Shell launches its Claus off-gas desulfurization process

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Groenendaal, W; van Meurs, H C.A.

1972-01-01

The Shell Flue Gas Desulfurization (SFGD) Process was developed for removal of sulfur oxides from flue gases originating from oil-fired boilers or furnaces. It can also be used to remove sulfur dioxide from Claus sulfur recovery tail gases if they are combined with boiler/furnace flue gases. For Claus tail gas only, the Shell Claus off-gas desulfurization process was developed. Claus unit operation and desulfurization by low temperature Claus processes and conversion/concentration processes are discussed. The new Shell process consists of a conversion/concentration process involving a reduction section and an amine absorption section. In the reduction section, all sulfur compounds and free sulfur are completely reduced to hydrogen sulfide with hydrogen, or hydrogen plus carbon monoxide, over a cobalt/molybdenum-on-alumina catalyst at a temperature of about 300/sup 0/C. Extensive bench scale studies on the reduction system have been carried out. A life test of more than 4000 hr showed a stable activity of the reduction catalyst, which means that in commercial units, very long catalyst lives can be expected. The commercial feasibility of the reduction section was further demonstrated in the Godorf refinery of Deutsche Shell AG. More than 80 absorption units using alkanolamine (AIDP) solutions have been installed. Bench scale studies of the ADIP absorption units were compared to commercial experience.The total capital investment of the new Shell process is 0.7, 2.0, and 3.2 $ times 10 to the 6th power for 100, 500, and 1000 tons of sulfur/sd capacity Claus units, respectively. The total operating costs for these units are, respectively, 610, 1930 and 3310 $/stream day. The capital investment corresponds to about 75% of the capital investment of the preceding Claus unit.

Development and reactivity tests of Ce-Zr-based Claus catalysts for coal gas cleanup

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No-Kuk Park; Dong Cheul Han; Gi Bo Han; Si Ok Ryu; Tae Jin Lee; Ki Jun Yoon [Yeungnam University, Gyeongbuk (Republic of Korea). National Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology

2007-09-15

Claus reaction (2H{sub 2}S + SO{sub 2} {leftrightarrow} 3/nS{sub n} + 2H{sub 2}O) was used to clean the gasified coal gas and the reactivity of several metal oxide-based catalysts on Claus reaction was investigated at various operating conditions. In order to convert H{sub 2}S contained in the gasified coal gas to elemental sulfur during Claus reaction, the catalysts having the high activity under the highly reducing condition with the moisture should be developed. CeO{sub 2}, ZrO{sub 2}, and Ce{sub 1-x}Zr{sub x}O{sub 2} catalysts were prepared for Claus reaction and their reactivity changes due to the existence of the reducing gases and H{sub 2}O in the fuel gas was investigated in this study. The Ce-based catalysts shows that their activity was deteriorated by the reduction of the catalyst due to the reducing gases at higher than 220{sup o}C. Meanwhile, the effect of the reducing gases on the catalytic activity was not considerable at low temperature. The activities of all three catalysts were degraded on the condition that the moisture existed in the test gas. Specifically, the Ce-based catalysts were remarkably deactivated by their sulfation. The Ce-Zr-based catalyst had a high catalytic activity when the reducing gases and the moisture co-existed in the simulated fuel gas. The deactivation of the Ce-Zr-based catalyst was not observed in this study. The lattice oxygen of the Ce-based catalyst was used for the oxidation of H{sub 2}S and the lattice oxygen vacancy on the catalyst was contributed to the reduction of SO{sub 2}. ZrO{sub 2} added to the Ce-Zr-based catalyst improved the redox properties of the catalyst in Claus reaction by increasing the mobility of the lattice oxygen of CeO{sub 2}. 21 refs., 14 figs.

Constraint Specialisation in Horn Clause Verification

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kafle, Bishoksan; Gallagher, John Patrick

2015-01-01

We present a method for specialising the constraints in constrained Horn clauses with respect to a goal. We use abstract interpretation to compute a model of a query-answer transformation of a given set of clauses and a goal. The effect is to propagate the constraints from the goal top......-down and propagate answer constraints bottom-up. Our approach does not unfold the clauses at all; we use the constraints from the model to compute a specialised version of each clause in the program. The approach is independent of the abstract domain and the constraints theory underlying the clauses. Experimental...

48 CFR 871.212 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clauses. 871.212... Rehabilitation and Employment Service 871.212 Contract clauses. Contracting officers must use the following clauses, as appropriate, in solicitations and contracts for vocational rehabilitation and employment...

48 CFR 239.7103 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... OF DEFENSE SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING ACQUISITION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Security and Privacy for Computer Systems 239.7103 Contract clauses. (a) Use the clause at 252.239-7000, Protection... requires protection against compromising emanations. (b) Use the clause at 252.239-7001, Information...

48 CFR 1316.406 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clauses. 1316.406 Section 1316.406 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE CONTRACTING METHODS AND CONTRACT TYPES TYPES OF CONTRACTS Incentive Contracts 1316.406 Contract clauses. Insert a clause...

48 CFR 846.710 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clauses. 846.710 Section 846.710 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS CONTRACT MANAGEMENT QUALITY ASSURANCE Warranties 846.710 Contract clauses. The contracting officer shall insert the clause at...

48 CFR 819.709 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 819.709... PROGRAMS SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAMS The Small Business Subcontracting Program 819.709 Contract clause. The contracting officer shall insert VAAR clause 852.219-9, Small Business Subcontracting Plan Minimum...

48 CFR 2439.107 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... Departmental automated information systems or applications as they are defined in the clause. (b) The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 48 CFR 2452.239-71, Information Technology Virus Security, in... SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING ACQUISITION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 2439.107 Contract clauses. (a) The...

48 CFR 1842.271 - NASA clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 true NASA clause. 1842.271 Section 1842.271 Federal Acquisition Regulations System NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION... NASA clause. Insert the clause at 1852.242-70, Technical Direction, when paragraph 3(m) of the NASA...

48 CFR 904.7201 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 904.7201... MATTERS Public Affairs 904.7201 Contract clause. The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 952.204-75, Public Affairs, in solicitations and contracts that require the contractor to release...

48 CFR 923.103 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clauses. 923.103... Contract clauses. Insert the clause at 952.223-78, Sustainable Acquisition Program, or its Alternate I, in all contracts under which the contractor operates Government-owned facilities or Government-owned...

48 CFR 837.403 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 837.403... OF CONTRACTING SERVICE CONTRACTING Nonpersonal Health Care Services 837.403 Contract clause. The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 852.237-7, Indemnification and medical liability insurance, in...

48 CFR 811.503 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 811.503... ACQUISITION PLANNING DESCRIBING AGENCY NEEDS Liquidated Damages 811.503 Contract clause. When the contracting... contracting officer must include the clause in 852.211-74, Liquidated damages, in the contract. ...

48 CFR 803.7001 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 803.7001... Practices 803.7001 Contract clause. The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 852.203-71, Display of Department of Veterans Affairs Hotline poster, in solicitations and contracts expected to equal or...

48 CFR 819.7009 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clauses. 819.7009... Acquisition Program 819.7009 Contract clauses. The contracting officer shall insert VAAR clause 852.219-10... Veteran-Owned Small Business Set-Aside in solicitations and contracts for acquisitions under this subpart. ...

48 CFR 903.971 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 903.971... Contract clause. The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 952.203-70, Whistleblower Protection for Contractor Employees, in contracts that involve work to be done on behalf of DOE directly related...

48 CFR 926.7104 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 926.7104... 1993. 926.7104 Contract clause. The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 48 CFR (DEAR) 952.226-74, Displaced Employee Hiring Preference, in contracts (except for contracts for commercial items...

48 CFR 822.305 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 822.305... PROGRAMS APPLICATION OF LABOR LAWS TO GOVERNMENT ACQUISITIONS Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act 822.305 Contract clause. The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 852.222-70, Contract Work...

48 CFR 923.7003 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clauses. 923.7003... Efficiency, Renewable Energy Technologies, and Occupational Safety Programs 923.7003 Contract clauses. (a) A decision to include or not include environmental, safety and health clauses in DOE contracts shall be made...

48 CFR 53.111 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 53.111... AND FORMS FORMS General 53.111 Contract clause. Contracting officers shall insert the clause at 52.253-1, Computer Generated Forms, in solicitations and contracts that require the contractor to submit...

48 CFR 925.7004 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 925.7004... FOREIGN ACQUISITION Acquisition of Nuclear Hot Cell Services 925.7004 Contract clause. The contracting... solicitations and contracts involving nuclear hot cell services. This clause does not flow down to second-tier...

48 CFR 251.205 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... Fleet Management System (IFMS) Vehicles 251.205 Contract clause. Use the clause at 252.251-7001, Use of Interagency Fleet Management System (IFMS)Vehicles and Related Services, in solicitations and contracts which include the clause at FAR 52.251-2, Interagency Fleet Management System (IFMS) Vehicles and Related...

48 CFR 203.1004 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... OF DEFENSE GENERAL IMPROPER BUSINESS PRACTICES AND PERSONAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Contractor Code of Business Ethics and Conduct 203.1004 Contract clauses. (a) Use the clause at 252.203-7003 in solicitations and contracts that include the FAR clause 52.203-13, Contractor Code of Business Ethics and Conduct...

Force majeure clauses and the threat of nuclear disaster. A Japanese case study

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Guderian, Stephan Michael

2011-07-22

Force majeure clauses can be found in any commercial contract. Though more or less clear guidelines for the applicability of force majeure (clauses) exist in the form of international and national law, the applicability and enforceability of force majeure clauses with respect to nuclear incidents or disasters, however, remain ambiguous. Until the Japanese nuclear disaster, no major trade region was affected by any of the historical nuclear incidents. This case-study is based on the events surrounding the Tohoku earthquake, respective tsunami and nuclear incidents, especially at the Daiichi NPP and radiological contamination released there. The applicability and enforceability of force majeure clauses with their wide legal and economical implications are analyzed and evaluated according to the CISG and national domestic Japanese law. It is found that the assertion of force majeure is generally highly fact-specific and circumstance-sensitive. In general, the potential of nuclear disaster as an event triggering the force majeure defence is clearly evident, according to both international and Japanese law. Any claim must, however, be substantiated according to the principles of the different legal regimes under which the contract falls. In consequence, a company located within the evacuated areas will probably be able to successfully assert for majeure, whilst the success of any other claim will depend on the presentation of evidence, such as radiation levels and its effects in hindering performance of contractual obligations.

Force majeure clauses and the threat of nuclear disaster. A Japanese case study

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Guderian, Stephan Michael

2011-01-01

Force majeure clauses can be found in any commercial contract. Though more or less clear guidelines for the applicability of force majeure (clauses) exist in the form of international and national law, the applicability and enforceability of force majeure clauses with respect to nuclear incidents or disasters, however, remain ambiguous. Until the Japanese nuclear disaster, no major trade region was affected by any of the historical nuclear incidents. This case-study is based on the events surrounding the Tohoku earthquake, respective tsunami and nuclear incidents, especially at the Daiichi NPP and radiological contamination released there. The applicability and enforceability of force majeure clauses with their wide legal and economical implications are analyzed and evaluated according to the CISG and national domestic Japanese law. It is found that the assertion of force majeure is generally highly fact-specific and circumstance-sensitive. In general, the potential of nuclear disaster as an event triggering the force majeure defence is clearly evident, according to both international and Japanese law. Any claim must, however, be substantiated according to the principles of the different legal regimes under which the contract falls. In consequence, a company located within the evacuated areas will probably be able to successfully assert for majeure, whilst the success of any other claim will depend on the presentation of evidence, such as radiation levels and its effects in hindering performance of contractual obligations.

48 CFR 3.1004 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... applicable posters; and (ii) Insert the website link(s) or other contact information for obtaining the agency... Contract clauses. (a) Insert the clause at FAR 52.203-13, Contractor Code of Business Ethics and Conduct... or will be performed entirely outside the United States, insert the clause at FAR 52.203-14, Display...

Limits to Party Autonomy in International Commercial Arbitration

OpenAIRE

Giuditta Cordero-Moss

2014-01-01

International contracts are often written in a standardised manner and without taking into consideration the applicable law. This may create the illusion that the contract is the only basis for the parties' rights and obligations, especially when the contract contains an arbitration clause. Using two typical contract clauses as an illustration (force majeure clause and entire agreement clause), this article analyses the extent to which an international contract, eventhough it contains an arbi...

48 CFR 970.3270 - Standard financial management clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... Standard financial management clauses. (a) The following DEAR and FAR clauses are standard financial... Accounting Standards. (b) The following DEAR clauses are standard financial management clauses. The... systems: (1) 970.5232-7, Financial management system. (2) 970.5232-8, Integrated accounting. (c) Any...

THE LIMITATIONS IN THE APPLICATION OF THE CURRENCY CLAUSE BY THE PRINCIPLES WITH MORALCONTENT

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ivan Akrap

2015-01-01

Full Text Available The provision, which allows the use of currency clause in the Republic of Croatia is introduced in the Law on Obligations in 1994 with the purpose to realize the principle of equal value of performances, in order to protect creditors from the depreciation of the national currency. At the same time no limitations were prescribed in the application of the currency clause, which can, in the different circumstances, lead to a disproportion in the rights and obligations of the parties, on the damage of the debtor. This paper will analyze the economic, social and legal reasons for the introduction of the foreign currency clause in Law, and the importance of legal rules of business with moral content as the limitations of rights based on currency clause during execution of the contract. For that purpose, the general Civil Law rules will be restricted from the separate fields of law, which seek to protect consumers and traders. Furthermore, the authors will examine the possibilities of the protection by these special branches of law against unfair practice during contractual relations with currency clause in Croatian, European and International Law. The authors will observe the recent case law, which classify contracts with a foreign currency clause as the contract with aleatory elements. In conclusion, it would be given the answer to the question whether the basic principles with moral content limit the application of the currency clause.

The scope and applicability of Most-Favoured-Nation (MFN) clause ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

... 'treatment' in the jurisprudence of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) with a view of promoting a common vision about the scope and contours of the MFN clause contained in a number of bilateral investment treaties (BITs). Keywords: MFN, BIT, Most-Favoured Nation, investment treaties ...

48 CFR 2009.570-5 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... COMPETITION AND ACQUISITION PLANNING CONTRACTOR QUALIFICATIONS Organizational Conflicts of Interest 2009.570-5 Contract clauses. (a) General contract clause. All contracts and simplified acquisitions of the types set forth in 2009.570-4(b) must include the clause entitled, “Contractor Organizational Conflicts of...

48 CFR 970.0470-2 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 970.0470... SUPPLEMENTARY REGULATIONS DOE MANAGEMENT AND OPERATING CONTRACTS Administrative Matters 970.0470-2 Contract clause. The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 970.5204-2, Laws, Regulations, and DOE...

48 CFR 970.0371-9 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 970.0371... SUPPLEMENTARY REGULATIONS DOE MANAGEMENT AND OPERATING CONTRACTS Improper Business Practices and Personal Conflicts of Interest 970.0371-9 Contract clause. The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 970...

48 CFR 970.1103-4 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 970.1103... SUPPLEMENTARY REGULATIONS DOE MANAGEMENT AND OPERATING CONTRACTS Describing Agency Needs 970.1103-4 Contract clause. Insert the clause at 48 CFR 52.211-5, Material Requirements, in solicitations and contracts. ...

48 CFR 970.0370-2 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 970.0370... SUPPLEMENTARY REGULATIONS DOE MANAGEMENT AND OPERATING CONTRACTS Improper Business Practices and Personal Conflicts of Interest 970.0370-2 Contract clause. (a) The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 970...

48 CFR 27.201-2 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... the patent indemnity clause. Exclusion from indemnity of identified patents, as distinguished from... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clauses. 27.201-2... REQUIREMENTS PATENTS, DATA, AND COPYRIGHTS Patents and Copyrights 27.201-2 Contract clauses. (a)(1) Insert the...

48 CFR 909.507-2 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 909.507-2... PLANNING CONTRACTOR QUALIFICATIONS Organizational and Consultant Conflicts of Interest 909.507-2 Contract clause. (a)(1) The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 952.209-72, Organizational Conflicts of...

48 CFR 970.0808-3 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 970.0808... SUPPLEMENTARY REGULATIONS DOE MANAGEMENT AND OPERATING CONTRACTS Required sources of supplies and services 970.0808-3 Contract clause. The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 970.5208-1, Printing, in all...

48 CFR 942.270-2 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 942.270-2 Section 942.270-2 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACT MANAGEMENT CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION AND AUDIT SERVICES Contract Administration Services 942.270-2 Contract clause. The clause at 952...

48 CFR 1603.7003 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... HEALTH BENEFITS ACQUISITION REGULATION GENERAL IMPROPER BUSINESS PRACTICES AND PERSONAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Misleading, Deceptive, or Unfair Advertising 1603.7003 Contract clause. The clause at 1652.203-70...

The Conditional Clause in Igbo | Okoro | Lagos Notes and Records

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Structurally, the conditional clause can occur before or after the main clause, dropping or taking on a variety of subordinating conjunctions, the commonest of which is (mà) ọ bụrụ na; it is also possible to state only the conditional clause without the main clause, or the main clause without the conditional clause, with the ...

48 CFR 229.402-70 - Additional clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... performance will be in Spain. (f) Use the clause at 252.229-7006, Value Added Tax Exclusion (United Kingdom.... (i) Use the clause at 252.229-7009, Relief from Customs Duty and Value Added Tax on Fuel (Passenger... SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS TAXES Contract Clauses 229.402-70...

48 CFR 970.1706-2 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 970.1706... SUPPLEMENTARY REGULATIONS DOE MANAGEMENT AND OPERATING CONTRACTS Special Contracting Methods 970.1706-2 Contract clause. The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 48 CFR 52.217-9, Option to Extend the Term of...

48 CFR 709.507-2 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 709.507-2... PLANNING CONTRACTOR QUALIFICATIONS Organizational Conflicts of Interest 709.507-2 Contract clause. (a)-(b... after award of a contract, the clause found at 752.209-71 shall be inserted in all contracts whenever...

48 CFR 970.1707-4 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 970.1707... SUPPLEMENTARY REGULATIONS DOE MANAGEMENT AND OPERATING CONTRACTS Special Contracting Methods 970.1707-4 Contract clause. Insert the clause at 970.5217-1, Work for Others Program (Non-DOE Funded Work), in any contract...

Are mediation clauses binding and mandatory?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Constantinescu Miruna

2017-06-01

Full Text Available This study analyses the legal force of mediation clauses in the common law systems and civil law systems with a main focus on the Romanian approach. First, the introductory section illustrates the paradox between the concept of binding and mandatory effect and the mediation mechanism, a voluntary manner to settle disputes. Notwithstanding, the possibility to coerce the parties to engage into a mediation, the voluntary character of the process is illustrated by the parties’ freedom to decide whether they settle or not. Second, the role of mediation clause is analysed and its advantages are briefly described. Third, the non-compliance of the prior mediation mechanism is presented, the starting point of the discussion being represented by the manner in which the parties drafted the mediation clause. A carefully drafted mediation clause, reflecting the parties’ consent, can determine a court or an arbitral tribunal to enforce such clause. Fourth, the study ends by mentioning the approach adopted by different national courts, emphasizing the Romanian legal perspective.

48 CFR 39.107 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

..., in solicitations and contracts for information technology which require security of information technology, and/or are for the design, development, or operation of a system of records using commercial... CONTRACTING ACQUISITION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY General 39.107 Contract clause. The contracting officer...

Government control over health-related not-for-profit organisations: Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International Inc 570 US_(2013).

Science.gov (United States)

Vines, Tim; Donohoo, Angus M; Faunce, Thomas

2013-12-01

The relationship between government and the not-for-profit (NFP) sector has important implications for society, especially in relation to the delivery of public health measures and the protection of the environment. In key health-related areas such as provision of medical services, welfare, foreign aid and education, governments have traditionally preferred for the NFP sector to act as service partners, with the relationship mediated through grants or funding agreements. This service delivery arrangement is intended to provide a diversity of voices, and encourage volunteerism and altruism, in conjunction with the purposes and objectives of the relevant NGO. Under the pretence of "accountability", however, governments increasingly are seeking to impose intrusive conditions on grantees, which limit their ability to fulfil their mission and advocate on behalf of their constituents. This column examines the United States Supreme Court decision, Agency for International Development v Alliance for Open Society International Inc 570 US_(2013), and compares it to the removal of gag clauses in Australian federal funding rules. Recent national changes to the health-related NFP sector in Australia are then discussed, such as those found in the Charities Act 2013 (Cth) and the Not-for-Profit Sector Freedom to Advocate Act 2013 (Cth). These respectively include the establishment of the Australian Charities and Not-For-Profit Commission, the modernising of the definition of "charity" and statutory blocks on "gag" clauses. This analysis concludes with a survey of recent moves by Australian States to impose new restrictions on the ability of health-related NFPs to lobby against harmful government policy Among the responses considered is the protection afforded by s 51l(xxiiiA) of the Australian Constitution. This constitutional guarantee appears to have been focused historically on preventing medical and dental practitioners and related small businesses being practically coerced

48 CFR 52.252-2 - Clauses Incorporated by Reference.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

..., with the same force and effect as if they were given in full text. Upon request, the Contracting Officer will make their full text available. Also, the full text of a clause may be accessed... (CONTINUED) CLAUSES AND FORMS SOLICITATION PROVISIONS AND CONTRACT CLAUSES Text of Provisions and Clauses 52...

Hierarchical State Machines as Modular Horn Clauses

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Pierre-Loïc Garoche

2016-07-01

Full Text Available In model based development, embedded systems are modeled using a mix of dataflow formalism, that capture the flow of computation, and hierarchical state machines, that capture the modal behavior of the system. For safety analysis, existing approaches rely on a compilation scheme that transform the original model (dataflow and state machines into a pure dataflow formalism. Such compilation often result in loss of important structural information that capture the modal behaviour of the system. In previous work we have developed a compilation technique from a dataflow formalism into modular Horn clauses. In this paper, we present a novel technique that faithfully compile hierarchical state machines into modular Horn clauses. Our compilation technique preserves the structural and modal behavior of the system, making the safety analysis of such models more tractable.

48 CFR 2432.908 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... Section 2432.908 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Prompt Payment 2432.908 Contract clauses. (c)(1) The... other than the submission of an invoice or voucher, e.g., directly from proceeds of property sales. [71...

International Environmental Agreements: Emissions Trade, Safety Valves and Escape Clauses

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Karp, Larry; Zhao, Jinhua

2010-01-01

We explain how the structure of multi-national or multi-regional environmental agreements affect their chance of success. Trade in emissions permits has ambiguous and in some cases surprising effects on both the equilibrium level of abatement, and on the ability to persuade nations or regions to participate in environmental agreements. An escape clause policy and a safety valve policy have essentially the same properties when membership in environmental agreement is pre-determined, but they create markedly different effects on the incentives to join such an agreement. The two policies lead to a qualitative difference in the leverage that a potential member of the agreement exercises on other members

48 CFR 11.304 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... Section 11.304 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION ACQUISITION PLANNING DESCRIBING AGENCY NEEDS Acceptable Material 11.304 Contract clause. Insert the clause at 52.211-5, Material Requirements, in solicitations and contracts for supplies that are not commercial items. ...

48 CFR 22.1408 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... Section 22.1408 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS APPLICATION OF LABOR LAWS TO GOVERNMENT ACQUISITIONS Employment of Workers with Disabilities 22.1408 Contract clause. (a) Insert the clause at 52.222-36, Affirmative Action for Workers with...

48 CFR 9.308 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clauses. 9.308 Section 9.308 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION ACQUISITION PLANNING CONTRACTOR QUALIFICATIONS First Article Testing and Approval 9.308 Contract clauses. ...

Negotiating dispute settlement in the international petroleum industry: the international chamber of commerce

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bond, S.R.

1994-01-01

In general, arbitration continues to be more rapid and less expensive than litigation and has other advantages in international dispute resolution. Elements which should be considered in drafting and negotiating an arbitration clause are discussed. A pragmatic basis for this is supplied by an analysis of arbitration clauses in the 237 cases submitted to the International Chamber of Commerce Court of Arbitration in 1987 and the 215 submitted in 1989. (UK)

48 CFR 970.0407-1-3 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 970.0407... SUPPLEMENTARY REGULATIONS DOE MANAGEMENT AND OPERATING CONTRACTS Administrative Matters 970.0407-1-3 Contract clause. The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 970.5204-3, Access to and Ownership of Records...

48 CFR 923.903 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... ENVIRONMENT, CONSERVATION, OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY, AND DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE Contractor Compliance With Environmental Management Systems § 923.903 Contract clause. The FAR Environmental Management Systems clause at.... Some DOE sites have a single Environmental Management System for the site while others have separate...

48 CFR 937.7040 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clauses. 937.7040... CONTRACTING SERVICE CONTRACTING Protective Services Contracting 937.7040 Contract clauses. The contracting... services” in all protective services solicitations and contracts involving DOE-owned facilities requiring...

48 CFR 908.1104 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clauses. 908.1104 Section 908.1104 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY COMPETITION ACQUISITION PLANNING REQUIRED SOURCES OF SUPPLIES AND SERVICES Leasing of Motor Vehicles 908.1104 Contract clauses. (f...

48 CFR 916.307 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clauses. 916.307 Section 916.307 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACTING METHODS AND CONTRACT TYPES TYPES OF CONTRACTS Cost-Reimbursement Contracts 916.307 Contract clauses. (g) Insert the...

48 CFR 704.404 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 704.404... ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS Safeguarding Classified Information Within Industry 704.404 Contract clause. If the contract involves access to classified (“Confidential”, “Secret”, or “Top Secret”), or administratively...

48 CFR 833.215 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 833.215 Section 833.215 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS PROTESTS, DISPUTES, AND APPEALS Disputes and Appeals 833.215 Contract clause. The contracting...

48 CFR 947.7002 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 947.7002 Section 947.7002 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACT MANAGEMENT TRANSPORTATION Foreign Travel 947.7002 Contract clause. When foreign travel may be required under the contract...

48 CFR 432.412 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 432.412 Section 432.412 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Advance Payments for Non-Commercial Items 432.412 Contract clause. The decision...

48 CFR 244.403 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 244.403... OF DEFENSE CONTRACT MANAGEMENT SUBCONTRACTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES Subcontracts for Commercial Items and Commercial Components 244.403 Contract clause. (1) 252.225-7009, Restriction on Acquisition of...

Constraint specialisation in Horn clause verification

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kafle, Bishoksan; Gallagher, John Patrick

2017-01-01

We present a method for specialising the constraints in constrained Horn clauses with respect to a goal. We use abstract interpretation to compute a model of a query–answer transformed version of a given set of clauses and a goal. The constraints from the model are then used to compute...... a specialised version of each clause. The effect is to propagate the constraints from the goal top-down and propagate answer constraints bottom-up. The specialisation procedure can be repeated to yield further specialisation. The approach is independent of the abstract domain and the constraint theory...

48 CFR 970.2201-1-3 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 970.2201... SUPPLEMENTARY REGULATIONS DOE MANAGEMENT AND OPERATING CONTRACTS Application of Labor Policies 970.2201-1-3 Contract clause. In addition to the clause at 48 CFR 52.222-1, Notice to the Government of Labor Disputes...

48 CFR 803.570-2 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... BUSINESS PRACTICES AND PERSONAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Other Improper Business Practices 803.570-2 Contract clause. The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 852.203-70, Commercial advertising, in...

48 CFR 503.570-2 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... BUSINESS PRACTICES AND PERSONAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Other Improper Business Practices 503.570-2 Contract clause. Insert the clause at 552.203-71, Restriction on Advertising, in solicitations and contracts...

37 CFR 11.61 - Savings clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Savings clause. 11.61 Section... Disciplinary Proceedings; Jurisdiction, Sanctions, Investigations, and Proceedings § 11.61 Savings clause. (a... subsequent to such effective date, if such conduct would continue to justify suspension or exclusion under...

48 CFR 732.111 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clauses. 732.111... CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING General 732.111 Contract clauses. (a) [Reserved] (b) USAID may... Agency-specific indefinite quantity contracts that are a combination of contract types. Rather than using...

48 CFR 811.404 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 811.404... ACQUISITION PLANNING DESCRIBING AGENCY NEEDS Delivery or Performance Schedules 811.404 Contract clause. When delivery is required by or on a particular date for f.o.b. destination contracts, the contracting officer...

The effectiveness of take-or-pay clauses under the Brazilian courts; A eficacia das clausulas de 'take-or-pay' nos tribunais brasileiros

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Goncalves, Bruno A.; Travassos, Cristiano H. [Tess Advogados, Sao Paulo, SP (Brazil)

2008-07-01

The international energy industry, where the sale of their commodities (oil, natural gas, biofuels and its derivatives), typically uses in its long-term contracts clauses take-or-pay. However, questioning about the Brazilian judicial effectiveness of such clauses appears each day. This paper aims to establish a rationale clause of take-or-pay; have terms and typical conditions of one clause of take-or-pay; discuss the existing national law on the subject; list the main questions arising from the applicability of the terms of take-or-pay, and the potential solutions to the current scenario.

A comparative study in the UNCITRAL model law about the independence of the arbitration clause

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Atefeh Darami Zadeh

2018-02-01

Full Text Available The aim of the paper was to investigate the independence of the arbitration clause from the main contract in the International Commercial Arbitration Law of Iran with a comparative study in the UNCITRAL model law. The effectiveness of this type of procedure, its coordination with the specific objectives and the special status of international traders has led to their increasing willingness to use this legal solution. We use a comparative method, quasi-experimental, to describe similarities and differences in variables in two or more existing groups in a natural setting; it resembles an experiment as it uses manipulation but lacks random assignment of individual subjects.  This study begins analyzing international arbitration and the UNCITRAL model rules (Chapters I to VI, then reviewing the national arbitration (Chapter V; thus, the effects of the principle of independence of the arbitration clause can be seen (Chapter VII and, later, the problems that arise (Chapters VIII to X. Even so, the main conclusion is that the parties usually agree to resolve their international disputes through arbitration, which is judged privately and universally accepted.

48 CFR 3027.409 - Solicitation provisions and contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... containing the basic clause unless the HCA approves an exclusion. Additional non-conflicting alternates may... and contract clauses. 3027.409 Section 3027.409 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF..., AND COPYRIGHTS Rights in Data and Copyrights 3027.409 Solicitation provisions and contract clauses...

48 CFR 870.111-3 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... officer shall include the clause at 852.270-2, Bread and bakery products—quantities, in solicitations and contracts for bread and bakery products. (b) The contracting officer shall include the clause at 852.270-3...

48 CFR 552.252-6 - Authorized Deviations in Clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... published in the General Services Administration Acquisition Regulation (48 CFR chapter 5). (2) This... published in the General Services Administration Acquisition Regulation by the addition of “(DEVIATION (FAR... ADMINISTRATION CLAUSES AND FORMS SOLICITATION PROVISIONS AND CONTRACT CLAUSES Text of Provisions and Clauses 552...

48 CFR 925.901 - Omission of the audit clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Omission of the audit clause. 925.901 Section 925.901 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS FOREIGN ACQUISITION Additional Foreign Acquisition Clauses 925.901 Omission of the audit clause...

The Non-Proliferation Treaty and the Withdrawal Clause

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Boutherin, Gregory

2008-01-01

Like any international agreement, the NPT includes a withdrawal clause. The North Korean withdrawal, which was announced in 1993 and became effective in 2003, shows how difficult it is to preserve this possibility, while guaranteeing compliance with signed agreements. To achieve this target, two conditions are required: first, enhancing the means by which the reasons for withdrawals can be made clear and second, to allow the Security Council to draw all the consequences of withdrawals that could imply that a treaty has been violated

THE ROLE OF THE GRAMMAR ON PORTUGUESE TEXTBOOKS: A LOOK ON TEACHING OF RELATIVE CLAUSE

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Aliana Lopes CÂMARA

2014-12-01

Full Text Available This paper studies how the textbooks of Portuguese Language of Secondary School, approved by the Programa Nacional do Livro Didático-2014, approach the teaching of grammar, in particular as regards the treatment of the relative subordinate clause. For this, first we start with the comparison between the proposals manuals for teaching grammar and what was accomplished in the student book. Furthermore, we propose here an interface between the results of the analysis of textbooks and functional description of the relative clause. In other words, we try to verify as some descriptive aspects can be used in the teaching of relative clause, with the aim of developing reading and writing skills. In order to do that, we take as theoretical framework the different conceptions of grammar proposed in Travaglia (2009, 2011 and Functional Discourse Grammar (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008. This research points to the need to emphasize the cohesive role established by the relative pronoun that introduces the relative clause, to understand the non-restrictive relative clause from its argumentative function and to review the distinction between subtypes of adjective clause from the criteria of omission of the subordinate clause.

Topic extraction from adverbial clauses

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Carlos Rubio Alcalá

2016-06-01

Full Text Available This paper offers new data to support findings about Topic extraction from adverbial clauses. Since such clauses are strong islands, they should not allow extraction of any kind, but we show here that if the appropriate conditions are met, Topics of the CLLD kind in Romance can move out of them. We propose that two conditions must be met for such movement to be possible: the first is that the adverbial clause must have undergone topicalisation in the first place; the second is that the adverbial clause is inherently topical from a semantic viewpoint. Contrast with other language families (Germanic, Quechua and Japanese is provided and the semantic implications of the proposal are briefly discussed. Keywords: topicalisation; Clitic Left Dislocation; syntactic islands; adverbial clauses Este artículo ofrece nuevos datos sobre la extracción de Tópicos desde oraciones subordinadas adverbiales. Dado que dichas oraciones son islas fuertes, no deberían permitir extracción de ningún tipo, pero mostramos que si se dan las condiciones apropiadas, los Tópicos del tipo CLLD en lenguas románicas pueden desplazarse fuera de ellas. Proponemos que se deben cumplir dos condiciones para que ese movimiento sea posible: la primera es que la propia subordinada adverbial se haya topicalizado en primer lugar; la segunda es que la subordinada adverbial sea inherentemente un Tópico desde el punto de vista semántico. Proporcionamos también algunos contrastes con otras familias lingüísticas (germánica, quechua y japonés y se discuten brevemente las implicaciones semánticas de la propuesta. Palabras clave: topicalización; dislocación a la izquierda con clítico; islas sintácticas; oraciones adverbiales

Strategy to Combine Clauses In Waijewa Dialect A Sumbanese Language

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ni Wayan Kasni

2012-07-01

Full Text Available Clause is defined as a grammatical unit consisting of the elements of subject (S and predicate (P, both with object (O and adverbial (A, and has the capability of being a sentence. Clauses can be categorized based on (i the core arguments, (ii  the presence or absence of negative words in predicate, (iii the categories of words or phrases that occupy predicate function, (iv  its capacity of being a sentence, (v  their functions in sentences. A clause can be combined in two ways, first using coordinate conjunction forming a coordinate construction, and second using subordinate conjunction forming a subordinate construction. This research attempted to analyze the strategy of combining clauses in Waijewa Dialect; a Sumbanese language. This research applied qualitative method in which the written data were collected from three key informants and four supporting informants from each district in Waijewa using four techniques namely; (1 observation, (2 structure-based interview, (3 documentation, and (4 triangulation. The collected data were analyzed using distributional method. The theory used to analyze the data was the language typology theory proposed by Dixon (1994 and 2010 and Comrie (1983. The result showed that in Waijewa dialect clauses could be divided into two; namely, the clauses having verbal predicates and the ones having nonverbal predicates. Waijewa dialect has clitic pronouns marking the arguments of the verbs. They showed nominative, accusative, and genitive cases. The coordinate constructions in BSDW could be categorized into two forms such as:  (1 syndetic (construction marked by conjunction and (2 asyndetic (without conjunction marker. The forms of subordinate clause in subordinate construction were divided into three; namely, (1 relative clause, (2 complementation clause, and (3 adjunct clause. Arguments A and S were relativized by gapping and attaching the prefix {a-} to the V and the relativization of the arguments O, E

Elicited Production of Relative Clauses in German: Evidence from Typically Developing Children and Children with Specific Language Impairment

Science.gov (United States)

Adani, Flavia; Stegenwallner-Schütz, Maja; Haendler, Yair; Zukowski, Andrea

2016-01-01

We elicited the production of various types of relative clauses in a group of German-speaking children with specific language impairment (SLI) and typically developing controls in order to test the movement optionality account of grammatical difficulty in SLI. The results show that German-speaking children with SLI are impaired in relative clause…

48 CFR 3447.7000 - Foreign travel clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Foreign travel clause. 3447.7000 Section 3447.7000 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION ACQUISITION REGULATION CONTRACT MANAGEMENT TRANSPORTATION Foreign Travel 3447.7000 Foreign travel clause. The contracting...

Comparison of time adjustment clauses between DZ3910, AS4000 and STCC

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

David Finnie

2013-03-01

Full Text Available This article examines time adjustment clauses, as they relate to time adjustment between standard terms of construction contracts. DZ3910, AS4000 and STCC were compared on the basis of how risks are allocated, how this may impact on the contractor’s pricing, and ease of understanding for each clause. ASTCC was found to be the most easily interpreted contract, followed by AS4000 and then NZS3910. These assessments were based on the following: a whether each contract contains words with multiple meanings, b the number of words used per sentence, c the amount of internal cross-referencing, and d the clarity of the contract structure. The allowable pre-conditions for the contractor to claim a time adjustment are similar for all three contracts, and none of them expressly state which party is to bare the risk of buildability, or address the risk of a designer’s disclaimer clause. All of the contracts adopt the principle of contra preferentum which means that the employer bares the risk of variance if there are any ambiguities in the design documentation. Due to their similarities of risk allocation, all of the contracts provide the employer with a similar amount of price surety. AS4000 is the only contract to contain a stringent time-bar clause, limiting a contractor’s time adjustment claim. ASTCC requires the contractor to apply ‘immediately’ and DZ3910 provides a time-bar of 20 working days or as soon as practicable. None of the contracts clarify whether their timing requirements take precedence over the prevention principle, or over any other ground for claiming a time adjustment. The effect of DZ3910’s pre-notification clause 5.19.3 is discussed, and an alternative contents structure is recommended for DZ3910, using a project management method.

48 CFR 225.7403-2 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... performance or travel outside the United States, except for contracts with— (a) Foreign governments; (b..., DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS FOREIGN ACQUISITION Defense Contractors Outside the United States 225.7403-2 Contract clause. Use the clause at 252.225-7043, Antiterrorism/Force Protection Policy...

48 CFR 2011.104-70 - NRC Clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... ACQUISITION PLANNING DESCRIBING AGENCY NEEDS Delivery or Performance Schedules-Contract Clauses 2011.104-70...) The contracting officer shall insert the clause at 2052.211-72 Financial Status Report, in applicable cost reimbursement solicitations and contracts when detailed assessment of costs is warranted and a...

Rights granted in the habendum clause

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Burgess, P.W.

1998-01-01

The habendum clause sets out the conditions for the continuance of a petroleum or natural gas lease during the primary term and during the events or circumstances which will continue the lease beyond the primary term. This paper describes the rights granted in the habendum clause. Typical older forms of freehold leases are compared with the model lease form and with the 1991 form of the Canadian Association of Petroleum Landmen (CAPL) Petroleum and Natural Gas lease. These comparisons were made in an effort to analyse the changes in the nature of the rights granted in the habendum clause. The most significant change is that the 1991 CAPL lease form avoids the 'unless' pitfalls of older forms by creating firstly the 'drill or pay' form of habendum clause, and by introducing the alternatives of paying either a lump sum one time rental or a periodic rental payment. The effect of these changes is that failure to make timely payments does not result in automatic termination of the lease, but rather one which must be made subject of a default notice by the lessor to the lessee.12 refs

48 CFR 1852.301 - Solicitation provisions and contract clauses (Matrix).

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 true Solicitation provisions and contract clauses (Matrix). 1852.301 Section 1852.301 Federal Acquisition Regulations System NATIONAL... and Clause Matrix 1852.301 Solicitation provisions and contract clauses (Matrix). ...

48 CFR 1836.570 - NASA solicitation provisions and contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 true NASA solicitation provisions and contract clause. 1836.570 Section 1836.570 Federal Acquisition Regulations System NATIONAL... CONTRACTS Contract Clauses 1836.570 NASA solicitation provisions and contract clause. (a) The contracting...

The validity of knock-for-knock clauses in comparative perspective

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Cavaleri, Sylvie Cécile

This article discusses the validity of so-called knock-for-knock clauses, by which parties to offshore oil and gas or maritime contracts agree that each of them will cover its own losses regardless of who caused them. The issue of validity of such clauses and of the liability exclusions they cont......This article discusses the validity of so-called knock-for-knock clauses, by which parties to offshore oil and gas or maritime contracts agree that each of them will cover its own losses regardless of who caused them. The issue of validity of such clauses and of the liability exclusions...... criteria used to promote or dismiss knock-for-knock clauses in case law and academic literature, the article reaches the conclusion that the question of whether knock-for-knock clauses should be held valid depends on whose interests are being considered, and that further research is warranted...

48 CFR 916.203-4 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clauses. 916.203-4 Section 916.203-4 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACTING METHODS AND CONTRACT TYPES TYPES OF CONTRACTS Fixed-Price Contracts 916.203-4 Contract clauses. (d)(2) The...

48 CFR 1535.007-70 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... clause at 1552.235-70, Screening Business Information for Claims of Confidentiality, in contracts when... proprietary or confidential by the business that has the right to the information. (b) The Contracting Officer shall insert the clause at 48 CFR 1552.235-71, Treatment of Confidential Business Information, in...

48 CFR 227.7102-3 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 227.7102..., DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS PATENTS, DATA, AND COPYRIGHTS Rights in Technical Data 227.7102-3 Contract clause. (a)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this subsection, use the...

48 CFR 52.301 - Solicitation provisions and contract clauses (Matrix).

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Solicitation provisions and contract clauses (Matrix). 52.301 Section 52.301 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL... and Clause Matrix 52.301 Solicitation provisions and contract clauses (Matrix). Note: The FAR matrix...

48 CFR 211.274-6 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... Valuation, in solicitations and contracts that— (i) Require item identification or valuation, or both, in... the clause at— (i) FAR 52.245-1, Government Property; or (ii) FAR 52.245-2, Government Property...— (1) Contain the clause at 252.211-7003, Item Identification and Valuation; and (2) Require the...

48 CFR 970.2303-3 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... facility, the clause at 48 CFR 970.5223-1, Integration of Environment, Safety and Health into Work Planning..., Renewable Energy Technologies, Occupational Safety and Drug-Free Work Place 970.2303-3 Contract clauses. (a) When work under management and operating contracts and subcontracts thereunder is to be performed at a...

Processing Relative Clause Extractions in Swedish

OpenAIRE

Tutunjian, Damon; Heinat, Fredrik; Klingvall, Eva; Wiklund, Anna-Lena

2017-01-01

Relative clauses are considered strong islands for extraction across languages. Swedish comprises a well-known exception, allegedly allowing extraction from relative clauses (RCE), raising the possibility that island constraints may be subject to “deep variation” between languages. One alternative is that such exceptions are only illusory and represent “surface variation” attributable to independently motivated syntactic properties. Yet, to date, no surface account has proven tenable for Swed...

A Logical Deduction Based Clause Learning Algorithm for Boolean Satisfiability Problems

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Qingshan Chen

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Clause learning is the key component of modern SAT solvers, while conflict analysis based on the implication graph is the mainstream technology to generate the learnt clauses. Whenever a clause in the clause database is falsified by the current variable assignments, the SAT solver will try to analyze the reason by using different cuts (i.e., the Unique Implication Points on the implication graph. Those schemes reflect only the conflict on the current search subspace, does not reflect the inherent conflict directly involved in the rest space. In this paper, we propose a new advanced clause learning algorithm based on the conflict analysis and the logical deduction, which reconstructs a linear logical deduction by analyzing the relationship of different decision variables between the backjumping level and the current decision level. The logical deduction result is then added into the clause database as a newly learnt clause. The resulting implementation in Minisat improves the state-of-the-art performance in SAT solving.

48 CFR 922.103-5 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clauses. 922.103... PROGRAMS APPLICATION OF LABOR LAWS TO GOVERNMENT ACQUISITION Basic Labor Policies 922.103-5 Contract clauses. In accordance with FAR 22.101-1(e) and FAR 22.103-5, the contracting officer shall insert the...

Inversion in Copular Clauses and Its Consequences

Science.gov (United States)

Selvanathan, Nagarajan

2016-01-01

In this dissertation, I investigate specificational copular clauses (Higgins 1973). My aim is to not only propose an analysis for how such specificational copular clauses are derived but also to use such constructions as a testing ground for evaluating and/ or revising different aspects of linguistic theory. The language I primarily use towards…

48 CFR 1649.101-71 - FEHBP termination for convenience clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 true FEHBP termination for convenience clause. 1649.101-71 Section 1649.101-71 Federal Acquisition Regulations System OFFICE OF PERSONNEL... CONTRACTS General Principles 1649.101-71 FEHBP termination for convenience clause. The clause set forth in...

Semantic Bias in the Acquisition of Relative Clauses in Japanese

Science.gov (United States)

Ozeki, Hiromi; Shirai, Yasuhiro

2010-01-01

This study analyzes the acquisition of relative clauses in Japanese to determine the semantic and functional characteristics of children's relative clauses in spontaneous speech. Longitudinal data from five Japanese children are analyzed and compared with English data (Diessel & Tomasello, 2000). The results show that the relative clauses produced…

The Role of the Penalty Clause in Business

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Maria Stegariu

2016-07-01

Full Text Available The interest in this topic is determined, on one hand, by the way of interpreting the provisions which regulate the contractual liability in general and of those regarding the penalty clause in particular, and, on the other hand, by the formulation of certain proposals de lege ferenda. By stipulating the penalty clause, the law seeks to execute the contractual obligations, and not to collect penalties. The legal base of the ancillary character of the penalty clause is article 1538, paragraph 3 of the Civil Code.    

Nominalized clauses, clausal arguments and agreement

OpenAIRE

Picallo, M. Carme

2001-01-01

Strict minimalist assumptions require adopting the hypothesis that argument clauses and nominalized clauses are assigned Phi features. The data examined suggest that the interpretable Phi content of these arguments is specified as [-P, -N, -G]. We conclude that all arguments (of the clausal or of the nominal types) are subject to the operation Agree with a functional category. All arguments behave alike as far as abstract computational operations is concerned. The computational component is b...

18 CFR 35.14 - Fuel cost and purchased economic power adjustment clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... economic power adjustment clauses. 35.14 Section 35.14 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL... SCHEDULES AND TARIFFS Other Filing Requirements § 35.14 Fuel cost and purchased economic power adjustment clauses. (a) Fuel adjustment clauses (fuel clause) which are not in conformity with the principles set out...

Removing Unnecessary Variables from Horn Clause Verification Conditions

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Emanuele De Angelis

2016-07-01

Full Text Available Verification conditions (VCs are logical formulas whose satisfiability guarantees program correctness. We consider VCs in the form of constrained Horn clauses (CHC which are automatically generated from the encoding of (an interpreter of the operational semantics of the programming language. VCs are derived through program specialization based on the unfold/fold transformation rules and, as it often happens when specializing interpreters, they contain unnecessary variables, that is, variables which are not required for the correctness proofs of the programs under verification. In this paper we adapt to the CHC setting some of the techniques that were developed for removing unnecessary variables from logic programs, and we show that, in some cases, the application of these techniques increases the effectiveness of Horn clause solvers when proving program correctness.

Tree automata-based refinement with application to Horn clause verification

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kafle, Bishoksan; Gallagher, John Patrick

2015-01-01

In this paper we apply tree-automata techniques to refinement of abstract interpretation in Horn clause verification. We go beyond previous work on refining trace abstractions; firstly we handle tree automata rather than string automata and thereby can capture traces in any Horn clause derivation...... compare the results with other state of the art Horn clause verification tools....

48 CFR 3427.472 - Advertising of awards clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Advertising of awards... Copyrights 3427.472 Advertising of awards clause. The contracting officer shall insert the clause in 3452.227-72, Advertising of Awards, in all solicitations and contracts other than purchase orders. ...

48 CFR 3427.470 - Publication and publicity clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Publication and publicity... Copyrights 3427.470 Publication and publicity clause. The contracting officer shall insert the clause in 3452.227-70, Publication and Publicity, in all solicitations and contracts other than purchase orders. ...

48 CFR 14.201-3 - Part II-Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... CONTRACTING METHODS AND CONTRACT TYPES SEALED BIDDING Solicitation of Bids 14.201-3 Part II—Contract clauses... law or by this regulation and any additional clauses expected to apply to any resulting contract, if...

Clause packaging in writing and speech: A cross-linguistic developmental analysis

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Verhoeven, L.T.W.; Aparici, M.; Cahana-Amitay, D.; Hell, J.G. van; Kriz, S.; Vigué-Siom, A.

2002-01-01

This article analyses clause packaging in the written narrative and expository texts in Dutch, English, French, Hebrew, and Spanish by grade-school children and adults. A “clause package” is defined as a text unit consisting of clauses linked by syntactic, thematic, and discursive criteria. Our

48 CFR 1816.307-70 - NASA contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... officer may insert a clause substantially as stated at 1852.216-87, Submission of Vouchers for Payment, in... ADMINISTRATION CONTRACTING METHODS AND CONTRACT TYPES TYPES OF CONTRACTS Cost-Reimbursement Contracts 1816.307-70... clause at 1852.216-75, Payment of Fixed Fee, in cost-plus-fixed-fee contracts. Modifications to the...

Horn clause verification with convex polyhedral abstraction and tree automata-based refinement

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kafle, Bishoksan; Gallagher, John Patrick

2017-01-01

In this paper we apply tree-automata techniques to refinement of abstract interpretation in Horn clause verification. We go beyond previous work on refining trace abstractions; firstly we handle tree automata rather than string automata and thereby can capture traces in any Horn clause derivations...... underlying the Horn clauses. Experiments using linear constraint problems and the abstract domain of convex polyhedra show that the refinement technique is practical and that iteration of abstract interpretation with tree automata-based refinement solves many challenging Horn clause verification problems. We...... compare the results with other state-of-the-art Horn clause verification tools....

78 FR 73475 - Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement: Clauses With Alternates-Research and...

Science.gov (United States)

2013-12-06

... alternate, and to include in the regulation the full text of the alternate clause. DATES: Comment date... provide each alternate clause in full text in the regulation. The inclusion of the full text of the... from from the basic clause. Placing the alternate clause in full text in the regulation will clarify...

Functionalist analysis of the positioning of temporal clauses in reports of Revista Seleções

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sávio André de Souza CAVALCANTE

2016-07-01

Full Text Available The present work aims to analyze, subsidized by the vision functionalist, the motivations discursive in employment of temporal clauses. The investigation if justifies by the need of giving a contribution a description of Portuguese based in functionalist studies. The research is of qualitative nature and quantitative, because it uses techniques of interpretation for the description of the data presented and, beyond the more, considers the number of occurrences as a factor important for the analysis of results. Regarding the corpus, were selected editions published during four years of Revista Seleções, which were: 2002, 2003, 2008 and 2009. With the results obtained, it was noted that there was a preference for using clauses developed and also a predilection by anteposition of the temporal clauses in relation to its core or main clause, latter being observed fact in more than half of the occurrences analyzed.

48 CFR 1337.110-71 - Additional DOC clauses related to service contracting.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Additional DOC clauses related to service contracting. 1337.110-71 Section 1337.110-71 Federal Acquisition Regulations System....110-71 Additional DOC clauses related to service contracting. (a) Insert a clause substantially...

ESSENTIAL CLAUSES OF INDIVIDUAL EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT - QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Monica Gheorghe

2016-11-01

Full Text Available This study aims to analyze the legal texts of the Labour Code which refers to the elements / clauses in individual employment contract and clarifying those that have been essential. Rules of the Labour Code which refer to the contents of the individual employment contract are not consistent. The texts of the La bour Code which refer to the essential and specific clauses in individual employment contract are art. 17 para. (1 - (3, art. 20 and art. 41-48. Also Order no. 64/2003 sets out the mandatory elements that must be included in the individual employment con tract, showing that through negotiation between the parties, the contract may include specific clauses under the law. The analysis is done in the light of the provisions of art. 1179 and art. 1185 of the Civil Code, as in common law. At the end of the stud y, we conclude that certain provisions were essential character to the conclusion of any individual employment contract, others result of the negotiation, have essential character only to the contracting parties, while certain clauses are essential for certain types of individual employment contracts . Finally, it is assessed and the consequences of lack of essential clauses and establish its content contrary to legal norms.

48 CFR 22.1505 - Solicitation provision and contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

....222-19, Child Labor—Cooperation with Authorities and Remedies, in all solicitations and contracts for... contract clause. 22.1505 Section 22.1505 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION... contract clause. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of 22.1503, insert the provision at 52.222-18...

Elicited Production of Relative Clauses in Children with Williams Syndrome

Science.gov (United States)

Zukowski, Andrea

2009-01-01

Relative clauses have been implicated alternately as a strength and a weakness in the language of people with Williams Syndrome (WS). To clarify the facts, an elicited production test was administered to 10 people with WS (age 10-16 years), 10 typically developing children (age 4-7 years), and 12 typically developing adults. Nearly every WS…

Clause linkage in Ket

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Nefedov, Andrey

2015-01-01

This work provides a typologically oriented description of clause linkage strategies in Ket, a highly endangered language spoken in Central Siberia. It is now the only surviving member of the Yeniseian language family with the last remaining speakers residing in the north of Russia’s Krasnoyarsk

Processing Relative Clause Extractions in Swedish

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Damon Tutunjian

2017-12-01

Full Text Available Relative clauses are considered strong islands for extraction across languages. Swedish comprises a well-known exception, allegedly allowing extraction from relative clauses (RCE, raising the possibility that island constraints may be subject to “deep variation” between languages. One alternative is that such exceptions are only illusory and represent “surface variation” attributable to independently motivated syntactic properties. Yet, to date, no surface account has proven tenable for Swedish RCEs. The present study uses eyetracking while reading to test whether the apparent acceptability of Swedish RCEs has any processing correlates at the point of filler integration compared to uncontroversial strong island violations. Experiment 1 tests RCE against licit that-clause extraction (TCE, illicit extraction from a non-restrictive relative clause (NRCE, and an intransitive control. For this, RCE was found to pattern similarly to TCE at the point of integration in early measures, but between TCE and NRCE in total durations. Experiment 2 uses RCE and extraction from a subject NP island (SRCE to test the hypothesis that only non-islands will show effects of implausible filler-verb dependencies. RCE showed sensitivity to the plausibility manipulation across measures at the first potential point of filler integration, whereas such effects were limited to late measures for SRCE. In addition, structural facilitation was seen across measures for RCE relative to SRCE. We propose that our results are compatible with RCEs being licit weak island extractions in Swedish, and that the overall picture speaks in favor of a surface rather than a deep variation approach to the lack of island effects in Swedish RCEs.

Direct Stakeholder's Perception of PPA Clauses In The Nepalese Environment

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R.B. Shrestha

2007-12-01

Full Text Available The paper analyses the perceptions of the stakeholders regarding the key issues in Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs in the Nepalese Environment. A total of 90 questionnaires representing sponsors, utility, lenders and government officials were used for the study. The questionnaire sought the perception of the stakeholders regarding the significance (importance of the clauses and the likelihood of inclusion of the clauses in PPAs. Comparison of the ranks of means was conducted by Kruskal-Wallis tests to see the significance of the differences in responses of the stakeholders and Mann-Whitney tests to see the significance of the differences of the pairs of stakeholders. Data analysis showed clauses where the prime stakeholders have similar stand and clauses where the perceptions are divergent. The findings of this paper will help the stakeholders in negotiating PPAs.

78 FR 48404 - Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement: Clauses With Alternates-Contract Financing...

Science.gov (United States)

2013-08-08

...-AI02 Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement: Clauses With Alternates--Contract Financing... Supplement (DFARS) to create an overarching prescription for the set of contract financing related clauses... amend the DFARS to create an overarching prescription for the contract financing clause with one...

An Effective Supervision Model of a Standard Clause for Consumer Protection in the Business Transactions

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

M. Syamsudin

2017-03-01

Full Text Available This research aims to form an effective supervision model of a standard clause to protect consumer’s rights and interests. This study answers the questions the effectiveness of a standard clause supervision carried out by Otoritas Jasa Keuangan [Financial Services Authority (OJK] and Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen [Consumer Dispute Settlement Agency (BPSK]; effective supervision model of a standard clause which can protect the rights and interest of the consumer. The object of this study are OJK and BPSK as a supervision of a standard clause. The result of this research shows that the supervision of standard clause done by those institutions has not been effective yet, this caused by several factors to wit the weakness of implementing regulation in terms of supervision, unclear supervision mechanism, the weakness of socialization related to the rules of standard clause towards business actors, and other weakness and obstacles faced by both institutions. The effective supervision model of standard clause is being formed that based on five points, namely: (1 the needs of institution/agency reformation who authorize to do supervision of standard clause; (2 the needs to determine the scope of duty and authority of standard clause supervision institution; (3 the needs of determination of material range about standard clause subjected to supervision which comprises: the content, the form, the position and the expression; (4 the needs of precise mechanism of standard clause supervision conducted by supervision institution; (5 the needs of following up the supervision results, especially to the business actors who break the standard clause rules.

Understanding of subordinate clauses in the language of dysphasic children

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Lazarević Emilija

2007-01-01

Full Text Available This paper presents the results of the research of peculiarities of syntactic development, as an element of language structure on the grammatical level of children suffering from developmental dysphasia, after the completed speech pathology treatment of many years. Syntactic level at younger school age was studied by assessing language competence in the accomplishment of communicative sentence with subordinate clause. The research was performed on the samples of children at school age in regular primary schools in Belgrade. The sample comprised 160 respondents who were divided in two groups: target and comparative. The target group consisted of 60 respondents (children suffering from developmental dysphasia after the completed speech pathology treatment of many years, and the comparative group consisted of 100 respondents from regular primary school "Gavrilo Princip" in Zemun. Research results show that grammatical development of children suffering from developmental dysphasia takes place at a considerably slower rate and entails substantially more difficulties in accomplishing predication in subordinate clauses. This paper discusses the consequences which the difficulties in grammatical development can have on school achievement.

"No-hire" clauses in healthcare sector contracts: their use and enforceability.

Science.gov (United States)

Basanta, W Eugene

2006-01-01

In today's healthcare industry, many hospitals utilize outside agencies for both business and clinical functions. This Article acknowledges the prevalence of outsourcing contract labor in the healthcare arena and focuses on the restrictive provisions included in these employment contracts, particularly "no-hire" clauses. No-hire clauses are often included in contracts between healthcare providers and professional groups that provide clinical service employees to the provider, such as a medical practice group providing physicians to a hospital or an agency providing nurses to a nursing home. These clauses usually provide that the healthcare provider may not directly hire an employee provided by the professional group, nor may it contract with another professional group that later hires the employee. The purpose of a no-hire clause is two-fold: to protect the professional group's investment of time and moneyfor recruiting, training, and establishing the employee's clinical practice, and to give the professional group leverage to retain its employees. While noncompete clauses in employment contracts have traditionally been the subject of litigation, no-hire clauses raise distinct legal issues. Case law provides conflicting views as to the enforceability of these provisions. Some courts find no-hire clauses to be per se illegal restrictions on trade, while others will permit them when they are reasonable within a specific context. The author proposes that a multifactor test be applied on a case-by-case basis to determine the reasonableness of the no-hire provision in a given employment contract and suggests drafting improvements to facilitate enforcement.

48 CFR 3019.708-70 - Solicitation provision and contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... HOMELAND SECURITY, HOMELAND SECURITY ACQUISITION REGULATION (HSAR) SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAMS The Small Business Subcontracting Program 3019.708-70 Solicitation provision and contract clauses. (a) The contracting officer shall insert the clause at (HSAR) 48 CFR 3052.219-70, Small Business...

The arbitration clause of the American International Petroleum Negotiators - AIPN; A clausula compromissoria do modelo AIPN 2002 (American International Petroleum Negotiators) para 'joint operating agreement' a luz da legislacao brasileira

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Caroli, Carla [Petroleo Brasileiro S.A. (PETROBRAS), Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil)

2008-07-01

After the Brazilian Petroleum Act (Lei n. 9.478/97) was enacted and the monopoly over the conduct of E and P activities in Brazil was made flexible, in addition to PETROBRAS, other national and foreign companies could participate in such activities. This participation of different players is increasing, specially by the formation o joint ventures constituted in order to the parties to jointly explore and produce hydrocarbons. Under these new circumstances and considering that it is important to develop efficient contractual rules to discipline the E and P operations, the 2002 AIPN Model Form for Joint Operating Agreement has been often used in Brazil. However, the effectiveness of the arbitration clause provided therein must be analyzed under the applicable law to the contract. Besides, since the operations are to be conducted in Brazil, sometimes the Brazilian Law will apply or decisions rendered by an arbitral tribunal may have to be executed in Brazil. Therefore, this paper intends to analyze how the arbitration clause provided by the 2002 AIPN Model Form may be adapted to fit the Brazilian Law. (author)

48 CFR 1835.070 - NASA contract clauses and solicitation provision.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 true NASA contract clauses and....070 NASA contract clauses and solicitation provision. (a) The contracting officer shall insert the... ensure that the provision at 1852.235-72, Instructions for Responding to NASA Research Announcements, is...

V2 word order in subordinate clauses in spoken Danish

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Jensen, Torben Juel; Christensen, Tanya Karoli

are asymmetrically distributed, we argue that the word order difference should rather be seen as a signal of (subtle) semantic differences. In main clauses, V3 is highly marked in comparison to V2, and occurs in what may be called emotives. In subordinate clauses, V2 is marked and signals what has been called...... ”assertiveness”, but is rather a question of foregrounding (cf. Simons 2007: Main Point of Utterance). The paper presents the results of a study of word order in subordinate clauses in contemporary spoken Danish and focuses on how to include the proposed semantic difference as a factor influencing the choice...... studies of two age cohorts of speakers in Copenhagen, recorded in the 1980s and again in 2005-07, and on recent recordings with two age cohorts of speakers from the western part of Jutland. This makes it possible to study variation and change with respect to word order in subordinate clauses in both real...

Internal Audit Status For ISO 9001 And ISO/ IEC 17025 In Malaysian Nuclear Agency

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fazila Said; Nurul Huda Mudri; Nik Arlina Ali

2012-01-01

The development of MS ISO 9001 and MS ISO/ IEC 17025 in Malaysian Nuclear Agency is the basic step to enhance and improve the Quality Management System (QMS) for processes and laboratories that involve customers and suppliers in delivering products and services. The effectiveness of QMS is monitored by Research and Innovation Management Centre (RIMC) to ensure that all activities related to audit such as Internal Audit are well organized and implemented as documented in quality manual and procedure. This paper will discuss the status of internal audit for processes that implement MS ISO 9001 and laboratories that accredited with MS/ ISO IEC 17025 in year 2008, 2009 and 2010. The total of non-conformance (nc) and opportunity for improvement (ofi) for processes and laboratories and their numbers as per clause in MS ISO 9001 and MS ISO/ IEC 17025 are the indicators that reflects the effectiveness of QMS. Then, the total effectiveness of QMS for MS 9001 and MS ISO/ IEC 17025 is also determined via the number of conformance clause versus non-conformance clause for those three years. (author)

48 CFR 542.1107 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... MANAGEMENT CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION AND AUDIT SERVICES Production Surveillance and Reporting 542.1107 Contract... clause may be used in indefinite-delivery definite-quantity contracts for Stock or Special Order Program...

Consequence clauses with a meaning of measure and degree

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Nikolić Marina M.

2015-01-01

Full Text Available The objective of this paper is to present a new classification of consequence clauses that is based on a category of degree. Based on that parameter, consequence clauses are classified into the ones that have a meaning of degree and the ones that don’t have that meaning. Furthemore, consequence clauses with a meaning of degree can be divided into the clauses with a meaning of measure (Napolju je toliko hladno da smo se odmah vratili iz šetnje./It is so cold outside that we had to return immediately back; On je takav prevarant, da će te sigurno preći/ He is such a chouse - he will cheat for sure. and into excessive clauses (Previše je debela da uđe u tu haljinu/ She is too fat to fit in this dress; Devojčica je premalena da ostane sama kod kuće/ The girl is too small to stay at home alone; Buka je bila dovoljna da natera dete u plač/The noise was loud enough to cause the baby cry. The article provides the arguments that the category of degree in this sentences is grammaticalized with the help of certain modifiers and a conjunction of result da. The author applies the onomasiological method in the analysis and uses the theory of semantic locations. An existence of certain meanings is confirmed by the transformational test. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 178021: Opis i standardizacija savremenog srpskog jezika, potprojekat: Sintaksa složene rečenice

48 CFR 1352.301 - Solicitation provisions and contract clauses (Matrix).

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Solicitation provisions and contract clauses (Matrix). 1352.301 Section 1352.301 Federal Acquisition Regulations System... Matrix 1352.301 Solicitation provisions and contract clauses (Matrix). ER08MR10.000 ER08MR10.001 ER08MR10...

Tree dimension in verification of constrained Horn clauses

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kafle, Bishoksan; Gallagher, John Patrick; Ganty, Pierre

2018-01-01

In this paper, we show how the notion of tree dimension can be used in the verification of constrained Horn clauses (CHCs). The dimension of a tree is a numerical measure of its branching complexity and the concept here applies to Horn clause derivation trees. Derivation trees of dimension zero c...... algorithms using these constructions to decompose a CHC verification problem. One variation of this decomposition considers derivations of successively increasing dimension. The paper includes descriptions of implementations and experimental results....

48 CFR 27.202-5 - Solicitation provisions and contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... pricing data are obtained under 15.403; or (ii) Sealed bid solicitations only if the need for such... the contract. If a fixed-price incentive contract is contemplated, change “price” to “target cost and target profit” wherever it appears in the clause. The clause may be used in cost-reimbursement contracts...

[Conscience clause in end-of-life care.

Science.gov (United States)

De Panfilis, Ludovica; Cattaneo, Daniela; Cola, Luisanna; Gasparini, Maddalena; Porteri, Corinna; Tarquini, Daniela; Tiezzi, Alessandro; Veronese, Simone; Zullo, Silvia; Pucci, Eugenio

2017-05-01

The article proposes a critical reflection on issues that appeal to the conscience clause as part of end of life care can produce and what can guarantee freedom of conscience, self-determination of those involved and respect for the dignity of the sick person. After a philosophical and normative analysis, the article is organized on the basis of two important documents for discussion: a position paper of Società Italiana di Anestesia Analgesia Rianimazione e Terapia Intensiva (SIAARTI) signed by several scientific societies "Grandi insufficienze d'organo end stage: cure intensive o cure palliative?" and the Design of Law currently being debated "Norme in materia di consenso informato e di disposizioni anticipate di trattamento". In particular, the conscience clause has been discussed in the light of advance care planning (ACP), which represents the instrument to guarantee the shared planning of care and the shared-decision making. In this context, recourse to the clause of conscience brings out critical ethical and deontological issues that the article discusses, using the position paper SIAARTI and the text of law currently being debated, both built on the assumptions of a shared care relationship, where patient has a key-role in medical decisions.

Interpolant tree automata and their application in Horn clause verification

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kafle, Bishoksan; Gallagher, John Patrick

2016-01-01

This paper investigates the combination of abstract interpretation over the domain of convex polyhedra with interpolant tree automata, in an abstraction-refinement scheme for Horn clause verification. These techniques have been previously applied separately, but are combined in a new way in this ......This paper investigates the combination of abstract interpretation over the domain of convex polyhedra with interpolant tree automata, in an abstraction-refinement scheme for Horn clause verification. These techniques have been previously applied separately, but are combined in a new way...... clause verification problems indicates that the combination of interpolant tree automaton with abstract interpretation gives some increase in the power of the verification tool, while sometimes incurring a performance overhead....

Thematic orders and the comprehension of subject-extracted relative clauses in Mandarin Chinese

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Chien-Jer Charles Lin

2015-09-01

Full Text Available This study investigates the comprehension of three kinds of subject-extracted relative clauses (SRs in Mandarin Chinese: standard SRs, relative clauses involving the disposal ba construction (‘disposal SRs’, and relative clauses involving the long passive bei constructions (‘passive SRs’. In a self-paced reading experiment, the regions before the relativizer (where the sentential fragments are temporarily ambiguous showed reading patterns consistent with expectation-based incremental processing: standard SRs (with the highest constructional frequency and the least complex syntactic structure were processed faster than the other two variants. However, in the regions after the relativizer and the head noun (where the existence of a relative clause is unambiguously indicated, a top-down global effect of thematic ordering was observed: passive SRs (whose thematic role order conforms to the canonical thematic order of Chinese were read faster than both the standard SRs and the disposal SRs. Taken together, these results suggest that two expectation-based processing factors are involved in the comprehension of Chinese relative clauses, including both the structural probabilities of pre-relativizer constituents and the overall surface thematic orders in the relative clauses.

Designing institutions for global democracy: flexibility through escape clauses and sunset provisions

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jonathan W. Kuyper

2013-12-01

Full Text Available How can advocates of global democracy grapple with the empirical conditions that constitute world politics? I argue that flexibility mechanisms—;commonly used to advance international cooperation—should be employed to make the institutional design project of global democracy more tractable. I highlight three specific reasons underpinning this claim. First, flexibility provisions make bargaining over different institutional designs more manageable. Second, heightened flexibility takes seriously potential concerns about path-dependent institutional development. Finally, deliberately shortening the time horizons of agents by employing flexibility provisions has cognitive benefits as it forces designers to focus specifically on issues of feasibility as well as desirability. I discuss a range of flexibility mechanisms and highlight the utility of sunset provisions and escape clauses. From this analysis, I build an argument for the usage of small-scale democratic experiments through which citizens (or their representatives have a say in global policy making.

The sequencing of adverbial clauses of time in academic English: Random forest modelling

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Abbas Ali Rezaee

2016-12-01

Full Text Available Adverbial clauses of time are positioned either before or after their associated main clauses. This study aims to assess the importance of discourse-pragmatics and processing-related constraints on the positioning of adverbial clauses of time in research articles of applied linguistics written by authors for whom English is considered a native language. Previous research has revealed that the ordering is co-determined by various factors from the domains of semantics and discourse-pragmatics (bridging, iconicity, and subordinator and language processing (deranking, length, and complexity. This research conducts a multifactorial analysis on the motivators of the positioning of adverbial clauses of time in 100 research articles of applied linguistics. The study will use a random forest of conditional inference trees as the statistical technique to measure the weights of the aforementioned variables. It was found that iconicity and bridging, which are factors associated with discourse and semantics, are the two most salient predictors of clause ordering.

The clause against tax avoidance in the Guidelines of the project on the change of the Tax Ordinance Act of April 2013

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marta Gordon

2013-12-01

Full Text Available The demand to tighten tax regulations has been updated on both international and domestic level due to the fact that taxpayers are increasingly using aggressive practices of tax avoidance. For this reason, the Minister of Finance formulated and published on the 30th April 2013 the Guidelines of the project on the change of the Tax Ordinance Act. According to the suggestions included therein, introduced to the Tax Ordinance Act would be the clause against tax avoidance along with instruments protecting taxpayers’ interests in the process of applying the aforementioned clause. The study includes a critical discussion of the solutions suggested by the Minister of Finance also in terms of problems which may arise in the process of their practical application. Reservations have mainly been made about both the project’s compliance with the Constitution, since the criteria of the clause application are too general, and formal imperfection of the regulations suggested.

Considerations concerning the criminal clause, expression of contractual principle and law abuse

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Nora Andreea Daghie

2009-06-01

Full Text Available The criminal clause is an accessory convention through which the parts evaluate in advance the prejudiceinterestswhich come from the inexecution lato sensu of the contractual obligations. This convention named criminalclause is the expression of the contractual liberty principle and presents a singular practical utility but also someinconveniences. Thus the criminal clause allows avoiding the difficulties of judicial evaluation of prejudices-interests.In this way, the creditor is not obliged to evidence the existence and the size of the prejudice, in order to obtain thepayment of the amount of money or carrying out other patrimonial value established in the criminal clause beingsufficient the proof of non inexecution lato sensu of the contractual obligation. The criminal clause has also a strongcomminatory purpose, exercising a pressure on the debtor to make all possible to execute precisely the contractualobligation. Due to these reasons it is seen in doctrine by some of the authors as one of the main guarantees in our law.Also in the doctrine however, it is shown that the debtor can be constrained in some situations to accept establishing avery high amount in the criminal clause, sometimes with inequitable consequences, with damaging effect for thedebtor.

Claus sulphur recovery potential approaches 99% while minimizing cost

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Berlie, E M

1974-01-21

In a summary of a paper presented to the fourth joint engineering conference of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers and the Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering, the Claus process is discussed in a modern setting. Some problems faced in the operation of sulfur recovery plants include (1) strict pollution control regulations; (2) design and operation of existing plants; (3) knowledge of process fundamentals; (4) performance testing; (5) specification of feed gas; (6) catalyst life; (7) instrumentation and process control; and (8) quality of feed gas. Some of the factors which must be considered in order to achieve the ultimate capability of the Claus process are listed. There is strong evidence to support the contention that plant operators are reluctant to accept new fundamental knowledge of the Claus sulfur recovery process and are not taking advantage of its inherent potential to achieve the emission standards required, to minimize cost of tail gas cleanup systems and to minimize operating costs.

The Syntactic Derivations of Split Antecedent Relative Clause Constructions

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Niina Ning Zhang

2007-06-01

Full Text Available In this paper, I propose a syntactic derivation for Split Antecedent Relative Clause Constructions such as Mary met a man and John met a woman who knew each other well. I claim that the two antecedents of such a construction are originally two conjuncts of a coordinate nominal. Then each has undergone a sideward movement, landed in a new working site, and been selected by a verb. After that, a coordinate clausal complex is constructed. In the old working site, a complex nominal is also constructed, in which the relative clause takes the remnant coordinate nominal as its antecedent. Finally, the complex nominal adjoins to the coordinate clausal complex. This analysis shows how the freedom in the selection of the landing site gained from sideward movement makes the syntactic derivations of this special type of relative clause construction possible, while at the same time avoiding the problems of the alternative three-dimensional analysis.

Price adjustment clauses with seal of quality. Regal verification; Preisanpassungsklauseln mit 'Guetesiegel'. Rechtliche Ueberpruefung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Donner, Oliver; Ottersbach, Joerg [BET Buero fuer Energiewirtschaft und Technische Planung GmbH, Aachen (Germany); Thomale, Hans-Christoph [FPS Rechtsanwaelte und Notare, Frankfurt am Main (Germany)

2013-03-11

Actually, district heating suppliers see themselves to be exposed to the general suspicion of the claim of increased prices from their customers. Partly, the existing price adjustment clauses really do not correspond to the legal requirements. This often was complaint by the customers, and resulted in legal disputes. Under this aspect, the BET bureau for energy industry and technical planning GmbH (Aachen, Federal Republic of Germany) and FPS Attorney/Notaries (Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany) analyse and develop price models with price adjustment clauses in order to meet the resulting, often considerable risks.

48 CFR 3019.708 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clauses. 3019.708 Section 3019.708 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, HOMELAND SECURITY ACQUISITION REGULATION (HSAR) SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAMS The Small Business Subcontracting...

48 CFR 811.204 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 811.204 Section 811.204 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS COMPETITION AND ACQUISITION PLANNING DESCRIBING AGENCY NEEDS Using and Maintaining Requirements Documents 811.204 Contract...

48 CFR 1851.205 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 true Contract clause. 1851.205 Section 1851.205 Federal Acquisition Regulations System NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION CONTRACT MANAGEMENT USE OF GOVERNMENT SOURCES BY CONTRACTORS Contractor Use of Interagency Fleet Management...

[Santa Claus is perceived as reliable and friendly: results of the Danish Christmas 2013 survey].

Science.gov (United States)

Amin, Faisal Mohammad; West, Anders Sode; Jørgensen, Carina Sleiborg; Simonsen, Sofie Amalie; Lindberg, Ulrich; Tranum-Jensen, Jørgen; Hougaard, Anders

2013-12-02

Several studies have indicated that the population in general perceives doctors as reliable. In the present study perceptions of reliability and kindness attributed to another socially significant archetype, Santa Claus, have been comparatively examined in relation to the doctor. In all, 52 randomly chosen participants were shown a film, where a narrator dressed either as Santa Claus or as a doctor tells an identical story. Structured interviews were then used to assess the subjects' perceptions of reliability and kindness in relation to the narrator's appearance. We found a strong inclination for Santa Claus being perceived as friendlier than the doctor (p = 0.053). However, there was no significant difference in the perception of reliability between Santa Claus and the doctor (p = 0.524). The positive associations attributed to Santa Claus probably cause that he is perceived friendlier than the doctor who may be associated with more serious and unpleasant memories of illness and suffering. Surprisingly, and despite him being an imaginary person, Santa Claus was assessed as being as reliable as the doctor.

48 CFR 503.1004 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clauses. 503.1004 Section 503.1004 Federal Acquisition Regulations System GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION GENERAL IMPROPER BUSINESS PRACTICES AND PERSONAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Contractor Code of Business Ethics and Conduct 503...

48 CFR 622.1408 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 622.1408 Section 622.1408 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF STATE SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS APPLICATION OF LABOR LAWS TO GOVERNMENT ACQUISITIONS Employment of Workers with Disabilities 622.1408 Contract...

48 CFR 27.303 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

..., or NASA, and the contractor is other than a small business concern or nonprofit organization. (e)(1... business concern or a nonprofit organization, the contracting officer shall use the clause at 52.227-11... may involve novel structures, machines, products, materials, processes, or equipment (including...

48 CFR 970.2304-2 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

..., Renewable Energy Technologies, Occupational Safety and Drug-Free Work Place 970.2304-2 Contract clause. Link to an amendment published at 75 FR 57695, Sept. 22, 2010. The contracting officer shall insert the...

48 CFR 2409.507-2 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... the nature of the potential conflict and the negotiated terms and duration of the limitation. The... substantially the same as the clause at 2452.209-71, Limitation on Future Contracts, in solicitations and...

Infinitival before and after-clauses in European Portuguese: temporal and aspectual properties

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Purificação Silvano

2015-06-01

Full Text Available The main goal of this paper is to discuss temporal and aspectual features of sentences with clauses introduced by the connectives antes de + Infinitivo (‘before’ + Infinitive and depois de + Infinitivo (‘after’ + Infinitive combined with situations in the Pretérito Perfeito in European Portuguese. Our discussion is based on the widespread view that these clauses are locating adverbials (cf. Kamp and Reyle (1993 with temporal information of anteriority, in the case of antes de, and posteriority, in the case of depois de. However, this analysis is not as straightforward as one would expect, because, while before-clauses consistently render the same temporal relation (of anteriority, after-clauses may convey a temporal relation of inclusion, in addition to the standard posteriority relation. We put forward the hypothesis that aspectual characteristics play an important role in these differences, insofar as allowing a temporal reading that at first sight is not predicted from the semantic nature of the connective. In order to maintain a uniform treatment of before and after-clauses with respect to their temporal features, accounting simultaneously for the differences that emerge in their linguistic behaviour, we claim, along with Beaver & Condoravdi (2003 and Condoravdi (2010, that the locating time interval provided by these clauses is bounded to the left, but not to the right, that is, what is focused is the initial frontier of the situation that provides the time interval, leaving the final one undetermined. Furthermore, we show that, although the temporal mechanisms are parallel, the interference of aspectual properties leads to interesting differences in the final interpretation of before and after-sentences.

Balance, Sustainable Development, and Integration: Innovative Path for BIT Practice

OpenAIRE

Zeng Huaqun

2014-01-01

Bilateral investment treaties (BITs) have emerged as one of the most remarkable recent developments in international law and the hot topic of international lawyers. The author indicates that in the history of BIT practice, there is an issue on imbalance and/or un-equality between developed states and developing states due to historical and practical reasons. Under the economic globalization the main clauses of BITs have been further developed to the traditional track elaborately designed by d...

48 CFR 32.908 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

..., Prompt Payment for Fixed-Price Architect-Engineer Contracts, in solicitations and contracts that contain the clause at 52.232-10, Payments Under Fixed-Price Architect-Engineer Contracts. (1) As authorized in... specify a period longer than 7 days for constructive acceptance or constructive approval, if required to...

Entire Agreement Clauses

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Mitkidis, Katerina; Neumann, Thomas

2017-01-01

, it can then be expected that the contract drafting practice will in turn influence national legal rules and the courts’ approach. This effect can already be seen in Danish legal scholarship and its presumption that the judges will not entirely disregard EA clauses, but take a middle road in interpreting......, but also the contract drafting style typical for common law countries. In this way, common law concepts and rules can be transferred to civil law jurisdictions, however, without certainty about the legal effects. This is especially pertinent to boilerplate provisions. On this background, the article aims...

MODIFICATION OF CLAUSES ON THE BASIS OF THE CONTRACTUAL CONDUCT OF THE PARTIES. APPLICATION OF ESTOPPEL DOCTRINE

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Bazil Oglindă

2014-11-01

Full Text Available Within the context of identifying a modern trend for increasing the flexibility of contract law, trend which is also internalized by the Romanian legal system through the adoption of the Civil Code from 2009, we intend to analyse the implications as regards the modification of contracts. Specifically, we intend to answer to the following question: May a clause which requires modification in a certain form only (conventional formalism be annihilated by the parties’ conduct throughout the performance of the contract (namely, a conduct whereby they ignore such clause? In order to answer to this question, we consider that it is useful to present the mechanism pursuant to which foreign legal systems or the great European projects for the unification of contract law settled this issue, following that, at the end, we analyse the viability of importing such mechanisms into the Romanian contract law and the legal ground pursuant to which these mechanisms may operate in the context of the new Romanian Civil Code.

Avoiding revenue loss due to 'lesser of' contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

Stodolak, Frederick; Gutierrez, Henry

2014-08-01

Finance managers seeking to avoid lost revenue attributable to lesser-of-charge-or-fixed-fee (lesser-of) clauses in their contracts should: Identify payer contracts that contain lesser-of clauses. Prepare lesser-of lost-revenue reports for non-bundled and bundled rates. For claims with covered charges below the bundled rate, identify service codes associated with the greatest proportion of total gross revenue and determine new, higher charge levels for those codes. Establish an approach for setting charges for non-bundled fee schedules to address lost-revenue-related issues. Incorporate changes into overall strategic or hospital zero-based pricing modeling and parameters.

The occupational health of Santa Claus

OpenAIRE

Straube, Sebastian; Fan, Xiangning

2015-01-01

Previous publications in the field of Santa studies have not focused on health and safety issues arising from Santa?s workplace activities. However, it should be acknowledged that unique occupational hazards exist for Santa Claus. Major occupational health issues affecting Santa are discussed, along with suggestions for future research directions.

77 FR 20598 - Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement: Solicitation Provisions and Contract Clauses...

Science.gov (United States)

2012-04-05

... commercial items, that includes the clause at 252.225-7001, Buy American Act and Balance of Payments Program... Acquisitions of Commercial Items AGENCY: Defense Acquisition Regulations System, Department of Defense (DoD... acquisition of commercial items and to specify flowdown of clauses to commercial subcontracts. DATES: Comments...

48 CFR 22.610 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... PROGRAMS APPLICATION OF LABOR LAWS TO GOVERNMENT ACQUISITIONS Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act 22.610... Contracts Act, in solicitations and contracts covered by the Act (see 22.603, 22.604, and 22.605). [61 FR... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contract clause. 22.610...

78 FR 37980 - Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement: Solicitation Provisions and Contract Clauses...

Science.gov (United States)

2013-06-25

... contractual obligations. b. Specific Clause Flowdown Requirements Comment: One respondent commented that if... to excessive practice by the primes to flowdown any and all clauses to satisfy its contractual obligations. Response: DoD has retained in the final rule the language at 252.244-7000(b), which is the same...

48 CFR 1319.811-3 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... shall insert the clause 1352.219-71, Notification to Delay Performance (Deviation), in solicitations and...) Direct Award (Deviation), in direct contracts and purchase orders processed under the Partnership... 1352.219-72, Notification of Competition Limited to Eligible 8(a) Concerns, Alternate III (Deviation...

48 CFR 30.201-4 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... established cost accounting practices consistently. (b) Disclosure and consistency of cost accounting practices. (1) Insert the clause at FAR 52.230-3, Disclosure and Consistency of Cost Accounting Practices... follow consistently its established cost accounting practices. (c) Disclosure and Consistency of Cost...

The duty to negotiate in good faith and the enforceability of short-term natural gas clauses in production sharing agreements

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bishop, R.D.

1997-01-01

The exploitation of natural gas resources not associated with oil production, poses legal and ethical problems for some countries. This document examines various international oil contracts, especially Production Sharing Agreements (PSA), to establish how short-term gas provisions can be exploited. In particular the issue of breaching a PSA by failing to negotiate in good faith on such a project is debated, showing how clearly this duty falls on the government party. International oil companies are urged to create contracts which allow them to enforce short-term PSA gas clauses. (UK)

Free relative clauses: a new teaching approach for Italian learners of Latin and German

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sabrina Bertollo

2013-05-01

Full Text Available In this work we would like to present a new teaching proposal for free relative clauses, with a comparative perspective. The proposal is addressed to Italian learners of Latin and German with an advanced knowledge of the morpho-syntax of the three languages and tries to combine the theories proposed within the Generative Grammar framework with the needs which emerge from school teaching experiences. In the path we will develop, the students will be led to get familiar with this construction, first in the native language and then in German and Latin. Students will be stimulated to analyze the syntactic constraints, which are different in the three languages, so as to develop a new grammatical awareness and be in a position to correctly handle complex syntactic structures such as free relative clauses. This will be helpful to adequately cope with this specific construction, but it will also improve the overall skills.

Moulding Interpersonal Relations through Conditional Clauses: Consensus-Building Strategies in Written Academic Discourse

Science.gov (United States)

Warchal, Krystyna

2010-01-01

This paper focuses on the interpersonal potential of the conditional clause as a rhetorical device for establishing a dialogue between the author and the reader of an academic text in search for shared understanding and consensus. It presents a corpus-based analysis of functions conditional clauses play in linguistics research articles in an…

The use of entire agreement clauses in contracts governed by Danish law

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Mitkidis, Katerina

2017-01-01

The article analyses the use of entire agreement (EA) clauses in contracts governed by Danish law. It (i) reviews the practice, based on interviews conducted with the representatives of Danish firms, judiciary and legal profession, (ii) analyses the implications of the practice under Danish...... contract law and related case law and (iii) offers recommendations on how EA clauses can be amended to minimise associated legal risks....

Interpolant Tree Automata and their Application in Horn Clause Verification

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Bishoksan Kafle

2016-07-01

Full Text Available This paper investigates the combination of abstract interpretation over the domain of convex polyhedra with interpolant tree automata, in an abstraction-refinement scheme for Horn clause verification. These techniques have been previously applied separately, but are combined in a new way in this paper. The role of an interpolant tree automaton is to provide a generalisation of a spurious counterexample during refinement, capturing a possibly infinite set of spurious counterexample traces. In our approach these traces are then eliminated using a transformation of the Horn clauses. We compare this approach with two other methods; one of them uses interpolant tree automata in an algorithm for trace abstraction and refinement, while the other uses abstract interpretation over the domain of convex polyhedra without the generalisation step. Evaluation of the results of experiments on a number of Horn clause verification problems indicates that the combination of interpolant tree automaton with abstract interpretation gives some increase in the power of the verification tool, while sometimes incurring a performance overhead.

41 CFR 60-250.5 - Equal opportunity clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... employment openings does not require the hiring of any particular job applicants or from any particular group..., Guam, and the Virgin Islands. 6. As used in this clause: i. All employment openings includes all...

48 CFR 9.507-2 - Contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... CONTRACTOR QUALIFICATIONS Organizational and Consultant Conflicts of Interest 9.507-2 Contract clause. (a) If..., for example, when the first production contract using the contractor's specifications or work statement is awarded, or it might extend through the entire life of a system for which the contractor has...

The significance of the clause requiring precautionary measures to assure waste disposal in partial licenses granted under the Atomic Energy Law

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Breuer, R.

1981-01-01

This development raises the question as to what extent a waste disposal provision clause of the first few partial construction permits has to be adapted to the factual situation that has changed. Thus the clause is factually outdated according to which the granting of an operating licence for a nuclear power station cannot be expected until the first partial construction permit for the German fuel-cycle centre is in hand. It is not only conceivable that a first partial construction permit for the German fuel-cycle centre will not be in hand at the time when the authorities will decide on a (first) operating licence to be granted for a nuclear power station under construction, but add to this the crucial fact that the condition given in the above-mentioned provision clause on waste disposal is no longer in keeping with the factual situation and the thereto adapted provision principles governing waste management. Special attention has to be given to the significance and impact of this waste disposal provision clause since the situation has changed. (orig./HP) [de

constitutional immunity clause and the fight against corruption

African Journals Online (AJOL)

RAYAN_

immunity clause and its sphere, extent and limits as it relates to the officers protected ..... of the Schooner Exchange v Mcfaddon24 where Chief Justice Marshall of .... Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 could lead to financial transactions.

Page | 138 JUDICIAL REVIEW OF OUSTER CLAUSE PROVISIONS ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Fr. Ikenga

ouster of jurisdiction of the courts on pre-election matters and impeachment of the executive do constitute an ... NAUJILJ 9 (1) 2018. Page | .... Ouster clauses are general provisions, which preclude an organ of government from exercising its.

48 CFR 227.7103-6 - Contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... software or computer software documentation (see 227.72), commercial items (see 227.7102-3), existing works...-engineer and construction contracts. (b)(1) Use the clause at 252.227-7013 with its Alternate I in research... Software Previously Delivered to the Government, in solicitations when the resulting contract will require...

The Acquisition of English Restrictive Relative Clauses by Arab Adult EFL Learners

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Hayat Eid Alroudhan

2016-02-01

Full Text Available This study investigates the challenges faced by Arab adult learners of English as a foreign language (EFL in acquiring English restrictive relative clauses (RRCs, as well as the factors that affect the process of acquisition. This issue has received considerable attention in second language (L2 research. The present study discusses the syntactic structure of RRCs in English and Arabic with regard to the use of resumptive pronouns and the use of overt versus covert relative markers as related to the definiteness of the head noun. This study is carried out using an acceptability judgment test as the tool for data collection. A sample of 100 male and female adult Arabic speakers is used with the aim of identifying potential acquisition problems. The results obtained provide further support for first language (L1 transfer. This study concludes that participants accepted the use of resumptive pronouns and preferred the overt relative markers determined by definiteness. It is further discovered that certain factors influenced the acquisition process such as participants’ age, age of learning, and age of immersion. The current study has some pedagogical implications for the teaching of relative clauses in the EFL context. Keywords: English Relative Clauses, Restrictive Relative Clauses, Relative pronoun, Arab Learners of English

[Japanese learners' processing time for reading English relative clauses analyzed in relation to their English listening proficiency].

Science.gov (United States)

Oyama, Yoshinori

2011-06-01

The present study examined Japanese university students' processing time for English subject and object relative clauses in relation to their English listening proficiency. In Analysis 1, the relation between English listening proficiency and reading span test scores was analyzed. The results showed that the high and low listening comprehension groups' reading span test scores do not differ. Analysis 2 investigated English listening proficiency and processing time for sentences with subject and object relative clauses. The results showed that reading the relative clause ending and the main verb section of a sentence with an object relative clause (such as "attacked" and "admitted" in the sentence "The reporter that the senator attacked admitted the error") takes less time for learners with high English listening scores than for learners with low English listening scores. In Analysis 3, English listening proficiency and comprehension accuracy for sentences with subject and object relative clauses were examined. The results showed no significant difference in comprehension accuracy between the high and low listening-comprehension groups. These results indicate that processing time for English relative clauses is related to the cognitive processes involved in listening comprehension, which requires immediate processing of syntactically complex audio information.

THE UNPREDICTABILITY CLAUSE IN TRANSPORT CONTRACTS, ACCORDING TO THE NEW CIVIL CODE

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Adriana Elena BELU

2014-05-01

Full Text Available Until the enforcement of the highly controversial transport law, transport companies must already observe the provisions of the new Civil Code1 in their transport business. One of the novelties in the new Civil Code, that came into force on October 1, 2011, refers to the unpredictability clause: recurring to this clause, in certain situations to be precisely analysed by courts, parties may even be exempted from certain contractual obligations, when the court decides to rescind the contract based on objective criteria, not imputable to the party that no longer can properly fulfil the obligations that had been undertaken when the contract had been made. However, this solution only is provided after all means of negotiation and mediation between parties are exhausted. The clause meets current market requirements, under which many companies have to deal with bad paying partners.

48 CFR 3028.311 - Solicitation provision and contract clause on liability insurance under cost-reimbursement...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Solicitation provision and contract clause on liability insurance under cost-reimbursement contracts. 3028.311 Section 3028.311... contract clause on liability insurance under cost-reimbursement contracts. ...

Legitimacy in global governance of sovereign default: the role of international investment agreements

OpenAIRE

Brahms, Lisa

2013-01-01

This paper analyzes the legitimacy of investor-state arbitration under international investment agreements in sovereign debt restructuring. The paper presents mechanisms governing sovereign default generally, namely collective action clauses and informal negotiation in the London and Paris clubs and then discusses how sovereign debt restructuring is governed by IIAs, looking at how the clauses affect restructuring. Taking the conception of legitimacy in global governance by Buchanan and Keoha...

[Clause of conscience implemented in competition law medical in Poland in the context of the implementation of the European Convention on Human Rights].

Science.gov (United States)

Radlińska, Iwona; Kolwitz, Marcin

Freedom of conscience and religion, also called conscience clause legislation is part of the inherent and inalienable rights of every human being and freedoms protected by the constitution as a fundamental principle of democratic countries working in the law. At international level, the most common piece of legislation on this issue is the European Convention on Human Rights of 4 November 1950, which Poland is a party. Pursuant to Art. 9 of the European Convention Poland is committed to the protection of freedom of thought, conscience and religion to every person under its jurisdiction, including the medical professions. In a special way to be protected by the freedom of conscience of physicians, dentists, nurses and midwives, as the conscience clause is written in the law governing the exercise of such professions in Poland.

The Simplex Clause in Boruca

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Damaris Castro García

2013-07-01

Full Text Available Se describe la cláusula simple en boruca, una lengua chibcha de la zona sur de Costa Rica. Se acude a otras descripciones generales sobre la lengua como fuentes complementarias. Se analiza el orden y la organización de los principales constituyentes de la oración a nivel de frase y oración (frase verbal y nominal. Con particular atención se examinan el papel del orden en la oración, así como la codificación de las relaciones sintácticas principales (sujeto y objeto. El análisis se completa con el estudio de las relaciones gramaticales y los procesos sintácticos, así como con un texto donde se muestran los aspectos presentados en el análisis. A description is provided of the simplex clause in Boruca, a Chibchan language once spoken in the south of Costa Rica. Other general descriptions of the language are used as complementary sources. This study deals with the various word-order patterns at the clause level and phrase level (noun and verb phrases. Special attention is given to the role of word order in the codification of the major syntactic relations (subject and object, in particular. An analysis of grammatical relations, syntactic processes and a sample text complete the paper.

Origins of misapprehension concerning the purpose of the foreign currency clause

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Begović Boris

2017-01-01

Full Text Available The paper identifies a widespread misapprehension concerning the purpose of the foreign currency clause and analyses the various possible reasons behind that misapprehension. The omnipresent dilemmas in domestic legal theory regarding the legal principle of monetary nominalism and valoristic doctrine are deliberated in the first part of the paper. The second part deals with the wider macroeconomic context in which the legislator enabled contractual arrangements containing foreign currency clauses, thus providing a comprehensive explanation as to the origins of factual errors, and thereby misinterpretation and misunderstanding of the law.

On the structural position of non-peripheral adjunct clauses

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Maria Lobo

2002-06-01

Full Text Available This paper is concerned with the structural position occupied by a subset of adjunct clauses, namely those which can occur in final position without a special intonational break. After a definition of the structures to be considered, it will be shown that the classical assumption according to which they are generated as adjuncts is empirically superior to the adjunct-as-complement analysis (cf. Larson 1988; 1990, and to more recent analyses, which follow an antisymmetric framework (cf. Kayne 1994. It will also be shown that a base generation account of preverbal adverbial clauses is to be preferred over a movement analysis on the basis of empirical data, and in conformity with theoretical economy assumptions (Merge over Move.

48 CFR 328.311 - Solicitation provision and contract clause on liability insurance under cost-reimbursement...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Solicitation provision and contract clause on liability insurance under cost-reimbursement contracts. 328.311 Section 328.311 Federal... Insurance 328.311 Solicitation provision and contract clause on liability insurance under cost-reimbursement...

48 CFR 1213.7101 - Solicitation provision and contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... Data, in all solicitations and requests for quotations, and the clause at (TAR) 48 CFR 1252.237-72, Prohibition on Advertising, in solicitations, requests for quotations, and all contracts (e.g., purchase...

INHERENT VICE & INSUFFICIENT PACKING CLAUSES FOR ALL RISKS INSURANCE POLICIES UNDER BRITISH INSTITUTE CARGO CLAUSES : legal issues arising from claims of loss during sea transportation of large technical equipments

OpenAIRE

Cheng, Jia

2010-01-01

Analysis and presentation of this thesis is supported by studies of many relevant cases where the major arguments are set around the exclusion clauses concerning the ‘all risks cover’ policy as found in Institute Cargo Clauses. Two cases are especially emphasized, namely Mayban General Assurance BHD v. Alstom Power Plants Ltd. and Global Process Systems Inc v. Syarikat Takaful Malaysia Berhad , mainly because of the special nature of the subject matter insured in these cases. The legal i...

CP-recursion and the derivation of verb second in Germanic main and embedded clauses

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Vikner, Sten

2017-01-01

, this is normally not the case for all types of embedded clauses, as e. g. embedded questions (almost) never allow V2 (Julien 2007, Vikner 2001, though see McCloskey 2006 and Biberauer 2015). As in Nyvad et al. (2016), I will explore a particular derivation of (embedded) V2, in terms of a cP/CP-distinction, which...... may be seen as a version of the CP-recursion analysis (deHaan & Weerman 1986, Vikner 1995 and many others). The idea is that because embedded V2 clauses do not allow extraction, whereas other types of CP-recursion clauses do (Christensen et al. 2013a; Christensen et al. 2013b; Christensen & Nyvad 2014...

23 CFR 635.109 - Standardized changed condition clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... OPERATIONS CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE Contract Procedures § 635.109 Standardized changed condition clauses. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, the following changed conditions contract... contract or if unknown physical conditions of an unusual nature, differing materially from those ordinarily...

Subordinate clause comprehension and tense/agreement inconsistency in children with specific language impairment.

Science.gov (United States)

Souto, Sofía M; Leonard, Laurence B; Deevy, Patricia; Fey, Marc E; Bredin-Oja, Shelley L

2016-01-01

Several recent studies have suggested that the production errors of children with specific language impairment (SLI) such as The girl singing may be explained by a misinterpretation of grammatical adult input containing a similar structure (e.g., The boy hears the girl singing). Thirteen children with SLI and 13 younger typically developing children with comparable sentence comprehension test scores (TD-COMP) completed a comprehension task to assess their understanding of sentences involving a nonfinite subject-verb sequence in a subordinate clause such as The dad sees the boy running. TD-COMP children were more accurate on subordinate clause items than children with SLI despite similar performance on simple transitive (e.g., The horse sees the cow) and simple progressive (e.g., The cow is eating) items. However, no relationship was found between the SLI group's specific subordinate clause comprehension level and their specific level of auxiliary is production, casting some doubt on this type of structure as a source for inconsistent use of auxiliary is. The reader will learn that children with specific language impairment (SLI): (1) have difficulty understanding complex sentences that include nonfinite subject-verb sequences; (2) that this difficulty is apparent in comparison to younger typically developing peers who have similar scores not only on a sentence comprehension test, but also on simple sentences that correspond to the component parts of the complex sentences; and (3) that this weakness is concurrent with these children's inconsistent use of auxiliary is in production. Although novel verb studies show a clear connection between how children with SLI hear new verbs and how they use them, we do not yet have evidence that this connection is tied to a poor understanding of the input sentences that house the verbs. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Natural syntax : English interrogative main clauses

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Janez Oresnik

2007-12-01

Full Text Available Natural Syntax is a developing deductive theory, a branch of Naturalness Theory. The naturalnessjudgements are couched in naturalness scales, whichfollow from the basic parameters (or «axioms» listed at the beginning of the paper. The predictions of the theory are calculated in deductions, whose chief components are apair of naturalness scales and the rules governing the alignment of corresponding naturalness values. Parallel and chiastic alignments are distinguished, in complementary distribution. Chiastic alignment is mandatory in deductions limited to unnatural environments. The paper deals with English interrogative main clauses. Within these, only the interrogatives containing wh-words exclusively insitu constitute an extremely unnatural environment and require chiastic alignment. Otherwiseparallel alignment is used. Earlier publications on Natural Syntax: Kavcic 2005a,b, Oresnik 1999, 2000a,b, 200la-f   2002, 2003a-c, 2002/03, 2004. This list cites only works written in English.

48 CFR 570.604 - Deviations to provisions and clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... modify the language of a provision or clause mandated by statute (e.g., GSAR 552.203-5, Covenant Against... for Disabled Veterans and Veterans of the Vietnam Era; and 52.222-36, Affirmative Action for Workers...

Embedded "wh"-Questions in L2 English in India: Inversion as a Main Clause Phenomenon

Science.gov (United States)

Stringer, David

2015-01-01

This corpus study brings a second language (L2) research perspective, insights from generative grammar, and new empirical evidence to bear on a long-accepted claim in the World Englishes literature--namely, that inversion with "wh"-movement in colloquial Indian English is obligatory in embedded clauses and impossible in main clauses. It…

45 CFR 650.4 - Standard patent rights clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... CFR 121.3-12, respectively, will be used. (6) Nonprofit organization means a domestic university or... the grantee or assignee has not taken, or is not expected to take within a reasonable time, effective... paragraph (k)(4). (1) Communications. All communications required by this Patents Rights clause must be...

Word order variation and foregrounding of complement clauses

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Christensen, Tanya Karoli; Jensen, Torben Juel

2015-01-01

Through mixed models analyses of complement clauses in a corpus of spoken Danish we examine the role of sentence adverbials in relation to a word order distinction in Scandinavian signalled by the relative position of sentence adverbials and finite verb (V>Adv vs. Adv>V). The type of sentence...

12 CFR Appendix B to Part 216 - Sample Clauses

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... CONSUMER FINANCIAL INFORMATION (REGULATION P) Pt. 216, App. B Appendix B to Part 216—Sample Clauses Link to..., such as “call the following toll-free number: (insert number)”]. A-7—Confidentiality and security (all...

Den sene Derrida, eller: Er Claus Beck-Nielsen et spøgelse?

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Rösing, Lilian Munk

2009-01-01

This article is about hosting the ghost. In Spectres de Marx (1993) Derrida introduces the ghost which seems to condense in one figure the important themes of his late writings: the address, the other, the ethical turn, the event, the mourning, the reality of immateriality, the guest. The article...... turns to the paternal ghost from Shakespeare's Hamlet, as well as to the most ghost-like artist on the Danish contemporary art scene: Claus Beck-Nielsen, who some years ago declared himself dead. Is Claus Beck-Nielsen really a ghost? That is the question....

32 CFR 173.3 - Profit reduction clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... 32 National Defense 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Profit reduction clause. 173.3 Section 173.3... violating 18 U.S.C. 201-224 (bribery, graft, and conflicts of interest), 18 U.S.C. 371 (conspiracy), 18 U.S.... 1341 (fraud), 18 U.S.C. 1343 (fraud by wire) for any act in connection with or related to the obtaining...

The trends and constructive ambiguity in international agreements on intellectual property and pharmaceutical affairs: Implications for domestic legislations in low- and middle-income countries.

Science.gov (United States)

Son, Kyung-Bok; Lee, Tae-Jin

2017-06-06

The purpose of this study is to analyse the trends in international agreements including Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), Korea-United States Free Trade Agreements, and Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreements on intellectual property and pharmaceutical affairs with the updated framework. The study also assesses constructive ambiguity in international agreements, which might affect the implementation process through interpretation and domestic legislations. Five flexibility clauses and three TRIPS-plus provisions were selected, and presence of constructive ambiguity in the agreements was analysed to draw actual trends in international agreements. Flexibility provisions excluding compulsory licensing were not noticeably changed, and TRIPS-plus provisions including data exclusivity and patent linkage were expanded in scope or newly appeared, respectively. The clause regarding compulsory licensing, extension of the patent term, data exclusivity, and patent linkage showed unclear definitions or the lack of adequate explanations. With constructive ambiguity in those clauses, a country who wants to join international agreements in the near future could amend domestic legislations to minimise the detrimental effect of international agreements on access to medicines.

48 CFR 1239.70 - Solicitation provision and contract clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 1252.239-71, Information Technology Security Plan and Accreditation, and the clause at (TAR) 48 CFR 1252.239-70, Security Requirements for Unclassified Information Technology Resources, in all... TRANSPORTATION SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING ACQUISITION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY General 1239.70...

Non-Trade Concerns in Interpreting General Exception Clauses of ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

eliasn

Primarily, the objective of the measure must fall within the scope of any of the ... Balancing the Toothless Tiger and the Undermining Mole”, Journal of ..... listed in the exception clauses, there is a significant risk for abuse if they are left.

12 CFR Appendix B to Part 573 - Sample Clauses

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... INFORMATION Pt. 573, App. B Appendix B to Part 573—Sample Clauses Link to an amendment published at 74 FR..., such as “call the following toll-free number: (insert number)”]. A-7—Confidentiality and security (all...

International contracts - private autonomy and State law: consideration of recent trends with particular attention to their effect on nuclear contracts

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Carbone, Sergio

1981-01-01

This paper provides a description of several types of international contracts and their clauses, in particular in relation to their limitations which are partly due to compliance with the law of the countries concerned. The actions of private business concerns are increasingly conditioned by the position taken at government level, while States in turn are governed by commitments under Treaties they have concluded, e.g. the International Monetary Fund Treaty and the 1980 Rome Convention relating to contractual obligations. The author also deals with private autonomy and international contracts in the context of the development of international economic relationships. (NEA) [fr

Birds through a ceiling of alabast: genderproblematiek in de romans van Hugo Claus

OpenAIRE

Lech, Laura

2013-01-01

In the novels of Hugo Claus in which an "impossible love" is an important issue, we find, almost without exception, characters having characteristics that are typical for members of the opposite sex. (Latent) homosexuality plays an important role. The androgyny theme is the main theme in most of Claus' novels. There are two sources to be designated for this theme. In the first place, that is Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. The other source is the ancient belief that man is an androgynou...

48 CFR 538.7104 - Solicitation provisions and contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... the clause at 552.238-76, Definition (Federal Supply Schedules)—Recovery Purchasing, in Federal Supply... Homeland Security to facilitate recovery from major disasters, terrorism, or nuclear, biological, chemical... recovery from major disasters, terrorism, or nuclear, biological, chemical, or radiological attack. (c) The...

Decomposition by tree dimension in Horn clause verification

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kafle, Bishoksan; Gallagher, John Patrick; Ganty, Pierre

2015-01-01

In this paper we investigate the use of the concept of tree dimension in Horn clause analysis and verification. The dimension of a tree is a measure of its non-linearity - for example a list of any length has dimension zero while a complete binary tree has dimension equal to its height. We apply ...

The Development of Customary International Law by International Organizations

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Odermatt, Jed

2017-01-01

In his Fourth Report on the Identification of Customary International Law (2016), Special Rapporteur Michael Wood confirmed that ‘[i]n certain cases, the practice of international organizations also contributes to the expression, or creation, of rules of customary international law.......’ That the practice of international organizations can be relevant when identifying customary international law is relatively uncontroversial. The practice of states within international organizations such as the UN General Assembly, for example, may contribute to the development of custom. Yet, there is little...... discussion about whether and how the practice of international organizations as such may contribute to the development of customary international law. This contribution discusses the organization that is the most capable of contributing to the development of customary international law in its own right...

Reaction Mechanism for m- Xylene Oxidation in the Claus Process by Sulfur Dioxide

KAUST Repository

Sinha, Sourab

2015-09-24

In the Claus process, the presence of aromatic contaminants such benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX), in the H2S feed stream has a detrimental effect on catalytic reactors, where BTX form soot particles and clog and deactivate the catalysts. Among BTX, xylenes are proven to be most damaging contaminant for catalysts. BTX oxidation in the Claus furnace, before they enter catalyst beds, provides a solution to this problem. A reaction kinetics study on m-xylene oxidation by SO2, an oxidant present in Claus furnace, is presented. The density functional theory is used to study the formation of m-xylene radicals (3-methylbenzyl, 2,6-dimethylphenyl, 2,4-dimethylphenyl, and 3,5-dimethylphenyl) through H-abstraction and their oxidation by SO2. The mechanism begins with SO2 addition on the radicals through an O-atom rather than the S-atom with the release of 180.0-183.1 kJ/mol of reaction energies. This exothermic reaction involves energy barriers in the range 3.9-5.2 kJ/mol for several m-xylene radicals. Thereafter, O-S bond scission takes place to release SO, and the O-atom remaining on aromatics leads to CO formation. Among four m-xylene radicals, the resonantly stabilized 3-methylbenzyl exhibited the lowest SO2 addition and SO elimination rates. The reaction rate constants are provided to facilitate Claus process simulations to find conditions suitable for BTX oxidation. © 2015 American Chemical Society.

Reaction Mechanism for m- Xylene Oxidation in the Claus Process by Sulfur Dioxide

KAUST Repository

Sinha, Sourab; Raj, Abhijeet; Al Shoaibi, Ahmed S.; Chung, Suk-Ho

2015-01-01

In the Claus process, the presence of aromatic contaminants such benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX), in the H2S feed stream has a detrimental effect on catalytic reactors, where BTX form soot particles and clog and deactivate the catalysts. Among BTX, xylenes are proven to be most damaging contaminant for catalysts. BTX oxidation in the Claus furnace, before they enter catalyst beds, provides a solution to this problem. A reaction kinetics study on m-xylene oxidation by SO2, an oxidant present in Claus furnace, is presented. The density functional theory is used to study the formation of m-xylene radicals (3-methylbenzyl, 2,6-dimethylphenyl, 2,4-dimethylphenyl, and 3,5-dimethylphenyl) through H-abstraction and their oxidation by SO2. The mechanism begins with SO2 addition on the radicals through an O-atom rather than the S-atom with the release of 180.0-183.1 kJ/mol of reaction energies. This exothermic reaction involves energy barriers in the range 3.9-5.2 kJ/mol for several m-xylene radicals. Thereafter, O-S bond scission takes place to release SO, and the O-atom remaining on aromatics leads to CO formation. Among four m-xylene radicals, the resonantly stabilized 3-methylbenzyl exhibited the lowest SO2 addition and SO elimination rates. The reaction rate constants are provided to facilitate Claus process simulations to find conditions suitable for BTX oxidation. © 2015 American Chemical Society.

12 CFR Appendix B to Part 716 - SAMPLE CLAUSES

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

...-dealers, and insurance agents”]; • Non-financial companies, such as [provide illustrative examples, such... CONSUMER FINANCIAL INFORMATION Pt. 716, App. B Appendix B to Part 716—SAMPLE CLAUSES This appendix only... disclose nonpublic personal information about you to the following types of third parties: • Financial...

48 CFR 411.171 - Solicitation provisions and contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... provision at 452.211-70, Brand Name or Equal, in solicitations, other than those for construction, where “brand name or equal” purchase descriptions are used. (b) Contracting officers shall insert the clause at..., Attachment to Statement of Work/Specifications, when there are attachments to the description (statement of...

17 CFR Appendix B to Part 160 - Sample Clauses

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... as [provide illustrative examples, such as “mortgage bankers”]; • Non-financial companies, such as... FINANCIAL INFORMATION Pt. 160, App. B Appendix B to Part 160—Sample Clauses This appendix only applies to privacy notices provided before January 1, 2011. Financial institutions, including a group of financial...

48 CFR 1237.7003 - Solicitation provisions and contact clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... and the clause at (TAR) 48 CFR 1252.237-72, Prohibition on Advertising, in solicitations and contracts for training services when the content and/or presentation of the course is controlled by DOT. (b... descriptive information (i.e., dated material such as resumes, company and/or personnel qualifications) to...

17 CFR Appendix B to Subpart A of... - Sample Clauses

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... Information Pt. 248, Subpt. A, App. B Appendix B to Subpart A of Part 248—Sample Clauses Link to an amendment..., such as “call the following toll-free number: (insert number)”]. A-7—Confidentiality and Security (All...

12 CFR Appendix B to Part 40 - Sample Clauses

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... of nonpublic personal information about customers and former customers that the bank discloses and... nonpublic personal information about our customers or former customers to anyone, except as permitted by law... permitted by law. A-5—Service provider/joint marketing exception A bank may use one of these clauses, as...

48 CFR 237.7101 - Solicitation provisions and contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... contracts for laundry and dry cleaning services to be provided on a count-of-articles basis. (d) Use the clause at 252.237-7015, Loss or Damage (Weight of Articles), in solicitations and contracts for laundry... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Solicitation provisions...

Analysis and Transformation Tools for Constrained Horn Clause Verification

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kafle, Bishoksan; Gallagher, John Patrick

2014-01-01

Several techniques and tools have been developed for verification of properties expressed as Horn clauses with constraints over a background theory (CHC). Current CHC verification tools implement intricate algorithms and are often limited to certain subclasses of CHC problems. Our aim in this work...... is to investigate the use of a combination of off-the-shelf techniques from the literature in analysis and transformation of Constraint Logic Programs (CLPs) to solve challenging CHC verification problems. We find that many problems can be solved using a combination of tools based on well-known techniques from...... abstract interpretation, semantics-preserving transformations, program specialisation and query-answer transformations. This gives insights into the design of automatic, more general CHC verification tools based on a library of components....

Signaling Elaboration: Combining French Gerund Clauses with Lexical Cohesion Cues

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marianne Vergez-Couret

2012-07-01

Full Text Available In this paper, we focus on the Elaboration relation and on its automatic identification in French, using the theoretical framework of Segmented Discourse Representation Theory (SDRT. One of the information sources identified by the SDRT framework to infer the Elaboration relation is based on the existence of a potential subsumption link between the eventualities at stake, depending on lexical semantics and world knowledge. We investigate this claim by combining a weak syntactic marker of the Elaboration relation, namely the gerund clause, with lexical cohesion cues. We aim at automatically identifying gerund clauses which are Elaborations by finding cohesive links between the host main clause and the gerund clause. This approach makes it possible to accurately detect few cases of intra-sentential Elaborations in our corpus, confirming the fact that lexical cohesion cues are relevant for this task.Dans cet article, nous nous focalisons sur la relation d’Élaboration en français, telle qu’elle est décrite dans le modèle théorique de la SDRT (Segmented Discourse Representation Theory, et sur son identification automatique. Selon la SDRT, une des sources d’information permettant d’inférer la relation d’Élaboration est basée sur l’existence d’un lien de subsomption entre les types des éventualités des segments à relier, indiquant que le type de la seconde éventualité est un sous-type de celui de la première dans la sémantique lexicale des éventualités ou grâce à des connaissances du monde. Nous proposons de contribuer à cette question en combinant un indice de la relation d’Élaboration, i. e. la construction syntaxique du gérondif, et des indices de cohésion lexicale. Notre objectif est d’identifier automatiquement des propositions gérondives qui sont des Élaborations en repérant des indices de cohésion lexicale entre la proposition principale et la proposition gérondive. Cette approche permet de d

THE EFFICACY OF THE ARBITRATION CLAUSE IN A SIMULATED ACT

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Tudor Vlad RĂDULESCU

2016-05-01

Full Text Available The article focuses on the effects that an arbitration clause can still produce when it is contained in a simulated operation, whether it is in the apparent act or in the secret one, depending on the forms of simulation.

Constitutional law and international law at the turn of the century ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

In contrast to the Constitution of the United States of America, the principle of the ... The presence in a Bill of Rights of restrictive clauses, is important for its analysis. ... International law has also been instrumental in the worldwide recognition of ...

Facultative reinsurance and the full reinsurance clause

OpenAIRE

Gurses, Ozlem

2009-01-01

The Full Reinsurance clause by which a reinsurer agrees to be bound by the same terms and conditions as the original policy and commits to follow the reinsured’s settlements is widely used in London Market facultative reinsurance contracts. In most disputes the outcome depends upon resolving the fundamental question of whether reinsurance is either a further insurance on the subject matter insured or is a reinsurance of the liability of the reinsured under the direct policy. The interpretatio...

Analysis of Inserted Clauses in the Legal Discourse from the Pragmatic Perspective

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ruzanna Karapetyan

2017-05-01

Full Text Available The aim of the given study is to examine the use of inserted clauses in the legal discourse and their unique role in this speech genre.  The investigation of the topic is conducted in line with the principles of Functional Discourse Grammar. In the course of analysis we apply the theory of speech acts, namely performatives, the fundamental tenets of which permit to view the specific combination of shall+inserted clause as a particular feature of legal discourse.  These overcomplicated grammatical structures are shown to fulfill the immediate function of performatives, that of enacting legal acts and doing things in the pragmatic sense of word, to the full extent.

CP-recursion and the derivation of verb second in Germanic main and embedded clauses

OpenAIRE

Vikner, Sten

2017-01-01

This paper will give an overview of the verb second (V2) phenomenon, as found in both main and embedded clauses in Germanic, and it will also explore a particular derivation of (embedded) V2, in terms of a cP/CP-distinction.All the Germanic languages except modern English (but including e. g. Old English) are V2, i. e. in all declarative main clauses and in all wh-questions, the finite verb is in the second position, regardless of whether the first position is occupied by the subject or by so...

48 CFR 225.7003-5 - Solicitation provision and contract clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

..., Restriction on Acquisition of Certain Articles Containing Specialty Metals, in solicitations and contracts... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Solicitation provision and contract clauses. 225.7003-5 Section 225.7003-5 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION...

Reflections on drafting of civil liability clauses and solving of disputes in supply contracts throughout the nuclear fuel cycle

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Virole, jean.

1977-01-01

The lengthy duration and diversity of the stages of the fuel cycle and the geographical distribution of the nuclear industries give the contracts for carrying out the different operations such flexibility that in order to settle disputes concerning notably but not exclusively liability, reference may be made to different legal systems according to whether the regulations of international public or private law can be applied. The options provided for co-contractors in view of the flexibility of the contracts lead to adoption of varying clauses for settling disputes according to the different industrial achievements envisaged. (NEA) [fr

The Verb Always Leaves IP in V2 Clauses

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Schwartz, Bonnie D.; Vikner, Sten

2007-01-01

The verb second (V2) phenomenon, as it is found in the Germanic languages, has been the focus of much attention within recent syntactic research. In most of the literature on V2, it is assumed that the verb in all V2 clauses has moved to a head position outside IP, e.g. Cº. In Schwartz & Vikner...... (1989) we claimed that all V2 clauses were CPs, and we referred to this analysis as the 'traditional' analysis. In this paper we shall call it the 'V2 outside IP' analysis, and by using this term we want to convey that although in what follows we will adhere to the view that the verb moves to Cº, any...... analysis in which the verb moves into an Xº which is the sister of IP may be compatible with what we say here. Various alternatives to this analysis have been explored in the literature, and here we will address two in particular: One alternative is that there is an asymmetry between subject...

The Production of Turkish Relative Clauses in Second Language Acquisition: Overcoming Student Difficulties

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Anjel Toczu

2010-01-01

Full Text Available This study focuses on teaching relative clauses (R.Cs in Turkish, a left-branching language, and discusses the relative difficulty of producing RCs in Turkish by English-speaking learners by investigating whether the production of subject relative clauses in Turkish is easier than that of the object relative clauses. It also offers suggestions as to how to help learners overcome these difficulties. Turkish and English belong to two different language families, Altaic and Inda-European respectively. This study lends further insight that Turkish does not have RCs similar to those found in Inda-European languages. Instead, in Turkish RCs comprise nominalized verbs and participles. The characteristics of Turkish are also explained such as its word order, agglutinating morphology, vowel and consonant harmony rules as well as case markers indicating grammatical relations between sentence constituents, which shed light to our understanding of RCs in Turkish. Data was collected through written and oral tasks from students enrolled in a military intensive Turkish language training program in the United States. Moreover, their performance was studied through classroom observations and one-on-one speaking activities.

Šalutiniai pažyminio sakiniai: kodėl vaikams sunku juos suprasti? | Relative clauses: why children have difficulties to comprehend them?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ineta Dabašinskienė

2014-12-01

Full Text Available The study aims to describe and interpret the results of testing the speech of Lithuanian children in order to find out whether language-specific features of Lithuanian as a highly inflected language help children grasp the complex syntactic relations between the subject and the object in relative clauses. The investigation has been aimed to test the hypothesis to the effect that depending on the language type, object relative clauses are more difficult to acquire than subject relative clauses (Guasti, Cardinaletti 2003; Utzeri 2007; Brandt, Diessel, Tomasello 2008; O’Grady, Kim, Lee et al. 2011; Benţea 2012. The findings of the research support the hypothesis that relative clauses as objects (the OO type are more difficult to grasp than those that function as subjects (OS. This claim has been statistically confirmed in the group of 3 – 4.5 year-olds, which had a big difficulty in perceiving the difference between relative clauses functioning as subjects or objects. These findings are in line with claims related to other languages, which demonstrate that children in early childhood, distinguishing between OS or OO, misinterpret the OO type more often (Guasti, Stavrakaki, Arosio 2008. However, when an unusual, strange situation is described, or an unfamiliar verb is used, children tend to assign the same syntactic function to the head noun and the relative pronoun; in such cases the OS clause is interpreted as the OO type. This tendency also supports the parallel-function hypothesis advanced by Tavakolian (1981. In later years children already perceive the difference between the OS and OO type relative clauses, but in a pre-school period misinterpretations of the OO type are quite numerous. Children of schooling age, on the other hand, have no difficulty in interpreting this difference correctly. The results of the present study confirm the assertion that older children grasp the functions of relative clauses and interpret complex structures

REFORMING THE NE BIS IN IDEM CLAUSE OF ARTICLE 20(3)

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Fr. Ikenga

deal with all perpetrators of the crimes that come under its jurisdiction wherever such crimes are ... KAYITANA: Complementarity and Completed Trials: Reforming the Ne Bis in Idem Clause of Article 20(3) of ..... exchange for lenient sentences.

Material Adverse Effect Clause – Proper Legal Work or Contribution to False Sense of Security?

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Fomcenco, Alex

2014-01-01

Regardless of whether you are a buyer or a seller, and regardless what the object of the contract is, it is essentially important that you seek to protect your rights through various clauses that must aim to provide clearness to contractual obligations, defini- tions of breach, and consequences...... thereof. The article addresses a number of interest- protective legal mechanisms and necessity of their explicit incorporation in the contract. With emphasis on Material Adverse Effect clause the paper focuses on its exigency and applicability....

Conversion of Claus plants of Kirkuk-Iraq to produce hydrogen and sulfur

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Naman, S.A.; Veziroglu, A.

2009-01-01

'Full text': Hydrogen production from rich sub-quality natural gas (SQNG) is visible technically with assessment of cost, safety and environmental toxicology analysis of hydrogen sulfide, is summarized. There are two Claus plants in Kirkuk-Iraq, converting hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur capacity of 2200 ton/day. One of these plants is working with only 400 ton/day and it is an old Claus process. The other is a modified Claus sulfur recovery process with a capacity of 1800 ton/day. Both of these plants operate with low efficiency due to lack of maintenance and the present situation in Iraq. Therefore, the agricultural area around Kirkuk is very polluted by this gas. Two pilot plants have been constructed inside the modified Claus plant in Kirkuk The first one is based on the flow system tube furnace reactor containing mixed Titanium oxide/sulfide with a cold trap for sulfur separation and a bath of 30% dithanolamine to separate and recycle H 2 S from hydrogen. The second pilot plant consists of a thermal diffusion ceramic rod inside a silica column containing Zeolit 5A as a catalyst. This pilot plant also consists of a trap for continuous separation of sulfur and a system for separation of hydrogen from unreacted H 2 S to recycle. The efficiency of conversion of H 2 S to hydrogen and sulfur has been optimized as a function of catalyst type and mixture, temperature of furnace, flow rate of gas and reactor materials until the efficiency reaches more than 97%. The Kirkuk natural gas consists of a mixture of CO 2 10% and H 2 S 12%. We found that these pilot plants were suitable with Cadmium chalcogens catalysts to produce hydrogen, methane, ethane and sulphur, but with lower efficiency than H 2 S decomposition only. Our aim in the second pilot plant, which consists of a silica column, was to supply the heat by solar energy concentrator instead of electricity as our catalyst needs 450 o C. and the solar intensity is about 1000 w/m 2 during the summer. The idea of

Prenominal and postnominal reduced relative clauses: arguments against unitary analyses

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Sleeman, P.

2007-01-01

These last years, several analyses have been proposed in which prenominal and postnominal reduced relatives are merged in the same position. Kayne (1994) claims that both types of reduced relative clauses are the complement of the determiner. More recently, Cinque (2005) has proposed that both types

48 CFR 48.201 - Clauses for supply or service contracts.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... production, based on planning and programming or production documentation at the time the VECP is accepted... production, based on planning and programming or production documentation at the time the VECP is accepted... low-rate-initial-production or early production units, the contracting officer must modify the clause...

Development and industrial application of catalyzer for low-temperature hydrogenation hydrolysis of Claus tail gas

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Honggang Chang

2015-10-01

Full Text Available With the implementation of more strict national environmental protection laws, energy conservation, emission reduction and clean production will present higher requirements for sulfur recovery tail gas processing techniques and catalyzers. As for Claus tail gas, conventional hydrogenation catalyzers are gradually being replaced by low-temperature hydrogenation catalyzers. This paper concentrates on the development of technologies for low-temperature hydrogenation hydrolysis catalyzers, preparation of such catalyzers and their industrial application. In view of the specific features of SO2 hydrogenation and organic sulfur hydrolysis during low-temperature hydrogenation, a new technical process involving joint application of hydrogenation catalyzers and hydrolysis catalyzers was proposed. In addition, low-temperature hydrogenation catalyzers and low-temperature hydrolysis catalyzers suitable for low-temperature conditions were developed. Joint application of these two kinds of catalyzers may reduce the inlet temperatures in the conventional hydrogenation reactors from 280 °C to 220 °C, at the same time, hydrogenation conversion rates of SO2 can be enhanced to over 99%. To further accelerate the hydrolysis rate of organic sulfur, the catalyzers for hydrolysis of low-temperature organic sulfur were developed. In lab tests, the volume ratio of the total sulfur content in tail gas can be as low as 131 × 10−6 when these two kinds of catalyzers were used in a proportion of 5:5 in volumes. Industrial application of these catalyzers was implemented in 17 sulfur recovery tail gas processing facilities of 15 companies. As a result, Sinopec Jinling Petrochemical Company had outstanding application performances with a tail gas discharging rate lower than 77.9 mg/m3 and a total sulfur recovery of 99.97%.

Experience and Sentence Processing: Statistical Learning and Relative Clause Comprehension

Science.gov (United States)

Wells, Justine B.; Christiansen, Morten H.; Race, David S.; Acheson, Daniel J.; MacDonald, Maryellen C.

2009-01-01

Many explanations of the difficulties associated with interpreting object relative clauses appeal to the demands that object relatives make on working memory. MacDonald and Christiansen [MacDonald, M. C., & Christiansen, M. H. (2002). "Reassessing working memory: Comment on Just and Carpenter (1992) and Waters and Caplan (1996)." "Psychological…

46 CFR 308.516 - Failure to comply with Clause 21.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

....516 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EMERGENCY OPERATIONS WAR RISK INSURANCE War Risk Cargo Insurance Ii-Open Policy War Risk Cargo Insurance § 308.516 Failure to comply with Clause 21. (a) If the assured willfully fails to maintain a collateral deposit fund or a surety bond in...

Does international nuclear trade law have a specificity

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

David, J.L.

1988-01-01

This study on the specificity of international nuclear trade law covers public international and private international aspects. As regards the first, international organisations and agreements (bilateral and multilateral) are reviewed. In the context of the second, the international organisations with a scientific, legal or commercial vocation are briefly listed. Commercial contracts are then studied in greater detail from the viewpoint of contractual nuclear liability and that outside the contracts. In addition, special aspects are examined, relating to the flexibility of supply contracts, swap agreements in the nuclear field, and other more particular clauses such as the ''Consensus'' framework for export credits. The authors' conclusion is that while there is no specificity properly speaking in international nuclear trade law, it nevertheless has original features (NEA) [fr

48 CFR 3003.203 - Reporting suspected violations of the Gratuities clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Reporting suspected violations of the Gratuities clause. 3003.203 Section 3003.203 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, HOMELAND SECURITY ACQUISITION REGULATION (HSAR) GENERAL IMPROPER BUSINESS...

136 | P a g e THE IMPERATIVE OF REMOVING IMMUNITY CLAUSE ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Fr. Ikenga

2007-09-06

Sep 6, 2007 ... Government would have so obeyed a court order were it not for the immunity clause ... In Africa, immunity in government is not strange especially to ..... personally attend or appear in court or to produce any person or thing.

Accusative resumptive pronoun in the Czech relative clauses with absolute relativizer co

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Fried, Mirjam

2010-01-01

Roč. 1, č. 1 (2010), s. 16-29 ISSN 1804-137X Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z90610518 Keywords : relative clauses * relativizer * resumptive pronoun * corpus analysis Subject RIV: AI - Linguistics

Drafting force majeure clauses in natural gas purchase/sale contracts -- the practicalities

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Reschke, D. N.; Campbell, L. M.

1999-01-01

The place of 'force majeure' provisions, in gas purchase/sale contracts is discussed. This issue, not normally considered to be significant in gas purchase/sale contracts, became a matter of intense interest in the aftermath of the Atcor Ltd v. Continental Energy Marketing case when the trial court, as well as the Alberta Court of Appeals, strongly criticized the wording of the force majeure clause in the contract as containing a 'choice of words that assured litigation'. Force majeure, simply stated, refers to acts of God, (lightning, earthquakes, storms, floods, etc) and acts of war. It is inserted in contracts to limit the liability of parties to the contract in the event of inability to perform due to any of the above acts of God, or acts of war. In this particular case, the force majeure cause included, in addition to the above, a long list of other causes such as strikes, lockouts or other industrial disturbances, insurrections, riots, epidemics, landslides, fires, washouts, explosions of or accidents to plant, machinery or lines of pipe, well blowouts, and pipeline repairs and reconditioning. The trial court found the drafting of the clause archaic, circumventing clarity, and drearily lengthy. In view of the court's decision it is clear that more thought has to go into drafting force majeure decisions in the future. Accordingly, this paper attempts to discuss practical issues of drafting force majeure clauses that clearly reflect the parties' intentions and expectations so that costly litigations might be avoided, or if litigation is unavoidable, to at least have the outcome of such litigation be more predictable. The focus of the discussion is on legal interpretation issues, forms of gas contract force majeure provisions- events and consequences, and standardization of force majeure provisions. It is recommended that the drafter of such clauses should always keep in mind the potential impact that the strict construction and commercial reasonability concepts

48 CFR 46.309 - Research and development contracts (short form).

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Research and development... REGULATION CONTRACT MANAGEMENT QUALITY ASSURANCE Contract Clauses 46.309 Research and development contracts... Development (Short Form), in solicitations and contracts for research and development when the clause...

Effectiveness of price adjustment clauses in district heat supply contracts. Consequences of the 2011 BGH rulings; Wirksamkeit von Preisanpassungsklauseln in Fernwaermelieferungsvertraegen. Konsequenzen der BGH-Urteile 2011

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Buedenbender, Ulrich; Gromm, Marcel [TU Dresden (Germany). Lehrstuhl fuer Buergerliches Recht, Energiewirtschaftsrecht und Arbeitsrecht

2011-07-01

In 2011, the BGH had to decide for the first time on price adjustment clauses. There were four court rulings on price adjustment clauses in district heat supply contracts, and price adjustment clauses were considered to be ineffective in all cases. This is a trend similar to the rulings on gas supply contracts since 2005. This contribution discusses the consequences of the 2011 BGH rulings for future price adjustment clauses in district heat supply contracts. The contract partners, especially the customers of district heating utilities, must be sure whether a raised supply price will be based on an effective price adjustment clause, or whether it will enable the customer to refuse payment. (orig.)

Patients nord-américains et clause d'exclusion de couverture dans les polices d'assurance responsabilité civile professionnelle

OpenAIRE

Ducor, Philippe

2015-01-01

Un nombre croissant d'assureurs introduisent dans leurs polices d'assurance responsabilité civile professionnelle pour médecins des clauses visant à exclure de la couverture les litiges jugés selon le droit américain ou canadien, ou devant les tribunaux de ces pays. Ces clauses suscitent l'inquiétude de certains membres de l'AMG, qui craignent d'une part de ne pas être couverts en cas de litiges concernés par ces clauses, et d'autre part d'être sanctionnés faute de disposer d'une couverture r...

48 CFR 752.7018 - Health and accident coverage for USAID participant trainees.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... contractors prior to the initiation of travel by the participant. USAID has developed an Agency-wide database... AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CLAUSES AND FORMS SOLICITATION PROVISIONS AND CONTRACT CLAUSES Texts... all reasonable and necessary medical reimbursement charges not otherwise covered by student health...

The exceptional clauses in the contractual activity on the public administration: freedom of choice or legislative imposition

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Néstor David Osorio Moreno

2013-12-01

Full Text Available The contracting activity of public administration in Colombia has generally allowed, by order of constitutional and legislative norms, the application of the principle of autonomy, so that those subjects within a public legal transaction can build and establish the conditions governing their contract. The scope of the principle of autonomy must be analyzed and subjected to reflection, especially considering the institution of exception clauses in common law used by State agencies and their legal relationship with contractors. The existence of exception clauses has been justified by the interests of the State (and in particular the public interest without strictly analyzing the essence of the figure. The application of this institution in contractual relations of the State has advanced greatly, but it is still uncertain if the true nature of the figure is caused by the autonomy of the parties in order to celebrate the contract, or if it comes as privileges conferred and imposed by the legislator as a way to concise the principle of legality. This paper concludes that exception clauses in common law, clearly applied in contractual activity within public administration, consist of special privileges imposed by the legislator to State entities, and are therefore opposed to the essence of the clause and the principle of autonomy.

48 CFR 515.209-70 - Examination of records by GSA clause.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... property, compliance with the price reduction clause). Counsel and the Assistant Inspector General—Auditing or Regional Inspector General—Auditing, as appropriate, must concur in any modifications to the... likelihood of significant harm to the Government and submit it to the Senior Procurement Executive for...

25 CFR 1000.275 - Is it necessary for a self-governance AFA to include any clauses about FTCA coverage?

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Is it necessary for a self-governance AFA to include any... AMENDMENTS TO THE INDIAN SELF-DETERMINATION AND EDUCATION ACT Federal Tort Claims § 1000.275 Is it necessary for a self-governance AFA to include any clauses about FTCA coverage? No, clauses about FTCA coverage...

Energy efficiency clauses in charter party agreements legal and economic perspectives and their application to ocean grain transport

CERN Document Server

Psarros, George Adamantios

2017-01-01

This book provides practical solutions for addressing energy efficiency as a clause term within a charter party contract. For this, upon a reflection of the regulatory craft, it analyzes key concepts of case law, and discusses them together with commercial and economic principles. In this way, the book aims at offering a comprehensive, interdisciplinary view of the chartering process, together with a new approach for safeguarding energy efficiency investments. A special emphasis is given to the maritime industry. Here, the newly developed framework, based on game theory, has been successfully applied to demonstrate the importance of including a clause term in contract negotiation to achieve protection against both an uncertain market and an even more challenging shipping environment. The book not only fills a gap in the literature, covering a topic that has been largely neglected to date, yet it offers researchers and practitioners extensive information to change the chartering process radically.

PRINCIPLE OF AVAILABILITY IN THE MATTER OF THE REDUCIBILITY OF THE PENALTY CLAUSE

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Maria DUMITRU

2013-12-01

Full Text Available Being receptive to doctrinaire advocacies prior to October 1st 2011 and taking into consideration the social and economical realities of the last decades, the Romanian legislator, in art. 1541 of the civil Code gives the court the power to reduce the evidently excessive penalty clause in relation to the prejudice that could have been foreseen by the parties at the date on which the contract was signed. Amid the silence of the legislator and taking into account the disposition right of the parties over the object of the civil trial, we propose to find whether the court can diminish the obviously excessive penalty clause only when invested with such request or whether this prerogative can be exercised ex officio.

Effects of Form-Focused Instruction on the Learning of Relative Clauses

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Seyed Jalal Abdolmanafi (Rokni

2012-04-01

Full Text Available Problem Statement: Relativization is an important grammatical sub-system for second language learners. This study intended to explore the effects of different types of L2 instruction on the learning of English relative clauses by Persian learners.Purpose: The differential effects of the three types of treatment (i.e., Focus on FormS, Focus on Meaning, Focus on Form on the learning of English relativization was investigated.Methods: Intact university classes of English learners were divided into three groups receiving different forms of instruction. Accuracy of the target form was measured by two distinct tasks of sentence combining test and grammaticality judgment test.Findings and Results: The results of the two tests show improvement of all three groups, the focus on form treatment group outperformed the other two on both tests, however. This study also suggests that learners’ attention to detailed analysis of form facilitates the learning of relative clauses in this context.

Trends in international health development.

Science.gov (United States)

Lien, Lars

2002-01-01

"... Good population health is a crucial input into poverty reduction, economic growth and long-term economic development... This point is widely recognised by analysts and policy makers, but is greatly underestimated in its qualitative and quantitative significance, and in the investment allocations of many developing country and donor governments."--Commission on Macroeconomics and Health The international health development scene has changed rapidly during the past 5 years. From being a merely bilateral effort together with a few multilateral organisations and many NGOs new global partnerships have entered the scene and become major funding agencies. The provision of aid has also changed from small-scale project basis to financial support of large programmes. The purpose of this article is to describe some of the major transformations taken place in the organising, delivery and objective of international health development. But before presenting the new international health development agenda, a short introduction to the challenges inducing the need for renewed thinking about international aid is shortly presented.

Exemption Clauses and the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008: An Assessment of Naidoo v Birchwood Hotel 2012 6 SA 170 (GSJ

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Yeukai Mupangavanhu

2014-08-01

Full Text Available Exemption clauses are a rule rather than an exception particularly in standard-form contracts. Consumers are usually forced to accept such terms on a "take-it-or-leave-it" basis. This state of affairs shows that freedom of contract is theoretical and could lead to injustices. In Naidoo v Birchwood Hotel 2012 6 SA 170 (GSJ the Court refused to uphold the exemption clauses based on the fact that it would have been unfair and unjust to the plaintiff who had sustained serious bodily injuries during his stay at the hotel. The article discusses this court decision in the light of the provisions of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 (CPA against the background of the previous jurisprudence regarding exemption clauses, including the position of exemption clauses in a new constitutional dispensation.

76 FR 2761 - Proposed Information Collection (Department of Veterans Affairs Acquisition Regulations Clause...

Science.gov (United States)

2011-01-14

... contracts for the acquisition of non-personal health care services. It requires the bidder/offeror prior to... Regulation clause 52.207-3, Right of First Refusal of Employment. Affected Public: Business or other for...

Aspects of royalty clauses inside freehold oil and gas leases

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hughes, N.T.

1998-01-01

Some of the most common royalty clauses currently used are discussed with particular emphasis on the CAPL 88 and the CAPL 91 petroleum and natural gas lease forms and the provisions regarding lessors and lessees. The problems regarding their practical applications are described. The legal status of a royalty inside a freehold oil and gas lease is also examined. 4 refs

Convex polyhedral abstractions, specialisation and property-based predicate splitting in Horn clause verification

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kafle, Bishoksan; Gallagher, John Patrick

2014-01-01

We present an approach to constrained Horn clause (CHC) verification combining three techniques: abstract interpretation over a domain of convex polyhedra, specialisation of the constraints in CHCs using abstract interpretation of query-answer transformed clauses, and refinement by splitting...... in conjunction with specialisation for propagating constraints it can frequently solve challenging verification problems. This is a contribution in itself, but refinement is needed when it fails, and the question of how to refine convex polyhedral analyses has not been studied much. We present a refinement...... technique based on interpolants derived from a counterexample trace; these are used to drive a property-based specialisation that splits predicates, leading in turn to more precise convex polyhedral analyses. The process of specialisation, analysis and splitting can be repeated, in a manner similar...

The Politics of Takings Clauses

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mila Versteeg

2015-12-01

Full Text Available http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2177-7055.2015v36n71p43 A long-standing consensus exists that the arbitrary or excessive expropriation of private property by a country hurts its economic growth. Although constitutions can play an important role in protecting private property, remarkably little is known about how they actually restrict the power of eminent domain and whether such restrictions are associated with reduced de facto expropriation risks. The main finding of this essay is that no observable relationship exists between de jure constitutional restrictions on the power of eminent domain and de facto expropriation risks. This finding suggests that the effectiveness of takings clauses might depend on the politics surrounding their adoption.

Integrating Conflict Driven Clause Learning to Local Search

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Gilles Audenard

2009-10-01

Full Text Available This article introduces SatHyS (SAT HYbrid Solver, a novel hybrid approach for propositional satisfiability. It combines local search and conflict driven clause learning (CDCL scheme. Each time the local search part reaches a local minimum, the CDCL is launched. For SAT problems it behaves like a tabu list, whereas for UNSAT ones, the CDCL part tries to focus on minimum unsatisfiable sub-formula (MUS. Experimental results show good performances on many classes of SAT instances from the last SAT competitions.

Open Development : Networked Innovations in International ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Open Development : Networked Innovations in International Development. Couverture du livre Open Development: Networked Innovations in International Development. Directeur(s):. Matthew L. Smith et Katherine M. A. Reilly. Maison(s) d'édition: The MIT Press, CRDI. 12 décembre 2013. ISBN : 9780262525411.

Development | Page 24 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Two years ago, the International Development Research Centre created CIME, a development communication program that reflects the interrelations between Communication at the grassroots level, the exchange of Information, two-way Media, and nonformal Education. This book presents the conceptual framework that led ...

Inquisitive learning as a basis for instrumental teaching: : an essay on four underpinning principles of the Prince Claus Conservatoire’s instrumental teacher education

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Stolte, Tine; Dons, Karolien

2016-01-01

Up until 2005 Peter Mak was involved as pedagogy teacher in the instrumental teacher education of the Bachelor of Music of the Prince Claus Conservatoire. The programme’s pedagogy section consisted of modules developed by Peter including ‘Didactics’, ‘Learning processes’, ‘Study skills’, and

48 CFR 52.249-9 - Default (Fixed-Price Research and Development).

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... Research and Development). 52.249-9 Section 52.249-9 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL... Provisions and Clauses 52.249-9 Default (Fixed-Price Research and Development). As prescribed in 49.504(b), insert the following clause: Default (Fixed-Price Research and Development) (APR 1984) (a)(1) The...

Trip internalization in multi-use developments.

Science.gov (United States)

2014-04-01

Internal trip capture refers to how the number trips to and from a development are reduced by the proximity of : complementary land uses within the development (e.g., residential to retail). Internal trips occur within the : development and do not en...

75 FR 1788 - General Services Administration Regulation; Submission for OMB Review; Packing List Clause

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-13

... INFORMATION CONTACT: Michael O. Jackson, Procurement Analyst, Contract Policy Branch, by telephone (202) 208-4949 or via e- mail at michaelo.jackson@gsa.gov . SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: A. Purpose GSAR clause 552...

48 CFR 227.7009-3 - Additional clauses-contracts except running royalty contracts.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

...-contracts except running royalty contracts. 227.7009-3 Section 227.7009-3 Federal Acquisition Regulations...—contracts except running royalty contracts. The following clauses are examples for use in patent release and settlement agreements, and license agreements not providing for payment by the Government of a running...

A new clause to the Sexual Contract: surrogate pregnancies

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Laura Nuño Gómez

2016-12-01

Full Text Available This article addresses the debate on the regulation of commercial pregnancies as a revision on the market’s demand and under the fallacy of free will, incorporates a new clause to the Sexual Contract. This debate requires that we analyse the limits of commodification on the one hand and on the other, the ethical requisites of referring to free will in a globalized context of feminization of poverty, sexual inequality and the rearmament of patriarchal neoliberalism.

Insights into the chemistry of the Claus reaction furnace and waste heat boiler

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Clark, P.D.; Dowling, N.I.; Huang, M.

1997-01-01

Methods to deal with the unwanted by-product of acid-gas combustion in the Claus reaction furnace were presented. The by-product, carbon disulfide (CS 2 ), is disturbing because if it is not converted to H 2 S in the first catalytic converter, it will appear as a sulfur emission in the tail gas of plants not using reductive clean-up technology. To address this issue, Claus catalysts have been designed specifically for CS 2 hydrolysis. Studies have been conducted to determine what type of hydrocarbons lead to CS 2 formation. It was concluded that all hydrocarbons result in CS 2 production, but that benzene is particularly difficult. Data for a wide range of acid gas compositions and contaminant hydrocarbons at different process conditions was presented. Methods to destroy CS 2 in the furnace were also identified

The Production System's Formulation of Relative Clause Structures: Evidence from Polish

Science.gov (United States)

McDaniel, Dana; Lech, Dorota

2003-01-01

In this study, we focused on the formulation of relative clauses with preposition and genitive pied-piping. Thirty child (5;9 to 8;4) and 30 adult Polish speakers were given an elicited production task and a grammaticality judgment task. Almost all of the children accepted preposition pied-piping, but only half of them produced it. We suggest that…

Celebrating international collaboration: reflections on the first Virtual International Practice Development Conference

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Moira Stephens

2016-11-01

Full Text Available This article reports on the first Virtual International Practice Development Conference, held in May 2015 to celebrate International Nurses Day. The article describes key aspects of its planning, offers a flavour of the event itself and sets out an evaluation, including learning points and recommendations to assist with planning similar events in the future. Central to our learning are: The need for practice developers to grasp skills in technology associated with virtual space The need to embrace virtual space itself as another means by which creative and communicative spaces can be established for active learning and practice development activities The potential advantages that international virtual engagement has over face-to-face national or international engagement The delivery of this virtual event made a significant international contribution to global practice development activity within the International Practice Development Collaborative and to enabling practice developers to connect and celebrate on a more global basis. Implications for practice: Virtual space technology skills can assist with sharing and translating practice development research, innovations and critical commentary Virtual space can provide an adjunct to creative and communicative learning spaces Global networking opportunities can be developed and enhanced through the use of virtual space technology Practice developers need to role model the use of virtual technologies

Canada Research Chairs | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

aspx. International Research Chairs Initiative. The International Research Chairs Initiative pairs top research talent from universities in Canada with their counterparts in developing countries to address key development challenges. View more

12 CFR Appendix B to Part 707 - Model Clauses and Sample Forms

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

...) B-8—Sample Form (Money Market Share Account Disclosures) B-9—Sample Form (Term Share (Certificate... money market accounts. These are some of the more common limitations applicable. The credit union... will assist members in reviewing and understanding the change. B-3Model Clauses for Pre-Maturity...

The idea of Santa Claus in terms of Cognitive Sciences. Cultural persistence and interference with the Christian Religion

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

PhD. Paul SCARLAT

2017-01-01

Full Text Available The idea of Santa Claus is a universal one, which has been carried on for generations despite many obstacles. Although related to fantasy and imagination, he belongs to all cultures and for children he maintains a real presence. Cognitive Science examines the idea of this mysterious individual and brings clarification to his existence in society. Because this “superhero” plays a part in society, he needs a mental structure that can be imagined, a particular and specific cognitive structure. The study identifies the cognitive mechanisms by which the idea of Santa Claus is generated. The history of Santa has interfered with religion since ancient times. He is sometimes confused with religious figures. Cognitive Sciences as applied to religion seem to confirm the universality of religious beliefs and a certain similarity between the idea of Santa Claus and that of holy persons, such as St. Nicholas. However, there are opinions within this field of research that differentiate between the two areas: fantastic and religious.

A U.S. developer's introduction to international independent power development

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Goodwin, L.M.

1993-01-01

Because US developers have had significant experience developing independent power projects in the US during the fifteen years since the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (''PURPA'') was passed, US developers have been some of the most aggressive participants in the early stages of international independent power development. However, US developers who attempt to transplant their US experience directly to foreign markets may be in for a rude awakening. Despite the similarities, there are significant differences between energy project development within the US and development in international markets. The purpose of this paper is to explore these differences, and to review some of the new considerations that experienced US developers will have to deal with in developing international projects

76 FR 16043 - Agency Information Collection (Department of Veterans Affairs Acquisition Regulations Clause 852...

Science.gov (United States)

2011-03-22

... contracts for the acquisition of non-personal health care services. It requires the bidder/offeror prior to... Acquisition Regulation Clause 52.207-3, Right of First Refusal of Employment. An agency may not conduct or...

The Price and Determination of the Price in the Sales Agreement

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sasha Dukoski

2017-08-01

Full Text Available The development of international trade in the current conditions of globalization and the impact of the development of the global economy, but also cooperation and closeness among nations is not left without legal rules designed to underpin the relations of social commerce with foreign elements. One of the relevant dimensions of international trade is the contract for international sales. The performance of the contract for international sales also includes the legal problems that are detected by identifying and enabling precise adaptation clauses to represent the progress of future contractual relations with a foreign element. Specific clauses of the contracts for international sales are of great importance and interest because they cover legal reality in the direction in which the contract is emerging as an effective tool for the achievement of the interests of the parties and the purposes for which they were created. This reality is the reason that has pushed to making efforts in understanding and improvement of specific clauses of the contract for international sales in order to monitor the dynamic changes in the business and legal community.

Constitutional law and international law at the turn of the century

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

JA Frowein

1998-11-01

Full Text Available Constitutional law and international law operate in simultaneous conjunction and reciprocal tension. Both fields seem to have overcome the great challenges of destruction and neglect in the course of the 20th century.Both after World War I and World War II the world experienced new waves of constitution making. In both cases the current German constitutions (the Weimar Constitution of 1919 and the Grundgesetz of 1949 were influential.Characteristic of constitution-making in this century, is the final victory of liberal constitutions based on the rule of law, the Rechtsstaat, fundamental rights, meaningful control of public powers and the establishment of constitutional courts.Following the destruction of World War II, the notion of the Sozialstaat emerged strongly in Germany. In contrast to the Constitution of the United States of America, the principle of the responsibility of the state for social justice has emerged in almost all new constitutions, including Russia, Poland, South Africa, Spain, Italy and Portugal.Where courts are given the mandate to interpret bills of rights, fundamental rights have been developed into foundation stones of the legal system. The presence in a Bill of Rights of restrictive clauses, is important for its analysis. Generally restrictive clauses in new constitutions try to limit the possibilities of restriction.The importance of constitutional rules establishing and legitimizing the political organs, must not be overlooked. Of particular importance is the degree of control over the head of state, a positive attitude among political actors towards the constitution and the protection of the interests of minorities in a democratic system.In the field of Public International Law much of Kant's ideal of an international confederation of peace has been realized. Since 1990 the United Nation's Security Council has shown the potential of becoming a directorate for the community of nations.International law has also been

Relationship of community traffic rights and international conventions

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Đurđev Dušanka

2012-01-01

Full Text Available The Lisbon Treaty has established the Union as a legal personality. It opens for mixed agreements on foreign policy and community topics. In areas where the Union legislates, the EU can sign various kinds of agreements on behalf of the member states, who are consequently not allowed to negotiate international agreements on their own (autonomously in these areas. The European Union's accession to the Convention concerning International Carriage by Rail (COTIF represents a historic step for the railway community. This relationship is now clear: a disconnection clause in the accession agreement in principle allows EU law precedence for traffic internal to the EU. The relationship between EU law and COTIF law is there more about coordination than disconnection.

Developing International Personas

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Jensen, Iben; Hautopp, Heidi; Nielsen, Lene

2017-01-01

Personas have become a popular method in new product development. Personas have traditionally, and are still, primarily created to represent users from a single national culture at a time during the design process. This, however, is unsatisfactory for companies operating on a global market...... as they show an increasing interest in international personas. However, research on personas in a global context is limited. To address this gap, this paper provides an overview of extant research on international personas. Secondly, it presents an empirical study on challenges Danish IT companies experience...... when using the persona method to collect and present insights about their international users. A key finding in both the literature review and the empirical study was the ambiguity concerning the concept of culture. Therefore, the paper draws on theories about culture, and especially practice theory...

Open development networked innovations in international development

CERN Document Server

Reilly, Katherine M A

2014-01-01

The emergence of open networked models made possible by digital technology has the potential to transform international development. Open network structures allow people to come together to share information, organize, and collaborate. Open development harnesses this power, to create new organizational forms and improve people's lives; it is not only an agenda for research and practice but also a statement about how to approach international development. In this volume, experts explore a variety of applications of openness, addressing challenges as well as opportunities. Open development requires new theoretical tools that focus on real world problems, consider a variety of solutions, and recognize the complexity of local contexts. After exploring the new theoretical terrain, the book describes a range of cases in which open models address such specific development issues as biotechnology research, improving education, and access to scholarly publications. Contributors then examine tensions between open model...

The international development challenge

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anon.

1998-01-01

Markets are opening up to international competition and new opportunities will arise for companies. The first part of this international round table of the French gas association's annual conference was devoted to whether they have all necessary assets, especially in terms of know-how and new technologies. In the second part of this round table, gas industry leaders presented their ambitions and strategies on the international scene. The questions discussed related to the main areas of development from both business and geographic viewpoints; to the underlying factors such as expertise, technological know-how, market risks and potential, strategic alliances. (authors)

The Acquisition of English Restrictive Relative Clauses by Arab Adult EFL Learners

Science.gov (United States)

Alroudhan, Hayat Eid

2016-01-01

This study investigates the challenges faced by Arab adult learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) in acquiring English restrictive relative clauses (RRCs), as well as the factors that affect the process of acquisition. This issue has received considerable attention in second language (L2) research. The present study discusses the…

Trojan Ponies: Undermining the Establishment Clause in the Name of "Child Benefit Theory."

Science.gov (United States)

Thurau-Gray, Lisa H.

1998-01-01

Two cases illustrate that whenever the schools or courts abandon the Establishment Clause and embrace "child benefit theory," religious schoolchildren are the only winners. Application of "child benefit theory" has engendered religious strife, increased public funds for religious schools, increased sectarian control of public…

Free and depedent small clauses in Brazilian Portuguese Mini-orações livres e dependentes em Português Brasileiro

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mary Aizawa Kato

2007-01-01

Full Text Available This paper examines free small clauses, which, unlike dependent small clauses, exhibit peculiar properties: (a they are restricted to occur with individual level and event adjectives, (b they have to appear with the subject postposed. After considering several hypotheses on the nature of this inversion, it is proposed that these adjectives are of the ergative type, while the stage level adjectives are unergatives. Small clauses with ergative adjectives can be complements of a third copula distinct from the attributive 'ser' and the stative 'estar', which underlies cleft constructions. The derivation of free small clauses is parallel to canonical cleft sentences.Este artigo examina o que chamamos de mini-orações livres, que, diferentemente de mini-orações dependentes, exibem algumas propriedades peculiares: (a é restrita a ocorrer com adjetivos de indivíduo ou de evento, (b tem que ter o sujeito posposto. Após considerar várias hipóteses sobre a natureza dessa inversão, propôs-se que os adjetivos que nela aparecem são do tipo ergativo. Essas mini-orações podem ser complementos de um tipo especial de cópula, do tipo que aparece com construções clivadas. As derivações das mini-orações livres seriam paralelas à derivação de construções clivadas.

Can rent adjustment clauses reduce the income risk of farms?

OpenAIRE

Hotopp, Henning; Mußhoff, Oliver

2012-01-01

Risk management is gaining importance in agriculture. In addition to traditional instruments, new risk management instruments are increasingly being proposed. These proposals include the rent adjustment clauses (RACs), which seem to be an unusual instrument at first sight. In contrast with conventional instruments, RACs intentionally allow fixed-cost ‘rent payments’ to fluctuate. We investigate the whole-farm risk reduction potential of different types of RACs via a historical simulation....

Subject Relative Clauses Are Not Universally Easier to Process: Evidence from Basque

Science.gov (United States)

Carreiras, Manuel; Dunabeitia, Jon Andoni; Vergara, Marta; de la Cruz-Pavia, Irene; Laka, Itziar

2010-01-01

Studies from many languages consistently report that subject relative clauses (SR) are easier to process than object relatives (OR). However, Hsiao and Gibson (2003) report an OR preference for Chinese, a finding that has been contested. Here we report faster OR versus SR processing in Basque, an ergative, head-final language with pre-nominal…

12 CFR 591.5 - Limitation on exercise of due-on-sale clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... penalties and forfeitures, equitable restrictions and state law dealing with equitable transfers. (b..., or operation of law on the death of a joint tenant or tenant by the entirety; (iv) The granting of a... PREEMPTION OF STATE DUE-ON-SALE LAWS § 591.5 Limitation on exercise of due-on-sale clauses. (a) General...

Protection of third parties by collateral clauses of plan approvals or licenses

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Badura, P.

1989-01-01

This contribution discusses the regulatory functions of collateral clauses of plan approvals or licences, the legal protection of the constitutional and other rights of third parties in connection with the licensing of installations or similar projects, infringements of such rights and means of defence, and protection of neighbours under public law against noise. (RST) [de

48 CFR 528.311 - Solicitation provision and contract clause on liability insurance under cost-reimbursement...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Solicitation provision and contract clause on liability insurance under cost-reimbursement contracts. 528.311 Section 528.311 Federal...-reimbursement contracts. ...

48 CFR 28.311 - Solicitation provision and contract clause on liability insurance under cost-reimbursement...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Solicitation provision and contract clause on liability insurance under cost-reimbursement contracts. 28.311 Section 28.311 Federal...-reimbursement contracts. ...

48 CFR 1852.235-74 - Additional Reports of Work-Research and Development.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

...-Research and Development. 1852.235-74 Section 1852.235-74 Federal Acquisition Regulations System NATIONAL... Provisions and Clauses 1852.235-74 Additional Reports of Work—Research and Development. As prescribed in 1835.070(e), insert a clause substantially the same as the following: Additional Reports of Work—Research...

12 CFR Appendix A to Part 205 - Model Disclosure Clauses and Forms

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... Forms Link to an amendment published at 74 FR 59053, Nov. 17, 2009. Table of Contents A-1—Model Clauses...) Limitations on frequency of transfers—(i) You may make only [insert number, e.g., 3] cash withdrawals from our terminals each [insert time period, e.g., week]. (ii) You can use your telephone bill-payment service to pay...

A constraint-based bottom-up counterpart to definite clause grammars

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Christiansen, Henning

2004-01-01

A new grammar formalism, CHR Grammars (CHRG), is proposed that provides a constraint-solving approach to language analysis, built on top of the programming language of Constraint Handling Rules in the same way as Definite Clause Grammars (DCG) on Prolog. CHRG works bottom-up and adds the following......, integrity constraints, operators a la assumption grammars, and to incorporate other constraint solvers. (iv)~Context-sensitive rules that apply for disambiguation, coordination in natural language and tagger-like rules....

78 FR 48407 - Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement: Clauses With Alternates-Quality Assurance...

Science.gov (United States)

2013-08-08

... Notification. The Contractor agrees to notify the Contracting Officer in writing immediately of any breach of... Notification. The Contractor agrees to notify the Contracting Officer in writing immediately of any breach of... basic and alternates of DFARS clauses will facilitate the use of automated contract writing systems. The...

Birds through a ceiling of alabast : genderproblematiek in de romans van Hugo Claus

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Lech, Laura

2013-01-01

In the novels of Hugo Claus in which an "impossible love" is an important issue, we find, almost without exception, characters having characteristics that are typical for members of the opposite sex. (Latent) homosexuality plays an important role. The androgyny theme is the main theme in most of

48 CFR 1428.311 - Solicitation provision and contract clause on liability insurance under cost-reimbursement...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Solicitation provision and contract clause on liability insurance under cost-reimbursement contracts. 1428.311 Section 1428.311... under cost-reimbursement contracts. ...

International thermal reactor development

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zebroski, E.L.

1977-01-01

The worldwide development of nuclear power plants is reviewed. Charts are presented which show the commitment to light-water reactor capacity construction with breakdown by region and country. Additional charts show the major nuclear research centers which have substantial scope in light water reactor development and extensive international activities

48 CFR 1828.311 - Solicitation provision and contract clause on liability insurance under cost-reimbursement...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 true Solicitation provision and contract clause on liability insurance under cost-reimbursement contracts. 1828.311 Section 1828.311... insurance under cost-reimbursement contracts. ...

Direct participation in hostilities under international humanitarian law

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Alejandro Cometa

2012-01-01

Full Text Available This text gives a brief account of the norms and perceptions regarding IHL (international humanitarian law and Human Rights have been applied in Colombia, and on moving the Colombian government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, FARC-EP, ELN National Liberation and the Army, in which requires the exclusion of civilians from direct attacks in the context of the conduct of hostilities by armed forces in war, these settings are accompanied Martells Clause and Article 3 common.

48 CFR 52.246-9 - Inspection of Research and Development (Short Form).

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... Clauses 52.246-9 Inspection of Research and Development (Short Form). As prescribed in 46.309, insert the following clause: Inspection of Research and Development (Short Form) (APR 1984) The Government has the... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Inspection of Research and...

The Impact of Transport on International Trade Development

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Pavlović Duško

2016-09-01

Full Text Available International trade implies transport of specific quantity of goods to (frequently large distances, the success of which depends on the safety and speed of delivery. These are greatly conditioned by the quality of means of transport and infrastructure. This is why international trade development is affected by transport, and the development of means of transport and infrastructure is, to a great extent, influenced by demand for international delivery of various commodities. This paper looks at the interdependence of international trade and transport, showing how transport played a very significant role in international trade development in the past as it does today, commensurate to the role of international trade in the development of carriers and transport infrastructure.

Search Results | Page 749 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 7481 - 7490 of 8491 ... Open Development: Networked Innovations in International Development. The emergence of open networked models made possible by digital technology has the potential to transform international development. Open network structures allow people to come together to share information, ...

Le réfugié dans le droit international durant la seconde moitié du dix-neuvième siècle

OpenAIRE

Rygiel , Philippe

2016-01-01

International audience; This chapter deals with asylum and refuge in international law between the 1870’s and the First World War. I will focus on the Institute of International Law, which tackles those issues mainly while discussing the extradition clauses of international treaties. The close observation of the debates shows that the representatives of the major European states agree during this period to fight the definition of asylum right that the refugees could use, while defending the p...

International Marketing Developing Publishing Business

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Eugenijus Chlivickas

2015-05-01

Full Text Available Lithuanian integration in the financial Eurozone and Lithuanian publishing business development in the European Union and outside it, becomes an important problem requiring a solution. Promoting the dissemination of printed books and literacy in Lithuania and beyond, to properly introduce the achievements of Lithuania in foreign countries, it is important to ensure Lithuanian letter, educational and scientific book publishing development. The article examines the characteristics of the international marketing publishing, the world and Lithuanian state publishing houses on the basis of foreign and Lithuanian scientists theoretical insights about the instruments of international marketing opportunities, developing proposals for publishing business integration of new economic conditions.

International certification in developing countries: the role of internal and external institutional pressure.

Science.gov (United States)

Fikru, Mahelet G

2014-11-01

This paper examines the different internal and external institutional factors that affect the decision of businesses in developing countries to adopt international certification (IC). Past studies focus on pressure from international laws, the role of multinationals, and businesses mimicking practices of their counterparts in developed countries. This paper finds that, in addition to these external factors, internal factors may have a significant role. Even though environmental regulation is weak in developing countries, governments do not ignore industrial pollution and casualties. They respond by increasing bureaucratic regulations for businesses and this can affect the decision to adopt IC. Furthermore, internal pressure may come from workers' unions that push for a safe and healthy working environment. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Prenominal and postnominal reduced relative clauses: arguments against unitary analyses

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Petra Sleeman

2007-01-01

Full Text Available These last years, several analyses have been proposed in which prenominal and postnominal reduced relatives are merged in the same position. Kayne (1994 claims that both types of reduced relative clauses are the complement of the determiner. More recently, Cinque (2005 has proposed that both types are merged in the functional projections of the noun, at the left edge of the modifier system. In this paper, I argue against a unitary analysis of prenominal and postnominal participial reduced relatives.

48 CFR 228.311 - Solicitation provision and contract clause on liability insurance under cost-reimbursement...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Solicitation provision and contract clause on liability insurance under cost-reimbursement contracts. 228.311 Section 228.311 Federal... liability insurance under cost-reimbursement contracts. ...

48 CFR 752.7015 - Use of pouch facilities.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... clause is available from the Post Communication Center at the Embassy or USAID Mission. [49 FR 13259, Apr... paragraphs (a)(1) through (a)(7) of this clause; however, the final decision regarding use of pouch... Name of Post, U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, DC 20523-0001. (5) Personal mail...

77 FR 19128 - Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement: Separation of Combined Provisions and Clauses...

Science.gov (United States)

2012-03-30

.... (2) Use the provision at 252.229-7013, Tax Exemptions (Spain)-- Representation, in solicitations that... (Spain)--representation. As prescribed in 229.402-70(e)(2), use the following clause: TAX EXEMPTIONS...)--Representation. 252.229-7005, Tax Exemptions (Spain)... 252.229-7013, Tax Exemptions (Spain)--Representation...

[The physician's conscience, conscience clauses, and religious belief: A Catholic perspective].

Science.gov (United States)

Pellegrino, Edmund D

2014-01-01

This Essay explores how physicians may handle conflicts or conscience facing Roman Catholic Health practitioners regarding "human life" issues, especially through conscience clauses. In five parts, the author examines "first, why conscientious objection is so important in our day; second, the moral grounding for freedom in the exercise of conscience; third, the components of the physician's conscience; fourth, specific conflicts of conscience for Catholic physicians and institutions; and fifth, competing models of conflict resolution".

Constructed Action, the Clause and the Nature of Syntax in Finnish Sign Language

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jantunen Tommi

2017-01-01

Full Text Available This paper investigates the interplay of constructed action and the clause in Finnish Sign Language (FinSL. Constructed action is a form of gestural enactment in which the signers use their hands, face and other parts of the body to represent the actions, thoughts or feelings of someone they are referring to in the discourse. With the help of frequencies calculated from corpus data, this article shows firstly that when FinSL signers are narrating a story, there are differences in how they use constructed action. Then the paper argues that there are differences also in the prototypical structure, linkage type and non-manual activity of clauses, depending on the presence or non-presence of constructed action. Finally, taking the view that gesturality is an integral part of language, the paper discusses the nature of syntax in sign languages and proposes a conceptualization in which syntax is seen as a set of norms distributed on a continuum between a categorial-conventional end and a gradient-unconventional end.

48 CFR 952.223 - Clauses related to environment, energy and water efficiency, renewable energy technologies...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... environment, energy and water efficiency, renewable energy technologies, occupational safety, and drug-free workplace. 952.223 Section 952.223 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CLAUSES AND... related to environment, energy and water efficiency, renewable energy technologies, occupational safety...

MODERN TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DERIVATIVES MARKET

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

V. Shelydko

2014-09-01

Full Text Available Article is devoted to analysis of structure and peculiarities of development of the international derivatives market. The history of formation of the international derivatives market is investigated. The nature, functions and advantages of use of derivatives, and also their role in the modern international securities market are defined. Classification of financial derivatives is considered. Product lines of financial derivatives are analyzed. The regional structure of the international derivatives market and dynamics of its development are investigated. The comparative characteristic of volumes and structure of exchange and over-the-counter segments of international derivatives market are carried out. Dynamics and structure of international markets of interest-bearing derivatives and currency derivatives are analyzed. The fundamental trends of development of the modern international derivatives market are defined.

Margaret Biggs | IDRC - International Development Research Centre

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Margaret served as President of the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) from 2008-2013, where she oversaw Canada's international development and humanitarian assistance efforts worldwide. Previously, Margaret served as Deputy Secretary to the Cabinet and Assistant Secretary, Priorities and ...

Price control in contracts of heat supply. May no more index be used in automatic price escalator clauses?; Preiskontrolle in Waermeliefervertraegen.. Darf in automatischen Preisgleitklauseln kein Index mehr genutzt werden?

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Legler, Dirk [Guenther Heidel Wollenteit Hack Goldmann, Hamburg (Germany)

2010-03-15

Automatic price escalator clauses using a price index are AGB legally permissible in heat supply contracts. The fact that such price indices necessarily compound and orient themselves only at its own development of delivery costs is so long innocuous since the selection of these indices essentially can be justified on the basis of objective criteria. However, if the heat supplier as a user of the AGB uses no indices, but passes its costs of acquisition in its price escalator clause simply to 100 %, this evenly can be inadmissible according to paragraph 24 sect. 3, sentence 1 of AVB district heating regulation. This is valid if such a 'servile' passing signifies a neglect of conditions on the market.

The Role of Working Memory and Contextual Constraints in Children's Processing of Relative Clauses

Science.gov (United States)

Wieghall, Anna R.; Altmann, Gerry T. M.

2011-01-01

An auditory sentence comprehension task investigated the extent to which the integration of contextual and structural cues was mediated by verbal memory span with 32 English-speaking six- to eight-year-old children. Spoken relative clause sentences were accompanied by visual context pictures which fully (depicting the actions described within the…

The social clause in the OMC: for a permanent interrelation between OMC and OIT and the respect to the basic rights of the workers A cláusula social na OMC: por uma inter-relação efetiva entre OMC e OIT e o respeito aos direitos fundamentais dos trabalhadores

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Maria do Socorro Azevedo de Queiroz

2007-12-01

Full Text Available The inclusion of social clause in the scope of the OMC, as form to eliminate lower conditions of work in the developing countries, is subject that comes exhaustingly being argued inside of the international relations of the commerce. The developed countries accuse the social developing countries with “dumping” and advocate for restrictions in the international trade to the countries that do not consecrate a minimum standard of requirements for the working class. The developing countries accuse the developed countries of waking use of this speech as form to protect their domestic markets. The arguments of both are reasonable, therefore, it is necessary to find an term intermediate, that interrelates OIT and OMC in the direction of protecting the involved workers in the process of production for the international market, at the same time, that it hinders the developed countries of tanking advantage of the social clause to impose protectionistic barriers, harming the developing countries.A inclusão de cláusula social no âmbito da OMC, como forma de eliminar condições de trabalho degradantes nos países em desenvolvimento, é tema que vem sendo exaustivamente discutido dentro das relações internacionais do comércio. Os países desenvolvidos acusam os países em desenvolvimento de “dumping social” e propugnam por restrições no comércio internacional aos países que não consagram um padrão mínimo de exigências para a classe trabalhadora. Os países em desenvolvimento acusam os países desenvolvidos de se utilizarem desse discurso apenas como forma de proteger seus mercados internos. Os argumentos de ambos são plausíveis, por isso, é necessário encontrar um termo médio, que inter-relacione OIT e OMC no sentido de se proteger os trabalhadores envolvidos no processo de produção para o mercado internacional, ao mesmo tempo, que impeça os países desenvolvidos de se aproveitarem da cláusula social para imporem barreiras

Collaborating internationally on physician leadership development: why now?

Science.gov (United States)

Chan, Ming-Ka; de Camps Meschino, Diane; Dath, Deepak; Busari, Jamiu; Bohnen, Jordan David; Samson, Lindy Michelle; Matlow, Anne; Sánchez-Mendiola, Melchor

2016-07-04

Purpose This paper aims to highlight the importance of leadership development for all physicians within a competency-based medical education (CBME) framework. It describes the importance of timely international collaboration as a key strategy in promoting physician leadership development. Design/methodology/approach The paper explores published and Grey literature around physician leadership development and proposes that international collaboration will meet the expanding call for development of leadership competencies in postgraduate medical learners. Two grounding frameworks were used: complexity science supports adding physician leadership training to the current momentum of CBME adoption, and relational cultural theory supports the engagement of diverse stakeholders in multiple jurisdictions around the world to ensure inclusivity in leadership education development. Findings An international collaborative identified key insights regarding the need to frame physician leadership education within a competency-based model. Practical implications International collaboration can be a vehicle for developing a globally relevant, generalizable physician leadership curriculum. This model can be expanded to encourage innovation, scholarship and program evaluation. Originality/value A competency-based leadership development curriculum is being designed by an international collaborative. The curriculum is based on established leadership and education frameworks. The international collaboration model provides opportunities for ongoing sharing, networking and diversification.

48 CFR 927.409 - Solicitation provisions and contract clauses. (DOE coverage-paragraphs (a), (h), (s), and (t))

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GENERAL CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS PATENTS, DATA, AND... formatted as a computer data base. (8) Unlimited rights, as used in this clause, means the rights of the...

Understanding the development of international environmental agreements

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Stærdahl, Jens

There are many different theoretical schools concerned with how international regimes develop, and each supplies its own interpretation focusing on one or a few aspects of the process. Such ‘one shot’ explanations may be fruitful for scientific debate, but less useful as conceptual frameworks...... for practitioners and planners manoeuvring in a complex world. On the basis of a review of selected theories of international and environmental regulation, this article initiates the development of a conceptual framework for understanding the development of internationalenvironmental agreements. The point...... of departure for developing the model is the actor-structure debate within social science and theory of international relations. Based on critical realism, a framework is developed specifying the relation between collective action problem situations and negotiation situations. It is argued that the main...

Development of Probabilistic Internal Dosimetry Computer Code

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Noh, Siwan [Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon (Korea, Republic of); Kwon, Tae-Eun [Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul (Korea, Republic of); Lee, Jai-Ki [Korean Association for Radiation Protection, Seoul (Korea, Republic of)

2017-02-15

Internal radiation dose assessment involves biokinetic models, the corresponding parameters, measured data, and many assumptions. Every component considered in the internal dose assessment has its own uncertainty, which is propagated in the intake activity and internal dose estimates. For research or scientific purposes, and for retrospective dose reconstruction for accident scenarios occurring in workplaces having a large quantity of unsealed radionuclides, such as nuclear power plants, nuclear fuel cycle facilities, and facilities in which nuclear medicine is practiced, a quantitative uncertainty assessment of the internal dose is often required. However, no calculation tools or computer codes that incorporate all the relevant processes and their corresponding uncertainties, i.e., from the measured data to the committed dose, are available. Thus, the objective of the present study is to develop an integrated probabilistic internal-dose-assessment computer code. First, the uncertainty components in internal dosimetry are identified, and quantitative uncertainty data are collected. Then, an uncertainty database is established for each component. In order to propagate these uncertainties in an internal dose assessment, a probabilistic internal-dose-assessment system that employs the Bayesian and Monte Carlo methods. Based on the developed system, we developed a probabilistic internal-dose-assessment code by using MATLAB so as to estimate the dose distributions from the measured data with uncertainty. Using the developed code, we calculated the internal dose distribution and statistical values (e.g. the 2.5{sup th}, 5{sup th}, median, 95{sup th}, and 97.5{sup th} percentiles) for three sample scenarios. On the basis of the distributions, we performed a sensitivity analysis to determine the influence of each component on the resulting dose in order to identify the major component of the uncertainty in a bioassay. The results of this study can be applied to various

Development of Probabilistic Internal Dosimetry Computer Code

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Noh, Siwan; Kwon, Tae-Eun; Lee, Jai-Ki

2017-01-01

Internal radiation dose assessment involves biokinetic models, the corresponding parameters, measured data, and many assumptions. Every component considered in the internal dose assessment has its own uncertainty, which is propagated in the intake activity and internal dose estimates. For research or scientific purposes, and for retrospective dose reconstruction for accident scenarios occurring in workplaces having a large quantity of unsealed radionuclides, such as nuclear power plants, nuclear fuel cycle facilities, and facilities in which nuclear medicine is practiced, a quantitative uncertainty assessment of the internal dose is often required. However, no calculation tools or computer codes that incorporate all the relevant processes and their corresponding uncertainties, i.e., from the measured data to the committed dose, are available. Thus, the objective of the present study is to develop an integrated probabilistic internal-dose-assessment computer code. First, the uncertainty components in internal dosimetry are identified, and quantitative uncertainty data are collected. Then, an uncertainty database is established for each component. In order to propagate these uncertainties in an internal dose assessment, a probabilistic internal-dose-assessment system that employs the Bayesian and Monte Carlo methods. Based on the developed system, we developed a probabilistic internal-dose-assessment code by using MATLAB so as to estimate the dose distributions from the measured data with uncertainty. Using the developed code, we calculated the internal dose distribution and statistical values (e.g. the 2.5 th , 5 th , median, 95 th , and 97.5 th percentiles) for three sample scenarios. On the basis of the distributions, we performed a sensitivity analysis to determine the influence of each component on the resulting dose in order to identify the major component of the uncertainty in a bioassay. The results of this study can be applied to various situations. In cases

Celebrating partnerships for International Development Week 2018 ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

2018-01-31

Jan 31, 2018 ... International Development Week, observed February 4-10 this year, is an opportunity to focus on Canada's contributions ... This event is part of the 2018 International Development Week conference at the University of Ottawa. ... Call for new OWSD Fellowships for Early Career Women Scientists now open.

International Business Students’ Cross-Cultural Competence Development

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Natalie S. Mikhaylov

2014-12-01

Full Text Available This study explores the role of educational programs in promoting students’ cross-cultural competence (CCC development in international business education. Using constructivist grounded theory methodology (GTM, a comparative analysis of four extensive case studies was conducted within four schools, all of which offer international management education in English for local and international students. This study examines institutional contributions to an environment that supports students’ CCC development. A typology model consisting of four educational approaches to students’ CCC development is presented based on student experiences. The study provides recommendations regarding the steps that higher educational institutions (HEIs can take to promote educational environments that support cross-cultural exchange, cultural knowledge creation, and individual and organizational cross-cultural competence development.

Challenges associated with knowledge sharing in international product development teams

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Sonne, Anne-Mette; Harmsen, Hanne

on product development teams, knowledge sharing, and international product development management to form a conceptual framework of factors that influence knowledge sharing in international teams. Four in-depth case studies are used to explore and expand the understanding of the challenges associated...... with international product development teams. Results indicate that international product development might not be as international as would be expected and that even if many of the characteristics and problems associated with international product development in the literature are found, there are also a number...

48 CFR 52.246-8 - Inspection of Research and Development-Cost-Reimbursement.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... Development-Cost-Reimbursement. 52.246-8 Section 52.246-8 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL... Provisions and Clauses 52.246-8 Inspection of Research and Development—Cost-Reimbursement. As prescribed in... (b) a cost-reimbursement contract is contemplated; unless use of the clause is impractical and the...

Ideas. Innovation. Impact. | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

2010-11-03

Nov 3, 2010 ... An Act to Establish the International Development Research Centre passed ... have been at the cutting edge of development thinking and practice. ... solve development problems at local, national, regional, and global levels.

48 CFR 12.302 - Tailoring of provisions and clauses for the acquisition of commercial items.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... practice is inconsistent with the needs of the Government. A waiver may be requested for an individual or... relative volume of the Government's acquisitions in the specific market, contracting officers may, within... inconsistent with customary commercial practice. The contracting officer shall not tailor any clause or...

The liberalization of the international trade, service of the sustainable development: Myth or reality

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Quenault, Beatrice

1999-01-01

The growing opening of the economy raises more and more strong concerns as for the possible negative effects on the environment. If this is not the main cause of the damages caused to the environment, however the liberalization of the exchanges can enlarge the ecological problems. Simultaneously, the pressures are accentuated for the implementation of commercial instruments with environmental ends since to facilitate the setting in March; certain multilateral agreements of environment (AMMA) commercial clauses behave (restrictions to the import and the export). This way, the AMMA can be considered as restrictive factors to the economic globalization, and we can wonder about their compatibility with the multilateral agreements of free trade (GATT, general agreement on tariffs and trade and the OMC, world organization of the trade). But if certain norms or environmental legislation that restrict, the imports or exports are perceived, from the commercial point of view, as barriers you would not tariff that they constitute an obstacle to the liberalization of the trade; on the contrary an absence or inadequacy in the environmental regulation or in their application it can be considered as a hidden grant, reducing the competitiveness of the products of the countries where the norms are more severe and whose legislation are respected (ecological dumping, source of distortions). This is one of the reasons that took to the integration of environmental concerns in recent such commercial agreements as the ALCNA (I agree of Free North American north trade) or the Uruguayan Ronda of the GATT. The objective of this article is to be interested successively on some relative current debates to the relationships between the international trade and the environment in the breast of the OMC and envelope the recent problem of the promotion of the sustainable development through the liberation of the trade. This thesis, adopted by the conference of river, is today in day the mark of

Archives: International Journal of Development and Policy Studies

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Archives: International Journal of Development and Policy Studies. Journal Home > Archives: International Journal of Development and Policy Studies. Log in or Register to get access to full text downloads.

"International regime for advancing lunar development"

Science.gov (United States)

Beldavs, VZ

2017-09-01

A specific concern regarding the Moon Treaty is the provision for sharing the wealth gained from space with developing countries that have not invested and taken risks in making possible space materials utilization. Article 11, par. 7 states "The main purposes of the international regime to be established shall include: (a) The orderly and safe development of the natural resources of the moon; (b) The rational management of those resources; (c) The expansion of opportunities in the use of those resources; (d) An equitable sharing by all States Parties in the benefits derived from those resources, whereby the interests and needs of the developing countries, as well as the efforts of those countries which have contributed either directly or indirectly to the exploration of the moon, shall be given special consideration." Whether the Moon Treaty in its present form or modified to be acceptable to more parties or the Moon Treaty is ignored, the language of Article 11, paragraph 7 can be used to construct an international regime for lunar development that can meet the requirements of commercial business as well as of states that provide support for lunar development as well as developing countries that may have played a modest role in making lunar development possible. This paper will consider options for constructing an international regime for lunar development.

The Meaning of Mood – Embedded Clauses in Spanish as a Case in Point

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Jensen, Helle Dam

2011-01-01

to be the result of an interpretive process. This article explains how mental space theory can be used in an analysis of mood in embedded clauses in Spanish. It starts from the assumption that the meaning of mood is constructed by interlocutors in an interpretive process on the basis of information from the modal...

76 FR 16712 - Participation by Religious Organizations in USAID Programs

Science.gov (United States)

2011-03-25

... AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 22 CFR Part 205 RIN 0412 AA-69 Participation by Religious Organizations in USAID Programs AGENCY: United States Agency for International Development (USAID). ACTION... Establishment Clause jurisprudence with respect to the use of Federal funds for inherently religious activities...

Development of an international comorbidity education framework.

Science.gov (United States)

Lawson, C; Pati, S; Green, J; Messina, G; Strömberg, A; Nante, N; Golinelli, D; Verzuri, A; White, S; Jaarsma, T; Walsh, P; Lonsdale, P; Kadam, U T

2017-08-01

The increasing number of people living with multiple chronic conditions in addition to an index condition has become an international healthcare priority. Health education curricula have been developed alongside single condition frameworks in health service policy and practice and need redesigning to incorporate optimal management of multiple conditions. Our aims were to evaluate current teaching and learning about comorbidity care amongst the global population of healthcare students from different disciplines and to develop an International Comorbidity Education Framework (ICEF) for incorporating comorbidity concepts into health education. We surveyed nursing, medical and pharmacy students from England, India, Italy and Sweden to evaluate their understanding of comorbidity care. A list of core comorbidity content was constructed by an international group of higher education academics and clinicians from the same disciplines, by searching current curricula and analysing clinical frameworks and the student survey data. This list was used to develop the International Comorbidity Education Framework. The survey sample consisted of 917 students from England (42%), India (48%), Italy (8%) and Sweden (2%). The majority of students across all disciplines said that they lacked knowledge, training and confidence in comorbidity care and were unable to identify specific teaching on comorbidities. All student groups wanted further comorbidity training. The health education institution representatives found no specific references to comorbidity in current health education curricula. Current clinical frameworks were used to develop an agreed list of core comorbidity content and hence an International Comorbidity Education Framework. Based on consultation with academics and clinicians and on student feedback we developed an International Comorbidity Education Framework to promote the integration of comorbidity concepts into current healthcare curricula. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier

Exemption Clauses and the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008: An Assessment of Naidoo v Birchwood Hotel 2012 6 SA 170 (GSJ)

OpenAIRE

Yeukai Mupangavanhu

2014-01-01

Exemption clauses are a rule rather than an exception particularly in standard-form contracts. Consumers are usually forced to accept such terms on a "take-it-or-leave-it" basis. This state of affairs shows that freedom of contract is theoretical and could lead to injustices. In Naidoo v Birchwood Hotel 2012 6 SA 170 (GSJ) the Court refused to uphold the exemption clauses based on the fact that it would have been unfair and unjust to the plaintiff who had sustained serious bodily injuries dur...

29 CFR 2580.412-19 - Term of the bond, discovery period, other bond clauses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... SECURITY ACT OF 1974 TEMPORARY BONDING RULES General Bond Rules § 2580.412-19 Term of the bond, discovery... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Term of the bond, discovery period, other bond clauses... new bond must be obtained each year. There is nothing in the Act that prohibits a bond for a term...

International Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Journal Homepage Image. The International Journal of Agricultureand Rural Development (IJARD) is an International Journal designed to provide ... Forestry and Wildlife resources, Soil Science, Agricultural Engineering and Food Processing.

International Journal of Development and Policy Studies: Journal ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

International Journal of Development and Policy Studies: Journal Sponsorship. Journal Home > About the Journal > International Journal of Development and Policy Studies: Journal Sponsorship. Log in or Register to get access to full text downloads.

Director, Communications | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Job Summary Conceives, plans and implements a communications strategy to ensure ... understanding of the importance of international development assistance. ... other committees (Human Resources Management Committee, the Centre's ...

48 CFR 227.7009-4 - Additional clauses-contracts providing for payment of a running royalty.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

...-contracts providing for payment of a running royalty. 227.7009-4 Section 227.7009-4 Federal Acquisition... clauses—contracts providing for payment of a running royalty. The clauses set forth below are examples... desired to cover the subject matter thereof and the contract provides for payment of a running royalty. (a...

Legal briefing: conscience clauses and conscientious refusal.

Science.gov (United States)

Pope, Thaddeus Mason

2010-01-01

This issue's "Legal Briefing" column covers legal developments pertaining to conscience clauses and conscientious refusal. Not only has this topic been the subject of recent articles in this journal, but it has also been the subject of numerous public and professional discussions. Over the past several months, conscientious refusal disputes have had an unusually high profile not only in courthouses, but also in legislative and regulatory halls across the United States. Healthcare providers' own moral beliefs have been obstructing and are expected to increasingly obstruct patients' access to medical services. For example, some providers, on ethical or moral grounds, have denied: (1) sterilization procedures to pregnant patients, (2) pain medications in end-of-life situations, and (3) information about emergency contraception to rape victims. On the other hand, many healthcare providers have been forced to provide medical treatment that is inconsistent with their moral beliefs. There are two fundamental types of conscientious objection laws. First, there are laws that permit healthcare workers to refuse providing - on ethical, moral, or religious grounds healthcare services that they might otherwise have a legal or employer-mandated obligation to provide. Second, there are laws directed at forcing healthcare workers to provide services to which they might have ethical, moral, or religious objections. Both types of laws are rarely comprehensive, but instead target: (1) certain types of healthcare providers, (2) specific categories of healthcare services, (3) specific patient circumstances, and (4) certain conditions under which a right or obligation is triggered. For the sake of clarity, I have grouped recent legal developments concerning conscientious refusal into eight categories: 1. Abortion: right to refuse 2. Abortion: duty to provide 3. Contraception: right to refuse 4. Contraception: duty to provide 5. Sterilization: right to refuse 6. Fertility, HIV, vaccines

African Journal of International Affairs and Development

African Journals Online (AJOL)

African Journal of International Affairs and Development. ... Foreign Policy and Public Opinion: An Assessment of Ijebu Involvement in the Kiriji War ... Book Review: Critical Perspective's on Nigeria's International Economic Relations · EMAIL ...

The Acquisition of English Restrictive Relative Clauses by Arab Adult EFL Learners

OpenAIRE

Hayat Eid Alroudhan

2016-01-01

This study investigates the challenges faced by Arab adult learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) in acquiring English restrictive relative clauses (RRCs), as well as the factors that affect the process of acquisition. This issue has received considerable attention in second language (L2) research. The present study discusses the syntactic structure of RRCs in English and Arabic with regard to the use of resumptive pronouns and the use of overt versus covert relative markers as relat...

Anindya Chatterjee | IDRC - International Development Research ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Dr Anindya Chatterjee is Regional Director, Asia, based in New Delhi, India. He has provided leadership in research, research management, policy, and program development in the area of global health and development. Dr Chatterjee formerly worked internationally with United Nations development agencies, and ...

Development of international transport in transboundary regions

OpenAIRE

Прокудін, Георгій; Чупайленко, Олексій

2015-01-01

Formation of an international cross-border transport and logistics infrastructure meets international standards, increased productivity, transport and innovation activity of enterprises in the cluster, and provide for accelerated socio - economic development of the regions.

Emerging Donors Study | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

2010-10-20

Oct 20, 2010 ... The four countries that were studied are Brazil, India, China and South Africa. The specific objectives of the studies were to: understand each country's approach to international development assistance and cooperation in developing countries; understand their approach to research for development in ...

Computer Security: a plea to Santa Claus

CERN Multimedia

Stefan Lueders, Computer Security Team

2015-01-01

Running pirated software or illegal licences, using cracking tools to bypass software activation measures, sharing music and films – these are problems that academic environments unfortunately have to deal with. All violate the copyright of the software/music/film owners, and copyright owners are not Santa Claus...    CERN, like other research organisations and universities, regularly receives allegations from external companies complaining about laptops or PCs running illegal software or sharing their films, videos or music with peers – and thus violating copyright.  Usually, we then contact the owners of the corresponding devices in order to understand whether these allegations are true. Very often such allegations boil down to a laptop whose owner replies “I confirm that a torrent client was left up and running on my device by mistake” or “This is a file that is stored on my personal hard disk.” As if those allegatio...

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Results 7851 - 7860 of 9602 ... An international forum for Francophone youth was held in Dakar, ... and the FIPRESCI Prize (International Federation of Film Critics) at the ... and influencing the entire five-year policy development process, from ...

Development in Danish international air traffic

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Christensen, Linda

The paper is describing the development in international air traffic made by Danes and for all travellers out of Denmark in the period 2002 - 2012. Development in passengers, destination countries and prices is illustrated. The person kilometres by Danes have increased 80% or 7.2% per year in mean...... during the 10 years. This increase has been analysed by a panel data model. The conclusion found by modelling is the increasing travel activity first of all is driven by increasing income and to less extent by decreasing prices. The paper is furthermore showing how the international air traffic has got...

ISO: international standards development for nuclear technology

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Becker, K.

1981-01-01

The importance of internationally recognized standards for nuclear technology and safety is rapidly increasing for technical as well as economical and political reasons such as public acceptance and nuclear technology transfer to developing countries. The need for such standards is also evident because of the large number of nuclear installations sited close to international borders, and the export of nuclear installations from relatively few supplier countries to a large number of user countries. It is the purpose of this report to describe briefly the history, organizational structures and procedures, goals, accomplishments, problems, and future needs of the relevant activities of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ISO is composed of the partly governmental, partly non-governmental national standards bodies of 86 countries including China. The work of its Technical Committee (TC) 85 'Nuclear Energy' is mostly concerned with industrial applications, contractual aspects and international communication, for the benefit of both developed and developing countries. It works in close liaison with IAEA, which develops Codes and Guides addressed mainly to the regulatory aspects of nuclear power plants in developing countries. ISO/TC 85 has four sub-committees dealing with: (a) Terminology, Definitions, Units and Symbols (Secretariat USA, four working groups (WGs)); (b) Radiation Protection (Secretariat France, ten WGs); (c) Power Reactor Technology (Secretariat Sweden, nine WGs); (d) Nuclear Fuel Technology (Secretariat F.R. Germany, seven WGs). (author)

Publications | Page 283 | IDRC - International Development ...

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China, Jordan, Nepal, Peru) with a number of international technical and legal experts to contribute to the development and implementation of innovative policies, and laws and related practices for the fair use and... Value chain development and ...

Designing and Managing Successful International Joint Development Programs

Science.gov (United States)

2016-04-30

joint development programs are important because of their potential to reduce costs and increase partnership benefits such as interoperability, economies ...have actualized by discussing what characteristics research has shown as crucial to international joint development program outcomes. The study team... characteristics of international joint development programs that result in positive or negative cost, scheduling, and end-product outcomes, such as a final

Publications | Page 223 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

IDRC works with developing-country researchers and institutions to build local capacity through funding, knowledge sharing, and training. ... Audio slideshow: Overview and lessons from the Canadian Learning Forum 2012 on Virtual Platforms, Knowledge Management and International Development (open access).

Theories of International Economic Development (Case Study: Economic Development in Kosovo

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

MSc. Bardhok Bashota

2012-06-01

Full Text Available Karl Popper rightly says that “real starting point for each research is set based on assumptions of reality, not only based on the real facts”. The text below was prepared In accordance with this logic, where the Theories of International Development are treated especially focusing on International Economic Development. Therefore, theoretical reflections present assumption side, and study of many empirically measured data will correspond with real facts, because with ought these facts assumption would be useless. Technically this writing consists of two parts: in the first part are elaborated all theoretical and practical characteristics of overall international development, while in a second part as a case study will be Economic Development i Kosovo. From methodological point of view this is a comparative study and based on statistical data, while problem treating approach is critical and explanatory. As it will be understood later, development theories have been decisively influenced by economic thinking, and the focus on this dimension responds best to the nature of the term development. On the other hand the fact of unfolding economical development will reflect interference and the nature of it’s inter politics. Today economic development becomes a worldwide goal, having a considerable place in most of the literature with economic content. Also, here are presented as well examples from different practices that reflect economic development in different periods and places. Here is presented international economic development starting with a brief description of a genealogy of this development and ways of economic development back that time. It is of a special importance elaboration through theoretical approach on the creation of capital and economic development, as  mercantilist theory, classic and neo classic theory, than capitalization and Socialism-Marxism. To better understand the nature of economic development, the focus falls on

The most-favoured-nation clause in tax treaties: tool for potential reduction of withholding income tax applicable to Chile and Canada

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Renée Antonieta Villagra Cayamana

2013-07-01

Full Text Available Tax treaties to avoid the double taxation signed by a country have consequences for the future, but they can also modify the terms of treaties that are already in force, in case these contain most-favoured-nation clauses. In this line, taxpayers and companies, particularly, as well as the Tax Administration must be alert, regarding topotential modifications of the terms of the Peruvian tax treaties already in force; mainly about the withholding tax rate applied to royalties in the Convention subscribed with Chile and the withholding tax rates applied to dividends, interests and royalties in the Convention subscribed with Canada, taking into account that both of the mentioned tax treaties contain most-favoured-nation clauses for those kind of income. The Ministry of Economy, as the entity in charge of negotiations of the bilateral conventions, according to Law Decree 25883, has the responsibility of negotiating future treaties with full knowledge that the terms to be included could also cause the effect to decrease the withholding tax rates of the income tax in respect to conventions already in effect, as a consequence of the most-favoured-nation clause they contain.

Reachability for Finite-state Process Algebras Using Horn Clauses

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Skrypnyuk, Nataliya; Nielson, Flemming

2013-01-01

of the Data Flow Analysis are used in order to build a set of Horn clauses whose least model corresponds to an overapproximation of the reachable states. The computed model can be refined after each transition, and the algorithm runs until either a state whose reachability should be checked is encountered...... or it is not in the least model for all constructed states and thus is definitely unreachable. The advantages of the algorithm are that in many cases only a part of the Labelled Transition System will be built which leads to lower time and memory consumption. Also, it is not necessary to save all the encountered states...... which leads to further reduction of the memory requirements of the algorithm....

Search Results | Page 723 | IDRC - International Development ...

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Results 7221 - 7230 of 9602 ... Economic literature has demonstrated the importance of the services sector in ... Capability, Governance and Nanotechnology : Focus on India ... on international development through its International Relations Division. ... Poverty reduction through growth is the idea behind the market-oriented ...

Modelling and analysis of international recycling between developed and developing countries

NARCIS (Netherlands)

van Beukering, P.J.H.; van den Bergh, J.C.J.M.

2006-01-01

To deal with the complexity of recycling, a wide variety of models have been developed, each serving a specific purpose. Despite the current trend increasing international trade in recycling-related material flows, the international dimension of physical and economic relationships in recycling is

AUCC Partnership 2009-2011 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

AUCC Partnership 2009-2011. Since 1978, IDRC has enabled the International Relations Division (IRD) of the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (AUCC) to provide Canadian universities with liaison and information services on international development. This project aims to help AUCC and its ...

A study on the internal and international environment for nuclear research and development

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Oh, Keun Bae; Choi, Y. M.; Lee, K. S.; Lee, B. W.; Ko, H. S.

1997-06-01

It is essential for Korea to enlarge nuclear energy utilization and development and to develop nuclear fuel cycle technology. However some domestic and international restraints are existing to achieve above goals. Therefore, the consideration for the environmental prospect of nuclear energy development is needed to solve those restraints. The current North Korea's policies and future relations between two countries in Korean peninsular in respect to domestic restraints are examined and forecasted in Chapter 2. This analysis tries to develop new approaches to solve internal and external major problems through forecasting the future on nuclear nonproliferation policy of U. S. An in-depth study on resolving international and inter-Korean restrictions in political and strategic perspectives is carried out in Chapter 3. The various policy alternatives to adjust the constraints of the joint declaration are proposed and analysed in Chapter. It contains also the national commitments that are suggested as ideas on how to advance the long-term nuclear research and development under the present situation. (author). 100 refs

Publications | Page 403 | IDRC - International Development ...

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Results 4021 - 4030 of 6384 ... The International Development Research Centre (IDRC) organized this workshop to strengthen collective learning about national eHealth enterprise architecture designs and deployments - with an emphasis placed on developing country needs and experiences. It was designed to build on a ...

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Results 221 - 230 of 374 ... Ecology of Access to Educational Material in Developing World Universities ... of and engagement with international research for development. ... was a pioneer in the discipline of economic development theory and its ...

Governance | IDRC - International Development Research Centre

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

... appoints governors based on their interest and expertise in science, management, and development issues. The chair of the Board of Governors presents an annual report to Parliament through the Minister of International Development. IDRC's president oversees our day-to-day operations. As the chief executive officer, ...

IDRC - International Development Research Centre |

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Learn moreArtificial intelligence and human development ... Our experts share insights on the issues and approaches challenging the international ... Shadow Libraries: Access to Knowledge in Global Higher Education · Book cover: ... Social Theories of Urban Violence in the Global South: Towards Safe and Inclusive Cities.

Child Development: New Diagnoses for the NANDA International.

Science.gov (United States)

Souza, Juliana Martins de; Cruz, Diná de Almeida Lopes Monteiro da; Veríssimo, Maria De La Ó Ramallo

2018-04-01

The paper proposes new diagnoses on child development (CD) for NANDA International. The study followed the recommended steps of Developmental Processes for NANDA International Nursing Diagnoses. It was a secondary analysis study on the findings of a concept analysis study on CD. A proposal of labels and components of three diagnoses: "Delayed child development," "Risk for delayed child development," and "Readiness for enhanced child development." The proposed diagnoses represent all the complexity of CD. The proposed diagnoses can support nurses in the development of a comprehensive care plan on the health of children. OBJETIVO: propor novos diagnósticos de enfermagem para a NANDA-International que abordem o desenvolvimento infantil. MÉTODO: Este estudo seguiu as etapas recomendadas para o desenvolvimento de diagnósticos de enfermagem da NANDA-International. Foi realizado a partir dos resultados da análise de conceito do termo desenvolvimento infantil. Propostos os títulos e os componentes de três diagnósticos: "Atraso no desenvolvimento infantil," "Risco de atraso no desenvolvimento infantil," e "Disposição para desenvolvimento infantil melhorado." CONCLUSÕES: Os diagnósticos propostos contemplam toda a complexidade do desenvolvimento infantil. IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A PRÁTICA DE ENFERMAGEM: Os novos diagnósticos podem subsidiar o enfermeiro na elaboração de um plano de cuidados integrais à saúde da criança. © 2016 NANDA International, Inc.

Publications | Page 213 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Journal articles ... It assesses entrepreneurial environment and level of entrepreneurial activity. ... on Virtual Platforms, Knowledge Management and International Development (open access) ... Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand were.

Developments in international bioenergy trade

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Junginger, Martin; Faaij, Andre; Wit, Marc de; Bolkesjoe, Torjus; Bradley, Douglas; Dolzan, Paulo; Piacente, Erik; Walter, Arnaldo da Silva; Heinimoe, Jussi; Hektor, Bo; Leistad, Oeyvind; Ling, Erik; Perry, Miles; Rosillo-Calle, Frank; Ryckmans, Yves; Schouwenberg, Peter-Paul; Solberg, Birger; Troemborg, Erik

2008-01-01

The aim of this paper is to present a synthesis of the main developments and drivers of international bioenergy trade in IEA Bioenergy Task 40 member countries, based on various country reports written by Task 40 members. Special attention is given to pellet and ethanol trade. In many European countries such as Belgium, Finland, the Netherlands, Sweden and the UK, imported biomass contributes already significantly (between 21% and 43%) to total biomass use. Wood pellets are currently exported by Canada, Finland and (to a small extent) Brazil and Norway, and imported by Sweden, Belgium, the Netherlands, and the UK. In the Netherlands and Belgium, pellet imports nowadays contribute to a major share to total renewable electricity production. Trade in bio-ethanol is another example of a rapidly growing international market. With the EU-wide target of 5.75% biofuels for transportation in 2010 (and 10% in 2020), exports from Brazil and other countries to Europe are likely to rise as well. Major drivers for international bioenergy trade in general are the large resource potentials and relatively low production costs in producing countries such as Canada and Brazil, and high fossil fuel prices and various policy incentives to stimulate biomass use in importing countries. However, the logistic infrastructure both in exporting and importing countries needs to be developed to access larger physical biomass volumes and to reach other (i.e. smaller) end-consumers. It is concluded that international bioenergy trade is growing rapidly, far beyond what was deemed possible only a few years ago, and may in the future in some Task 40 countries surpass domestic biomass use, especially for specific applications (e.g. transport fuels). (author)

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THROUGH AID OR INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ana Mihei

2010-12-01

Full Text Available Economic development is the supreme goal of modern civilization. This phenomenon is seen not just in terms of growth, but rather as an overall improvement in living standards. Economic development is a national goal, but also an objective of international economic bodies. Talks about development are held in the context of the opposition between developed countries and developing countries.In this article, we discuss whether development aid that originates from industrialized states supports sustainable economic rise of the countries lagging behind and whether it is preferable to let market operate freely, through the liberalization of international trade. Our conclusion is that economic development through the promotion of free trade would be achieved faster and more efficiently, based on net gains from trade and the pride of the peoples who would have won by themselves their daily bread and a place in the global market.

Search Results | Page 948 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 9471 - 9480 of 9580 ... Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have been ... Open Development: Networked Innovations in International Development ... future of the information society in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Search Results | Page 950 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 9491 - 9500 of 9602 ... Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have been ... Open Development: Networked Innovations in International Development ... future of the information society in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Search Results | Page 843 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 8421 - 8430 of 8531 ... Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have been ... Open Development: Networked Innovations in International Development ... future of the information society in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Promoting Success: A Professional Development Coaching Program for Interns in Medicine.

Science.gov (United States)

Palamara, Kerri; Kauffman, Carol; Stone, Valerie E; Bazari, Hasan; Donelan, Karen

2015-12-01

Residency is an intense period. Challenges, including burnout, arise as new physicians develop their professional identities. Residency programs provide remediation, but emotional support for interns is often limited. Professional development coaching of interns, regardless of their performance, has not been reported. Design, implement, and evaluate a program to support intern professional development through positive psychology coaching. We implemented a professional development coaching program in a large residency program. The program included curriculum development, coach-intern interactions, and evaluative metrics. A total of 72 internal medicine interns and 26 internal medicine faculty participated in the first year. Interns and coaches were expected to meet quarterly; expected time commitments per year were 9 hours (per individual coached) for coaches, 5 1/2 hours for each individual coachee, and 70 hours for the director of the coaching program. Coaches and interns were asked to complete 2 surveys in the first year and to participate in qualitative interviews. Eighty-two percent of interns met with their coaches 3 or more times. Coaches and their interns assessed the program in multiple dimensions (participation, program and professional activities, burnout, coping, and coach-intern communication). Most of the interns (94%) rated the coaching program as good or excellent, and 96% would recommend this program to other residency programs. The experience of burnout was lower in this cohort compared with a prior cohort. There is early evidence that a coaching program of interactions with faculty trained in positive psychology may advance intern development and partially address burnout.

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Results 961 - 970 of 9580 ... International Development Research Centre ... Collaboration in informal settlements: tackling flooding with a local perspective. In most developing countries, solid waste management is a significant challenge, ...

Benzene destruction in claus process by sulfur dioxide: A reaction kinetics study

KAUST Repository

Sinha, Sourab

2014-07-02

Benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) are present as contaminants in the H 2S gas stream entering a Claus furnace. The exhaust gases from the furnace enter catalytic units, where BTX form soot particles. These particles clog and deactivate the catalysts. A solution to this problem is BTX oxidation before the gases enter catalyst beds. This work presents a theoretical investigation on benzene oxidation by SO2. Density functional theory is used to develop a detailed mechanism for phenyl radical -SO2 interactions. The mechanism begins with SO2 addition to phenyl radical after overcoming an energy barrier of 6.4 kJ/mol. This addition reaction is highly exothermic, where a reaction energy of 182 kJ/mol is released. The most favorable pathway involves O-S bond breakage, leading to the release of SO. A remarkable similarity between the pathways for phenyl radical oxidation by O2 and its oxidation by SO2 is observed. The reaction rate constants are also evaluated to facilitate process simulations. © 2014 American Chemical Society.

International Journal of Development and Management Review

African Journals Online (AJOL)

International Journal of Development and Management Review ... social Development and Management practices and theories while providing an institutional ... The Igbo care for the elderly in contemporary times: an old testament evaluation ...

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Results 161 - 170 of 9581 ... Journal of peacebuilding and development, volume 3, number 1, 2006 ... As the country embarked on a path of economic reform, care ... DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH YOUTH SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT International ... Reasons for neglect of residential land issues in Navliwadi, Maharastra, India.

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Results 431 - 440 of 902 ... ... DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 19 Apply DEVELOPING COUNTRIES filter · LAW ... Final report on IDRC's participation in the 11th World Congress on ... The Centre for International Sustainable Development Law ... They plan production, procurement and commercialization but outsource production ...

President | IDRC - International Development Research Centre

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

International Development Research Centre Selection Criteria Education A ... or an acceptable combination of education, job-related training and/or experience. ... Knowledge of current corporate governance and human resource issues; ...

Partnership Officer | IDRC - International Development Research ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

... and bilateral development institutions, foundations and the private sector;; Supports ... and managing IDRC's contacts with other international and donor agencies; ... and Regional Offices), Corporate Counsel and Finance and Administration ...

Search Results | Page 14 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 131 - 140 of 438 ... Role of social protection in children's schooling outcomes ... for future human capital development and overall long-term development. Briefs ... International remittances, poverty and inequality : the West African case.

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Results 11 - 20 of 55 ... Role of social protection in children's schooling outcomes ... implication for future human capital development and overall long-term development. ... International remittances, poverty and inequality : the West African case.

Senior Program Specialist | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Initiative Development Identifies opportunities that will contribute to meeting the ... internal and governance committees, in-house and external research, global ... of strengthening CRVS systems, including gaps in existing CRVS infrastructure ...

Peter Taylor | IDRC - International Development Research Centre

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

He leads a multidisciplinary team that strengthens policy research capacity in developing countries on issues of economic policy, governance, and health systems. Peter has more than 30 years of experience in international development, including positions at the Institute of Development Studies, UK; Helvetas Vietnam; ...

Search Results | Page 787 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 7861 - 7870 of 9606 ... A research network on telecommunications policy is playing a significant ... CSOs that are engaged in international cooperation for development but ... The study's author, Stacie Travers, also carried out four case studies on ... Development Regional development Economics Environment Food ...

Books | Page 3 | IDRC - International Development Research Centre

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have been proven to promote economic ... Book cover Open Development: Networked Innovations in International Development ... Book cover Inequality and Development Challenges.

Publications | Page 372 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 3711 - 3720 of 6389 ... Through books, articles, research publications, and studies, ... theory, rural development, and natural resource management. ... Drawing on internal political contexts and external influences on the policy process, ...

International product development - Challenges in knowledge sharing

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Sonne, Anne-Mette

2008-01-01

Knowledge and internationalization are two important concepts in the corporate world today. Knowledge is companies' most important resource, and internationalization is a factor which affects all areas of management - particularly product development. The development of successful products...... for the international market rests on a company's ability to cooperate and to share knowledge. In order to develop products for the international market, companies must be capable of expanding knowledge sharing across geographical and professional divides. This is the focus of a new MAPP PhD dissertation....

Relative clauses as a benchmark for Minimalist parsing

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Thomas Graf

2017-07-01

Full Text Available Minimalist grammars have been used recently in a series of papers to explain well-known contrasts in human sentence processing in terms of subtle structural differences. These proposals combine a top-down parser with complexity metrics that relate parsing difficulty to memory usage. So far, though, there has been no large-scale exploration of the space of viable metrics. Building on this earlier work, we compare the ability of 1600 metrics to derive several processing effects observed with relative clauses, many of which have been proven difficult to unify. We show that among those 1600 candidates, a few metrics (and only a few can provide a unified account of all these contrasts. This is a welcome result for two reasons: First, it provides a novel account of extensively studied psycholinguistic data. Second, it significantly limits the number of viable metrics that may be applied to other phenomena, thus reducing theoretical indeterminacy.

Earth Sciences' Capacity Building In Developing Countries through International Programmes

Science.gov (United States)

Eder, W.

2007-12-01

Within the framework of "traditional" programmes, like the joint UNESCO-IUGS "International Geoscience Programme" (IGCP), the "International Continental Scientific Drilling Program" (ICDP), the "Integrated Ocean Drilling Program" (IODP) or the "International Lithosphere Programme" (ILP) numerous opportunities are provided to strengthen postgraduate geo-scientific education of representatives from developing countries. Recently established new initiatives, such as the "International Year of Planet Earth" (IYPE) or UNESCO's Global Network of Geoparks complement these in addition as important components to UNESCO's 'Education for All' programme, notably the youth, as well as to the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005 - 2014). The "International Year of Planet Earth" is a joint initiative of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) and UNESCO. The central aims and ambitions of the Year, proclaimed for 2008 by the UN General Assembly, are to demonstrate the great potential of the Earth sciences in building a safer, healthier and wealthier society, and to encourage more widespread and effective application of this potential by targeting politicians and other decision-makers, educational systems, and the general public. Promotion of international collaboration, as well as capacity building and training of students of developing countries in all fields of Earth Sciences seem to be the most appropriate way to meet also the challenges of the IYPE. Another opportunity to improve the international recognition of Earth Scinces, also in developing countries, is the use of Geoparks as a promotional tool for education and popularization of Earth Sciences. Geoparks, notably those included in the European and/or Global Geoparks Networks, provide an international platform of cooperation and exchange between experts and practitioners in geological heritage matters, and are as such excellent instruments in highlighting Earth sciences. The

International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disability: Disability Inclusive Development and International Development Cooperation

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Kozue Kay Nagata

2007-09-01

Full Text Available The adoption of the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is a historical momentum for disabled persons and their associates, as well as ODA workers in the development cooperation field all over the world. For the last two decades, persons with disabilities, their associates and professionals working in this field have promoted their human rights, equality, nondiscrimination and full participation. This Convention is beyond the concept of non-discrimination, and it is very comprehensive in its structure, scope and coverage, promoting developmental activities too in order to realize disabled people’s socio-economic rights. Furthermore it calls for international and regional development cooperation. Prior to its adoption, in September 2000 at the Millennium Summit the Member States of the Untied Nations issued the Millennium Declaration, committing themselves to a series of development targets, most of which are to be achieved by 2015. Known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, they represent a framework for achieving sustainable and "just" human development through broadening the benefits of development for all categories individuals, women and men, the poor and the rich, the disabled and the non-disabled. The very first goal of the MDG is the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger. Poverty is both a cause and consequence of disability. Poverty and disability reinforce one another. Thus, it is necessary to ensure that persons with disabilities be an integral part of efforts to achieve MDGs, particularly in the areas of poverty alleviation, primary education, gender, employment and international development cooperation. In the Asian and Pacific region, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP has proclaimed two decades of disabled persons 1993-2002, and 2003-2013 (to which Iran became a signatory in 1994, and promoted the inclusive, barrier-free and rights

Peak performance & reducing stage fright : implementation research HeartMath training programme with students of the Prince Claus Conservatoire

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Mak, Peter

2010-01-01

Stage fright among musicians and music students is a severe problem, and a problem moreover that is not easily talked about. This researchreport is a reflection of the project Peak Performance & Reducing Stage Fright, in which six students of the Prince Claus Conservatoire got the opportunity to

Advances in computational modeling of catalytic systems used in Claus sulfur recovery

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Clark, P.D.; Lo, J. [Alberta Sulphur Research Ltd., Calgary, AB (Canada). Center for Applied Catalysis and Industrial Sulfur Chemistry

2010-01-15

This poster session discussed advances in computation modeling of catalytic systems used in Claus sulfur recovery, focusing on the hydrogen sulphide (H{sub 2}S) and sulphur dioxide (S{sub O}2) absorption of non-alumina Claus active metal oxides, such as titanium oxide and vanadium oxide. These metal oxides were chosen because they promote carbon disulphide (CS{sub 2}) conversion and have a potential use in olefin chemistry. The redox process of H{sub 2}S dissociation on vanadium pentoxide (V{sub 2}O{sub 2}) can take place in single-site reaction or multiple site reactions. Both mechanisms lead to the production of V{sub 2}O{sub 4}S, water (H{sub 2}O) and other species. The overall process of forming VO{sub 4}S is neutral, but kinetics is a controlling factor. The surface sulfidation to form V{sub 2}O{sub 3}S{sub 2} requires a small energy cost but possesses a huge reaction barrier. The formation of H{sub 2}S{sub 2} is energetically favorable. The silica (SiO{sub 2})-supported V{sub 2}O{sub 2} catalyst was described. A proposed mechanism of H{sub 2}S conversion to H{sub 2}O and V=S group was presented along with another reaction route in which the dissociative absorption of H{sub 2}S takes place on O-bridges instead of V=O. Two vanadia catalysts were compared: V{sub 2}O{sub 5} and V{sub 2}O{sub 5}/SiO{sub 2}. 7 figs.

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Results 3421 - 3430 of 6923 ... ... peace accords that ended decades of bloody internal conflict. ... Environmental governance argues that governments are not the only agents ... Despite notable socio-economic development in the Arab region, ...

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Results 641 - 650 of 902 ... Ecology of Access to Educational Material in Developing World Universities ... understanding of and engagement with international research for development. ... respondents ranked labour market problems first on a list of 10 ... a pioneer in the discipline of economic development theory and its policy ...

World Refugee Council | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

develop tools and institutional structures to improve the international architecture and lay a foundation for addressing both the immediate and the long-term challenges of managing refugee flows effectively and comprehensively.” States also adopted ...

Meta-Strategies of the Internal Control Development within the Organization

OpenAIRE

Roman Voronko

2015-01-01

The article considers the problem of the influence of external and internal environment of the organization on the structure of the internal control system. A critical analysis is made on existing scientific researches and practice of setting internal control within the organizations. Determined the cause-and-effect relationship between the stages of development of the industry and business, on the one hand, and the development of the internal control structure on the other hand. It made it p...

International experience of green development in Western China

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Zhen, Lin; Hu, Jie; Du, Bingzhen; Liu, Jiyuan; Sun, Chuanzhun; Wu, Ruizi; Long, Xin; Zhang, Qiang

2015-01-01

Green development emphasizes co-development between economic and environmental dimensions, and is a peoplecentered sustainable development approach. Western China demands green development, and international experience could provide necessary, unique and important help and support for Western

Lisa Woodward | IDRC - International Development Research Centre

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Lisa Woodward is Special Advisor to the President. Before joining IDRC, Lisa held positions in strategic planning, performance measurement, evaluation, risk management, and policy development in federal organizations, including Fisheries and Oceans Canada, the Canadian International Development Agency, and the ...

Search Results | Page 763 | IDRC - International Development ...

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Results 7621 - 7630 of 8532 ... DEVELOPMENT AID. The advance of history: the scholars speak. Research in Action. Innovation. Joining forces to ... Ideas. Innovation. Impact. Research in Action. Innovation REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT Capacity building International cooperation Gender. Achieving global distinction. Research ...

Gender | Page 227 | IDRC - International Development Research ...

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Two years ago, the International Development Research Centre created CIME, a development communication program that reflects the interrelations between Communication at the grassroots level, the exchange of Information, two-way Media, and nonformal Education. This book presents the conceptual framework that led ...

Search Results | Page 51 | IDRC - International Development ...

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Results 501 - 510 of 650 ... ... NETWORKS filter · Economic and social development 30 Apply ... Consolidating African Research and Education Networking ... The debate over intellectual property policies and their effects is highly contested. ... by Wellcome Trust, the Department for International Development (DFID) and IDRC.

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Results 7861 - 7870 of 9602 ... The study's author, Stacie Travers, also carried out four case studies ... Development Regional development Economics Environment Food ... generating ideas and building international networks. ... Learning financial skills through involvement in an urban farming cooperative has improved the ...

International Collaboration in the Development of NPP Software

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jiang, S.; Liu, L.; Yu, H.

2015-01-01

In this paper, we first review the progress and current status of international collaboration and technical exchange in the development of nuclear power plant (NPP) software by The State Nuclear Power Software Development Center (SNPSDC) in China. Then we discuss the importance of the international collaboration and exchange in the trend of globalisation of NPP technology. We also identify the role and contribution of professional women in this process. SNPSDC, the first professional software development centre for NPP in China, has been developing COSINE — a self-reliance NPP design and analysis software product with China brand—since 2010. Through participating in OECD/NEA’s joint projects, such as ROSA-2 Project, PKL–3 Project, HYMERES Project and ATLAS Project, SNPSDC shared data with other countries involved with respect to particular areas, such as high quality reactor thermal hydraulics test data. SNPSDC’s engineers have also been actively participating in international technical and research exchange for presenting their innovative work to the community while learning from peers. Our record shows that over 30 papers have been presented in international conferences with respect to nuclear reactor thermal hydraulics, safety analysis, reactor physics and software engineering within the past 4 years. The above international collaboration and technical exchange helped SNPSDC’s engineers to keep up with the state-of-art technology in this field. The large amount of valuable experimental data transferred to SNPSDC ensured the functionality, usability and reliability of software while greatly reduced the cost and shortened the cycle of development. Female engineers and other employees of SNPSDC either drove or got actively involved in a lot of aspects of the above collaboration and exchange, such as technical communication, business negotiation and overseas affairs management. These professional women played an irreplaceable role in this project by

Strenghtening local curricular capacity in international development cooperation

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Vis, C.K.S.

2017-01-01

Many curriculum development interventions carried out in international development cooperation lack sustainable outcomes, often as a result of a too narrow focus on curriculum and its development. Implementation of effective and encompassing approaches with an aligned focus on capacity development

Publications | Page 527 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 5261 - 5270 of 6375 ... Reconciling genetic resources and local knowledge conservation and livelihoods enhancement in research and development : experiences of bioversity international in Sub-Saharan Africa (restricted access). Conservation of biodiversity, preservation of local knowledge and improved ...

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International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

... ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, ACCESS ... Building a Cross-sectoral, Multi-sectoral, Gender-sensitive Approach to ... in international trade and an important item on the international development agenda.

Pitfalls in Using Limitation Clauses in the International General Conditions ECE 188 and Orgalime S 2000

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Henschel, Rene Franz

2008-01-01

various individual provisions contained in the general conditions - for example limitation of the right to require repair and further limitation of liability. If this is not motivated by the circumstances surrounding the particular contract, the parties risk creating imbalances in the otherwise well-balanced......The article centers on the rules on the limitation of liability in the general conditions ECE 188 and Orgalime S 2000. ECE 188 differ considerably from S 2000, as the provisions in ECE 188 do not give the necessary consideration to the development in industry practices and legal rules, including...... the approximation and harmonization of legal systems that have taken place during the last 50 years. S 2000 reflects an international trend that increasingly recognizes the importance of striking a balance between the interests of the parties. However, in practice the parties often derogate considerably from...

INNOVATIVE ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF STATE INTERNAL FINANCIAL CONTROL AND INTERNAL FINANCIAL AUDIT

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

T. P. Voronchenko

2015-01-01

Full Text Available The article presents the innovative aspects of development of state internal fi nancial control and internal fi nancial audit in terms of the budgeting focused on result. A mechanism for implementing the functions of the Supervisory bodies in order to ensure the effi cient use of budgetary funds and eff ectiveness of budget expenditures. The main purpose of the article is justifi cation of implementing systems of internal fi nancial control and internal fi nancial audit in the structures of the major administrators and recipients of budgetary funds, with the allocation of the basic tools that ensure the functioning of the control mechanism, the combination of control procedures and sequence of their implementation. Methodological base of research is the generalization of domestic and foreign experience of internal fi nancial control and internal fi nancial audit, refl ecting an objective law and the necessity of development of state fi nancial control system in the conditions of innovative economy. The result of the implementation of the proposed mechanism and instruments for its implementation in key spending units and recipients of budget funds should be to ensure the eff ectiveness of the implementation of government programmes and projects. Signifi cance of the research contained in the article problems and their solutions is to ensure the effectiveness of the regulatory authorities at all stages of movement of budgetary funds and effective implementation of their Manager and recipient assigned to them socio-economic functions.

Democratic South Africa in the International Migration–Development ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

sub-Saharan Africa. However, the country has also experienced defi cits in net international migration relative to the core Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) region of the world system. The tentative conclusion to be drawn from. South Africa's involvement in international migration is that it has ...

Employability of Graduates from International Development Studies ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Knowledge to shape learning This study will collect and analyze longitudinal data ... Canadian Consortium of University Programs in International Development ... Call for new OWSD Fellowships for Early Career Women Scientists now open ... an opportunity for the awardees to develop their skills and network with some of ...

Search Results | Page 843 | IDRC - International Development ...

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Results 8421 - 8430 of 8531 ... The emergence of open networked models made possible by digital technology has the potential to transform international development. ... In recent years, the Internet and other network technologies have emerged as a central issue for development in Latin America and the Caribbean.

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International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 591 - 600 of 650 ... Public Policy and Protection from Exclusion - Phase III ... International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) are ... Panafrican Research Agenda on the Integration of ICTs in Education - Phase I ... Development, the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) and the ...

Search Results | Page 52 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 511 - 520 of 658 ... ... NETWORKS filter · Economic and social development 30 Apply ... The debate over intellectual property policies and their effects is highly contested. ... It is generally acknowledged that mass media (specifically radio) play an ... by Wellcome Trust, the Department for International Development ...

An International Marketing Curriculum - Development and Analysis.

Science.gov (United States)

Abboushi, Suhail; Lackman, Conway; Peace, A. Graham

1999-01-01

Describes the process of market-driven curriculum design in the development of an undergraduate International Marketing (IM) major at Duquesne University (Pennsylvania) School of Business Administration. Reports on a market study revealing profiles and IM curriculum design preferences of exporting companies. Discusses the curriculum development,…

View all initiatives | IDRC - International Development Research ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

The International Research Chairs Initiative pairs top research talent from universities in Canada with their counterparts in developing countries to address key development challenges. We fund researchers driving global change. Careers · Contact Us · Subscribe · Unsubscribe · Site map. Follow us; Facebook · Twitter ...

Books | Page 23 | IDRC - International Development Research Centre

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Any -, Miscellaneous, Development, Science and Technology, Social Policy ... Outcome Mapping: Building Learning and Reflection into Development Programs ... progress in understanding the political dimensions of internal conflict. ... Theoretical Perspectives on Gender and Development demystifies the theory of gender ...

International Developments of Food Irradiation

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Loaharanu, P. [Head, Food Preservation Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagramerstr. 5, A-1400, Vienna (Austria)

1997-12-31

Food irradiation is increasingly accepted and applied in many countries in the past decade. Through its use, food losses and food-borne diseases can be reduced significantly, and wider trade in many food items can be facilitated. The past five decades have witnessed a positive evolution on food irradiation according to the following: 1940`s: discovery of principles of food irradiation; 1950`s: initiation of research in advanced countries; 1960`s: research and development were intensified in some advanced and developing countries; 1970`s: proof of wholesomeness of irradiated foods; 1980`s: establishment of national regulations; 1990`s: commercialization and international trade. (Author)

International Developments of Food Irradiation

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Loaharanu, P [Head, Food Preservation Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagramerstr. 5, A-1400, Vienna (Austria)

1998-12-31

Food irradiation is increasingly accepted and applied in many countries in the past decade. Through its use, food losses and food-borne diseases can be reduced significantly, and wider trade in many food items can be facilitated. The past five decades have witnessed a positive evolution on food irradiation according to the following: 1940`s: discovery of principles of food irradiation; 1950`s: initiation of research in advanced countries; 1960`s: research and development were intensified in some advanced and developing countries; 1970`s: proof of wholesomeness of irradiated foods; 1980`s: establishment of national regulations; 1990`s: commercialization and international trade. (Author)

International Developments of Food Irradiation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Loaharanu, P.

1997-01-01

Food irradiation is increasingly accepted and applied in many countries in the past decade. Through its use, food losses and food-borne diseases can be reduced significantly, and wider trade in many food items can be facilitated. The past five decades have witnessed a positive evolution on food irradiation according to the following: 1940's: discovery of principles of food irradiation; 1950's: initiation of research in advanced countries; 1960's: research and development were intensified in some advanced and developing countries; 1970's: proof of wholesomeness of irradiated foods; 1980's: establishment of national regulations; 1990's: commercialization and international trade. (Author)

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Results 21 - 30 of 8491 ... ... use as a threat not only to global health, but also to international development efforts. ... Collaboration in informal settlements: tackling flooding with a local perspective. In most developing countries, solid waste management is a ... public service, academia, and at the Canadian Museum of History.

Search Results | Page 7 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 61 - 70 of 112 ... ... 60 Apply Books filter · Journal articles 57 Apply Journal articles filter .... Developing Capacity for Agricultural Research for Development in Sub-Saharan Africa ... Canadian International Food Security Research Fund - Phase II ... of rural and environmental issues within the academic community with a ...

Internalized homophobia, lesbian identity development, and self-esteem in undergraduate women.

Science.gov (United States)

Peterson, Trica L; Gerrity, Deborah A

2006-01-01

This study examined the relationship between internalized homophobia, self-esteem, and lesbian identity development in 35 undergraduate women. Results indicated evidence of a strong relationship between the two identity development measures, the Stage Allocation Measure (SAM; Cass, 1984) and the Gay Identity Questionnaire (GIQ; Brady & Busse, 1994), and moderate relationships between identity development and internalized homophobia, between identity development and self-esteem, and between internalized homophobia and self-esteem. Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed.

Do international economic developments affect the South African economy?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

JA Swanepoel

2014-07-01

Full Text Available Globalisation has opened economies more, exposing them to more international shocks and increasing the challenges to which domestic economic policies must respond. This paper provides a starting point for the analysis of the impact of international economic developments on the South African economy by means of graphical illustrations, correlations coefficients and in some cases a VAR analysis. Although this paper has shed some light on the importance of international economic developments on the South African economy, more rigorous econometric investigation is needed to validate the arguments and to address many of the unresolved questions.

Publications | Page 238 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Understanding maternal mortality in Colombia : the influence of health ... In spite of a high coverage of institutional deliveries and prenatal consultations and the ... of innovative strategies in the organization of Primary Health Care (open access) ... the South African Development Community (SADC) and internationally, and ...

Manager, Financial Systems | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

... application of internal controls within the Centre's corporate financial systems. ... It is a key resource for managing IDRC's financial information systems both for the ... Assess the vendor development strategies and determine the impacts on the long .... applications to provide complete and relevant accounting information.

Publications | Page 107 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Green energies the socialist way : hydropower, energy crops and Handai livelihoods along the Red river, Yunnan province, China (restricted access). Since the mid-2000s, international and Chinese development policies have made Honghe Prefecture, located in Yunnan Province, China, a new frontier for renewable ...

Program Officer | IDRC - International Development Research Centre

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

... and the regional offices on issues of project development and management; ... IDRC's contacts with other international agencies and Canadian institutions; ... including conceptual, methodological, operational, evaluative, and financial ...

Santa Claus visited CERN on Saturday, 3 December!

CERN Document Server

Staff Association

2016-01-01

Ever since its creation, the Staff Association has organised an annual Children’s Christmas Party. This party brings together 5- to 7-year-old children of employed members of the personnel. On Saturday, 3 December, the Staff Association welcomed no less than 230 children who attended with joy and enthusiasm a magical clown show presented at 13.30 and 15.30. After the show, they were offered a snack in Restaurant 1. We would like to thank Novae for their generous contribution, as well as their personnel for their valuable help. Then, Santa Claus himself came to hand out presents to the children. The Staff Association would also like to warmly thank him for despite his busy schedule for the season, he took the time to bring happiness and joy to little ones and older ones alike! Finally, we would like to thank all the parents who volunteered to help look after the children. Their presence and contribution are indispensable for the success of the party. This year, the Staff Association’s organ...

The impact on pension liabilities of Malaysian government pension scheme from remarriage due to removal of pension clause

Science.gov (United States)

Ibrahim, Rose Irnawaty; Siri, Zailan

2014-12-01

In the event of death of any government employee, their monthly pension will be given to their widow and their child. The government will stop paying that pension when the widow died and when the widow chooses to remarry. However, in 1st January 2002, the remarriage clause has been removed from the regulations. This would allow all widows who remarried to receive pension as usual. In view of this, there are possibilities that those widows who are still young might remarried. If many of the widows choose to remarry, it will be a burden to the government as it would increase the pension liabilities. However, we do not know how many of the widow will remarry. In view of this, the purpose of the study is to assess the impact to pension liabilities of government pension schemes on individual life due to removal clause of the remarriage by determining the pension factor and to assess to what extent the pension liabilities of government pension schemes would be affected.

Publications | Page 271 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

IDRC works with developing-country researchers and institutions to build local ... Brendan Baker can be called many things: an engineer, an international ... Profile of IDRC's Environment and Natural Resource Management (ENRM) program area. ... Businesses in a smattering of Latin American cities now enjoy a quick and ...

Arab Democracy Barometer | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

... to address the deficits identified in the Arab Human Development Report, as well as ... Call for new OWSD Fellowships for Early Career Women Scientists now open ... IWRA/IDRC webinar on climate change and adaptive water management. International Water Resources Association, in close collaboration with IDRC, ...

Publications | Page 313 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 3121 - 3130 of 6383 ... This paper describes some tools developed by the ICLEI (International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives-Local Governments for ... Urbanisation has become one of the strongest drivers of growing challenges in the fields of food security, human health and water resources management.

Copyright | IDRC - International Development Research Centre

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Where copyright is held by IDRC Unless otherwise stated, the copyright to material on this website is held by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC). IDRC permits reading, downloading, copying, redistributing, printing, linking and searching, for non-commercial or academic purposes, of any of its content, ...

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Results 451 - 460 of 8518 ... Graduate education should challenge traditional modes of learning and ... Development FEMINISM WOMEN'S ECONOMIC ... The role of research in implementing Canada's Feminist International Assistance Policy.

Development of nuclear technology through International Technical Cooperation programme: Malaysian experience

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ainul Hayati Daud

1997-01-01

In the advent of new technologies and knowledge, countries need to rely on one another for progress and development. At the same time, new challenges to development, which are beyond the competence of any country to approach individually, have emerged. These have led to greater need for international co-operation, particularly among the developing countries. In Malaysia, international technical co-operation has contributed significantly towards the development of nuclear technology. Malaysia has received technical assistance through the multilateral, regional and bilateral co-operation. This assistance complements the efforts of the government to meet the primary objectives of science and technology programme, which are; intensification of R and D capacity and applications of technologies, both acquired and developed, in national development. Over the last one and a half decade, more than 70 projects valued almost USD 15 millions, were implemented under the Technical Assistance Programme of the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Bilateral Technical Assistance Programme of Japan and Australia. Malaysia also has benefited from the regional technical co-operation programme such Regional Co-operative Agreement for Asia and Pacific Region, United Nation Department Programme, International Nuclear Co-operation in Asia. While receiving assistance, Malaysia continues to assist other developing countries in their development efforts in the fields of nuclear technology, through the various international co-operation programmes. This report reviews the technical assistance received through the international co-operation and its contributions towards the development of nuclear technology in Malaysia for period 1980 - 1996

Development of the International Guidelines for Home Health Nursing.

Science.gov (United States)

Narayan, Mary; Farris, Cindy; Harris, Marilyn D; Hiong, Fong Yoke

2017-10-01

Throughout the world, healthcare is increasingly being provided in home and community-based settings. There is a growing awareness that the most effective, least costly, patient-preferred setting is patients' home. Thus, home healthcare nursing is a growing nursing specialty, requiring a unique set of nursing knowledge and skills. Unlike many other nursing specialties, home healthcare nursing has few professional organizations to develop or support its practice. This article describes how an international network of home healthcare nurses developed international guidelines for home healthcare nurses throughout the world. It outlines how the guidelines for home healthcare nursing practice were developed, how an international panel of reviewers was recruited, and the process they used for reaching a consensus. It also describes the plan for nurses to contribute to future updates to the guidelines.

Search Results | Page 71 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

2012-01-01

Results 701 - 710 of 8531 ... Audio slideshow: Overview and lessons from the Canadian Learning Forum 2012 on Virtual Platforms, Knowledge Management and International Development. Published date. January 1, 2012. Studies.

Search Results | Page 851 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 8501 - 8510 of 8531 ... Governance. IDRC is governed by global leaders and innovators with one collective aim: to empower people to find lasting solutions through international development research. Webpage.

Maggie Gorman Vélez | IDRC - International Development Research ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Her independent research has focused on corporate social responsibility and mining in developing countries, with a particular concentration on social development programming initiated by the private sector. Maggie's background is in gender and international development studies; she has a Master's degree from the ...

Managing International Migration for Development in East Asia

OpenAIRE

Adams, Richard H., Jr.; Ahsan, Ahmad

2014-01-01

The objective of this book is to analyze the economic and social impact of international migration on labor sending and labor receiving countries in the East Asia region. More specifically, the book seeks: (a) to examine the impact of international migration on key development indicators, including poverty, investment, labor force participation, labor productivity and wages; (b) to evaluate ...

International physical protection standards: support for development and implementation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Soo Hoo, M.S.

2002-01-01

Full text: Since 1972, the IAEA has been a recognized organization in promoting the development of international standards on the physical protection of nuclear materials. This responsibility has continued through the present in the 1999 publication of the fourth revision of INFCIRC/225, the physical protection of nuclear material and nuclear facilities and in being the repository for the convention on the physical protection of nuclear material which was originally published in 1980 as INFCIRC/274. The IAEA has also published other reference documents in support these two standards. With changing world events and greater concern for the physical protection of nuclear materials and facilities, IAEA member states have increased IAEA physical protection responsibilities. Currently, the IAEA is serving as the secretariat for drafting revisions to the physical protection convention. The proposed revisions will strengthen international physical protection standards through the incorporation of physical protection fundamentals that should apply to all nuclear materials in international or domestic use, storage and transport. Furthermore, the physical protection fundamentals would also extend to include nuclear facilities. Presently, the physical protection convention applies only to nuclear materials that are in international transport. To complement efforts to develop and promote international physical protection standards, the IAEA is actively involved in assisting member states with the implementation of the standards. This is accomplished through the delivery of training courses, workshops and hosting other international forums for the exchange of information. Through review services such as the international physical protection advisory service (IPPAS), the IAEA provides advice to member states on the application of international standards at national and facility-specific levels. These services can be followed up with technical support to implement the

Publications | Page 316 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 3151 - 3160 of 7205 ... ... widen the impact of our investment and advance development research. ... Work in healthcare sector is characterized by high level of work stress internationally. ... Report on the Capacity Building Workshop on Women's Land rights, ... workers and as a barrier impeding creation of formal jobs.

International trade in services developments in light of dynamic developments in competitive environment

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Anna Olefir

2008-06-01

Full Text Available The paper analyses theoretical grounds for determining «services», key peculiarities of international trade in services and its discrepancies from trade in goods, and determines the modern trends of development of this form of international trade according to the main types of services.

Reflections on the development of international nuclear law

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lamm, Vanda

2017-01-01

Over the course of more than seven decades, treaty norms on the production and utilisation of nuclear energy have been developed, which together form a special section within international law. These norms are the consequence of the unique nature of the field, namely that on the one hand some aspects of the uses of nuclear energy should be covered by totally new and special norms (e.g. in the field of disarmament, seeking to eliminate or at least to control the spread of nuclear weapons, and nuclear weapons tests) and on the other hand that several traditional legal solutions were not suitable for the problems that emerged in connection with other uses of nuclear energy (like liability). In this article, three aspects of the development of that special section of international law will be explored, namely: the close connections between the regulation of peaceful and military uses of nuclear energy; the effects of nuclear catastrophes on the development of international nuclear legislation; and the interaction between soft law norms and binding norms in the area of nuclear law

Books | Page 2 | IDRC - International Development Research Centre

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

... by supporting research that addresses critical international development issues. One of ... This is a first-of-its-kind collection of writings by evaluation professionals ... on information and communication technologies for development (ICT4D), ...

TOPICAL PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES OF INTERNATIONAL FREIGHT TRANSPORT

OpenAIRE

Sulce, Anastasija

2014-01-01

The title of thesis is Typical Problems and Development Perspectives of International Freight Transport. This work is dedicated to different modes of international transportation, freight and logistics their advantages and disadvantages. Another essential part of the work related to different way for transport development and its efficient usage The objective is to explore modes of freight transport and logistics in details and, thereof, reveal advantages and disadvantages. On the basis ...

Search Results | Page 847 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 8461 - 8470 of 8517 ... The Centre Management Committee provides advice and guidance ... and meet the members who share a passion for international development work. ... as required under Canada's Financial Administration Act.

View all initiatives | IDRC - International Development Research ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

The International Partnerships for Sustainable Societies are collaborations that produce high-quality research to inform academic, public, and policy debates to contribute to create just, inclusive, and sustainable social and economic development.

Search Results | Page 53 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 521 - 530 of 875 ... Migration, Gender and Social Justice : Connecting Research and Practice Networks ... International Barcode of Life Project : Engaging Developing ... Technologies for Social Inclusion and Public Policies in Latin ...

Climate change and developing countries: A role for the Canadian International Development Agency

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ragusa, P.

2000-01-01

The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) is primarily responsible for Canada's official development assistance program whose objective is to foster sustainable development in order to reduce poverty and contribute to a more secure, equitable and prosperous world. CIDA programs are directed to the needs of developing countries to assist them in capacity building, to provide financial resources and technology transfer, to help them to meet the cost of adaptation to adverse effects, and to develop and enhance indigenous capabilities. With respect to climate change, CIDA, in concert with other federal government departments, endeavours to maximize Canada's capabilities to meet international environmental commitments and Kyoto climate change targets at the lowest cost, ensure a level playing field with Canada's competitors by maximizing participation of major developed and developing economies in the Kyoto Protocol, and maximize opportunities for Canadian businesses in international projects and initiatives in climate change. Accordingly, the 2000 CIDA Budget provides official development assistance funding of $100 million over four years for technology transfer to help developing countries reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainable development. First call for proposals is targeted for August 2001, with assessment of proposals and projects during September and second call for proposals before year end. Major provisions of the Kyoto Protocol, the purposes of the Clean Development Mechanism, the role that CIDA can play in support of implementation of CDM, benefits and opportunities provided by CDM are summarized. Ways in which private sector firms seeking to expand into developing countries can benefit by working with CIDA, are also discussed

The new philanthropy : private power in international development policy?\\ud

OpenAIRE

Moran, Michael; Stone, Diane

2016-01-01

This chapter examines the role and function of philanthropy in international development policy. Philanthropy has deep roots in international development and its present influence is far from novel. Yet changes in the political economy of development finance, including growing private aid flows and continuing strain on the bilateral and multilateral aid systems, have increased its relative importance. Simultaneously, newly emerging foundations have financed novel institutional mechanisms for ...

The limitations of contractual clauses to determine the legal nature of information and to protect trade secrets

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Nelson Remolina Angarita

2017-12-01

Full Text Available This text analyses the legal requirements for information to be considered a trade secret based on Colombian regulations and rulings issued by the Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio. A contractual clause, by itself, does not have the power to define the information that can be considered a trade secret because freedom of choice cannot disregard the legal nature of the information.

All projects related to | Page 528 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

2008-01-01

Negotiations around intellectual property rights (IPR) are increasingly a key factor in international trade and an important item on the international development agenda. Start Date: January 1, 2008. End Date: April 14, 2011. Topic: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, COMPUTER PROGRAMS, ACCESS TO INFORMATION.

All projects related to | Page 551 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

2008-01-01

Negotiations around intellectual property rights (IPR) are increasingly a key factor in international trade and an important item on the international development agenda. Start Date: January 1, 2008. End Date: April 14, 2011. Topic: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, COMPUTER PROGRAMS, ACCESS TO INFORMATION.

All projects related to | Page 552 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

2008-01-01

Negotiations around intellectual property rights (IPR) are increasingly a key factor in international trade and an important item on the international development agenda. Start Date: January 1, 2008. End Date: April 14, 2011. Topic: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, COMPUTER PROGRAMS, ACCESS TO INFORMATION.

All projects related to | Page 522 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Region: Argentina, South America, Peru, Uruguay, North and Central America ... Topic: VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN, WOMEN'S RIGHTS, Gender ... Negotiations around intellectual property rights (IPR) are increasingly a key factor in international trade and an important item on the international development agenda.

Books | Page 25 | IDRC - International Development Research Centre

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

... to improving lives and livelihoods by supporting research that addresses critical international development issues. ... Any -, Miscellaneous, Development, Science and Technology, Social Policy, Economics ... Book cover Marketing Information Products and Services: A Primer for Librarians and Information Professionals.

Development Internal Problems of Shanghay Cooperation Organization

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Oksana Y. Kolegova

2015-01-01

Full Text Available The article analyzes the main internal problems of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Particular attention is paid to the conflict of interests of the participating countries, as well as identifying obstacles to strengthen the organization and increase its influence in the international arena. The international organizations are created by the states to meet mutual problems in the course of interstate relations requiring regular cooperation mechanism. Given the background of the Organization, it is important to emphasize that the main reason for the establishment of the Shanghai organization was the need for the united front against the strengthening of the region at the turn of centuries against dangerous trends of terrorism, extremism, separatism, the growth of organized crime. Despite the conflict of interests and the internal and external development challenges thirteen-year history of evolution of the SCO, to some extent proves its effectiveness, moreover, there are the preconditions for its consistent transition to a more comprehensive organization.

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International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 261 - 270 of 1368 ... ICT in the context of education system ... Statistical handbook on baseline survey : part 1; data tables; (Focus City ... Technologies (ICT) in international development assistance - issues, trends and opportunities.

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International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 391 - 400 of 8491 ... The influenza virus causes upper respiratory tract infections in humans, ... inclusion of youth and women through entrepreneurship in Madagascar ... Research can help international development do more with less.

International Journal of Medicine and Health Development

African Journals Online (AJOL)

International Journal of Medicine and Health Development ... This is the official publication of College of Medicine, University of Nigeria under the ... Health related quality of life and sociodemographic characteristics among Iranian students ...

[Strategy Development for International Cooperation in the Clinical Laboratory Field].

Science.gov (United States)

Kudo, Yoshiko; Osawa, Susumu

2015-10-01

The strategy of international cooperation in the clinical laboratory field was analyzed to improve the quality of intervention by reviewing documents from international organizations and the Japanese government. Based on the world development agenda, the target of action for health has shifted from communicable diseases to non-communicable diseases (NCD). This emphasizes the importance of comprehensive clinical laboratories instead of disease-specific examinations in developing countries. To achieve this goal, the World Health Organization (WHO) has disseminated to the African and Asian regions the Laboratory Quality Management System (LQMS), which is based on the same principles of the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) 15189. To execute this strategy, international experts must have competence in project management, analyze information regarding the target country, and develop a strategy for management of the LQMS with an understanding of the technical aspects of laboratory work. However, there is no appropriate pre- and post-educational system of international health for Japanese international workers. Universities and academic organizations should cooperate with the government to establish a system of education for international workers. Objectives of this education system must include: (1) training for the organization and understanding of global health issues, (2) education of the principles regarding comprehensive management of clinical laboratories, and (3) understanding the LQMS which was employed based on WHO's initiative. Achievement of these objectives will help improve the quality of international cooperation in the clinical laboratory field.

Strengthening International Collaboration: Geosciences Research and Education in Developing Countries

Science.gov (United States)

Fucugauchi, J. U.

2009-05-01

Geophysical research increasingly requires global multidisciplinary approaches and global integration. Global warming, increasing CO2 levels and increased needs of mineral and energy resources emphasize impact of human activities. The planetary view of our Earth as a deeply complex interconnected system also emphasizes the need of international scientific cooperation. International collaboration presents an immense potential and is urgently needed for further development of geosciences research and education. In analyzing international collaboration a relevant aspect is the role of scientific societies. Societies organize meetings, publish journals and books and promote cooperation through academic exchange activities and can further assist communities in developing countries providing and facilitating access to scientific literature, attendance to international meetings, short and long-term stays and student and young researcher mobility. Developing countries present additional challenges resulting from limited economic resources and social and political problems. Most countries urgently require improved educational and research programs. Needed are in-depth analyses of infrastructure and human resources and identification of major problems and needs. Questions may include what are the major limitations and needs in research and postgraduate education in developing countries? what and how should international collaboration do? and what are the roles of individuals, academic institutions, funding agencies, scientific societies? Here we attempt to examine some of these questions with reference to case examples and AGU role. We focus on current situation, size and characteristics of research community, education programs, facilities, economic support, and then move to perspectives for potential development in an international context.

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International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

The Think Tank Initiative's (TTI) Phase 2 capacity development strategy focuses on ... access to the Internet has become a priority for developing countries. ... SOCIAL JUSTICE, VIOLENCE, WOMEN, International cooperation, Gender ... Topic: LATIN AMERICA, EDUCATION, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, GENDER EQUALITY, ...

UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AS A MEANS FOR REGIONAL INTEGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Viktoriia DONCHENKO

2015-10-01

Full Text Available Programs of international cooperation in higher education claim to promote peace and intercultural understanding, contribute to development of efficient human resources as well as research and innovation. For centuries, universities were centers of progress that ensure community’s development. Processes of globalization, internationalization, rapid development of information technology transform the mission of university, challenging modern universities to join forces to meet growing needs of knowledge society. The European Higher Education Area is continuously working to reduce mismatch of skills between the workforce and labor market. International cooperation in education has fundamental potential for reducing economic disparity. Ukrainian government views higher education as a means of growth and development and considers international activity pivotal in responding to global and regional change and achieving world quality standards of education. The aim of this paper is to explore potential of international cooperation in higher education in globalized world by examining selected international projects and their outcomes.

International trade drives biodiversity threats in developing nations.

Science.gov (United States)

Lenzen, M; Moran, D; Kanemoto, K; Foran, B; Lobefaro, L; Geschke, A

2012-06-06

Human activities are causing Earth's sixth major extinction event-an accelerating decline of the world's stocks of biological diversity at rates 100 to 1,000 times pre-human levels. Historically, low-impact intrusion into species habitats arose from local demands for food, fuel and living space. However, in today's increasingly globalized economy, international trade chains accelerate habitat degradation far removed from the place of consumption. Although adverse effects of economic prosperity and economic inequality have been confirmed, the importance of international trade as a driver of threats to species is poorly understood. Here we show that a significant number of species are threatened as a result of international trade along complex routes, and that, in particular, consumers in developed countries cause threats to species through their demand of commodities that are ultimately produced in developing countries. We linked 25,000 Animalia species threat records from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List to more than 15,000 commodities produced in 187 countries and evaluated more than 5 billion supply chains in terms of their biodiversity impacts. Excluding invasive species, we found that 30% of global species threats are due to international trade. In many developed countries, the consumption of imported coffee, tea, sugar, textiles, fish and other manufactured items causes a biodiversity footprint that is larger abroad than at home. Our results emphasize the importance of examining biodiversity loss as a global systemic phenomenon, instead of looking at the degrading or polluting producers in isolation. We anticipate that our findings will facilitate better regulation, sustainable supply-chain certification and consumer product labelling.

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International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Teaching Public Policy for the Arab World : final technical report. Through integrating politics, policy, economics and other social science research ... of the field, developing methodology and building a critical mass of international health syste.

IDRC Research Awards 2019 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Citizens of developing countries pursuing a master's or a doctoral degree at a ... and will receive hands-on experience in research and program management and ... dissemination, and use of knowledge from an international perspective.

Search Results | Page 795 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 7941 - 7950 of 9601 ... ... awareness of the nutrition and income benefits of indigenous vegetables. ... The political and economic environment for civil society ... international cooperation and development work and based in Canada and ...

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International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Results 31 - 40 of 1367 ... Real momentum is building around the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as ... Promoting Rural Income from Sustainable Aquaculture through ... An international research team aims to protect human health and ...

Publications | Page 193 | IDRC - International Development ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

IDRC works with developing-country researchers and institutions to build local capacity ... Through books, articles, research publications, and studies, we aim to widen the ... A paper by IDRC partner the International Network for Bamboo and Rattan ... In this region, the supply of houses in rural and urban areas has failed to ...

DEVELOPMENT ACQUIREMENTS AND WORKING LIFE COLLABORATION OF INTERNATIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS : Case: Digital Business Development

OpenAIRE

Tuukkanen, Laura; Pudas, Sini

2014-01-01

This thesis is commissioned by Mikkeli University of Applied Sciences, Business Department. The research is a case study of an intensive study module Digital Business Development held in August 2014. The purpose of the thesis was to investigate international higher education students’ development acquirements during a three week Digital Business Development course. The research also investigated the success of partnership between Mamk, MPY and international higher education students in th...

Nuclear safety: an international approach: the convention on nuclear safety

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rosen, M.

1994-01-01

This paper is a general presentation of the IAEA Convention on Nuclear Safety which has already be signed by 50 countries and which is the first legal instrument that directly addresses the safety of nuclear power plants worldwide. The paper gives a review of its development and some key provisions for a better understanding of how this agreement will operate in practice. The Convention consists of an introductory preamble and four chapters consisting of 35 articles dealing with: the principal objectives, definitions and scope of application; the various obligations (general provisions, legislation, responsibility and regulation, general safety considerations taking into account: the financial and human resources, the human factors, the quality assurance, the assessment and verification of safety, the radiation protection and the emergency preparedness; the safety of installations: sitting, design and construction, operation); the periodic meetings of the contracting parties to review national reports on the measures taken to implement each of the obligations, and the final clauses and other judicial provisions common to international agreements. (J.S.). 1 append

Emerging Trends in Development of International Information Security Regime

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Elena S. Zinovieva

2016-01-01

Full Text Available The article discusses the key trends shaping the international regime on information security. International cooperation in this area at the global level encounters contradictions of state interest. The main actors of the information security are the United States, Russia, China and the EU countries (Britain, France and Germany. The main contradiction is developing between the US on one side and Russia and China on the other. EU countries occupy the middle position, gravitating to that of US. The article proves that international cooperation on information security will reflect the overall logic of the development of international cooperation, which is characterized by a new model of cooperation, with the participation of state and non-state actors, known as multi-stakeholder partnerships and multi-level cooperation. The logic of the formation of an international regime on information security is closest to the logic of the formation of the international non-proliferation regime. It is in the interest of Russia to support the trend towards regionalization of information security regime. Russia can form a regional information security regime in the former Soviet Union on the basis of the CSTO and SCO and potentially on a wider Eurasian space. Such regional regime would give Russia an opportunity to shape the international regime and closely monitor emerging information security issues in the former Soviet Union, and remove the potential threat of "color revolutions".

Long-term contracts and take-or-pay clauses in natural gas markets

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Creti, A.; Villeneuve, B.

2004-01-01

Theoretical and empirical research on long-term contracts inspired by the American experience are surveyed, with emphasis on the analysis of the role of take-or-pay clauses and price indexation rules, and whether regulation distorts optimal contract duration. The underlying motivation is to analyze the economic fundamentals of the European Union provisions on long-term contracts in the natural gas industry, and to highlight the features that differentiate them from the American experience. The impacts of long term contracts in the opening to competition of the European Union natural gas sector, and the apparent confusion between contract duration and flexibility as applied to long-term contracts in the European Union, are also explored. 29 refs., 2 tabs