law applicable to transfrontier pollution. The draft presents criteria for the definition of transfrontier pollution and sets out rules for the prevention of such pollution and recommendations for a system of multilateral information, consultation, and co-operation in case of energy. (HP) [de
International Rules for Pre-College Science Research: Guidelines for Science and Engineering Fairs, 2010-2011

Science.gov (United States)

Society for Science & the Public, 2011

2011-01-01

This paper presents the rules and guidelines of the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair 2011 to be held in Los Angeles, California in May 8-13, 2011. In addition to providing the rules of competition, these rules and guidelines for conducting research were developed to facilitate the following: (1) protect the rights and welfare of…
The Development of Customary International Law by International Organizations

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Odermatt, Jed

2017-01-01

In his Fourth Report on the Identification of Customary International Law (2016), Special Rapporteur Michael Wood confirmed that ‘[i]n certain cases, the practice of international organizations also contributes to the expression, or creation, of rules of customary international law.......’ That the practice of international organizations can be relevant when identifying customary international law is relatively uncontroversial. The practice of states within international organizations such as the UN General Assembly, for example, may contribute to the development of custom. Yet, there is little...... discussion about whether and how the practice of international organizations as such may contribute to the development of customary international law. This contribution discusses the organization that is the most capable of contributing to the development of customary international law in its own right...
78 FR 8550 - Relocation of Regulations and Rulings, Office of International Trade

Science.gov (United States)

2013-02-06

... Rulings, Office of International Trade AGENCY: U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Department of Homeland... International Trade, of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is relocating its office from the U.S. Mint... correspondence directed to the Regulations and Rulings, Office of International Trade, including mailed comments...
Creation of Rules in National and International Business Law: A Non-National Analytical-Synthetic Comparative Method

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Henschel, Rene Franz

in changes and alternative expressions of the legal contents of the provision. If the provision is used as a model for preparing national as well as international rules but is changed more or less extensively, the question is whether these rules have to be interpreted and applied in the same way...... This article centres on the impact the CISG Convention has had on the national and international development of law. It focuses on the rules in Art. 35 CISG, as the contents of the provision has gained wide recognition in a number of jurisdictions. However, this recognition has resulted...
Proposal to modify Rule 6, Rule 10a, and Rule 12c of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes.

Science.gov (United States)

Oren, Aharon; Garrity, George M; Schink, Bernhard

2014-04-01

According to the current versions of Rule 10a and Rule 12c of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes, names of a genus or subgenus and specific epithets may be taken from any source and may even be composed in an arbitrary manner. Based on these rules, names may be composed of any word or any combination of elements derived from any language with a Latin ending. We propose modifying these rules by adding the text, currently part of Recommendation 6, according to which words from languages other than Latin or Greek should be avoided as long as equivalents exist in Latin or Greek or can be constructed by combining word elements from these two languages. We also propose modification of Rule 6 by adopting some of the current paragraphs of Recommendation 6 to become part of the Rule.
Development and validation of a measure of display rule knowledge: the display rule assessment inventory.

Science.gov (United States)

Matsumoto, David; Yoo, Seung Hee; Hirayama, Satoko; Petrova, Galina

2005-03-01

As one component of emotion regulation, display rules, which reflect the regulation of expressive behavior, have been the topic of many studies. Despite their theoretical and empirical importance, however, to date there is no measure of display rules that assesses a full range of behavioral responses that are theoretically possible when emotion is elicited. This article reports the development of a new measure of display rules that surveys 5 expressive modes: expression, deamplification, amplification, qualification, and masking. Two studies provide evidence for its internal and temporal reliability and for its content, convergent, discriminant, external, and concurrent predictive validity. Additionally, Study 1, involving American, Russian, and Japanese participants, demonstrated predictable cultural differences on each of the expressive modes. Copyright 2005 APA, all rights reserved.
Establishment of ''Internal Rules'' and EDMS - Electronic Document Management System at NPP NEK

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mandic, D.

2012-01-01

The main purpose of this paper is to present NPP's plans regarding the on-going project that started in November 2011, and that is related to the establishment of ''Internal Rules'' and EDMS - Electronic Document Management System.The term ''Internal Rules'' has been directly translated from Slovenian language (''Notranja pravila'') and adopted from the translated version of appropriate Slovenian national codes (ZVDAGA [1] in Slovenian language or PDAAIA [2] in English version). ''Internal Rules on capture and storage of materials in digital form'' refer to the rules adopted by a person as his/her internal act with reference to storage of his/her material. The main purpose for the establishment of the Internal Rules is to be able to justify that Krsko NPP is organized in compliance with the national codes covering that subject and strictly performing according to those Internal Rules. Once a Slovenian company achieves recognized and registered status in accordance with the Internal Rules document that has been certified and approved by the ARS (Archives of the Republic Slovenia), such company can utilize e-documents in the same way as they would utilize physical documents. Furthermore, a Slovenian company with approved Internal Rules can use e-documents in any legal aspect associated with the document's life cycle and the document's content as they would use the physical document or an authorized and approved copy of the physical document. Related to the nuclear regulatory background, NEK operates in compliance with the Slovenian legislation and also the US codes, regulations and guidelines; therefore, regarding the NPP specific documents, the Internal Rules and EDMS must also be in compliance with them. Since early 1990's, NEK has implemented document/records management system oriented towards supporting storage and management of physical documents/records and controlling distribution of active document copies. Document/records management system was supported by
The INCOTERMS rules and their importance

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Anca LAZĂR

2011-06-01

Full Text Available The content INCOTERMS are a set of rules that determine the rights and obligations of the international sales contract, selecting a rule of interpretation of commercial terms INCOTERMS, progress is the result of negotiation between the parties and expresses the ratio of these economic forces. In relation to the obligations of the parties to an international sales contract are several different types of contracts covered by the clause. To define the main rules INCOTERMS was considered as a starting point delivery of goods, establishment of the seller and the buyer2, the rules concerning the obligations of each party that are grouped into ten items with identical titles for all the rules. Due to significant developments in international trade, for making available to retailers in the interpretation of the rules commonly used trade terms in international trade, the International Chamber of Commerce in Paris draw a set of delivery conditions for their interpretation in international sales, rules that were in international trade practice some habits, but who were not of equal significance to traders in different countries.
Rule of Law Dynamics in an Era of International and Transnational Governance

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Zürn, M.; Nollkaemper, A.; Peerenboom, R.

2011-01-01

The international and transnational nature of modern governance presents major challenges for the rule of law promotion agenda, at a time when the less than stellar results of traditional state-oriented rule of law promotion have led to increased doubts about the wisdom and feasibility of the
What will be the international rules for greenhouse gases emissions

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Godard, O.

1993-01-01

The formula of Marketable Permits set the problem for the basis of an international legitimacy. The economist discover again, concerning a market of very peculiar goods (and of a market to be created), the juridical and political bases of every exchange and hence of every economy. He then will call for jurists but also for historians because rules governing international relations are the product of an history
A framework for prospectively defining progression rules for internal pilot studies monitoring recruitment.

Science.gov (United States)

Hampson, Lisa V; Williamson, Paula R; Wilby, Martin J; Jaki, Thomas

2017-01-01

Just over half of publicly funded trials recruit their target sample size within the planned study duration. When recruitment targets are missed, the funder of a trial is faced with the decision of either committing further resources to the study or risk that a worthwhile treatment effect may be missed by an underpowered final analysis. To avoid this challenging situation, when there is insufficient prior evidence to support predicted recruitment rates, funders now require feasibility assessments to be performed in the early stages of trials. Progression criteria are usually specified and agreed with the funder ahead of time. To date, however, the progression rules used are typically ad hoc. In addition, rules routinely permit adaptations to recruitment strategies but do not stipulate criteria for evaluating their effectiveness. In this paper, we develop a framework for planning and designing internal pilot studies which permit a trial to be stopped early if recruitment is disappointing or to continue to full recruitment if enrolment during the feasibility phase is adequate. This framework enables a progression rule to be pre-specified and agreed upon prior to starting a trial. The novel two-stage designs stipulate that if neither of these situations arises, adaptations to recruitment should be made and subsequently evaluated to establish whether they have been successful. We derive optimal progression rules for internal pilot studies which minimise the expected trial overrun and maintain a high probability of completing the study when the recruitment rate is adequate. The advantages of this procedure are illustrated using a real trial example.
Decision making under internal uncertainty: the case of multiple-choice tests with different scoring rules.

Science.gov (United States)

Bereby-Meyer, Yoella; Meyer, Joachim; Budescu, David V

2003-02-01

This paper assesses framing effects on decision making with internal uncertainty, i.e., partial knowledge, by focusing on examinees' behavior in multiple-choice (MC) tests with different scoring rules. In two experiments participants answered a general-knowledge MC test that consisted of 34 solvable and 6 unsolvable items. Experiment 1 studied two scoring rules involving Positive (only gains) and Negative (only losses) scores. Although answering all items was the dominating strategy for both rules, the results revealed a greater tendency to answer under the Negative scoring rule. These results are in line with the predictions derived from Prospect Theory (PT) [Econometrica 47 (1979) 263]. The second experiment studied two scoring rules, which allowed respondents to exhibit partial knowledge. Under the Inclusion-scoring rule the respondents mark all answers that could be correct, and under the Exclusion-scoring rule they exclude all answers that might be incorrect. As predicted by PT, respondents took more risks under the Inclusion rule than under the Exclusion rule. The results illustrate that the basic process that underlies choice behavior under internal uncertainty and especially the effect of framing is similar to the process of choice under external uncertainty and can be described quite accurately by PT. Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science B.V.

76 FR 44491 - Group Health Plans and Health Insurance Issuers: Rules Relating to Internal Claims and Appeals...

Science.gov (United States)

2011-07-26

... 37208) entitled, ``Group Health Plans and Health Insurance Issuers: Rules Relating to Internal Claims..., ``Group Health Plans and Health Insurance Issuers: Rules Relating to Internal Claims and Appeals and... external review processes for group health plans and health insurance issuers offering coverage in the...
Rule-following as an Anticipatory Act: Interaction in Second Person and an Internal Measurement Model of Dialogue

Science.gov (United States)

Takahashi, Tatsuji; Gunji, Yukio-Pegio

2008-10-01

We pursue anticipation in second person or normative anticipation. As the first step, we make the three concepts second person, internal measurement and asynchroneity clearer by introducing the velocity of logic νl and the velocity of communication νc, in the context of social communication. After proving anticipatory nature of rule-following or language use in general via Kripke's "rule-following paradox," we present a mathematical model expressing the internality essential to second person, taking advantage of equivalences and differences in the formal language theory. As a consequence, we show some advantages of negatively considered concepts and arguments by concretizing them into an elementary and explicit formal model. The time development of the model shows a self-organizing property which never results if we adopt a third person stance.
The liability rules under international GHG emissions trading

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhong Xiang Zhang

2001-01-01

Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol authorizes emissions trading, but the rules governing emissions trading have been deferred to subsequent conferences. In designing and implementing an international greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trading scheme, assigning liability rules has been considered to be one of the most challenging issues. In general, a seller-beware liability works well in a strong enforcement environment. In the Kyoto Protocol, however, it may not always work. By contrast, a buyer-beware liability could be an effective deterrent to non-compliance, but the costs of imposing it are expected to be very high. To strike a middle ground, we suggest a combination of preventive measures with strong but feasible end-of-period punishments to ensure compliance with the Kyoto emissions commitments. Such measures aim to maximize efficiency gains from emissions trading and at the same time, to minimize over-selling risks. (author)
Are stricter investment rules contagious? Host country competition for foreign direct investment through international agreements

OpenAIRE

Neumayer, Eric; Nunnenkamp, Peter; Roy, Martin

2014-01-01

We argue that the trend toward international investment agreements (IIAs) with stricter investment rules is driven by competitive diffusion, namely defensive moves of developing countries concerned about foreign direct investment (FDI) diversion in favor of competing host countries. Accounting for spatial dependence in the formation of bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and preferential trade agreements (PTAs) that contain investment provisions, we find that the increase in agreements with ...
The new Rotterdam Rules: An overwiew on the main differences with the international regulations in force on carriage of goods by sea

OpenAIRE

Rimaboschi, Massimiliano

2009-01-01

This new instrument, that will enter into force once it has been ratified by at least twenty States, deals with the international carriage of goods and is closely connected with the international trade. International transport law is currently regulated by two main international Conventions, the Hague Rules and the Hamburg Rules. Many countries have adopted the Hague Rules as amended by two Protocols, respectively adopted in Brussels on 1968 (the Hague Visby Rules – 30 contracting States) and...
Rules of origin and development of regional production network in ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Simpler Rules of Origin (RoO) with product specific rules can act as a catalyst in trade even if tariff rates are not low. Sector specific restrictiveness across trade agreements are assessed, in view of potential growth of International production networks (IPN). RoO is shown to play a significant role in promoting IPN.
New developments in FeynRules

CERN Document Server

Alloul, Adam; Degrande, Céline; Duhr, Claude; Fuks, Benjamin

2014-01-01

The program FeynRules is a Mathematica package developed to facilitate the implementation of new physics theories into high-energy physics tools. Starting from a minimal set of information such as the model gauge symmetries, its particle content, parameters and Lagrangian, FeynRules provides all necessary routines to extract automatically from the Lagrangian (that can also be computed semi-automatically for supersymmetric theories) the associated Feynman rules. These can be further exported to several Monte Carlo event generators through dedicated interfaces, as well as translated into a Python library, under the so-called UFO model format, agnostic of the model complexity, especially in terms of Lorentz and/or color structures appearing in the vertices or of number of external legs. In this work, we briefly report on the most recent new features that have been added to FeynRules, including full support for spin-3/2 fermions, a new module allowing for the automated diagonalization of the particle spectrum and...
Mixed WTO ruling on generic drug development.

Science.gov (United States)

Elliott, R

2000-01-01

On 17 March 2000, the World Trade Organization upheld the provision in Canada's patent laws that allows generic drug manufacturers to develop (but not sell) their cheaper versions of patented medicines before the 20-year patients expire. The decision prevents pharmaceutical companies from enjoying market monopolies beyond their patent terms, avoiding what would otherwise be even lengthier delays in the sale of cheaper, generic drugs in Canada. This decision is of significance not only to Canada, but also to other WTO member countries and to all individuals who use pharmaceutical products. However, the decision is not all positive: the WTO also ruled that Canada is violating international agreements by letting generic manufacturers stockpile their versions of patented drugs before patents expire. This article explains the issues, the arguments, and the decision.
Development of inspection and evaluation guidelines for light water reactor internals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Aoki, T.; Yamashita, H.; Sakai, K.

2002-01-01

Full text: In Japan, before a nuclear power plant reaches its 30 years of operation, the Japanese utilities carry out a 'study on plant life management'. Reflecting the results of that study into the maintenance, the utilities make efforts to maintain and improve the safety and reliability of their nuclear power plants. In this study, all safety related components are evaluated from the viewpoint of aging degradation, assuming a long-term operation. If a crack should be found at components such as reactor internals, which is deemed important for safety and are difficult to repair or replace may provide a serious impact on the plant operation and management. Reactor internals, for instance, made of austenitic stainless steel and nickel base alloy, are not completely free from aging degradation including stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Therefore, it is concluded in the study on plant life management that they are required continuous planned inspections to confirm their integrity while continuing plant operation. If an aging degradation such as SCC should be found at the reactor internals, a great amount of labor and time may be required for root cause investigation and analysis and subsequent repairs because it is very difficult to reach to the degraded portion due to structural, dimensional and environmental restrictions. Therefore, such situations may provide serious impact on plant operation and management. As to the reactor internals and other components with similar characteristics, it is strongly recommended that contingency plan should be prepared in advance. Thus, considering the significance of aging degradation, it is necessary to develop some standard rules for the inspection and evaluation of reactor internals. Such rules should specify when, where and how to inspect. They should also specify the evaluation method in case such degradation as a crack is found, and the repair method and extent if repairs are required. These standard rules must be
The governance of international oil: the changing rules of the game

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mommer, Bernard

2000-01-01

This paper deals with upstream oil where it is conventionally assumed that the game is about rent capturing involving two parties: the governments owning the natural resource, and the international companies. There is, however, a third party to the game: the governments of consuming countries. The issues, therefore, are not only about rent; they also relate to prices. As a matter of fact, the game strategically is about prices, and only tactically about the capturing of rent. It is at the strategic level that the governance structure of oil has to be analysed. This structure defines the rules determining the oil price level in the long term, to which the tactical rules of rent capturing are subordinated. (Author)
Capitalist development and internal migration in Nigeria.

Science.gov (United States)

Akor, R I; Mou, D

1986-12-01

The authors analyze internal migration trends in Nigeria by examining individual household strategies and how they have adapted to structural changes brought about by colonial rule and capitalist development. The first section of this article describes the structural changes that started the process of labor migration. The second section deals with post-independence industrialization and the consequent rural-urban migration. The final section analyzes the consequences of these migration patterns for urban growth and rural productivity.
Hamburg rules V Hague Visby rules an English perspective

OpenAIRE

Tozaj Dorian; Xhelilaj Ermal

2010-01-01

It has often been argued for the effect of defences provided to carriers under Art IV (2) of Hague Visby Rules to almost nullify the protection guaranteed to shippers in other provisions of this convention. Therefore an all embracing universal shipper friendly convention, merely the Hamburg Rules, need be incorporated in all countries in order to address this issue and fully satisfy the intentions of the parties for the establishment of international rules in international trade
Development of Specific Rules for the Application of Life Cycle Assessment to Carbon Capture and Storage

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Michela Gallo

2013-03-01

Full Text Available Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS is a very innovative and promising solution for greenhouse gases (GHG reduction, i.e., capturing carbon dioxide (CO2 at its source and storing it indefinitely to avoid its release to the atmosphere. This paper investigates a set of key issues in the development of specific rules for the application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA to CCS. The following LCA-based information are addressed in this work: definition of service type, definition of functional unit, definition of system boundaries, choice of allocation rules, choice of selected Life Cycle Inventory (LCI results or other selected parameters for description of environmental performance. From a communication perspective, the specific rules defined in this study have been developed coherently with the requirements of a type III environment label scheme, the International EPD® System, according to the ISO 14025 standard.
Risk-based rules for crane safety systems

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ruud, Stian [Section for Control Systems, DNV Maritime, 1322 Hovik (Norway)], E-mail: Stian.Ruud@dnv.com; Mikkelsen, Age [Section for Lifting Appliances, DNV Maritime, 1322 Hovik (Norway)], E-mail: Age.Mikkelsen@dnv.com

2008-09-15

The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) has recommended a method called formal safety assessment (FSA) for future development of rules and regulations. The FSA method has been applied in a pilot research project for development of risk-based rules and functional requirements for systems and components for offshore crane systems. This paper reports some developments in the project. A method for estimating target reliability for the risk-control options (safety functions) by means of the cost/benefit decision criterion has been developed in the project and is presented in this paper. Finally, a structure for risk-based rules is proposed and presented.
Risk-based rules for crane safety systems

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ruud, Stian; Mikkelsen, Age

2008-01-01

The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) has recommended a method called formal safety assessment (FSA) for future development of rules and regulations. The FSA method has been applied in a pilot research project for development of risk-based rules and functional requirements for systems and components for offshore crane systems. This paper reports some developments in the project. A method for estimating target reliability for the risk-control options (safety functions) by means of the cost/benefit decision criterion has been developed in the project and is presented in this paper. Finally, a structure for risk-based rules is proposed and presented
75 FR 43329 - Interim Final Rules for Group Health Plans and Health Insurance Issuers Relating to Internal...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-23

... 45 CFR Part 147 Interim Final Rules for Group Health Plans and Health Insurance Issuers Relating to... Interim Final Rules for Group Health Plans and Health Insurance Issuers Relating to Internal Claims and... of Labor; Office of Consumer Information and Insurance Oversight, Department of Health and Human...
Government procurement, preferences and international trading rules : the South African case

OpenAIRE

DUBE, Memory; JOHANNES, Liezemarie; LEWIS, David

2015-01-01

This paper reviews the South African government procurement regime and asks whether adherence to international trading instruments and rules, and in particular the World Trade Organisation’s Government Procurement Agreement, would, and should, permit the maintenance of national policy criteria in the decision making matrix for procurement, whilst simultaneously enabling it to realise the efficiency gains of trade liberalisation. It also examines the likely impact, if any, that adherence to th...
Post Rule of Law

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Carlson, Kerstin Bree

2016-01-01

The value of developing hybrid international criminal procedure (ICP) is that it is arguably inclusive (representing two major legal traditions) and distinct from any domestic system, thus creating a separate, sui generis realm for international criminal law (ICL) jurists to meet. Since its...... addresses the practice of hybridity in ICP, drawing examples from the construction and evolution of hybrid procedure at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), to argue that the hybridity practiced by international criminal tribunals renders them ‘post rule of law’ institutions...
DEVELOP-FPS: a First Person Shooter Development Tool for Rule-based Scripts

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Bruno Correia

2012-09-01

Full Text Available We present DEVELOP-FPS, a software tool specially designed for the development of First Person Shooter (FPS players controlled by Rule Based Scripts. DEVELOP-FPS may be used by FPS developers to create, debug, maintain and compare rule base player behaviours, providing a set of useful functionalities: i for an easy preparation of the right scenarios for game debugging and testing; ii for controlling the game execution: users can stop and resume the game execution at any instant, monitoring and controlling every player in the game, monitoring the state of each player, their rule base activation, being able to issue commands to control their behaviour; and iii to automatically run a certain number of game executions and collect data in order to evaluate and compare the players performance along a sufficient number of similar experiments.
76 FR 64803 - Rules of Adjudication and Enforcement

Science.gov (United States)

2011-10-19

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION 19 CFR Part 210 [Docket No. MISC-032] Rules of Adjudication and Enforcement AGENCY: International Trade Commission ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: The United States International Trade Commission (``Commission'') amends its Rules of Practice and Procedure concerning rules of...

Rule Making and Rule Breaking: Game Development and the Governance of Emergent Behaviour

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jennifer R. Whitson

2010-07-01

Full Text Available Discussions of ‘control’ in games often center on players and their myriad attempts to push back upon the systems that seek to constrain them. The fact that players resist the constraints imposed upon them is not surprising, nor is it surprising that counterplay and control are such rich topics for game studies academics. In this article, I argue that players are invited by games to bend the rules. It is in the very nature of play to find the movement between the rules, and for many players the ‘fun’ in play is the inherent challenge of attempting to master, defeat, or remake games’ formal structures. These rationalities of play preclude blind obedience to the rules and have distinct implications for how games are governed. While there have been numerous studies of players who bend or break the rules (Consalvo, 2007; Foo and Koivisto, 2004; Dibbell, 1998; Kolko and Reid, 1998; Williams, 2006; Mnookin, 1997 and players who alter and re-make the rules in their role of co-producers (Sotamaa, 2009; Kücklich, 2005; Humphreys, 2005; Taylor, 2006b, there is little research on game development companies and their attempts to harness these rationalities of play and uphold the rules beyond the reflexive writings of game designers themselves (Curtis, 1992; Morningstar and Farmer, 1991; Koster, 2002.
Development of Rules and Strategies: Balancing the Old and the New.

Science.gov (United States)

Siegler, Robert S.; Chen, Zhe

2002-01-01

Considers how preceding articles by Jansen and van der Maas, and Halford et al., contribute to understanding of how rule use can be best assessed, how systematic rule use can be reconciled with variable rule use, when children begin to use rules, and how children generate new rules. Summarizes current understanding of development of knowledge…
The Development of International Law Through the Unauthorised Conduct of International Institutions

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Johan D van der Vyver

2015-12-01

Full Text Available The law, including international law, is subject to continuous change. It can be adapted to changing circumstances through formal amendments of or additions to existing norms and practices. It can also be changed through the conduct of international institutions that is not within their legally defined competencies, provided - it will be argued - that the unauthorised conduct (a is not expressly forbidden by existing rules of international law, and (b is accepted or condoned by a cross-section of the international community of states. The creation by the Security Council of the United Nations of ad hoc international criminal tribunals, for example, cannot even with a stretch of the imagination be justified on the basis of the powers of the Council stipulated in the UN Charter. However, their creation was applauded by the nations of the world as a feasible and practical way of responding to the atrocities of the early 1990's in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The creation of international criminal tribunals by the Security Council has thus come to be accepted as a new rule of international law. The same reasoning is applied to the newly acquired competence of NATO forces to intervene militarily on humanitarian grounds as exemplified by the NATO bombing campaign of 1999 in Serbia, while not one of the NATO countries was being attacked or under threat of an attack, and the competence of States to attack terrorist groups in a foreign country if the government of that country is either unwilling or unable to prevent the ongoing acts of terror violence.
Combating Corruption Based on International Rules

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

- Maskun

2014-08-01

Full Text Available Corruption is a universal problem that is taking place all over the world, either in developed countries or developing or under developing countries. It is caused by some issues such as poorly designed economic policies, low levels of education, underdeveloped civil society, and the weak accountability of public institution. Those causes of corruption can be separated in some different types of corruption. The types are bureaucratic corruption, political corruption, grand corruption, and common corruption. In terms of tackling some problems of corruption, there are so many things to do including international law commitment. Some international law commitment can be seen like OAS Convention, OECD’s anti-bribery Convention, the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, and the United Nation Convention against Corruption (UNCAC. Those laws must be analyzed not only in context of substantive of those laws but also how they are implemented in state practices.
Bullying, Empathic Concern, and Internalization of Rules among Preschool Children: The Role of Emotion Understanding

Science.gov (United States)

Camodeca, Marina; Coppola, Gabrielle

2016-01-01

The present study examined whether bullying, defending, and outsider behaviors in preschool children were associated with two conscience aspects (empathic concern and internalization of rules) and with emotion understanding. We also investigated whether emotion understanding moderated the relationship between these dimensions and bullying roles.…
Basic safety rule number no.2002-01

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2002-12-01

The purpose of this rule is to define acceptable methods for the development of probabilistic safety assessments(P.S.A.) and proven applications of P.S.A. for operating or future pressurized water reactors (PWR type reactors) of the French nuclear power programme, incorporating available French and international experience in this area. The standing group of experts for nuclear reactors has been consulted for the drafting of this rule. (N.C.)
Publications | Page 252 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Rules of origin and development of regional production network in Asia : case studies of selected industries (restricted access). Simpler Rules of Origin (RoO) with product specific rules can act as a catalyst in trade even if tariff rates are not low. Sector specific restrictiveness across trade agreements are assessed, in view of ...
Publications | Page 251 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Rules of origin and development of regional production network in Asia : case studies of selected industries (restricted access). Simpler Rules of Origin (RoO) with product specific rules can act as a catalyst in trade even if tariff rates are not low. Sector specific restrictiveness across trade agreements are assessed, in view of ...
The fight against corruption in international trade: challenges and prospects for WTO rules

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Luciana Dutra de Oliveira Silveira

2016-12-01

Full Text Available The economic globalization and market opening process initiated in the early 1990s generated several effects, among them, the growth of opportunities for the practice of corruption in the field of international trade. The present article addresses this debate aiming to discuss the challenges to improve multilateral anti-corruption rules and suggest possible mechanisms that allow a more engaged participation of the WTO in the anticorruption movement.
Documents issued by the french ministry of foreign affairs and international development

CERN Multimedia

2015-01-01

New provisions and reminder In the interests of simplifying administrative procedures and formalities, the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development (hereinafter referred to as “the MAE”) and CERN have decided that members of the CERN personnel domiciled in France, whether of French nationality or long-term residents1, will no longer be issued with an AR- or FR-type “attestation de fonctions”. The MAE also wishes to remind members of the personnel of the following rules concerning the documents that it issues and to point out that compliance with these rules is essential for the proper operation of all international organisations established in France. This notification replaces the one that appeared in issue 19/2006 of the Bulletin (ref. CERN/DSU-DO/RH/13173/Rev.2). 1. Types of document and use a) Special CD-, FI- and AT-type residence ...
Online Dispatching Rules For Vehicle-Based Internal Transport Systems

NARCIS (Netherlands)

T. Le-Anh (Tuan); M.B.M. de Koster (René)

2004-01-01

textabstractOn-line vehicles dispatching rules are widely used in many facilities such as warehouses to control vehicles' movements. Single-attribute dispatching rules, which dispatch vehicles based on only one parameter, are used commonly. However, multi-attribute dispatching rules prove to be
Simple Rules, Not So Simple: The Use of International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) Terminology and Simple Rules in Inexperienced Hands in a Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study.

Science.gov (United States)

Meys, Evelyne; Rutten, Iris; Kruitwagen, Roy; Slangen, Brigitte; Lambrechts, Sandrina; Mertens, Helen; Nolting, Ernst; Boskamp, Dieuwke; Van Gorp, Toon

2017-12-01

To analyze how well untrained examiners - without experience in the use of International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) terminology or simple ultrasound-based rules (simple rules) - are able to apply IOTA terminology and simple rules and to assess the level of agreement between non-experts and an expert. This prospective multicenter cohort study enrolled women with ovarian masses. Ultrasound was performed by non-expert examiners and an expert. Ultrasound features were recorded using IOTA nomenclature, and used for classifying the mass by simple rules. Interobserver agreement was evaluated with Fleiss' kappa and percentage agreement between observers. 50 consecutive women were included. We observed 46 discrepancies in the description of ovarian masses when non-experts utilized IOTA terminology. Tumor type was misclassified often (n = 22), resulting in poor interobserver agreement between the non-experts and the expert (kappa = 0.39, 95 %-CI 0.244 - 0.529, percentage of agreement = 52.0 %). Misinterpretation of simple rules by non-experts was observed 57 times, resulting in an erroneous diagnosis in 15 patients (30 %). The agreement for classifying the mass as benign, malignant or inconclusive by simple rules was only moderate between the non-experts and the expert (kappa = 0.50, 95 %-CI 0.300 - 0.704, percentage of agreement = 70.0 %). The level of agreement for all 10 simple rules features varied greatly (kappa index range: -0.08 - 0.74, percentage of agreement 66 - 94 %). Although simple rules are useful to distinguish benign from malignant adnexal masses, they are not that simple for untrained examiners. Training with both IOTA terminology and simple rules is necessary before simple rules can be introduced into guidelines and daily clinical practice. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.
Emission trading and Kyoto's protocol: discussions concerning rules and international coordination

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Baron, R.

2000-01-01

The Kyoto Protocol of the Climate Convention introduced the possibility to trade greenhouse gas emission reductions among industrialized countries, as a means to reduce the total cost of achieving the agreed emission goals. The rules for this international co-ordination regime are still debated, even if its principle is generally agreed. This article, written before the negotiation in the Hague, summarizes how the notion of emission trading made its way in the Framework Convention on Climate Change. The authors show what economic gains could realistically be expected from emission trading, based on macro-economic modelling results and a simulation of trading in the conditions of the Kyoto Protocol. They stress the critical contribution that emission trading could make, provided that the Protocol's environmental basis is not undermined. In the end, the negotiation collapsed over this issue. Beyond this near-term obstacle, the international emission trading system represents a significant progress towards an efficient resolution of man-made global climate change. (author)
The Development of International Law in the Field of Renewable Energy

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Imam Mulyana

2016-04-01

Full Text Available Energy plays a pivotal role in ensuring economic growth, social equity and live-able environment. In this regard, the non-renewable or conventional source of energy such as oil, gas and coal continue to supply the energy demand throughout the world. Nevertheless, as the awareness of the international society towards the protection and preservation of the global environment is rapidly growing, the utilization of energy resources has been gradually shifted from the non-renewable to renewable ones. Observing the international developments in the field of energy, further international legal instruments is required to be able to regulate renewable energy activities undertaken by the countries today. Although there have been a number of rules in international law, but until recently, most of these regulations is still not legally binding. Moreover, to achieve world order that uses renewable energy, international law also had to resolve some fundamental issues, namely the issue of state sovereignty and energy security.
Corruption, income, and rule of law: empirical evidence from developing and developed economies

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Helder Ferreira de Mendonça

2012-06-01

Full Text Available This article presents an empirical analysis based on cross-country data concerned with two points regarding corruption: (i its effects on income; and (ii how to mitigate corruption. The findings can be highlighted in two points. Firstly the idea that corruption is intrinsically connected with income is confirmed. Secondly, the traditional argument that an increase in rule of law represents a good strategy in the fight against corruption is valid for developing countries. Furthermore, this study reveals that the search for increasing the human development index represents a rule of thumb for high levels of income and to control corruption.
Science and the rules governing anti-doping violations.

Science.gov (United States)

Bowers, Larry D

2010-01-01

The fight against the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sports has been in effect for nearly 90 years. The formation of the World Anti-Doping Agency in 1999 was a major event because an independent agency was entrusted with harmonization of the antidoping program. In addition to sports governing bodies, governments have endorsed WADA and its programs by signing a United Nations Education, Science, and Cultural Organization Convention on Doping. The first step in the harmonization process was the development of the World Anti-Doping Program. This program consisted of five documents - the Code, the International Standard for Testing, the International Standard for Laboratories, the Prohibited List, and the International Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemptions - which unified the approach of the international federations and national antidoping agencies in applying antidoping rules. For laboratory testing, the International Standard for Laboratories establishes the performance expectations for and competence of laboratories recognized by WADA, including accreditation under ISO/IEC 17025. The antidoping rules are adjudicated by arbitration using the internationally recognized Court of Arbitration for Sport.
Development of probabilistic operating rules for Hluhluwe Dam, South Africa

Science.gov (United States)

Ndiritu, J.; Odiyo, J.; Makungo, R.; Mwaka, B.; Mthethwa, N.; Ntuli, C.; Andanje, A.

2017-08-01

Hluhluwe Dam, with a 30 million m3 reservoir that supplies water for irrigation and Hluhluwe municipality in Kwa-Zulu Natal Province, South Africa, was consistently experiencing low storage levels over several non-drought years since 2001. The dam was operated by rules of thumb and there were no records of water releases for irrigation - the main user of the dam. This paper describes an assessment of the historic behaviour of the reservoir since its completion in 1964 and the development of operating rules that accounted for: i) the multiple and different levels of reliability at which municipal and irrigation demands need to be supplied, and ii) inter-annual and inter-decadal variability of climate and inflows into the dam. The assessment of the behaviour of the reservoir was done by simulation assuming trigonometric rule curves that were optimized to maximize both yield and storage state using the SCE-UA method. The resulting reservoir behaviour matched the observed historic trajectory reasonably well and indicated that the dam has mainly been operated at a demand of 10 million m3/year until 2000 when the demand suddenly rose to 25 million m3/year. Operating rules were developed from a statistical analysis of the base yields from 500 simulations of the reservoir each using 5 year-long stochastically generated sequences of inflows, rainfall and evaporation. After the implementation of the operating rules in 2009, the storage state of the dam improved and matched those of other reservoirs in the region that had established operating rules.
Drools JBoss rules 5.5 developer's guide

CERN Document Server

Bali, Michal

2013-01-01

The chapters in the book present reallife examples, usually starting with an introduction to the problem, and a discussion of the possible solution. Then the solution is implemented in a step by step fashion implementing several rules.The book is for Java developers who want to create rulebased business logic using the Drools platform.
Developing Novel Reservoir Rule Curves Using Seasonal Inflow Projections

Science.gov (United States)

Tseng, Hsin-yi; Tung, Ching-pin

2015-04-01

Due to significant seasonal rainfall variations, reservoirs and their flexible operational rules are indispensable to Taiwan. Furthermore, with the intensifying impacts of climate change on extreme climate, the frequency of droughts in Taiwan has been increasing in recent years. Drought is a creeping phenomenon, the slow onset character of drought makes it difficult to detect at an early stage, and causes delays on making the best decision of allocating water. For these reasons, novel reservoir rule curves using projected seasonal streamflow are proposed in this study, which can potentially reduce the adverse effects of drought. This study dedicated establishing new rule curves which consider both current available storage and anticipated monthly inflows with leading time of two months to reduce the risk of water shortage. The monthly inflows are projected based on the seasonal climate forecasts from Central Weather Bureau (CWB), which a weather generation model is used to produce daily weather data for the hydrological component of the GWLF. To incorporate future monthly inflow projections into rule curves, this study designs a decision flow index which is a linear combination of current available storage and inflow projections with leading time of 2 months. By optimizing linear relationship coefficients of decision flow index, the shape of rule curves and the percent of water supply in each zone, the best rule curves to decrease water shortage risk and impacts can be developed. The Shimen Reservoir in the northern Taiwan is used as a case study to demonstrate the proposed method. Existing rule curves (M5 curves) of Shimen Reservoir are compared with two cases of new rule curves, including hindcast simulations and historic seasonal forecasts. The results show new rule curves can decrease the total water shortage ratio, and in addition, it can also allocate shortage amount to preceding months to avoid extreme shortage events. Even though some uncertainties in
Nuclear international trade: The point of view of the countries in nuclear development

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Manovil, R.M.

1986-01-01

To establish unified legal rules to regulate the international nuclear trade it is hard to compatibilize the social, economic, political and financial values and interests. An attempt to codify the flow of nuclear supplies and services might be regarded by the developing countries as an attempt to impose upon them a 'minimum standard'. This appears often as the benefit of the enterprises of the industrialized countries. (CW) [de

How to Assist Formalization of NL Regulations: Lessons from Business Rules Acquisition Experiments

OpenAIRE

Nazarenko , Adeline

2013-01-01

International audience; Decision systems usually rely on a set of business rules that describe the expected behavior of a system or an organization and that determine the decisions to be taken in different situations. However, rule acquisition is often the bottleneck that hinders the development of decision systems. When these rules are based on regulations written in Natural Language (NL), one solution is to derive formal business rules from the source documents. This approach also allows ch...
26 CFR 1.996-2 - Ordering rules for losses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 10 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Ordering rules for losses. 1.996-2 Section 1.996-2 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Domestic International Sales Corporations § 1.996-2 Ordering rules for losses. (a...
A proposal to increase developing country participation in international climate policy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Viguier, Laurent L.

2004-01-01

The benefits from reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions are not limited to a single consumer or group of consumers but are available to a large set of countries and populations across generations. Underprovision and free-riding are thus to be expected in the climate change issue. Optimal provision of this type of public good requires creating incentives for international cooperation. Game theorists have proposed to restructure incentives through issues linkages consisting in exchanging concessions across different policy dimensions. In this paper we discuss the opportunity to link climate change to international trade, technology R and D and diffusion, and greening development assistance. We propose another option, called the 'rent-sharing' approach, that would guarantee meaningful participation of developing countries (DCs) without challenging their economic development. Developing countries would have the opportunity to enter the emission markets, and benefit from financial transfers, only if their agree with a rule that would guarantee a gainful domestic participation. Our numerical example shows that China may be better off, while accepting a significant CO 2 emission reduction effort
The res judicata rule in jurisdictional decisions of the international Court of justice

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Kreća Milenko

2014-01-01

Full Text Available The author discusses the effects of the res judicata rule as regards jurisdictional decisions of the International Court of Justice. He finds that there exists a special position of a judgment on preliminary objection in respect to both aspects of the res judicata rule - its binding force and finality. A perception of distinct relativity of a jurisdictional decision of the Court, expressing its interlocatory character pervades, in his opinion, the body of law regulating the Court's activity. Preliminary objections as such do not exhaust objections to the jurisdiction of the Court, as evidenced by non-preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of the Court giving rise to the application of the principle compétence de la compétence understood in the narrow sense. With regard to the binding force of a judgment on preliminary objections, it does not create legal obligations stricto sensu. The author finds that the relative character of jurisdictional decisions of the Court as compared with a judgment on the merits is justified on a number of grounds.
The UNGA Resolutions on the Rule of Law at the National and International Levels, 2006-Post 2015

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Janse, R.

2014-01-01

For almost a decade, the un General Assembly (unga) has adopted annual resolutions on ‘the rule of law at the national and international levels.’ Moreover, the unga has held a High-level Meeting in September 2012 where Heads of State and Government discussed the topic for the first time ever and
Anti-Avoidance Rules di Indonesia Pasca Amandemen UU Pajak Penghasilan

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Adrianto Dwi Nugroho

2012-02-01

Full Text Available The fourth amendment to the Indonesian Income Tax Act (UU PPh has inserted three new provisions encountering three newly-identified tax avoidance schemes. However, the previous regulations in respect of thin capitalization, CFC and interest stripping were not carefully be given attention and be made in conformity with their newest developments. As an illustration, the term “company” has never been defined in the Act. Instead, the Act introduces the same term in the conduit company rules. Another example involves the CFC rule which does not put additional provisions to define “control”. Another interesting development is the regulation of the International-hiring out of labor which instead of making it in conformity with the OECD MC, the rule empowers the country to increase the taxable income of an employee in respect of employment excercised abroad. This article attempts to demonstrate how the Indonesian anti-avoidance rules work out and prove how taxpayers may well, ironically, abuse those rules.
Workshop on rules for exemption from regulatory control: Proceedings

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1989-04-01

This conference report documents the proceedings of an International Workshop on the subject of exempting radiation sources and practices from regulatory control. The purpose of the workshop was to provide national regulatory authorities an opportunity to exchange information on their respective approaches and practices involving exemptions and to enhance international understanding and cooperation on the derivation and practical application of the underlying principles. In addition, input from the workshop was intended to assist the NRC in the development of a policy statement on this issue. The workshop was divided into five sessions. During the first four sessions, papers were presented which defined the relative terms and concepts, outlined the national situations and approaches to the establishment and development of exemption rules, identified and discussed the existing issues, and gave the status of the international guidelines on exemption rules. The fifth session was devoted to summarizing the workshop and identifying the areas of consensus, the outstanding issues and the areas for future work. Individual papers were processed separately for the data base
Cryogenic Safety Rules and Guidelines at CERN

CERN Multimedia

CERN. Geneva

2016-01-01

CERN defines and implements a Safety Policy that sets out the general principles governing safety at CERN. As an intergovernmental organisation, CERN further establishes its own Safety Rules as necessary for its proper functioning. In this process, it takes into account the laws and regulation of the Host States (France and Switzerland), EU regulations and directives, as well as international regulations, standards and directives. For the safety of cryogenic equipment, this is primarily covered by the Safety Regulation for Mechanical Equipment and the General Safety Instruction for Cryogenic Equipment. In addition, CERN has also developed Safety Guidelines to support the implementation of these safety rules, covering cryogenic equipment and oxygen deficiency hazard assessment and mitigation. An overview of the cryogenic safety rules and these safety guidelines will be presented.
ASPECTS OF MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT IN THE ROTTERDAM RULES

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Alina SULICU

2012-11-01

Full Text Available The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea (hereinafter – The Rotterdam Rules or Convention signed on 23 September 2009 is taking a novel approach to international trade. It might be the reason why it has not received positive acknowledgement from the signatories, law experts and other interested parties. However, one might wonder whether the trade itself stayed novel-free during the past several decades. It should not come as a surprise that it has not. Tackle-to tackle approach is no longer applicable to a majority of contracts concluded that provide for delivery to the consignee’s doorstep, as of 1970 container ships and container terminals dominate cargo handling in ports and onboard the ship, electronic communication and documentation is becoming a common feature in the current trade. Even if there are more developments to be named, the aforementioned three make the regime under the Hague ,Hague-Visby and Hamburg Rules appear outdated. So is the unfamiliar approach as envisioned by the Rotterdam Rules really such a big failure?
International Responsibility and the Systemic Character of International Law

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Saganek Przemysław

2017-12-01

Full Text Available The question whether international law is a system is one of the modern topics discussed by specialists of international law. The text of P. Saganek poses this question with respect to the rules on international responsibility. The two aims are to establish whether the rules on state responsibility are a system themselves and whether they may prima facie support the idea of international law as such a system. The two prima facie answers are positive. Every violation of international law gives rise to state responsibility if it can be attributed to a state and no circumstance precluding wrongfulness is in place. In this sense the rules on state responsibility form a sub-system supporting the thesis on the systemic nature of international law. On a closer analysis one can encounter several doubts as to both answers. Paradoxically those rules are too ideal, too systemic. The author – without denying the necessity of several if not the majority of the identified rules – refers to a tendency of presenting as law some non-binding documents prepared by expert groups. This is a part of a wider process of ‘paper-law’. In this sense expert groups engage in ‘creating the language’ in which the true subjects of international law are expected to speak.
Proposal to modify Rule 10a and to delete Recommendation 10a(3) from the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes.

Science.gov (United States)

Oren, Aharon

2017-09-01

Principle 2 of the Prokaryotic Code, as modified by the ICSP in 1999, reads: 'The nomenclature of prokaryotes is not independent of botanical and zoological nomenclature. When naming new taxa in the rank of genus or higher, due consideration is to be given to avoiding names which are regulated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants'. But in the current version of the Prokaryotic Code no Rule implements this version of Principle 2. I therefore propose adding the following sentence to Rule 10a: 'As from January 2001, newly proposed generic names must not be later homonyms of names in use in botany or zoology'. Recommendation 10a(3) of the Code states: 'Avoid introducing into bacteriology as generic names such names as are in use in botany or zoology, in particular well-known names'. This Recommendation contravenes the current version of Principle 2 and the proposed new version of Rule 10a. Therefore I propose to delete Recommendation 10a(3) from the Prokaryotic Code.
Do budget balance rules anchor budget balance expectations? -- Some international evidence

OpenAIRE

Rülke, Jan-Christoph; Frenkel, Michael; Lis, Eliza

2013-01-01

This is the first study that analyzes whether budget balance expectations are anchored and whether budget balance rules effectively anchor expectations. To this end, we use a unique data set which covers budget balance expectations in 17 countries that implemented a budget balance rules. While our results are mixed concerning the general impact of budget balance rules on anchoring expectations, we do find that specific features of budget balance rules are important to successfully anchor budg...
77 FR 52977 - Regulatory Capital Rules: Advanced Approaches Risk-Based Capital Rule; Market Risk Capital Rule

Science.gov (United States)

2012-08-30

...-weighted assets for residential mortgages, securitization exposures, and counterparty credit risk. The.... Risk-Weighted Assets--Proposed Modifications to the Advanced Approaches Rules A. Counterparty Credit... Margin Period of Risk 3. Changes to the Internal Models Methodology (IMM) 4. Credit Valuation Adjustments...
26 CFR 1.1014-3 - Other basis rules.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... inheritance or transmission taxes shall be deemed to be its fair market value and no alternate valuation date... Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Basis Rules of General Application § 1.1014-3 Other basis rules. (a) Fair market value. For...
26 CFR 1.382-2 - General rules for ownership change.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 4 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false General rules for ownership change. 1.382-2 Section 1.382-2 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Insolvency Reorganizations § 1.382-2 General rules for ownership change...
NAGWS Volleyball Rulebook, 1993. Official Rules & Interpretations/Officiating.

Science.gov (United States)

1993

The National Association for Girls and Women in Sport (NAGWS) Volleyball Rules are based on the United States Volleyball Rules, which in turn are adopted from the rules and interpretations of the International Volleyball Federation Rules. Following a foreword by Robertha Abney, NAGWS President, the publication is organized into six sections as…
22 CFR 228.39 - Special source rules for construction and engineering services.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... engineering services. 228.39 Section 228.39 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RULES ON SOURCE, ORIGIN AND NATIONALITY FOR COMMODITIES AND SERVICES FINANCED BY USAID Conditions Governing the... engineering services. Advanced developing countries, eligible under Geographic Code 941, which have attained a...
Development of quality assurance requirements - an international comparison

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Link, M [Siemens AG, Bereich Energieerzeugung (KWU), Erlangen (Germany); Mertz, W [Siemens AG, Bereich Energieerzeugung (KWU), Offenbach am Main (Germany)

1993-12-01

Total quality management strategy and the worldwide introduction of the DIN/ISO 9000 (EN 29 000) series of standards have given new impetus to traditional quality assurance. The most important change must surely be seen in the holistic approach of total quality management and its strict orientation towards customer requirements and satisfaction. International codes and standards for the nuclear industry will also have to be brought into line as part of the process of harmonizing quality assurance system standards. One possible approach is simply to specify a supplementary 'delta' of nuclear-specific requirements to be appended to the broad range of conventional requirements. It is a particular feature of quality-assured procedures in Germany that product and/or component related quality requirements and quality verifications are defined in the specifications of the architect engineer so that full implementation of the requirements from the design phase through to the manufacturing phase is assured. Looking at the development of the European Pressurized Water Reactor (EPR) and the elaboration of 'Common Rules', it is to be anticipated that a major step will be made toward international harmonization of safety criteria. (orig.)
Development of quality assurance requirements - an international comparison

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Link, M.; Mertz, W.

1993-01-01

Total quality management strategy and the worldwide introduction of the DIN/ISO 9000 (EN 29 000) series of standards have given new impetus to traditional quality assurance. The most important change must surely be seen in the holistic approach of total quality management and its strict orientation towards customer requirements and satisfaction. International codes and standards for the nuclear industry will also have to be brought into line as part of the process of harmonizing quality assurance system standards. One possible approach is simply to specify a supplementary 'delta' of nuclear-specific requirements to be appended to the broad range of conventional requirements. It is a particular feature of quality-assured procedures in Germany that product and/or component related quality requirements and quality verifications are defined in the specifications of the architect engineer so that full implementation of the requirements from the design phase through to the manufacturing phase is assured. Looking at the development of the European Pressurized Water Reactor (EPR) and the elaboration of 'Common Rules', it is to be anticipated that a major step will be made toward international harmonization of safety criteria. (orig.) [de
Report on FY15 alloy 617 code rules development

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sham, Sam [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Jetter, Robert I [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Hollinger, Greg [Becht Engineering Co., Inc., Liberty Corner, NJ (United States); Pease, Derrick [Becht Engineering Co., Inc., Liberty Corner, NJ (United States); Carter, Peter [Stress Engineering Services, Inc., Houston, TX (United States); Pu, Chao [Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States); Wang, Yanli [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

2015-09-01

Due to its strength at very high temperatures, up to 950°C (1742°F), Alloy 617 is the reference construction material for structural components that operate at or near the outlet temperature of the very high temperature gas-cooled reactors. However, the current rules in the ASME Section III, Division 5 Subsection HB, Subpart B for the evaluation of strain limits and creep-fatigue damage using simplified methods based on elastic analysis have been deemed inappropriate for Alloy 617 at temperatures above 650°C (1200°F) (Corum and Brass, Proceedings of ASME 1991 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, PVP-Vol. 215, p.147, ASME, NY, 1991). The rationale for this exclusion is that at higher temperatures it is not feasible to decouple plasticity and creep, which is the basis for the current simplified rules. This temperature, 650°C (1200°F), is well below the temperature range of interest for this material for the high temperature gas-cooled reactors and the very high temperature gas-cooled reactors. The only current alternative is, thus, a full inelastic analysis requiring sophisticated material models that have not yet been formulated and verified. To address these issues, proposed code rules have been developed which are based on the use of elastic-perfectly plastic (EPP) analysis methods applicable to very high temperatures. The proposed rules for strain limits and creep-fatigue evaluation were initially documented in the technical literature (Carter, Jetter and Sham, Proceedings of ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, papers PVP 2012 28082 and PVP 2012 28083, ASME, NY, 2012), and have been recently revised to incorporate comments and simplify their application. Background documents have been developed for these two code cases to support the ASME Code committee approval process. These background documents for the EPP strain limits and creep-fatigue code cases are documented in this report.

Rule-Based Event Processing and Reaction Rules

Science.gov (United States)

Paschke, Adrian; Kozlenkov, Alexander

Reaction rules and event processing technologies play a key role in making business and IT / Internet infrastructures more agile and active. While event processing is concerned with detecting events from large event clouds or streams in almost real-time, reaction rules are concerned with the invocation of actions in response to events and actionable situations. They state the conditions under which actions must be taken. In the last decades various reaction rule and event processing approaches have been developed, which for the most part have been advanced separately. In this paper we survey reaction rule approaches and rule-based event processing systems and languages.
Joint trajectories for social and physical aggression as predictors of adolescent maladjustment: Internalizing symptoms, rule-breaking behaviors, and borderline and narcissistic personality features

Science.gov (United States)

UNDERWOOD, MARION K.; BERON, KURT J.; ROSEN, LISA H.

2011-01-01

This investigation examined the relation between developmental trajectories jointly estimated for social and physical aggression and adjustment problems at age 14. Teachers provided ratings of children's social and physical aggression in Grades 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 for a sample of 255 children (131 girls, 21% African American, 52% European American, 21% Mexican American). Participants, parents, and teachers completed measures of the adolescent's adjustment to assess internalizing symptoms, rule-breaking behaviors, and borderline and narcissistic personality features. Results showed that membership in a high and rising trajectory group predicted rule-breaking behaviors and borderline personality features. Membership in a high desister group predicted internalizing symptoms, rule-breaking behaviors, and borderline and narcissistic personality features. The findings suggest that although low levels of social and physical aggression may not bode poorly for adjustment, individuals engaging in high levels of social and physical aggression in middle childhood may be at greatest risk for adolescent psychopathology, whether they increase or desist in their aggression through early adolescence. PMID:21532919
Interpreting the Customary Rules on Interpretation

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Merkouris, Panos

2017-01-01

International courts have at times interpreted the customary rules on interpretation. This is interesting because what is being interpreted is: i) rules of interpretation, which sounds dangerously tautological, and ii) customary law, the interpretation of which has not been the object of critical
Global law and governmentality : (Re)Conceptualising the "Rule of Law' as Rule "through" law

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Rajkovic, Nikolas

2012-01-01

This article (11, 596 words) was published in Europe’s premier journal of interdisciplinary International Relations, the European Journal of International Relations. The article looks at the “rule of law” topos in global governance scholarship, and specifically questions how liberal IL and IR
Enlarging the EU's internal energy market: Why would third countries accept EU rule export?

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Prange-Gstoehl, Heiko

2009-01-01

Why would countries without a membership perspective seek integration into the EU's internal energy market? One major element of the EU's external energy policy is the export of EU energy norms and regulations to neighbourhood countries and beyond. A core legal instrument the EU uses in this context is the Energy Community Treaty (ECT). The ECT goes both geographically and regarding its depth significantly beyond neighbourhood or association policies, addressing potentially also countries in the 'far neighbourhood' and aiming at the creation of a Single Market for energy with these countries. While, however, EU candidate countries are obliged to adopt the 'acquis' before accessing the EU and therefore comply to EU rules already before they enter the Club, I argue that countries with no or only a vague membership perspective - i.e. countries where the EU cannot apply the 'conditionality' - approach (e.g., ENP countries)-aim at deeper integration with the EU because they are either eager to demonstrate their capability and potential to become part of the Club, they seek greater independence from a regional hegemon or they envisage significant economic gains as common norms, rules and standards are likely to increase economic exchange with the EU.
Checking Flight Rules with TraceContract: Application of a Scala DSL for Trace Analysis

Science.gov (United States)

Barringer, Howard; Havelund, Klaus; Morris, Robert A.

2011-01-01

Typically during the design and development of a NASA space mission, rules and constraints are identified to help reduce reasons for failure during operations. These flight rules are usually captured in a set of indexed tables, containing rule descriptions, rationales for the rules, and other information. Flight rules can be part of manual operations procedures carried out by humans. However, they can also be automated, and either implemented as on-board monitors, or as ground based monitors that are part of a ground data system. In the case of automated flight rules, one considerable expense to be addressed for any mission is the extensive process by which system engineers express flight rules in prose, software developers translate these requirements into code, and then both experts verify that the resulting application is correct. This paper explores the potential benefits of using an internal Scala DSL for general trace analysis, named TRACECONTRACT, to write executable specifications of flight rules. TRACECONTRACT can generally be applied to analysis of for example log files or for monitoring executing systems online.
Guide to the collision avoidance rules

CERN Document Server

Cockcroft, A N

2004-01-01

A Guide to the Collision Avoidance Rules is the essential reference to the safe operation of all vessels at sea. Published continuously since 1965, this respected and expert guide is the classic text for all who need to, practically and legally, understand and comply with the Rules. This sixth edition incorporates all of the amendments to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea which came into force in November 2003.The books sets out all of the Rules with clear explanation of their meaning, and gives detailed examples of how the rules have been used in practice
Development of an analysis rule of diagnosis error for standard method of human reliability analysis

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jeong, W. D.; Kang, D. I.; Jeong, K. S.

2003-01-01

This paper presents the status of development of Korea standard method for Human Reliability Analysis (HRA), and proposed a standard procedure and rules for the evaluation of diagnosis error probability. The quality of KSNP HRA was evaluated using the requirement of ASME PRA standard guideline, and the design requirement for the standard HRA method was defined. Analysis procedure and rules, developed so far, to analyze diagnosis error probability was suggested as a part of the standard method. And also a study of comprehensive application was performed to evaluate the suitability of the proposed rules
Arms control and the rule of law

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tanzman, E.A.

1995-01-01

Many who speak of the end of the Cold War emphasize the warming of international relations when they speak of the momentous consequences of this event. According to this image, the half century since Trinity has been a period of sparse international communication during which the Eastern and Western blocs hibernated in their isolated dens of security alliances. Yet it is equally valid to consider the implications of the end of the war footing that has underlain the policies of all of the major military powers during the last fifty years. While meaningful international dialogue was in a state of relative lethargy during much of this period, the military establishments of the Great Powers were actively engaged in using as much force as possible in their efforts to control world affairs, short of triggering a nuclear holocaust. International discourse, at least in English, was rife with such military images as appeasement, containment, crisis stability, and tripwires. From the military posture of the U.S. and Russia a tense peace ironically emerged, but the terms by which decisions were made about controlling weapons of mass destruction (i.e., nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons) were the terms of war. The thesis of this paper is that the end of the Cold War marks a shift away from reliance on military might toward an international commitment to control weapons of mass destruction through the rule of law developed by John Rawls. The progression of agreements during this century to limit weapons of mass destruction testifies to this new development. A review of arms control agreements that the U.S. is a part of show clear growth of the rule of law as the world has left the Cold War
Arms control and the rule of law

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Tanzman, E.A.

1995-03-01

Many who speak of the end of the Cold War emphasize the warming of international relations when they speak of the momentous consequences of this event. According to this image, the half century since Trinity has been a period of sparse international communication during which the Eastern and Western blocs hibernated in their isolated dens of security alliances. Yet it is equally valid to consider the implications of the end of the war footing that has underlain the policies of all of the major military powers during the last fifty years. While meaningful international dialogue was in a state of relative lethargy during much of this period, the military establishments of the Great Powers were actively engaged in using as much force as possible in their efforts to control world affairs, short of triggering a nuclear holocaust. International discourse, at least in English, was rife with such military images as appeasement, containment, crisis stability, and tripwires. From the military posture of the U.S. and Russia a tense peace ironically emerged, but the terms by which decisions were made about controlling weapons of mass destruction (i.e., nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons) were the terms of war. The thesis of this paper is that the end of the Cold War marks a shift away from reliance on military might toward an international commitment to control weapons of mass destruction through the rule of law developed by John Rawls. The progression of agreements during this century to limit weapons of mass destruction testifies to this new development. A review of arms control agreements that the U.S. is a part of show clear growth of the rule of law as the world has left the Cold War.
RuleMaDrone: A Web-Interface to Visualise Space Usage Rules for Drones

OpenAIRE

Trippaers, Aäron

2015-01-01

RuleMaDrone, an application developed within this thesis, is presented as a solution to communicate the rules and regulations to drone operators. To provide the solution a framework for drone safety was designed which consists of the rules and regulations, the drone properties and the environmental factors. RuleMaDrone is developed with this framework and thus will provide drone operators with an application which they can use to find a safe and legal fly zone. RuleMaDrone u...
Validation of Ultrasound Imaging to Rule-out Thoracic Trauma on the International Space Station

Science.gov (United States)

Hamilton, Douglas R.; Sargsyan, Ashot E.; Melton, Shannon; Martin, David; Dulchavsky, Scott A.

2006-01-01

Introduction: Aboard the International Space Station (ISS) an intra-thoracic injury may be disastrous to the crew member if the diagnosis is missed or even delayed. Pneumothorax and hemothorax commonly seen in trauma patients; the diagnosis is usually confirmed by chest X-ray or computed tomography. In this study, the ability of ultrasound to rule out pneumothorax by the presence "lung sliding" and hemothorax by the absence of pleural fluid was validated. Methods: The research activities were approved by the NASA Johnson Space Center Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects, and the participating crewmembers signed informed consent prior to the activity. ISS crewmembers received 2-hours of "hands on" ultrasound training 8 months prior to the on-orbit ultrasound exam. Baseline ultrasound images of the thorax were acquired on the crewmebers of Increment 8 and 9 prior to launch from Bakonur, Russia. Ultrasound examination of the thorax were performed on crewmembers at 30 day intervals (n=??) throughout their flight. Post flight images were acquired on or about landing day 10. Ultrasound images were acquired using the ISS Health Research Facility ultrasound system and examined by experts on the ground to rule out the presence of pneumothorax and hemothorax. Results: The presence of "lung sliding" which excludes pneumothorax, was seen in all subjects. The absence of pleural fluid, which excludes hemothorax was seen in all subjects. The optimal position between sonographer and patient under microgravity conditions and the amount and type of training for a non-physician crew medical officer for these procedures was also established for this procedure. Conclusion: Ultrasound can be performed on orbit under microgravity condition to rule thoracic trauma, such as pneumothorax and hemothorax.
Search Results | Page 788 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 7871 - 7880 of 8490 ... ... changing economic landscape. Research in Action. Private sector development Trade and investment. Changing the rules for businesses. Research in Action. Economic and social development POVERTY ALLEVIATION Poverty Gender. Managing opium: Policy choices for Afghanistan. Pages.
26 CFR 1.132-8 - Fringe benefit nondiscrimination rules.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Fringe benefit nondiscrimination rules. 1.132-8... Fringe benefit nondiscrimination rules. (a) Application of nondiscrimination rules—(1) General rule. A.... (2) Consequences of discrimination—(i) In general. If an employer maintains more than one fringe...
24 CFR 5.353 - Housing programs: Procedure for development of pet rules.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... development of pet rules. 5.353 Section 5.353 Housing and Urban Development Office of the Secretary, Department of Housing and Urban Development GENERAL HUD PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS; WAIVERS Pet Ownership for the Elderly or Persons With Disabilities Pet Ownership Requirements for Housing Programs § 5.353 Housing...
Impact of IFRS on Romanian Accounting and Tax Rules for Fixed Tangibles Assets

OpenAIRE

Costel ISTRATE

2012-01-01

Romanian accounting and tax rules have evolved, after 1990, from an almost complete connection to a more and more clear de jure disconnection. One reason for this development is the influence of the international financial reporting standards. Analyzing the relationship between accounting and taxation, we find some interesting evolutions in the field of tangible fixed assets. The current Romanian accounting standards include many detailed rules taken directly from the IAS 16 (the initial reco...
22 CFR 201.64 - Application of the price rules to commodities.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

.... 201.64 Section 201.64 Foreign Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RULES AND PROCEDURES... purchase price of a commodity exceeds the price in comparable export sales or in comparable domestic sales... the determination of any prevailing market price of any commodity or any prevailing price or maximum...
Contracting Selection for the Development of the Range Rule Risk Methodology

National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

1997-01-01

...-Effectiveness Risk Tool and contractor selection for the development of the Range Rule Risk Methodology. The audit objective was to determine whether the Government appropriately used the Ordnance and Explosives Cost-Effectiveness Risk Tool...
An Historical Analysis of Monetary Policy Rules

OpenAIRE

John B. Taylor

1998-01-01

This paper examines several episodes in U.S. monetary history using the framework of an interest rate rule for monetary policy. The main finding is that a monetary policy rule in which the interest rate responds to inflation and real output more aggressively than it did in the 1960s and 1970s, or than during the time of the international gold standard, and more like the late 1980s and 1990s, is a good policy rule. Moreover, if one defines rule, then such mistakes have been associated with eit...
Governing the Rule-Making of Organic Agriculture

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Linneberg, Mai Skjøtt

of Denmark and Sweden. Although the cases illustrate two modes of governance: in the former, rule-making is formally internalized in the State and in the latter, in a private-interest organization, a similar set of stakeholders participate in the actual rule-making processes. The analysis provides...... an interesting avenue into understanding the relationship between local and supranational rule-makers, and how local rule-makers may act to secure local circumstances and demands from supranational legislators concurrently. Moreover, the analysis offers suggestions as to possible consequences of striving...

26 CFR 1.997-1 - Special rules for subchapter C of the Code.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 10 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Special rules for subchapter C of the Code. 1.997-1 Section 1.997-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Domestic International Sales Corporations § 1.997-1 Special rules for...
Significance of technical rules for environmental pollution control

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Grefen, K.

1989-01-01

Technical rules for environmental pollution control are very important in times of intensified technical progress and especially in view of the alterations of the legislative basis of the European Market in 1992. In the fields of jurisprudence, science and technology they serve as a decision-making aid for authorities, specialists in plant development and operation and the preparatory stages of international legislation. The topic is explained by the development of guidelines with the VDI-Commission on Air Pollution Prevention. (orig.) [de
Buckling rules in design codes: state of the art and future developments

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Turbat, A. [FRAMATOME ANP, 69 - Lyon (France); Meziere, Y. [Electricite de France (EDF SEPTEN), 69 - Villeurbanne (France)

2001-07-01

Buckling, which can affect structures like bars, beams and shells when they are submitted to compressive stresses, can lead to unacceptable deformations and ruptures. Consequently, main Design Codes, especially those used in nuclear industry, include rules and analysis methods in order to prevent this phenomenon. In this paper, a review of buckling rules and/or analysis methods existing in ASME, RCC-M, RCC-MR and European Recommendations is performed. Then, these rules and methods are applied to the case of a cylinder filled with water and submitted to a seismic loading and results are compared. In the last part, current developments of methods to analyse creep buckling and dynamic buckling which should come and complete RCC-MR soon are presented. (author)
Buckling rules in design codes: state of the art and future developments

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Turbat, A.; Meziere, Y.

2001-01-01

Buckling, which can affect structures like bars, beams and shells when they are submitted to compressive stresses, can lead to unacceptable deformations and ruptures. Consequently, main Design Codes, especially those used in nuclear industry, include rules and analysis methods in order to prevent this phenomenon. In this paper, a review of buckling rules and/or analysis methods existing in ASME, RCC-M, RCC-MR and European Recommendations is performed. Then, these rules and methods are applied to the case of a cylinder filled with water and submitted to a seismic loading and results are compared. In the last part, current developments of methods to analyse creep buckling and dynamic buckling which should come and complete RCC-MR soon are presented. (author)
Basic safety rule number no.2002-01; Regle fondamentale de surete no. 2002-01

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2002-12-15

The purpose of this rule is to define acceptable methods for the development of probabilistic safety assessments(P.S.A.) and proven applications of P.S.A. for operating or future pressurized water reactors (PWR type reactors) of the French nuclear power programme, incorporating available French and international experience in this area. The standing group of experts for nuclear reactors has been consulted for the drafting of this rule. (N.C.)
Deckwatch Officer Navigation Rules, 15-5. Military Curriculum Materials for Vocational and Technical Education.

Science.gov (United States)

Ohio State Univ., Columbus. National Center for Research in Vocational Education.

This coursebook and textbook for a secondary/postsecondary level course in navigation rules comprise one of a number of military-developed curriculum packages selected for adaptation to vocational instruction and curriculum development in a civilian setting. The individualized, self-paced course discusses the international regulations for…
Development of the practical application of the recommendations of the international commission on radiological protection

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dunster, H.J.

1998-01-01

The International Commission on Radiological Protection grew out of the International X-ray and Radium Protection Commission set up in 1928. Its Recommendations have developed from simple prescriptive rules for protecting the medical staff using x rays and radium to a complete System of Protection for all human activities that involve exposure to ionizing radiation. The Commission is satisfied that some of the health effects of radiation are caused, albeit with small probabilities, by small doses. Its System of Protection is therefore risk-based. It is no longer prescriptive and has to be applied with judgement. The basis of that judgement and the framework for its application are set out in ICRP Publication 60, the 1990 Recommendations of the Commission
Developing an optimal valve closing rule curve for real-time pressure control in pipes

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bazarganlari, Mohammad Reza; Afshar, Hossein [Islamic Azad University, Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Kerachian, Reza [University of Tehran, Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Bashiazghadi, Seyyed Nasser [Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of)

2013-01-15

Sudden valve closure in pipeline systems can cause high pressures that may lead to serious damages. Using an optimal valve closing rule can play an important role in managing extreme pressures in sudden valve closure. In this paper, an optimal closing rule curve is developed using a multi-objective optimization model and Bayesian networks (BNs) for controlling water pressure in valve closure instead of traditional step functions or single linear functions. The method of characteristics is used to simulate transient flow caused by valve closure. Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms-II is also used to develop a Pareto front among three objectives related to maximum and minimum water pressures, and the amount of water passes through the valve during the valve-closing process. Simulation and optimization processes are usually time-consuming, thus results of the optimization model are used for training the BN. The trained BN is capable of determining optimal real-time closing rules without running costly simulation and optimization models. To demonstrate its efficiency, the proposed methodology is applied to a reservoir-pipe-valve system and the optimal closing rule curve is calculated for the valve. The results of the linear and BN-based valve closure rules show that the latter can significantly reduce the range of variations in water hammer pressures.
Debt Shifting and Thin-Capitalization Rules – German Experience and Alternative Approaches

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ruf Martin

2015-09-01

Full Text Available This paper presents the general design of thin-capitalization rules and summarizes the economic effects of such rules as identified in theoretical models. We review empirical studies providing evidence on the experience with (German thin-capitalization rules as well as on the adjustment of German multinationals to foreign thin-capitalization rules. Special emphasis is given to the development in Germany, because Germany went a long way in limiting interest deductibility by enacting a drastic change in its thin-capitalization rules in 2008, and because superb German data on multinational finance allows for testing several aspects consistently. We then discuss the experience of the Nordic countries with thin-capitalization rules. Briefly reviewing potential alternatives as well, we believe that the arm’s-length principle is administratively too costly and impracticable, whereas we argue that controlled-foreign-company rules might be another promising avenue for limiting internal debt shifting. Fundamental tax reforms towards a system with either "allowance for corporate equity" (ACE or a "comprehensive business income tax" (CBIT should also eliminate any thin-capitalization incentive.
Internal control reporting and accounting quality : Insight "comply-or-explain" internal control regime

OpenAIRE

Cao Thi Thanh, Huyen; Cheung, Tina

2010-01-01

Nowadays, there exist two reporting regimes, rules-based and principle-based (comply-or-explain). In the rules-based environment, researchers have studied the relationship between internal control quality and accounting quality. Prior studies have suggested that reports on internal control are an effective way for investors to evaluate the quality of the firm‟s internal control. By having a sound system of internal control, it creates reliance upon the firm‟s financial reporting. Therefore, t...
78 FR 17604 - 2006 Biennial Regulatory Review-Revision of the Commission's Rules

Science.gov (United States)

2013-03-22

... March 22, 2013. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: William Bell, Satellite Division, International Bureau... amended various provisions of Part 25 of its rules pertaining to licensing and operation of satellite... Commission rules or recommendations of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), and corrected...
Staff rules and regulations

CERN Multimedia

HR Department

2007-01-01

The 11th edition of the Staff Rules and Regulations, dated 1 January 2007, adopted by the Council and the Finance Committee in December 2006, is currently being distributed to departmental secretariats. The Staff Rules and Regulations, together with a summary of the main modifications made, will be available, as from next week, on the Human Resources Department's intranet site: http://cern.ch/hr-web/internal/admin_services/rules/default.asp The main changes made to the Staff Rules and Regulations stem from the five-yearly review of employment conditions of members of the personnel. The changes notably relate to: the categories of members of the personnel (e.g. removal of the local staff category); the careers structure and the merit recognition system; the non-residence, installation and re-installation allowances; the definition of family, family allowances and family-related leave; recognition of partnerships; education fees. The administrative circulars, some of which are being revised following the m...
Staff rules and regulations

CERN Multimedia

HR Department

2007-01-01

The 11th edition of the Staff Rules and Regulations, dated 1 January 2007, adopted by the Council and the Finance Committee in December 2006, is currently being distributed to departmental secretariats. The Staff Rules and Regulations, together with a summary of the main modifications made, will be available, as from next week, on the Human Resources Department's intranet site: http://cern.ch/hr-web/internal/admin_services/rules/default.asp The main changes made to the Staff Rules and Regulations stem from the five-yearly review of employment conditions of members of the personnel. The changes notably relate to: the categories of members of the personnel (e.g. removal of the local staff category); the careers structure and the merit recognition system; the non-residence, installation and re-installation allowances; the definition of family, family allowances and family-related leave; recognition of partnerships; education fees. The administrative circulars, some of which are being revised following the ...
Rules, culture, and fitness.

Science.gov (United States)

Baum, W M

1995-01-01

Behavior analysis risks intellectual isolation unless it integrates its explanations with evolutionary theory. Rule-governed behavior is an example of a topic that requires an evolutionary perspective for a full understanding. A rule may be defined as a verbal discriminative stimulus produced by the behavior of a speaker under the stimulus control of a long-term contingency between the behavior and fitness. As a discriminative stimulus, the rule strengthens listener behavior that is reinforced in the short run by socially mediated contingencies, but which also enters into the long-term contingency that enhances the listener's fitness. The long-term contingency constitutes the global context for the speaker's giving the rule. When a rule is said to be "internalized," the listener's behavior has switched from short- to long-term control. The fitness-enhancing consequences of long-term contingencies are health, resources, relationships, or reproduction. This view ties rules both to evolutionary theory and to culture. Stating a rule is a cultural practice. The practice strengthens, with short-term reinforcement, behavior that usually enhances fitness in the long run. The practice evolves because of its effect on fitness. The standard definition of a rule as a verbal statement that points to a contingency fails to distinguish between a rule and a bargain ("If you'll do X, then I'll do Y"), which signifies only a single short-term contingency that provides mutual reinforcement for speaker and listener. In contrast, the giving and following of a rule ("Dress warmly; it's cold outside") can be understood only by reference also to a contingency providing long-term enhancement of the listener's fitness or the fitness of the listener's genes. Such a perspective may change the way both behavior analysts and evolutionary biologists think about rule-governed behavior.
Trends in international health development.

Science.gov (United States)

Lien, Lars

2002-01-01

"... Good population health is a crucial input into poverty reduction, economic growth and long-term economic development... This point is widely recognised by analysts and policy makers, but is greatly underestimated in its qualitative and quantitative significance, and in the investment allocations of many developing country and donor governments."--Commission on Macroeconomics and Health The international health development scene has changed rapidly during the past 5 years. From being a merely bilateral effort together with a few multilateral organisations and many NGOs new global partnerships have entered the scene and become major funding agencies. The provision of aid has also changed from small-scale project basis to financial support of large programmes. The purpose of this article is to describe some of the major transformations taken place in the organising, delivery and objective of international health development. But before presenting the new international health development agenda, a short introduction to the challenges inducing the need for renewed thinking about international aid is shortly presented.
Hierarchical graphs for rule-based modeling of biochemical systems

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Hu Bin

2011-02-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background In rule-based modeling, graphs are used to represent molecules: a colored vertex represents a component of a molecule, a vertex attribute represents the internal state of a component, and an edge represents a bond between components. Components of a molecule share the same color. Furthermore, graph-rewriting rules are used to represent molecular interactions. A rule that specifies addition (removal of an edge represents a class of association (dissociation reactions, and a rule that specifies a change of a vertex attribute represents a class of reactions that affect the internal state of a molecular component. A set of rules comprises an executable model that can be used to determine, through various means, the system-level dynamics of molecular interactions in a biochemical system. Results For purposes of model annotation, we propose the use of hierarchical graphs to represent structural relationships among components and subcomponents of molecules. We illustrate how hierarchical graphs can be used to naturally document the structural organization of the functional components and subcomponents of two proteins: the protein tyrosine kinase Lck and the T cell receptor (TCR complex. We also show that computational methods developed for regular graphs can be applied to hierarchical graphs. In particular, we describe a generalization of Nauty, a graph isomorphism and canonical labeling algorithm. The generalized version of the Nauty procedure, which we call HNauty, can be used to assign canonical labels to hierarchical graphs or more generally to graphs with multiple edge types. The difference between the Nauty and HNauty procedures is minor, but for completeness, we provide an explanation of the entire HNauty algorithm. Conclusions Hierarchical graphs provide more intuitive formal representations of proteins and other structured molecules with multiple functional components than do the regular graphs of current languages for
Austenitic stainless steels, status of the properties database and design rule development

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Tavassoli, A.-A. [Commissariat a l`Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay, Gif-sur Yvette (France). CEREM; Touboul, F. [DMT, Commissariat a l`Energie Atomique, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette (France)

1996-10-01

In parallel with the new tasks initiated to substantiate the existing database for the reference structural material (type 316LN-IG) of ITER, interim design criteria are being developed to guide subsequent design stages. The French RCC-MR codes for fast breeder reactors, incorporating rules from other ITER partner codes and those needed to meet specific fusion requirements, are used for this purpose. This paper presents the current status of materials data and design rules for type 316LN-IG steel and describes how the irradiation effects are taken into account. (orig.).
The Development Standard Agreement Influences on National and International Business Practices

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Cindawati Cindawati

2016-12-01

Full Text Available The rapidly growing business traffic either nationally or internationally forces the business practices to establish a standard agreement to secure the products and to protect the buyer from any risks. The standard agreement successfully meets the demand of international trade which urgently need the high speed and the accuracy. The objective of this research is to find out how does the development of agreement affect to the commerce practices and what are the requirements of standard agreement in accordance with the right and obligation. A qualitative method is applied in searching data of business practices. This study uses a normative research which guides the rule of law or determines some business standards and norms. The finding of this study show that the development of agreement strongly affects to the commerce practices, and standar agreement is urgently needed by business practices as a guideline to perform business traffic as smooth as buyer and seller expect, then both seller and buyer should know the three alternative way used as the procedures of standard agreement, namely; contract signing, notification document agreement, and notification by bulletin board. At last, a standard agreement could be accepted as legal agreement corresponding to willingness and trustworthy.
The rule of law

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Besnik Murati

2015-07-01

Full Text Available The state as an international entity and its impact on the individual’s right has been and still continues to be a crucial factor in the relationship between private and public persons. States vary in terms of their political system, however, democratic states are based on the separation of powers and human rights within the state. Rule of law is the product of many actors in a state, including laws, individuals, society, political system, separation of powers, human rights, the establishment of civil society, the relationship between law and the individual, as well as, individual-state relations. Purpose and focus of this study is the importance of a functioning state based on law, characteristics of the rule of law, separation of powers and the basic concepts of the rule of law.
24 CFR 5.380 - Public housing programs: Procedure for development of pet rules.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... for development of pet rules. 5.380 Section 5.380 Housing and Urban Development Office of the Secretary, Department of Housing and Urban Development GENERAL HUD PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS; WAIVERS Pet Ownership for the Elderly or Persons With Disabilities Pet Ownership Requirements for Public Housing...

Search Results | Page 912 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 9111 - 9120 of 9577 ... Rules of origin and development of regional production network in Asia : case studies of selected industries. Simpler ... Utility of regional trade agreements : experience from India's regionalism. India''s ... Innovation.
Exploration of SWRL Rule Bases through Visualization, Paraphrasing, and Categorization of Rules

Science.gov (United States)

Hassanpour, Saeed; O'Connor, Martin J.; Das, Amar K.

Rule bases are increasingly being used as repositories of knowledge content on the Semantic Web. As the size and complexity of these rule bases increases, developers and end users need methods of rule abstraction to facilitate rule management. In this paper, we describe a rule abstraction method for Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) rules that is based on lexical analysis and a set of heuristics. Our method results in a tree data structure that we exploit in creating techniques to visualize, paraphrase, and categorize SWRL rules. We evaluate our approach by applying it to several biomedical ontologies that contain SWRL rules, and show how the results reveal rule patterns within the rule base. We have implemented our method as a plug-in tool for Protégé-OWL, the most widely used ontology modeling software for the Semantic Web. Our tool can allow users to rapidly explore content and patterns in SWRL rule bases, enabling their acquisition and management.
A Rule Based Approach to ISS Interior Volume Control and Layout

Science.gov (United States)

Peacock, Brian; Maida, Jim; Fitts, David; Dory, Jonathan

2001-01-01

Traditional human factors design involves the development of human factors requirements based on a desire to accommodate a certain percentage of the intended user population. As the product is developed human factors evaluation involves comparison between the resulting design and the specifications. Sometimes performance metrics are involved that allow leniency in the design requirements given that the human performance result is satisfactory. Clearly such approaches may work but they give rise to uncertainty and negotiation. An alternative approach is to adopt human factors design rules that articulate a range of each design continuum over which there are varying outcome expectations and interactions with other variables, including time. These rules are based on a consensus of human factors specialists, designers, managers and customers. The International Space Station faces exactly this challenge in interior volume control, which is based on anthropometric, performance and subjective preference criteria. This paper describes the traditional approach and then proposes a rule-based alternative. The proposed rules involve spatial, temporal and importance dimensions. If successful this rule-based concept could be applied to many traditional human factors design variables and could lead to a more effective and efficient contribution of human factors input to the design process.
Global Governance: A New Paradigm for the Rule of Law

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Winston P. Nagan

2013-10-01

Full Text Available This article seeks to appraise the Rule of Law in the context of international sovereignty and the growth of international non-governmental organizations. The article explores the meaning of the Rule of Law and suggests that it is better understood as a symbol representing the most basic values that underline our global constitutional system. When we relate the global Rule of Law to the values and the global constitutional framework, we recognize that the Rule of Law and the global constitution are better secured if their authority base can be strengthened. The obvious way this can be done is by strengthening the role of non-governmental organizations within the framework of global governance. If we see the Rule of Law as a defense and promotion of basic values, we may then pose the question about the Rule of Law as an agent of change in a novel developmental construct. Here the author notes that the dynamism of technological change will only increase in the future. But technological change will result in more use of technology and less employment. The question then is, should the benefits of technology not be shared with the workers as well? If that is true, one of the obvious benefits of technology in relation to labor is to reduce the number of hours or days that the worker has to work. Leisure time could result in an aggregate distribution of human happiness. It could evolve into an incentive to generate enhanced human co-creative activity. We could possibly even imagine a second renaissance in the impact of human imagination on society. A modern renaissance. In short, such a development could stimulate the evolution of a human rights based aesthetic.
International Trade: Rules of Origin

National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

Jones, Vivian C; Martin, Michael F

2008-01-01

...), used to determine the country of origin of merchandise entering the U.S. market, can be very simple, noncontroversial tools of international trade as long as all of the parts of a product are manufactured and assembled primarily in one country...
Open Development : Networked Innovations in International ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Open Development : Networked Innovations in International Development. Couverture du livre Open Development: Networked Innovations in International Development. Directeur(s):. Matthew L. Smith et Katherine M. A. Reilly. Maison(s) d'édition: The MIT Press, CRDI. 12 décembre 2013. ISBN : 9780262525411.
Mandatory rules and public policy in international contract law

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Pauknerová, Monika

-, č. 11 (2010), s. 29-43 ISSN 1612-3093 R&D Projects: GA ČR GA407/08/0188 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z70680506 Keywords : mandatory rules * public policy * Rome Convention Subject RIV: AG - Legal Sciences
Development | Page 24 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Two years ago, the International Development Research Centre created CIME, a development communication program that reflects the interrelations between Communication at the grassroots level, the exchange of Information, two-way Media, and nonformal Education. This book presents the conceptual framework that led ...
26 CFR 301.6323(i)-1 - Special rules.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... organization to communicate information unless such communication is part of his regular duties or unless he... 26 Internal Revenue 18 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Special rules. 301.6323(i)-1 Section 301.6323(i)-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) PROCEDURE AND...
Amendments to the Staff Rules and Regulations

CERN Multimedia

2003-01-01

The Staff Rules and Regulations in force since 1 January 1996 are modified as follows: as from 1 April 2003 Article R II 1.19 - Types and duration of contracts of staff members (page 15) as from 1 July 2003 Implementation of the category of local staff members Copies of this update are available in the divisional secretariats. In addition, Staff Rules and Regulations are available for consultation on the Web at http://cern.ch/hr-div/internal/admin_services/rules/default.asp Human Resources Division Tel. 74128
Search Results | Page 123 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Perception about economic reforms having benefitted only the rich is not supported by the data. ... RELATIONS PREFERENTIAL TARIFFS INDUSTRIAL POLICY REGIONAL ... Rules of origin and development of regional production network in Asia ... Utility of regional trade agreements : experience from India's regionalism.
The Application of Overriding Mandatory Rules by Ukrainian Courts in Cases Arising on Cross-Border Unfair Competition

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Богдан Юрійович Ребриш

2017-03-01

Full Text Available In private international law, there are a number of restrictions in the application of foreign law. Under national laws, some of these limitations appear as mandatory rules based on public policy. These kind of rules shall apply despite the foreign law that could be apply through the conflict of laws rule, or choice of law made by the parties. In other words, in matters of private international law internal mandatory rules replace the rules of the law of a foreign state. However, the problem is that the Law of Ukraine «On Private International Law» does not set criteria for inclusion of certain provisions of the substantive law to the appropriate category. Therefore, in practice to attribute some provisions of substantive law to the mandatory rules is a problematic issue. Especially it concerns the rules of competition law, which in most cases characterize as public law rules. The article is devoted to the coverage of problematic issues of application mandatory rules of Ukrainian competition legislation in cases with a foreign element. Analyzed the approaches of different scholars on the concept of mandatory rules. Paid attention on the differences of application mandatory and imperative rules of competition law of Ukraine.
Trip internalization in multi-use developments.

Science.gov (United States)

2014-04-01

Internal trip capture refers to how the number trips to and from a development are reduced by the proximity of : complementary land uses within the development (e.g., residential to retail). Internal trips occur within the : development and do not en...
Development of scaling rules for Rutherford type superconducting cables

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Royet, J.M.; Scanlan, R.M.

1991-01-01

During the R and D phase of the Superconducting Supercollider (SSC) program, LBL was responsible for establishing the parameters for cables used in SSC dipole and quadrupole magnets. In addition, LBL has collaborated with Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory on the design and fabrication of a new cable for use in the Low Beta Quadrupoles. As a result of the development work on these and other cables, we have arrived a set of scaling rules which provide guidelines for choosing the parameters for a wide range of superconducting cables. These parameters include strand size, strand number, keystone angle, percent compaction, cable pitch and compacted cable dimensions. In addition, we have defined the tolerance ranges for the key cable manufacturing parameters such as mandrel size and shape, strand tension, and Turkshead temperature control. In this paper, the authors present the results on cables ranging from 8 strands to 36 strands of 0.65mm wire and from 8 strands to 30 strands of 0.8mm wire. The authors use these results to demonstrate the application of the scaling rules for Rutherford-type cable
Development of scaling rules for Rutherford type superconducting cables

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Royet, J.M.; Scanlan, R.M.

1990-09-01

During the R ampersand D phase of the Superconducting Supercollider (SSC) program, LBL was responsible for establishing the parameters for cables used in SSC dipole and quadrupole magnets. In addition, the design and fabrication of a new cable for use in the Low Beta Quadrupoles. As a result of the development work on these and other cables, we have arrived a set of scaling rules which provide guidelines for choosing the parameters for a wide range of superconducting cables. These parameters include strand size, strand number, keystone angle, percent compaction, cable pitch and compacted cable dimensions. In addition, we have defined the tolerance ranges for the key cable manufacturing parameters such as mandrel size and shape, stand tension, and Turkshead temperature control. In this paper, we present the results on cables ranging from 8 strands to 36 strands of 0.65mm wire and from 8 strands to 30 strands of 0.8mm wire. We use these results to demonstrate the application of the scaling rules for Rutherford-type cable
WTO accepts rules limiting medicine exports to poor countries.

Science.gov (United States)

James, John S

2003-09-12

In a controversial decision on August 30, 2003, the World Trade Organization agreed to complex rules limiting the export of medications to developing countries. Reaction to the decision so far has shown a complete disconnect between trade delegates and the WTO, both of which praise the new rules as a humanitarian advance, and those working in treatment access in poor countries, who believe that they will effectively block treatment from reaching many who need it. We have prepared a background paper that analyzes this decision and its implications and offers the opinions of key figures on both sides of the debate. It is clear that the rules were largely written for and probably by the proprietary pharmaceutical industry, and imposed on the countries in the WTO mainly by the United States. The basic conflict is that this industry does not want the development of international trade in low-cost generic copies of its patented medicines--not even for poor countries, where little or no market exists. Yet millions of people die each year without medication for treatable conditions such as AIDS, and drug pricing remains one of several major obstacles to controlling global epidemics.
26 CFR 1.451-1 - General rule for taxable year of inclusion.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 6 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false General rule for taxable year of inclusion. 1... General rule for taxable year of inclusion. (a) General rule. Gains, profits, and income are to be... received during such year shall be included. (For rules relating to the inclusion of partnership income in...
International and national standardisation for quality assurance in nuclear engineering

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Becker, K.

1992-01-01

After a summarising description of international developments (ISO 6216, ISO 9000 series, IAEA 50 SG-QA) an overview of the total of around 200 national quality standards and regulations from almost 20 countries is given. Finally the relationships between rules of engineering and the rules of laws, mechanisms and trends in the development of nuclear energy standards with particular consideration of the possibilities for European harmonisation are presented in brief. 1 fig., 5 tabs
Development of a rule-based diagnostic platform on an object-oriented expert system shell

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wang, Wenlin; Yang, Ming; Seong, Poong Hyun

2016-01-01

Highlights: • Multilevel Flow Model represents system knowledge as a domain map in expert system. • Rule-based fault diagnostic expert system can identify root cause via a causal chain. • Rule-based fault diagnostic expert system can be used for fault simulation training. - Abstract: This paper presents the development and implementation of a real-time rule-based diagnostic platform. The knowledge is acquired from domain experts and textbooks and the design of the fault diagnosis expert system was performed in the following ways: (i) establishing of corresponding classes and instances to build the domain map, (ii) creating of generic fault models based on events, and (iii) building of diagnostic reasoning based on rules. Knowledge representation is a complicated issue of expert systems. One highlight of this paper is that the Multilevel Flow Model has been used to represent the knowledge, which composes the domain map within the expert system as well as providing a concise description of the system. The developed platform is illustrated using the pressure safety system of a pressurized water reactor as an example of the simulation test bed; the platform is developed using the commercial and industrially validated software G2. The emulation test was conducted and it has been proven that the fault diagnosis expert system can identify the faults correctly and in a timely way; this system can be used as a simulation-based training tool to assist operators to make better decisions.
The evolution of civil society and the rule of law regarding female genital mutilation in Iraqi Kurdistan.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

R. Cardone

2015-04-01

Full Text Available International human rights law relies on state sovereignty to localize suggested policy with codification and enforcement in an attempt to reconcile universalism with particularity. However, amidst domestic governance developments from post-conflict state building and self-determination, governmental instability complicates and often overlooks priorities of international human rights for more tangible domestic infrastructure, such as basic human needs rather than seemingly suggested rights ideals. This does not diminish the significance of human rights, though, pertaining to the rights of the child in addressing gender-based violence through the elimination of female genital mutilation, for example. While state-centric localization is currently prioritized for implementing international law, the rule of law is more integrated throughout the realms of societal structure, culture, and institutions in addition to the legal realm. If the legal realm is disrupted with instability, violence, and discontinuity, how does society internalize and integrate international human rights law over time, and can it be sustainable despite instability? This research evaluates the development of the rule of law, and its effectiveness, regarding female genital mutilation (FGM as a case study in Iraqi Kurdistan from the end of the Iran-Iraq War in 1988 until 2013, the early years of the Kurdistan Regional Government’s parliament. Comprehensive rule of law evolution can be measured through comparing domestic legal developments through state-centric policy and enforcement, or lack thereof, with cultural internalization and non-governmental engagements. By studying the legal and cultural realms’ interaction with the anti-FGM discourse over Iraqi Kurdistan’s past two decades, this research will determine the role of a continuous society overlaid by intermittent legal structures in the sustainability of negotiating cultural relativity with universal human rights.

Application of the United Nations convention on contracts for TEH international sale of goods when the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a contracting state

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jovanović Marko

2014-01-01

Full Text Available The paper examines the problems with respect to the application of the UN Sales Convention (CISG by virtue of its Article 1(1(b. To that effect, the author analyzes the legal nature of this provision, describes the prerequisites for its application and explains the relevance of different rules of private international law for the application of the CISG. A special attention is given to the effects of Article 95 reservation. The author presents arguments against a widely spread opinion that the Article 1(1(b is in itself a conflict-of-laws rule, suggests that this provision is suitable to be applied both by courts and arbitral tribunals and explains the importance of the rules on classification and renvoi for the application of the CISG. With respect to the effect of Article 95 reservation, the author gives precedence to the position of the applicable law, rather than the law of the forum, concerning this reservation.
Celebrating international collaboration: reflections on the first Virtual International Practice Development Conference

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Moira Stephens

2016-11-01

Full Text Available This article reports on the first Virtual International Practice Development Conference, held in May 2015 to celebrate International Nurses Day. The article describes key aspects of its planning, offers a flavour of the event itself and sets out an evaluation, including learning points and recommendations to assist with planning similar events in the future. Central to our learning are: The need for practice developers to grasp skills in technology associated with virtual space The need to embrace virtual space itself as another means by which creative and communicative spaces can be established for active learning and practice development activities The potential advantages that international virtual engagement has over face-to-face national or international engagement The delivery of this virtual event made a significant international contribution to global practice development activity within the International Practice Development Collaborative and to enabling practice developers to connect and celebrate on a more global basis. Implications for practice: Virtual space technology skills can assist with sharing and translating practice development research, innovations and critical commentary Virtual space can provide an adjunct to creative and communicative learning spaces Global networking opportunities can be developed and enhanced through the use of virtual space technology Practice developers need to role model the use of virtual technologies
Canada Research Chairs | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

aspx. International Research Chairs Initiative. The International Research Chairs Initiative pairs top research talent from universities in Canada with their counterparts in developing countries to address key development challenges. View more
A Chaos Theory Perspective on International Migration

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Anca Tănasie

2017-12-01

Full Text Available This paper aims at providing a different approach to international migration analysis, beyond classical models previously proposed by specialized literature. Chaos theory is getting more and more applied into macroeconomics once traditional linear models or even previous dynamic analysis become less suitable. Modern science sees chaos as unpredictable evolution, maybe even disorder. Still, chaos has got its own rules and can describe many dynamic phenomena within our world. Thus, we test whether international migration data falls under the rules of chaos and whether recent developments within the “European migration crisis” (the total daily migration inflows towards the coasts of Italy, by sea, from January 2014 to April 2017 could be described as chaotic.
A U.S. developer's introduction to international independent power development

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Goodwin, L.M.

1993-01-01

Because US developers have had significant experience developing independent power projects in the US during the fifteen years since the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (''PURPA'') was passed, US developers have been some of the most aggressive participants in the early stages of international independent power development. However, US developers who attempt to transplant their US experience directly to foreign markets may be in for a rude awakening. Despite the similarities, there are significant differences between energy project development within the US and development in international markets. The purpose of this paper is to explore these differences, and to review some of the new considerations that experienced US developers will have to deal with in developing international projects
26 CFR 1.6662-3 - Negligence or disregard of rules or regulations.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 13 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Negligence or disregard of rules or regulations... Penalties § 1.6662-3 Negligence or disregard of rules or regulations. (a) In general. If any portion of an... Internal Revenue Code that is required to be shown on a return is attributable to negligence or disregard...
26 CFR 1.401(m)-4 - Special rules for mergers, acquisitions and similar events. [Reserved

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 5 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Special rules for mergers, acquisitions and similar events. [Reserved] 1.401(m)-4 Section 1.401(m)-4 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE... Bonus Plans, Etc. § 1.401(m)-4 Special rules for mergers, acquisitions and similar events. [Reserved] ...
Development of Watch Schedule Using Rules Approach

Science.gov (United States)

Jurkevicius, Darius; Vasilecas, Olegas

The software for schedule creation and optimization solves a difficult, important and practical problem. The proposed solution is an online employee portal where administrator users can create and manage watch schedules and employee requests. Each employee can login with his/her own account and see his/her assignments, manage requests, etc. Employees set as administrators can perform the employee scheduling online, manage requests, etc. This scheduling software allows users not only to see the initial and optimized watch schedule in a simple and understandable form, but also to create special rules and criteria and input their business. The system using rules automatically will generate watch schedule.
26 CFR 1.401(k)-5 - Special rules for mergers, acquisitions and similar events. [Reserved

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 5 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Special rules for mergers, acquisitions and similar events. [Reserved] 1.401(k)-5 Section 1.401(k)-5 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE... Bonus Plans, Etc. § 1.401(k)-5 Special rules for mergers, acquisitions and similar events. [Reserved] [T...
Conformity of Goods in International Sales

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Henschel, Rene Franz

The Conformity of Goods in International Sales gives a systematic analysis of Article 35 in the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). Based on a detailed analysis of the most important cases and leading academic writing, Article 35 is described...... 9 CISG and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts. The relation to domestic rules competing with Article 35, for instance the rules on validity and the rules on non-contractual liability, are analysed and so is the relation to selected domestic sales law, e.g. the United...... as a historical compromise between caveat emptor and caveat venditor and it is shown that the Article is to be supplemented by the general rules of contract law inside and outside the convention, such as the principle of good faith in Article 7 CISG, the rules of interpretation and usage in Article 8 and Article...
Rules on the conflict of laws in the matter of succession in Romanian private international law

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Daniel BERLINGHER

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Until the entry into force of the new Civil Code (1 October 2011, the law applicable to inheritance made the distinction between the inheritance of movable property (to which the national law of the deceased applied and the inheritance of immovable property (to which lex rei sitae applied. At present, the Civil Code establishes, as a rule of principle, that inheritance is subject to the law of the state on whose territory the deceased had habitual residence at the time of death. Thus, in the new legal regulation, the Romanian legislator considered, on the one hand, the Hague Conventions in this matter, and on the other hand, European Union law. In this article I analyzed the law applicable to inheritance in Romanian private international law, namely the law applicable to wills. Likewise, I conducted a comparative study with the legislation of other states in this matter. As regards the domain of application of the law on inheritance in Romanian private international law, I presented the aspects governed by art. 2636 of the Civil Code.
Developing International Personas

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Jensen, Iben; Hautopp, Heidi; Nielsen, Lene

2017-01-01

Personas have become a popular method in new product development. Personas have traditionally, and are still, primarily created to represent users from a single national culture at a time during the design process. This, however, is unsatisfactory for companies operating on a global market...... as they show an increasing interest in international personas. However, research on personas in a global context is limited. To address this gap, this paper provides an overview of extant research on international personas. Secondly, it presents an empirical study on challenges Danish IT companies experience...... when using the persona method to collect and present insights about their international users. A key finding in both the literature review and the empirical study was the ambiguity concerning the concept of culture. Therefore, the paper draws on theories about culture, and especially practice theory...
Basic And Alternative Rules In Evaluation Of Tangible And Intangible Assets

OpenAIRE

Luminiţa Rus

2010-01-01

The purpose of this report is to bring to the forefront the basic and alternative national rules in evaluation of tangible and intangible assets approved by the Order of the Ministry of Public Finance no. 3055/2009, compared with the International Standards of Accounting matters and positioning of this accounting treatment in the context of the International Regulations. It also is reviewing fiscal influence of these valuation rules.
BASIC AND ALTERNATIVE RULES IN EVALUATION OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

LUMINIŢA RUS

2010-01-01

Full Text Available The purpose of this report is to bring to the forefront the basic and alternative national rules in evaluation of tangible and intangible assets approved by the Order of the Ministry of Public Finance no. 3055/2009, compared with the International Standards of Accounting matters and positioning of this accounting treatment in the context of the International Regulations. It also is reviewing fiscal influence of these valuation rules.
Open development networked innovations in international development

CERN Document Server

Reilly, Katherine M A

2014-01-01

The emergence of open networked models made possible by digital technology has the potential to transform international development. Open network structures allow people to come together to share information, organize, and collaborate. Open development harnesses this power, to create new organizational forms and improve people's lives; it is not only an agenda for research and practice but also a statement about how to approach international development. In this volume, experts explore a variety of applications of openness, addressing challenges as well as opportunities. Open development requires new theoretical tools that focus on real world problems, consider a variety of solutions, and recognize the complexity of local contexts. After exploring the new theoretical terrain, the book describes a range of cases in which open models address such specific development issues as biotechnology research, improving education, and access to scholarly publications. Contributors then examine tensions between open model...
Rule base system in developing groundwater pollution expert system: predicting model

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mongkon Ta-oun; Mohamed Daud; Mohd Zohadie Bardaie; Shamshuddin Jusop

2000-01-01

New techniques are now available for use in the protection of the environment. One of these techniques is the use of expert system for prediction groundwater pollution potential. Groundwater Pollution Expert system (GWPES) rules are a collection of principles and procedures used to know the comprehension of groundwater pollution prediction. The rules of groundwater pollution expert system in the form of questions, choice, radio-box, slide rule, button or frame are translated in to IF-THEN rule. The rules including of variables, types, domains and descriptions were used by the function of wxCLIPS (C Language Integrate Production System) expert system shell. (author)
26 CFR 1.613-1 - Percentage depletion; general rule.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 7 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Percentage depletion; general rule. 1.613-1... TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Natural Resources § 1.613-1 Percentage depletion; general rule. (a) In general. In the case of a taxpayer computing the deduction for depletion under section 611...
78 FR 6273 - Rules Relating to Additional Medicare Tax

Science.gov (United States)

2013-01-30

... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Internal Revenue Service 26 CFR Parts 1 and 31 [REG-130074-11] RIN 1545-BK54 Rules Relating to Additional Medicare Tax Correction In proposed rule document 2012-29237, appearing on pages 72268- 72277 in the issue of Wednesday, December 5, 2012, make the following correction...
The international development challenge

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anon.

1998-01-01

Markets are opening up to international competition and new opportunities will arise for companies. The first part of this international round table of the French gas association's annual conference was devoted to whether they have all necessary assets, especially in terms of know-how and new technologies. In the second part of this round table, gas industry leaders presented their ambitions and strategies on the international scene. The questions discussed related to the main areas of development from both business and geographic viewpoints; to the underlying factors such as expertise, technological know-how, market risks and potential, strategic alliances. (authors)
Use of Six Sigma Worksheets for assessment of internal and external failure costs associated with candidate quality control rules for an ADVIA 120 hematology analyzer.

Science.gov (United States)

Cian, Francesco; Villiers, Elisabeth; Archer, Joy; Pitorri, Francesca; Freeman, Kathleen

2014-06-01

Quality control (QC) validation is an essential tool in total quality management of a veterinary clinical pathology laboratory. Cost-analysis can be a valuable technique to help identify an appropriate QC procedure for the laboratory, although this has never been reported in veterinary medicine. The aim of this study was to determine the applicability of the Six Sigma Quality Cost Worksheets in the evaluation of possible candidate QC rules identified by QC validation. Three months of internal QC records were analyzed. EZ Rules 3 software was used to evaluate candidate QC procedures, and the costs associated with the application of different QC rules were calculated using the Six Sigma Quality Cost Worksheets. The costs associated with the current and the candidate QC rules were compared, and the amount of cost savings was calculated. There was a significant saving when the candidate 1-2.5s, n = 3 rule was applied instead of the currently utilized 1-2s, n = 3 rule. The savings were 75% per year (£ 8232.5) based on re-evaluating all of the patient samples in addition to the controls, and 72% per year (£ 822.4) based on re-analyzing only the control materials. The savings were also shown to change accordingly with the number of samples analyzed and with the number of daily QC procedures performed. These calculations demonstrated the importance of the selection of an appropriate QC procedure, and the usefulness of the Six Sigma Costs Worksheet in determining the most cost-effective rule(s) when several candidate rules are identified by QC validation. © 2014 American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology and European Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology.

European union mission for the rule of law in Kosovo

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Dr.Sc. Bejtush Gashi

2011-12-01

Full Text Available Here we have studied the international circumstances that have affected the deployment of the EULEX Mission in Kosovo. The EULEX mission is the European Union Mission for the Rule of Law in Kosovo. Its main goal is to advise, assist and support the Kosovo authorities in issues of the rule of law, especially in the field of police, judiciary and customs performance. Also this mission has the responsibility to develop and further strengthen the independent multi-ethnic justice system in Kosovo, by ensuring that the rule of law institutions are not politically influenced and that they meet the known international standards and best European practices. This mission was foreseen to be deployed to Kosovo, based on the Ahtissari Comprehensive Status Proposal for Kosovo, but due to its non-approval by the UN Security Council, its full implementation was delayed until December 2008. EULEX acts within the framework of Resolution 1244 of the UN Security Council and under a single chain of command in Brussels. EULEX officials have supported Kosovo Police, the Judiciary system and Kosovo Customs, through MMA actions for achieving objectives and goals that are foreseen by the program strategy of EULEX. But in terms of efficiency, EULEX has only achieved modest results. In the northern part of Kosovo, EULEX has failed, as a result of its ambivalent mandate and incoherence of EU Foreign and Security Policy.
Rules of engagement: developing the online tutor

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Lucy Golden

2012-08-01

Full Text Available This paper considers professional development in a context that is familiar and problematic to teaching teams in tertiary education everywhere, that of delivering online programmes with an ever-decreasing complement of staff. The Teaching Qualification Further Education (TQFE teaching team at University of Dundee confronted the reality of reduced staff numbers by centralising tutoring and support for programme participants. The new system involves standardising tutoring as far as possible through generic email, blog and microblog accounts, all badged “TQFE-Tutor” and staffed on a roster basis. Once the new “rules of engagement” via TQFE-Tutor were in place, it became clear that in addition to benefits in terms of student support, there were other unintended positive consequences: opportunities for informal professional development for staff and the promotion of effective team working. The experience of collective tutoring has facilitated collaboration on a range of innovations within online learning. This paper describes the evolution of the TQFE-Tutor innovation and reports upon a small scale study which was carried out to gather the views of the tutor team working with TQFE-Tutor. The authors conclude that the centralisation of communication and tutoring on the TQFE programme has been highly beneficial in terms of professional development for the team.
Rules of song development and their use in vocal interactions by birds with large repertoires.

Science.gov (United States)

Geberzahn, Nicole; Hultsch, Henrike

2004-06-01

Songbirds are well known for settling their disputes by vocal signals, and their singing plays a dominant role. Most studies on this issue have concentrated on bird species that develop and use small vocal repertoires. In this article we will go farther and focus on examples of how species with large song repertoires make use of their vocal competence. In particular, we will outline the study of interaction rules which have been elucidated by examining time- and pattern-specific relationships between signals exchanged by territorial neighbors. First we present an inquiry into the rules of song learning and development. In birds with large song repertoires, the ontogeny of such rules proceeds along a number of trajectories which help in understanding the often remarkable accomplishments of adult birds. In both approaches, our model species will be the Common Nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos that has been investigated intensively in the field and in the laboratory.
The merchant shipping (dangerous goods) (amendment) rules 1980 No. 789

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1980-01-01

These Rules amend the Merchant Shipping Rules 1978 and revoke the Merchant Shipping (Dangerous Goods) (Amendment) Rules 1979. The purpose of this amendment is to update the references to the 1978 Report of the Department of Trade's Standing Advisory Committee on the Carriage of Dangerous Goods in Ships (the Blue Book) and the 1977 Edition of the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code of IMCO (the IMDG Code), referred to in the 1978 Rules. The amendments concern, inter alia, marking of packages on board ship which contain dangerous goods, including radioactive materials (NEA) [fr
Consistence of Network Filtering Rules

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

SHE Kun; WU Yuancheng; HUANG Juncai; ZHOU Mingtian

2004-01-01

The inconsistence of firewall/VPN(Virtual Private Network) rule makes a huge maintainable cost.With development of Multinational Company,SOHO office,E-government the number of firewalls/VPN will increase rapidly.Rule table in stand-alone or network will be increased in geometric series accordingly.Checking the consistence of rule table manually is inadequate.A formal approach can define semantic consistence,make a theoretic foundation of intelligent management about rule tables.In this paper,a kind of formalization of host rules and network ones for auto rule-validation based on SET theory were proporsed and a rule validation scheme was defined.The analysis results show the superior performance of the methods and demonstrate its potential for the intelligent management based on rule tables.
19 CFR 177.7 - Situations in which no ruling will be issued.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

....7 Section 177.7 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY... for a ruling which fails to comply with the provisions of this part. Moreover, no ruling letter will... litigation in the United States Court of International Trade. No ruling letter will be issued with respect to...
76 FR 19909 - International Terrorism Victim Expense Reimbursement Program

Science.gov (United States)

2011-04-11

... 1121-AA78 International Terrorism Victim Expense Reimbursement Program AGENCY: Office of Justice... promulgating this interim-final rule for its International Terrorism Victim Expense Reimbursement Program... international terrorism. DATES: Effective date: This interim-final rule is effective April 11, 2011. Comment...
International thermal reactor development

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zebroski, E.L.

1977-01-01

The worldwide development of nuclear power plants is reviewed. Charts are presented which show the commitment to light-water reactor capacity construction with breakdown by region and country. Additional charts show the major nuclear research centers which have substantial scope in light water reactor development and extensive international activities
Nuclear development and international safeguards: where do we stand and where are we going

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Scheinman, L.

1979-01-01

Together with the political commitments reflected in the Nonproliferation Treaty, international safeguards represent a cornerstone of an effective international nuclear regime. As important as they are, safeguards cannot fully achieve the goal of maintaining access to peaceful nuclear energy without significantly increasing proliferation risks. In order to mitigate those risks, extrinsic protective measures are necessary, including the establishment of rules, norms and institutional arrangements relating to the timing, conditions, and scope of introduction of sensitive nuclear fuels and fuel cycle facilities
French recent developments in support to rules for creep and creep-fatigue analyses

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Touboul, F.; Moulin, D.

1997-01-01

RCC-MR proposes Design rules for creep and creep-fatigue damage evaluation in zones with no geometrical discontinuities. Rules have been developed, based on the σ d concept, in order to consider zones with geometrical discontinuities. Rule for Weld are proposed in the paragraph relative to shell design rules and reduction coefficient due to material properties are given in Appendix A9. For fatigue analysis, last version of RCC-MR (1993) has proposed a reduction factor on fatigue curves (Jf value), derived from preliminary tests performed within European program. Studies have been carried out in order to have a better understanding of the phenomena involved in these fatigue reduction factors. Tests have been performed on large plates, with varying applied displacements, weld geometry, plate thickness, weld direction. It appears that material effect is not the only purpose to be considered but that it is necessary to think about the geometrical effect, linked to the welded zone dimensions, and the elastic follow-up effect between the two materials: base metal and weld metal. As a first approach, simplified calculations have been achieved with precise material characterization. Roche's method and Zarka method's give conservative result in comparison to tests results. (author). 3 refs, 4 tabs
The Impact of Transport on International Trade Development

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Pavlović Duško

2016-09-01

Full Text Available International trade implies transport of specific quantity of goods to (frequently large distances, the success of which depends on the safety and speed of delivery. These are greatly conditioned by the quality of means of transport and infrastructure. This is why international trade development is affected by transport, and the development of means of transport and infrastructure is, to a great extent, influenced by demand for international delivery of various commodities. This paper looks at the interdependence of international trade and transport, showing how transport played a very significant role in international trade development in the past as it does today, commensurate to the role of international trade in the development of carriers and transport infrastructure.
Search Results | Page 749 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 7481 - 7490 of 8491 ... Open Development: Networked Innovations in International Development. The emergence of open networked models made possible by digital technology has the potential to transform international development. Open network structures allow people to come together to share information, ...
International Marketing Developing Publishing Business

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Eugenijus Chlivickas

2015-05-01

Full Text Available Lithuanian integration in the financial Eurozone and Lithuanian publishing business development in the European Union and outside it, becomes an important problem requiring a solution. Promoting the dissemination of printed books and literacy in Lithuania and beyond, to properly introduce the achievements of Lithuania in foreign countries, it is important to ensure Lithuanian letter, educational and scientific book publishing development. The article examines the characteristics of the international marketing publishing, the world and Lithuanian state publishing houses on the basis of foreign and Lithuanian scientists theoretical insights about the instruments of international marketing opportunities, developing proposals for publishing business integration of new economic conditions.
International certification in developing countries: the role of internal and external institutional pressure.

Science.gov (United States)

Fikru, Mahelet G

2014-11-01

This paper examines the different internal and external institutional factors that affect the decision of businesses in developing countries to adopt international certification (IC). Past studies focus on pressure from international laws, the role of multinationals, and businesses mimicking practices of their counterparts in developed countries. This paper finds that, in addition to these external factors, internal factors may have a significant role. Even though environmental regulation is weak in developing countries, governments do not ignore industrial pollution and casualties. They respond by increasing bureaucratic regulations for businesses and this can affect the decision to adopt IC. Furthermore, internal pressure may come from workers' unions that push for a safe and healthy working environment. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Controlling weapons of mass destruction through the rule of law

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Tanzman, E.A.

1995-08-08

Many who speak of the end of the Cold War emphasize the improvement in international relations when they speak of the momentous consequences of this event. According to this image, the half century since Trinity has been a period of sparse international communication during which the Eastern and Western blocs hibernated in their isolated dens of security alliances. The emphasis in the phrase ``Cold War`` was on the word ``cold,`` and relations with the former Communist regimes are now ``warm`` by comparison. It is equally valid to consider what has happened to the word ``was` in this highly descriptive phrase. While meaningful international dialogue was in a state of relative lethargy during much of the last fifty years, the military establishments of the Great Powers were actively engaged in using as much force as possible in their efforts to control world affairs, short of triggering a nuclear holocaust. Out of these military postures a tense peace ironically emerged, but the terms by which decisions were made about controlling weapons of mass destruction (i.e., nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons) were the terms of war. The thesis of this paper is that the end of the Cold War marks a shift away from reliance on military might toward an international commitment to controlling weapons,of mass destruction through the ``rule of law.`` Rawls wrote that ``legal system is a coercive order of public rules addressed to rational persons for the purpose of regulating their conduct and providing the framework for social cooperation. The regular and impartial administration of public rules, becomes the rule of law when applied to the legal system.`` Inparticular, Rawls identifies as part of this system of public rules those laws that aim to prevent free riders on the economic system and those that aim to correct such externalities as environmental pollution.``
75 FR 8645 - Public Meetings on the Development of the Forest Service Land Management Planning Rule

Science.gov (United States)

2010-02-25

...The USDA Forest Service is committed to developing a new Forest Service Land Management Planning Rule (planning rule) through a transparent and participatory process. To facilitate public participation, dialogue, and active collaboration, the Forest Service will host a national science forum, three national roundtables, and nine regional roundtables. Summaries of each session will be produced and posted on the planning rule Web site as part of the public record. While public participation in the forum and roundtables will be a valuable source of information for the rule-writing process, this participation is not a substitute for the submission of written comments through the formal National Environmental Policy Act and Administrative Procedure Act (NEPA/APA) processes. Any comments you wish to be considered as part of the formal NEPA/APA process must be made by you in writing during the appropriate comment period.
International law and United Nations

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Savić Matej

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Along with centuries-lasting open military pretensions of world superpowers, modern diplomacy has developed, as beginning a war, as well as coming to peace demanded political activity which resulted, first in signing, and then coming into effect of international documents, on the basis of which, a foundation for the modern international order has been cast. Further on, by the formation of international organizations, codification has been allowed, as well as a progressive development of international law. Additionally, in the sense of preserving international peace and security, first the League of Nations was formed, and following the ending of World War II, the UN. Generally, the functioning of the United Nation's organs, has been regulated by legal rules, however political goals, tendencies, and mechanisms which the member states are using determine greatly the activity above all of the Security Council, but furthermore of the General Assembly, as a plenary organ. Nevertheless, the achieved results of the Commission for International Law in the meaning of creation of international conventions, as well as state adhering to the same, present unassailable achievements in the sense of development of international law. On the other hand, tendencies of motion of international relationships are aimed at establishing a multi-polar system in the international community. Today, the political scene is assuming a new appearance, by which the nearly built international system is already awaiting further progressive development.
The curious absence of human rights: Can the WIPO Development ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

This article examines international negotiation of global intellectual property protection standards. Developing countries favour more flexible international rules, while developed countries push for higher mandatory protection levels. Developing countries base their positions on primary principles of intellectual property law: ...
Decision rule classifiers for multi-label decision tables

KAUST Repository

Alsolami, Fawaz

2014-01-01

Recently, multi-label classification problem has received significant attention in the research community. This paper is devoted to study the effect of the considered rule heuristic parameters on the generalization error. The results of experiments for decision tables from UCI Machine Learning Repository and KEEL Repository show that rule heuristics taking into account both coverage and uncertainty perform better than the strategies taking into account a single criterion. © 2014 Springer International Publishing.
26 CFR 48.4081-4 - Gasoline; special rules for gasoline blendstocks.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 16 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Gasoline; special rules for gasoline blendstocks..., Tread Rubber, and Taxable Fuel Taxable Fuel § 48.4081-4 Gasoline; special rules for gasoline blendstocks... gasoline blendstocks. Generally, under prescribed conditions, tax is not imposed on gasoline blendstocks...

Rules and routines in organizations and the management of safety rules

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Weichbrodt, J. Ch.

2013-07-01

This thesis is concerned with the relationship between rules and routines in organizations and how the former can be used to steer the latter. Rules are understood as formal organizational artifacts, whereas organizational routines are collective patterns of action. While research on routines has been thriving, a clear understanding of how rules can be used to influence or control organizational routines (and vice-versa) is still lacking. This question is of particular relevance to safety rules in high-risk organizations, where the way in which organizational routines unfold can ultimately be a matter of life and death. In these organizations, an important and related issue is the balancing of standardization and flexibility – which, in the case of rules, takes the form of finding the right degree of formalization. In high-risk organizations, the question is how to adequately regulate actors’ routines in order to facilitate safe behavior, while at the same time leaving enough leeway for actors to make good decisions in abnormal situations. The railroads are regarded as high-risk industries and also rely heavily on formal rules. In this thesis, the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) were therefore selected for a field study on rules and routines. The issues outlined so far are being tackled theoretically (paper 1), empirically (paper 2), and from a practitioner’s (i.e., rule maker’s) point of view (paper 3). In paper 1, the relationship between rules and routines is theoretically conceptualized, based on a literature review. Literature on organizational control and coordination, on rules in human factors and safety, and on organizational routines is combined. Three distinct roles (rule maker, rule supervisor, and rule follower) are outlined. Six propositions are developed regarding the necessary characteristics of both routines and rules, the respective influence of the three roles on the rule-routine relationship, and regarding organizational aspects such as
Rules and routines in organizations and the management of safety rules

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Weichbrodt, J. Ch.

2013-01-01

This thesis is concerned with the relationship between rules and routines in organizations and how the former can be used to steer the latter. Rules are understood as formal organizational artifacts, whereas organizational routines are collective patterns of action. While research on routines has been thriving, a clear understanding of how rules can be used to influence or control organizational routines (and vice-versa) is still lacking. This question is of particular relevance to safety rules in high-risk organizations, where the way in which organizational routines unfold can ultimately be a matter of life and death. In these organizations, an important and related issue is the balancing of standardization and flexibility – which, in the case of rules, takes the form of finding the right degree of formalization. In high-risk organizations, the question is how to adequately regulate actors’ routines in order to facilitate safe behavior, while at the same time leaving enough leeway for actors to make good decisions in abnormal situations. The railroads are regarded as high-risk industries and also rely heavily on formal rules. In this thesis, the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) were therefore selected for a field study on rules and routines. The issues outlined so far are being tackled theoretically (paper 1), empirically (paper 2), and from a practitioner’s (i.e., rule maker’s) point of view (paper 3). In paper 1, the relationship between rules and routines is theoretically conceptualized, based on a literature review. Literature on organizational control and coordination, on rules in human factors and safety, and on organizational routines is combined. Three distinct roles (rule maker, rule supervisor, and rule follower) are outlined. Six propositions are developed regarding the necessary characteristics of both routines and rules, the respective influence of the three roles on the rule-routine relationship, and regarding organizational aspects such as
The use of blocking screws with internal lengthening nail and reverse rule of thumb for blocking screws in limb lengthening and deformity correction surgery

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Saravanaraja Muthusamy

2016-09-01

Full Text Available Abstract Internal lengthening nail (ILN is a recent development in limb lengthening and deformity correction specialty. The ILN has the distinct advantage of combining acute deformity correction with gradual lengthening of bone. While using ILN, the short metaphyseal bone fragment may develop a deformity at the time of osteotomy and nail insertion or during bone lengthening because of the wide medullary canal. These deformities are typically predictable, and blocking screws (Poller screws are helpful in these situations. This manuscript describes the common deformities that occur in femur and tibia with osteotomies at different locations while using ILN in antegrade and retrograde nailing technique. Also, a systematic approach to the appropriate use of blocking screws in these deformities is described. In addition, the “reverse rule of thumb” is introduced as a quick reference to determine the ideal location(s and number of blocking screws. These principles are applicable to limb lengthening and deformity correction as well as fracture fixation using intramedullary nails.
The use of blocking screws with internal lengthening nail and reverse rule of thumb for blocking screws in limb lengthening and deformity correction surgery.

Science.gov (United States)

Muthusamy, Saravanaraja; Rozbruch, S Robert; Fragomen, Austin T

2016-11-01

Internal lengthening nail (ILN) is a recent development in limb lengthening and deformity correction specialty. The ILN has the distinct advantage of combining acute deformity correction with gradual lengthening of bone. While using ILN, the short metaphyseal bone fragment may develop a deformity at the time of osteotomy and nail insertion or during bone lengthening because of the wide medullary canal. These deformities are typically predictable, and blocking screws (Poller screws) are helpful in these situations. This manuscript describes the common deformities that occur in femur and tibia with osteotomies at different locations while using ILN in antegrade and retrograde nailing technique. Also, a systematic approach to the appropriate use of blocking screws in these deformities is described. In addition, the "reverse rule of thumb" is introduced as a quick reference to determine the ideal location(s) and number of blocking screws. These principles are applicable to limb lengthening and deformity correction as well as fracture fixation using intramedullary nails.
MODERN TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DERIVATIVES MARKET

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

V. Shelydko

2014-09-01

Full Text Available Article is devoted to analysis of structure and peculiarities of development of the international derivatives market. The history of formation of the international derivatives market is investigated. The nature, functions and advantages of use of derivatives, and also their role in the modern international securities market are defined. Classification of financial derivatives is considered. Product lines of financial derivatives are analyzed. The regional structure of the international derivatives market and dynamics of its development are investigated. The comparative characteristic of volumes and structure of exchange and over-the-counter segments of international derivatives market are carried out. Dynamics and structure of international markets of interest-bearing derivatives and currency derivatives are analyzed. The fundamental trends of development of the modern international derivatives market are defined.
Analysis of Rules for Islamic Inheritance Law in Indonesia Using Hybrid Rule Based Learning

Science.gov (United States)

Khosyi'ah, S.; Irfan, M.; Maylawati, D. S.; Mukhlas, O. S.

2018-01-01

Along with the development of human civilization in Indonesia, the changes and reform of Islamic inheritance law so as to conform to the conditions and culture cannot be denied. The distribution of inheritance in Indonesia can be done automatically by storing the rule of Islamic inheritance law in the expert system. In this study, we analyze the knowledge of experts in Islamic inheritance in Indonesia and represent it in the form of rules using rule-based Forward Chaining (FC) and Davis-Putman-Logemann-Loveland (DPLL) algorithms. By hybridizing FC and DPLL algorithms, the rules of Islamic inheritance law in Indonesia are clearly defined and measured. The rules were conceptually validated by some experts in Islamic laws and informatics. The results revealed that generally all rules were ready for use in an expert system.
Digital Economy: The Future of International Taxation of Business Income

OpenAIRE

Baumann, Anton

2017-01-01

The subject of the thesis is to make an assessment on the situation of the international taxation of business income in a digitalized economy. It has long been obvious that existing international tax rules, especially the Permanent Establishment, is outdated and unfit to allocate taxation right between states in the digital economic era. As economic development has continued, tax development has stagnated. The question of the thesis becomes: what are the possible solutions to this issue? The ...
New International Initiatives on Enhancement of Biosafety and Biosecurity Regulations for Laboratories Handling Infectious Agents

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Netesov, S. V.; Drozdov, I. G.

2007-01-01

Before we entered the era of antibiotics, development of antiseptics rules and reliable water purification systems the infectious pathogens had played a major role in morbidity and mortality of global human population. The advances in revealing the nature of dangerous infections and studying their causative agents during the recent years have led not only to big progress in their control but also to the study of their potential as weapons. During the last fifty years, several attempts have been made to use them for criminal or terrorist purposes that demonstrated that even primitively organized terrorist attacks may lead to quite significant consequences. The October 2001 events showed that bioterrorism attacks may be prepared, probably, as a result of theft of the pathogen from a lab. All this led to the revision and radical improvement of current national rules and international recommendations in the field of handling, storage and transportation of infectious agents. As a result, during the past two years these rules have been significantly revised by both the World Health Organization and some countries. However, their harmonization of is still far from what is desired. Therefore, biosafety professionals in some countries, including those of the European Union, are establishing professional biosafety associations. In addition, new initiatives are being proposed to develop internationally harmonized biosecurity rules to govern dangerous pathogens handling and storage. The most important of them are as follows: 1. Development, under the auspices of WHO, of new recommendations concerning a set of requirements to provide physical security of both biological agents and laboratories involved in research on extremely hazardous infections; 2. Enhacement, under the auspices of WHO, of current international recommendations on inventory procedures and regulations, inventory monitoring, and transportation of specimens and strains of extremely hazardous infections; 3
Margaret Biggs | IDRC - International Development Research Centre

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Margaret served as President of the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) from 2008-2013, where she oversaw Canada's international development and humanitarian assistance efforts worldwide. Previously, Margaret served as Deputy Secretary to the Cabinet and Assistant Secretary, Priorities and ...
Amendments to the Staff Rules and Regulations

CERN Multimedia

Human Resources Department

2005-01-01

The Staff Rules and Regulations in force since 1 January 1996 are modified as follows as from 1 January 2005 : Annex R A 1 - Scale of basic salaries (page 73) Annex R A 2 - Scale of stipends paid to fellows (page 74) Annex R A 4 - Family allowance and child allowance (page 81) Annex R A 8.01 - Reimbursement of education fees for the academic year 2004/2005, i.e. with effect from 1 September 2004 (page 81). Copies of this update, announced in Weekly Bulletin 4/2005, are available in the departmental secretariats. In addition, Staff Rules and Regulations are available for consultation on the Web at http://cern.ch/hr-div/internal/admin_services/rules/default.asp Human Resources Department Tel. 74128
26 CFR 1.921-2 - Foreign Sales Corporation-general rules.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 10 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Foreign Sales Corporation-general rules. 1.921... Corporation—general rules. (a) Definition of a FSC and the Effect of a FSC Election. Q-1. What is the definition of a Foreign Sales Corporation (hereinafter referred to as a “FSC” (All references to FSCs include...
Importance and Necessity of International Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Domnica Doina Parcalabu

2011-05-01

Full Text Available Development of human society as a whole, the states and nations of the world has been possible due to international relations have been established and settled in time. In bilateral or multilateralinternational relations, countries have developed cooperative activities in a variety of areas, focusing on economic, cultural, environmental, political, military and legal. Progress in all areas in the past century haveimposed structural changes in the architecture world, something which inevitably led to the creation of a new international order, with the intensification of political dialogue that promoted peace, the need to respecthuman rights and fundamental freedoms, the principles of democracy and the rule of law. International cooperation is based on the principle of the permanent status and thus independence and sovereignty of theirdomestic law, held in legal rules produced. Over time, cooperation of states was carried out under bilateral or multilateral legal instruments, resulting in agreements, conventions, treaties etc. These legal instruments havea regional, regional or universal, against the interests of the signatories, the magnitude and importance of the areas addressed. Concerns in the direction of international cooperation have existed since ancient times(particularly in military and commercial, developing and diversifying them into permanent, over time, according to the existing common interests at a time between different states.
Negotiating supranational rules. The genesis of the International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards system

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Forland, A.

1997-12-31

The object of this study is the evolution from 1954-56 up until the mid-1970s of the nuclear safeguards system administered by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna. The main aim of the study is not to describe the IAEA safeguards system as such. The focus will be on analysing the arguments advanced in the various negotiations, and the main objective will be to single out the factors determining the result. In the course of the time span under study two international treaties were negotiated which were decisive for the development of international nuclear safeguards. These were the IAEA Stature (1956) and the Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968). The Statue as well as the NPT contain articles on international nuclear safeguards. These articles limit themselves to spelling out the safeguards principles. It was thus left to the IAEA Board of Governors to develop the safeguards procedures in detail. Two IAEA safeguards documents were negotiated between 1959 and 1965 in order to implement the safeguards article of the Statue. The safeguards requirements of the NPT were spelled out in a new model agreement in 1972. 58 refs.
Negotiating supranational rules. The genesis of the International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards system

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Forland, A

1998-12-31

The object of this study is the evolution from 1954-56 up until the mid-1970s of the nuclear safeguards system administered by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna. The main aim of the study is not to describe the IAEA safeguards system as such. The focus will be on analysing the arguments advanced in the various negotiations, and the main objective will be to single out the factors determining the result. In the course of the time span under study two international treaties were negotiated which were decisive for the development of international nuclear safeguards. These were the IAEA Stature (1956) and the Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968). The Statue as well as the NPT contain articles on international nuclear safeguards. These articles limit themselves to spelling out the safeguards principles. It was thus left to the IAEA Board of Governors to develop the safeguards procedures in detail. Two IAEA safeguards documents were negotiated between 1959 and 1965 in order to implement the safeguards article of the Statue. The safeguards requirements of the NPT were spelled out in a new model agreement in 1972. 58 refs.
Negotiating supranational rules. The genesis of the International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards system

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Forland, A.

1997-01-01

The object of this study is the evolution from 1954-56 up until the mid-1970s of the nuclear safeguards system administered by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna. The main aim of the study is not to describe the IAEA safeguards system as such. The focus will be on analysing the arguments advanced in the various negotiations, and the main objective will be to single out the factors determining the result. In the course of the time span under study two international treaties were negotiated which were decisive for the development of international nuclear safeguards. These were the IAEA Stature (1956) and the Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968). The Statue as well as the NPT contain articles on international nuclear safeguards. These articles limit themselves to spelling out the safeguards principles. It was thus left to the IAEA Board of Governors to develop the safeguards procedures in detail. Two IAEA safeguards documents were negotiated between 1959 and 1965 in order to implement the safeguards article of the Statue. The safeguards requirements of the NPT were spelled out in a new model agreement in 1972. 58 refs
Is not the universality of implementation of IAEA rules as difficult to maintain as it was to obtain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Grenier, M.

1989-07-01

IAEA recommendations on the safe transport of radioactive materials succeded in their task to uniformize the applicable rules for national and international transport. Problems set up by this carriage evolve with technical progress, nuclear knowledge and implementation development. This report tries to see under what conditions, the harmony obtained at one given date could be maintained and kept with the passing time, through the necessary adaptations in the field of the making up of the general rules, and in the practical applications
Creep-fatigue damage rules for advanced fast reactor design. Proceedings of a technical committee meeting

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1997-03-01

The IAEA, following the recommendations of the International Working Group on Fast Reactors, convened a Technical Committee Meeting on Creep-Fatigue Damage Rules to be used in Fast Reactor Design. The objective of the meeting was to review developments in design rules for creep-fatigue conditions and to identify any areas in which further work would be desirable. The meeting was hosted by AEA Technology, Risley, and held in Manchester, United Kingdom, 11-13 June 1996. It was attended by experts from the European Commission, France, India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation and the United Kingdom. Refs, figs, tabs
26 CFR 1.58-2 - General rules for conduit entities; partnerships and partners.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true General rules for conduit entities; partnerships...; partnerships and partners. (a) General rules for conduit entities. Sections 1.58-3 through 1.58-6 provide rules... example, if a trust has $100,000 of capital gains for the taxable year, all of which are distributed to A...
Rules Versus Discretion in Monetary Policy

OpenAIRE

Stanley Fischer

1988-01-01

This paper examines the case for rules rather than discretion in the conduct of monetary policy, from both historical and analytic perspectives. The paper starts with the rules of the game under the gold standard. These rules were ill-defined and not adhered to; active discretionary policy was pursued to defend the gold standard -- but the gold standard came closer to a regime of rules than the current system. The arguments for rules in general developed by Milton Friedman are described mo ap...
Law and Practice of the Obligations of the Carrier over the Cargo : The Hague-Visby Rules

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Djadjev, Ilian Nikolaev

2016-01-01

The present-day law on the carriage of goods by sea suffers from a lack of uniformity and from being not able to adequately address the current developments in the industry of international shipping. The leading liability regime which is in force, the Hague-Visby Rules, consists of rather outdated

26 CFR 25.2702-1 - Special valuation rules in the case of transfers of interests in trust.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 14 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Special valuation rules in the case of transfers of interests in trust. 25.2702-1 Section 25.2702-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) ESTATE AND GIFT TAXES GIFT TAX; GIFTS MADE AFTER DECEMBER 31, 1954 Special Valuation Rules § 25.2702-1 Special...
26 CFR 5c.168(f)(8)-7 - Reporting of income, deductions and investment tax credit; at risk rules.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... tax credit; at risk rules. 5c.168(f)(8)-7 Section 5c.168(f)(8)-7 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE... investment tax credit; at risk rules. (a) In general. The fact that the lessor's payments of interest and... property shall be limited to the extent the at risk rules under the investment tax credit provisions and...
Online Rule Generation Software Process Model

OpenAIRE

Sudeep Marwaha; Alka Aroa; Satma M C; Rajni Jain; R C Goyal

2013-01-01

For production systems like expert systems, a rule generation software can facilitate the faster deployment. The software process model for rule generation using decision tree classifier refers to the various steps required to be executed for the development of a web based software model for decision rule generation. The Royce’s final waterfall model has been used in this paper to explain the software development process. The paper presents the specific output of various steps of modified wat...
Argue internal audit on how to promote the nuclear power enterprise internal control

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Li Xiaoming

2012-01-01

In order to strengthen and standardize enterprise internal control, improve the management level and risk prevention ability, five departments jointly established the basic rules of internal control in enterprises, large and medium-sized enterprises as the national power enterprise, the enterprise internal audit executive power in strengthening and perfecting internal control, and in the enterprise internal control of play an active role. (author)
Collaborating internationally on physician leadership development: why now?

Science.gov (United States)

Chan, Ming-Ka; de Camps Meschino, Diane; Dath, Deepak; Busari, Jamiu; Bohnen, Jordan David; Samson, Lindy Michelle; Matlow, Anne; Sánchez-Mendiola, Melchor

2016-07-04

Purpose This paper aims to highlight the importance of leadership development for all physicians within a competency-based medical education (CBME) framework. It describes the importance of timely international collaboration as a key strategy in promoting physician leadership development. Design/methodology/approach The paper explores published and Grey literature around physician leadership development and proposes that international collaboration will meet the expanding call for development of leadership competencies in postgraduate medical learners. Two grounding frameworks were used: complexity science supports adding physician leadership training to the current momentum of CBME adoption, and relational cultural theory supports the engagement of diverse stakeholders in multiple jurisdictions around the world to ensure inclusivity in leadership education development. Findings An international collaborative identified key insights regarding the need to frame physician leadership education within a competency-based model. Practical implications International collaboration can be a vehicle for developing a globally relevant, generalizable physician leadership curriculum. This model can be expanded to encourage innovation, scholarship and program evaluation. Originality/value A competency-based leadership development curriculum is being designed by an international collaborative. The curriculum is based on established leadership and education frameworks. The international collaboration model provides opportunities for ongoing sharing, networking and diversification.
Protectionism in the Current International Context

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Botescu Ion

2017-01-01

The attempt to impose a set of international trade rules to be respected by world statesrepresents progress in this area. Further issues are related to how the agreed rules apply so thatthe benefits of international trade are placed in an equitable area. The global financial crisis, theBrexit, Trump's attitude as candidate and especially as US President are disturbing factors in thetrade relationships between states.
On the Hierarchy of Functioning Rules in Distributed Computing

OpenAIRE

Bui , Alain; Bui , Marc; Lavault , Christian

1999-01-01

International audience; In previous papers, we used a Markovian model to determine the optimal functioning rules of a distributed system in various settings. Searching optimal functioning rules amounts to solve an optimization problem under constraints. The hierarchy of solutions arising from the above problem is called the “first order hierarchy”, and may possibly yield equivalent solutions. The present paper emphasizes a specific technique for deciding between two equivalent solutions, whic...
26 CFR 1.996-1 - Rules for actual distributions and certain deemed distributions.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 10 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Rules for actual distributions and certain deemed distributions. 1.996-1 Section 1.996-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Domestic International Sales Corporations...
The Foreseeable Harms of Trump's Global Gag Rule.

Science.gov (United States)

Bingenheimer, Jeffrey B; Skuster, Patty

2017-09-01

As one of his first acts as President of the United States, Donald Trump signed an executive order reinstating a version of the global gag rule. Under this rule, US grantees are barred from receiving global health funding if they engage in abortion-related work: not only abortion services, but also abortion referrals and counseling or advocacy for the liberalization of abortion laws. Critics of the Trump global gag rule generally raise three classes of objections: (1) that the rule fails to accomplish its presumed objective of reducing the number of abortions; (2) that it negatively affects the health and well-being of individuals and populations in affected countries; and (3) that it interferes with governments' ability to meet their international obligations. In this commentary, we examine the scientific and policy bases for these criticisms. © 2017 The Population Council, Inc.
Use of ontology structure and Bayesian models to aid the crowdsourcing of ICD-11 sanctioning rules.

Science.gov (United States)

Lou, Yun; Tu, Samson W; Nyulas, Csongor; Tudorache, Tania; Chalmers, Robert J G; Musen, Mark A

2017-04-01

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is the de facto standard international classification for mortality reporting and for many epidemiological, clinical, and financial use cases. The next version of ICD, ICD-11, will be submitted for approval by the World Health Assembly in 2018. Unlike previous versions of ICD, where coders mostly select single codes from pre-enumerated disease and disorder codes, ICD-11 coding will allow extensive use of multiple codes to give more detailed disease descriptions. For example, "severe malignant neoplasms of left breast" may be coded using the combination of a "stem code" (e.g., code for malignant neoplasms of breast) with a variety of "extension codes" (e.g., codes for laterality and severity). The use of multiple codes (a process called post-coordination), while avoiding the pitfall of having to pre-enumerate vast number of possible disease and qualifier combinations, risks the creation of meaningless expressions that combine stem codes with inappropriate qualifiers. To prevent that from happening, "sanctioning rules" that define legal combinations are necessary. In this work, we developed a crowdsourcing method for obtaining sanctioning rules for the post-coordination of concepts in ICD-11. Our method utilized the hierarchical structures in the domain to improve the accuracy of the sanctioning rules and to lower the crowdsourcing cost. We used Bayesian networks to model crowd workers' skills, the accuracy of their responses, and our confidence in the acquired sanctioning rules. We applied reinforcement learning to develop an agent that constantly adjusted the confidence cutoffs during the crowdsourcing process to maximize the overall quality of sanctioning rules under a fixed budget. Finally, we performed formative evaluations using a skin-disease branch of the draft ICD-11 and demonstrated that the crowd-sourced sanctioning rules replicated those defined by an expert dermatologist with high precision and recall
Transfer of technology to developing countries: unilateral and multilateral policy options

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hockman, B.M.; Maskus, K.E.; Saggi, K.

2005-01-01

This paper analyzes national and international policy options to encourage the international transfer of technology, distinguishing between four major channels of such transfer: trade in products, trade in knowledge and technology, foreign direct investment, and intranational and international movement of people. A typology of countries and appropriate policy rules of thumb are developed as a guide to both national policymakers and multilateral rule making in the WTO. We argue that the optimal policy mix varies across countries and that there is a need for differentiation in the design and application of rules in trade agreements as well as for a more explicit focus on evaluation of the impacts of policies. (author)
Rule-Governed Behavior: Teaching a Preliminary Repertoire of Rule-Following to Children With Autism

OpenAIRE

Tarbox, Jonathan; Zuckerman, Carrie K; Bishop, Michele R; Olive, Melissa L; O'Hora, Denis P

2011-01-01

Rule-governed behavior is generally considered an integral component of complex verbal repertoires but has rarely been the subject of empirical research. In particular, little or no previous research has attempted to establish rule-governed behavior in individuals who do not already display the repertoire. This study consists of two experiments that evaluated multiple exemplar training procedures for teaching a simple component skill, which may be necessary for developing a repertoire of rule...
Immunity of international organizations

CERN Document Server

Schrijver, Nico

2015-01-01

Immunity rules are part and parcel of the law of international organizations. It has long been accepted that international organizations and their staff need to enjoy immunity from the jurisdiction of national courts. However, it is the application of these rules in practice that increasingly causes controversy. Claims against international organizations are brought before national courts by those who allegedly suffer from their activities. These can be both natural and legal persons such as companies. National courts, in particular lower courts, have often been less willing to recognize the immunity of the organization concerned than the organization s founding fathers. Likewise, public opinion and legal writings frequently criticize international organizations for invoking their immunity and for the lack of adequate means of redress for claimants. It is against this background that an international conference was organized at Leiden University in June 2013. A number of highly qualified academics and practit...
The Rule-Assessment Approach and Education.

Science.gov (United States)

Siegler, Robert S.

1982-01-01

This paper describes the rule-assessment approach to cognitive development. The basic question that motivated the rule-assessment approach is how people's existing knowledge influences their ability to learn. Research using the rule-assessment approach is summarized in terms of eight conclusions, each illustrated with empirical examples.…
Understanding the development of international environmental agreements

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Stærdahl, Jens

There are many different theoretical schools concerned with how international regimes develop, and each supplies its own interpretation focusing on one or a few aspects of the process. Such ‘one shot’ explanations may be fruitful for scientific debate, but less useful as conceptual frameworks...... for practitioners and planners manoeuvring in a complex world. On the basis of a review of selected theories of international and environmental regulation, this article initiates the development of a conceptual framework for understanding the development of internationalenvironmental agreements. The point...... of departure for developing the model is the actor-structure debate within social science and theory of international relations. Based on critical realism, a framework is developed specifying the relation between collective action problem situations and negotiation situations. It is argued that the main...
26 CFR 48.4216(b)-2 - Constructive sale price; basic rules.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... there is common control, whether or not such control is actually exercised to influence the sale price... 26 Internal Revenue 16 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Constructive sale price; basic rules. 48.4216(b... to Manufacturers Taxes § 48.4216(b)-2 Constructive sale price; basic rules. (a) In general. Section...
Development of Probabilistic Internal Dosimetry Computer Code

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Noh, Siwan [Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon (Korea, Republic of); Kwon, Tae-Eun [Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul (Korea, Republic of); Lee, Jai-Ki [Korean Association for Radiation Protection, Seoul (Korea, Republic of)

2017-02-15

Internal radiation dose assessment involves biokinetic models, the corresponding parameters, measured data, and many assumptions. Every component considered in the internal dose assessment has its own uncertainty, which is propagated in the intake activity and internal dose estimates. For research or scientific purposes, and for retrospective dose reconstruction for accident scenarios occurring in workplaces having a large quantity of unsealed radionuclides, such as nuclear power plants, nuclear fuel cycle facilities, and facilities in which nuclear medicine is practiced, a quantitative uncertainty assessment of the internal dose is often required. However, no calculation tools or computer codes that incorporate all the relevant processes and their corresponding uncertainties, i.e., from the measured data to the committed dose, are available. Thus, the objective of the present study is to develop an integrated probabilistic internal-dose-assessment computer code. First, the uncertainty components in internal dosimetry are identified, and quantitative uncertainty data are collected. Then, an uncertainty database is established for each component. In order to propagate these uncertainties in an internal dose assessment, a probabilistic internal-dose-assessment system that employs the Bayesian and Monte Carlo methods. Based on the developed system, we developed a probabilistic internal-dose-assessment code by using MATLAB so as to estimate the dose distributions from the measured data with uncertainty. Using the developed code, we calculated the internal dose distribution and statistical values (e.g. the 2.5{sup th}, 5{sup th}, median, 95{sup th}, and 97.5{sup th} percentiles) for three sample scenarios. On the basis of the distributions, we performed a sensitivity analysis to determine the influence of each component on the resulting dose in order to identify the major component of the uncertainty in a bioassay. The results of this study can be applied to various
Development of Probabilistic Internal Dosimetry Computer Code

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Noh, Siwan; Kwon, Tae-Eun; Lee, Jai-Ki

2017-01-01

Internal radiation dose assessment involves biokinetic models, the corresponding parameters, measured data, and many assumptions. Every component considered in the internal dose assessment has its own uncertainty, which is propagated in the intake activity and internal dose estimates. For research or scientific purposes, and for retrospective dose reconstruction for accident scenarios occurring in workplaces having a large quantity of unsealed radionuclides, such as nuclear power plants, nuclear fuel cycle facilities, and facilities in which nuclear medicine is practiced, a quantitative uncertainty assessment of the internal dose is often required. However, no calculation tools or computer codes that incorporate all the relevant processes and their corresponding uncertainties, i.e., from the measured data to the committed dose, are available. Thus, the objective of the present study is to develop an integrated probabilistic internal-dose-assessment computer code. First, the uncertainty components in internal dosimetry are identified, and quantitative uncertainty data are collected. Then, an uncertainty database is established for each component. In order to propagate these uncertainties in an internal dose assessment, a probabilistic internal-dose-assessment system that employs the Bayesian and Monte Carlo methods. Based on the developed system, we developed a probabilistic internal-dose-assessment code by using MATLAB so as to estimate the dose distributions from the measured data with uncertainty. Using the developed code, we calculated the internal dose distribution and statistical values (e.g. the 2.5 th , 5 th , median, 95 th , and 97.5 th percentiles) for three sample scenarios. On the basis of the distributions, we performed a sensitivity analysis to determine the influence of each component on the resulting dose in order to identify the major component of the uncertainty in a bioassay. The results of this study can be applied to various situations. In cases
The Effects of the International Contract for Sale of Goods

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Berlingher Daniel

2017-06-01

Full Text Available The contracts are the indispensable legal instruments for any economic transaction. The international sale contract is the main legal instrument by which international commerce is carried out and through which the movement of goods from producer to consumer is ensured within cross-border relations. The sale contract in international commerce is the legal act by which the parties, the seller and the buyer, belonging to different states, commit each other to transfer the property of a good in return for payment of a price. Regarding the general rules applicable to the contract of international sale of goods, they are regulated by the “United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods from Vienna”. The Convention has adopted uniform rules to govern the international sale of goods contract, if the parties have not chosen expressly for the application of other rules. In this study I present the effects of international sale of goods in the light of the rules of the Vienna Convention of 1980.
78 FR 18235 - Unified Rule for Loss on Subsidiary Stock

Science.gov (United States)

2013-03-26

... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Internal Revenue Service 26 CFR Part 1 Unified Rule for Loss on... first sentence, reinstate the following sentence: Sec. 1.1502-32 Investment adjustments. * * * * * (c... than the time the distribution is taken into account under the Internal Revenue Code (e.g., under...

Celebrating partnerships for International Development Week 2018 ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

2018-01-31

Jan 31, 2018 ... International Development Week, observed February 4-10 this year, is an opportunity to focus on Canada's contributions ... This event is part of the 2018 International Development Week conference at the University of Ottawa. ... Call for new OWSD Fellowships for Early Career Women Scientists now open.
International Business Students’ Cross-Cultural Competence Development

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Natalie S. Mikhaylov

2014-12-01

Full Text Available This study explores the role of educational programs in promoting students’ cross-cultural competence (CCC development in international business education. Using constructivist grounded theory methodology (GTM, a comparative analysis of four extensive case studies was conducted within four schools, all of which offer international management education in English for local and international students. This study examines institutional contributions to an environment that supports students’ CCC development. A typology model consisting of four educational approaches to students’ CCC development is presented based on student experiences. The study provides recommendations regarding the steps that higher educational institutions (HEIs can take to promote educational environments that support cross-cultural exchange, cultural knowledge creation, and individual and organizational cross-cultural competence development.
Challenges associated with knowledge sharing in international product development teams

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Sonne, Anne-Mette; Harmsen, Hanne

on product development teams, knowledge sharing, and international product development management to form a conceptual framework of factors that influence knowledge sharing in international teams. Four in-depth case studies are used to explore and expand the understanding of the challenges associated...... with international product development teams. Results indicate that international product development might not be as international as would be expected and that even if many of the characteristics and problems associated with international product development in the literature are found, there are also a number...
Ideas. Innovation. Impact. | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

2010-11-03

Nov 3, 2010 ... An Act to Establish the International Development Research Centre passed ... have been at the cutting edge of development thinking and practice. ... solve development problems at local, national, regional, and global levels.
26 CFR 1.79-2 - Exceptions to the rule of inclusion.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Exceptions to the rule of inclusion. 1.79-2... Exceptions to the rule of inclusion. (a) In general. (1) Section 79(b) provides exceptions for the cost of... he continued in employment) to retire without disability and without the consent of his employer and...
26 CFR 1.446-1 - General rule for methods of accounting.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

.... Although a method of accounting may exist under this definition without the necessity of a pattern of... 26 Internal Revenue 6 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false General rule for methods of accounting. 1.446-1... TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Methods of Accounting § 1.446-1 General rule for methods of accounting...
26 CFR 48.4223-1 - Special rules relating to further manufacture.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 16 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Special rules relating to further manufacture.... § 48.4223-1 Special rules relating to further manufacture. (a) Purchasing manufacturer to be treated as... resold tax free under section 4221(a)(1) of the Code for use by it in further manufacture shall be...
Development of rules for design at elevated temperatures (the RAMSES-group)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Schaller, K.H.; Jakubowicz, H.; Petrequin, P.; Roche, R.; Weisz, M.

1977-01-01

The design of structures of liquid-metal-cooled fast breeder reactors of the pool-type in France has to correspond to the national regulations and takes into account the rules adopted by other countries, essentially the U.S. ASME-CODE Ill and the CODE CASE 1592 for elevated temperatures. The existing rules need complements or modifications for the following reasons: the materials employed are not covered exactly by the specifications; the properties given are not necessarily equivalent; the simplified rules (normally on the base of an elastic calculation) are often penalizing as are not valid for the type of loads considered (an example are the ratcheting rules); the use of some rules, for example the creep-fatigue interaction tends to overestimate the safety-coefficients really obtained (long tensile-hold-time followed by a transient in compression is the best example for the austenitic-type steels); the environmental effects are excluded. The French Atomic Energy Commission has founded, for the reasons mentioned above, a working group, the RAMSES-GROUP (Regles d'Analyse Mecanique des Structures), in order to codify the information needed, taking into account the experience obtained in more than ten years of fast-reactor operation. The group, including experts of three departments (DMECN, DEMT, DRNR) has adopted a number of recommendations; projects of recommendations and basic experimental work are on going. The final scope is to obtain a coherent network of rules for the design of structures in the elevated-temperature range. The already adopted recommendations codify the characteristics of the materials mainly employed in the primary system ready for use in finite element computer programs and the procedures to follow for analysis. As inelastic stress-and strain-evaluations have become possible economically by use of programs of the CEASEMT-SYSTEM, the problem of simplified rules based on elastic computations can be very often avoided
A survey of the existing international legal rules on the dumping of radioactive waste into the sea

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cornelis, J.C.

All nuclear activities generate radioactive wastes and, in the context of the problems raised by such wastes, the author analyses the international rules regulating their safe disposal into the sea and the motives underlying their elaboration. The review therefore covers the London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Waste and Other Matter, together with the IAEA provisional definition and recommendations in this respect, and the recently adopted OECD Multilateral Consultation and Surveillance Mechanism for Sea Dumping of Radioactive Waste. It is emphasized that while the London Convention deals with a wide range of products, the OECD Mechanism deals solely with radioactive waste. Finally, consideration is given to whether the Paris Convention and the Euratom Treaty may be of relevance in this field. (NEA) [fr
The environmental rules of economic development: Governing air pollution from smelters in Chuquicamata and La Oroya

OpenAIRE

Orihuela, José Carlos

2015-01-01

Why and how do societies transform the environmental rules of economic development, or fail to do so? This article compares the experiences of Chile and Peru in the regulation of smelting activities between 1990 and 2010. Air pollution from smelters in Chuquicamata and La Oroya, each emblematic of the two countries’ mining industries, did not give rise to nationally destabilising protest. Nevertheless, despite the absence of pressing discontent with pollution, the environmental rules for m...
Archives: International Journal of Development and Policy Studies

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Archives: International Journal of Development and Policy Studies. Journal Home > Archives: International Journal of Development and Policy Studies. Log in or Register to get access to full text downloads.
"International regime for advancing lunar development"

Science.gov (United States)

Beldavs, VZ

2017-09-01

A specific concern regarding the Moon Treaty is the provision for sharing the wealth gained from space with developing countries that have not invested and taken risks in making possible space materials utilization. Article 11, par. 7 states "The main purposes of the international regime to be established shall include: (a) The orderly and safe development of the natural resources of the moon; (b) The rational management of those resources; (c) The expansion of opportunities in the use of those resources; (d) An equitable sharing by all States Parties in the benefits derived from those resources, whereby the interests and needs of the developing countries, as well as the efforts of those countries which have contributed either directly or indirectly to the exploration of the moon, shall be given special consideration." Whether the Moon Treaty in its present form or modified to be acceptable to more parties or the Moon Treaty is ignored, the language of Article 11, paragraph 7 can be used to construct an international regime for lunar development that can meet the requirements of commercial business as well as of states that provide support for lunar development as well as developing countries that may have played a modest role in making lunar development possible. This paper will consider options for constructing an international regime for lunar development.
Publications | Page 196 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Multilateralism in crisis (restricted access). There is a crisis in multilateralism. This paper examines multilateralism by looking at the two most important current efforts to devise new multilateral rules binding all nations; the negotiations in the World Trade Organization (WTO) of trade rules and the negotiations under the ...
Organizational Knowledge Transfer Using Ontologies and a Rule-Based System

Science.gov (United States)

Okabe, Masao; Yoshioka, Akiko; Kobayashi, Keido; Yamaguchi, Takahira

In recent automated and integrated manufacturing, so-called intelligence skill is becoming more and more important and its efficient transfer to next-generation engineers is one of the urgent issues. In this paper, we propose a new approach without costly OJT (on-the-job training), that is, combinational usage of a domain ontology, a rule ontology and a rule-based system. Intelligence skill can be decomposed into pieces of simple engineering rules. A rule ontology consists of these engineering rules as primitives and the semantic relations among them. A domain ontology consists of technical terms in the engineering rules and the semantic relations among them. A rule ontology helps novices get the total picture of the intelligence skill and a domain ontology helps them understand the exact meanings of the engineering rules. A rule-based system helps domain experts externalize their tacit intelligence skill to ontologies and also helps novices internalize them. As a case study, we applied our proposal to some actual job at a remote control and maintenance office of hydroelectric power stations in Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc. We also did an evaluation experiment for this case study and the result supports our proposal.
Nuclear weapons and the World Court ruling

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Singh, J.

1998-01-01

based on the initiatives by non-governmental organizations, the World Health Organisation (WHO) Assembly asked the International Court of Justice for an advisory opinion in 1993 whether, considering the environmental and health consequences, the use of nuclear weapons by a state in war or other armed conflict would be a breach of its obligations under international law. The World Court decided that it was not able to give an advisory opinion as requested, because of the fact that questions of use of force and such like were beyond the scope of specialized agencies like the WHO. The Court has ruled that the international community, especially the five nuclear weapon states have not only an obligation to negotiate a treaty for total nuclear disarmament, but also have an obligation to conclude such treaty. We may expect that the nuclear weapon states will cynically disregard the ruling of the World Court as they have been doing to the basic obligation itself in pursuit of nuclear hegemony. But the remaining 150 countries or so also bear a responsibility to keep nudging the recalcitrant states into implementing their commitments to disarm
Decision rule classifiers for multi-label decision tables

KAUST Repository

Alsolami, Fawaz; Azad, Mohammad; Chikalov, Igor; Moshkov, Mikhail

2014-01-01

for decision tables from UCI Machine Learning Repository and KEEL Repository show that rule heuristics taking into account both coverage and uncertainty perform better than the strategies taking into account a single criterion. © 2014 Springer International
26 CFR 53.4943-7 - Special rules for readjustments involving grandfathered holdings.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... in Z will represent 50% of the fair market value of the outstanding Z stock. (ii) Under the... 26 Internal Revenue 17 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Special rules for readjustments involving... Excess Business Holdings § 53.4943-7 Special rules for readjustments involving grandfathered holdings. (a...
The law of international organisations

CERN Document Server

White, Nigel D

2017-01-01

This book provides a concise account of the principles and norms of international law applicable to the main-type of international organisation - the inter-governmental organisation (IGO). That law consists of principles and rules found in the founding documents of IGOs along with applicable principles and rules of international law. The book also identifies and analyses the law produced by IGOs, applied by them and, occasionally, enforced by them. There is a concentration upon the United Nations, as the paradigmatic IGO, not only upon the UN organisation headquartered in New York, but on other IGOs in the UN system (the specialised agencies such as the World Health Organisation).
Development of an international comorbidity education framework.

Science.gov (United States)

Lawson, C; Pati, S; Green, J; Messina, G; Strömberg, A; Nante, N; Golinelli, D; Verzuri, A; White, S; Jaarsma, T; Walsh, P; Lonsdale, P; Kadam, U T

2017-08-01

The increasing number of people living with multiple chronic conditions in addition to an index condition has become an international healthcare priority. Health education curricula have been developed alongside single condition frameworks in health service policy and practice and need redesigning to incorporate optimal management of multiple conditions. Our aims were to evaluate current teaching and learning about comorbidity care amongst the global population of healthcare students from different disciplines and to develop an International Comorbidity Education Framework (ICEF) for incorporating comorbidity concepts into health education. We surveyed nursing, medical and pharmacy students from England, India, Italy and Sweden to evaluate their understanding of comorbidity care. A list of core comorbidity content was constructed by an international group of higher education academics and clinicians from the same disciplines, by searching current curricula and analysing clinical frameworks and the student survey data. This list was used to develop the International Comorbidity Education Framework. The survey sample consisted of 917 students from England (42%), India (48%), Italy (8%) and Sweden (2%). The majority of students across all disciplines said that they lacked knowledge, training and confidence in comorbidity care and were unable to identify specific teaching on comorbidities. All student groups wanted further comorbidity training. The health education institution representatives found no specific references to comorbidity in current health education curricula. Current clinical frameworks were used to develop an agreed list of core comorbidity content and hence an International Comorbidity Education Framework. Based on consultation with academics and clinicians and on student feedback we developed an International Comorbidity Education Framework to promote the integration of comorbidity concepts into current healthcare curricula. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier
International Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Journal Homepage Image. The International Journal of Agricultureand Rural Development (IJARD) is an International Journal designed to provide ... Forestry and Wildlife resources, Soil Science, Agricultural Engineering and Food Processing.

International Journal of Development and Policy Studies: Journal ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

International Journal of Development and Policy Studies: Journal Sponsorship. Journal Home > About the Journal > International Journal of Development and Policy Studies: Journal Sponsorship. Log in or Register to get access to full text downloads.
Director, Communications | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Job Summary Conceives, plans and implements a communications strategy to ensure ... understanding of the importance of international development assistance. ... other committees (Human Resources Management Committee, the Centre's ...
26 CFR 301.6511(e)-1 - Special rules applicable to manufactured sugar.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 18 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Special rules applicable to manufactured sugar... Assessment and Collection § 301.6511(e)-1 Special rules applicable to manufactured sugar. (a) Use as... the person entitled thereto. Such right accrues as of the date the manufactured sugar, or article...
Transfer pricing rules in EU member states

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Veronika Solilová

2010-01-01

Full Text Available One of the important area of international taxes is transfer pricing. Transfer price is a price set by a taxpayer when selling to, buying from, or sharing resources with a related (associated person. The transactions between these persons should be assessed at their arm’s length price in according the arm’s length principle – international accepted standard – as the price which would have been agreed between unrelated parties in free market conditions. This paper is focused on the tranfer pricing rules used in particular EU Member States so as if EU Member States apply the arm’s length principle, define the related persons, apply recommendations of the OECD Guidelines, use the transfer pricing methods, require TP Documentation, exercise specific transfer pricing audit or impose specific penalties and apply APAs. Transfer pricing rules should prevent taxpayers from shifting income to related person organized in tax havens or in countries where they enjoy some special tax benefit.
33 CFR 161.4 - Requirement to carry the rules.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY VESSEL TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Vessel Traffic Services General Rules § 161... the Local Notice to Mariners. The VTS User's Manual and the World VTS Guide, an International Maritime...
26 CFR 1.851-3 - Rules applicable to section 851(b)(4).

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 9 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Rules applicable to section 851(b)(4). 1.851-3 Section 1.851-3 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Regulated Investment Companies and Real Estate Investment Trusts § 1.851...
Amendments to the Staff Rules and Regulations

CERN Multimedia

2004-01-01

The Staff Rules and Regulations in force since 1 January 1996 are modified as follows as from 1 January 2004: Preliminary note - Terminology realignment following the restructuring of the Organization (page - i -) Annex R A 1 - Scale of basic salaries (page 73) Annex R A 2 - Scale of stipends paid to fellows (page 74) Annex R A 4 - Family allowance and child allowance (page 81) Annex R A 8.01 - Reimbursement of education fees for the academic year 2003/2004, i.e. with effect from 1 September 2003 (page 81). Copies of this update, announced in Weekly Bulletin 3/2004, are available in the departmental secretariats. In addition, Staff Rules and Regulations are available for consultation on the Web at http://cern.ch/hr-div/internal/admin_services/rules/default.asp Human Resources Department Tel. 74128
Fiscal rules, powerful levers for controlling the health budget? Evidence from 32 OECD countries.

Science.gov (United States)

Schakel, Herman Christiaan; Wu, Erilia Hao; Jeurissen, Patrick

2018-03-01

Publicly funded healthcare forms an intricate part of government spending in most Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, because of its reliance on entitlements and dedicated revenue streams. The impact of budgetary rules and procedures on publicly funded health care might thus be different from other spending categories. In this study we focus on the potential of fiscal rules to contain these costs and their design features. We assess the relationship between fiscal rules and the level of public health care expenditure of 32 (OECD) countries between 1985 and 2014. Our dataset consists of health care expenditure data of the OECD and data on fiscal rules of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for that same period. Through a multivariate regression analysis, we estimate the association between fiscal rules and its subcategories and inflation adjusted public health care expenditure. We control for population, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), debt and whether countries received an IMF bailout for the specific period. In all our regressions we include country and year fixed effects. The presence of a fiscal rule on average is associated with a 3 % reduction of public health care expenditure. Supranational balanced budget rules are associated with some 8 % lower expenditure. Health service provision-oriented countries with more passive purchasing structures seem less capable of containing costs through fiscal rules. Fiscal rules demonstrate lagged effectiveness; the potential for expenditure reduction increases after one and two years of fiscal rule implementation. Finally, we find evidence that fiscal frameworks that incorporate multi-year expenditure ceilings show additional potential for cost control. Our study shows that there seems a clear relationship between the potential of fiscal rules and budgeting health expenses. Using fiscal rules to contain the level of health care expenditure can thus be a necessary precondition for
ASSUMING REGULATORY AUTHORITY FOR TRANSNATIONAL TORTS: AN INTERSTATE AFFAIR? A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE CANADIAN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW TORT RULES

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Roxana Banu

2013-02-01

Full Text Available In Tolofson v. Jensen, the Supreme Court of Canada determined that in most cases the law of the place where the tort occurred has exclusive authority to regulate all legal aspects related to it. In developing this choice of law rule, the Supreme Court relied on an analogy between Private International Law and Public International law. This allows Private International Law to claim a structural, neutral function in the distribution of legislative authority in the international realm and to ignore both private law and public law considerations. To best reveal the way in which the Supreme Court injected these limitations into Private International Law by reference to Public International Law, I show the striking similarity between the Supreme Court’s reasoning and several Private International Law writings at the end of the 19th century in Continental Europe. In the context of the extraterritorial tortious activity of multinational corporations, these limitations make Private International Law oblivious to arguments of Corporate Social Responsibility scholars showing that a multinational corporation may legitimately be regulated by the state of its headquarters, even for extraterritorial conduct. Overall, I argue that an overemphasis on legislative authority as a symbol of state sovereignty transforms Private International Law matters generally, and transnational torts in particular, in inter-state affairs, removed from the interests and pleas of the individuals and communities affected by them. Dans l’arrêt Tolofson c. Jensen, la Cour suprême du Canada a décidé que, dans la plupart des cas, la loi du lieu où le délit a été commis régit exclusivement tous les aspects juridiques qui s’y rapportent. Pour établir cette règle du choix de la loi applicable, la Cour suprême s’est fondée sur une analogie entre le droit international privé et le droit international public. Cela permet au droit international privé de réclamer une
African Journal of International Affairs and Development

African Journals Online (AJOL)

African Journal of International Affairs and Development. ... Foreign Policy and Public Opinion: An Assessment of Ijebu Involvement in the Kiriji War ... Book Review: Critical Perspective's on Nigeria's International Economic Relations · EMAIL ...
International Financial Reporting Standards for SMEs

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Cicilia IONESCU

2011-06-01

Full Text Available • IFRS for SMEs give the response to an international requirement of the developed and emerging economies in the process of globalization to have a rigorous and common set of international accounting provisions (standard, rule, regulation specifically for SMEs, to be much more simplified than the complete IFRSs. The area where are applicable the IFRS for SMEs includes all the profit-oriented entities that prepare the general financial statements and do not have the public accountability and there are excluded the entities whose securities are publicly traded and the financial institutions like banks and the insurance companies.
Rule concerning sanitary protection against ionizing radiations: novelties

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bercedo, A.; Carmena, P.; Prieto, J. A.; Rubio, G.; Sollet, E.; Sustacha, D.

2002-01-01

Last July the a new legal Rule concerning Sanitary Protection against Ionising Radiation was published, as a transposition of the EU Directive about the Basic Norms related to the sanitary protection of workers and population against the risks resultant of the ionising radiation. The origin of this legislation goes back to the revision of the protection doctrine by the International Commission of Radiation Protection (ICRP) en the year 1990. El scope of the revised Rule is the regulation of the protection of population and workers against ionising radiation, the establishment of the national protection system with its exposition and dose limits and the correspondent penalty regime. It also modifies the maximum radiation dose limits and reinforces the application of the optimisation principle in the use of ionising radiation. In this article, the novelties introduced by the new Rule are commented in detail, ordered by the Titles I to IX in which the Rule is divided. (Author)
The rules for land use, land use change and forestry under the Kyoto Protocol. Lessons learned for the future climate negotiations

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hoehne, N.; Wartmann, S.; Herold, A.; Freibauer, A.

2007-01-01

This paper provides an overview of the rules for accounting emissions of land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) for the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. It first describes the rules in detail, it then provides an overview of the history of negotiations that led to these rules and provides resulting conclusions for future international climate negotiations. We conclude that the current rules can be better understood in the light of the negotiation history. For the future, we conclude that first an agreement on the objectives of including LULUCF in the future climate regime should be developed, e.g. to contribute significantly to the ultimate objective of the convention. Further, a solid set of data should be developed that can assess the magnitude of possible options. The rules should be scientifically sound, complete and balanced as well as unambiguous before the quantitative targets are defined. They should further be simple and inclusive to include all carbon pools, i.e. provide incentives to avoid deforestation and unsustainable logging in all countries
Anindya Chatterjee | IDRC - International Development Research ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Dr Anindya Chatterjee is Regional Director, Asia, based in New Delhi, India. He has provided leadership in research, research management, policy, and program development in the area of global health and development. Dr Chatterjee formerly worked internationally with United Nations development agencies, and ...
Development of international transport in transboundary regions

OpenAIRE

Прокудін, Георгій; Чупайленко, Олексій

2015-01-01

Formation of an international cross-border transport and logistics infrastructure meets international standards, increased productivity, transport and innovation activity of enterprises in the cluster, and provide for accelerated socio - economic development of the regions.
Regulating Internalities

OpenAIRE

Sunstein, Cass Robert; Allcott, Hunt

2015-01-01

This paper offers a framework for regulating internalities. Using a simple economic model, we provide four principles for designing and evaluating behaviorally-motivated policy. We then outline rules for determining which contexts reliably reflect true preferences and discuss empirical strategies for measuring internalities. As a case study, we focus on energy efficiency policy, including Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards and appliance and lighting energy efficiency standards.
26 CFR 1.43-1 - The enhanced oil recovery credit-general rules.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true The enhanced oil recovery credit-general rules. 1... INCOME TAXES Credits Against Tax § 1.43-1 The enhanced oil recovery credit—general rules. (a) Claiming the credit—(1) In general. The enhanced oil recovery credit (the “credit”) is a component of the...
Rule Induction-Based Knowledge Discovery for Energy Efficiency

OpenAIRE

Chen, Qipeng; Fan, Zhong; Kaleshi, Dritan; Armour, Simon M D

2015-01-01

Rule induction is a practical approach to knowledge discovery. Provided that a problem is developed, rule induction is able to return the knowledge that addresses the goal of this problem as if-then rules. The primary goals of knowledge discovery are for prediction and description. The rule format knowledge representation is easily understandable so as to enable users to make decisions. This paper presents the potential of rule induction for energy efficiency. In particular, three rule induct...
77 FR 31682 - U.S. Department of State Advisory Committee on Private International Law (ACPIL)-Online Dispute...

Science.gov (United States)

2012-05-29

... and business to consumer cross-border electronic commerce disputes. The Working Group is in the process of developing generic ODR procedural rules for resolution of cross-border electronic commerce... International Law (ACPIL)--Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) Study Group The Office of Private International Law...
Growing but not transforming: Fragmented ruling coalitions and economic developments in Uganda

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kjær, Anne Mette; Katusiimeh, Mesharch

been stable enough to maintain macro-economic stability, attract aid and ensure the one-off gains from introducing peace. However, the fact that it has proved so challenging to hold the ruling coalition together has hindered the ruling elite in implementing initiatives to support transformation......In spite of decades of GDP growth, Uganda remains an agricultural economy still awaiting an economic transformation. Sustained state initiatives to promote such a transformation have been lacking. We find that the explanation for this is to be found in the nature of the ruling coalition, which has...... is to use state resources to hold the ruling coalition together. This, however, is not likely to result in an economic transformation and hence in job creation for the poor majority of Ugandans....

Reservoir Operating Rule Optimization for California's Sacramento Valley

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Timothy Nelson

2016-03-01

Full Text Available doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15447/sfews.2016v14iss1art6Reservoir operating rules for water resource systems are typically developed by combining intuition, professional discussion, and simulation modeling. This paper describes a joint optimization–simulation approach to develop preliminary economically-based operating rules for major reservoirs in California’s Sacramento Valley, based on optimized results from CALVIN, a hydro-economic optimization model. We infer strategic operating rules from the optimization model results, including storage allocation rules to balance storage among multiple reservoirs, and reservoir release rules to determine monthly release for individual reservoirs. Results show the potential utility of considering previous year type on water availability and various system and sub-system storage conditions, in addition to normal consideration of local reservoir storage, season, and current inflows. We create a simple simulation to further refine and test the derived operating rules. Optimization model results show particular insights for balancing the allocation of water storage among Shasta, Trinity, and Oroville reservoirs over drawdown and refill seasons, as well as some insights for release rules at major reservoirs in the Sacramento Valley. We also discuss the applicability and limitations of developing reservoir operation rules from optimization model results.
Emerging Donors Study | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

2010-10-20

Oct 20, 2010 ... The four countries that were studied are Brazil, India, China and South Africa. The specific objectives of the studies were to: understand each country's approach to international development assistance and cooperation in developing countries; understand their approach to research for development in ...
QCD Sum Rules, a Modern Perspective

CERN Document Server

Colangelo, Pietro; Colangelo, Pietro; Khodjamirian, Alexander

2001-01-01

An introduction to the method of QCD sum rules is given for those who want to learn how to use this method. Furthermore, we discuss various applications of sum rules, from the determination of quark masses to the calculation of hadronic form factors and structure functions. Finally, we explain the idea of the light-cone sum rules and outline the recent development of this approach.
Rules of Origin: Conceptual Explorations and Lessons from the Generalized System of Preferences

OpenAIRE

Ujiie, Teruo

2006-01-01

Customs valuation, commodity classification system, and rules of origin are the three basic customs laws. Rules to determine a country of origin, or "nationality" of a country of production of goods, are called "rules of origin." They are widely used in international trade in the application of different tariffs, trade remedy measures, tariff quotas, and trade statistics. With the globalization of economic activities resulting in outsourcing of materials as well as the global proliferation of...
Search Results | Page 786 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 7851 - 7860 of 9602 ... An international forum for Francophone youth was held in Dakar, ... and the FIPRESCI Prize (International Federation of Film Critics) at the ... and influencing the entire five-year policy development process, from ...
Development in Danish international air traffic

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Christensen, Linda

The paper is describing the development in international air traffic made by Danes and for all travellers out of Denmark in the period 2002 - 2012. Development in passengers, destination countries and prices is illustrated. The person kilometres by Danes have increased 80% or 7.2% per year in mean...... during the 10 years. This increase has been analysed by a panel data model. The conclusion found by modelling is the increasing travel activity first of all is driven by increasing income and to less extent by decreasing prices. The paper is furthermore showing how the international air traffic has got...
Amendments to the Staff Rules and Regulations

CERN Multimedia

HR Department

2006-01-01

The Staff Rules and Regulations in force since 1 January 1996 are modified as follows as from 1 July 2006: The modifications are listed below: Financial and social conditions for Paid Associates, Fellows and Students (introduction of a new payment scheme for the Paid Scientific Associates Programme - reorganization of the Fellowship Programme - modification of the Student subsistence rates) Protection of members of the personnel against the financial consequences of illness, accident and disability (clarification of the scope of the relevant provisions - new definition of disability and associated benefits - revised role of the Joint Advisory Rehabilitation and Disability Board - bringing together the relevant provisions). Copies of this update (modification#Â 16) are available in departmental secretariats. In addition, Staff Rules and Regulations are available for consultation on the Web at the following address: http://cern.ch/hr-div/internal/admin_services/rules/default.asp Administrative Circular ...
Amendments to the Staff Rules and Regulations

CERN Multimedia

2003-01-01

The Staff Rules and Regulations in force since 1 January 1996 are modified as follows : as from 1 July 2002 Article R IV 1.41 - Method of adjustment of the amount of subsistence indemnity (page 53) as from 1 January 2003 Annex R A 1 - Scale of basic salaries (page 73) Annex R A 2 - Scale of stipends paid to fellows (page 74) Annex R A 4 - Family allowance and child allowance (page 81) Annex R A 8.01 - Reimbursement of education fees for the academic year 2002/2003, i.e. with effect from 1 September 2002 (page 81). Copies of this update, announced in Weekly Bulletin 4/2003, are available in the divisional secretariats. In addition, Staff Rules and Regulations are available for consultation on the Web at : http://cern.ch/hr-div/internal/admin_services/rules/default.asp Human Resources Division Tel. 74128
ISO: international standards development for nuclear technology

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Becker, K.

1981-01-01

The importance of internationally recognized standards for nuclear technology and safety is rapidly increasing for technical as well as economical and political reasons such as public acceptance and nuclear technology transfer to developing countries. The need for such standards is also evident because of the large number of nuclear installations sited close to international borders, and the export of nuclear installations from relatively few supplier countries to a large number of user countries. It is the purpose of this report to describe briefly the history, organizational structures and procedures, goals, accomplishments, problems, and future needs of the relevant activities of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ISO is composed of the partly governmental, partly non-governmental national standards bodies of 86 countries including China. The work of its Technical Committee (TC) 85 'Nuclear Energy' is mostly concerned with industrial applications, contractual aspects and international communication, for the benefit of both developed and developing countries. It works in close liaison with IAEA, which develops Codes and Guides addressed mainly to the regulatory aspects of nuclear power plants in developing countries. ISO/TC 85 has four sub-committees dealing with: (a) Terminology, Definitions, Units and Symbols (Secretariat USA, four working groups (WGs)); (b) Radiation Protection (Secretariat France, ten WGs); (c) Power Reactor Technology (Secretariat Sweden, nine WGs); (d) Nuclear Fuel Technology (Secretariat F.R. Germany, seven WGs). (author)
Business rules for creating process flexibility : Mapping RIF rules and BDI rules

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Gong, Y.; Overbeek, S.J.; Janssen, M.

2011-01-01

Business rules and software agents can be used for creating flexible business processes. The Rule Interchange Format (RIF) is a new W3C recommendation standard for exchanging rules among disparate systems. Yet, the impact that the introduction of RIF has on the design of flexible business processes
Publications | Page 283 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

China, Jordan, Nepal, Peru) with a number of international technical and legal experts to contribute to the development and implementation of innovative policies, and laws and related practices for the fair use and... Value chain development and ...
General rules applicable to quality assurance

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1981-11-01

RFS or Regles Fondamentales de Surete (Basic Safety Rules) applicable to certain types of nuclear facilities lay down requirements with which compliance, for the type of facilities and within the scope of application covered by the RFS, is considered to be equivalent to compliance with technical French regulatory practice. The object of the RFS is to take advantage of standardization in the field of safety, while allowing for technical progress in that field. They are designed to enable the operating utility and contractors to know the rules pertaining to various subjects which are considered to be acceptable by the Service Central de Surete des Installations Nucleaires, or the SCSIN (Central Department for the Safety of Nuclear Facilities). These RFS should make safety analysis easier and lead to better understanding between experts and individuals concerned with the problems of nuclear safety. The SCSIN reserves the right to modify, when considered necessary, any RFS and specify, if need be, the terms under which a modification is deemed retroactive. The aim of this rule is to define a series of measures to meet these general regulatory equipments. By applying this rule, the quality assurance code of practice for nuclear power plant safety, established by the International Atomic Energy Agency (I.A.E.A.), is considered to be observed
Designing and Managing Successful International Joint Development Programs

Science.gov (United States)

2016-04-30

joint development programs are important because of their potential to reduce costs and increase partnership benefits such as interoperability, economies ...have actualized by discussing what characteristics research has shown as crucial to international joint development program outcomes. The study team... characteristics of international joint development programs that result in positive or negative cost, scheduling, and end-product outcomes, such as a final
In the name of legal certainty? Comparison of advance ruling for tariff classification in the European Union, China and Taiwan

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Chen, S.

2016-01-01

In many jurisdictions, international traders can apply to customs authorities for an advance ruling for tariff classification before they import or export their goods. The advance ruling system for tariff classification is expected to grant more legal certainty to international traders because they
Publications | Page 223 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

IDRC works with developing-country researchers and institutions to build local capacity through funding, knowledge sharing, and training. ... Audio slideshow: Overview and lessons from the Canadian Learning Forum 2012 on Virtual Platforms, Knowledge Management and International Development (open access).
Theories of International Economic Development (Case Study: Economic Development in Kosovo

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

MSc. Bardhok Bashota

2012-06-01

Full Text Available Karl Popper rightly says that “real starting point for each research is set based on assumptions of reality, not only based on the real facts”. The text below was prepared In accordance with this logic, where the Theories of International Development are treated especially focusing on International Economic Development. Therefore, theoretical reflections present assumption side, and study of many empirically measured data will correspond with real facts, because with ought these facts assumption would be useless. Technically this writing consists of two parts: in the first part are elaborated all theoretical and practical characteristics of overall international development, while in a second part as a case study will be Economic Development i Kosovo. From methodological point of view this is a comparative study and based on statistical data, while problem treating approach is critical and explanatory. As it will be understood later, development theories have been decisively influenced by economic thinking, and the focus on this dimension responds best to the nature of the term development. On the other hand the fact of unfolding economical development will reflect interference and the nature of it’s inter politics. Today economic development becomes a worldwide goal, having a considerable place in most of the literature with economic content. Also, here are presented as well examples from different practices that reflect economic development in different periods and places. Here is presented international economic development starting with a brief description of a genealogy of this development and ways of economic development back that time. It is of a special importance elaboration through theoretical approach on the creation of capital and economic development, as mercantilist theory, classic and neo classic theory, than capitalization and Socialism-Marxism. To better understand the nature of economic development, the focus falls on
Implementing XML Schema Naming and Design Rules

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lubell, Joshua [National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); Kulvatunyou, Boonserm [ORNL; Morris, Katherine [National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); Harvey, Betty [Electronic Commerce Connection, Inc.

2006-08-01

We are building a methodology and tool kit for encoding XML schema Naming and Design Rules (NDRs) in a computer-interpretable fashion, enabling automated rule enforcement and improving schema quality. Through our experience implementing rules from various NDR specifications, we discuss some issues and offer practical guidance to organizations grappling with NDR development.
Search Results | Page 723 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 7221 - 7230 of 9602 ... Economic literature has demonstrated the importance of the services sector in ... Capability, Governance and Nanotechnology : Focus on India ... on international development through its International Relations Division. ... Poverty reduction through growth is the idea behind the market-oriented ...
International institutional law unity within diversity

CERN Document Server

Schermers, Henry G

2011-01-01

In recent years there has been a resurgence of interest in the law of public international organizations. This fifth, revised edition of International Institutional Law covers the most recent developments in the field. Although public international organizations such as the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the World Health Organization, ASEAN, the European Union and other organizations have broadly divergent objectives, powers, fields of activity and numbers of member states, they also share a wide variety of institutional problems. Rather than being a handbook for specific organizations, the book offers a comparative analysis of the institutional law of international organizations. It includes comparative chapters on the rules and practices concerning membership, institutional structure, decision-making, financing, legal order, supervision and sanctions, legal status and external relations. The books theoretical framework and extensive use of case-studies is designed to appeal to both academics ...
The Stratonovich formulation of quantum feedback network rules

Science.gov (United States)

Gough, John E.

2016-12-01

We express the rules for forming quantum feedback networks using the Stratonovich form of quantum stochastic calculus rather than the Itō or SLH (J. E. Gough and M. R. James, "Quantum feedback networks: Hamiltonian formulation," Commun. Math. Phys. 287, 1109 (2009), J. E. Gough and M. R. James, "The Series product and its application to quantum feedforward and feedback networks," IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 54, 2530 (2009)) form. Remarkably the feedback reduction rule implies that we obtain the Schur complement of the matrix of Stratonovich coupling operators where we short out the internal input/output coefficients.

Mechanisms of rule acquisition and rule following in inductive reasoning.

Science.gov (United States)

Crescentini, Cristiano; Seyed-Allaei, Shima; De Pisapia, Nicola; Jovicich, Jorge; Amati, Daniele; Shallice, Tim

2011-05-25

Despite the recent interest in the neuroanatomy of inductive reasoning processes, the regional specificity within prefrontal cortex (PFC) for the different mechanisms involved in induction tasks remains to be determined. In this study, we used fMRI to investigate the contribution of PFC regions to rule acquisition (rule search and rule discovery) and rule following. Twenty-six healthy young adult participants were presented with a series of images of cards, each consisting of a set of circles numbered in sequence with one colored blue. Participants had to predict the position of the blue circle on the next card. The rules that had to be acquired pertained to the relationship among succeeding stimuli. Responses given by subjects were categorized in a series of phases either tapping rule acquisition (responses given up to and including rule discovery) or rule following (correct responses after rule acquisition). Mid-dorsolateral PFC (mid-DLPFC) was active during rule search and remained active until successful rule acquisition. By contrast, rule following was associated with activation in temporal, motor, and medial/anterior prefrontal cortex. Moreover, frontopolar cortex (FPC) was active throughout the rule acquisition and rule following phases before a rule became familiar. We attributed activation in mid-DLPFC to hypothesis generation and in FPC to integration of multiple separate inferences. The present study provides evidence that brain activation during inductive reasoning involves a complex network of frontal processes and that different subregions respond during rule acquisition and rule following phases.
FID Statutes, Rules of Procedures, Terms of Reference.

Science.gov (United States)

International Federation for Documentation, The Hague (Netherlands).

Following a brief historical chronology of the International Federation for Documentation (FID), the organization's statutes are presented in the original French text and in English. The rules of procedures outline membership policy, conduct of technical bodies, FID conferences, publications, and regional commissions. Terms of reference are…
26 CFR 1.860F-4 - REMIC reporting requirements and other administrative rules.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 9 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false REMIC reporting requirements and other administrative rules. 1.860F-4 Section 1.860F-4 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Real Estate Investment Trusts § 1.860F-4 REMIC...
Modelling and analysis of international recycling between developed and developing countries

NARCIS (Netherlands)

van Beukering, P.J.H.; van den Bergh, J.C.J.M.

2006-01-01

To deal with the complexity of recycling, a wide variety of models have been developed, each serving a specific purpose. Despite the current trend increasing international trade in recycling-related material flows, the international dimension of physical and economic relationships in recycling is
Phonological reduplication in sign language: rules rule

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Iris eBerent

2014-06-01

Full Text Available Productivity—the hallmark of linguistic competence—is typically attributed to algebraic rules that support broad generalizations. Past research on spoken language has documented such generalizations in both adults and infants. But whether algebraic rules form part of the linguistic competence of signers remains unknown. To address this question, here we gauge the generalization afforded by American Sign Language (ASL. As a case study, we examine reduplication (X→XX—a rule that, inter alia, generates ASL nouns from verbs. If signers encode this rule, then they should freely extend it to novel syllables, including ones with features that are unattested in ASL. And since reduplicated disyllables are preferred in ASL, such rule should favor novel reduplicated signs. Novel reduplicated signs should thus be preferred to nonreduplicative controls (in rating, and consequently, such stimuli should also be harder to classify as nonsigns (in the lexical decision task. The results of four experiments support this prediction. These findings suggest that the phonological knowledge of signers includes powerful algebraic rules. The convergence between these conclusions and previous evidence for phonological rules in spoken language suggests that the architecture of the phonological mind is partly amodal.
ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS OF INTERNAL FINANCIAL CONTROL IN THE WORLD

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mihaela – Lavinia CIOBĂNICĂ

2014-04-01

Full Text Available Beyond the multitude of definitions, internal control is found in the centre of managerial concerns worldwide. This amplification of interest towards internal control has its origin in a series of events, of which two can be mentioned: the growing business complexity and dispersal activity centres, which led to the growth and development of the delegation of competence, the only way which enables the responsible to exercise powers from a distance and entirely, bringing together the components needed by its delegates. Regulatory domain, which has not ceased to expand: laws, regulations, rules, professional constraints, budgetary and social – all these have increasingly limited the decision makers, through a network of rules that must be respected. Consequently, what can be done to be safe from any punishment and to ensure constant watch over the essentials? To answer these questions, and many others, experts in the field have taken initiatives that have enabled them to define with precision the specific internal control and to set goals, creating the famous models: COSO and CoCo.
AUCC Partnership 2009-2011 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

AUCC Partnership 2009-2011. Since 1978, IDRC has enabled the International Relations Division (IRD) of the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (AUCC) to provide Canadian universities with liaison and information services on international development. This project aims to help AUCC and its ...
45 CFR 99.1 - Scope of rules.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Scope of rules. 99.1 Section 99.1 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL ADMINISTRATION PROCEDURE FOR HEARINGS FOR THE CHILD CARE AND DEVELOPMENT FUND General § 99.1 Scope of rules. (a) The rules of procedure in this section govern the practice...
How Politics Shapes the Growth of Rules

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Jakobsen, Mads Leth Felsager; Mortensen, Peter Bjerre

2015-01-01

when, why, and how political factors shape changes in the stock of rules. Furthermore, we test these hypotheses on a unique, new data set based on all Danish primary legislation and administrative rules from 1989 to 2011 categorized into 20 different policy domains. The analysis shows......This article examines the impact of politics on governmental rule production. Traditionally, explanations of rule dynamics have focused on nonpolitical factors such as the self-evolvement of rules, environmental factors, and decision maker attributes. This article develops a set of hypotheses about...... that the traditional Weberian “rules breed rules” explanations must be supplemented with political explanations that take party ideology and changes in the political agenda into account. Moreover, the effect of political factors is indistinguishable across changes in primary laws and changes in administrative rules...
A study on the internal and international environment for nuclear research and development

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Oh, Keun Bae; Choi, Y. M.; Lee, K. S.; Lee, B. W.; Ko, H. S.

1997-06-01

It is essential for Korea to enlarge nuclear energy utilization and development and to develop nuclear fuel cycle technology. However some domestic and international restraints are existing to achieve above goals. Therefore, the consideration for the environmental prospect of nuclear energy development is needed to solve those restraints. The current North Korea's policies and future relations between two countries in Korean peninsular in respect to domestic restraints are examined and forecasted in Chapter 2. This analysis tries to develop new approaches to solve internal and external major problems through forecasting the future on nuclear nonproliferation policy of U. S. An in-depth study on resolving international and inter-Korean restrictions in political and strategic perspectives is carried out in Chapter 3. The various policy alternatives to adjust the constraints of the joint declaration are proposed and analysed in Chapter. It contains also the national commitments that are suggested as ideas on how to advance the long-term nuclear research and development under the present situation. (author). 100 refs
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR MEDIA

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Nevenka Ronkova

2016-04-01

Full Text Available The analysis of the international legal framework for media in a real structural form is a challenge that needs to be scientifically proven because of the exceptional role of media in general and its constant and substantial impact on the democratic processes taking place in the world. If we analyze media through the eyes of history, we cannot ignore the impression of the exceptional importance of freedom of expression as the source and promoter of many substantive changes and valuable components in the overall functioning of social and political settings. In this regard, special attention is given to the impact of media on contemporary trends related to the EU integration process, the development of democracy and the rule of law. It particularly emphasizes the freedom of expression, respect for values and standards principles, human rights and freedoms. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the international legal framework for the media and to show the determination of the most important covenants which represent a source of media law containing rules for the creation and implementation of media freedom, the expressive quality of ideas and definitely and inevitably this paper stresses the power of the media.
Publications | Page 403 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 4021 - 4030 of 6384 ... The International Development Research Centre (IDRC) organized this workshop to strengthen collective learning about national eHealth enterprise architecture designs and deployments - with an emphasis placed on developing country needs and experiences. It was designed to build on a ...
Amendments to the Staff Rules and Regulations

CERN Multimedia

HR Department

2006-01-01

The Staff Rules and Regulations in force since 1st January 1996 are modified as follows as of 1st July 2006: Financial and social conditions for Paid Associates, Fellows and Students (introduction of a new payment scheme for the Paid Scientific Associates Programme-reorganisation of the Fellowship Programme-modification of Student subsistence rates) Protection of members of the personnel against the financial consequences of illness, accident and disability (clarification of the scope of the relevant provisions-new definition of disability and associated benefits-revised role of the Joint Advisory Rehabilitation and Disability Board-bringing together of the relevant provisions). Copies of this update (modification No.16) are available from Departmental secretariats. In addition, the Staff Rules and Regulations can be consulted on the Web at the following address: http://cern.ch/hr-div/internal/admin_services/rules/default.asp Administrative Circular No. 14 (Rev. 2)-July 2006 Protection of members o...
Mitigating humanitarian crises during non-international armed conflicts: the role of human rights and ceasefire agreements

OpenAIRE

Lane, Lottie

2016-01-01

Situations of humanitarian crisis are often caused by armed conflicts. Given the prevalence of non-international armed conflicts today, ways of ameliorating these situations are at the forefront of concerns. The international humanitarian law rules governing non-international armed conflict remain much less developed than those for international armed conflicts. This is exacerbated by the lack of direct human rights obligations for non-state armed groups, which makes governing the behaviour o...
26 CFR 1.1561-1 - General rules regarding certain tax benefits available to the component members of a controlled...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... accordance with the special rule of section 441(f)(2)(A). See § 1.441-2. (c) Tax avoidance. The provisions of... 26 Internal Revenue 13 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false General rules regarding certain tax benefits... Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME...
Rule of Law Assistance: DOD Should Assess Workforce Size of Defense Institute of International Legal Studies

Science.gov (United States)

2016-12-01

building assistance Targeted, multiphase engagements catered to a country’s rule of law needs, such as modernizing military legislation and...own Judge Advocates General and that these provide rule of law training catered to addressing local issues, which may not be standardized across
Implementation in International Business Self-Regulation

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Porter, Tony; Ronit, Karsten

2015-01-01

Self-regulation by business is increasingly common internationally, but the effective implementation of international rules often continues to be seen as something that only states can carry out. We argue that more exclusively private forms of effective implementation can be constructed in self......-regulation. Drawing on research in private international law, public policy implementation and self-regulation, we identify four distinct implementation sequences: monitoring, compliance, adjudication, and sanctioning. These sequences are sometimes constituted in response to deliberate integrated plans, but also come...... together in a decentralized manner. Many international business actors devise ways to carry out the sequences in order to implement rules that are important for them, reflecting a functional logic of implementation that is creative and pragmatic, and together constitute an important stage in the policy...
The Rotterdam Rules from an Estonian perspective / Heiki Lindpere

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

Lindpere, Heiki, 1949-

2010-01-01

Rotterdami reeglite (Konventsioon lepingute kohta kaupade rahvusvaheliseks veoks täies ulatuses või osaliselt meritsi = Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea (Rotterdam Rules)) tähtsusest Eestile ja kaubaveo reguleerimisest Eesti õiguses
International Regulations Dealing with Alternative Dispute Resolution for International Commercial Disputes

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Angelica Rosu

2009-06-01

Full Text Available At present, no generally applied international ADR rules exist. However, manylegislative initiatives registered in time. The United Nations Commission on International TradeLaw adopted, thus, a Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation in 2002. The EuropeanUnion has also been active in the area of ADR presenting in May 2008 a Directive on CertainAspects of Mediation in Civil and Commercial Matters that represents its most important initiativesin this field. There are also various international conventions that deal with dispute resolution suchas the International Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes. The many legislativeinitiatives are useful, even necessary.
WINE ADVISOR EXPERT SYSTEM USING DECISION RULES

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Dinuca Elena Claudia

2013-07-01

Full Text Available In this article I focus on developing an expert system for advising the choice of wine that best matches a specific occasion. An expert system is a computer application that performs a task that would be performed by a human expert. The implementation is done using Delphi programming language. I used to represent the knowledge bases a set of rules. The rules are of type IF THEN ELSE rules, decision rules based on different important wine features.

18 CFR 385.104 - Rule of construction (Rule 104).

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... Definitions § 385.104 Rule of construction (Rule 104). To the extent that the text of a rule is inconsistent with its caption, the text of the rule controls. [Order 376, 49 FR 21705, May 23, 1984] ...
26 CFR 49.4264(c)-1 - Special rule for the payment of tax.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... international air transportation and such carrier shall collect the tax at the time the flight is rescheduled or... of his international air transportation between Chicago and New York became subject to tax. The... 26 Internal Revenue 16 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Special rule for the payment of tax. 49.4264(c...
INTERNATIONAL PAYMENT METHODS AND TECHNIQUES FROM THE ACCOUNTING PERSPECTIVE

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MAGDALENA MIHAI

2013-08-01

Full Text Available The starting point in our study regarding the international payment methods and techniques is the ideaaccording to which the international settlements are based on uniform fundament rules set by the states that takepart in international trade. Since the world economy and especially the international trade have evolved, theserules are changed and adapted to international trade necessities resulted from international trade. Theimportance of the topic consists in the idea that companies in our country are increasingly adopting,international trade activities. For this reason, in this paper we will conceptually determine the methods forinternational settlement, as well as present the accounting consequences regarding the international tradeactivity settlement. It is necessary to study the accounting implications that regard the management of collectionand payment activities in the intra- and extra-community trade since international trade as well as Europeanand international influences in national accounting regulations have been developed in our country.
Verification of international environmental agreements

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ausubel, J.H.; Victor, D.G.

1992-01-01

Problems and opportunities frequently cross national borders. Informal and formal international arrangements-loosely termed regimes, defined in this paper as systems of rule or government that have widespread influence-arise for the collective management of such transboundary issues. Regimes are pervasive; their number and extent have grown markedly in the 20th century, especially since the Second World War. Students of the international system study the conditions under which regimes are formed and the factors that contribute to their success. These include distribution of power among states, the nature of the issue, its linkages to other issues, the roles and functions of international organizations, the processes of bargaining and rule-making, and the influence of domestic politics. Scholars also theorize how regimes are maintained and changed. In the past two decades students of international cooperation have increasingly applied their tools to issues of the environment and natural resources
Rule of Law. Peculiarities of Kosovo System

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Iliriana ISLAMI

2017-03-01

Full Text Available Nowadays there is a general call, of every international institution, meaning EU, and other international mechanism requiring and basing their policies on the principle of conditionality (Pippan, 2004 by urging states to undertake steps to fulfill the whole range of political and economic conditions in return for partnership, membership or monetary aid. Conditionality is screened through the new lenses of order and stability based on rule of law, democracy, free market economy, and respect for human rights and minority rights, envisaged as Western values. (Copenhagen Criteria, 1993 To achieve this aim the rule of law is considered as occupying a unique position in a democratic society, therefore it is called upon states to create conditions for reforms on a judiciary as the traditional mechanism to decide on disputes, to protect citizens from the arbitrary political affiliation or private individuals. As such, it fights corruption too. (Un Judge Simply said it is required from the states to create conditions to achieve the independent judiciary, through which democratic society can be created. As such, these analyses give hints on the issue of rule of law from the transitional phase of UNMIK to Kosovar Institution elucidating the presence of the EU EULEX Mission, too. Therefore, in the case of Kosovo the challenge of the judiciary system was twofold concerning UNMIK and EU Mission and the establishment of the Kosovo Constitution from another side.
Search Results | Page 23 | IDRC - International Development ...

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Results 221 - 230 of 374 ... Ecology of Access to Educational Material in Developing World Universities ... of and engagement with international research for development. ... was a pioneer in the discipline of economic development theory and its ...
High Level Rule Modeling Language for Airline Crew Pairing

Science.gov (United States)

Mutlu, Erdal; Birbil, Ş. Ilker; Bülbül, Kerem; Yenigün, Hüsnü

2011-09-01

The crew pairing problem is an airline optimization problem where a set of least costly pairings (consecutive flights to be flown by a single crew) that covers every flight in a given flight network is sought. A pairing is defined by using a very complex set of feasibility rules imposed by international and national regulatory agencies, and also by the airline itself. The cost of a pairing is also defined by using complicated rules. When an optimization engine generates a sequence of flights from a given flight network, it has to check all these feasibility rules to ensure whether the sequence forms a valid pairing. Likewise, the engine needs to calculate the cost of the pairing by using certain rules. However, the rules used for checking the feasibility and calculating the costs are usually not static. Furthermore, the airline companies carry out what-if-type analyses through testing several alternate scenarios in each planning period. Therefore, embedding the implementation of feasibility checking and cost calculation rules into the source code of the optimization engine is not a practical approach. In this work, a high level language called ARUS is introduced for describing the feasibility and cost calculation rules. A compiler for ARUS is also implemented in this work to generate a dynamic link library to be used by crew pairing optimization engines.
Governance | IDRC - International Development Research Centre

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

... appoints governors based on their interest and expertise in science, management, and development issues. The chair of the Board of Governors presents an annual report to Parliament through the Minister of International Development. IDRC's president oversees our day-to-day operations. As the chief executive officer, ...
FeynRules - Feynman rules made easy

OpenAIRE

Christensen, Neil D.; Duhr, Claude

2008-01-01

In this paper we present FeynRules, a new Mathematica package that facilitates the implementation of new particle physics models. After the user implements the basic model information (e.g. particle content, parameters and Lagrangian), FeynRules derives the Feynman rules and stores them in a generic form suitable for translation to any Feynman diagram calculation program. The model can then be translated to the format specific to a particular Feynman diagram calculator via F...
Democracy and Majority Rule in South Africa: Implications for Good Governance

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Samuel Augustine Umezurike

2017-07-01

Full Text Available South Africa is a leading example of democracy in Africa though many argue that it has lost its way in meaningful aspects ranging from practice of its majority rule, social cohesion, and neoliberalisation of its political economy and international diplomacy. South Africa could fairly be viewed as an emerging middle power but many of its actions have belied this by allowing certain analysts to consider it as inconsistent, confusing, and even sinister. Some of the core problematic areas of South African democracy include poverty, unemployment, inequality, high level of HIV/AIDS, corruption, fast decaying educational system, electricity (load shedding, fast loss of rand value in the international market and rampant strike actions, especially in the mining industry. However, this paper depends on the documentary method of research to examine the drama surrounding the security upgrade of the President’s home at Nkandla. The findings show that in a democratic society like South Africa, majority rule may sometimes be a limitation of democratic practices. In order to avert the dangers majority rule may pose to the other principles of democracy, the principles of values, such as separation of power among the three levels of government and rule of law, must be respected.
Democracy and Majority Rule in South Africa: Implications for Good Governance

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Samuel Umezurike

2016-12-01

Full Text Available South Africa is a leading example of democracy in Africa albeit many argue that it has lost meaningful direction in aspects which range from its practice of majority rule, social cohesion, and neoliberalization of its political economy and international diplomacy. South Africa could fairly well be viewed as an emerging middle power but many of its actions have belied this thus allowing certain analysts to consider it as inconsistent, confusing, and even sinister. Some of the core problematic areas of South African democracy include poverty, unemployment, inequality, high level of HIV/AIDS, corruption, fast decaying educational system, electricity (load shedding, fast loss of rand value in the international market and rampant strike actions, especially in the mining industry. However, this paper depends on the documentary method of research to examine the drama surrounding the security upgrade of the President’s home at Nkandla. The findings show that in a democratic society like South Africa, majority rule may sometimes be a limitation of democratic practices. In order to avert the challenges which majority rule may pose to the other principles of democracy, the principles of values, such as separation of power among the three levels of government and rule of law, must be respected.
IDRC - International Development Research Centre |

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Learn moreArtificial intelligence and human development ... Our experts share insights on the issues and approaches challenging the international ... Shadow Libraries: Access to Knowledge in Global Higher Education · Book cover: ... Social Theories of Urban Violence in the Global South: Towards Safe and Inclusive Cities.
Sistem Evaluasi Jamunan Mutu Menggunakan Rule Based System Untuk Monitoring Mutu Perguruan Tinggi

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sri Hartono

2017-05-01

Full Text Available The needs for continuous quality improvement resulting in the more complex. The research aims to develop system of quality assurance evaluation using rule based system to monitor the quality of higher education. This process of the research begins by documenting the daily activity of study program which consists of lecturer data, research data, service data, staff data, student data, and infrastructure data into a database. The data were evaluated by using rule based system by adopting rules on quality standards of study program of National Accreditation Board for Higher Education as the knowledge base. Evaluation process was carried out by using the forward chaining methods by matching the existing data to the knowledge base to determine the quality status of each quality standard. While the reccomendation process was carried out by using the backward chaining methods by matching the results of quality status to the desired projection of quality status to determine the nearest target which can be achieved. The result of the research is system of quality assurance evaluation with rule based system that is capable of producing an output system in the form of internal evaluation report and recommendation system that can be used to monitor the quality of higher education.
Decision Analysis of Dynamic Spectrum Access Rules

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Juan D. Deaton; Luiz A. DaSilva; Christian Wernz

2011-12-01

A current trend in spectrum regulation is to incorporate spectrum sharing through the design of spectrum access rules that support Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA). This paper develops a decision-theoretic framework for regulators to assess the impacts of different decision rules on both primary and secondary operators. We analyze access rules based on sensing and exclusion areas, which in practice can be enforced through geolocation databases. Our results show that receiver-only sensing provides insufficient protection for primary and co-existing secondary users and overall low social welfare. On the other hand, using sensing information between the transmitter and receiver of a communication link, provides dramatic increases in system performance. The performance of using these link end points is relatively close to that of using many cooperative sensing nodes associated to the same access point and large link exclusion areas. These results are useful to regulators and network developers in understanding in developing rules for future DSA regulation.
Child Development: New Diagnoses for the NANDA International.

Science.gov (United States)

Souza, Juliana Martins de; Cruz, Diná de Almeida Lopes Monteiro da; Veríssimo, Maria De La Ó Ramallo

2018-04-01

The paper proposes new diagnoses on child development (CD) for NANDA International. The study followed the recommended steps of Developmental Processes for NANDA International Nursing Diagnoses. It was a secondary analysis study on the findings of a concept analysis study on CD. A proposal of labels and components of three diagnoses: "Delayed child development," "Risk for delayed child development," and "Readiness for enhanced child development." The proposed diagnoses represent all the complexity of CD. The proposed diagnoses can support nurses in the development of a comprehensive care plan on the health of children. OBJETIVO: propor novos diagnósticos de enfermagem para a NANDA-International que abordem o desenvolvimento infantil. MÉTODO: Este estudo seguiu as etapas recomendadas para o desenvolvimento de diagnósticos de enfermagem da NANDA-International. Foi realizado a partir dos resultados da análise de conceito do termo desenvolvimento infantil. Propostos os títulos e os componentes de três diagnósticos: "Atraso no desenvolvimento infantil," "Risco de atraso no desenvolvimento infantil," e "Disposição para desenvolvimento infantil melhorado." CONCLUSÕES: Os diagnósticos propostos contemplam toda a complexidade do desenvolvimento infantil. IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A PRÁTICA DE ENFERMAGEM: Os novos diagnósticos podem subsidiar o enfermeiro na elaboração de um plano de cuidados integrais à saúde da criança. © 2016 NANDA International, Inc.
Derivation of Operation Rule for Ilisu Dam

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ahmed Abdul-Sahib Mohammed Ali

2018-06-01

Full Text Available Tigris River water that comes from Turkey represents the main water resource of this river in Iraq. The expansion in water river implementations has formed a source of trouble for the workers in the water resources management field in Iraqi. Unfortunately, there is no agreement between Iraq and Turkey till now to share the water of this international river. Consequently, the optimal operation of water resources systems, particularly a multi-objective, multi-reservoir, is of the most necessity at the present time. In this research two approaches, were used the dynamic programming (DP approach and simulation model to find the optimal monthly operation of Ilisu Dam (from an Iraqi point of view through a computer program (in Q. Basic language to find the optimum monthly release and storage by adopting an objective function that minimizes the release and storage losses (penalty. The historical inflow data of 588 months from (Oct. 1961 to Sep. 2009 formed the input data to the optimization models. Storage rule curves for the reservoir at (lower, mean, upper of (10%, 50%, and 90%, respectively, were found according to the results of the optimized operation. A simulation model was developed to operate the system using these rule curves.
Publications | Page 213 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Journal articles ... It assesses entrepreneurial environment and level of entrepreneurial activity. ... on Virtual Platforms, Knowledge Management and International Development (open access) ... Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand were.
Developments in international bioenergy trade

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Junginger, Martin; Faaij, Andre; Wit, Marc de; Bolkesjoe, Torjus; Bradley, Douglas; Dolzan, Paulo; Piacente, Erik; Walter, Arnaldo da Silva; Heinimoe, Jussi; Hektor, Bo; Leistad, Oeyvind; Ling, Erik; Perry, Miles; Rosillo-Calle, Frank; Ryckmans, Yves; Schouwenberg, Peter-Paul; Solberg, Birger; Troemborg, Erik

2008-01-01

The aim of this paper is to present a synthesis of the main developments and drivers of international bioenergy trade in IEA Bioenergy Task 40 member countries, based on various country reports written by Task 40 members. Special attention is given to pellet and ethanol trade. In many European countries such as Belgium, Finland, the Netherlands, Sweden and the UK, imported biomass contributes already significantly (between 21% and 43%) to total biomass use. Wood pellets are currently exported by Canada, Finland and (to a small extent) Brazil and Norway, and imported by Sweden, Belgium, the Netherlands, and the UK. In the Netherlands and Belgium, pellet imports nowadays contribute to a major share to total renewable electricity production. Trade in bio-ethanol is another example of a rapidly growing international market. With the EU-wide target of 5.75% biofuels for transportation in 2010 (and 10% in 2020), exports from Brazil and other countries to Europe are likely to rise as well. Major drivers for international bioenergy trade in general are the large resource potentials and relatively low production costs in producing countries such as Canada and Brazil, and high fossil fuel prices and various policy incentives to stimulate biomass use in importing countries. However, the logistic infrastructure both in exporting and importing countries needs to be developed to access larger physical biomass volumes and to reach other (i.e. smaller) end-consumers. It is concluded that international bioenergy trade is growing rapidly, far beyond what was deemed possible only a few years ago, and may in the future in some Task 40 countries surpass domestic biomass use, especially for specific applications (e.g. transport fuels). (author)
Canada loses appeal of WTO panel ruling on minimum patent terms.

Science.gov (United States)

Elliott, R

2000-01-01

In the last issue, we reported on a ruling of a Panel of the World Trade Organization (WTO) that Canada was in breach of the international Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (the TRIPS Agreement). The Panel found that Canada's Patent Act does not provide the minimum patent terms required by the trade agreement. Canada appealed that decision, but on 18 September 2000 the WTO Appellate Body upheld the Panel ruling.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THROUGH AID OR INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ana Mihei

2010-12-01

Full Text Available Economic development is the supreme goal of modern civilization. This phenomenon is seen not just in terms of growth, but rather as an overall improvement in living standards. Economic development is a national goal, but also an objective of international economic bodies. Talks about development are held in the context of the opposition between developed countries and developing countries.In this article, we discuss whether development aid that originates from industrialized states supports sustainable economic rise of the countries lagging behind and whether it is preferable to let market operate freely, through the liberalization of international trade. Our conclusion is that economic development through the promotion of free trade would be achieved faster and more efficiently, based on net gains from trade and the pride of the peoples who would have won by themselves their daily bread and a place in the global market.

The new financial architecture: from substantive to procedural rules

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mario Sarcinelli

2004-12-01

Full Text Available The new international financial architecture is investigated through the works of leading American economists, the Cologne G7 decisions, the implementing work of the IMF (and the World Bank. However, the Washington-consensus policies and the definition of standards and codes have not avoided foreign exchange, banking and debt crises, the therapy of which has been hotly contested as ineffective or unduly harsh. Many critics have proposed to transform the IMF radically. Although no such reform has taken place, the institution set up at Bretton Woods to look after the fixed exchange rate system with substantive rules has turned into a sort of supervisor of macroeconomic, structural and, above all, financial policies aiming to ensure stability through procedural rules. The latter are the product of many institutions and organisations with or without legitimacy, which makes the international monetary andfinancial system ever more dependent on soft law.
Search Results | Page 948 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 9471 - 9480 of 9580 ... Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have been ... Open Development: Networked Innovations in International Development ... future of the information society in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Search Results | Page 950 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 9491 - 9500 of 9602 ... Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have been ... Open Development: Networked Innovations in International Development ... future of the information society in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Search Results | Page 843 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 8421 - 8430 of 8531 ... Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have been ... Open Development: Networked Innovations in International Development ... future of the information society in Latin America and the Caribbean.
The Merchant Shipping (Dangerous Goods) Rules 1978 (Statutory Instrument 1543, 25 October 1978)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1978-01-01

These Rules supersede the Merchant Shipping (Dangerous Goods) Rule of 1965 as amended by the Merchant Shipping (Dangerous Goods) (Amendment) Rules of 1968 and 1972. The Rules now define 'dangerous goods' by reference to goods classified as dangerous for carriage by sea as well as any other goods whose properties might be dangerous it they were carried by sea. This classification is based on that of the 1978 Report of the Standing Advisory Committee on the Carriage of Dangerous Goods of the Department of Trade, and the 1977 Edition of the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code published by the Intergovernmental Maritime consultative Organisation. (NEA) [fr
Promoting Success: A Professional Development Coaching Program for Interns in Medicine.

Science.gov (United States)

Palamara, Kerri; Kauffman, Carol; Stone, Valerie E; Bazari, Hasan; Donelan, Karen

2015-12-01

Residency is an intense period. Challenges, including burnout, arise as new physicians develop their professional identities. Residency programs provide remediation, but emotional support for interns is often limited. Professional development coaching of interns, regardless of their performance, has not been reported. Design, implement, and evaluate a program to support intern professional development through positive psychology coaching. We implemented a professional development coaching program in a large residency program. The program included curriculum development, coach-intern interactions, and evaluative metrics. A total of 72 internal medicine interns and 26 internal medicine faculty participated in the first year. Interns and coaches were expected to meet quarterly; expected time commitments per year were 9 hours (per individual coached) for coaches, 5 1/2 hours for each individual coachee, and 70 hours for the director of the coaching program. Coaches and interns were asked to complete 2 surveys in the first year and to participate in qualitative interviews. Eighty-two percent of interns met with their coaches 3 or more times. Coaches and their interns assessed the program in multiple dimensions (participation, program and professional activities, burnout, coping, and coach-intern communication). Most of the interns (94%) rated the coaching program as good or excellent, and 96% would recommend this program to other residency programs. The experience of burnout was lower in this cohort compared with a prior cohort. There is early evidence that a coaching program of interactions with faculty trained in positive psychology may advance intern development and partially address burnout.
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Results 961 - 970 of 9580 ... International Development Research Centre ... Collaboration in informal settlements: tackling flooding with a local perspective. In most developing countries, solid waste management is a significant challenge, ...
International conventions for measuring radioactivity of building materials

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tan Chenglong

2004-01-01

In buildings, whether civil or industrial, natural radioactivity always occurs at different degrees in the materials (main building materials, decorative materials). Concerns on radioactivity from building materials is unavoidable for human living and developing. As a member of WTO, China's measuring method of radioactivity for building materials, including radionuclides limitation for building materials, hazard evaluation system etc, should keep accordance with the international rules and conventions. (author)
THE APPLICATION PROCESS OF HAMBURG RULES, GIVEN THE CONTEXT OF THE EMERGENCE AND ENTRY INTO FORCE OF THE NEW ROMANIAN CIVIL CODE

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Adriana Elena Belu

2013-11-01

Full Text Available The paper aims to conduct a comparative analysis and tries to offer an objective point of view regarding a number of questions arisen in practice, related to the applicability of the 1978 Hamburg Rules and keeping public order of Romanian private international law, such as those that aim at: agreeing upon the applicability of the foreign law by the Romanian parties; applicability of the Hamburg Rules; public nuisance of the Romanian private international law; character of public policy rule of the Hamburg Rules. In the application process of the Hamburg Rules, given the context of the emergence and entry into force of the New Civil Code, obviously, the provisions of the Romanian Civil Code shall apply in addition, where the international convention lacks. Therefore, in order to apply the logic of the provisions of the Civil Code in full compliance with the international standards, though giving priority to the latter rules, a rigorous analysis is required, analysis which becomes more complex given the fact that, in accordance with Art. 230 of Law no. 71/2011 to implement Law no. 287/2009 on the Civil Code, Book II "About Maritime Trade and Sailing" of the Commercial Code, will be abolished upon the entry into force of the Maritime Code, as those provisions remain in force, being applied with priority to the rules of the Civil Code.
Rules and regulations as potential moderator on the relationship between organizational internal and external factors with effective construction risk management in Nigerian construction companies: A proposed framework

Science.gov (United States)

Adeleke, A. Q.; Bahaudin, A. Y.; Kamaruddeen, A. M.

2016-08-01

Certain organizational internal and external factors have been found to influence effective construction risk management within the construction company which has contributed to massive risk occurrence on the projects. Yet, the influence of the organizational factors such as effective communication, team competency with skills, active leadership, political factor, organizational culture, technology factor and economic factor on effective construction risk management among the construction companies operating in Abuja and Lagos state Nigeria have not received considerable attention. More so, a moderating variable is proposed. This paper proposes rules and regulations as the potential moderator on the relationship between organisational internal factors, external factors and effective construction risk management.
International Journal of Development and Management Review

African Journals Online (AJOL)

International Journal of Development and Management Review ... social Development and Management practices and theories while providing an institutional ... The Igbo care for the elderly in contemporary times: an old testament evaluation ...
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Results 161 - 170 of 9581 ... Journal of peacebuilding and development, volume 3, number 1, 2006 ... As the country embarked on a path of economic reform, care ... DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH YOUTH SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT International ... Reasons for neglect of residential land issues in Navliwadi, Maharastra, India.
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Results 431 - 440 of 902 ... ... DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 19 Apply DEVELOPING COUNTRIES filter · LAW ... Final report on IDRC's participation in the 11th World Congress on ... The Centre for International Sustainable Development Law ... They plan production, procurement and commercialization but outsource production ...
A rule-based software test data generator

Science.gov (United States)

Deason, William H.; Brown, David B.; Chang, Kai-Hsiung; Cross, James H., II

1991-01-01

Rule-based software test data generation is proposed as an alternative to either path/predicate analysis or random data generation. A prototype rule-based test data generator for Ada programs is constructed and compared to a random test data generator. Four Ada procedures are used in the comparison. Approximately 2000 rule-based test cases and 100,000 randomly generated test cases are automatically generated and executed. The success of the two methods is compared using standard coverage metrics. Simple statistical tests showing that even the primitive rule-based test data generation prototype is significantly better than random data generation are performed. This result demonstrates that rule-based test data generation is feasible and shows great promise in assisting test engineers, especially when the rule base is developed further.
President | IDRC - International Development Research Centre

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

International Development Research Centre Selection Criteria Education A ... or an acceptable combination of education, job-related training and/or experience. ... Knowledge of current corporate governance and human resource issues; ...
Partnership Officer | IDRC - International Development Research ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

... and bilateral development institutions, foundations and the private sector;; Supports ... and managing IDRC's contacts with other international and donor agencies; ... and Regional Offices), Corporate Counsel and Finance and Administration ...
Optimization of conventional rule curves coupled with hedging rules for reservoir operation

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Taghian, Mehrdad; Rosbjerg, Dan; Haghighi, Ali

2014-01-01

As a common approach to reservoir operating policies, water levels at the end of each time interval should be kept at or above the rule curve. In this study, the policy is captured using rationing of the target yield to reduce the intensity of severe water shortages. For this purpose, a hybrid...... to achieve the optimal water allocation and the target storage levels for reservoirs. As a case study, a multipurpose, multireservoir system in southern Iran is selected. The results show that the model has good performance in extracting the optimum policy for reservoir operation under both normal...... model is developed to optimize simultaneously both the conventional rule curve and the hedging rule. In the compound model, a simple genetic algorithm is coupled with a simulation program, including an inner linear programming algorithm. In this way, operational policies are imposed by priority concepts...
Search Results | Page 14 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 131 - 140 of 438 ... Role of social protection in children's schooling outcomes ... for future human capital development and overall long-term development. Briefs ... International remittances, poverty and inequality : the West African case.
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Results 11 - 20 of 55 ... Role of social protection in children's schooling outcomes ... implication for future human capital development and overall long-term development. ... International remittances, poverty and inequality : the West African case.
Space Commercialization and the Development of Space Law

Science.gov (United States)

Yun, Zhao

2017-05-01

Shortly after the launch of the first manmade satellite in 1957, the United Nations (UN) took the lead in formulating international rules governing space activities. The five international conventions (i.e., the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, the 1968 Rescue Agreement, the 1972 Liability Convention, the 1975 Registration Convention, and the 1979 Moon Agreement) within the UN framework constitute the nucleus of space law; laying a solid legal foundation for securing the smooth development of space activities over the next few decades. Outer space was soon found to be a place with abundant opportunities for commercialization: with telecommunications services the first and most successful commercial application followed by remote sensing and global navigation services. In the last decade, the rapid development of space technologies brought space tourism and space mining to the forefront as well. With more and more commercial activities taking place on a daily basis from the 1980s on, existing space law faces severe challenges. The five conventions, which were enacted at a time when space was monopolized by two superpowers—the United States and the former Soviet Union—also failed to take into account the commercial aspect of space activities. Although there are urgent needs for new rules to deal with the ongoing trend of space commercialization, the international society faces difficulties in adopting new rules due to diversified national interests. As a result, it adjusts legislative strategies by enacting soft laws. In view of the difficulty in adopting binding rules at the international level, states are encouraged to enact their own national space legislation providing sufficient guidance for their domestic space commercial activities. It is expected that the development of soft laws and national space legislation will be the mainstream regulatory activities in the space field for the foreseeable future.

Fighting by the principles: principles as a source of international humanitarian law

NARCIS (Netherlands)

van den Boogaard, J.C.; Matthee, M.; Toebes, B.; Brus, M.

2013-01-01

The rules of international humanitarian law of armed conflict are codified in a rather extensive body of treaty law. In addition, extensive research has been conducted into the rules of customary international humanitarian law. The author of this contribution will argue that there is another
Senior Program Specialist | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Initiative Development Identifies opportunities that will contribute to meeting the ... internal and governance committees, in-house and external research, global ... of strengthening CRVS systems, including gaps in existing CRVS infrastructure ...
QUASI-ARBITRATION WITH REFERENCE TO FIDIC RULES

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Vjekoslav Puljko

2016-07-01

Full Text Available Quasi-arbitration is a way of settling a dispute without going to court. While it is increasingly present in modern business practices, in Croatia only a few university professors have dealt with it. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to describe the procedure and its rules and bring it closer to potential users. In the introductory part, we briefly analyse the term quasi- arbitration. As the term has a lot in common with arbitration, we also analyse its relation with arbitration. The paper focuses on recent changes to the rules on technical arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC because they can be used as a great guide for finding possible Croatian solutions. On the other hand, special attention has been paid to FIDIC rules since they exemplify the presence of quasi-arbitration clauses applied in Croatia, and the authors believe that they have become the standard for construction and engineering works financed by the cohesion and structural funds, which are of crucial importance for co-financing of infrastructure projects in Croatia. The authors’ opinion is that familiarising both experts and the general public with these rules may contribute to more transparent public procurement not only in public investment but also in private projects as they greatly facilitate business operation.
New Safety rules

CERN Multimedia

Safety Commission

2008-01-01

The revision of CERN Safety rules is in progress and the following new Safety rules have been issued on 15-04-2008: Safety Procedure SP-R1 Establishing, Updating and Publishing CERN Safety rules: http://cern.ch/safety-rules/SP-R1.htm; Safety Regulation SR-S Smoking at CERN: http://cern.ch/safety-rules/SR-S.htm; Safety Regulation SR-M Mechanical Equipment: http://cern.ch/safety-rules/SR-M.htm; General Safety Instruction GSI-M1 Standard Lifting Equipment: http://cern.ch/safety-rules/GSI-M1.htm; General Safety Instruction GSI-M2 Standard Pressure Equipment: http://cern.ch/safety-rules/GSI-M2.htm; General Safety Instruction GSI-M3 Special Mechanical Equipment: http://cern.ch/safety-rules/GSI-M3.htm. These documents apply to all persons under the Director General’s authority. All Safety rules are available at the web page: http://www.cern.ch/safety-rules The Safety Commission
Peter Taylor | IDRC - International Development Research Centre

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

He leads a multidisciplinary team that strengthens policy research capacity in developing countries on issues of economic policy, governance, and health systems. Peter has more than 30 years of experience in international development, including positions at the Institute of Development Studies, UK; Helvetas Vietnam; ...
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International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 7861 - 7870 of 9606 ... A research network on telecommunications policy is playing a significant ... CSOs that are engaged in international cooperation for development but ... The study's author, Stacie Travers, also carried out four case studies on ... Development Regional development Economics Environment Food ...
Books | Page 3 | IDRC - International Development Research Centre

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have been proven to promote economic ... Book cover Open Development: Networked Innovations in International Development ... Book cover Inequality and Development Challenges.
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International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 3711 - 3720 of 6389 ... Through books, articles, research publications, and studies, ... theory, rural development, and natural resource management. ... Drawing on internal political contexts and external influences on the policy process, ...
Burden differentiation: criteria for evaluation and development of burden sharing rules. The Joint CICERO-ECN project on sharing the burden of greenhouse gas reduction among countries

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Torvanger, Asbjoern; Ringius, Lasse

2000-02-01

This article discusses nine criteria for evaluation of potential Burden Sharing Rules (BSRs) in climate policy agreements. Three of the criteria reflect fairness principles while six of them are operational requirements. These criteria are useful for identifying potential BSRs that could be promising in future climate policy negotiations. The two sector approaches, Multi-sector Convergence Approach and Triptych, received the highest score according to the criteria presented in this article. The Multi-sector Convergence Approach was developed in the joint ECN (Netherlands Energy Research Foundation) and CICERO (Center for International Climate and Environmental Research - Oslo) project on burden sharing in climate policy agreements. This is a sector-oriented approach that comprises convergence of per capita emissions to the same level for all countries, and has a global coverage. The Triptych approach has been employed by the European Union for their internal differentiation of national abatement targets. Sector approaches have some specific advantages in linking burden sharing to the economic structure of countries. This indicates that the Multi-sector Convergence Approach could play a useful role in climate policy negotiations among a larger group of countries, and could encourage developing countries to take on greenhouse gas abatement targets. (author)
26 CFR 1.818-8 - Special rules relating to consolidated returns and certain capital losses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Special rules relating to consolidated returns... Special rules relating to consolidated returns and certain capital losses. Section 818(g) provides that, in the case of a life insurance company filing or required to file a consolidated return under...
Explaining the judicial independence of international courts: a comparative analysis

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Beach, Derek

What factors allow some international courts (ICs) to rule against the express preferences of powerful member states, whereas others routinely defer to governments? While judicial independence is not the only factor explaining the strength of a given international institution, it is a necessary...... condition. The paper first develops three sets of competing explanatory variables that potentially can explain variations in the judicial independence of ICs. The causal effects of these explanatory variables upon variance in judicial independence are investigated in a comparative analysis of the ACJ, ECJ...
International product development - Challenges in knowledge sharing

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Sonne, Anne-Mette

2008-01-01

Knowledge and internationalization are two important concepts in the corporate world today. Knowledge is companies' most important resource, and internationalization is a factor which affects all areas of management - particularly product development. The development of successful products...... for the international market rests on a company's ability to cooperate and to share knowledge. In order to develop products for the international market, companies must be capable of expanding knowledge sharing across geographical and professional divides. This is the focus of a new MAPP PhD dissertation....
Joint Criminal Enterprise: The ICTY’s Contentious Addition to International Law

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Carlson, Kerstin Bree

2008-01-01

The ICTY does not merely represent a historical stage in the development of international criminal justice which can now be put aside and left to legal historians. It also has a lasting impact, due to the fact that its Rules of Procedure and Evidence are judge-made law, tested in the fire of court...... practice and frequently amended to take the latest developments into account. Finally, with the arrest of Slobodan Karadžić, a new chapter has been opened for the Court. This volume thus provides not only an account of all the debates revolving around the proper role of international criminal justice...... and a contribution to the developing academic discipline of “transitional justice”; it also opens up a perspective to the International Criminal Court and asks what procedural legacy the ad hoc tribunals for Yugoslavia and Ruanda provide for the future of international criminal procedure....
Trade and investment rules for energy

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2009-09-15

Rules that govern energy trade is an issue that has generated increasing concern everywhere, from the standpoint of both the security of supply for consumers and security of demand for suppliers. This concern reflects the importance of rules that comprehensively address the needs from supply and demand point of view and integrate the international fabric of energy trade. The GATT and the WTO Agreement define trans-border movement of energy but leave many aspects unclear, particularly as efforts accelerate to control carbon emissions. This timely report by a WEC Task Force of experts with legal standing in the energy business identifies the most pressing issues relating to energy trade and suggests actions and measures which, if implemented, would provide clarity and answer many questions. More importantly, these measures would strengthen the WTO and coming rounds of negotiations.
Setting new global rules? : TNCs and codes of conduct

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Kolk, A.; van Tulder, R.

2005-01-01

The introduction of codes of conduct can be seen as an expression of corporate social responsibility, but also as rule-setting behaviour - attempts to help fill some of the existing international instutitional voids. To shed light on these aspects and the (potential) effectiveness of codes, this
Earth Sciences' Capacity Building In Developing Countries through International Programmes

Science.gov (United States)

Eder, W.

2007-12-01

Within the framework of "traditional" programmes, like the joint UNESCO-IUGS "International Geoscience Programme" (IGCP), the "International Continental Scientific Drilling Program" (ICDP), the "Integrated Ocean Drilling Program" (IODP) or the "International Lithosphere Programme" (ILP) numerous opportunities are provided to strengthen postgraduate geo-scientific education of representatives from developing countries. Recently established new initiatives, such as the "International Year of Planet Earth" (IYPE) or UNESCO's Global Network of Geoparks complement these in addition as important components to UNESCO's 'Education for All' programme, notably the youth, as well as to the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005 - 2014). The "International Year of Planet Earth" is a joint initiative of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) and UNESCO. The central aims and ambitions of the Year, proclaimed for 2008 by the UN General Assembly, are to demonstrate the great potential of the Earth sciences in building a safer, healthier and wealthier society, and to encourage more widespread and effective application of this potential by targeting politicians and other decision-makers, educational systems, and the general public. Promotion of international collaboration, as well as capacity building and training of students of developing countries in all fields of Earth Sciences seem to be the most appropriate way to meet also the challenges of the IYPE. Another opportunity to improve the international recognition of Earth Scinces, also in developing countries, is the use of Geoparks as a promotional tool for education and popularization of Earth Sciences. Geoparks, notably those included in the European and/or Global Geoparks Networks, provide an international platform of cooperation and exchange between experts and practitioners in geological heritage matters, and are as such excellent instruments in highlighting Earth sciences. The
The rule on granting subsidies for survey of hot drainage influences

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1977-01-01

The rule is based on the prescriptions of the Law Concerning Proper Budget Enforcement on Subsidies and its Enforcement Order. These rules apply to the granting subsidies provided for by the Enforcement Order for the Special Account Law for Measures Promoting Power Source Development. Terms are defined, such as nuclear power generating facilities; arrangement work for equipments for surveying hot drainage influences; work of preliminary survey of hot drainage; work of surveying hot drainage influences; establishments, etc. The Minister of International Trade and Industry delivers the subsidies for all or a part of the expenses necessary for arrangement work of equipments for surveying hot drainage influences, work of preliminary survey of hot drainage and work of surveying hot drainage influences to the prefectures where nuclear power generating facilities have been or are to be set up, or their neighboring prefectures. Terms of delivery concerning an establishment vary from two years to four years according to the kinds of such subsidies. Limits of the subsidies concerning an establishment range from 10 million yen to 2.5 million yen. The applicant prefecture files the application to the Minister of International Trade and Industry. The Minister examines such applications, and notifies his decision to the applicants. Conditions on delivery, reports submitted by receivers of the subsidies and other matters related are specified. (Okada, K.)
International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disability: Disability Inclusive Development and International Development Cooperation

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Kozue Kay Nagata

2007-09-01

Full Text Available The adoption of the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is a historical momentum for disabled persons and their associates, as well as ODA workers in the development cooperation field all over the world. For the last two decades, persons with disabilities, their associates and professionals working in this field have promoted their human rights, equality, nondiscrimination and full participation. This Convention is beyond the concept of non-discrimination, and it is very comprehensive in its structure, scope and coverage, promoting developmental activities too in order to realize disabled people’s socio-economic rights. Furthermore it calls for international and regional development cooperation. Prior to its adoption, in September 2000 at the Millennium Summit the Member States of the Untied Nations issued the Millennium Declaration, committing themselves to a series of development targets, most of which are to be achieved by 2015. Known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, they represent a framework for achieving sustainable and "just" human development through broadening the benefits of development for all categories individuals, women and men, the poor and the rich, the disabled and the non-disabled. The very first goal of the MDG is the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger. Poverty is both a cause and consequence of disability. Poverty and disability reinforce one another. Thus, it is necessary to ensure that persons with disabilities be an integral part of efforts to achieve MDGs, particularly in the areas of poverty alleviation, primary education, gender, employment and international development cooperation. In the Asian and Pacific region, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP has proclaimed two decades of disabled persons 1993-2002, and 2003-2013 (to which Iran became a signatory in 1994, and promoted the inclusive, barrier-free and rights
Globalisation, the development of constitutionalism and the individual employer

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

K Calitz

2007-11-01

Full Text Available To establish which legal system will govern the relationship between parties involved in an international employment contract, the rules of private international law (or conflict of laws must be applied. Each country has its own rules of private international law and each country’s courts will apply its own rules if the court is seized with a matter that involves foreign elements. There may be conflict between the potentially applicable legal systems of countries in terms of the level of protection afforded to employees who are parties to international employment contracts. South Africa has constitutionalised the right to fair labour practices and the question is whether this right is applicable to South African employees working in other countries, or to foreigners working in South Africa who originate from countries where this right is not protected. The answer to this question is to be found in the influence of the Constitution on the rules of private international law as applied by South African courts. It is evident from recent judgments of the Labour Court that the Court will readily assume jurisdiction and will furthermore readily hold that the proper law of the contract is South African law in order to protect the constitutional rights of employees involved in international employment contracts. Had the Labour Court held that the place of performance was still the decisive connecting factor, (as previously decided in most South African cases on this aspect the law of the other countries involved in the international employment relationship could have left employees in a worse position than under South African law. This possibility seems to be one of the important underlying reasons for the Labour Court’s willingness to assume jurisdiction and to hold that the proper law was in fact South African law. In the globalisation context the Labour Court has contributed to the advancement of constitutionalism by developing South Africa�
Transformation of Arden Syntax's medical logic modules into ArdenML for a business rules management system.

Science.gov (United States)

Jung, Chai Young; Choi, Jong-Ye; Jeong, Seong Jik; Cho, Kyunghee; Koo, Yong Duk; Bae, Jin Hee; Kim, Sukil

2016-05-16

Arden Syntax is a Health Level Seven International (HL7) standard language that is used for representing medical knowledge as logic statements. Arden Syntax Markup Language (ArdenML) is a new representation of Arden Syntax based on XML. Compilers are required to execute medical logic modules (MLMs) in the hospital environment. However, ArdenML may also replace the compiler. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that MLMs, encoded in ArdenML, can be transformed into a commercial rule engine format through an XSLT stylesheet and made executable in a target system. The target rule engine selected was Blaze Advisor. We developed an XSLT stylesheet to transform MLMs in ArdenML into Structured Rules Language (SRL) in Blaze Advisor, through a comparison of syntax between the two languages. The stylesheet was then refined recursively, by building and applying rules collected from the billing and coding guidelines of the Korean health insurance service. Two nurse coders collected and verified the rules and two information technology (IT) specialists encoded the MLMs and built the XSLT stylesheet. Finally, the stylesheet was validated by importing the MLMs into Blaze Advisor and applying them to claims data. The language comparison revealed that Blaze Advisor requires the declaration of variables with explicit types. We used both integer and real numbers for numeric types in ArdenML. "IF∼THEN" statements and assignment statements in ArdenML become rules in Blaze Advisor. We designed an XSLT stylesheet to solve this issue. In addition, we maintained the order of rule execution in the transformed rules, and added two small programs to support variable declarations and action statements. A total of 1489 rules were reviewed during this study, of which 324 rules were collected. We removed duplicate rules and encoded 241 unique MLMs in ArdenML, which were successfully transformed into SRL and imported to Blaze Advisor via the XSLT stylesheet. When applied to 73

PROCEDURAL NORMS AND SUBSTANTIVE NORMS: THE PRIMACY OF JUS COGENS NORMS AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Elisa Resende Bueno Da Fonseca

2015-12-01

Full Text Available The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between the procedural rule of State immunity and substantive rule of jus cogens prohibiting torture and slave labor in the case Germany v. Italy judged by the International Court of Justice in 2012. Notwithstanding the recognized superiority of peremptory norms, in the case, its analysis was impeded by application of the procedural rule of immunity. The suppression of the rule that expresses the higher values of the international community resulted in manifest injustice and impunity. Through detailed analysis of the characteristics and effects substantive rules of jus cogens, as well as its distinction of rules of procedural character, and considering the theoretical framework humanization of international law, this work states that the contemporary international law does not allow a procedural rule prevents the application of a substantive rule of jus cogens, exactly by the supreme value this last protects: the human being.
Survey of International Rules and Practices Regarding Delineation of and Access to Regulated Areas for Radiation Protection - Final report

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Schieber, C.; Crouail, P.; Beltrami, L.-A.; Reaud, C.; Lehtinen, Maaret; Stritt, Nicolas; Thomas, Gareth

2013-06-01

European requirements for radiological protection, especially work on transposing the new EURATOM Directive on the basic radiological protection standards, are currently being revised. The Direction generale du travail (DGT - General Directorate of Labour) and the Autorite de Surete Nucleaire (ASN - Nuclear Safety Authority) therefore commissioned the Radiological Protection Standing Groups of experts (GPRAD and GPMED)1 to engage in a forward-looking debate on the delimitation of and access to regulated areas, within an ad hoc working group (called hereafter 'Classification of Area WG'). To fuel its debates, the 'Classification of Area WG' sought elements on international regulations and practices focusing on problem exposure situations in various areas of activity (nuclear, industrial, research, medical, transport and natural boosted). CEPN was entrusted with this study. This report presents a summary of rules applicable in seven countries in terms of delimitation of and access to regulated radiological protection areas. The countries are: Belgium, Spain, United States, Finland, United Kingdom, Sweden and Switzerland. Detailed sheets for each country can be found in the Annex. Based on these summaries, three countries have been selected to apply their rules and practices in force to a dozen or so particular cases put together by the 'Classification of Area WG' that are representative of exposure situations. The three countries are Finland, United Kingdom and Switzerland. The case studies applied to each country are presented in the second part of this report
The Role Of Soft Law Acts In The Mechanism Of Functioning Of International Organizations

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Olga N. Shpakovych

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Present article focuses on the norms of soft law in the framework of international organizations. Today majority of scientists become an interesting phenomenon decision of international organizations which are increasingly sound as a category of "soft law" and its influence on the development of international law in general. International organizations cease to be the "second" subject of international law, and if you have not won the first place, it is only a matter of time. In the article the role of soft law in the mechanism of international organizations functioning are shown, the legal nature and impact of these acts on the member states. In our opinion, norms of "soft law", as a rule, contained in resolutions of international organizations are non-binding and do not formally bind member states. Norms of "soft law" are often adheres by the states and moreover are implemented into the national legal systems by incorporating similar in content standards into the national legislation. This is due to the fact that norms of "soft law" has a weight of moral and political significance and, as a rule, are created by organizations that have a considerable authority. Jurists generally distinguish two kinds of acts of recommendatory force: model acts (laws and recommended acts which are not model, adopted in the framework of international organizations. In this connection the question of each mentioned method influence on the legislation of state. In our opinion, one of distinguishing features of the model recommendatory acts has is quite limited influence on the law of states and a narrow scope. At the same time, recommendatory acts of some specialized international organizations have a more complex effect on the development of national legislation, contain the highest level of standards, and as well develop international treaty provisions.
Publications | Page 343 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 3421 - 3430 of 6923 ... ... peace accords that ended decades of bloody internal conflict. ... Environmental governance argues that governments are not the only agents ... Despite notable socio-economic development in the Arab region, ...
78 FR 6272 - Rules Relating to Additional Medicare Tax; Correction

Science.gov (United States)

2013-01-30

... Rules Relating to Additional Medicare Tax; Correction AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury... regulations are relating to Additional Hospital Insurance Tax on income above threshold amounts (``Additional Medicare Tax''), as added by the Affordable Care Act. Specifically, these proposed regulations provide...
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Results 641 - 650 of 902 ... Ecology of Access to Educational Material in Developing World Universities ... understanding of and engagement with international research for development. ... respondents ranked labour market problems first on a list of 10 ... a pioneer in the discipline of economic development theory and its policy ...
Internal budget control

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

MSc. Mervete Shala

2011-06-01

Generally, duties of internal control officers within ministries and institutions must be clearly divided to reduce the risk of inco-rrect behaviour. Operations of an efficient control mechanism influence and ensure conditions for rule of law, good governance, and democracy.
The law applicable to environmental damage in European private international law

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Đundić Petar

2013-01-01

Full Text Available The paper contains an analysis of choice of law rules in the field of non-contractual liability for damage caused to environment in national legislations of European countries as well as in Private International Law of the European Union. Before the adoption of Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (Rome II, special choice of law rules for environmental torts existed in a small number of European national legal orders. This is the fact that gives the rule contained in Article 7 of the Rome II Regulation a particular importance. From the Serbian Private International Law perspective, the significance of that provision is highlighted by the fact that the working draft of the new Serbian Private International Law Act has strictly followed the choice of law rule envisaged by the European legislator for environmental damage. For that reason, a significant part of the paper is dedicated to analysis of said rule, to its interpretation and potential problems which its application could create.
The Rules of Origin of Goods as an Instrument of the State Foreign Trade Policy

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Storozhchuk Volodymyr M.

2018-01-01

Full Text Available The article is aimed at analyzing the types of rules of origin of goods, existing in the international practice, and approaches to assess their impact on the foreign trade flows. The article considers two types of rules for determining the country of origin of goods used in the international practice: non-preferential and preferential. The main characteristics of the non-preferential rules of origin and peculiarities of their application in Ukraine are defined and systematized. The article defines the priority functions of the customs tariff, subject to the use of non-preferential rules of origin of goods, to which are classified: protective, fiscal, and regulatory. The criteria used in the non-preferential rules of origin of goods have been considered. It has been substantiated that the priority functions of the customs tariff subject to the use of preferential rules of origin of goods are the integration and progressive functions. The criteria used in the preferential rules of origin of goods have been considered. Based on the results of the analysis of the rules of origin of goods, it has been substantiated that their use can be considered as a restrictive or an incentive tool of the State foreign trade policy. It has been shown that of special importance, in the context of Ukraine’s integration into the global value chains, is the goods’ acquisition of the status of preferential origin in accordance with the criterion of diagonal cumulation within the framework of the Regional Pan-Euro-Med Convention, which requires Ukraine to conclude a number of bilateral agreements with the identical preferential rules of origin of goods.
Presentation of the RCC-M design and construction rule

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Quero, J.R.

1983-03-01

Presentation of the French rules for design and construction of nuclear power plant components: stress resistance, material choice, fabrication and quality control, control methodology etc... covering equipments such as pressurized components (tanks, exchangers, pipes, pumps, valves and fittings), internal and support reactor elements and non pressurized small devices [fr
Softball Guide with Official Rules. January 1972 - January 1974.

Science.gov (United States)

Claussen, Connie, Ed.

This guide, published by the Division for Girls and Women's Sports (DGWS) of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation (AAHPER) presents a statement of DGWS beliefs, standards in sports, sources of information and international committee rules. It details various affiliated boards of officials and presents the…
World Refugee Council | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

develop tools and institutional structures to improve the international architecture and lay a foundation for addressing both the immediate and the long-term challenges of managing refugee flows effectively and comprehensively.” States also adopted ...
Meta-Strategies of the Internal Control Development within the Organization

OpenAIRE

Roman Voronko

2015-01-01

The article considers the problem of the influence of external and internal environment of the organization on the structure of the internal control system. A critical analysis is made on existing scientific researches and practice of setting internal control within the organizations. Determined the cause-and-effect relationship between the stages of development of the industry and business, on the one hand, and the development of the internal control structure on the other hand. It made it p...
WTO rules and practices for transparency and engagement with civil society organizations

OpenAIRE

Perez-Esteve, Maria

2012-01-01

In a rapidly changing trade environment, marked by economic slowdown and impasse in the Doha Round, the success of the WTO in promoting and legitimizing the rules-based multilateral trading system rests, to a large extent, on maintaining effective relations with civil society, including non-governmental organisations. This paper provides an overview of the WTO's rules and practices for transparency and engagement with NGOs. First, it looks at both internal and external transparency. Second, i...
International experience of green development in Western China

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Zhen, Lin; Hu, Jie; Du, Bingzhen; Liu, Jiyuan; Sun, Chuanzhun; Wu, Ruizi; Long, Xin; Zhang, Qiang

2015-01-01

Green development emphasizes co-development between economic and environmental dimensions, and is a peoplecentered sustainable development approach. Western China demands green development, and international experience could provide necessary, unique and important help and support for Western
Lisa Woodward | IDRC - International Development Research Centre

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Lisa Woodward is Special Advisor to the President. Before joining IDRC, Lisa held positions in strategic planning, performance measurement, evaluation, risk management, and policy development in federal organizations, including Fisheries and Oceans Canada, the Canadian International Development Agency, and the ...
Search Results | Page 763 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 7621 - 7630 of 8532 ... DEVELOPMENT AID. The advance of history: the scholars speak. Research in Action. Innovation. Joining forces to ... Ideas. Innovation. Impact. Research in Action. Innovation REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT Capacity building International cooperation Gender. Achieving global distinction. Research ...
Ontogeny of collective behavior reveals a simple attraction rule.

Science.gov (United States)

Hinz, Robert C; de Polavieja, Gonzalo G

2017-02-28

The striking patterns of collective animal behavior, including ant trails, bird flocks, and fish schools, can result from local interactions among animals without centralized control. Several of these rules of interaction have been proposed, but it has proven difficult to discriminate which ones are implemented in nature. As a method to better discriminate among interaction rules, we propose to follow the slow birth of a rule of interaction during animal development. Specifically, we followed the development of zebrafish, Danio rerio , and found that larvae turn toward each other from 7 days postfertilization and increase the intensity of interactions until 3 weeks. This developmental dataset allows testing the parameter-free predictions of a simple rule in which animals attract each other part of the time, with attraction defined as turning toward another animal chosen at random. This rule makes each individual likely move to a high density of conspecifics, and moving groups naturally emerge. Development of attraction strength corresponds to an increase in the time spent in attraction behavior. Adults were found to follow the same attraction rule, suggesting a potential significance for adults of other species.
A FRAMEWORK FOR TRANSPARENCY IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Bernal Turnes, Paloma

2015-01-01

Full Text Available The aim of this paper is to cover the gap in literature about transparency in the context of international trade facilitation. It focuses on the importance of transparency in achieving growth in international trade and the differences between non-transparent practices and corruption in global trade. Managing the disclosure of information about rules, regulations and laws is not the only trade policy instrument where transparency becomes important. To build a framework on levels of transparency we developed a matrix classifying the transparency of each country based on ease of doing business and levels of bribery. Four different strategies are explained based on the different scenarios of transparency in international trade. The main conclusions reflect that disclosure of information is not enough to guarantee transparency and monitoring of transparency must be improved.
A C++ Class for Rule-Base Objects

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

William J. Grenney

1992-01-01

Full Text Available A C++ class, called Tripod, was created as a tool to assist with the development of rule-base decision support systems. The Tripod class contains data structures for the rule-base and member functions for operating on the data. The rule-base is defined by three ASCII files. These files are translated by a preprocessor into a single file that is located when a rule-base object is instantiated. The Tripod class was tested as part of a proto-type decision support system (DSS for winter highway maintenance in the Intermountain West. The DSS is composed of two principal modules: the main program, called the wrapper, and a Tripod rule-base object. The wrapper is a procedural module that interfaces with remote sensors and an external meterological database. The rule-base contains the logic for advising an inexperienced user and for assisting with the decision making process.

Streamling the Change Management with Business Rules

Science.gov (United States)

Savela, Christopher

2015-01-01

Will discuss how their organization is trying to streamline workflows and the change management process with business rules. In looking for ways to make things more efficient and save money one way is to reduce the work the workflow task approvers have to do when reviewing affected items. Will share the technical details of the business rules, how to implement them, how to speed up the development process by using the API to demonstrate the rules in action.
RESEARCH ON THE INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING HARMONIZATION PROCESS

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Tatiana Danescu

2016-12-01

Full Text Available During the last decades, the need of harmonization of the financial reporting frameworks has become more acute, mostly because the capital markets are not restricted anymore by country borders and capital movement has outlined the phenomenon of globalization and internationalism. A significant step in harmonizing the financial reporting was done in the process of normalization through different sets of rules and principles, recognized and applied in many states are the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS. The process of international recognition of these standards continues along with conceptual development which is based on epistemological research on specific markets, industries, economies open to international capital flows. In this context it becomes of interest to identify and understand generally accepted and applied accounting elements which carry forward the accounting harmonization process along with factors and circumstances that create diversity in nationally applied financial reporting frameworks.
Kazan Arbitration Day: The Rule-of-Law Development and Regional Governance

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Damir Valeev

2017-01-01

Full Text Available The third Annual Symposium of the Journal “Herald of Civil Procedure” “2016 –KazanArbitration Day: The Rule-of-Law Development and Regional Governance” was hosted by the Law Faculty on September 30, 2016.The opening ceremony of the event took place in the Hall of the Board of Trustees of theKazanUniversity, followed by an academic discussion on legal issues of the Symposium. The Symposium participants and invited guests had the opportunity to discuss the most current and topical issues of civil procedural law, to present the latest Russian and foreign academic works in this direction to colleagues, to offer further ways of development of contemporary civil procedure, and to exchange experience and accumulated knowledge.The Symposium discussed both the issues that directly related to arbitration proceedings as well as the most relevant news in the field of civil procedure and enforcement proceedings in general.
Gender | Page 227 | IDRC - International Development Research ...

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Two years ago, the International Development Research Centre created CIME, a development communication program that reflects the interrelations between Communication at the grassroots level, the exchange of Information, two-way Media, and nonformal Education. This book presents the conceptual framework that led ...
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Results 501 - 510 of 650 ... ... NETWORKS filter · Economic and social development 30 Apply ... Consolidating African Research and Education Networking ... The debate over intellectual property policies and their effects is highly contested. ... by Wellcome Trust, the Department for International Development (DFID) and IDRC.
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Results 7861 - 7870 of 9602 ... The study's author, Stacie Travers, also carried out four case studies ... Development Regional development Economics Environment Food ... generating ideas and building international networks. ... Learning financial skills through involvement in an urban farming cooperative has improved the ...
Definition of Business Rules Using Business Vocabulary and Semantics

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Roman Hypský

2017-12-01

Full Text Available This paper discusses the definition of business rules using business vocabulary and semantics. At the beginning business rules, business vocabulary and semantics of business rules are specified. There is also outlined the current state of research on this topic. Then the definition and formalization of business rules using semantics and business vocabulary is described. Based on these proposed procedures was created a tool that implements and simulate these processes. The main advantage of this tool is “Business Rules Layer”, which implements business rules into the system but is separated from this system. Source code of the rules and the system are not mixed together. Finally, the results are evaluated and future development is suggested.
International Collaboration in the Development of NPP Software

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jiang, S.; Liu, L.; Yu, H.

2015-01-01

In this paper, we first review the progress and current status of international collaboration and technical exchange in the development of nuclear power plant (NPP) software by The State Nuclear Power Software Development Center (SNPSDC) in China. Then we discuss the importance of the international collaboration and exchange in the trend of globalisation of NPP technology. We also identify the role and contribution of professional women in this process. SNPSDC, the first professional software development centre for NPP in China, has been developing COSINE — a self-reliance NPP design and analysis software product with China brand—since 2010. Through participating in OECD/NEA’s joint projects, such as ROSA-2 Project, PKL–3 Project, HYMERES Project and ATLAS Project, SNPSDC shared data with other countries involved with respect to particular areas, such as high quality reactor thermal hydraulics test data. SNPSDC’s engineers have also been actively participating in international technical and research exchange for presenting their innovative work to the community while learning from peers. Our record shows that over 30 papers have been presented in international conferences with respect to nuclear reactor thermal hydraulics, safety analysis, reactor physics and software engineering within the past 4 years. The above international collaboration and technical exchange helped SNPSDC’s engineers to keep up with the state-of-art technology in this field. The large amount of valuable experimental data transferred to SNPSDC ensured the functionality, usability and reliability of software while greatly reduced the cost and shortened the cycle of development. Female engineers and other employees of SNPSDC either drove or got actively involved in a lot of aspects of the above collaboration and exchange, such as technical communication, business negotiation and overseas affairs management. These professional women played an irreplaceable role in this project by
Strenghtening local curricular capacity in international development cooperation

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Vis, C.K.S.

2017-01-01

Many curriculum development interventions carried out in international development cooperation lack sustainable outcomes, often as a result of a too narrow focus on curriculum and its development. Implementation of effective and encompassing approaches with an aligned focus on capacity development
Geriatric Fever Score: a new decision rule for geriatric care.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Min-Hsien Chung

Full Text Available Evaluating geriatric patients with fever is time-consuming and challenging. We investigated independent mortality predictors of geriatric patients with fever and developed a prediction rule for emergency care, critical care, and geriatric care physicians to classify patients into mortality risk and disposition groups.Consecutive geriatric patients (≥65 years old visiting the emergency department (ED of a university-affiliated medical center between June 1 and July 21, 2010, were enrolled when they met the criteria of fever: a tympanic temperature ≥37.2°C or a baseline temperature elevated ≥1.3°C. Thirty-day mortality was the primary endpoint. Internal validation with bootstrap re-sampling was done.Three hundred thirty geriatric patients were enrolled. We found three independent mortality predictors: Leukocytosis (WBC >12,000 cells/mm3, Severe coma (GCS ≤ 8, and Thrombocytopenia (platelets <150 10(3/mm3 (LST. After assigning weights to each predictor, we developed a Geriatric Fever Score that stratifies patients into two mortality-risk and disposition groups: low (4.0% (95% CI: 2.3-6.9%: a general ward or treatment in the ED then discharge and high (30.3% (95% CI: 17.4-47.3%: consider the intensive care unit. The area under the curve for the rule was 0.73.We found that the Geriatric Fever Score is a simple and rapid rule for predicting 30-day mortality and classifying mortality risk and disposition in geriatric patients with fever, although external validation should be performed to confirm its usefulness in other clinical settings. It might help preserve medical resources for patients in greater need.
Publications | Page 527 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 5261 - 5270 of 6375 ... Reconciling genetic resources and local knowledge conservation and livelihoods enhancement in research and development : experiences of bioversity international in Sub-Saharan Africa (restricted access). Conservation of biodiversity, preservation of local knowledge and improved ...
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... ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, ACCESS ... Building a Cross-sectoral, Multi-sectoral, Gender-sensitive Approach to ... in international trade and an important item on the international development agenda.
26 CFR 1.468A-1T - Nuclear decommissioning costs; general rules (temporary).

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... accrual method of accounting that do not elect the application of section 468A are not allowed a deduction... (temporary). 1.468A-1T Section 1.468A-1T Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE...-1T Nuclear decommissioning costs; general rules (temporary). (a) Introduction. Section 468A provides...
Holick's rule and vitamin D from sunlight.

Science.gov (United States)

Dowdy, John C; Sayre, Robert M; Holick, Michael F

2010-07-01

Holick's rule says that sun exposure 1/4 of a minimal erythemal dose (MED) over 1/4 of a body is equivalent to 1000 International Units (IU) oral vitamin D3. Webb and Engelsen recently commented that the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum used to establish Holick's rule is unknown. They consequently used a spring midday Boston solar spectrum to estimate ample sunlight exposures for previtamin D3 (preD3) at various locations. Literature review found the source upon which this rule is based was a fluorescent sunlamp (FS lamp). The FS spectrum is known and its relative weighting against the action spectra for erythema and the preD3 is significantly different from the solar spectrum used to derive the standard vitamin D effective dose (SDD). The preD3 effectiveness of the solar spectrum per unit erythemal hazard is greater than the FS lamp by a factor of 1.32. Consequently, UV exposure estimates based on Boston reference sunlight, instead of the UV lamp employed in the originating experiments, over estimate UV exposure equivalent to approximately 1000 IU orally by approximately 1/3. This redefinition of SDD impacts risk/benefit assessments of optimal/feasible sun exposure for vitamin D maintenance and the application of Holick's rule to rational public health messages. Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
HEALTH INSURANCE RULES OF THE CERN HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEME

CERN Multimedia

Division HR

2000-01-01

A new document which groups together the general principles, the contributions, benefits, reimbursement procedures and other information making up the Rules of the CERN Health Insurance Scheme has been established. It was approved by the Director-General on 7th July 2000 and is being distributed to all contributing members of the Scheme. It has been dispatched by internal mail to members of the personnel and by postal mail to pensioners. These Rules will enter into force on 1st September 2000. Please make sure that you have received your copy. Should this not be the case, an additional copy may be obtained by telephoning 78003
Health Insurance Rules of the CERN Health Insurance scheme

CERN Multimedia

Division HR

2000-01-01

A new document which groups together the general principles, the contributions, benefits, reimbursement procedures and other information making up the Rules of the CERN Health Insurance Scheme has been established. It was approved by the Director-General on 7th July 2000 and is being distributed to all contributing members of the Scheme. It has been dispatched by internal mail to members of the personnel and by postal mail to pensioners. These Rules will enter into force on 1st September 2000. Please make sure that you have received your copy. Should this not be the case, an additional copy may be obtained by telephoning 78003.
Rule Systems for Runtime Verification: A Short Tutorial

Science.gov (United States)

Barringer, Howard; Havelund, Klaus; Rydeheard, David; Groce, Alex

In this tutorial, we introduce two rule-based systems for on and off-line trace analysis, RuleR and LogScope. RuleR is a conditional rule-based system, which has a simple and easily implemented algorithm for effective runtime verification, and into which one can compile a wide range of temporal logics and other specification formalisms used for runtime verification. Specifications can be parameterized with data, or even with specifications, allowing for temporal logic combinators to be defined. We outline a number of simple syntactic extensions of core RuleR that can lead to further conciseness of specification but still enabling easy and efficient implementation. RuleR is implemented in Java and we will demonstrate its ease of use in monitoring Java programs. LogScope is a derivation of RuleR adding a simple very user-friendly temporal logic. It was developed in Python, specifically for supporting testing of spacecraft flight software for NASA’s next 2011 Mars mission MSL (Mars Science Laboratory). The system has been applied by test engineers to analysis of log files generated by running the flight software. Detailed logging is already part of the system design approach, and hence there is no added instrumentation overhead caused by this approach. While post-mortem log analysis prevents the autonomous reaction to problems possible with traditional runtime verification, it provides a powerful tool for test automation. A new system is being developed that integrates features from both RuleR and LogScope.
Australian road rules

Science.gov (United States)

2009-02-01

*These are national-level rules. Australian Road Rules - 2009 Version, Part 18, Division 1, Rule 300 "Use of Mobile Phones" describes restrictions of mobile phone use while driving. The rule basically states that drivers cannot make or receive calls ...
Rule Versus the Causality Rule in Insurance Law

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Lando, Henrik

When the Buyer of insurance has negligently kept silent or misrepresented a (material) fact to the Seller, one of two rules will determine the extent to which cover will consequently be reduced. The pro-rata rule lowers cover in proportion to how much the Seller would have increased the premium had...... he been correctly informed; the causality rule provides either zero cover if the omitted fact has caused the insurance event, or full cover if the event would have occurred regardless of the fact. This article explores which rule is more efficient. Using the framework proposed by Picard and Dixit...... it subjects the risk averse Buyer of insurance to less variance. This implies that the pro rata rule should apply when there is significant risk for a Buyer of unintentional misrepresentation, and when the incentive to intentionally misrepresent can be curtailed through frequent verification of the Buyer...
A Hybrid Genetic Programming Algorithm for Automated Design of Dispatching Rules.

Science.gov (United States)

Nguyen, Su; Mei, Yi; Xue, Bing; Zhang, Mengjie

2018-06-04

Designing effective dispatching rules for production systems is a difficult and timeconsuming task if it is done manually. In the last decade, the growth of computing power, advanced machine learning, and optimisation techniques has made the automated design of dispatching rules possible and automatically discovered rules are competitive or outperform existing rules developed by researchers. Genetic programming is one of the most popular approaches to discovering dispatching rules in the literature, especially for complex production systems. However, the large heuristic search space may restrict genetic programming from finding near optimal dispatching rules. This paper develops a new hybrid genetic programming algorithm for dynamic job shop scheduling based on a new representation, a new local search heuristic, and efficient fitness evaluators. Experiments show that the new method is effective regarding the quality of evolved rules. Moreover, evolved rules are also significantly smaller and contain more relevant attributes.

INNOVATIVE ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF STATE INTERNAL FINANCIAL CONTROL AND INTERNAL FINANCIAL AUDIT

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

T. P. Voronchenko

2015-01-01

Full Text Available The article presents the innovative aspects of development of state internal fi nancial control and internal fi nancial audit in terms of the budgeting focused on result. A mechanism for implementing the functions of the Supervisory bodies in order to ensure the effi cient use of budgetary funds and eff ectiveness of budget expenditures. The main purpose of the article is justifi cation of implementing systems of internal fi nancial control and internal fi nancial audit in the structures of the major administrators and recipients of budgetary funds, with the allocation of the basic tools that ensure the functioning of the control mechanism, the combination of control procedures and sequence of their implementation. Methodological base of research is the generalization of domestic and foreign experience of internal fi nancial control and internal fi nancial audit, refl ecting an objective law and the necessity of development of state fi nancial control system in the conditions of innovative economy. The result of the implementation of the proposed mechanism and instruments for its implementation in key spending units and recipients of budget funds should be to ensure the eff ectiveness of the implementation of government programmes and projects. Signifi cance of the research contained in the article problems and their solutions is to ensure the effectiveness of the regulatory authorities at all stages of movement of budgetary funds and effective implementation of their Manager and recipient assigned to them socio-economic functions.
Display Rules for Anger and Aggression in School-Age Children.

Science.gov (United States)

Underwood, Marion K.; And Others

1992-01-01

Two studies examined the development of display rules for anger and the relationship between the use of display rules for anger and aggressiveness as rated by school peers. Findings indicate that the phenomenon of display rules for anger is complex and depends on the way display rules are defined and the age and gender of the subjects. (GLR)
The „Collateral Estoppel” Theory in International Law

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Claudia ANDRIŢOI

2011-08-01

Full Text Available The objectives of the article are represented by the fact that the interdependence of the two legal orders, internal and international, refers to the fact that, international law without internal law signifies federalization, which the contrary situation signifies the impossibility of establishing an international community. The rules of international law are applied to national court according to national constitutions and for domestic purposed. According to the theory of the act of state, even if it would seem that, at least internal acts of implementation of international rules are subjected to internal jurisdictions, the resolutions implemented often touch the problem of security and public order that escapes the judicial competencies. But, sometimes, the refuse of controlling the resolutions of the SC has been justified according to the UN Charta supremacy. In this case, national courts have been in the position of interpreting the CS resolutions. In conclusion it results that international law will efficiency the application of positive law being at least, an instrument of interpreting, and, on the other side, national law represents an exclusive means of transposing international regulation on a state plan.
Democratic South Africa in the International Migration–Development ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

sub-Saharan Africa. However, the country has also experienced defi cits in net international migration relative to the core Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) region of the world system. The tentative conclusion to be drawn from. South Africa's involvement in international migration is that it has ...
Employability of Graduates from International Development Studies ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Knowledge to shape learning This study will collect and analyze longitudinal data ... Canadian Consortium of University Programs in International Development ... Call for new OWSD Fellowships for Early Career Women Scientists now open ... an opportunity for the awardees to develop their skills and network with some of ...
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Results 8421 - 8430 of 8531 ... The emergence of open networked models made possible by digital technology has the potential to transform international development. ... In recent years, the Internet and other network technologies have emerged as a central issue for development in Latin America and the Caribbean.
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Results 591 - 600 of 650 ... Public Policy and Protection from Exclusion - Phase III ... International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) are ... Panafrican Research Agenda on the Integration of ICTs in Education - Phase I ... Development, the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) and the ...
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Results 511 - 520 of 658 ... ... NETWORKS filter · Economic and social development 30 Apply ... The debate over intellectual property policies and their effects is highly contested. ... It is generally acknowledged that mass media (specifically radio) play an ... by Wellcome Trust, the Department for International Development ...
An International Marketing Curriculum - Development and Analysis.

Science.gov (United States)

Abboushi, Suhail; Lackman, Conway; Peace, A. Graham

1999-01-01

Describes the process of market-driven curriculum design in the development of an undergraduate International Marketing (IM) major at Duquesne University (Pennsylvania) School of Business Administration. Reports on a market study revealing profiles and IM curriculum design preferences of exporting companies. Discusses the curriculum development,…
View all initiatives | IDRC - International Development Research ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

The International Research Chairs Initiative pairs top research talent from universities in Canada with their counterparts in developing countries to address key development challenges. We fund researchers driving global change. Careers · Contact Us · Subscribe · Unsubscribe · Site map. Follow us; Facebook · Twitter ...
Books | Page 23 | IDRC - International Development Research Centre

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Any -, Miscellaneous, Development, Science and Technology, Social Policy ... Outcome Mapping: Building Learning and Reflection into Development Programs ... progress in understanding the political dimensions of internal conflict. ... Theoretical Perspectives on Gender and Development demystifies the theory of gender ...
76 FR 75911 - Certain Video Game Systems and Controllers; Investigations: Terminations, Modifications and Rulings

Science.gov (United States)

2011-12-05

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 337-TA-743] Certain Video Game Systems and Controllers; Investigations: Terminations, Modifications and Rulings AGENCY: U.S. International Trade Commission. ACTION: Notice. Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930 provides that if the Commission finds a violation it shall exclude the articles...
European Perspectives on International Commercial Arbitration

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Hauberg Wilhelmsen, Louise

2014-01-01

of a uniform rule on the law applicable to the existence and validity of an arbitration agreement. This article examines these issues in order to find out whether they are only European or also inherent in the international regulation of international commercial arbitration. The article examines to which...
Tier 1 and Tier 3 eAdjudication Business Rule Validation

Science.gov (United States)

2018-04-01

correct rejections. • Research ways to safely approve more cases through eAdjudication. PERSEREC has established a business rule test environment that can... WORK UNIT NUMBER: 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Defense Personnel and Security Research Center Office of People Analytics 400...interagency working group of personnel security and suitability experts on business rule development for T3 and T3R. The results of rule development and
Internal Border Controls in the European Union

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Jørgensen, Carsten Willemoes; Sørensen, Karsten Engsig

2012-01-01

Recent events, involving inter alia France and Denmark, have stimulated renewed interest in the introduction of different forms of border controls at the internal borders within the European Union. These border control measures are aimed at checking either persons or goods or both. Against...... the background of these events, this article analyses the existing rules regulating controls of persons and goods, and explores how these rules may or may not stand in the way of introducing border controls at the European Union’s internal borders. These events have resulted in a call for reforms of the current...
The Bumpy Road of EULEX as an Exporter of Rule of Law in Kosovo

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Gentjan Skara

2017-07-01

Full Text Available This paper analyses EULEX mission in Kosovo (hereafter EULEX as an exporter of rule of law. From the deployment of the mission, two mainstream discourses have coined the effectiveness of EULEX establishing the rule of law in Kosovo. From the Brussels point of view, EULEX has marked a lot of progress in promoting the rule of law in Kosovo. On the other hand, based on international indexes and other secondary sources, EULEX has been harshly criticised to deliver its promises in strengthening the rule of law institutions, fighting organised crime, war crimes and reducing corruption. Beyond these discourses, the paper tries to explore whether, how and to what extent, EULEX has promoted rule of law in Kosovo. The paper argues that EULEX has failed to promote rule of law in Kosovo due to 1 the costs of adaptation or compliance as function of the misfit between EULEX institutional approach on rule of law and domestic conditions and 2 incapacity of Kosovo rule of law institutions to interact with EULEX in strengthening the rule of law as a result of political interference on judiciary and police sector.
75 FR 62900 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-13

...-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change Relating to a Market Maker Incentive Plan for Foreign Currency Options... Rule 19b-4 thereunder,\\2\\ notice is hereby given that on October 4, 2010, International Securities...
76 FR 1488 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

Science.gov (United States)

2011-01-10

...-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change Relating to a Market Maker Incentive Plan for Foreign Currency Options... Rule 19b-4 thereunder,\\2\\ notice is hereby given that on December 28, 2010, the International...
75 FR 2913 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-19

...-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change Relating to a Market Maker Incentive Plan for Foreign Currency Options...\\ and Rule 19b-4 thereunder,\\2\\ notice is hereby given that on December 31, 2009, the International...
The Problem of Confucian Moral Cultivation and Its Solution: Using Ritual Propriety to Support Rule by Law

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

TAN Mingran

2016-01-01

Thinking about the decline of morality in post-reform China,the author analyzes the development of virtuous governance based on moral education,and concludes that the reason why ancient rulers were so infatuated with it was the inhibitive function of public evaluation on moral transgressions in familiar neighborhoods.However,as China transforms into a dynamic and commercial society,and its people move from familiar neighborhoods to alienated communities in the cities,public evaluation is losing its power over moral transgressors.To prevent the collapse of the moral system,it is necessary to use rule by law to foster people's sense of justice and rule-consciousness-not to simply hope for the appearance of more altruists.This is possible because law is the embodiment of moral principle,and because legal restraints and penalties can be internalized as habits.After a sense of justice and rule-consciousness has been established in people,we can again take up Confucian virtue education to nurture people's sense of shame and dignity,and their humane and righteous mind.However,to stop the current chaos and corruption,it is urgent that we adopt rule by law and supplement it with moral education.

International Developments of Food Irradiation

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Loaharanu, P. [Head, Food Preservation Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagramerstr. 5, A-1400, Vienna (Austria)

1997-12-31

Food irradiation is increasingly accepted and applied in many countries in the past decade. Through its use, food losses and food-borne diseases can be reduced significantly, and wider trade in many food items can be facilitated. The past five decades have witnessed a positive evolution on food irradiation according to the following: 1940`s: discovery of principles of food irradiation; 1950`s: initiation of research in advanced countries; 1960`s: research and development were intensified in some advanced and developing countries; 1970`s: proof of wholesomeness of irradiated foods; 1980`s: establishment of national regulations; 1990`s: commercialization and international trade. (Author)
International Developments of Food Irradiation

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Loaharanu, P [Head, Food Preservation Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagramerstr. 5, A-1400, Vienna (Austria)

1998-12-31

Food irradiation is increasingly accepted and applied in many countries in the past decade. Through its use, food losses and food-borne diseases can be reduced significantly, and wider trade in many food items can be facilitated. The past five decades have witnessed a positive evolution on food irradiation according to the following: 1940`s: discovery of principles of food irradiation; 1950`s: initiation of research in advanced countries; 1960`s: research and development were intensified in some advanced and developing countries; 1970`s: proof of wholesomeness of irradiated foods; 1980`s: establishment of national regulations; 1990`s: commercialization and international trade. (Author)
International Developments of Food Irradiation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Loaharanu, P.

1997-01-01

Food irradiation is increasingly accepted and applied in many countries in the past decade. Through its use, food losses and food-borne diseases can be reduced significantly, and wider trade in many food items can be facilitated. The past five decades have witnessed a positive evolution on food irradiation according to the following: 1940's: discovery of principles of food irradiation; 1950's: initiation of research in advanced countries; 1960's: research and development were intensified in some advanced and developing countries; 1970's: proof of wholesomeness of irradiated foods; 1980's: establishment of national regulations; 1990's: commercialization and international trade. (Author)
Search Results | Page 3 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 21 - 30 of 8491 ... ... use as a threat not only to global health, but also to international development efforts. ... Collaboration in informal settlements: tackling flooding with a local perspective. In most developing countries, solid waste management is a ... public service, academia, and at the Canadian Museum of History.
Search Results | Page 7 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 61 - 70 of 112 ... ... 60 Apply Books filter · Journal articles 57 Apply Journal articles filter .... Developing Capacity for Agricultural Research for Development in Sub-Saharan Africa ... Canadian International Food Security Research Fund - Phase II ... of rural and environmental issues within the academic community with a ...
Rule based systems for big data a machine learning approach

CERN Document Server

Liu, Han; Cocea, Mihaela

2016-01-01

The ideas introduced in this book explore the relationships among rule based systems, machine learning and big data. Rule based systems are seen as a special type of expert systems, which can be built by using expert knowledge or learning from real data. The book focuses on the development and evaluation of rule based systems in terms of accuracy, efficiency and interpretability. In particular, a unified framework for building rule based systems, which consists of the operations of rule generation, rule simplification and rule representation, is presented. Each of these operations is detailed using specific methods or techniques. In addition, this book also presents some ensemble learning frameworks for building ensemble rule based systems.
Internalized homophobia, lesbian identity development, and self-esteem in undergraduate women.

Science.gov (United States)

Peterson, Trica L; Gerrity, Deborah A

2006-01-01

This study examined the relationship between internalized homophobia, self-esteem, and lesbian identity development in 35 undergraduate women. Results indicated evidence of a strong relationship between the two identity development measures, the Stage Allocation Measure (SAM; Cass, 1984) and the Gay Identity Questionnaire (GIQ; Brady & Busse, 1994), and moderate relationships between identity development and internalized homophobia, between identity development and self-esteem, and between internalized homophobia and self-esteem. Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed.
The development of cause analysis system for CPCS trip using the rule-base deduction

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Park, Hee Seok; Kim, Dong Hoon; Seo, Ho Joon; Koo, In Soo; Park, Suk Joon

1992-01-01

The Core Protection Calculator System(CPCS) was developed to initiate a Reactor Trip under the circumstance of certain transients by Combustion Engineering Company. The major function of the CPCS is to generate contact outputs for the Departure from Nucleate Boiling Ratio(DNBR) Trip and Local Power Density(LPD) Trip. But in CPCS the trip causes can not be identified, only trip status is displayed. It may take much time and efforts for plant operator to analyse the trip causes of CPCS. So, the Cause Analysis System for CPCS(CASCPCS) has been developed using the rule-base deduction method to aid the operators in Nuclear Power Plant
Do international economic developments affect the South African economy?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

JA Swanepoel

2014-07-01

Full Text Available Globalisation has opened economies more, exposing them to more international shocks and increasing the challenges to which domestic economic policies must respond. This paper provides a starting point for the analysis of the impact of international economic developments on the South African economy by means of graphical illustrations, correlations coefficients and in some cases a VAR analysis. Although this paper has shed some light on the importance of international economic developments on the South African economy, more rigorous econometric investigation is needed to validate the arguments and to address many of the unresolved questions.
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International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Understanding maternal mortality in Colombia : the influence of health ... In spite of a high coverage of institutional deliveries and prenatal consultations and the ... of innovative strategies in the organization of Primary Health Care (open access) ... the South African Development Community (SADC) and internationally, and ...
Manager, Financial Systems | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

... application of internal controls within the Centre's corporate financial systems. ... It is a key resource for managing IDRC's financial information systems both for the ... Assess the vendor development strategies and determine the impacts on the long .... applications to provide complete and relevant accounting information.
Publications | Page 107 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Green energies the socialist way : hydropower, energy crops and Handai livelihoods along the Red river, Yunnan province, China (restricted access). Since the mid-2000s, international and Chinese development policies have made Honghe Prefecture, located in Yunnan Province, China, a new frontier for renewable ...
Predictors of car smoking rules among smokers in France, Germany and the Netherlands

OpenAIRE

Hitchman, Sara C.; Guignard, Romain; Nagelhout, Gera E.; Mons, Ute; Beck, François; van den Putte, Bas; Crone, Mathilde; de Vries, Hein; Hyland, Andrew; Fong, Geoffrey T.

2012-01-01

Background: As exposure to tobacco smoke pollution (TSP) has been identified as a cause of premature death and disease in non-smokers, and studies have demonstrated that smoking in cars produces high levels of TSP, this study will investigate smokers’ rules for smoking in their cars, and predictors of car smoking rules, including potentially modifiable correlates. Methods: Data were drawn from nationally representative samples of current smokers from the International Tobacco Control Policy E...
The international marketing of professional service projects

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Skaates, Maria Anne; Tikkanen, Henrikki; Alajoutsijärvi, Kimmo

2003-01-01

Many types of commercial professional services are commonly sold as projects. Therefore this article draws on the project marketing literature to elucidate the international marketing of professional service projects. After an initial literature review, the project marketing milieu concept......, and representations to another national milieu with similarly well-developed norms, rules, and representations, yet that there also exist global milieux. Managerial implications concerning professional service firms' preparation for entering a foreign milieu as well as subsidiary or office establishment abroad...
45 CFR 99.4 - Suspension of rules.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Suspension of rules. 99.4 Section 99.4 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL ADMINISTRATION PROCEDURE FOR HEARINGS FOR THE CHILD CARE AND DEVELOPMENT FUND General § 99.4 Suspension of rules. With notice to all parties, the...
Program Officer | IDRC - International Development Research Centre

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

... and the regional offices on issues of project development and management; ... IDRC's contacts with other international agencies and Canadian institutions; ... including conceptual, methodological, operational, evaluative, and financial ...
International Criminalization of International Terrorizm

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Alexander Grigoryevich Volevodz

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Analysis and studying of the terrorism in all its facets is a complex entangled problem with less clear legal regulation that it might seem at first glance, especially after its transformation from local phenomenon into a world threat. Hitherto terrorism and actions connected to it have been criminalized by the majority of states. There are in modern criminal law whole systems of rules on criminal liability for terrorism which differs considerably from country to country. Terrorism has been criminalized in numerous international regional and universal antiterrorist legal instruments. The author notes that differences in definitions that are enshrined in them hinders international cooperation in criminal matters with respect to terrorist cases. Difficulties reside in the necessity to meet the dual criminality requirement and in the political offense exception. These difficulties can only be overcome through elaboration of a universally recognized definition of the notion of international terrorism and making it legally binding via its inclusion into a universal convention. The issue of definition of international terrorism is an important part of an efficient mutual assistance among states in fight against this crime. In this article the author accounts of actual ways of tackling by the international community of the issue of criminalization of international terrorism and of factors influencing them.
Delayed rule following

OpenAIRE

Schmitt, David R.

2001-01-01

Although the elements of a fully stated rule (discriminative stimulus [SD], some behavior, and a consequence) can occur nearly contemporaneously with the statement of the rule, there is often a delay between the rule statement and the SD. The effects of this delay on rule following have not been studied in behavior analysis, but they have been investigated in rule-like settings in the areas of prospective memory (remembering to do something in the future) and goal pursuit. Discriminative even...
77 FR 37722 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

Science.gov (United States)

2012-06-22

... Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change To Eliminate the Rules and Fees Related to the Second Market June 18, 2012. Pursuant to...\\ notice is hereby given that on June 6, 2012, the International Securities Exchange, LLC (the ``Exchange...
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IDRC works with developing-country researchers and institutions to build local ... Brendan Baker can be called many things: an engineer, an international ... Profile of IDRC's Environment and Natural Resource Management (ENRM) program area. ... Businesses in a smattering of Latin American cities now enjoy a quick and ...

Arab Democracy Barometer | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

... to address the deficits identified in the Arab Human Development Report, as well as ... Call for new OWSD Fellowships for Early Career Women Scientists now open ... IWRA/IDRC webinar on climate change and adaptive water management. International Water Resources Association, in close collaboration with IDRC, ...
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Results 3121 - 3130 of 6383 ... This paper describes some tools developed by the ICLEI (International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives-Local Governments for ... Urbanisation has become one of the strongest drivers of growing challenges in the fields of food security, human health and water resources management.
Copyright | IDRC - International Development Research Centre

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Where copyright is held by IDRC Unless otherwise stated, the copyright to material on this website is held by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC). IDRC permits reading, downloading, copying, redistributing, printing, linking and searching, for non-commercial or academic purposes, of any of its content, ...
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Results 451 - 460 of 8518 ... Graduate education should challenge traditional modes of learning and ... Development FEMINISM WOMEN'S ECONOMIC ... The role of research in implementing Canada's Feminist International Assistance Policy.
Optimization of decision rules based on dynamic programming approach

KAUST Repository

Zielosko, Beata

2014-01-14

This chapter is devoted to the study of an extension of dynamic programming approach which allows optimization of approximate decision rules relative to the length and coverage. We introduce an uncertainty measure that is the difference between number of rows in a given decision table and the number of rows labeled with the most common decision for this table divided by the number of rows in the decision table. We fix a threshold γ, such that 0 ≤ γ < 1, and study so-called γ-decision rules (approximate decision rules) that localize rows in subtables which uncertainty is at most γ. Presented algorithm constructs a directed acyclic graph Δ γ T which nodes are subtables of the decision table T given by pairs "attribute = value". The algorithm finishes the partitioning of a subtable when its uncertainty is at most γ. The chapter contains also results of experiments with decision tables from UCI Machine Learning Repository. © 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland.
Development of nuclear technology through International Technical Cooperation programme: Malaysian experience

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ainul Hayati Daud

1997-01-01

In the advent of new technologies and knowledge, countries need to rely on one another for progress and development. At the same time, new challenges to development, which are beyond the competence of any country to approach individually, have emerged. These have led to greater need for international co-operation, particularly among the developing countries. In Malaysia, international technical co-operation has contributed significantly towards the development of nuclear technology. Malaysia has received technical assistance through the multilateral, regional and bilateral co-operation. This assistance complements the efforts of the government to meet the primary objectives of science and technology programme, which are; intensification of R and D capacity and applications of technologies, both acquired and developed, in national development. Over the last one and a half decade, more than 70 projects valued almost USD 15 millions, were implemented under the Technical Assistance Programme of the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Bilateral Technical Assistance Programme of Japan and Australia. Malaysia also has benefited from the regional technical co-operation programme such Regional Co-operative Agreement for Asia and Pacific Region, United Nation Department Programme, International Nuclear Co-operation in Asia. While receiving assistance, Malaysia continues to assist other developing countries in their development efforts in the fields of nuclear technology, through the various international co-operation programmes. This report reviews the technical assistance received through the international co-operation and its contributions towards the development of nuclear technology in Malaysia for period 1980 - 1996
Bioclim deliverable D8a: development of the rule-based down-scaling methodology for BIOCLIM Work-package 3

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2003-01-01

The BIOCLIM project on modelling sequential Biosphere systems under Climate change for radioactive waste disposal is part of the EURATOM fifth European framework programme. The project was launched in October 2000 for a three-year period. The project aims at providing a scientific basis and practical methodology for assessing the possible long term impacts on the safety of radioactive waste repositories in deep formations due to climate and environmental change. Five work packages (WP) have been identified to fulfill the project objectives. One of the tasks of BIOCLIM WP3 was to develop a rule-based approach for down-scaling from the MoBidiC model of intermediate complexity in order to provide consistent estimates of monthly temperature and precipitation for the specific regions of interest to BIOCLIM (Central Spain, Central England and Northeast France, together with Germany and the Czech Republic). A statistical down-scaling methodology has been developed by Philippe Marbaix of CEA/LSCE for use with the second climate model of intermediate complexity used in BIOCLIM - CLIMBER-GREMLINS. The rule-based methodology assigns climate states or classes to a point on the time continuum of a region according to a combination of simple threshold values which can be determined from the coarse scale climate model. Once climate states or classes have been defined, monthly temperature and precipitation climatologies are constructed using analogue stations identified from a data base of present-day climate observations. The most appropriate climate classification for BIOCLIM purposes is the Koeppen/Trewartha scheme. This scheme has the advantage of being empirical, but only requires monthly averages of temperature and precipitation as input variables. Section 2 of this deliverable (D8a) outline how each of the eight methodological steps have been undertaken for each of the three main BIOCLIM study regions (Central England, Northeast France and Central Spain) using Mo
Development of the International Guidelines for Home Health Nursing.

Science.gov (United States)

Narayan, Mary; Farris, Cindy; Harris, Marilyn D; Hiong, Fong Yoke

2017-10-01

Throughout the world, healthcare is increasingly being provided in home and community-based settings. There is a growing awareness that the most effective, least costly, patient-preferred setting is patients' home. Thus, home healthcare nursing is a growing nursing specialty, requiring a unique set of nursing knowledge and skills. Unlike many other nursing specialties, home healthcare nursing has few professional organizations to develop or support its practice. This article describes how an international network of home healthcare nurses developed international guidelines for home healthcare nurses throughout the world. It outlines how the guidelines for home healthcare nursing practice were developed, how an international panel of reviewers was recruited, and the process they used for reaching a consensus. It also describes the plan for nurses to contribute to future updates to the guidelines.
Origin of Hund's multiplicity rule in quasi-two-dimensional two-electron quantum dots

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sako, Tokuei; Paldus, Josef; Diercksen, Geerd H. F.

2010-01-01

The origin of Hund's multiplicity rules has been studied for a system of two electrons confined by a quasi-two-dimensional harmonic-oscillator potential by relying on a full configuration interaction wave function and Cartesian anisotropic Gaussian basis sets. In terms of appropriate normal-mode coordinates the wave function factors into a product of the center-of-mass and the internal components. The 1 Π u singlet state and the 3 Π u triplet state represent the energetically lowest pair of states to which Hund's multiplicity rule applies. They are shown to involve excitations into different degrees of freedom, namely, into the center-of-mass angular mode and the internal angular mode for the singlet and triplet states, respectively. The presence of an angular nodal line in the internal space allows then the triplet state to avoid the singularity in the electron-electron interaction potential, leading to the energy lowering of the triplet state relative to its counterpart singlet state.
Search Results | Page 71 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

2012-01-01

Results 701 - 710 of 8531 ... Audio slideshow: Overview and lessons from the Canadian Learning Forum 2012 on Virtual Platforms, Knowledge Management and International Development. Published date. January 1, 2012. Studies.
Search Results | Page 851 | IDRC - International Development ...

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Results 8501 - 8510 of 8531 ... Governance. IDRC is governed by global leaders and innovators with one collective aim: to empower people to find lasting solutions through international development research. Webpage.
Maggie Gorman Vélez | IDRC - International Development Research ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Her independent research has focused on corporate social responsibility and mining in developing countries, with a particular concentration on social development programming initiated by the private sector. Maggie's background is in gender and international development studies; she has a Master's degree from the ...
Development of a cause analysis system for a CPCS trip by using the rule-base deduction method.

Science.gov (United States)

Park, Je-Yun; Koo, In-Soo; Sohn, Chang-Ho; Kim, Jung-Seon; Cho, Gi-Ho; Park, Hee-Seok

2009-07-01

A Core Protection Calculator System (CPCS) was developed to initiate a Reactor Trip under the circumstance of certain transients by a Combustion Engineering Company. The major function of the Core Protection Calculator System is to generate contact outputs for the Departure from Nucleate Boiling Ratio (DNBR) Trip and a Local Power Density (LPD) Trip. But in a Core Protection Calculator System, a trip cause cannot be identified, thus only trip signals are transferred to the Plant Protection System (PPS) and only the trip status is displayed. It could take a considerable amount of time and effort for a plant operator to analyze the trip causes of a Core Protection Calculator System. So, a Cause Analysis System for a Core Protection Calculator System (CASCPCS) has been developed by using the rule-base deduction method to assist operators in a Nuclear Power Plant. CASCPCS consists of three major parts. Inference engine has a role of controlling the searching knowledge base, executing the rules and tracking the inference process by using the depth-first searching method. Knowledge base consists of four major parts: rules, data base constants, trip buffer variables and causes. And a user interface is implemented by using menu-driven and window display techniques. The advantage of CASCPCS is that it saves time and effort to diagnose the trip causes of a Core Protection Calculator System, it increases a plant's availability and reliability, and it makes it easy to manage CASCPCS because of using only a cursor control.
International greenhouse gas emissions trading. Who should be held liable for the non-compliance by sellers?

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhang, Zhong Xiang

1999-01-01

Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol authorizes emissions trading, but the rules governing emissions trading have been deferred to subsequent conferences. In designing and implementing an international greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trading scheme, assigning liability has been considered to be one of the most challenging issues. This article discusses a variety of the rules for accountability under international GHG emissions trading. It indicates that a 'buyer beware' liability is effective only to the extent that it puts additional pressure on sellers to comply with their commitments because after all sellers exercise great, if not complete, control over whether or not they comply with their commitments. Because putting such a pressure on sellers to develop effective compliance systems is not without costs to buyers, a 'buyer beware' liability should thus be imposed only in the case where non-compliance of sellers is virtually certain to occur. Moreover, in determining the optimal combination of these not-mutually-exclusive rules for accountability that are discussed in the article, the marginal benefits of adding one rule needs to be weighted against the increased costs of doing so. 12 refs
A clinical decision rule for the use of plain radiography in children after acute wrist injury: development and external validation of the Amsterdam Pediatric Wrist Rules

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Slaar, Annelie; Maas, Mario; Rijn, Rick R. van; Walenkamp, Monique M.J.; Bentohami, Abdelali; Goslings, J.C.; Steyerberg, Ewout W.; Jager, L.C.; Sosef, Nico L.; Velde, Romuald van; Ultee, Jan M.; Schep, Niels W.L.

2016-01-01

In most hospitals, children with acute wrist trauma are routinely referred for radiography. To develop and validate a clinical decision rule to decide whether radiography in children with wrist trauma is required. We prospectively developed and validated a clinical decision rule in two study populations. All children who presented in the emergency department of four hospitals with pain following wrist trauma were included and evaluated for 18 clinical variables. The outcome was a wrist fracture diagnosed by plain radiography. Included in the study were 787 children. The prediction model consisted of six variables: age, swelling of the distal radius, visible deformation, distal radius tender to palpation, anatomical snuffbox tender to palpation, and painful or abnormal supination. The model showed an area under the receiver operator characteristics curve of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.76-0.83). The sensitivity and specificity were 95.9% and 37.3%, respectively. The use of this model would have resulted in a 22% absolute reduction of radiographic examinations. In a validation study, 7/170 fractures (4.1%, 95% CI: 1.7-8.3%) would have been missed using the decision model. The decision model may be a valuable tool to decide whether radiography in children after wrist trauma is required. (orig.)
A clinical decision rule for the use of plain radiography in children after acute wrist injury: development and external validation of the Amsterdam Pediatric Wrist Rules

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Slaar, Annelie; Maas, Mario; Rijn, Rick R. van [University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam (Netherlands); Walenkamp, Monique M.J.; Bentohami, Abdelali; Goslings, J.C. [University of Amsterdam, Trauma Unit, Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam (Netherlands); Steyerberg, Ewout W. [Erasmus MC - University Medical Centre, Department of Public Health, Rotterdam (Netherlands); Jager, L.C. [University of Amsterdam, Emergency Department, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam (Netherlands); Sosef, Nico L. [Spaarne Hospital, Department of Surgery, Hoofddorp (Netherlands); Velde, Romuald van [Tergooi Hospitals, Department of Surgery, Hilversum (Netherlands); Ultee, Jan M. [Sint Lucas Andreas Hospital, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam (Netherlands); Schep, Niels W.L. [University of Amsterdam, Trauma Unit, Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam (Netherlands); Maasstadziekenhuis Rotterdam, Department of Surgery, Rotterdam (Netherlands)

2016-01-15

In most hospitals, children with acute wrist trauma are routinely referred for radiography. To develop and validate a clinical decision rule to decide whether radiography in children with wrist trauma is required. We prospectively developed and validated a clinical decision rule in two study populations. All children who presented in the emergency department of four hospitals with pain following wrist trauma were included and evaluated for 18 clinical variables. The outcome was a wrist fracture diagnosed by plain radiography. Included in the study were 787 children. The prediction model consisted of six variables: age, swelling of the distal radius, visible deformation, distal radius tender to palpation, anatomical snuffbox tender to palpation, and painful or abnormal supination. The model showed an area under the receiver operator characteristics curve of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.76-0.83). The sensitivity and specificity were 95.9% and 37.3%, respectively. The use of this model would have resulted in a 22% absolute reduction of radiographic examinations. In a validation study, 7/170 fractures (4.1%, 95% CI: 1.7-8.3%) would have been missed using the decision model. The decision model may be a valuable tool to decide whether radiography in children after wrist trauma is required. (orig.)
Managing International Migration for Development in East Asia

OpenAIRE

Adams, Richard H., Jr.; Ahsan, Ahmad

2014-01-01

The objective of this book is to analyze the economic and social impact of international migration on labor sending and labor receiving countries in the East Asia region. More specifically, the book seeks: (a) to examine the impact of international migration on key development indicators, including poverty, investment, labor force participation, labor productivity and wages; (b) to evaluate ...
26 CFR 1.1223-3 - Rules relating to the holding periods of partnership interests.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... publicly traded partnership (as defined under section 7704(b)) may use the actual holding period of the... partnership interests. 1.1223-3 Section 1.1223-3 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE... Losses § 1.1223-3 Rules relating to the holding periods of partnership interests. (a) In general. A...
Gated developments: International experiences and the South African context

CSIR Research Space (South Africa)

Spocter, M

2012-03-01

Full Text Available its specific colonialist urban history. Large rubber estates in Malaysia were guarded by security detachments during British colonial rule. It was not only the crop, but also those within the borders of the estate that would be secure ? a type... developments Acta Academica 2012: 44(1) 4 in Malaysia having been built with the main purpose of providing safer and secure living areas (Sufian 2005). Similarly, Mexico City has a historical colonial legacy of urban spatial inequality which has resulted...
International Nuclear Security Situation And China’s Approach

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

Liu Chong

2016-01-01

Since 2010,the three Nuclear Security Summits have made a number of achievements,but the international nuclear security situation is still not relaxed.The rapid development of China’s domestic nuclear facilities and a large amount of nuclear and radioactive materials related to nuclear power,active international nuclear black market in China’s surrounding regions,rather serious domestic and international terrorist threats as well as the emerging technology development bring about new challenges to nuclear security.Facing the complicated and long-term nuclear security situation,China from the perspective of monitoring mechanism,laws and regulations system,technical capability-building and nuclear emergency preparedness,takes a series of effective measures to build the national nuclear security capacity,and strictly fulfills its international obligations,actively participates in upgrading the international nuclear non-proliferation regime and relevant international rules,and actively takes part in the Nuclear Security Summit process,strengthens bilateral cooperation on nuclear security with major countries especially the United States of America,and jointly organizes various training with International Atomic Energy Agency,which has made great contributions to upgrading the global nuclear security level.At the end of the Nuclear Security Summit process,China should continue to strengthen its domestic nuclear security capacity building,and promote the international community to treat the root causes and symptoms,adopt a comprehensive strategy,and work together,effectively prevent and dissolve the nuclear terrorist threats.

International physical protection standards: support for development and implementation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Soo Hoo, M.S.

2002-01-01

Full text: Since 1972, the IAEA has been a recognized organization in promoting the development of international standards on the physical protection of nuclear materials. This responsibility has continued through the present in the 1999 publication of the fourth revision of INFCIRC/225, the physical protection of nuclear material and nuclear facilities and in being the repository for the convention on the physical protection of nuclear material which was originally published in 1980 as INFCIRC/274. The IAEA has also published other reference documents in support these two standards. With changing world events and greater concern for the physical protection of nuclear materials and facilities, IAEA member states have increased IAEA physical protection responsibilities. Currently, the IAEA is serving as the secretariat for drafting revisions to the physical protection convention. The proposed revisions will strengthen international physical protection standards through the incorporation of physical protection fundamentals that should apply to all nuclear materials in international or domestic use, storage and transport. Furthermore, the physical protection fundamentals would also extend to include nuclear facilities. Presently, the physical protection convention applies only to nuclear materials that are in international transport. To complement efforts to develop and promote international physical protection standards, the IAEA is actively involved in assisting member states with the implementation of the standards. This is accomplished through the delivery of training courses, workshops and hosting other international forums for the exchange of information. Through review services such as the international physical protection advisory service (IPPAS), the IAEA provides advice to member states on the application of international standards at national and facility-specific levels. These services can be followed up with technical support to implement the
Publications | Page 316 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 3151 - 3160 of 7205 ... ... widen the impact of our investment and advance development research. ... Work in healthcare sector is characterized by high level of work stress internationally. ... Report on the Capacity Building Workshop on Women's Land rights, ... workers and as a barrier impeding creation of formal jobs.
International trade in services developments in light of dynamic developments in competitive environment

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Anna Olefir

2008-06-01

Full Text Available The paper analyses theoretical grounds for determining «services», key peculiarities of international trade in services and its discrepancies from trade in goods, and determines the modern trends of development of this form of international trade according to the main types of services.
Rule Learning in Autism: The Role of Reward Type and Social Context

OpenAIRE

Jones, E. J. H.; Webb, S. J.; Estes, A.; Dawson, G.

2013-01-01

Learning abstract rules is central to social and cognitive development. Across two experiments, we used Delayed Non-Matching to Sample tasks to characterize the longitudinal development and nature of rule-learning impairments in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Results showed that children with ASD consistently experienced more difficulty learning an abstract rule from a discrete physical reward than children with DD. Rule learning was facilitated by the provision of more concret...
Evaluation on applicability of the rules, regulations, and industrial codes and standards for SMART development

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Choi, Suhn; Lee, C C.; Lee, C.K.; Kim, K.K.; Kim, J.P.; Kim, J.H.; Cho, B.H.; Kang, D J.; Bae, G.H.; Chung, M.; Chang, M.H.

1999-03-01

In this report, evaluation on applicability of the rules, regulations, and industrial codes and standards for SMART has been made. As the first step, past-to-present status of licensing structures were reviewed. Then, the rules, regulations, and standards applied to YGN 3-6 were listed and reviewed. Finally, evaluation on applicability of such rules and standards for SMART are made in each design fields. During this step technical evaluations on each items of rules, regulations and standards are made and the possible remedies or comments are suggested. The results are summarized in a tabular form and enclosed as Appendix. (Author). 8 refs., 5 tabs., 3 figs
Reflections on the development of international nuclear law

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lamm, Vanda

2017-01-01

Over the course of more than seven decades, treaty norms on the production and utilisation of nuclear energy have been developed, which together form a special section within international law. These norms are the consequence of the unique nature of the field, namely that on the one hand some aspects of the uses of nuclear energy should be covered by totally new and special norms (e.g. in the field of disarmament, seeking to eliminate or at least to control the spread of nuclear weapons, and nuclear weapons tests) and on the other hand that several traditional legal solutions were not suitable for the problems that emerged in connection with other uses of nuclear energy (like liability). In this article, three aspects of the development of that special section of international law will be explored, namely: the close connections between the regulation of peaceful and military uses of nuclear energy; the effects of nuclear catastrophes on the development of international nuclear legislation; and the interaction between soft law norms and binding norms in the area of nuclear law
26 CFR 1.278-1 - Capital expenditures incurred in planting and developing citrus and almond groves.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... developing citrus and almond groves. 1.278-1 Section 1.278-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE... Capital expenditures incurred in planting and developing citrus and almond groves. (a) General rule. (1)(i... any citrus or almond grove (or part thereof), and which is incurred before the close of the fourth...
Books | Page 2 | IDRC - International Development Research Centre

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

... by supporting research that addresses critical international development issues. One of ... This is a first-of-its-kind collection of writings by evaluation professionals ... on information and communication technologies for development (ICT4D), ...
A Bayesian analysis of QCD sum rules

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gubler, Philipp; Oka, Makoto

2011-01-01

A new technique has recently been developed, in which the Maximum Entropy Method is used to analyze QCD sum rules. This approach has the virtue of being able to directly generate the spectral function of a given operator, without the need of making an assumption about its specific functional form. To investigate whether useful results can be extracted within this method, we have first studied the vector meson channel, where QCD sum rules are traditionally known to provide a valid description of the spectral function. Our results show a significant peak in the region of the experimentally observed ρ-meson mass, which is in agreement with earlier QCD sum rules studies and suggests that the Maximum Entropy Method is a strong tool for analyzing QCD sum rules.
TOPICAL PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES OF INTERNATIONAL FREIGHT TRANSPORT

OpenAIRE

Sulce, Anastasija

2014-01-01

The title of thesis is Typical Problems and Development Perspectives of International Freight Transport. This work is dedicated to different modes of international transportation, freight and logistics their advantages and disadvantages. Another essential part of the work related to different way for transport development and its efficient usage The objective is to explore modes of freight transport and logistics in details and, thereof, reveal advantages and disadvantages. On the basis ...
Design rules for dynamic organization design

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Burton, Richard; Obel, Børge

2013-01-01

Organizational design rules are contingent if-then statements about what a good design should be for a given situation. Today’s challenge is to look forward to devise organization design rules for a different future with greater uncertainty and greater interdependency – all with dynamic performance...... demands. These new demands call for new design rules for coordination, incentives and leadership, among others. Our existing rules are mostly based upon past experience and empirical studies of what is. What might be – going beyond what we have observed and explained of yesterday and today to help design...... for a future new situation – is a disciplined response to examine the new contingencies of organizational design and their design consequences. Computational laboratories permit us to go beyond what is to develop and examine new design possibilities and boundaries to explore a future world of what might be. We...
Decision tables and rule engines in organ allocation systems for optimal transparency and flexibility.

Science.gov (United States)

Schaafsma, Murk; van der Deijl, Wilfred; Smits, Jacqueline M; Rahmel, Axel O; de Vries Robbé, Pieter F; Hoitsma, Andries J

2011-05-01

Organ allocation systems have become complex and difficult to comprehend. We introduced decision tables to specify the rules of allocation systems for different organs. A rule engine with decision tables as input was tested for the Kidney Allocation System (ETKAS). We compared this rule engine with the currently used ETKAS by running 11,000 historical match runs and by running the rule engine in parallel with the ETKAS on our allocation system. Decision tables were easy to implement and successful in verifying correctness, completeness, and consistency. The outcomes of the 11,000 historical matches in the rule engine and the ETKAS were exactly the same. Running the rule engine simultaneously in parallel and in real time with the ETKAS also produced no differences. Specifying organ allocation rules in decision tables is already a great step forward in enhancing the clarity of the systems. Yet, using these tables as rule engine input for matches optimizes the flexibility, simplicity and clarity of the whole process, from specification to the performed matches, and in addition this new method allows well controlled simulations. © 2011 The Authors. Transplant International © 2011 European Society for Organ Transplantation.
International financial institutes and multipolarity challenges

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Aleksei Vladimirovich Kuznetsov

2017-12-01

Full Text Available The world is changing, moving towards multi-polarity. However, despite the explicit shifting of the center of economic gravity from the West to the East, the dominance of the West in establishing the rules of conduct in the global economy and global finance remain virtually immutable. The author argues that the widely-discussed reform of the IMF quota and governance has not led to a significant strengthening of the role of the most dynamically developing emerging economies in the Fund’s decision-making. Regional economic players (such as the BRICS have been actively involved in the international division of labor. However, the existence of institutional financial monopolies hinders the redistribution of global value added. Armed with the advanced information technologies and financial innovations, the leaders of financial globalization are redirecting scarce global resources in favor of the world-systemic core. The study is based on comparative methods and system analysis and aims to provide a comprehensive view on the way of involvement of global financial institutions in the control of the processes of financial globalization. US dominance in international financial institutions contribute to the further advancement of the global role of dollar as reserve currency of central banks, the currency of international settlements, deposits, loans and investments. It’s shown that the implementation of financial globalization is strongly correlated with the concept of the «center-periphery» model, on which the functioning of the global capital market is dependent. The features of the modern structure of the global currency market are summarized. The article reveals some legal aspects of global governance, in particular the role of the Anglo-American law in the global economy and global finance. It is concluded that for full participation of emerging markets, particularly the BRICS countries, in the processes of globalization, it is necessary to
Evolving International Practices for Protection of Human Rights- the UN Human Rights Advisory Panel and EU Human Rights Review Panel

OpenAIRE

Remzije ISTREFI

2017-01-01

This article analyses the unique development of the international human rights non judicial protection mechanism in Kosovo. Since 1999 Kosovo has been placed under international supervision carried out by international organizations, namely the United Nations and the European Union. The UN’s Mission in Kosovo (UNMK) was unprecedented both in scope and structural complexity. After the Declaration of Independence by Kosovo authorities on 17 February 2008, the European Union Rule ...
Equity implications of two burden-sharing rules for stabilizing greenhouse-gas concentrations

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Miketa, Asami; Schrattenholzer, Leo

2006-01-01

This paper focuses on the equity aspects of international burden sharing for global CO 2 emission stabilization. It first summarizes and classifies equity principles proposed in the published literature of the field. Of these, the authors selected three major equity principles, i.e., egalitarian equity, horizontal equity, and proportional equality (often referred to also as sovereign equity) to carry out a detailed examination of two sets of quantitative emission entitlements, which are based on two burden-sharing rules, i.e., the equal emissions per capita approach and the carbon intensity approach. The two burden-sharing rules were chosen as not only particularly popular, but also because their application results in distinctly different burden sharing among countries. To make the two rules comparable, we used a global carbon-emission path until the year 2050 that leads to an atmospheric CO 2 concentration of 550 ppm. We then used the two rules for allocating the global emissions described by that path to allocate carbon emission entitlements to 67 countries and 9 world regions. In general, developing countries receive relatively higher entitlements under the equal emissions per capita approach whereas industrialized countries are relatively better off under the carbon intensity approach. In some countries and regions, emission entitlements as calculated by any of the two burden-sharing rules are so low that it would be unrealistic to assume that actual emissions can be limited to the emission entitlements assigned to them without using flexibility mechanisms such as those defined in the Kyoto Protocol. In this sense, the calculated entitlements can be also interpreted as the initial allocation of tradable emission allowances of countries or regions. Nonetheless, we considered any numerical determination of resulting carbon trade flows to be outside the scope of our paper
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Results 8461 - 8470 of 8517 ... The Centre Management Committee provides advice and guidance ... and meet the members who share a passion for international development work. ... as required under Canada's Financial Administration Act.
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The International Partnerships for Sustainable Societies are collaborations that produce high-quality research to inform academic, public, and policy debates to contribute to create just, inclusive, and sustainable social and economic development.
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Results 521 - 530 of 875 ... Migration, Gender and Social Justice : Connecting Research and Practice Networks ... International Barcode of Life Project : Engaging Developing ... Technologies for Social Inclusion and Public Policies in Latin ...
Action Rules Mining

CERN Document Server

Dardzinska, Agnieszka

2013-01-01

We are surrounded by data, numerical, categorical and otherwise, which must to be analyzed and processed to convert it into information that instructs, answers or aids understanding and decision making. Data analysts in many disciplines such as business, education or medicine, are frequently asked to analyze new data sets which are often composed of numerous tables possessing different properties. They try to find completely new correlations between attributes and show new possibilities for users. Action rules mining discusses some of data mining and knowledge discovery principles and then describe representative concepts, methods and algorithms connected with action. The author introduces the formal definition of action rule, notion of a simple association action rule and a representative action rule, the cost of association action rule, and gives a strategy how to construct simple association action rules of a lowest cost. A new approach for generating action rules from datasets with numerical attributes...
Climate change and developing countries: A role for the Canadian International Development Agency

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ragusa, P.

2000-01-01

The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) is primarily responsible for Canada's official development assistance program whose objective is to foster sustainable development in order to reduce poverty and contribute to a more secure, equitable and prosperous world. CIDA programs are directed to the needs of developing countries to assist them in capacity building, to provide financial resources and technology transfer, to help them to meet the cost of adaptation to adverse effects, and to develop and enhance indigenous capabilities. With respect to climate change, CIDA, in concert with other federal government departments, endeavours to maximize Canada's capabilities to meet international environmental commitments and Kyoto climate change targets at the lowest cost, ensure a level playing field with Canada's competitors by maximizing participation of major developed and developing economies in the Kyoto Protocol, and maximize opportunities for Canadian businesses in international projects and initiatives in climate change. Accordingly, the 2000 CIDA Budget provides official development assistance funding of $100 million over four years for technology transfer to help developing countries reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainable development. First call for proposals is targeted for August 2001, with assessment of proposals and projects during September and second call for proposals before year end. Major provisions of the Kyoto Protocol, the purposes of the Clean Development Mechanism, the role that CIDA can play in support of implementation of CDM, benefits and opportunities provided by CDM are summarized. Ways in which private sector firms seeking to expand into developing countries can benefit by working with CIDA, are also discussed

Direct Final Rule for Control of Air Pollution From Aircraft and Aircraft Engines; Emission Standards and Test Procedures

Science.gov (United States)

This rule will adopt the current voluntary NOx and CO emissions standards of the United Nations International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), bringing the United States aircraft standards into alignment with the international standards.
The new philanthropy : private power in international development policy?\\ud

OpenAIRE

Moran, Michael; Stone, Diane

2016-01-01

This chapter examines the role and function of philanthropy in international development policy. Philanthropy has deep roots in international development and its present influence is far from novel. Yet changes in the political economy of development finance, including growing private aid flows and continuing strain on the bilateral and multilateral aid systems, have increased its relative importance. Simultaneously, newly emerging foundations have financed novel institutional mechanisms for ...
International Standardization of Library and Documentation Techniques.

Science.gov (United States)

International Federation for Documentation, The Hague (Netherlands).

This comparative study of the national and international standards, rules and regulations on library and documentation techniques adopted in various countries was conducted as a preliminary step in determining the minimal bases for facilitating national and international cooperation between documentalists and librarians. The study compares and…
Accounting of the knowledge-based actions and the rules-based actions in frames of accident management guidelines development

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lankin, M.Yu.; Bukrinskij, A.M.

2015-01-01

The main approaches used in the development of the Safety Guide (SG) “Recommendations to the structure and content of the manual for the management of beyond-design-basis accidents, including severe accidents” (BDBA MG) are described. The manual was developed taking into account the provisions of the current IAEA standards relevant to the affected area, taking into account the specifics of the Russian nuclear power industry. In the draft SG, three types of behavior of personnel are considered - based on skills, rules and knowledge. When developing BDBA MG, it is recommended to give priority to a knowledge-based approach. At the same time, when performing well-designed and worked-out activities, work is possible based on rules and skills (for example, using step-by-step procedures). The SG project provides for a unified organizational structure for managing beyond-design-basis accidents, both at the stage of preventing severe damage to the core, and at the stage of managing a heavy accident. In SG the order of management of beyond-design-basis accidents for both of the indicated stages examined in detail [ru
Young modulus and internal friction of a fiber-reinforced composite

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ledbetter, H.M.; Lei, M.; Austin, M.W.

1986-01-01

By a kilohertz-frequency resonance method we determined the Young modulus and internal friction of a uniaxially fiber-reinforced composite. The composite comprised glass fibers in an epoxy-resin matrix. We studied three fiber contents: 0, 41, and 49 vol %. The Young modulus fit a linear rule of mixture. The internal friction fit a classical free-damped-oscillator model where one assumes a linear rule of mixture for three quantities: mass, force constant, and mechanical-resistance constant
Human rights, democracy and rule of law: Different organisations, different conceptions?

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Timmer, A.S.H.; Sosa, L.P.A.; Häusler, Katharina

2016-01-01

This report presents an exploration of different conceptualisations of human rights, democracy and the rule of law within international organisations. The report focuses on the United Nations, the African Union, the League of Arab States and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. The eventual aim
All projects related to | Page 528 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

2008-01-01

Negotiations around intellectual property rights (IPR) are increasingly a key factor in international trade and an important item on the international development agenda. Start Date: January 1, 2008. End Date: April 14, 2011. Topic: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, COMPUTER PROGRAMS, ACCESS TO INFORMATION.
All projects related to | Page 551 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

2008-01-01

Negotiations around intellectual property rights (IPR) are increasingly a key factor in international trade and an important item on the international development agenda. Start Date: January 1, 2008. End Date: April 14, 2011. Topic: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, COMPUTER PROGRAMS, ACCESS TO INFORMATION.
All projects related to | Page 552 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

2008-01-01

Negotiations around intellectual property rights (IPR) are increasingly a key factor in international trade and an important item on the international development agenda. Start Date: January 1, 2008. End Date: April 14, 2011. Topic: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, COMPUTER PROGRAMS, ACCESS TO INFORMATION.
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International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Region: Argentina, South America, Peru, Uruguay, North and Central America ... Topic: VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN, WOMEN'S RIGHTS, Gender ... Negotiations around intellectual property rights (IPR) are increasingly a key factor in international trade and an important item on the international development agenda.
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... to improving lives and livelihoods by supporting research that addresses critical international development issues. ... Any -, Miscellaneous, Development, Science and Technology, Social Policy, Economics ... Book cover Marketing Information Products and Services: A Primer for Librarians and Information Professionals.
Development Internal Problems of Shanghay Cooperation Organization

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Oksana Y. Kolegova

2015-01-01

Full Text Available The article analyzes the main internal problems of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Particular attention is paid to the conflict of interests of the participating countries, as well as identifying obstacles to strengthen the organization and increase its influence in the international arena. The international organizations are created by the states to meet mutual problems in the course of interstate relations requiring regular cooperation mechanism. Given the background of the Organization, it is important to emphasize that the main reason for the establishment of the Shanghai organization was the need for the united front against the strengthening of the region at the turn of centuries against dangerous trends of terrorism, extremism, separatism, the growth of organized crime. Despite the conflict of interests and the internal and external development challenges thirteen-year history of evolution of the SCO, to some extent proves its effectiveness, moreover, there are the preconditions for its consistent transition to a more comprehensive organization.
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Results 261 - 270 of 1368 ... ICT in the context of education system ... Statistical handbook on baseline survey : part 1; data tables; (Focus City ... Technologies (ICT) in international development assistance - issues, trends and opportunities.
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Results 391 - 400 of 8491 ... The influenza virus causes upper respiratory tract infections in humans, ... inclusion of youth and women through entrepreneurship in Madagascar ... Research can help international development do more with less.
International Journal of Medicine and Health Development

African Journals Online (AJOL)

International Journal of Medicine and Health Development ... This is the official publication of College of Medicine, University of Nigeria under the ... Health related quality of life and sociodemographic characteristics among Iranian students ...
[Strategy Development for International Cooperation in the Clinical Laboratory Field].

Science.gov (United States)

Kudo, Yoshiko; Osawa, Susumu

2015-10-01

The strategy of international cooperation in the clinical laboratory field was analyzed to improve the quality of intervention by reviewing documents from international organizations and the Japanese government. Based on the world development agenda, the target of action for health has shifted from communicable diseases to non-communicable diseases (NCD). This emphasizes the importance of comprehensive clinical laboratories instead of disease-specific examinations in developing countries. To achieve this goal, the World Health Organization (WHO) has disseminated to the African and Asian regions the Laboratory Quality Management System (LQMS), which is based on the same principles of the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) 15189. To execute this strategy, international experts must have competence in project management, analyze information regarding the target country, and develop a strategy for management of the LQMS with an understanding of the technical aspects of laboratory work. However, there is no appropriate pre- and post-educational system of international health for Japanese international workers. Universities and academic organizations should cooperate with the government to establish a system of education for international workers. Objectives of this education system must include: (1) training for the organization and understanding of global health issues, (2) education of the principles regarding comprehensive management of clinical laboratories, and (3) understanding the LQMS which was employed based on WHO's initiative. Achievement of these objectives will help improve the quality of international cooperation in the clinical laboratory field.
Strengthening International Collaboration: Geosciences Research and Education in Developing Countries

Science.gov (United States)

Fucugauchi, J. U.

2009-05-01

Geophysical research increasingly requires global multidisciplinary approaches and global integration. Global warming, increasing CO2 levels and increased needs of mineral and energy resources emphasize impact of human activities. The planetary view of our Earth as a deeply complex interconnected system also emphasizes the need of international scientific cooperation. International collaboration presents an immense potential and is urgently needed for further development of geosciences research and education. In analyzing international collaboration a relevant aspect is the role of scientific societies. Societies organize meetings, publish journals and books and promote cooperation through academic exchange activities and can further assist communities in developing countries providing and facilitating access to scientific literature, attendance to international meetings, short and long-term stays and student and young researcher mobility. Developing countries present additional challenges resulting from limited economic resources and social and political problems. Most countries urgently require improved educational and research programs. Needed are in-depth analyses of infrastructure and human resources and identification of major problems and needs. Questions may include what are the major limitations and needs in research and postgraduate education in developing countries? what and how should international collaboration do? and what are the roles of individuals, academic institutions, funding agencies, scientific societies? Here we attempt to examine some of these questions with reference to case examples and AGU role. We focus on current situation, size and characteristics of research community, education programs, facilities, economic support, and then move to perspectives for potential development in an international context.
International trade agreements: a threat to tobacco control policy.

Science.gov (United States)

Shaffer, E R; Brenner, J E; Houston, T P

2005-08-01

International covenants establish a role for governments in ensuring the conditions for human health and wellbeing, which has been recognised as a central human right. International trade agreements, conversely, prioritize the rights of corporations over health and human rights. International trade agreements are threatening existing tobacco control policies and restrict the possibility of implementing new controls. This situation is unrecognised by many tobacco control advocates in signatory nations, especially those in developing countries. Recent agreements on eliminating various trade restrictions, including those on tobacco, have expanded far beyond simply international movement of goods to include internal tobacco distribution regulations and intellectual property rules regulating advertising and labelling. Our analysis shows that to the extent trade agreements protect the tobacco industry, in itself a deadly enterprise, they erode human rights principles and contribute to ill health. The tobacco industry has used trade policy to undermine effective barriers to tobacco importation. Trade negotiations provide an unwarranted opportunity for the tobacco industry to assert its interests without public scrutiny. Trade agreements provide the industry with additional tools to obstruct control policies in both developed and developing countries and at every level. The health community should become involved in reversing these trends, and help promote additional measures to protect public health.
QCD sum rules in a Bayesian approach

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gubler, Philipp; Oka, Makoto

2011-01-01

A novel technique is developed, in which the Maximum Entropy Method is used to analyze QCD sum rules. The main advantage of this approach lies in its ability of directly generating the spectral function of a given operator. This is done without the need of making an assumption about the specific functional form of the spectral function, such as in the 'pole + continuum' ansatz that is frequently used in QCD sum rule studies. Therefore, with this method it should in principle be possible to distinguish narrow pole structures form continuum states. To check whether meaningful results can be extracted within this approach, we have first investigated the vector meson channel, where QCD sum rules are traditionally known to provide a valid description of the spectral function. Our results exhibit a significant peak in the region of the experimentally observed ρ-meson mass, which agrees with earlier QCD sum rules studies and shows that the Maximum Entropy Method is a useful tool for analyzing QCD sum rules.
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The Think Tank Initiative's (TTI) Phase 2 capacity development strategy focuses on ... access to the Internet has become a priority for developing countries. ... SOCIAL JUSTICE, VIOLENCE, WOMEN, International cooperation, Gender ... Topic: LATIN AMERICA, EDUCATION, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, GENDER EQUALITY, ...

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