Estatus nutricional y crecimiento vegetativo de plantas de Vanilla planifolia Jacks afectadas por la fertilización y la composición de substrato orgánico

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Adriana Isabel Osorio

2014-12-01

Full Text Available El cultivo de la vainilla (Vanilla planifolia Jacks es promisorio en Colombia, sin embargo, sus requerimientos nutricionales son desconocidos. En este estudio la hipótesis fue que el estado nutricional del cultivo de vainilla y su crecimiento dependen de la composición del sustrato y de la fertilización aplicada. En parcelas experimentales de 0.8 x 0.8 x 0.2 m se aplicaron cada 2 meses 10 lt adicionales de un sustrato que contenía fragmentos de madera (WC o fibra de coco (CF y hojarasca (LL en diferentes proporciones volumétricas (% (75:25, 50:50, 25:75. Se aplicaron cuatro dosis anuales de un fertilizante químico (grado 27-11-11: 0, 20, 60 y 140 g por planta. Los resultados indican que una interacción altamente significativa (P < 0.01 entre el sustrato y la fertilización sobre el crecimiento de las plantas. La longitud del tallo de las plantas de vainilla se incrementó significativamente con la dosis de fertilización de 20 g/planta solamente en los sustratos compuestos por 75% de CF o WC y 25% de LL. La presencia de CF produjo contenidos foliares de P, K, Cu, Mg y Mn significativamente más altos (P < 0.05 que aquellos obtenidos cuando WC fue utilizado en el sustrato. Por el contrario, la presencia de WC en el substrato incrementó (P < 0.05 los contenidos foliares de N y Ca con respecto a los niveles observados con CF en el sustrato de crecimiento.

Optimización de la conservación in vitro de germoplasma de Dioscorea spp por crecimiento mínimo

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Lucía Candelaria Díaz Narváez

2015-01-01

Full Text Available El ñame Criollo (Dioscorea alata y el ñame Espino (Dioscorea rotundata se constituyen como las dos especies mayormente cultivadas en el departamento de Sucre, Colombia. Por esta razón en la Universidad de Sucre se han implementado técnicas para lograr su conservación mediante la propagación in vitro, sin embargo esta metodología conserva las accesiones por un periodo no mayor a los 4 meses, provocando continuos subcultivos, aumento de costos y mano de obra. Por ello la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo establecer medios de cultivo óptimos para la conservación in vitro por crecimiento mínimo de diferentes accesiones (D. alata y D. rotundata pertenecientes al banco de germoplasma de la Universidad de Sucre, durante un periodo de 8 meses. Esto mediante la modificación del medio de cultivo base MS; con los siguientes osmolitos: sacarosa, manitol y sorbitol. Se avaluaron 8 tratamientos (T en los siguientes porcentajes T1 (control(3:0:0, T2 (0:1,5:0, T3 (0:0:2, T4 (0:1,5:2, T5 (0:0:1 y T6 (0:0:3, T7 (0:1,5:1 y T8 (0:1,5:3. Cada 30 días se evaluó: supervivencia (%, hojas expandidas (%, longitud del tallo y raíz, número de nudos y raíces, oxidación (%, senescencia foliar (% y callo (%. Los resultados mostraron que las especies D. alata y D. rotundata, se conservan de forma óptima, en la combinación T4 (0:1,5:2, donde se evidencia un alto porcentaje de supervivencia, un mínimo porcentaje de senescencia foliar y un desarrollo restringido en el resto de variables. Garantizando así la disponibilidad y el desarrollo normal de las accesiones en un periodo superior a 4 meses.

Estudio químico de los compuestos lipídicos de las hojas, tallos y flores de Vernonanthura patens (Kunth) H. Rob. (Asteraceae)

OpenAIRE

Manzano Santana, Patricia; Miranda Martínez, Migdalia; Montes de Oca Porto, Rodney; Orellana León, Tulio; Abreu Payrol, Juan; Peralta García, Esther L

2013-01-01

Introducción: Vernonanthura patens (Kunth) H. Rob. es una especie que crece silvestre en el Ecuador, para la cual existen escasos antecedentes de estudios químicos y biológicos, y en ninguno de estos se aborda el estudio de fracciones lipídicas. Objetivos: estudiar las fracciones de compuestos lipídicos presentes en las hojas, tallos y flores de la especie. Métodos: la planta se recolectó en estado adulto, en época de floración, los órganos vegetales fueron secados en estufa por separado, se ...

Adubação foliar com níquel e molibdênio no feijoeiro comum cv. Ouro Vermelho

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José Francisco Lopes

2014-04-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação foliar de níquel (Ni e molibdênio (Mo sobre componentes de rendimento, crescimento e composição mineral do feijoeiro comum Ouro Vermelho. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e arranjo fatorial 5 x 2, constituído de doses de Ni (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 g ha-1 e de Mo (0 e 80 g ha-1, aplicadas por via foliar, aos 25 dias após a semeadura, na forma de cloreto de níquel hexaidratado e de molibdato de amônio, respectivamente. As doses de Ni não influenciaram os teores foliares de N, P, K, Fe, Mo e Ni, aumentaram, porém, os teores de N, Ni e de proteína bruta na semente. A aplicação foliar de Mo reduziu os teores foliares de P, Fe e Ni, aumentou, no entanto, o teor foliar de Mo e o teor de N, Mo e de proteína bruta na semente. Observou-se que as doses de Ni e de Mo não afetaram a massa de sementes, o número de sementes por vagem, o número de vagens por planta e a massa seca de raiz do feijoeiro. A aplicação de Mo aumentou em 21,62% o número de nódulos.

Morfoanatomia foliar de Palicourea longepedunculata Gardiner (Rubiaceae

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Pereira Zefa Valdivina

2003-01-01

Full Text Available O gênero Palicourea - tribo Psychotrieae - compreende cerca de 200 espécies e destaca-se por apresentar alcalóides indólicos muitas vezes tóxicos para bovinos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi contribuir para o conhecimento da família Rubiaceae, enfatizando os aspectos da morfoanatomia foliar de Palicourea longepedunculata. O material foi coletado na Reserva Florestal Mata do Paraíso (RFMP, município de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, e amostras-testemunha foram depositadas no herbário VIC. Folhas provenientes do quarto nó foram fixadas em FAA50 e conservadas em etanol 70%. Seções transversais e longitudinais do pecíolo e da lâmina foliar foram obtidas em micrótomo de mesa para montagem de lâminas permanentes, conforme metodologia usual. As folhas são simples, opostas, inteiras, ovais lanceoladas, dorsiventrais e hipoestomáticas. A epiderme do pecíolo e da lâmina foliar é uniestratificada, papilosa na face adaxial da folha e recoberta por cutícula delgada. Os estômatos são paracíticos e ocorrem no mesmo nível das demais células epidérmicas. O mesofilo é constituído por uma camada de parênquima paliçádico e de várias de parênquima lacunoso. Na face adaxial e abaxial da nervura mediana e no bordo da lâmina observa-se colênquima subepidérmico. Um feixe vascular do tipo colateral, em forma de "U", distribui-se ao longo do pecíolo e da nervura mediana, acompanhado, invariavelmente, por dois feixes menores localizados lateralmente. No córtex do pecíolo e da nervura mediana observa-se aerênquima. As características anatômicas seguem o padrão descrito para as Rubiaceae, e algumas delas são interpretadas como adaptações a ambientes úmidos e sombreados no qual a espécie ocorre.

INDUCCIÓN DE LA ACTIVIDAD DE LA ENZIMA FENILALANINA AMONIO LIASA EN CLAVEL (Dianthus caryophyllus L POR ELICITORES DEL HONGO Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Dianthi raza 2

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Harold Ardila

2008-04-01

Full Text Available Con el fin de evaluar el comportamiento a nivel del tallo de la enzima fenilalanina amonio liasa (PAL, por su nombre en inglés phenylalanine ammonia liase, durante la interacción clavel-Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi raza 2, se seleccionaron las condiciones para su extracción y cuantificación de la actividad. Para la extracción a partir de tallos y raíces se seleccionó un tratamiento previo del material vegetal con acetona y posterior extracción con buffer borato pH 8,8 con EDTA 2mMy -mercaptoetanol 18 mM. Para su cuantificación a nivel del tallo se debe realizar un ensayo discontinuo por 10 min, a 37 oC, pH 8,0 y a una concentración de sustrato de 35 mM. Adicionalmente se muestra mediante un ensayo in vivo el efecto que tiene, como inductor de esta enzima, la aplicación de un extracto crudo del patógeno. Los resultados observados indican que esta enzima se induce significativamente en tallos de claveles de la variedad tolerante “Kiss” durante el tratamiento por aspersión con el extracto crudo del patógeno, mientras que dicha inducción fue inexistente para la infección directamente con el patógeno. La inducción en esta variedad indica que en este extracto del patógeno se presentan elicitores potenciales para la inducción de esta enzima y por ende de la ruta fenilpropanoide.

Effects of nitrate enrichment on leaf litter decomposition Efeitos do enriquecimento por nitrato sobre a decomposição de detritos foliares

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Alan Mosele Tonin

2011-03-01

Full Text Available AIM: This study aimed to determine the effects of nitrate enrichment on leaf decomposition process and the kinetic parameters of decomposition model; METHODS: Samples of water from a first-order stream and senescent leaves of the native tree species Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg (Myrtaceae were collected in South of Brazil. The leaves were oven-dried, grounded and for each experimental condition (control and enriched 20 decomposition chambers were prepared with leaf fragments and unfiltered stream water (with and without nitrate addition, maintained under low and high oxygen conditions. In sampling days the particulate and dissolved organic carbon and total inorganic carbon concentrations were evaluated; RESULTS: The decomposition of particulate and dissolved organic carbon (POC and DOC was faster in nitrate enriched treatment under high dissolved oxygen condition. The DOC mineralization coefficients (k3 were in average 283-fold higher than the rate constants for refractory POC (RPOC mineralization, being the enriched k3 2.3-fold higher than the control k3; CONCLUSIONS: The leaf litter decomposition was affected by dissolved nitrate concentration in the water and RPOC and DOC decomposition was faster with nitrate enrichment than in reference natural conditions (without nitrate enrichment. Thus, dissolved nitrate seems to be an important factor in controlling litter decomposition and its increase affects the leaf carbon processing in stream ecosystems.OBJETIVO: Esse estudo tem por objetivo determinar os efeitos do enriquecimento por nitrato sobre o processo de decomposição foliar e os parâmetros cinéticos do modelo de decomposição; MÉTODOS: Foram coletadas amostras de água de um riacho de primeira-ordem e folhas senescentes da espécie arbórea nativa Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg (Myrtaceae no sul do Brasil. As folhas foram secas em estufa, moídas e para cada condição experimental (controle e enriquecido, 20 câmaras de

Crecimiento vegetativo y floral del crisantemo [Dendranthema x grandiflorum (Ramat Kitamura] en respuesta a la presión osmótica de la solución nutritiva

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J. S. Flores-Ruvalcaba

2005-01-01

Full Text Available En México, el crisantemo [Dendranthema x grandiflorum (Ramat Kitamura cv. Polaris White] es uno de los cultivos ornamentales que presentan la mayor superficie cultivada. Sin embargo, se desconocen sus requerimientos nutrimentales en condiciones hidropónicas, constituyendo lo anterior una mayor limitante al utilizar una alta densidad de población. Por consiguiente, se evaluó el efecto de la presión osmótica de la solución nutritiva (0.018, 0.027, 0.036 y 0.045 MPa sobre el crecimiento y floración del crisantemo, utilizando un sistema hidropónico por subrriego, en macetas con ocho plantas, equivalente a una densidad de 156.6 plantas·m-2, manejadas a un tallo por planta y una flor por tallo bajo cubierta plástica. Se concluyó que con 0.036 y 0.045 MPa de presión osmótica en la solución nutritiva, se obtiene la mayor expresión de las variables del crecimiento (altura de planta: 110 a 115 cm; diámetro de tallo: 0.6 a 0.63 cm; entrenudos por planta: 33; área foliar: 730 a 790 cm2; diámetro de inflorescencia: 11.4 cm y calidad de la flor (diámetro de la coloración amarilla central de inflorescencia: 6.5 cm con 0.036 MPa; intensidad de la coloración citada anteriormente y periodo de vida en florero: 7.3 y 17 días con 0.045 MPa, respectivamente. También, conforme se incrementó la presión osmótica de la solución nutritiva, disminuyó el periodo de trasplante a corte del cultivo (90 y 84 días con 0.036 y 0.045 Mpa, respectivamente

Manutenção da área foliar e produtividade de arroz irrigado com a aplicação de fertilizantes foliares no estádio de emborrachamento Foliar area maintenance and yield with application of foliar fertilizers on booting stage of irrigated rice

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Edinalvo Rabaioli Camargo

2008-08-01

Full Text Available A utilização de fertilizantes foliares, aplicados ao final do ciclo da cultura do arroz irrigado, pode proporcionar complementação nutricional para a planta e proteção contra patógenos com reflexos na produtividade. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a utilização de fertilizantes foliares, aplicados no estádio de emborrachamento, sobre a produtividade do arroz irrigado. O experimento foi conduzido no ano agrícola 2005/2006, em área experimental de várzea do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos por 10 fertilizantes foliares, dois produtos aplicados via sementes, um fungicida e a testemunha. Os fertilizantes não influenciaram qualquer parâmetro avaliado. As condições climáticas e o manejo da adubação anterior à aplicação dos tratamentos foliares propiciaram condições favoráveis para o arroz expressar o seu potencial produtivo, em torno de 10.000kg ha-1. Neste nível de produtividade, os produtos utilizados não aumentaram a produtividade do arroz irrigado.The use of foliar fertilizers applied to the reproductive phase of rice can improve the plant nutrition and protect the field against foliar diseases with gains in yield. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the use of the foliar fertilizers applied to the booting stage in order to verify the irrigated rice yield. The experiment was carried out in 2005/06 in a lowland area in Santa Maria-RS, Brazil. The treatments, arranged in a randomized block design with four replications, were constituted by 10 foliar fertilizers available in the market, two products applied to seeds, a fungicide, and a check treatment. The treatments presented no effects on any of the variables studied. The suitable climatic conditions and the fertilizer management carried out before the application of the foliar treatments led to the

Caracterización de acelga fresca de Santiago del Estero (Argentina). Comparación del contenido de nutrientes en hoja y tallo. Evaluación de los carotenoides presentes

OpenAIRE

Costa,Sara Macías de; Montenegro,Mariana A.; Arregui,Teresa; Pinto,M. Inés Sánchez de; Nazareno,Mónica A.; Mishima,Beatriz López de

2003-01-01

Se realizaron estudios de caracterización integral de acelga (Beta vulgaris, var. cycla) cultivada en la Provincia de Santiago del Estero, Argentina. Por tratarse de un vegetal de importante consumo regional, se realizó la determinación de sus constituyentes básicos, minerales y pigmentos para conocer los valores nutricionales que aporta este alimento en nuestra región. Se analizaron comparando hoja y tallo: humedad, cenizas, proteínas, grasas, hidratos de carbono utilizables, fibra dietaria ...

Estimativa da área foliar de meloeiro em estádios fenológicos por fotos digitais Estimate of the leaf area of melon plant in growing stages for digital photos

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Sidinei José Lopes

2007-08-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a precisão do método de fotos digitais na estimativa da área foliar de meloeiro e encontrar modelos matemáticos de estimativa da área foliar em função de medidas lineares da folha para diferentes estádios fenológicos. Foram fotografadas todas as folhas ímpares de 8 plantas após transplante definitivo, através de câmera fotográfica digital, resultando, durante todo o ciclo da cultura, em 4.188 fotos, das quais mediu-se a área foliar, o comprimento e a largura da folha, por meio do software Sigma Scan Pro v. 5.0, Jandel Scientific. Para verificar a precisão do método de fotos digitais, retirou-se uma amostra de 40 folhas, de onde foram obtidas a área foliar através do método padrão de discos foliares e pelo método de fotos. Foi encontrada uma correlação de 0,99 entre o método padrão (discos e o de fotos. O método de fotos digitais pode ser utilizado para estimar a área foliar da cultura de meloeiro, e a estimativa da área foliar de meloeiro por estádio fenológico apresenta maior precisão, sendo a maior variabilidade na estimativa da área da folha observada no período reprodutivo. A largura máxima da folha de meloeiro é a medida linear que melhor estima a área foliar.This experiment was aimed at evaluating the precision of digital photos in estimating the leaf area of watermelon plants and to find mathematical models that estimates leaf area as a function of leaf linear measurements at different growth stages. All odd leaves of eight plants were photographed after being established on the field using a digital camera that resulted in 4,188 photos in which length and width were measured using a Sigma Scan Pro v. 5.0 Jandel Scientific software. In order to estimate the precision of the digital photos method, a sample consisting of 40 leaves was taken and leaf area measured using the standard leaf disks and the photo method. A 0.99 correlation coefficient was detected between

Temporal variation of biomass and productivity of Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitaceae in Venezuela, Southern Caribbean

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Daisy Pérez

2006-06-01

Full Text Available Annual biomass and productivity of Thalassia testudinum were determined during a year at a seagrass bed located in the Parque Nacional Morrocoy, Venezuela. Leaf, rhizome and root biomass were determined monthly, together with short-shoot density, from February 1992 to January 1993, from nine replicated core samples. Productivity was measured using the methodology by Zieman (1974 with minor modifications, and leaf turnover rate was calculated. Leaf biomass values ranged between 101.73 dry g m-2 in February and 178.11 dry g m-2 in August. Productivity ranged from 1.69 dry g m-2 d-1 in April and October to 3.30 dry g m-2 d-1 in July, showing two annual peaks: one in July and one in March. The leaf turnover rate showed the highest value in June (2.41% d-1 and the lowest in May (1.23% d-1. Sampling time differences in leaf biomass, productivity and turnover rate were statistically significant. Short- shoot density values varied between 811.10 shoots m-2 in April and 1226.08 shoots m-2 in December, but the differences were not significant along the year. These results indicated seasonal trends for leaf biomass, productivity and turnover rate of T. testudinum in the Southern Caribbean (latitude 10N. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2: 329-339. Epub 2006 Jun 01.Durante un año se determinaron mensualmente la productividad foliar, la densidad de tallos cortos y la biomasa de hojas, tallos cortos, rizomas y raíces de Thalassia testudinum, en una "pradera" localizada en el Parque Nacional Morrocoy, Venezuela. Los valores de biomasa foliar estuvieron entre 101.73 g/m² en febrero y 178.11 g/m² en agosto, los de productividad foliar se ubicaron entre 1.69 g/m²/d en abril y octubre y 3.30 g/m²/d en julio, mostrando dos picos anuales, uno en julio y otro en marzo. La tasa de recambio foliar mostró el mayor valor en junio (2.41%/d y el menor en mayo (1.23%/d. Tales diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas durante el año para todas estas variables. La

Probability of foliar injury for Acer sp. based on foliar fluoride concentrations.

Science.gov (United States)

McDonough, Andrew M; Dixon, Murray J; Terry, Debbie T; Todd, Aaron K; Luciani, Michael A; Williamson, Michele L; Roszak, Danuta S; Farias, Kim A

2016-12-01

Fluoride is considered one of the most phytotoxic elements to plants, and indicative fluoride injury has been associated over a wide range of foliar fluoride concentrations. The aim of this study was to determine the probability of indicative foliar fluoride injury based on Acer sp. foliar fluoride concentrations using a logistic regression model. Foliage from Acer nedundo, Acer saccharinum, Acer saccharum and Acer platanoides was collected along a distance gradient from three separate brick manufacturing facilities in southern Ontario as part of a long-term monitoring programme between 1995 and 2014. Hydrogen fluoride is the major emission source associated with the manufacturing facilities resulting with highly elevated foliar fluoride close to the facilities and decreasing with distance. Consistent with other studies, indicative fluoride injury was observed over a wide range of foliar concentrations (9.9-480.0 μg F -  g -1 ). The logistic regression model was statistically significant for the Acer sp. group, A. negundo and A. saccharinum; consequently, A. negundo being the most sensitive species among the group. In addition, A. saccharum and A. platanoides were not statistically significant within the model. We are unaware of published foliar fluoride values for Acer sp. within Canada, and this research provides policy maker and scientist with probabilities of indicative foliar injury for common urban Acer sp. trees that can help guide decisions about emissions controls. Further research should focus on mechanisms driving indicative fluoride injury over wide ranging foliar fluoride concentrations and help determine foliar fluoride thresholds for damage.

Avaliação de produtos para a nutrição da videira via foliar

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J. C. Fráguas

2001-12-01

Full Text Available A nutrição da videira é fator fundamental para uma produção com qualidade. Muitas vezes, por razões fisiológicas, principalmente nutricionais, ocorrem problemas de baixa brotação, refletindo na produtividade da videira. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência de formulações de macro e micronutrientes via foliar, ativadas com poliexose, na produção de videira com deficiência na brotação, realizou-se um experimento por dois anos, em um vinhedo do cv. Merlot enxertado sobre o porta-enxerto R110, formado no sistema lira, localizado no município de Monte Belo do Sul (RS. Os tratamentos, em número de 11, foram compostos por três programas de nutrição foliar, cada um com três dosagens, um programa denominado tratamento básico (TB e um tratamento-testemunha (sem nutrição foliar chamado de tratamento do produtor (TP. O delineamento foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Foram avaliadas as variáveis: produtividade por gema, produtividade por gema brotada, percentagem de gemas brotadas, produção por planta e por área, qualidade das uvas (ºBrix, acidez total e pH, índices de doenças nos cachos, diagnóstico nutricional e relação custo-benefício dos programas. A análise estatística (contrastes ortogonais só registrou efeitos significativos entre as doses 2 e 3, dentro do programa 2, para percentagem de gemas brotadas (1994/95. Na safra de 1995/96, os efeitos significativos foram para adubação foliar contra a testemunha e para as doses 2 e 3, nos programas 1 e 2, para a produtividade por gema e percentagem de gemas brotadas. Houve efeito cumulativo dos programas nas variáveis analisadas. As relações custo-benefício do TB foram superiores às dos demais programas e, em relação à testemunha, alcançaram 1:12,8 e 1:16,0, nas safras de 1994/95 e 1995/96, respectivamente.

PESO DE HOJAS COMO HERRAMIENTA PARA ESTIMAR EL ÁREA FOLIAR EN SOYA

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Felipe Rafael Garcés Fiallos

2011-07-01

Full Text Available Cuantificaciones del área foliar en plantas son importantes en estudios de daños ocasionados por enfermedades, por lo tanto su determinación requiere el uso de equipamientos que no siempre se encuentran disponibles para todos. La utilización de determinaciones indirectas, como el peso de materia fresca o seca podría ayudar en este proceso. En este trabajo, se evaluó la relación entre el peso de hojas y área foliar, a partir de plantas recolectadas en el estadío R7.1, en 64 parcelas de campo con el cultivar de soja Nidera 5909 RG. El peso fresco fue medido luego de la colecta, el peso seco después de 48 horas de incubación a 65° C y el área foliar a través de un integralizador digital Licor. Fueron obtenidas ecuaciones significativas (p < 0.0001 e R2 de 0.74 a 0.97 para cada estrato y para la planta entera. Para la media de la planta, la relación de área foliar fue de y = 45.53 x + 19.03 para peso fresco e y = 176.17 x – 75.30 para peso seco. Esta herramienta se presenta potencialmente viable para estimar el área foliar de la planta. La utilización del peso seco es mas trabajosa, más no requiere pesaje de las hojas inmediatamente después de su colecta. La utilización futura de esta herramienta requiere estudios adicionales con otros cultivares a fin de verificarse si el comportamiento es similar.

Composición fitoquímica de los tallos y hojas de la especie Solanum nigrum L. que crece en Cuba

OpenAIRE

Chang Huerta, Lorenzo; Rosabal Carbonell, Yeisa; Morales León, José Ángel

2013-01-01

Introducción: Solanum nigrum L. se emplea como antiséptico, expectorante, cardiotónico, digestivo diaforético y sedativo. Las hojas son usadas como emplastos para el reumatismo, enfermedades de la piel, y para el tratamiento de la tuberculosis. Se considera un potente antiinflamatorio. Objetivos: determinar la composición fitoquímica de los extractos etéreo, alcohólico y acuoso de tallos y hojas de la especie Solanum nigrum L. Métodos: se recolectaron tallos y hojas de Solanum nigrum L., se l...

Alcaloides bencilisoquinolínicos del tallo de piper augustum rudge

OpenAIRE

Delgado A., Wilman; Avella M., Eliseo; P. de Díaz, Aura M.

2010-01-01

Del extracto etanólico del tallo de P. augustum Rudge se aislaron: 3beta-hidroxi- 24-etil-delta5.22colestadieno (estigmasterol) I ; l,2-metilendioxi-6-metil-4H-dibenzo(deg) quinolina-4,5(6H)diona (Cepharadione A) II; lactama del ácido lO-amino-3,4- dimetoxifenantreno-1-carboxílico (Cepharanone B) n i y el nuevo compuesto natural: lactama del ácido N-metil-lO-amino- 4-hidroxi-2,3-dimetoxifenantreno-1 –carboxílico IV, Todos los compuestos fueron identificados mediante técnicas espectroscópicas ...

Estimação da área foliar do algodoeiro por meio de dimensões e massa das folhas Cotton leaf area estimates based on leaf dimensions and dry mass methods

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José Eduardo B. A. Monteiro

2005-01-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar dois métodos de estimação da área foliar do algodoeiro, por meio de suas dimensões e massa seca das folhas. Foram utilizadas as cultivares IAC 23 e Coodetec 401. No método que utilizou dimensões, as folhas do algodoeiro foram agrupadas em novas, cordiformes e maduras. Para cada tipo de folha, de cada cultivar, foi determinado um fator de forma (FF por meio de análise de regressão entre o produto do comprimento (C pela largura (L e a área das folhas. Avaliou-se a correlação entre a área foliar estimada pelo fator FF e sua medida direta, utilizando-se dados independentes. Testou-se, ainda, um fator único para cada cultivar, independente do estádio da cultura e, também, um fator geral para as duas cultivares. No método que utilizou a massa seca, as folhas foram agrupadas em novas e maduras. Determinou-se o fator de massa seca (FM por meio da análise de regressão entre a massa seca de folhas e respectivas áreas foliares. Em seguida, avaliou-se a correlação entre dados estimados por FM e dados medidos de forma direta, em nova amostra. O método das dimensões é viável para a estimação de área foliar do algodoeiro, por apresentar boa precisão e exatidão, com r² entre 0,71 e 0,98 e com coeficiente angular da regressão entre 0,87 e 0,95. No entanto, pelo método da massa seca, observaram-se precisão e exatidão maiores, com r² entre 0,94 e 0,98, e coeficiente angular da regressão entre 0,97 e 1,00, com a vantagem de ser menos trabalhoso.The objective of this study was to evaluate two different methods to estimate cotton leaf area (LA, based on leaf dimensions (length - L and width - W and leaf dry mass (DM. Two cultivars, IAC 23 and Coodetec 401, were used. For leaf dimensions method, leaves were classified by age: young, heart-shape, and mature. For each age class, a leaf shape factor (LSF was obtained by simple linear regression between L*W and LA. For leaf dry mass method, leaves

Estimativa de área foliar da videira 'Niagara Rosada' conduzida em sistema de latada, região norte fluminense

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Miquéias Permanhani

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Com o objetivo de estabelecer um modelo matemático para estimar de forma precisa a área foliar da videira 'Niagara Rosada' na região de Cardoso Moreira-RJ, realizou-se este trabalho em vinhedo particular do sítio pioneiro, implantado no ano de 2002, em sistema de latada. Foram coletadas aleatoriamente, no ciclo de produção iniciado em 2011, 70 folhas de diversos tamanhos, completamente expandidas e sem danos aparentes para determinar a relação entre a área foliar (AF e a área do círculo (AC, considerando seu diâmetro igual à largura da folha. Por meio da análise de regressão, obteve-se a equação linear (AFes = 0,82*AC + 16,12 que, juntamente com mais outras duas, foram utilizadas para comparar a área foliar estimada com a área foliar medida em 30 folhas do ciclo de produção posterior (Março de 2012. Constatou-se que as equações apresentadas permitem estimar de forma precisa a área foliar da videira 'Niagara Rosada/IAC 572' conduzida em sistema de latada, na região de Cardoso Moreira-RJ, com apenas uma dimensão foliar: a largura da folha, sendo que o modelo de regressão obtido (AFes = 0,82*AC + 16,12 foi o que menos subestimou a área da folha comparada (coeficiente angular = 0,99, seguido pelo modelo indicado por Pedro Jr. et al. (1986.

Estimation of leaf area for greenhouse cucumber by linear measurements under salinity and grafting Estimativa da área foliar do pepino em ambiente protegido por medidas lineares sob salinidade e enxertia

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Flávio Favaro Blanco

2005-08-01

Full Text Available The measurement of leaf area by linear parameters is a useful tool when plants cannot be destroyed for direct measurement. The objectives of this study were to establish equations to estimate the leaf area of greenhouse-cucumber and to evaluate the effects of salinity and grafting on this estimative. Non-grafted cucumber seedlings, cv. 'Hokushin', were transplanted in a greenhouse and were irrigated with water of different salinities (1.0, 3.2 and 5.0 dS m-1. In the second growing period, the same cultivar was grafted on Cucurbita spp. and the plants were irrigated with water of 1.4, 3.0 and 5.3 dS m-1. Leaves of different sizes were collected from both experiments and leaf area was determined by an integrating area meter. Leaf length (L and width (W were also recorded. An equation for estimating the leaf area from L and W was developed for a given salinity level or grafting condition and estimated well the area of leaves collected in the other treatments. The leaf area (LA of cucumber 'Hokushin' could be estimated using the equation LA = 0.88LW - 4.27, for any grafting and salinity conditions.A determinação da área foliar por medidas lineares é uma ferramenta útil quando as plantas não podem ser destruídas para que a medição direta seja realizada. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram definir equações para a estimativa da área foliar do pepino em ambiente protegido e avaliar os efeitos da salinidade e da a enxertia nessa estimativa. Mudas de pepino, cv. 'Hokushin', não enxertadas, foram transplantadas em um ambiente protegido e irrigadas com água de diferentes salinidades (1,0, 3,2 e 5,0 dS m-1. No segundo período de cultivo, a mesma cultivar foi enxertada sobre Cucurbita spp., sendo as plantas irrigadas com água de 1,4, 3,0 e 5,3 dS m-1. Foram coletadas folhas de diferentes tamanhos dos dois cultivos e dos três tratamentos e a área foliar foi determinada por um medidor de área foliar. O comprimento (C e a largura (L da folha

Infección por agallas y producción de inflorescencias en el arbusto Schinus patagonicus

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Barrancos, María L; Moncaglieri, Romina; Farji-Brener, Alejandro G

2008-01-01

El daño foliar generalmente afecta negativamente la reproducción de las plantas. Sin embargo, se conoce poco sobre cómo la infección por agallas influye en dicho proceso. Analizamos la relación entre la cantidad de agallas foliares causadas por insectos y la producción de inflorescencias en el arbusto Schinus patagonicus. En 63 arbustos localizados en bosques del norte de la Patagonia estimamos el promedio de agallas por hoja y de inflorescencias asociadas por rama. Un incremento en el número...

Avaliação da nutrição de plantações jovens de eucalipto por análise foliar e métodos não destrutivos Nutrition evaluation in young Eucalyptus plantation by foliar analysis and non-destructive methods

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Ana Carla Madeira

2009-12-01

Full Text Available Avaliou-se o crescimento e estado nutritivo de jovens Eucalyptus por análise foliar tradicional (teores de N, P e pigmentos fotossintéticos e com o medidor de clorofila SPAD-502. Efectuou-se uma gestão diferenciada dos resíduos de abate da plantação anterior, com incorporação dos resíduos no solo (I, remoção dos resíduos (R, e distribuição dos resíduos à superfície (S; aplicou-se um fertilizante azotado (IF, RF e SF e introduziuse uma leguminosa do género Lupinus (IL e RL. Não houve diferenças significativas no crescimento entre I, R e S. A aplicação de fertilizante intensificou o crescimento em SF e IF. O teor foliar de N foi no início positivamente afectado pelo Lupinus (IL e RL. Após a primeira aplicação de fertilizante, este teor foi significativamente superior em IF, RF e SF, esbatendo-se a diferença entre tratamentos após as aplicações seguintes; semelhante padrão foi observado para os pigmentos e o SPAD. Os valores de SPAD correlacionaram-se (PThe growth and nutritional state of young Eucalyptus was evaluated by foliar analysis (contents of N, P and photosynthetic pigments and the SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter. An experimental system was used with different harvest residues management, such as incorporation of residues into the soil (I, removal of residues (R, and distribution of residues on the soil surface (S, with N fertiliser application (IF, RF and SF, and with the leguminous Lupinus seeding (IL and RL. No significant differences in growth were found between the I, R and S. Application of fertiliser increased growth in the SF and IF. Initially, foliar N content was positively affected by the leguminous (RL and IL. After the first fertiliser application, a higher N content was observed in the IF, RF and SF, the differences being reduced in the following applications; a similar trend was observed for extracted pigments and SPAD values. Foliar N contents were correlated (P<0.05 with SPAD values. The

Tissue localization of betacyanins in cactus stems Localización de betacianinas en tejido del tallo de cactus

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Alessandro Mosco

2012-06-01

pigmentos. Este estudio tiene por objeto identificar los tejidos del tallo de los cactus en los cuales se acumulan las betacianinas. Esta acumulación se observó en tejidos tanto cultivados, como en la naturaleza. La localización de las betacianinas en los tallos de los cactus se observó en estudios de microscopía de luz en secciones transversales de tubérculos. Durante el trabajo de campo en la planicie mexicana en marzo, se observaron tallos rojizos en muchas especies de cactus de diferentes géneros. Los estudios en microscopía de luz mostraron que las betacianinas se acumulan en la hipodermis y en las capas más externas del clorénquima, donde pueden funcionar como pantalla, protegiendo los fotosistemas presentes en la capa subyacente, y posiblemente como antioxidante en la corteza.

Ependimoma celular parcialmente resecado complicado con meningoependimocoroiditis bacteriana por Pseudomonas aeruginosa e infección sistémica por citomegalovirus

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Francisco Javier Otero-Mendoza

2017-06-01

Full Text Available Niño de 1 año 10 meses de edad, originario de Irapuato, Guanajuato, sin antecedentes de importancia para el padecimiento actual. Inició dos meses previos a su ingreso con crisis convulsivas tónico-clónicas generalizadas de 15 segundos de duración durante el sueño. Se realizó electroencefalograma que reportó actividad epileptiforme, por lo que se dio tratamiento con ácido valproico. Una semana previa al ingreso se agregó ataxia troncal impidiendo la marcha, por lo que se realizó una tomografía axial computarizada de cráneo en la que se observó un tumor en fosa posterior con densidad heterogénea y áreas de necrosis central que obliteraba el cuarto ventrículo, ocasionando efecto de masa y desplazamiento ventral del tallo cerebral. Por tal motivo, fue referido a nuestra institución.

Estimativa não destrutiva do teor foliar de nitrogênio em cacaueiro utilizando clorofilômetro

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Paulo Alfredo de Santana Dantas

2012-09-01

Full Text Available A substituição do método tradicional de avaliação do teor de nitrogênio (N na planta pelo uso do medidor portátil de clorofilas do tipo SPAD é promissora por se tratar de um aparelho portátil que estabelece um índice de modo não destrutivo, instantâneo e com menor custo. Objetivou-se determinar a capacidade deste aparelho em estimar o teor foliar de N do cacaueiro. A área de abrangência deste estudo envolve as zonas climáticas úmida e úmida a subúmida da região cacaueira da Bahia. Foram selecionadas dez propriedades rurais, em cada zona, com lavoura em sistema agrossilvicultural, que tiveram a área renovada por enxertia de broto basal com clones tolerantes à vassoura-de-bruxa. Em cada propriedade, quatro plantas com idade superior a quatro anos foram selecionadas em condições edáficas e topográficas distintas. Foram coletadas oito folhas sadias por planta e, em cada uma delas, foram feitas seis leituras do índice SPAD. Além disso, determinaram-se o teor e o conteúdo de N na folha, a área foliar (AF e a massa foliar específica (MFE. O índice SPAD correlacionou se, significativa e positivamente com o teor foliar de N (r = 0,74, com a AF (r = 0,62 e negativamente com a MFE (r = -0,57. Não houve correlação entre o conteúdo de N e o índice SPAD. O modelo de regressão linear simples para a predição do teor de N, a partir do índice SPAD, sem a distinção dos ambientes, foi o mais apropriado.

Área foliar de duas trepadeiras infestantes de cana-de-açúcar utilizando dimensões lineares de folhas Foliar area estimate of two sugarcane-infesting weeds using leaf blade linear dimensions

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N.P. Cardozo

2009-01-01

Full Text Available Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo obter uma equação, por meio de medidas lineares dimensionais das folhas, que permitisse a estimativa da área foliar de Momordica charantia e Pyrostegia venusta. Entre maio e dezembro de 2007, foram estudadas as correlações entre a área folia real (Sf e as medidas dimensionais do limbo foliar, como o comprimento ao longo da nervura principal (C e a largura máxima (L perpendicular à nervura principal. Todas as equações, exponenciais geométricas ou lineares simples, permitiram boas estimativas da área foliar. Do ponto de vista prático, sugere-se optar pela equação linear simples envolvendo o produto C x L, considerando-se o coeficiente linear igual a zero. Desse modo, a estimativa da área foliar de Momordica charantia pode ser feita pela fórmula Sf = 0,4963 x (C x L, e a de Pyrostegia venusta, por Sf = 0,6649 x (C x L.The aim of this study was to obtain a mathematical equation to estimate the leaf area of Momordica charantia and Pyrostegia venusta using linear leaf blade measurements. Correlation studies were conducted involving real leaf area (Sf and leaf length (C, maximum leaf width (L and C x L. The linear and geometric equations involving parameter C provided good leaf area estimates. From a practical viewpoint, the simple linear equation of the regression model is suggested using the C x L parameter, i.e., considering the linear coefficient equal to zero. Thus, leaf area estimate of Momordica charantia can be obtained by using the equation Sf = 0.4963 x (C x L, and that of Pyrostegia venusta by using equation Sf = 0.6649 x (C x L.

Plántulas de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L. provenientes de semillas embebidas en diferentes soluciones de giberelinas (GA₃

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Balaguera-López Helber Enrique

2009-04-01

Full Text Available

La obtención de plántulas de tomate vigorosas y en menor tiempo para el trasplante se ha convertido en un factor clave a la hora de iniciar la producción. Con el fin de disminuir el efecto postrasplante e impulsar el desarrollo vegetativo de las plántulas, se sometieron semillas del híbrido larga vida Daniela a imbibición (6, 12, 18, 24, 30 y 36 horas en tres concentraciones de ácido giberélico (300, 600 y 900 mg L^-1 y se sembraron en bandejas. Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado, 18 tratamientos más un testigo con cuatro repeticiones durante cuatro semanas, primera fase. Luego en segunda fase, se trasplantaron cuatro plantas al azar por tratamiento en bolsas de polietileno, y cuatro semanas después se evaluaron. El tratamiento de 36 horas de imbibición y 300 mg L^-1 de GA₃ mostró diferencias estadísticas en la primera fase para el área foliar, masa fresca de hojas, tallo y raíces y longitud de raíces, y en la segunda fase en la masa seca de hojas, tallo y raíz y en el área foliar. Semillas de tomate embebidas en 300 mg L^-1 de GA₃ generan plántulas con mayor vigor.

Anatomia foliar de quatro espécies do gênero Cattleya Lindl. (Orchidaceae do Planalto Central Brasileiro Foliar anatomy of four species of genus Cattleya Lindl. (Orchidaceae of the Brazilian Central Planalt

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Rosane Zanenga-Godoy

2003-03-01

Full Text Available As espécies analisadas (Cattleya araguaiensis Pabst, C. bicolor Lindl., C. nobilior Rchb. e C. walkeriana Gardn. apresentam epiderme uniestratificada em ambas as faces da lâmina foliar, ocorrendo estômatos na face abaxial; deposição de cera epicuticular em crostas, escamas, flocos e plaquetas; em C. araguaiensis ocorrem estegmatas incrustados nas células epidérmicas; em todas as espécies ocorre hipoderme com células de paredes espessadas; mesofilo bifacial, compacto; células paliçádicas atípicas, com barras de espessamento; feixes vasculares colaterais dispostos alternadamente, acompanhados por bainha de fibras; cordões fibrosos acompanhados por estegmatas ocorrem longitudinalmente na lâmina foliar; presença de ráfides. Os aspectos descritos revelam acentuada xeromorfia, em função de economia de água.The analyzed species (Cattleya araguaiensis Pabst, C. bicolor Lindl., C. nobilior Rchb. e C. walkeriana Gardn. present unistratified epidermis at both surfaces with stomata at abaxial surface; deposition of epicuticular wax in crusts, scales, granules and plates; C. araguaiensis presents stegmata at epidermal cells; others characteristics present at all species are: hypodermis cells with thick walls; bifacial and compact mesophyll; atipic cells ofpalisade parenchyma with thichness bars; collateral vascular bundles alternate accompanied by sheath fibers; cordon fibers accompanied by stegmata in the foliar blade; raphids. The described aspects reveal accentuate xeromorphy for water economy.

Anatomía de hoja y tallo de Verbenaceae medicinales empleadas en México

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Calzada-Sánchez, Erika Viridiana; Aguilar-Rodríguez, Silvia; López-Villafranco, Ma. Edith; Aguilar-Contreras, Abigail

2014-01-01

Actualmente Aloysia triphylla, Lantana camara, Lippia dulcis, Verbena bipinnatifida, V. carolina y V. litoralis, se encuentran en lista de espera para su inclusión en la Farmacopea Herbolaria de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Con la finalidad de contribuir a dicha incorporación y a su identificación, en el presente estudio se compararon caracteres morfo-anatómicos de la hoja, tallo y ramas, de estas seis especies de Verbenaceae empleadas en la medicina tradicional mexicana. Se reconocen dos ti...

Morfo-anatomia foliar de Ocotea gardneri (Meisn. Mez (Lauraceae-Lauroideae

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Denise F. Coutinho

Full Text Available Ocotea gardneri (Meisn. Mez é uma espécie arbórea, encontrada no nordeste brasileiro, principalmente nos estados da Paraíba e Pernambuco, conhecida por "louro-branco" e "louro-babão". Neste trabalho realizou-se morfodiagnoses (macroscópica e microscópica de folhas de O. gardneri, com o objetivo de fornecer subsídios à sua caracterização e identificação. Para a morfologia externa, analisaram-se amostras frescas e conservadas em álcool (70º, com auxílio de estereomicroscópio, e observações de campo. Realizaram-se secções transversais em lâminas foliares e pecíolos, e seções paradérmicas nas duas faces de lâminas foliares. Ocotea gardneri possui folhas elípticas a oval-elípticas, margem inteira, levemente ondeada, ápice agudo e base arredondada. A lâmina foliar é hipoestomática com estômatos do tipo paracítico; a epiderme é uniestratificada, com células de paredes retas e espessadas; o mesofilo é isobilateral, aqui referido pela primeira vez para uma espécie de Lauraceae, com células e ductos secretores evidentes e feixes vasculares colaterais envolvidos pela bainha esclerenquimática. Este conjunto de caracteres aliado à morfologia foliar, permitiram o estabelecimento de parâmetros que possibilitarão a caracterização de folhas de Ocotea gardneri em testes de autenticidade, bem como auxiliarão em estudos da taxonomia da espécie estudada.

Foliar Epidermal Studies of Plants in Euphorbiaceae

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H. A. Thakur

2014-03-01

Full Text Available This paper describes foliar epidermal structure in 17 species belonging to 17 genera of the family Euphoprbiaceae. Anomocytic stomata is predominant, rarely they are anisocytic, paracytic on the same foliar surface with different combinations. Leaves are hypostomatic and rarely amphistomatic. The foliar surface is smooth, rarely striated. The foliar epidermal cell walls are straight or undulate. Distribution of stomata, stomatal index, stomatal frequency, stomatal size and other cell wall contours are described in detail.

Bioconcentraciones foliares de elementos minerales en Lippia alba (salvia morada)

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Schroeder, María A; Burgos, Ángela M

2013-01-01

Introducción: la salvia morada es un subarbusto aromático, que crece de modo espontáneo en América Central y del Sur. Frecuentemente es cultivada en jardines como ornamental, por su intenso aroma y sus propiedades medicinales y culinarias. No se encontraron estudios sobre parámetros nutricionales en esta especie. Objetivos: determinar las bioconcentraciones foliares de elementos minerales en Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Br. ex Britton & P. Wilson que crece naturalmente en el bioambiente del nort...

Promoción del crecimiento en plantas de Capsicum annuum por nanopartículas de óxido de zinc

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B. Méndez-Argüello

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Las aplicaciones de la nanotecnología (NT en los sistemas agrícolas son diversas, ofreciendo el potencial para mejorar significativamente su productividad y eficiencia al reducir costos y cantidades de agroquímicos aplicados. Las nanopartículas (NPs metálicas de óxido de zinc, cobre y fierro, ya sean puras o mezcladas con plata, están siendo estudiadas globalmente por su potencial agrícola como promotores de crecimiento, nanofertilizantes y antimicrobiales. Considerando lo antes señalado, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de NPs de óxido de zinc puras (NPsZnO y con plata (NPsZnO+Ag en el crecimiento de plantas de chile (Capsicum annuum. La síntesis y caracterización de las NPs mencionadas se realizó mediante el método de sol-gel. La aplicación foliar de las NPs a las plantas se hizo semanalmente; el diseño experimental empleado fue completamente al azar con cuatro tratamientos y cinco repeticiones. Los datos obtenidos se procesaron mediante un análisis de varianza y prueba de rango múltiple Tukey (p≤0.05. Los resultados señalan que las plantas expuestas a la aplicación de NPsZnO + Ag al 2.5% en peso, tuvieron significativamente mayor crecimiento y producción de biomasa en comparación con las plantas del tratamiento control, mostrando valores superiores de altura (16.8%, área foliar (30.3%, producción de biomasa total (59.5%, biomasa seca de raíz (112.5%, biomasa seca de tallo (76% y longitud de raíz (24.4%. También se observó un incremento del índice de clorofila (8% y número de hojas (32.6%. El efecto promotor de crecimiento de las NPs aplicadas podría atribuirse a la actividad del zinc como precursor de la producción de auxinas que promueven división y elongación celular; así como por su influencia en la reactividad del ácido indolacético, el cual actúa como fitoestimulante hormonal. También puede ser factible que las NPs estudiadas estén involucradas en la biosíntesis de citoquininas

Inibição da colonização por Bradyrhizobium elkanii mas não por Glomus intraradices em soja pelo ativador de defesa vegetal BTH

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Hoffmann Lúcia Vieira

2001-01-01

Full Text Available O produto BTH controla doenças através da ativação dos mecanismos de resistência de plantas, cujo modo de ação tem sido caracterizado através da identificação de genes ou enzimas ativados durante esta reação. Os mesmos genes e enzimas podem ser ativados como parte da reação das plantas à colonização por microssimbiontes mutualistas. Então, a aplicação de BTH pode inibir também essas simbioses. Um experimento foi conduzido para verificar se BTH tem efeito sobre a colonização de raízes de soja pelos microssimbiontes Glomus intraradices e Bradyrhizobium elkanii. Plantas controle ou inoculadas com o fungo micorrízico ou rizóbio foram tratadas com 20 mL de BTH 25 mg L-1 por meio da aplicação em sementes, via radicular ou via foliar. As plantas que receberam aplicação radicular de BTH tiveram desenvolvimento vegetativo reduzido. A colonização de raízes por B. elkanii foi menor nas plantas que receberam aplicação de BTH via radicular do que naquelas não tratadas ou tratadas por via foliar apenas. A colonização de raízes de soja por G. intraradices não foi afetada por BTH em quaisquer dos modos de aplicação. A aplicação radicular de BTH deve ser evitada na cultura da soja. Não há indício de restrição de aplicação foliar do produto.

Teores foliares de nutrientes no maracujazeiro amarelo em função de adubação nitrogenada, irrigação e epócas de amostragem

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Carvalho Almy Junior Cordeiro de

2002-01-01

Full Text Available A realização de diagnósticos de culturas, através do conhecimento dos teores foliares dos nutrientes, em cada condição de cultivo, se justifica e tem por finalidade corrigir deficiências, inclusive com a utilização de ferramentas tais como o DRIS (Sistema Integrado de Diagnose e Recomendação, que auxiliam no manejo para a obtenção de altos rendimentos das culturas. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da adubação nitrogenada, irrigação e época de amostragem nos teores dos nutrientes foliares na cultura do maracujazeiro amarelo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa. O experimento foi conduzido em Campos-RJ, em Argissolo Amarelo distrófico, onde foram combinadas quatro doses de nitrogênio (50 a 650 g por planta por ano de N com 6 lâminas de irrigação (0 a 125% da ETo - Evapotranspiração de referência. Na maior produtividade de frutos (41,3 t ha-1, os teores de nutrientes foliares variaram de 40,8 a 58,1 g kg-1 de N, 2,58 a 3,85 g kg-1 de P, 23,2 a 38 g kg-1 de K, 6,13 a 14,4 g kg-1 de Ca, 2,23 a 4,28 g kg-1 de Mg, 3,2 a 4,64 g kg-1 de S, 13,1 a 32,4 g kg-1 de Cl, 21,1 a 36,5 mg kg-1 de Zn, 44,4 a 94,5 mg kg-1 de Mn, 82 a 246 mg kg-1 de Fe, 16,8 a 48,9 mg kg-1 de B e 3,97 a 234 mg kg-1 de Cu. A adubação nitrogenada afetou os teores foliares de N, K, S, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cl e B. A irrigação elevou os teores foliares de Cl e de Na e não influenciou nos teores foliares dos outros nutrientes.

EVALUACIÓN DE MÉTODOS DE PROPAGACIÓN DE Alocasia macrorrhiza EN EL MUNICIPIO DE SAN PABLO, NARIÑO

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DIEGO BOLAÑOS-PORTILLA

Full Text Available Este estudio se realizó en el municipio de San Pablo (Nariño con el objeto de evaluar métodos de propagación de (Alocasia macrorrhiza y determinar el mejor para la obtención de material de siembra. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con 4 tratamientos y 4 repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron: T1- discos del tallo, T2- yemas del tallo, T3- hijuelos y T4 cogollos. El material de propagación fue obtenido en el vivero municipal de San Pablo (Nariño, donde se encontraba un área aproximada de 400 m2 con bore, cuyo estado sanitario y productivo era aceptable. El análisis de varianza detecto diferencias significativas entre tratamientos para la variable altura de planta, mientras que para hojas/planta no hubo diferencias entre tratamiento. La prueba de Duncan permitió determinar que el método de propagación de cogollos fue el de mejor comportamiento logrando un promedio de 125,8 cm/planta. Al finalizar el ensayo, los métodos de discos del tallo e hijuelos fueron los que menor crecimiento presentaron con un promedio de 96,9 y 105,4 cm/planta, respectivamente. El número de hojas por planta es independiente del método de propagación utilizado, sin importar cual método se utilice la producción de biomasa foliar será la misma.

Influence of foliar fertilization on walnut foliar zinc levels and nut production in black walnut

Science.gov (United States)

William R. Reid; Andrew L. Thomas

2013-01-01

The impact of foliar zinc fertilizer application on nut-bearing black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) trees was studied. Foliar sprays were applied three times per season on two cultivars during four growing seasons by wetting the foliage of the entire crown using a tank mix containing 500 ppm zinc, starting at leaf burst and continuing at 2 week intervals...

Adubação foliar de boro em diferentes estádios fenológicos da cultura do amendoim

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João Paulo Machado Mantovani

2013-04-01

Full Text Available A adubação boratada foliar, na cultura do amendoim, pode ser uma estratégia viável para fornecimento desse elemento à planta; porém, são poucos os conhecimentos sobre dosagens, épocas e efeitos de parcelamento das doses. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características de produção e a composição mineral foliar em diferentes doses, épocas de aplicação e parcelamentos da adubação boratada. O experimento foi conduzido na safra de verão 2010/2011, em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, em Rubiácea (SP. Foram estudadas as doses de zero; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 kg ha-1 de boro (B, aplicadas por via foliar, utilizando-se como fonte o ácido bórico. Os efeitos da adubação boratada foram testados em doses únicas nos estádios V1 ou R5, além do parcelamento da dose de 1,0 kg ha-1 (0,5 kg ha-1 em V1 e R5, de 1,5 (0,75 kg ha-1 em V1 e R5; 0,5 kg ha-1 em V1, R1 e R5 e de 2,0 kg ha-1 (1,0 kg ha-1 em V1 e R5; 0,5 kg ha-1 em V1, R1, R3 e R5. O aumento na produtividade de amendoim em casca ocorreu apenas com a dose de 1,5 kg ha-1, parcelada em três aplicações de 0,5 kg ha-1 em V1, R1 e R5. A utilização de 2,0 kg ha-1 de B foliar no amendoim causou efeito depressivo na produtividade, rendimento e número de vagens por planta.

PIPER ANDAKIENSIS (PIPERACEAE UNA ESPECIE NUEVA DE LA VERTIENTE AMAZÓNICA DE LA CORDILLERA ORIENTAL DE COLOMBIA

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WILLIAM TRUJILLO-C.

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Se describe e ilustra Piper andakiensis W. Trujillo & Callejas, sp. nov. (Piperaceae procedente del piedemonte oriental de la cordillera Oriental en la jurisdicción de los departamentos de Caquetá y Putumayo (SE de Colombia. La especie nueva se distingue por sus hojas basalmente lobadas y oblicuas sobre un lado, con lobos divergentes y más cortos que el pecíolo, la lámina foliar gruesa y cartácea, con tallos, haz de la hoja, pecíolos y pedúnculos glabros y con crecimientos epidérmicos en pecíolos y márgenes peciolares; se discuten sus relaciones taxonómicas, se presentan comentarios sobre su distribución y ecología y se ilustran sus caracteres diagnósticos.

Foliar additional nutrition in the fruit growing field

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Soare, M.; Borlan, Z.; Gavriluta, I.; Budoi, G.; Marinca, C.; Bandu, G.G.

1999-01-01

This paper presents data concerning the influence of foliar application of some types of complex foliar fertilizers under the conditions of SCPP Caransebes (Caras-Severin district). The composition of these nutrients fulfils the nutritional needs of the fruit growing species on the fruit yield obtained in orchards. The application of different types of foliar nutrients on plants teguments resulted in some significant yield increases for the two species that were studied: apple and plum tree. The novelty of this paper is represented by the apparent degrees of productive use in yields of the macro and micronutrients from foliar fertilizers, as well as the productive use degrees of nutrients present in soil and of the nutrients applied in soil (we took into account the mean values for the studied years). The apparent degrees of productive use (in yield increases) of the nutrients from complex foliar fertilizers applied on apple-trees and plum-trees generally exceed 100 %. They determine high levels of productive use of the nutrients from soil and foliar nutrients applied. The experimental data emphasize the ecological protection effect of the supplementary foliar fertilization for the yield stimulation especially on soils with light texture and sloping soils. Refs. 6 (author)

Efecto de la sigatoka negra (Mycosphaerella fijiensis sobre la fotosíntesis y transpiración foliar del banano (Musa sp. AAA, cv. Valery

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Martín Hidalgo

2006-01-01

Full Text Available Con el propósito de relacionar el ataque de la Sigatoka negra (Mycosphaerella fijiensis con las tasas fotosintética y de transpiración foliares, se sembraron rebrotes del tercer ciclo de producción de una plantación del cv. Valery en potes plásticos de 4 litros. Las plantas se mantuvieron dentro de un invernadero a humedad relativa y temperatura del 90% y 27°C, respectivamente. Al emitir 6 hojas, las 4 más jóvenes fueron inoculadas con conidios de M. fijiensis a partir de cultivos monospóricos de aislamientos silvestres. Dos riegos diarios por aspersión mantuvieron una película de agua sobre las hojas. Se aplicó una suspensión de 150000 conidios ml-1 sobre el envés de las hojas utilizando un aerógrafo, en 2 fechas con un intervalo de 30 días entre ellas, para obtener diferentes grados de severidad y estadios de la enfermedad en hojas de diferentes edades. Tanto la determinación visual del porcentaje de severidad como la del estadio de desarrollo de la enfermedad, fueron llevadas a cabo en los 6,25 cm2 del área foliar cubierta por la cubeta del medidor infrarrojo de gases, utilizado para determinar las tasas fotosintéticas y transpiratorias foliares. La tasa fotosintética neta foliar (Fn; μmoles de CO2 reducidos por m2 s-1 decayó con el incremento del porcentaje de severidad (Fn=-0,1517 x+6,845; R2=0,72 y el estadio de la enfermedad (Fn=-1,62 x+8,36; R2=0,60. El impacto del patógeno sobre la tasa transpiratoria foliar (E; mmoles de agua m-2 s-1 fue relativamente menor, como lo mostró la regresión de E contra el porcentaje de severidad (E=-0,0122 x+2,429; R2=0,11

Respuesta de plántulas de café a la fertilización foliar y la aplicación de pulpa de café compostada.

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Posada Tobón Claudia

2003-06-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la respuesta de plántulas de café a la aplicación de fertilizantes foliares y compost de pulpa de café como parte del sustrato de crecimiento. Las plántulas de café (Coffea arabica L c.v. Colombia se transplantaron a bolsas plásticas que contenían suelo (Typic Dystrudept o una mezcla suelo con pulpa (suelo+pulpa en proporción 3:1. Treinta días después del trasplante las plántulas de café recibieron uno de cinco fertilizantes foliares (16-16-2-EM, 18-10-4-EM, 10-4-7-0.5, 12-60-0 y 7.5-0.5-3.5. Las aplicaciones se repitieron cada treinta días durante los siguientes cinco meses. Para ambos sustratos (suelo y suelo+pulpa se incluyeron testigos sin fertilización foliar. Los tratamientos se organizaron en un diseño experimental completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento. Mensualmente se evaluó el número de hojas y la altura de las plantas. Ciento ochenta días después del trasplante se cosecharon las plántulas y se determinó la masa seca aérea y radical. Los resultados indican que solamente hubo respuesta significativa (P  0.01 de las plántulas de café a la fertilización foliar cuando el sustrato fue suelo+pulpa. El fertilizante foliar 12-60-0 incrementó significativamente el crecimiento de las plantas por encima de los otros fertilizantes. Los resultados son discutidos en términos de los cambios en la fertilidad del suelo debido a la aplicación de la pulpa de café y al balance nutricional que pueden proveer los fertilizantes foliares.

Modelo para determinção da área foliar de Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln Model for leaf area determination in Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln

OpenAIRE

Marcia Xavier Peiter; Adroaldo Dias Robaina; Ana Rita Costenaro Parizi

2006-01-01

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo a verificação de um procedimento matemático que permita a descrição do crescimento foliar de Kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln.) e possa prever a sua área foliar fotossinteticamente ativa a partir de medidas não destrutivas de folhas. As mudas de Kalanchoe Cv. "Gold Jewel" foram cultivadas para o procedimento experimental em vasos irrigados com doses recomendadas para a cultura. Semanalmente, foram retirados três vasos da estufa e as plantas tiver...

Influência da temperatura e da duração do molhamento foliar na severidade do míldio da cebola

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Leandro Luiz Marcuzzo

Full Text Available RESUMO No presente trabalho foram estudadas, em condições controladas para o desenvolvimento de um modelo climático baseado na influência da temperatura (10, 15, 20 e 25°C e da duração do molhamento foliar (6, 12, 24 e 48 horas na severidade do míldio da cebola incitado por Peronospora destructor. A densidade relativa de lesões foi influenciada pela temperatura e pela duração do molhamento foliar (P<0,05. A doença foi mais severa na temperatura de 15°C. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de regressão não linear. A função beta generalizada foi usada para ajuste dos dados de severidade e temperatura, enquanto uma função logística foi escolhida para representar o efeito do molhamento foliar na severidade do míldio da cebola. A superfície de resposta obtida pelo produto das duas funções foi expressa por SE = 0,1506 * (((x-80,0614 * ((30-x0,1419 * (0,71642/(1+0,56954 * exp (-0,04460*y, onde SE, representa o valor da severidade estimada (0,1; x, a temperatura (ºC e y, o molhamento foliar (horas. Este modelo climático deverá ser validado em condições de campo para aferir o seu emprego como um sistema de previsão computacional para o míldio da cebola

Área foliar de Zinnia elegans Jacq. em diferentes épocas de semeadura e sistemas de condução.

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Ana Christina Rossini Pinto

1996-05-01

Full Text Available No presente trabalho, estudaram-se os efeitos de épocas de semeadura e sistemas de condução sobre a área foliar de Zinnia elegans e determinaram-se equações de regressão para a estimativa da área foliar de plantas submetidas a diferentes sistemas de condução. Definiram-se três estádios de desenvolvimento da planta para coleta das folhas: anterior à visualização da gema florífera apical, com gema florífera apical visível e em floração. Em cada estádio, foram coletadas, respectivamente, 45, 50 e 140 folhas por tratamento, num experimento em blocos casualizados com cinco repetições, analisado em esquema fatorial 3 X 3 (3 épocas de semeadura e 3 sistemas de condução. Determinaram-se o comprimento ao longo da nervura principal (C, a largura máxima perpendicular à nervura principal (L e a área foliar real (AFR. Estudaram-se as relações existentes entre a área foliar real e o produto do comprimento pela largura da folha, por meio de modelos de regressão linear. Concluiu-se que a área foliar foi influenciada pela época de semeadura, no estádio anterior à visualização dagema florífera apical e no de gema florífera apical visível, e pela época de semeadura e sistema de condução, no estádio de floração plena. Embora todos os modelos de regressão obtidos fossem adequados para estimar a área foliar real, recomendam-se, pela sua simplicidade, os modelos lineares sem intercepto AFR = 0,808907 CL, para o estádio anterior à visualização da gema florífera apical, AFR = 0,814309 CL, para o estádio de gema florífera apical visível, e AFR = 0,806762 CL, para o estádio de floração plena.

Relação entre a temperatura e o molhamento foliar no monocíclo da Sigatoka-negra

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Cleilson do Nascimento Uchôa

2012-06-01

Full Text Available A influência da temperatura (21, 24, 27 e 30 °C e da duração do tempo de molhamento foliar (0, 12, 24, 48 e 72 horas na penetração do agente causal da Sigatoka-negra (Mycosphaerella fijiensis foi quantificada em ambiente controlado. A área abaixo da curva do progresso da doença (AACPD e a incidência foram influenciadas pela temperatura e pela duração do tempo de molhamento foliar. Foram constatadas diferenças significativas (P=0,05 nos valores da AACPD para as diferentes temperaturas, bem como verificada a interação significativa (P=0,05 entre temperaturas e o molhamento foliar. Em todas as temperaturas foi possível a observação de sintomas, entretanto, a maior AACPD foi observada em folhas inoculadas que permaneceram na temperatura de 24 e 27°C, a partir de 48 horas de molhamento foliar. Nas temperaturas de 21ºC e 30°C a incidência de Sigatoka-negra foi menor. O período de molhamento foliar mínimo para o progresso da doença foi de 24 horas. Não foram observados sintomas de Sigatoka-negra em folhas inoculados com o molhamento foliar de 0 hora e 12 horas em todas as temperaturas. As folhas assintomáticas, após 5 dias em câmara úmida apresentavam sintomas característicos de Sigatoka-negra, demonstrando que os conídios inoculados nas folhas permaneceram viáveis por um período na ausência de água livre na folha.

EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF AMINOACIDS ON PLANT YIELD AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN FABA BEAN PLANTS IRRIGATED WITH SEAWATER

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Magdi T. ABDELHAMID

2015-01-01

La salinidad disminuye el rendimiento en zonas áridas y semiáridas. Con el aumento de la demanda de agua de riego, se están buscando fuentes alternativas. El agua de mar se consideró previamente inutilizable para irrigación debido a su salinidad. Sin embargo, esta agua puede ser utilizada con éxito en cultivos bajo ciertas condiciones. Los aminoácidos son bioestimulantes bien conocidos por sus efectos positivos sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento, y por mitigar significativamente las lesiones causadas por estrés abióticos. Por lo tanto, en el presente studio se investigó el efecto del tratamiento exógeno con aminoácidos sobre plantas de haba que crecen bajo estrés salino por irrigación con agua de mar. Se evaluó la reducción de daños por salinidad en plantas de haba mediante el uso de una mezcla de aminoácidos para mejorar los parámetros morfológicos y bioquímicos, y por lo tanto elevar el nivel de rendimiento de la planta. Se desarrolló un experimento en macetas para paliar los efectos nocivos de la salinidad del agua de mar en el cv. De haba Giza 843 por aspersion foliar de una mezcla de aminoácidos con diferentes concentraciones (0, 500, 1000 o 1500 mg L-1. El riego de plantas de haba con niveles de agua de mar de 3.13 y 6.25 dS m-1 condujo a reducciones significativas en la altura de planta, número de hojas de la planta, peso fresco y seco de los brotes, y en el contenido foliar de pigmentos fotosintéticos, carbohidratos totales, polisacáridos y ácidos nucleicos (ADN y ARN. La salinidad del agua de mar indujo un mayor contenido de Na+ y Cl- , y una disminución del contenido de K+, K+: Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ y P3+. El riego de plantas de haba con diferentes niveles de agua de mar redujo el rendimiento de semillas y el peso seco total por planta en comparación con las regadas con agua corriente. Además, el contenido de carbohidratos y proteína total en las semillas disminuyeron con el aumento de los niveles de salinidad del agua de mar. La

Morfologia e distribuição de galhas foliares de Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae

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Claudia Scareli-Santos

2015-12-01

Full Text Available Galhas são estruturas que exibem associações específicas entre o indutor e a planta hospedeira, onde são evidenciadas modificações morfológicas, anatômicas e químicas dos tecidos vegetais. Objetivou-se descrever a morfologia e a distribuição de galhas foliares de Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae. Foram coletadas 294 folhas, da porção apical dos ramos, de indivíduos localizados na Universidade Federal do Tocantins - Campus Araguaína, TO. Foram realizadas análises morfológicas utilizando microscópio estereoscópico, paquímetro e bibliografia específica. Determinou-se o número de galhas no limbo foliar seguida da análise de regressão linear entre o número de galhas por limbo e o seu comprimento. Foram observadas galhas do tipo cônico atravessando a lâmina foliar, glabras, de coloração verde quando jovens e vermelho alaranjadas quando maduras, com distribuição isolada/agrupada e aderência total; internamente apresentou um lóculo e uma larva do indutor (Cecidomyiidae. A distribuição das galhas no limbo apresentou diferenças significativas (p<0,001, em ordem decrescente foi observado maior número de galhas entre as nervuras (57,1%, sobre a nervura secundária (35,7%, na margem (6,3% e na nervura central (1,2%; a análise de regressão linear apresentou fracamente positiva (r2= 0,03; coeficiente de Pearson= 0,2025, o que sugere que a oviposição está associada, em parte, com o tamanho do limbo e que outras variáveis podem ser determinantes. Estes são os primeiros registros de galhas em A. occidentale no estado do Tocantins.

Tartu meeriks pürgijad pakuvad - mis tooks ülikoolile Nobeli preemia / Ivar Tallo, Teet Jagomägi, Jüri Kumar, Malle Salupere...[jt.

Index Scriptorium Estoniae

2002-01-01

Tartu linnapeakandidaadid Ivar Tallo, Teet Jagomägi, Jüri Kumar, Malle Salupere, Tõni Kauba, Tõnis Lukas ja Andrus Ansip vastavad küsimustele : Tartu Ülikooli arenguvõimalustest ja -vajadustest, konkurentsivõime suurendamisest / vahendasid Sander Silm, Priit Rajalo, Ivi Drikkit

Dinámica del daño foliar en plántulas de Drimys granadensis (Winteraceae y Clusia multiflora (Clusiaceae en el bosque altoandino de la Cordillera Oriental colombiana

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Carolina Ramos

2008-09-01

Full Text Available Además de las estrategias fitoquímicas especializadas, las plantas pueden usar la producción sincrónica de hojas como un método de saciado de patógenos y herbívoros. Con el fin de determinar si las especies del bosque altoandino colombiano Clusia multiflora (Clusiaceae y Drimys granadensis (Winteraceae recurren a la producción sincrónica de hojas para controlar los efectos de la herbivoría y el ataque microbiano, y establecer que relación existe entre el estado de salud, el crecimiento y la mortalidad de plántulas, se evaluó la dinámica del daño foliar sobre diferentes cohortes. Dado que una plántula tolerante a la sombra recientemente emergida no puede suplir los costos fisiológicos de una estrategia especializada, se esperaba una alta sincronía en la producción de hojas en las plántulas más jóvenes, y diferencias en el daño foliar entre cohortes. Se midieron cuatro variables que evaluaban el estado de salud a lo largo del tiempo, en tres cohortes de plántulas: Proporción de hojas predadas, proporción de hojas sanas, proporción de hojas enfermas o con daño puntual y crecimiento. Ambas especies mostraron diferencias significativas entre épocas, en la proporción de hojas sanas; pero no hubo un efecto de la interacción tiempo-cohorte, por lo tanto la producción sincrónica de hojas no fue una estrategia más usada por alguna cohorte en particular. El daño foliar osciló a través del tiempo, lo cual puede ser explicado por los pulsos en la producción de hojas. Sin embargo, ésta estrategia tuvo poca eficiencia para controlar el ataque por patógenos. En general, el comportamiento unificado de todas las variables fue afectado por la cohorte, el tiempo, la especie y todas las diferentes interacciones. La relación entre crecimiento y daño foliar fue condicionado por el clima. La mayor mortalidad se dio durante la estación seca, y un cuarto de las muertes en D. granadensis fueron causadas por la acción conjunta de

FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH THE DECLINE OF THE MANZANITA (ARCTOSTAPHYLOS PUNGENS HBK. IN THE SIERRA FRIA FROM AGUASCALIENTES STATE, MEXICO

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O. Moreno-Rico

2015-11-01

Full Text Available La manzanita (Arctostaphylos pungens es un arbusto que se encuentra con regularidad en la Sierra Fría del estado de Aguascalientes, México. Este arbusto, al igual que otras plantas silvestres, es afectado por factores bióticos, como las enfermedades, que pueden causar desde daños insignificantes hasta la muerte de las plantas. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: 1 identificar los hongos relacionados con el declinamiento de la manzanita en la Sierra Fría de Aguascalientes y 2 conocer la incidencia y severidad de las enfermedades causadas por hongos que afectan tallos y ramas de la manzanita. En cada uno de los sitios visitados se realizó un transecto, de dimensiones variables, en una dirección determinada al azar, que incluyó 100 arbustos, para revisar y estimar: a el porcentaje de plantas sanas, enfermas y muertas, y b la incidencia, severidad y distribución de las enfermedades. Los fitopatógenos se identificaron con base en los síntomas y signos que causan comparándolos con lo reportado en la bibliografía. Las enfermedades más importantes resultaron las causadas por los hongos basidiomicetosInonotus aff. jamaicensisyPhellinus arctostaphyli,que causan pudrición blanca de la madera y cancrosis en la base del tallo y en ramas.Inonotus aff. jamaicensisse encontró en 20 de los 21 sitios muestreados variando su incidencia de 3 a 25%, mientras queP. arctostaphylise encontró en 17 de los 21 sitios muestreados variando su incidencia de 1 a 25%. La severidad de las cancrosis varió de 2 a 44 %. También, se identificaron manchas foliares causadas porHarknessia arctostaphyli,Coccomyces spp., yPassalora spp. Se reporta por primera ocasión la presencia dePhellinus arctostaphylien Aguascalientes. Se reporta por primera vez en México la presencia deInonotus aff. jamaicensis,Harknessia arctostaphyli,Coccomyces spp.yPassalora spp.

Taxonomic value of foliar characters in Dahlstedtia Malme: Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Millettieae Valor taxonômico de caracteres foliares em Dahlstedtia Malme: Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Millettieae

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Simone de Pádua Teixeira

2006-06-01

Full Text Available Dahlstedtia Malme (Leguminosae is a neotropical genus, native to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, and comprises two species, D. pinnata (Benth. Malme and D. pentaphylla (Taub. Burk., although it has been considered a monotypic genus by some authors. Leaf anatomy was compared to verify the presence of anatomical characters to help delimit species. Foliar primordium, leaflet, petiolule, petiole and pulvinus were collected from cultivated plants (Campinas, SP, Brazil and from natural populations (Picinguaba, Ubatuba and Caraguatatuba, SP, Brazil - D. pinnata; Antonina, PR, Brazil - D. pentaphylla. Studies on leaflet surface assessment (Scanning Electron Microscopy, as well as histology and venation analyses were carried out of dehydrated, fresh and fixed material from two species. Leaflet material was macerated for stomatal counts. Histological sections, obtained by free-hand cut or microtome, were stained with Toluidine Blue, Safranin/Alcian Blue, Ferric Chloride, Acid Phloroglucin. Secretory cavities are present in the lamina, petiolule, petiole, pulvinus and leaf primordium in D. pentaphylla, but not in D. pinnata, and can be considered an important character for species diagnosis. Other leaf characters were uninformative in delimiting Dahlstedtia species. There is cambial activity in the petiolule, petiole and pulvinus. This study, associated with other available data, supports the recognition of two species in Dahlstedtia.Dahlstedtia Malme (Leguminosae é um gênero neotropical, com duas espécies reconhecidas, D. pinnata (Benth. Malme e D. pentaphylla (Taub. Burk., embora tenha sido considerado monotípico por alguns autores. Seus representantes ocorrem na Floresta Atlântica, nos Estados do Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. Neste trabalho, realizamos um estudo comparativo da anatomia foliar, para verificar a presença de caracteres que possam auxiliar a identificação das espécies. Primórdio foliar, lâmina foliar, peciólulo, pecíolo e pulvino

Estimativa da área foliar da berinjela em função das dimensões foliares

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Fernando Dill Hinnah

2014-09-01

Full Text Available Este trabalho explora diferentes modelos não destrutivos de estimativa da área foliar de Solanum melongela L. através de medidas do comprimento (C e largura (L do limbo foliar. Para tanto, um cultivo de berinjela em estufa plástica foi conduzido no período de março a junho de 2007. Amostraram-se folhas de plantas em momentos aleatórios totalizando 186 folhas, sendo 98 utilizadas na estimativa dos parâmetros dos modelos e 88 para sua validação. As amostragens abrangeram amplo espectro de dimensões foliares, visando minimizar a raiz do quadrado médio do erro (RQME. Elas foram realizadas aos 71, 79, 81, 85, 92 e 99 dias após o transplante. Posteriormente obteve-se o maior número possível de discos foliares com o auxílio de um calador de 25 mm de diâmetro. Correlações foram realizadas entre a área foliar obtida pelo método dos discos com as dimensões lineares de L e C, o produto entre elas (CL e o quadrado do comprimento multiplicado pela largura (C²L. Análises de regressão para 20 modelos foram obtidas, entre quadráticos, exponenciais, lineares, logarítmicos e de potência, dos quais 12 apresentaram coeficiente de determinação (R² elevado. O modelo quadrático (Y = -5,78+0,4981CL-3,263.10-4CL² e o da potência (Y = 0,4395CL1,0055 apresentaram melhores estimativas, com R² de 0,964 para ambos e RQME de 33,2 e 34,4, respectivamente. Com a medida apenas de uma dimensão foliar, o modelo quadrático (Y = -63,5+10,492L+0,2822L²; R² = 0,937; RQME = 44,1 apresenta-se como alternativa, pouco afetando a precisão da estimativa.

VARIACIONES ISOENZIMÁTICA Y PATOGÉNICA DE Fusarium spp. ASOCIADAS CON LA PUDRICIÓN DE TALLO Y RAÍZ DE VAINILLA

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Jacel Adame-García

2011-11-01

Full Text Available Se determinaron las variaciones patogénica e isoenzimática de aislamientos de Fusarium spp. asociadas con la pudrición de tallo y raíz de un cultivar de vainilla en la región del Totonacapan, Veracruz, México. Los patrones de patogenicidad y los perfiles de bandas esterasas de los aislamientos evaluados demostraron que no sólo existe variabilidad morfológica y patogénica, sino también un alto grado de variabilidad bioquímica dentro de los hongos causantes de la pudrición de tallo de Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews. La producción de algunas esterasas (banda Rf = 0.75 al parecer está asociada con el grado de patogenicidad de los hongos, ya que no se detectó su presencia en los aislamientos que resultaron no patogénicos para este cultivo. Este marcador bioquímico podría ser una alternativa rápida, confiable y económica, con relación a otras tecnologías moleculares ya establecidas para evaluar el grado de patogenicidad de Fusarium spp. en V. planifolia, así como de otras especies o razas de este género, causantes de la pudrición de tallo y raíz en el cultivo.

Aspectos fisiológicos de estevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni en el Caribe colombiano: I. Efecto de la radiación incidente sobre el área foliar y la distribución de biomasa

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Jarma Alfredo

2005-12-01

Full Text Available

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni es uno de los 154 miembros del genero Stevia. El componente edulcorante de sus hojas se debe a glucosidos de diterpeno. Los principales glucosidos de esteviol son: esteviosido, rebaudiosido A, rebaudiosido C y dulcosido A. Este trabajo se realizo en Monteria (Colombia, con el proposito de evaluar el efecto de cuatro niveles de radiacion incidente sobre el comportamiento fisiologico de S. rebaudiana, bajo las condiciones ambientales delvalle del Sinu, en el Caribe colombiano. Se planteo un diseno completo al azar con arreglo factorial, en el que los factores fueron los porcentajes de la radiacion incidente en la region (19%, 24%, 56% y 100% y los genotipos de estevia ‘Morita 1’ y ‘Morita 2’. Los resultados indicaron que el area foliar de ‘Morita 2’ es superior a ‘Morita 1’, independientemente de la radiacion. Los altos niveles de radiacion incidente (100% y 56% registraron la mayor acumulacion de biomasa de las hojas, siendo superior en ‘Morita 2’. La mayor proporcion de la biomasa de las hojas, con respecto a la del tallo, en los primeros 60 d indica que la planta se dedico a fortalecer su aparato fotosintetico; luego, la migracion de fotoasimilados se hizo en mayor proporcion hacia los tallos, terminando con una tendencia estable hacia ambas demandas.

Pérdida de pubescencia foliar y sus efectos fisiológicos en Espeletia paipana(Asterales, Asteraceae, en el departamento de Boyacá-Colombia

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Sindy Buitrago

2015-09-01

Full Text Available Espeletia paipanaes una roseta caulescente gigante en peligro de extinción, endémica del departamento de Boyacá. Con el fin de establecer si una enfermedad en la planta, atribuida a la acción patogénica de microorganismos endófitos y caracterizada por la pérdida de pubescencia foliar (PPF, puede ser causante de la acelerada mortandad poblacional, se evaluó el desempeño fisiológico de la especie con y sin PPF. La incidencia (% de hojas afectadas por cada uno de los 27 individuos de la población actual y severidad (% de área foliar afectada en 135 hojas de la PPF fueron monitoreadas durante un periodo de nueve meses, en tres zonas topográficas a diferentes altitudes. Parámetros fisiológicos como conductancia estomática (Gs y temperatura foliar (Tfol e índice de contenido de clorofila (ICC fueron medidos en hojas sanas y enfermas durante cuatro días consecutivos, tanto en la época seca como en la época húmeda. El estudio fue complementado con aislamientos y pruebas de patogenici-dad para identificar el agente causal de la PPF. En general, aunque la incidencia de la enfermedad en E. paipanafue constante a lo largo del tiempo, la severidad avanzó superando el 60 % del área foliar. El aumento de la severidad en el haz fue atribuido al efecto foto-oxidativo de las altas radiaciones entre las 11:00 y14:00 h. La reducción del área foliar funcional a causa de la PPF, llevó a una baja Gs con serias implicaciones en la fijación de carbono, y por tanto limitando el crecimiento y la renovación de biomasa. El efecto estacional en la Tfol varió de acuerdo con la zona topográfica, mientras que el ICC no presentó un patrón definido con relación a la PPF; sus valores bajos podrían estar relacionados con la producción de otros pigmentos. Finalmente, aunque no es posible asegurar que Botrytissp. es el causante de la pérdida de pubescencia foliar, se postula como el agente causal más probable debido a su alta representatividad en

Estudios evolutivos-del desarrollo en tallos fósiles de Corystospermaceae (Corystospermales, Spermatopsida Evolutionary developmental studies in fossil stems of Corystospermaceae

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Josefina Bodnar

2012-06-01

Full Text Available Se propone un criterio metodológico para estudiar el desarrollo de tallos permineralizados, aplicado en el análisis de los patrones evolutivos-del desarrollo de los ejes caulinares de las Corystospermaceae, familia de "pteridospermas" dominante en las paleofloras triásicas gondwánicas. Este grupo representa un excelente caso de estudio dado que sus tallos se preservan permineralizados, por lo que exhiben detalles celulares e histológicos, y, asimismo, su ontogenia entera puede ser examinada en un solo ejemplar debido a que las células del xilema y floema secundario son producidas en capas sucesivas que retienen su posición de manera permanente. En los estudios ontogenéticos de pteridospermas los mecanismos reguladores del desarrollo deben ser discernidos por medio de la comparación con ontogenias de plantas vivientes comparables. Esta extrapolación es posible ya que se sabe que los procesos reguladores del crecimiento secundario son homólogos en todas las lignofitas. Los troncos de las corystospermas presentan un cilindro vascular secundario disecto y tejidos vasculares de desarrollo y posición inusuales, lo que es causado por cuatro clases de desviación de la actividad cambial típica: 1- actividad diferencial; 2- actividad remanente; 3- cámbium inverso o centrípeto; y 4- cámbiumes sucesivos inversos y/o normales (polixilia. El origen de estas variantes del cámbium está intimamente vinculado con eventos heterotópicos, incluyendo la homeosis. Al comparar con estudios de plantas vivientes, se teoriza que los genes homéoticos implicados en estos eventos podrían ser aquellos relacionados con el inicio de la actividad cambial, la diferenciación de las células vasculares y la organización de los haces vasculares.A methodological critera to study the development of permineralized stems is proposed, which is applied in the analysis of the evo-devo patterns of Corystospermaceae axes, the most important Mesozoic seed fern family

Atributos morfológicos y fisiológicos de genotipos de Brachiaria en un suelo con bajo fósforo disponible y alta saturación de aluminio

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Sergio Mejía Kerguelen

2009-01-01

Full Text Available RESUMEN Se evaluaron en invernadero en un suelo de Matazul, Meta, Colombia durante 6 semanas, 2 genotipos de Brachiaria (uno mejor adaptado a bajo P, B. decumbens y otro menos adaptado, B. ruziziensis y 8 progenies del cruzamiento entre ellos ( mejores adaptados: H-7, H-40, H-28, H-58; menos adaptados: H-190, H-94, H-82, H-179. Los genotipos mejor adaptados presentaron mayor biomasa aérea, explicada por mayor área foliar, mayor absorción de P en el tallo y mayor volumen de raíz. Las características morfológicas de las raíces, principalmente longitud, peso seco y contenido de P, permiteron mejor adaptación a bajo P disponible en el suelo. El periodo de evaluación fue suficiente para observar diferencias entre progenies.

Absorção e redistribuição do nitrogênio aplicado via foliar em videiras jovens Uptake and redistribution of nitrogen in foliar application in young grapevines

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Gustavo Brunetto

2005-04-01

Full Text Available A aplicação de nitrogênio via foliar antes da senescência das folhas da videira pode ser uma estratégia para aumentar as reservas deste nutriente nas partes perenes, uma vez que as mesmas são disponibilizadas no início do crescimento vegetativo dos órgãos anuais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de estimar a absorção e a redistribuição do N adicionado via foliar em videiras jovens. O experimento foi instalado em casa de vegetação na EMBRAPA-Uva e Vinho, no município de Bento Gonçalves (RS. Foram utilizadas as variedades Chardonnay e Riesling Itálico com porta-enxerto 101-14 Mgt. Foi cultivada uma planta por vaso contendo 10kg de solo Neossolo Litólico. A aplicação do N via foliar foi parcelada em três vezes, durante três dias sucessivos. Foram aplicados 84,84mg N planta-1 na forma de (15NH42SO4 . As plantas foram colhidas em sete épocas diferentes. Após a colheita, as plantas foram fracionadas em folhas, enxerto, porta-enxerto, raízes grossas (>2mm e raízes finas (The foliar application of nitrogen before the leaves senescence may be a strategy to increase the nutrient reserves in the perennial parts, being available in the beginning of the vegetative growth of the annual parts. The objective of this work was to estimate the uptake and redistribution of N applied by foliar way in young grapevines. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at EMBRAPA-Grape and Wine, Bento Gonçalves Southern Brazil. The cultivars used were Chardonnay and Riesling Italic grafted on rootstock 101-14 Mgt. It was cultivated one plant by vase with 10kg of soil Udorthent. The foliar application of N was parceled in three times during three successive days. It was applied 84,84mg N plant-1 using (15NH42SO4 . The plants were collected in seven times, during vegetative growth. The plants were fractionated in leaves, graft, carry-graft, thick roots (>2mm and fine roots (<2mm, oven-dried, weighted, and analyzed N-total and 15N contents. The

Estimativa da área foliar de Sida cordifolia e Sida rhombifolia usando dimensões lineares do limbo foliar Estimate of Sida cordifolia and Sida rhombifolia leaf area using leaf blade linear dimensions

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S. Bianco

2008-01-01

Full Text Available A estimativa da área foliar pode auxiliar na compreensão de relações de interferência entre plantas daninhas e cultivadas. Com o objetivo de obter uma equação que, por meio de parâmetros lineares dimensionais das folhas, permita a estimativa da área foliar de Sida cordifolia e Sida rhombifolia, estudaram-se as correlações entre área foliar real (Af e parâmetros dimensionais do limbo foliar, como o comprimento (C ao longo da nervura principal e a largura máxima (L perpendicular à nervura principal. Foram analisados 200 limbos foliares de cada espécie, coletados em diferentes agroecossistemas na Universidade Estadual Paulista, campus de Jaboticabal. Os modelos estatísticos utilizados foram linear: Y = a + bx; linear simples: Y = bx; geométrico: Y = ax b; e exponencial: Y = ab x. Todos os modelos analisados podem ser empregados para estimação da área foliar de S. cordifolia e S. rhombifolia. Sugere-se optar pela equação linear simples, envolvendo o produto C*L, considerando-se o coeficiente linear igual a zero, em função da praticidade desta. Desse modo, a estimativa da área foliar de S. cordifolia pode ser obtida pela fórmula Af = 0,7878*(C*L, com coeficiente de determinação de 0,9307, enquanto para S. rhombifolia a estimativa da área foliar pode ser obtida pela fórmula Af = 0,6423*(C*L, com coeficiente de determinação de 0,9711.Leaf area estimate may contribute to understand the relationship of interference between weeds and crops. The objective of this research was to obtain a mathematical equation to estimate Sida cordifolia and Sida rhombifolia leaf area based on linear measures of leaf blade. Correlation studies were conducted between real leaf area (Af and dimensional leaf blade parameters such as leaf length (C and maximum leaf width (L. Around 200 leaf blades of each species were analyzed, collected from several agro-ecosystems at São Paulo State University, in Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. The statistical

Foliar absorption of 15N labeled urea by tea plant

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hoshina, Tsuguo; Kozai, Shuji; Ishigaki, Kozo

1978-01-01

The effect of foliar application on the nitrogen nutrient status of tea shoots has been studied using 15 N labelled urea. Furthermore, the difference in nitrogen utilization by tea plant between foliar applied and top dressed nitrogen was investigated using 15 N labelled urea and ammonium sulfate. The foliar application of urea increased the amount of chlorophyll and total nitrogen in the new shoot, and the foliar application was more effective under shading condition. The urea sprayed upon old leaves prior to the opening of new leaf translocated to the new shoots. However, the foliar application after the opening of new leaf was more effective on nitrogen absorption by new shoots than one prior to that, and rather than top dressing for new shoots. It could be recognized that the foliar application of urea raises the nitrogen nutrient status of tea leaves in summer. (author)

Inhibidores de la germinación en el residuo seco del tallo del amaranto (Amaranthus hypochondriacus)

OpenAIRE

Tejeda-Sartorius, Olga; Escalante-Estrada, J. Alberto; Soto-Hernández, Marcos; Rodríguez-González, Ma. Teresa; Vibrans, Heike; Ramírez-Guzmán, Martha E.

2004-01-01

Se evaluó el efecto del extracto acuoso del residuo seco del tallo del amaranto (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. var. Azteca) a diferentes concentraciones, en la germinación y longitud de radícula y vástago de Amaranthus hybridus L. Dicho extracto, a 108 y 54 ppm inhibió la germinación de la especie en 100% y 68.42%, respectivamente, disminuyendo significativamente la longitud del vástago y la radícula, cuando la inhibición de la germinación no fue total. Se identificaron los ácidos ferúlico (A...

Global patterns of foliar nitrogen isotopes and their relationships with climate, mycorrhizal fungi, foliar nutrient concentrations, and nitrogen availability

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Craine, J M; Elmore, A J; Aidar, M P M

2009-01-01

Ratios of nitrogen (N) isotopes in leaves could elucidate underlying patterns of N cycling across ecological gradients. To better understand global-scale patterns of N cycling, we compiled data on foliar N isotope ratios (d15N), foliar N concentrations, mycorrhizal type and climate for over 11 00...

EFECTIVIDAD DE UN BIOFERTILIZANTE FOLIAR SOBRE EL CULTIVO DE FRIJOL COMÚN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS, BLUEFIELDS, R.A.A.S.

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Yader Mejía Bermúdez

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Este trabajo tuvo como propósito evaluar la efectividad de las diferentes dosis de un biofertilizante foliar sobre el rendimiento del cultivo de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris en época de postrera, en la comunidad El Cañal, Kukra River, Bluefields, en el ciclo productivo 2008-2009. Se utilizó un diseño completo al azar, cuatro tratamientos con dos repeticiones, cada repetición constó de 63 plantas de frijol (n=126. Los tratamientos fueron: T1 (testigo; T2: 0.25 litros de biofertilizante; T3: 0.37 lt. y T4: 0.5 lt. En todos los tratamientos, incluyendo al testigo, se hizo deshierbe y en todos, excepto el testigo, se aplicó el biofertilizante disuelto en 10 litros de agua. Se realizaron tres mediciones (21, 36 y 51 días después de la siembra.Los resultados indican que no existen diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos en la altura de las plantas, pero si en el porcentaje de afectación por herbívoros, así como en el número de vainas por planta y de granos por vaina. El tratamiento T4 registró el menor ataque por herbívoros, la mayor producción en función del número de vainas por planta, de granos por vaina y peso total de los granos de frijol, en cambio el testigo fue el que registró el menor rendimiento con respecto a todas estas variables. El uso del biofertilizante foliar aumentó el rendimiento del cultivo de frijol en todas las dosis.SummaryThe aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of different doses of a foliar biofertilizer on crop production of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris throughout season time in the community of El Cañal, Kukra River, Bluefields, during the production cycle 2008-2009. A random design was used, four treatments with two replications, each replication consisted of 63 bean plants (n=126. The treatments were: T1 (baton, T2: 0.25 liters of biofertilizer, T3: 0.37 lt. and T4: 0.5 lt.  In all the treatments, including the baton, weeding was done, and in all except the baton

Influencia de la pérdida foliar sobre la cosecha en el cv. Gruesa, Musa acuminata Colla (AAA, cultivado bajo invernadero en las Islas Canarias

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Juan Cabrera Cabrera

2010-12-01

Full Text Available El cultivo de la variedad de platanera Gruesa, selección local de Dwarf Cavendish, ha experimentado un importante aumento en los últimos años en las Islas Canarias, tanto al aire libre como bajo invernadero. La eliminación de hojas, tras la floración, es una práctica habitual en los cultivos bajo invernadero. Asimismo es frecuente la pérdida de hojas por el efecto de los vientos en los cultivos al aire libre. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar, mediante simulación de pérdida foliar por daños mecánicos, la influencia que tiene la disminución de superficie foliar sobre el llenado y cosecha de la fruta en dicho cultivar. Para ello, cuatro meses antes de la cosecha se efectuaron cinco niveles de defoliación: 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% y 100%. Se valoran dos métodos diferentes de defoliación, eliminación de limbo foliar y tronchado de hojas con posterior corte de éstas. Se analizan y presentan datos morfológicos, fenológicos y productivos, así como valoración de la metodología empleada en este trabajo para la simulación de daños. A partir de un 25% de defoliado, equivalente a 7.5 hojas funcionales por planta, se detectaron diferencias significativas con las plantas testigos.

Diferenciación morfológica y por ISSR (Inter simple sequence repeats de especies del género Plukenetia (Euphorbiaceae de la Amazonía peruana: propuesta de una nueva especie

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Ángel Rodríguez

2011-05-01

Full Text Available En el presente trabajo se estudian cinco especies del género Plukenetia de la Amazonía peruana: P. brachybotrya, P. loretensis, P. polyadenia, P. huayllabambana, P. volubilis (procedencia San Martín; y de un supuesto morfotipo (P. volubilis, procedencia Cusco. Los 126 especímenes estudiados fueron identificados mediante claves de caracteres morfológicos (formas de hojas, tallos y semilla; posición de glándulas basilaminares y posteriormente mediante marcadores moleculares ISSR (CAA, CAG, GACA. Los análisis morfológicos permitieron separar las cinco especies descritas: P. brachybotrya, P. loretensis, P. polyadenia, P. volubilis y P. huayllabambana. Los dos supuestos morfotipos de P. volubilis fueron discriminados por la posición de las glándulas, tamaño de semillas y forma del tallo. Los resultados proporcionados por el Análisis Factorial de Correspondencia (AFC y corroborados por el Índice de fijación (FST, distancia genética y el dendograma estimado por el método UPGMA, evidencian una fuerte diferenciación entre los seis taxa, corroborando la identidad taxonómica molecular de las cinco especies ya descritas morfológicamente. Además, los resultados (Fst y la distancia genética indicarian que P. volubilis (del Cusco podría ser una nueva especie de Sacha Inchi, aún no descrita para la ciencia.

Fungos associados ao processo de decomposição foliar: 2 anos de estudo

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Anelise Kappes Marques

2015-12-01

Full Text Available O processo de decomposição da matéria orgânica em córregos de baixa ordem, realizado em grande parte pelos fungos, é importante para o fornecimento de energia a diversos níveis tróficos neste ecossistema. O presente trabalho avaliou a variação temporal de bolores e leveduras associados ao processo de decomposição foliar em um córrego de baixa ordem no cerrado tocantinense. Detrito vegetal misto foi coletado do aporte vertical da vegetação ripária e colocado em sacos de malha grossa e submersos por 30 dias no córrego Buritizal. O isolamento e contagem dos fungos filamentosos e leveduras foi realizado a partir do macerado de discos foliares em caldo peptonado e semeado em placas de petri contendo meio BDA e YMA incubados por 30 dias. As contagens de leveduras variaram de 1,42 logUFC.gMOF em junho de 2011 a 5,90 logUFC.gMOF em abril de 2012. Os fungos filamentosos variaram de 1,98 logUFC.gMOF em julho de 2011 a 6,27 logUFC.gMOF em março de 2013. As maiores contagens de fungos filamentosos e leveduras ocorreram em ambos períodos chuvosos porém somente os filamentosos apresentam diferença estatisticamente significativa e podem estar associadas as enxurradas, quando há o escoamento da serrapilheira e solo das margens com consequente maior entrada de geofungos e demais sapróbios associados ao aporte horizontal.

Utilização de Acibenzolar-S-Methyl para controle de doenças foliares da soja Use of Acibenzolar-S-Methyl to control foliar diseases of soybean

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Leandro Jose Dallagnol

2006-09-01

Full Text Available O controle das doenças foliares na cultura da soja pode ser obtido pela utilização de métodos genéticos, culturais e químicos. A utilização de ativadores químicos dos mecanismos de defesa é uma alternativa de controle induzido. Para avaliar o efeito na eficácia com a inclusão de Acibenzolar-S-Methyl (ASM no programa de controle químico das doenças foliares na cultura da soja, um experimento foi instalado com as cultivares IAS 5, CD 201 e RS 10. O efeito do ASM foi avaliada isoladamente e em mistura com Difenoconazole aplicados nos estádios R3, R4 e R5.1 e o Azoxystrobin em R5.1. Os parâmetros avaliados foram a severidade das doenças de final de ciclo (DFC, desfolha, área foliar verde e rendimento de grãos. A inclusão de ASM nos programas de controle químico aumentou, na maioria dos casos, a eficácia dos fungicidas para todos os parâmetros avaliados, porém com variação entre as cultivares. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com aplicações de Difenoconazole + ASM aplicado em R3 e R4, não sendo verificado efeito na eficácia do Azoxystrobin (R5.1. O incremento no rendimento das cultivares foi influenciado pela tolerância das cultivares as doenças, sendo positivo para as cultivares CD 201 e RS 10 com aplicação de ASM + Difenoconazole em R4.The chemical control of foliar diseases in soybean can be achieved by using genetic, cultural and chemical practices. The use of activators of plant defense mechanisms is an alternative for disease control. An experiment was carried out with the cultivars 'IAS 5', 'CD 201' and 'RS 10' aiming to evaluate the efficacy of the inclusion of Acibenzolar-S-Methyl (ASM to the chemical control program of foliar diseases in soybean. The effect of ASM was evaluated separately and mixture with Difenoconazol sprayed on to plants at the growth stages of R3, R4, R5. 1 Azoxystrobin was sprayed on R5.1. The variables evaluated were diseases severities at the end of the crop, desfoliation, green

Global patterns of foliar nitrogen isotopes and their relationships with climate, mycorrhizal fungi, foliar nutrient concentrations, and nitrogen availability

Science.gov (United States)

Joseph M. Craine; Andrew J. Elmore; Marcos P. M. Aidar; Mercedes Bustamante; Todd E. Dawson; Erik A. Hobbie; Ansgar Kahmen; Michelle C. Mack; Kendra K. McLauchlan; Anders Michelsen; Gabriela Nardoto; Linda H. Pardo; Josep Penuelas; Peter B. Reich; Edward A.G. Schuur; William D. Stock; Pamela H. Templer; Ross A. Virginia; Jeffrey M. Welker; Ian J. Wright

2009-01-01

Ratios of nitrogen (N) isotopes in leaves could elucidate underlying patterns of N cycling across ecological gradients. To better understand global-scale patterns of N cycling, we compiled data on foliar N isotope ratios, foliar N concentrations, mycorrhizal type and climate for over 11 000 plants worldwide. Global-scale comparisons of other components of the N cycle...

Estimating foliar nitrogen in Eucalyptus using vegetation indexes

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Luiz Felipe Ramalho de Oliveira

Full Text Available ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N has commonly been applied in Eucalyptus stands in Brazil and it has a direct relation with biomass production and chlorophyll content. Foliar N concentrations are used to diagnose soil and plant fertility levels and to develop N fertilizer application rates. Normally, foliar N is obtained using destructive methods, but indirect analyses using Vegetation Indexes (VIs may be possible. The aim of this work was to evaluate VIs to estimate foliar N concentration in three Eucalyptus clones. Lower crown leaves of three clonal Eucalyptus plantations (25 months old were classified into five color patterns using the Munsell Plant Tissue Color Chart. For each color, N concentration was determined by the Kjeldahl method and foliar reflectance was measured using a CI-710 Miniature Leaf Spectrometer. Foliar reflectance data were used to obtain the VIs and the VIs were used to estimate N concentrations. In the visible region, the relationship between N concentration and reflectance percentage was negative. The highest correlations between VIs and N concentrations were obtained by the Inflection Point Position (IPP, r = 0.97, Normalized Difference Red-Edge (reNDVI, r = 0.97 and Modified Red-Edge Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (mNDI, r = 0.97. Vegetation indexes on the red edge region provided the most accurate estimates of foliar N concentration. The reNDVI index provided the best N concentration estimates in leaves of different colors of Eucalyptus urophylla × grandis and Eucalyptus urophylla × urophylla (R2 = 0.97 and RMSE = 0.91 g kg−1.

Use of the radioisotopes in foliar fertilizing studies

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Muraoka, T.; Boaretto, A.E.

1987-01-01

The utilization of the radioactive isotopes is studied to evaluate the efficiency of nitrogen in foliar fertilizers. One of the objectives was study the urea absorption via foliar in time function in sugar cane. The nitrogen 15 determination was done by mass spectrometer. (author)

Método não destrutivo para determinação da área foliar da videira, cultivar BRS-Violeta

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Gustavo Malagi

2010-12-01

Full Text Available Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as combinações entre o comprimento das nervuras secundárias e principal de folhas na estimativa da área foliar da videira cultivar BRS-Violeta. Realizou-se a coleta aleatória de 200 folhas intactas e completamente desenvolvidas, em uma área de cultivo experimental. Determinaram-se a área foliar real (AFR e o comprimento das nervuras secundárias (esquerda - direita e principal. Obtiveram-se três regressões com seus coeficientes de determinação para a identificação da relação mais precisa, considerando o comprimento da nervura principal (CNP, o somatório do comprimento das nervuras secundárias (SCNS e o somatório entre o comprimento das nervuras secundárias e o comprimento da nervura principal (SCNSP, como variáveis independentes. A AFR foi considerada variável dependente nas três regressões. Observou-se que a relação entre AFR x SCNS proporcionou o maior coeficiente de determinação (0,87. A área foliar estimada pela equação obtida pela relação AFR x SCNS garantiu uma precisão de 87%, segundo a relação entre AFR x AFE (área foliar estimada. Portanto, conclui-se que a área foliar da videira cultivar BRS-Violeta pode ser estimada pela equação y = 0,2169 (SCNS² + 5,3642 (SCNS - 34,725, com precisão satisfatória.

El daminozide aumenta el diámetro de inflorescencia del crisantemo (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev., cultivar polaris white

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Á. G. Esquivel-Pool

2005-01-01

Full Text Available Se probaron varias concentraciones (1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000 y 5,000 mg·litro-1 de daminozide sobre plantas de crisantemo cv. Polaris White, en maceta y se midieron el incremento del diámetro del tallo, altura de la planta, número de nudos, longitud de entrenudos, diámetro de la inflorescencia, biomasa y área foliar para comparar su efecto contra un testigo. La concentración de 1,000 mg·litro-1 provocó que los tallos incrementaran su diámetro 10.08 % en comparación con el testigo en tanto que con 4,000 mg·litro-1 el diámetro del tallo se redujo 8 %. Los entrenudos disminuyeron su longitud hasta 76 % con 4,000 mg·litro-1 en comparación con el testigo. Concentraciones iguales o mayores a 2,000 mg·litro-1 redujeron hasta en 34.3 % la altura de la planta. El daminozide favoreció el crecimiento de las inflorescencias incrementando su diámetro 31.22 % en promedio

SUSTRATOS FOLIARES PARA EL INCREMENTO DE BACTERIAS QUITINOLÍTICAS Y GLUCANOLÍTICAS EN LA FILOSFERA DE BANANO FOLIAR SUBSTRATES FOR INCREASING CHITINOLYTIC AND GLUCANOLYTIC BACTERIA ON PHYLLOSPHERE OF BANANA

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Lina María Salazar Peláez

2006-12-01

Full Text Available La Sigatoka Negra, causada por el hongo Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet, es considerada la enfermedad de mayor importancia económica para los cultivos de musáceas alimenticias. Su control, se fundamenta en la aplicación de fungicidas sintéticos, cuyo modo de acción viene siendo vulnerado por poblaciones del hongo. La presente investigación, ha explorado la posibilidad de desarrollar una estrategia de regulación biológica, basada en el estudio y manipulación de algunos de los factores bióticos y abióticos que interactúan en la filosfera de banano, con el objetivo de incrementar las poblaciones epifitas naturales de bacterias quitinolíticas y glucanolíticas, las cuales pueden afectar negativamente la germinación del patógeno. Con base en una fase previa a este estudio, en la cual se realizó una caracterización químico-microbiológica parcial de la filosfera de plantas de banano y plátano bajo condiciones del Urabá antioqueño (Colombia, se evaluaron 14 sustratos foliares, compuestos por quitina coloidal (QC [4 %], harina de cebada (HC [2,5 %] y urea (U [1 %], solas ó en combinación, los cuales siempre estuvieron acompañados de una solución mineral base y una solución adherente-dispersante. Aquellos sustratos a base de HC y U, produjeron los mayores incrementos en las poblaciones de bacterias líticas epifitas, con recuentos superiores a las 10.000 veces, con respecto a sus poblaciones iniciales sobre hojas de banano del cultivar Gran Enano, y de hasta 8,6 y 15 veces mayores para las bacterias quitinolíticas y glucanolíticas respectivamente, con relación a la población en el tratamiento sin sustratos foliares. Se discute la influencia de la precipitación sobre las poblaciones de dichas bacterias líticas y la necesidad de ajustar una formulación que mejore las posibilidades de control sobre la sigatoka negra.Black Sigatoka, caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet, is considered the economically most

Morfología y Anatomía del Ápice Caulinar de Nothofagus dombeyi (Nothofagaceae a lo largo de un año Morfology and anatomy of the shoot apex of Nothofagus dombeyi (Nothofagaceae along a year

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Soledad García

2006-07-01

Full Text Available En el presente estudio se evaluó la posible variación anual de la morfología y la anatomía del ápice caulinar de coihue, Nothofagus dombeyi (Nothofagaceae. A partir de muestras tomadas a lo largo de un año calendario, se realizaron cortes longitudinales de las yemas terminales con micrótomo de congelación. Independientemente de la época del año, una yema terminal está conformada por un meristema apical y rudimentos de tallo y hojas. Los primordios foliares proximales tienen mayor tamaño y grado de diferenciación que los distales. En la axila de cada estípula se destaca la presencia de coléteres. Cada coléter se comunica vascularmente con la estípula correspondiente. El número de primordios foliares por yema es constante entre abril y octubre y disminuye posteriormente al incrementarse el número de hojas expandidas, aunque sin llegar a cero. Al final de la estación de crecimiento se distinguen yemas de mayor y yemas de menor tamaño; estas últimas se secan y desprenden del tallo antes de la primavera siguiente. Dentro de una yema se evidencian, en un momento dado, distintos grados de diferenciación entre primordios foliares proximales y distales y entre la lámina y las estípulas de los primordios más proximales.The present study evaluates the possible annual variation in the morphology and anatomy of the shoot apex of Nothofagus dombeyi (Nothofagaceae. From samples taken over one year, longitudinal slices of terminal buds were cut with a freezing microtome. Irrespective of the time of the year, a terminal bud consists of an apical meristem and rudiments of stem and leaves. Proximal primordia are larger and have a higher degree of differentiation than distal primordia. Around the axil of each stipule colleters are present. Each colleter is connected with the corresponding stipule through a conducting strand. The number of leaf primordia per bud is constant between April and October and diminishes later on as leaf expansion

Controle de verrugose, melanose e leprose em laranja pera, com fungicidas e acaricida em mistura com adubo foliar Control of citrus scab, melanose and leprosis with fungicides and miticide mixed to foliar fertilizer

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W. Bettiol

1994-12-01

Full Text Available Pulverizações com ziram (Rodisan SC, oxicloreto de cobre (Coprantol BR e óxido de fembutatina (Torque 500 SC em dosagens normais e subdosagens, isoladamente ou em mistura com um adubo foliar originário da fermentação glutâmica do melaço, controlaram de forma efetiva a verrugose, melanose e leprose em laranja pera. A aplicação isolada do resíduo da fermentação glutâmica do melaço, base para diversos adubos foliares, nas dosagens de 0,25% e 5% do produto comercial Ajifol, não interferiu na ocorrência de verrugose e melanose. Entretanto, ocasionou um aumento do número de frutos com leprose, do número de lesões de leprose por fruto e do número de ácaros da leprose (Brevipalpus phoenicis Geipsks nas folhas e nos frutos.Normal dosage and tinder-dosage sprays of ziram (Rodisan SC; cooper oxychloride (Coprantol BR and fenbutatin oxide (Torque 500 SC, isolately or in association with Ajifol, a foliar fertilizer from molasses glutamic fermentation, provided efficient control of scab, melanose and leprosis in 'Pera' orange. Sprays of Ajifol at 0.25 and 5% had no effect on the rate of occurrence of scab and melanose, but was correlated with increases in the rates of fruits with symptoms of leprosis, number of leprosis spots per fruit, and the number of leprosis mites (Brevipalpus phoenicis Geijskes on leaves and fruits.

Diagnosing foliar nutrient dynamics of Eucalyptus grandis in ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Fertilisation is one of the most cost-effective methods of increasing and maintaining the productivity of Eucalyptus grandis plantations in South Africa. This silvicultural practice can be optimised by using the foliar nutrient ratios measured in plants at maximum growth as a guideline for fertiliser application. The foliar nutrient ...

Micromorfologia foliar na análise da fitotoxidez por glyphosate em Eucalyptus grandis Leaf micromorphology in the analysis of glyphosate toxicity in Eucalyptus grandis

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L.D. Tuffi Santos

2009-01-01

Full Text Available Foram avaliados os efeitos da deriva de formulações comerciais de glyphosate sobre a superfície foliar e o crescimento de clones de eucalipto. Mudas de seis clones foram submetidas a 129,6 g ha-1 de glyphosate das formulações comerciais Scout®, Roundup NA®, Roundup transorb® e Zapp QI®. Entre os clones não foram identificadas diferenças quanto à tolerância ao glyphosate. Plantas expostas à deriva simulada de Roundup transorb® e Zapp QI® apresentaram, respectivamente, a maior e menor porcentagem de intoxicação. Observou-se menor massa seca em plantas expostas ao glyphosate, independentemente da formulação, e menor altura naquelas expostas ao Scout® e ao Roundup transorb®. As características quantitativas da superfície foliar não foram afetadas pelo glyphosate. As alterações micromorfológicas ocorreram na ausência de danos visíveis e foram observadas em ambas as faces da epiderme, em todos os clones avaliados. Danos como erosão e aspecto amorfo das ceras epicuticulares e infestação por hifas fúngicas ocorreram, independentemente da formulação utilizada. A avaliação anatômica da superfície foliar foi relevante para descrição e interpretação dos danos causados pelo glyphosate. Os dados de crescimento e de intoxicação indicam o Zapp QI® como a formulação de menor risco para a cultura do eucalipto quanto aos efeitos indesejáveis da deriva.The effects of commercial glyphosate drift on the leaf surface and growth of eucalypt clones were evaluated. Seedlings of six clones were submitted to 129.6 g ha-1 sub-rate of commercial glyphosate formulations Scout®, Roundup NA®, Roundup transorb® and Zapp QI®. No differences in tolerance to glyphosate were observed among the clones. Plants exposed to simulated drift of Roundup transorb® and Zapp QI® presented the highest and lowest intoxication percentages, respectively. Plants exposed to glyphosate reduced dry biomass, regardless of the formulation, and also

Phylogenetic Structure of Foliar Spectral Traits in Tropical Forest Canopies

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Kelly M. McManus

2016-02-01

Full Text Available The Spectranomics approach to tropical forest remote sensing has established a link between foliar reflectance spectra and the phylogenetic composition of tropical canopy tree communities vis-à-vis the taxonomic organization of biochemical trait variation. However, a direct relationship between phylogenetic affiliation and foliar reflectance spectra of species has not been established. We sought to develop this relationship by quantifying the extent to which underlying patterns of phylogenetic structure drive interspecific variation among foliar reflectance spectra within three Neotropical canopy tree communities with varying levels of soil fertility. We interpreted the resulting spectral patterns of phylogenetic signal in the context of foliar biochemical traits that may contribute to the spectral-phylogenetic link. We utilized a multi-model ensemble to elucidate trait-spectral relationships, and quantified phylogenetic signal for spectral wavelengths and traits using Pagel’s lambda statistic. Foliar reflectance spectra showed evidence of phylogenetic influence primarily within the visible and shortwave infrared spectral regions. These regions were also selected by the multi-model ensemble as those most important to the quantitative prediction of several foliar biochemical traits. Patterns of phylogenetic organization of spectra and traits varied across sites and with soil fertility, indicative of the complex interactions between the environmental and phylogenetic controls underlying patterns of biodiversity.

FOLIAR FERTILIZATION ON PINEAPPLE QUALITY AND YIELD ADUBAÇÃO FOLIAR NA QUALIDADE E PRODUTIVIDADE DE ABACAXI

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Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho

2011-04-01

Full Text Available There are just a few studies using foliar sprays with micronutrients on pineapple crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the B and Zn effect, as chelate, acid or salt, via foliar feeding, on fruit yield and quality. The experiment was carried out in Guaraçaí, São Paulo State, Brazil, in a loamy medium texture soil, by using Smooth Cayenne (Hawaiian pineapple seedlings. A randomized block design with four replications was adopted, with 110 g ha-1 of B and 250 g ha-1 of Zn for each application. Two foliar sprays were applied, at 7 and 9 months after planting. The B and Zn sources did not affect the total soluble solids contents, titratable acidity, average fruit diameter, fruit length without crown, and maturity index. Only the B, Zn, and K concentrations in the leaves were influenced by the application of micronutrients.

Poucos são os estudos desenvolvidos com a aplicação via foliar de micronutrientes, na cultura do abacaxi. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de B e Zn, em forma de quelato, ácido ou sal, via foliar, buscando-se obter respostas sobre os efeitos na produtividade e qualidade dos frutos. O experimento foi realizado em Guaraçaí (SP, em solo com textura média. Foram utilizadas mudas tipo filhote, da cultivar Smooth Cayenne (Havaiano. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, utilizando-se fontes para fornecer, em cada aplicação, 110 g ha^-1 de B e 250 g ha^-1 de Zn. Foram realizadas duas pulverizações foliares, aos 7 e 9 meses após o plantio. As fontes de B e Zn não exerceram efeito nos teores de sólidos solúveis totais, acidez titulável, diâmetro médio do fruto, comprimento do fruto sem coroa e índice de maturação. Apenas os teores de B, Zn e K, na

Growth dynamics of two bean varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris L.. l. Growth analysis by fixed periods Dinámica de crecimiento de dos variedades de frijol (phaseolus vulgaris L. l. análisis de crecimiento por periodos fijos

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Maldonado Gustavo

1993-12-01

frijol
(P. vulgarís, L. comprende una serie de etapas sin las cuales no ocurrirla la formacion de frutos y en la cual el aumento de materia seca depende del comportamiento fisiológico y del hábito de crecimiento. El presente estudio evaluó el proceso de crecimiento conjuntamente con estos factores, con el propósito de establecer la diferencia en comportamiento y la
relación entre el hábito y los índices de crecimiento en las variedades de frijol "ICA-Cerinza" de habito de crecimiento determinado e "ICA-Tundama" de habito de crecimiento indeterminado. Las variedades fueron sembradas en parcelas de 40,5 m2 y en hileras a 0,50 x 0,12 m. en un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones, en las
cuales se tomaron muestras de tres plantas cada siete dias, a partir de los 15 y hasta los 78 dias después de emergencia. Se evaluó el peso total, el peso seco de los tallos, el peso seco de las hojas y el área foliar. A partir de éstos, se calcularon la tasa relativa de crecimiento (TRC, la tasa de asimilación neta (TAN, la relación de área foliar (RAF, la
relación de peso foliar (RPF y el área foliar especifica
(AFE. En las evaluaciones realizadas a los 15, 71 y 78 dias, el análisis de crecimiento por el método clásico, sólo, permitió determinar diferencias en materia seca total, de tallos, de hojas y en área foliar. Resultados similares se hallaron al analizarlos indices. La TRC fue ligeramente más alta en la variedad Cerinza que en la variedad Tundama, sin embargo,
los valores por evaluación no fueron significativamente
diferentes entre las dos variedades, a excepción de
los obtenidos a los 78 D.D.E.. La TAN tuvo un comportamiento similar a la TRC y estas dos variables se correlacionaron positiva y significativamente. La RAF mostró una tendencia decreciente de tipo lineal en la variedad Cerinza, mientras que en la variedad Tundama fue de tipo cuadratico, con valores altos en las primeras y últimas

Anatomia e ultraestrutura foliar de Ocimum gratissimum sob diferentes níveis de radiação luminosa

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Valéria Ferreira Fernandes

2014-06-01

Full Text Available Espécies vegetais são capazes de ajustar suas características fisiológicas, anatômicas e ultraestruturais aos fatores ambientais, como, por exemplo, a disponibilidade de radiação luminosa incidente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de diferentes níveis de radiação luminosa na anatomia e ultraestrutura foliar de Ocimum gratissimum L. (Lamiaceae. As plantas foram cultivadas por 93 dias em quatro níveis de radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (20, 11, 7 e 4mol m-2 d-1. O incremento da intensidade de luz proporcionou aumento no espessamento dos parênquimas paliçádico e esponjoso e do limbo foliar, entretanto, a espessura da epiderme não foi alterada. Em relação aos aspectos ultraestruturais, verificou-se aumento no tamanho dos cloroplastos e grãos de amido e um aumento do empilhamento dos tilacoides com a redução da intensidade de luz. As variações anatômicas e ultraestruturais verificadas confirmam a plasticidade fenotípica dessa espécie em função da intensidade de radiação luminosa.

Leaf life spans of some conifers of the temperate forests of South America Longevidad foliar de algunas coníferas de los bosques templados de Sudamérica

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CHRISTOPHER H. LUSK

2001-09-01

nutrientes. Se conoce muy poco acerca de la longevidad foliar de las especies arbóreas siempreverdes de los bosques templados de Sudamérica. Se estimaron longevidades foliares mediante métodos demográficos "estáticos" para cuatro especies de coníferas de esta región; además se midieron otros rasgos foliares (masa seca por unidad de area = "LMA", y contenido de nitrógeno. Se anticipó que las diferencias interespecíficas en longevidad foliar estarían negativamente correlacionadas con la disponibilidad de nutrientes en los hábitats normalmente ocupados por las distintas especies, predicción que fue apoyada por los datos. La longevidad foliar promedio determinada para Araucaria araucana (24 años se destaca entre las cifras más altas reportadas en la literatura para cualquier especie. Esta extrema longevidad se asocia con una construcción muy robusta (LMA alta, y muy bajo contenido de nitrógeno. Dichos aspectos de la ecología de A. araucana podrían incidir de dos maneras en su adecuación. Primero, el lentísimo recambio de su follaje reduciría sus requerimientos anuales de nutrientes, un rasgo que puede ser clave para su supervivencia en sitios muy infértiles. Segundo, la baja descomposabilidad de su hojarasca daría lugar a una inmovilización de nutrientes, posiblemente permitiendo que A. araucana retenga ciertos sitios, frente la competencia de especies potencialmente más vigorosas pero con mayores requerimientos nutricionales. La variación interespecífica en longevidad foliar parecía presentar relaciones estrechas con variación en LMA y porcentaje de nitrógeno foliar. Dicho resultado es coherente con las evidencias arrojadas por otros estudios, que indican que la evolución de las hojas estaría restringida por un compromiso entre combinaciones de rasgos que optimizan el rendimiento de la planta en hábitats favorables, y aquellas combinaciones que favorecen la persistencia en hábitats adversos

Anatomía foliar y del pecíolo de cuatro especies de Lupinus (Fabaceae Foliar and petiole anatomy of four species of Lupinus (Fabaceae

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Juan Francisco Zamora-Natera

2012-09-01

Full Text Available Se describe y compara la anatomía foliar y del pecíolo de 4 especies del género Lupinus (L. aschenbornii S.Schauer, L. exaltatus Zucc., L. montanus Kunth y L. reflexus Rose que se distribuyen en un gradiente altitudinal en el Parque Nacional Nevado de Colima. Las hojas se fijaron en campo y se procesaron mediante la técnica de inclusión en parafina. Parte de las láminas se deshidrataron para caracterizar la superficie foliar por medio del microscopio electrónico de barrido. Las especies comparten la epidermis papilosa de paredes anticlinales con diferentes grados de ondulación, estomas anomocíticos, tricomas simples lineares y mesofilo bifacial. Los folíolos de L. montanus son glabros en la superficie abaxial, las estrías cuticulares sobre las células localizadas en la base de los tricomas es un rasgo característico de L. montanus y de L. reflexus. Las diferencias encontradas en espesor de la lámina y del mesofilo así como la abundancia de ceras epicuticulares pueden estar influenciadas por el ambiente. Distintivamente, el número y distribución de haces vasculares en los pecíolos difieren entre las 4 especies y podrían ser de utilidad para diferenciarlas si estos resultados se confirman al estudiar un mayor número de especies de Lupinus.The aims of this study were to describe and compare the foliar and petiole anatomy of 4 species of Lupinus (L. aschenbornii S.Schauer, L. exaltatus Zucc., L. montanus Kunth, and L. reflexus Rose distributed in an elevation gradient at Parque Nacional Nevado de Colima. Leaves were fixed in the field and prepared using the paraffin embedding technique. In addition, part of the blades was dehydrated to describe leaf surface through the scanning electron microscope. The 4 species shared a papillose epidermis with undulated anticlinal walls in different degrees, stomata anomocytic, simple unicellular trichomes, and bifacial mesophyll. Leaflets of L. montanus are glabrous on the abaxial surface

Modulación de la actividad de las células ciliadas del órgano de Corti por el sistema eferente olivococlear

OpenAIRE

Ballestero, Jimena A.

2011-01-01

En el órgano de Corti, el epitelio sensorial del sistema auditivo de los mamíferos, las células ciliadas internas (CCIs) transducen los estímulos sonoros a señales eléctricas que son enviadas al sistema nervioso central, mientras que las células ciliadas externas (CCEs) participan del proceso de amplificación y sintonización fina de estos estímulos. La actividad de las CCEs es modulada por una inervación eferente que proviene del tallo cerebral, el sistema olivococlear medial (MOC). Durante e...

Morfometria e nervação foliar em procedências de erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hill. (Aquifoliaceae = Morphometry and foliar venation in origins of maté (Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hill. (Aquifoliaceae

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Vânia Helena Techio

2009-10-01

Full Text Available O presente trabalho objetivou analisar a morfologia foliar morfometria e nervação foliar de procedências de erva-mate coletadas no Sul do Brasil e Argentina. Analisaram-se 30 folhas de cada procedência, obtendo-se cinco medidas (comprimento total da folha, largura máxima, comprimento desde a base até a largura máxima, comprimento do pecíolo e área e calculando-se dois índices (comprimento total sobre a largura máxima e comprimento desde a base até a largura máxima sobre o comprimento total da folha. Para anervação foliar, as folhas foram clarificadas por meio da técnica de diafanização. Os maiores e menores valores morfométricos foram, respectivamente, 118 e 67 mm para comprimento da folha, 51 e 34 mm para largura máxima, 78 e 42 mm para comprimento desde a base até alargura máxima, 16 e 10 mm para comprimento do pecíolo, 2,3 e 2 mm para comprimento sobre largura máxima e 0,65 e 0,6 para comprimento desde a base até a largura máxima sobre o comprimento da folha. Quanto à nervação foliar, não foram observadas diferenças entre as folhas das distintas procedências, as quais apresentaram nervação primária penada, nervação secundária semicraspedódroma, nervuras terciárias com percurso alternado e sinuoso, nervação quaternária reticulada, constituída por polígonos regulares e nervação de 5ª ordem dicotomizante.The present research aimed to evaluate the foliar morphology(morphometry and leaf venation of origins of maté collected in southern Brazil and Argentina. For the study of the morphometry, thirty leaves/plant were analyzed, and five measurements (leaf total length, maximum width, length from the base until maximum width, area and petiole length and two indices were obtained (total leaf length on maximum width and length from basis until maximum width on total leaf length. The leaves were clarified by the clarificationtechnique and examined in stereomicroscope. The highest and lowest values of leaf

Una nueva especie de Aragoa

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Romero Castañeda Rafael

1958-09-01

Full Text Available Especie bien caracterizada, fácilmente distinguible de las hasta ahora conocidas, por sus hojas verticiladas de a tres, espatuladas y el tallo completamente glabro lo mismo que las ramas.  Por sus hojas carinadas y el tallo glabro se acerca a Aragoa occidentalis, siendo distinta en lo demás; por las hojas carinadas es afín de A. cupressina. pero presenta con ésta y las restantes especies, notable diferencia.  Especie dedicada al doctor Armando Dugand Gnecco, botánico colombiano cuyos estudios sobre la flora nacional son de gran importancia.

Evaluación de fertilizantes foliares sobre la producción en café (Coffea arabica L.

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Omar A. Sosa-M.

2011-02-01

Full Text Available En  la subestación experimental Paraguaicito de Cenicafé, ubicada en el municipio de Buenavista, departamento del Quindío,  se  realizó un ensayo con  fertilizantes  foliares, en café variedad Colombia de 24 meses de edad, con una distancia de siembra de 2 x 1 m. Las aplicaciones foliares se realizaron 58 ý 88 días después del pico de floración principal, con el fin de evaluar su efecto sobre la producción, el factor de conversión y el rendimiento en  trilla. Los  fertilizantes  foliares utilizados  fueron: Úrea, MAP, Nitrato de Calcio  al 1%, KCl, Kelatex Calcio, Kelatex Magnesio al 0,25%, Borosol al 0,3%, Nitrato de potasio al 4%, Kelatex calcio (0,25% + Borosol (0,3% y Úrea  (1% + KCl  (0,25% + MAP  (1%. Los  resultados obtenidos no mostraron diferencias estadísticas sobre la producción de la primera cosecha de 2007, ya que la aplicación foliar de los fertilizantes no influyó sobre el factor de conversión, el cual presentó un valor promedio de 5,17, que se puede considerar aceptable con  respecto al promedio nacional. El  rendimiento en  trilla no presentó diferencias  significativas  entre  tratamientos,  aunque presentó un factor promedio de 88,68kg (cps; valor por debajo  de  la  línea de comercialización  nacional  que actualmente es de 92,8kg (cps.

Análise histoquímica foliar do amendoim: genótipos 'Tatu' e SO-909 Leaf histochemical analyses of peanut: genotypes 'Tatu' and SO-909

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Renato Ferraz de Arruda Veiga

1992-01-01

Full Text Available Este trabalho teve por finalidade a análise histoquímica foliar de dois genótipos de amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L., do tipo botânico Valência: SO-53 ('Tatu' e SO-909 (PI-259747, cuja literatura demonstra apresentarem respostas diferentes de resistência às principais moléstias fúngicas foliares do Brasil. Seções transversais das seguintes estruturas - pulvino, haste peciolar, raque, pulvínulo e folíolo - e seções paradérmicas de folíolos coletados em dois anos agrícolas consecutivos, foram analisadas quanto à presença de alcalóides, amido, calose, celulose pura, celulose com pectina, cera, cristais, cutina, lignina, mucilagem, óleo, resina, tanino e ureídeos (micrograma por folíolo (grama. As diferenças qualitativas histoquímicas observadas nos diversos tecidos, como a freqüência de tanino, alcalóide, pectina e óleo, supostamente, podem ser responsáveis pela resistência ou suscetibilidade dos genótipos às moléstias fúngicas foliares. Para fins de caracterização, mostrou-se eficiente a avaliação de pureza de celulose.Leaf histochemical analyses were made in two genotypes of Arachis hypogaea L., of the Valencia group, which present different responses to some of the peanut foliar diseases. The analyses were performed on cross sections of the pulvini, petiole, rachis, pulvinulus and leaflets. The following constituents were observed: alkaloids, callose, cellulose with pectin, cristal, cutin, lignin, mucilage, oil, pure cellulose, resin, starch, tannin, wax and weight of ureides by leaflets. Some histochemical characteristics such the amount of tannin, alkaloids, pectin and oil can be produce different responses of peanut to foliar fungal diseases, and can be used in the characterization of peanut genotypes like the amount of pure cellulose and cellulose with pectin.

Caracterización de acelga fresca de Santiago del Estero (Argentina. Comparación del contenido de nutrientes en hoja y tallo. Evaluación de los carotenoides presentes Characterization of fresh Beta vulgaris from Santiago del Estero (Argentina. Nutrient and caroteniod content of stem and leaves

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Sara Macías de Costa

2003-04-01

Full Text Available Se realizaron estudios de caracterización integral de acelga (Beta vulgaris, var. cycla cultivada en la Provincia de Santiago del Estero, Argentina. Por tratarse de un vegetal de importante consumo regional, se realizó la determinación de sus constituyentes básicos, minerales y pigmentos para conocer los valores nutricionales que aporta este alimento en nuestra región. Se analizaron comparando hoja y tallo: humedad, cenizas, proteínas, grasas, hidratos de carbono utilizables, fibra dietaria total, contenido de clorofila y carotenoides. En cuanto a minerales, se determinaron calcio, magnesio, sodio, potasio, manganeso, zinc, hierro, fósforo y boro. Se encontraron diferencias en los aportes de minerales, proteínas, grasas y fibra entre hoja y tallo, así como también el contenido de carotenoides exclusivamente en las hojas. Los resultados marcan importantes diferencias en el contenido energético y en su valor provitamínico A entre la hoja y el tallo de este vegetal, mostrando que este último es una parte aprovechable de la planta, recomendable en dietas hipocalóricas.An integrated characterization study of Swiss chard grown in Santiago del Estero, Argentina, was carried out. As Swiss chard is a vegetable of important regional consumption, the determination of its basic constituents, minerals and pigments was done to appraise the nutritional value offered by this food in our area. Moisture, ash content, proteins, fats, available carbohydrates, total dietary fiber, chlorophylls and carotenoids were analysed, comparing the leaves and the stems. As to minerals, calcium, magnesium, sodium, manganese, zinc, iron, phosphorous, potassium, and boron were determined. Differences in the concentration of minerals, proteins, fats and fiber between the leaves and the stems were found, as well as the carotenoid content mainly in the leaves. These findings revealed important differences in energy content and provitamin A value, showing that the stem

Evaluación del Fertilizante Orgánico Líquido de Lombriz San Rafael en el Cultivo de Rosa cv. Classy Evaluation of the Worm Organic Liquid Fertilizer San Rafael on cv. Classy Rose Crop

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Fernando Ramírez Castañeda

2011-12-01

Full Text Available La aplicación de fertilizantes es una de las principales actividades técnicas que se realizan en el cultivo de rosas, práctica que puede llegar a causar un impacto ambiental importante. El uso de fertilizantes orgánicos en este cultivo ha sido mínimo. Fertilizantes orgánicos como los vermicompuestos aportan elementos, algunos en formas más disponibles, como también mejoran las características físicas de los suelos. El objetivo fue evaluar la adición del fertilizante orgánico líquido de lombriz San Rafael a la fertilización comercial completa y la reducción de un 25% de su composición por cama, midiendo su efecto semanalmente sobre la productividad y la calidad de los tallos florales, el descabece de flor y en análisis foliares en plantas de rosa cv. Classy. Los resultados indican que para los análisis foliares y los diferentes grados de calidad (longitud de tallo y de botón floral no existió evidencia de diferencias estadísticas entre tratamientos. Se encontró diferencia significativa en productividad, siendo mayor el promedio de las plantas tratadas con la fórmula de fertilización completa más el fertilizante orgánico. Para el descabece de la flor se encontró que el tratamiento donde se aplicó la fórmula de fertilización reducida más el fertilizante orgánico, fue significativamente menor en comparación con los otros dos tratamientos.Fertilizer application is one of the main technical activities made in rose crop, but it may cause an important environmental impact. The use of organic fertilizers has been low in this crop. An organic fertilizer as vermicompost contributes with some elements in better available forms, and improves some soil physical characteristics. The purpose was to evaluate the addition of worm liquid organic fertilizer San Rafael to complete commercial fertilization and to decrease 25% of its composition per bed, measuring weekly its effect on yield, degrees of quality flowering stems

Concentração foliar de nutrientes em cultivares de Coffea arabica L. sob espaçamentos adensados Foliar nutrient contents in cultivars of Coffea arabica L. at condensed spacings

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Humberto Silva Augusto

2007-08-01

Full Text Available Os plantios adensados de café proporcionam melhor reciclagem de nutrientes e conseqüentemente reduzem a perda de nutrientes do solo por erosão, lixiviação e oxidação da matéria orgânica. Avaliaram-se as influências de diferentes espaçamentos na concentração de macro e micronutrientes em folhas de cafeeiro das cultivares IAC 44, IAC 99, MG 1192, Katipó, MG 6851 e UFV 3880. Ao início do experimento o solo foi arado para incorporação do calcário. As mudas foram plantadas em covas de 0,30 x 0,30 x 0,40 m, espaçadas entre si em 0,75 m na fileira. Na adubação de plantio aplicou-se 200 g de Fosfato Natural de Araxá, 50 g de Superfosfato Simples por cova, e 15 dias após o plantio 2L/cova de esterco em cobertura. As demais adubações foram realizadas segundo o recomendado para a cultura do café. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados num esquema fatorial 6 x 4 (seis cultivares x quatro espaçamentos, com seis repetições. As parcelas foram compostas por quatro fileiras de 4,50 m de comprimento, espaçadas entre fileiras em 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 e 2,5 m. Amostras de folhas foram retiradas aos 21 e 34 meses para avaliação dos teores foliares de macro e micronutrientes. O adensamento não influenciou na concentração de nutrientes nas folhas aos 21 meses após o plantio, mas influenciou as concentrações foliares de P, K e Mg aos 34 meses após o plantio.Coffee-tree condensed plantings provide reduction in the loss of the soil nutrients by erosion, lixiviation and oxidation of the organic matter, and even increase nutrient recycling. This experiment aimed evaluates the influence of different spacing among rows on the nutrient foliar contents of coffee-tree varieties, and was performed in randomized blocks with 24 treatments and six replications. The employed varieties IAC 44, IAC 99, MG 1192, Katipó, MG 6851 and UFV 3880 were planted with a spacing of 0,75 m among plants and 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 and 2,5m among rows. Each plot was composed

Evaluation of soil and foliar fertilization on wheat yield and quality

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ndiema, A.C.; Maina, M.P.D.; Kamundia, W.J.

2001-01-01

Traditionally wheat farmers in Kenya apply basal compound fertilizer like diammonium phosphate (DAP), Triple super phosphate (TSP). Plants require a considerable number of different elements for optimal growth. One way of supplying these micronutrients is through foliar fertilization. However there was an increase of 71.7% for 40kg N/ha plus bayfolan in Njoro over the control, 61.8% for bayfolan alone a foliar fertilizer, which contain a wide range of plant nutrients. In Molo the control out-yielded all the treatments indicating that planting the crop with DAP is sufficient. Foliar fertilizer was applied directly to the plant leaves to enhance crop yield due to their rapid absorption. The potential of improving yields comes as a result of increase in number of seeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of foliar fertilizer on wheat yield when used alone or in combination with soil-applied fertilizers. Byfolan is a fast acting fertilizer with nutrients rapidly becoming available to the plant. The composition of Bayfolan includes N (11%), P (8%), K (6%), Fe (0.019%), Mn (0.016%). Zn (0.0061% ), Co (0.00035%), Mo (0.00009%), sodium, sulphur, vitamin B 1 and growth hormones. The design was RCBD with nine (9) treatments and three (3) replications. The treatments included control, 20kg N/ha, 40kg N/ha, 80kg N/ha, Bayfolan foliar, 20kg N/ha + Baylon a foliar, 40kg N/ha + Bayfolan foliar, 20kg N/ha urea in solution form, 20kg N/ha urea in solution form + Bayfolan foliar. DAP was applied at the rate of 130kg/ha, as a blanket treatment at planting timeto provide N and P for initial growth. Significant difference in spike density and kernel weight at 5% level was observed at farms in Njoro but not at farms in Molo. (author)

Fibra de coco e adubação foliar no crescimento e na nutrição de Cryptanthus sinuosus Coconut fiber and foliar fertilization on the growth and nutrition of Cryptanthus sinuosus

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Janie M Jasmim

2006-09-01

Full Text Available Plantas de Cryptanthus sinuosus foram cultivadas em três substratos (mesocarpo de coco - MC; mesocarpo de coco lavado - MCL e xaxim-X, visando comparar o efeito da fibra de coco verde, como substrato, àquele da fibra de xaxim sobre o crescimento e teores de nutrientes das plantas, sob três níveis de adubação foliar: 50, 100 e 150% de solução contendo 210 mg L-1 de N, 31 mg L-1 de P e 234 mg L-1 de K. O experimento constou de um fatorial em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e três plantas por parcela, uma planta por vaso e conduzido em casa de vegetação. O número de folhas, diâmetro da roseta, massa da matéria seca (MS de folhas e raízes e teores de nutrientes foram avaliados. As plantas cultivadas em X apresentaram valores de MS de folhas e de raízes mais altos que aquelas em MC, mas não diferiram estatisticamente daqueles observados nas plantas em MCL. As plantas cultivadas em MC e MCL apresentaram características semelhantes indicando que a alta condutividade elétrica encontrada no substrato MC não prejudicou o acúmulo de matéria seca. As plantas cultivadas em MC e MCL apresentaram menores teores foliares de N, P, S que as cultivadas em X, porém com coloração e arquitetura foliares mais atrativas. Os diferentes níveis de adubação utilizados não tiveram efeito diferenciado sobre as características de crescimento, nem sobre os teores de nutrientes nas plantas.Cryptanthus sinuosus plants were grown in three substrates (coconut mesocarp - MC, rinsed coconut mesocarp - MCL and tree fern fiber-X aiming to compare the effect of green coconut fiber as substrate with tree fern fiber on the plant growth and nutrient contents, under three foliar fertilization levels (50, 100 and 150% of a solution containing 210 mg L-1 of N, 31 mg L-1 of P and 234 mg L-1 of K. The experimental design was a factorial scheme of randomized blocks with four replications and three plants per plot, one plant per pot, and was

Densidades de siembra de dos variedades comerciales de crisantemo, Chrysantemum morifolium Ramat en Piendamo (Cauca

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Posada D. Adolfo

1986-09-01

Full Text Available The behavior and agricultural characteristics of two kinds of Chrysanthemum (White Marble and Yellow Polaris were evaluated in terms of yield and quality of the product. Two different kinds of planting systems were applied (single stem and pinched stem. The experimental design in randomized whole blocks for each variety and system including four density treatments (80, 90, 110 and 115 sterns per 1.05 m2 was repeated six times. The experimental unit was of 2.10 m2; 1.26 m2 were harvested. A strong discrepancy between the quantity and quality of the product was observed. The highest yields were obtained with densities of 110 and 115 stems per 1.05 m2. However, the experimental units dis not always met both requirements of a diameter greater than seven cm and three or more marketable flowers per stem. If maximizing production of acceptable bunches is taken as a decision variable, a density of 90 sterns per 1.05 m2 with a 3/3/2/2/2/3/3 arrangement with pinched stern for Yellow Polar is seems a better alternative. As for White Marble, it would be better to have 80 stems per 1.05 m2 with a 3/2/2/2/2/2/3 arrangement in the single stem, but the probability of acceptance is only 0.666. In addition, White Marble showed more susceptibility to dwarfism.Se evaluó el comportamiento y características agronómicas asociadas con el rendimiento y la calidad del producto en las variedades White Marble y Yellow Polaris, en los sistemas de tallo único y tallo despuntado. El diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar para cada variedad y sistema incluía cuatro tratamientos de densidad (80, 90, 110 Y 115 tallos por 1.05 m2, con seis repeticiones. La unidad experimental fue de 2.10 m2, cosechando 1. 26m2(1.05 x 1.20. Se observó marcado antagonismo entre la cantidad y la calidad del producto comercial. Los mayores rendimientos se obtuvieron con densidades de 110 y 115 tallos por 1.05 m2, pero no siempre la producción cumplía con los requisitos de di

Self-cleaning Foliar Surfaces Characterization using RIMAPS Technique and Variogram Method

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rosi, Pablo E.

2002-01-01

Along the last ten years many important studies about characterization of self-cleaning foliar surfaces have been done and focused new interest on this kind of surfaces.These studies were possible due to the development of a novel preparation technique for this biological material that let us observe the delicate structures of a foliar surface under scanning electron microscope (S.E.M.).This technique consists of replacing the natural water of the specimen by glycerol. Digital S.E.M. images from both self-cleaning and non-self-cleaning foliar surfaces were obtained and analyzed using RIMAPS technique and Variograms method. Our results revealed the existence of a common and exclusive geometrical pattern that is found in species which present self-cleaning foliar surfaces.This pattern combines at least nine different directions.The results from the Variograms method showed that the stomata play a key role in the determination of foliar surface roughness. In addition, spectra from RIMAPS technique constitute a fingerprint of a foliar surface so they can be used to find evolutionary relationships among species.Further studies will provide more detailed information to fully elucidate the self-cleaning pattern, so it might be possible to reproduce it on an artificial surface and make it self-cleaning

Aplicação foliar de tratamentos para o controle do míldio e da podridão-de-escamas de bulbos de cebola Foliar spray of treatments in the control of downy mildew and bulb rot in onion

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João Américo Wordell Filho

2007-12-01

Full Text Available Em experimento de campo, avaliou-se o efeito da aplicação foliar de tratamentos para o controle do míldio (Peronospora destructor e da podridão de bulbos (Burkholderia cepacia de cebola: testemunha, clorotalonil/metalaxyl + clorotalonil, fosfito de potássio, fertilizante foliar (03-00-16, N-P-K, calda bordalesa, calda bordalesa/fosfito de potássio, acibenzolar-S-methyl, pulverizados semanalmente; extrato de alga (Ulva fasciata e ulvana, aplicados a cada 7, 14 e 21 dias. Somente a pulverização semanal com fungicidas sintéticos ou com o fertilizante (03-00-16; 400 mL de p.c./100 L foi capaz de reduzir significativamente a severidade do míldio, em 60 ou 23%, respectivamente, em relação à testemunha não pulverizada, sem aumentar o rendimento de bulbos. O tratamento com fertilizantes ricos em potássio resultou em maior incidência da podridão de bulbos armazenados por cinco meses. O conteúdo de açúcares solúveis e incidência da podridão de bulbos de cebola foram correlacionados significativamente (-0,629, p A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of foliar sprays with the following treatments on the downy mildew (Peronospora destructor and bulb rot (Burkholderia cepacia in onions: non-treated control, fungicide chlorotalonil/metalaxyl + chlorotalonil, potassium phosphite, foliar fertilizer (03-00-16, N-P-K, bordeaux mixture, bordeaux mixture/potassium phosphite, acibenzolar-S-methyl weekly applied; extract of alga Ulva fasciata and ulvan sprayed every 7, 14 and 21 days. Only the weekly spraying of fungicides and fertilizer (03-00-16, 400 mL/100 L significantly reduced the mildew severity by 60 and 23%, respectively, but did not increase the bulb yield. The foliar application of potassium rich fertilizers resulted in a higher incidence of rotten bulbs after 5 months in storage. Soluble sugar content and rot incidence of onion bulbs were significantly correlated (-0,629, p < 0,05.

Moscas minadoras del girasol y sus enemigos naturales

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VALLADARES, G

2011-08-01

Full Text Available Las “moscas minadoras” se caracterizan por excavar túneles (“minas” en el interior de las hojas, consumiendo el mesófilo y dejando intacta la epidermis foliar o, al menos, su pared externa. Hay especies cuyas larvas, en lugar de realizar estas galerías en las hojas, viven y se alimentan en el interior de otros tejidos vegetales,barrenando tallos, semillas, frutos, etc. Por consiguiente, y desde el punto de vista del posible control biológico de estos organismos perjudiciales, resulta de sumo interés el hecho de poder identificar las distintas especies a través del daño que efectúan a la planta hospedera. En consecuencia, se brinda una clave práctica para el reconocimiento de las especies asociadas al cultivo de girasol, a partir de la observación del daño y también una síntesis de la información disponible sobre cada una de ellas. Por último, y teniendo en cuenta que los enemigos naturales (particularmente los parasitoides, ejercen un efecto importante sobre las poblacionesde las moscas minadoras, se presenta información sobre los organismos benéficos asociados a agromícidos del girasol, como posibles agentes de regulación.

Molecular mechanisms of foliar water uptake in a desert tree.

Science.gov (United States)

Yan, Xia; Zhou, Maoxian; Dong, Xicun; Zou, Songbing; Xiao, Honglang; Ma, Xiao-Fei

2015-11-12

Water deficits severely affect growth, particularly for the plants in arid and semiarid regions of the world. In addition to precipitation, other subsidiary water, such as dew, fog, clouds and small rain showers, may also be absorbed by leaves in a process known as foliar water uptake. With the severe scarcity of water in desert regions, this process is increasingly becoming a necessity. Studies have reported on physical and physiological processes of foliar water uptake. However, the molecular mechanisms remain less understood. As major channels for water regulation and transport, aquaporins (AQPs) are involved in this process. However, due to the regulatory complexity and functional diversity of AQPs, their molecular mechanism for foliar water uptake remains unclear. In this study, Tamarix ramosissima, a tree species widely distributed in desert regions, was investigated for gene expression patterns of AQPs and for sap flow velocity. Our results suggest that the foliar water uptake of T. ramosissima occurs in natural fields at night when the humidity is over a threshold of 85 %. The diurnal gene expression pattern of AQPs suggests that most AQP gene expressions display a circadian rhythm, and this could affect both photosynthesis and transpiration. At night, the PIP2-1 gene is also upregulated with increased relative air humidity. This gene expression pattern may allow desert plants to regulate foliar water uptake to adapt to extreme drought. This study suggests a molecular basis of foliar water uptake in desert plants. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company.

Estimating foliar biochemistry from hyperspectral data in mixed forest canopy

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Huber Gharib, Silvia; Kneubühler, Mathias; Psomas, Achilleas

2008-01-01

data to estimate the foliar concentration of nitrogen, carbon and water in three mixed forest canopies in Switzerland. With multiple linear regression models, continuum-removed and normalized HyMap spectra were related to foliar biochemistry on an individual tree level. The six spectral wavebands used...

Organismic-Scale Remote Sensing of Canopy Foliar Traits in Lowland Tropical Forests

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K. Dana Chadwick

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Airborne high fidelity imaging spectroscopy (HiFIS holds great promise for bridging the gap between field studies of functional diversity, which are spatially limited, and satellite detection of ecosystem properties, which lacks resolution to understand within landscape dynamics. We use Carnegie Airborne Observatory HiFIS data combined with field collected foliar trait data to develop quantitative prediction models of foliar traits at the tree-crown level across over 1000 ha of humid tropical forest. We predicted foliar leaf mass per area (LMA as well as foliar concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and potassium for canopy emergent trees (R2: 0.45–0.67, relative RMSE: 11%–14%. Correlations between remotely sensed model coefficients for these foliar traits are similar to those found in laboratory studies, suggesting that the detection of these mineral nutrients is possible through their biochemical stoichiometry. Maps derived from HiFIS provide quantitative foliar trait information across a tropical forest landscape at fine spatial resolution, and along environmental gradients. Multi-nutrient maps implemented at the fine organismic scale will subsequently provide new insight to the functional biogeography and biological diversity of tropical forest ecosystems.

Caracterizacion de nueve genotipos de maiz (Zea mays L. en relacion a area foliar y coeficiente de extincion de luz Caracterização de nove genótipos de milho (Zea mays L. en relação à área foliar e coeficiente de extinção de luz Evaluation of nine corn (Zea mays L. genotypes in relation to leaf area and light extinction coefficient

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R.G. Camacho

1995-08-01

Full Text Available Se caracterizaron nueve materiales genéticos de maíz (Arichuna, Baraure, Braquítico, Experimental-2, Foremaíz PB, FM-6, Obregón, Proscca-71 y Tocorón, en relación con área promedio de hoja por planta, área foliar total por planta (AFT, índice de área foliar (IAF, y coeficiente de extinción de luz (K a 0,50 m, 1,00 m, 1,50 m, 2,00 m y 2,50 m de altura de la planta (medidos a partir del suelo. Además, estudios de correlación y regresión simple fueron hechos entre rendimiento (R y IAF. Se encontraron rangos de variación para las diversas variables: Area promedio de hoja por planta(471cm² para Foremaiz PB y 606 cm² para Baraure; AFT ( 5 327cm² en Foremaiz PB y 8 411 cm² para Braquítico; IAF (4,26, Foremaiz PB y 6,67, Braquítico; K (0,23 para Braquítico y 0,42, Arichuna; rendimiento (2 877 kg.ha-1, Braquítico y 4 784 kg.ha-1 en Tocorón. La relación entre rendimiento y IAF no fue significativa(r = 0,07. La asociación de IAF y K file muy bien descrita por la ley de Beer.Foram caracterizados nove materiais genéticos de milho (Arichuna, Baraure, Braquítico, Experimental-2, Foremaíz PB, FM-6, Obregón, Proseca-71 y Tocorón com relação a área foliar média de folhas por planta(AF, área foliar total por planta (AFT, índice de área foliar (IAF e coeficiente de extinção de luz (K a 0,50m, 1,00m, 1,50m, 2,00m e 2,50m de altura (a partir do solo. Foram encontrados os seguintes intervalos de variação para as diversas variáveis: área média de folhas por planta (471 cm² para Foremaíz PB e 606 cm² Baraure; área foliar total por planta: 5 327 cm² (Foremaiz PB e 8 411 cm² (Braquítico, índice de área foliar: 4,26 (Foremaiz PB e 6,67 (Braquítico; coeficiente de extinção de luz: 0,23 (Braquítico e 0,42 (Arichuna; rendimento: 2 877 kg.ha-1 (Braquítico e 4 784 kg.ha-1 (Tocorón. Não foi encontrada relação entre o rendimento e o IAF (r = 0,07, e a associação do IAF e K foi muito bem explicada pela lei de Beer

Foliar uptake of cesium from the water column by aquatic macrophytes

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pinder, J.E. [Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29801 (United States); Hinton, T.G. [Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29801 (United States)]. E-mail: thinton@srel.edu; Whicker, F.W. [Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1618 (United States)

2006-07-01

The probable occurrence and rate of foliar absorption of stable cesium ({sup 133}Cs) from the water column by aquatic macrophyte species was analyzed following the addition of {sup 133}Cs into a small reservoir near Aiken, South Carolina, USA. An uptake parameter u (10{sup 3} L kg{sup -1} d{sup -1}) and a loss rate parameter k (d{sup -1}) were estimated for each species using time series of {sup 133}Cs concentrations in the water and plant tissues. Foliar uptake, as indicated by rapid increases in plant concentrations following the {sup 133}Cs addition, occurred in two floating-leaf species, Brasenia schreberi and Nymphaea odorata, and two submerged species, Myriophyllum spicatum and Utricularia inflata. These species had values of u {>=} 0.75 x 10{sup 3} L kg{sup -1} d{sup -1}. Less evidence for foliar uptake was observed in three emergent species, including Typha latifolia. Ratios of u to k for B. schreberi, M. spicatum, N. odorata and U. inflata can be used to estimate concentration ratios (CR) at equilibrium, and these estimates were generally within a factor of 2 of the CR for {sup 137}Cs for these species in the same reservoir. This correspondence suggests that foliar uptake of Cs was the principal absorption mechanism for these species. Assessments of: (1) the prevalence of foliar uptake of potassium, rubidium and Cs isotopes by aquatic macrophytes and (2) the possible importance of foliar uptake of Cs in other lentic systems are made from a review of foliar uptake studies and estimation of comparable u and k values from lake studies involving Cs releases.

Potencial de regeneración de Psychotria ipecacuanha (Rubiaceae a partir de capas delgadas de células

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Catalina Botero Giraldo

2015-09-01

Full Text Available Conociendo las propiedades medicinales de la especie vegetal Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot. Stokes, su crítico estado de conservación, así como las dificultades que presenta para la propagación efectiva, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar su potencial de propagación por los sistemas de regeneración in vitro, organogénesis y embriogénesis somática. Para este propósito, capas delgadas de células (CDCs de tallos y de hojas, así como segmentos foliares fueron sometidos a diferentes tratamientos con reguladores de crecimiento y condiciones de luz. Además se estableció el efecto de diferentes longitudes de onda vía diodos emisores de luz (LEDs, sobre la regeneración en estos explantes y nudos provenientes de plantas in vitro. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que los segmentos de hoja y las CDCs de tallo sembrados en el medio de cultivo MS suplementado con las combinaciones de los reguladores de crecimiento IBA + BAP e IBA + TDZ formaron embriones somáticos y brotes. Los cortes histológicos realizados corroboraron estos dos tipos de origen. Se encontró que bajo la condición lumínica 16/8, se alcanzaron los mejores resultados de inducción de brotes y embriones. En cuanto al efecto de las diferentes longitudes de onda de luz, se encontró que las correspondientes al rojo, verde y blanca, favorecieron el crecimiento y desarrollo de brotes y la inducción de embriones somáticos. El desarrollo de los brotes a partir de los nudos no presentó diferencias estadísticas entre los tratamientos con LEDs, por lo que se recomienda el uso de la luz blanca continua y con fotoperiodo durante el proceso de multiplicación y desarrollo de estos.

Improvement of Soybean (Glycine max L. Yield with Urea Foliar Application at Growth Stages

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Mahmood Tohidi

2017-07-01

Full Text Available To investigate the effects of nitrogen foliar application at different growth stages of soybean on the yield and yield components this experiment was performed in Shush, north of Khuzestan, Iran, during growing season of 2014. The experiment was in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments consisted of four levels of nitrogen fertilizer foliar applications as control (no nitrogen foliar application, 25, 50 and 75 kg/ha pure nitrogen from urea source (46% pure nitrogen assigned to the main plots and spraying times in three levels, at vegetative stage, flowering stage and podding stage to the subplots. Results showed that the effects of nitrogen foliar application on traits measured in this experiment like leaf area index, number of pod per plant, number of seeds per pod, thousand seed weight, seed yield, biologic yield, harvest index, protein percent and protein yield and also interaction of different levels of nitrogen foliar application and different growth stages, were significant. Oil percent and yield were only significant under the effect of nitrogen foliar application treatments at different growth stages while the interaction of different levels of nitrogen foliar application and different growth stages, were not significant. In this experiment nitrogen foliar application increased seed yield. The highest seed yield amounted to 2466 kg/ha when 50kg/ha of foliar nitrogen applied at vegetative growth stage and lowest seed yield amounted to 1295 kg/ha in the control treatment at the stage of podding. In general, results demonstrated that 50 kg/ha treatment could be considered as the best management option of nitrogen foliar application for soybean at vegetative growth stage.

variability in foliar phenolic composition of several quercus species in northern mexico

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Salazar, J.A.A.; Antuna, E.M.; Abarca, N.A.; Alvarado, E.A.D.

2015-01-01

Quantitative and qualitative composition of the foliar phenolic compounds were investigated in 81 individual specimens of several white oak species (Quercus spp.). The trees were growing in twelve locations in Durango, Mexico. The phenol profiles were determined by HPLC-DAD and a Folin-Ciocateuprocedure. The results revealed that: (i) the foliar phenol profiles of all species analysed were complex and formed by 6 to 30 compounds, (ii) the flavonols mostly quercetin glycoside, isorhamnetin glycoside, kaempferol glycoside and phenolic acids were the main identified compounds, (iii) there was a high intra and inter-specific variability in the foliar phenol profiles both at the quantitative and qualitative levels, and (iv) the foliar phenol profiles indicated a slight species-specific tendency for phenols to be accumulated, although this was not clearly distinguished. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in the content and composition of the foliar flavonoids between species were observed due to the large environmental and soil conditions variability between localities. (author)

Caracterización de la resistencia a la antracnosis causada por Glomerella cingulata y productividad de cinco genotipos de mora (Rubus glaucus Benth.

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Juan Manuel López-Vásquez

2013-04-01

Full Text Available En la vereda Betania, municipio de Guática, Risaralda (Colombia a 2160 m.s.n.m., se evaluaron cinco materiales promisorios de mora (Rubus glaucus Benth. por su resistencia a la antracnosis (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides y por su alta productividad, los cuales fueron previamente seleccionados por el grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología de la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira. Diez meses después del establecimiento las plantas fueron inoculadas con diferentes cepas del hongo a una concentración de 1.2 x 10(6 conidios/ml de agua. Las variables evaluadas fueron incidencia (presencia o ausencia de lesiones en tallo, severidad (según escala de 1 a 9 y rendimiento (kg/planta. Los genotipos se clasificaron en tres grupos según su resistencia al patógeno y por su rendimiento: el primero, lo conformaron UTP-8 y UTP-7, los cuales produjeron 21 y 17.6 t/ha, respectivamente; el segundo grupo estuvo formado por el genotipo UTP-1 el cual produjo 14.3 t/ha, y el tercero por UTP-2 y UTP-4 con 9.8 y 7.9 t/ha, respectivamente.

Foliar pH as a new plant trati: van it explain variation in foliar chemistry and carbon cycling processes among subarctiv plant species and types?

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Cornelissen, J.H.C.; Quested, H.M.; van Logtestijn, R.S.P; Perez-Harguindeguy, N.; Gwynn-Jones, D.; Diaz, S.; Callaghan, T.V.; Press, M.C.; Aerts, R.

2006-01-01

Plant traits have become popular as predictors of interspecific variation in important ecosystem properties and processes. Here we introduce foliar pH as a possible new plant trait, and tested whether (1) green leaf pH or leaf litter pH correlates with biochemical and structural foliar traits that

Foliar water uptake of Tamarix ramosissima from an atmosphere of high humidity.

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Li, Shuang; Xiao, Hong-lang; Zhao, Liang; Zhou, Mao-Xian; Wang, Fang

2014-01-01

Many species have been found to be capable of foliar water uptake, but little research has focused on this in desert plants. Tamarix ramosissima was investigated to determine whether its leaves can directly absorb water from high humidity atmosphere and, if they can, to understand the magnitude and importance of foliar water uptake. Various techniques were adopted to demonstrate foliar water uptake under submergence or high atmospheric humidity. The mean increase in leaf water content after submergence was 29.38% and 20.93% for mature and tender leaves, respectively. In the chamber experiment, obvious reverse sap flow occurred when relative humidity (RH) was persistently above 90%. Reverse flow was recorded first in twigs, then in branches and stems. For the stem, the percentage of negative sap flow rate accounting for the maximum value of sap flow reached 10.71%, and its amount accounted for 7.54% of diurnal sap flow. Small rainfall can not only compensate water loss of plant by foliar uptake, but also suppress transpiration. Foliar uptake can appear in the daytime under certain rainfall events. High atmospheric humidity is beneficial for enhancing the water status of plants. Foliar uptake should be an important strategy of water acquisition for desert plants.

Foliar Water Uptake of Tamarix ramosissima from an Atmosphere of High Humidity

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Shuang Li

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Many species have been found to be capable of foliar water uptake, but little research has focused on this in desert plants. Tamarix ramosissima was investigated to determine whether its leaves can directly absorb water from high humidity atmosphere and, if they can, to understand the magnitude and importance of foliar water uptake. Various techniques were adopted to demonstrate foliar water uptake under submergence or high atmospheric humidity. The mean increase in leaf water content after submergence was 29.38% and 20.93% for mature and tender leaves, respectively. In the chamber experiment, obvious reverse sap flow occurred when relative humidity (RH was persistently above 90%. Reverse flow was recorded first in twigs, then in branches and stems. For the stem, the percentage of negative sap flow rate accounting for the maximum value of sap flow reached 10.71%, and its amount accounted for 7.54% of diurnal sap flow. Small rainfall can not only compensate water loss of plant by foliar uptake, but also suppress transpiration. Foliar uptake can appear in the daytime under certain rainfall events. High atmospheric humidity is beneficial for enhancing the water status of plants. Foliar uptake should be an important strategy of water acquisition for desert plants.

Arquitectura foliar de las especies de Myrtaceae nativas de la Argentina I: Grupos "Myrcia", "Myrceugenia" y "Plinia" Foliar architecture of native species of Myrtaceae from Argentina I: Groups "Myrcia","Myrceugenia" and "Plinia"

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Cynthia C. González

2011-06-01

Full Text Available Se estudiaron 19 especies nativas de la flora Argentina con el fin de encontrar patrones en la arquitectura foliar que permitan diferenciar las especies de los grupos (subtribus informales "Plinia", "Myrcia" y "Myrceugenia" (sensu Lucas et al. 2007, (Tribu Myrteae, Myrtaceae. Las hojas de los grupos estudiados en este trabajo se caracterizan por ser simples, de ápice y base variables, de textura membranácea a coriácea y de margen entero. Su arquitectura foliar está caracterizada por presentar una venación de primera categoría pinnada, simple y recta, carecen de venas agróficas, la venación de segunda categoría es camptódroma-broquidódroma con una vena paramarginal, y dos, una o ninguna vena intramarginal. Las venas de tercera y cuarta categoría son reticuladas al azar o ramificadas; las aréolas varían entre no desarrolladas a desarrolladas completamente y, con vénulas ramificadas una, dos o más veces.Nineteen species of native flora were studied to find patterns of leaf architecture to differentiate the Argentinean species of the groups (informal subtribal "Plinia", "Myrcia" and "Myrceugenia" (sensu Lucas et al. 2007, (Tribe Myrteae, Family Myrtaceae. The leaves studied in this work are characterized by being simple, with apex and base variable, membranaceous to coriaceous in texture, and with entire margin. Its venation pattern is characterized by having the first vein category pinnate, simple, and straight, without agrophic veins; venation of secondary category with always brochidodromous-camptodromous veins, with one paramarginal vein, and may have two, one, or none intramarginal vein; the third and fourth vein category are random reticulate or branched, the areolae vary from undeveloped to fully developed and venules branching one, two, or more times.

Influência da época seca na qualidade do aporte foliar em floresta semidecidual

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Rafael Nogueira Scoriza

2014-09-01

Full Text Available A serrapilheira apresenta uma importante função na ciclagem de nutrientes florestais, sendo as folhas as principais transportadoras desses nutrientes. Como a dinâmica da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual é fortemente demarcada pelos fatores climáticos, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a influência temporal da temperatura e precipitação no aporte de carbono (C e nitrogênio (N foliares em fragmentos florestais. O estudo foi desenvolvido em cinco fragmentos florestais em Sorocaba, SP, onde foram demarcadas dez parcelas de 100m2, sendo instalados três coletores cônicos de 0,25m2 em cada. A coleta da serrapilheira foi feita de março a julho de 2008, onde o material foliar foi separado do restante da serrapilheira. Para a avaliação do teor de C e N foram sorteadas cinco amostras por mês, sendo estas moídas e analisadas. O teor e a quantidade de C e N apresentaram diferenças entre os meses. O carbono esteve diretamente relacionado com a quantidade de folhas aportadas enquanto que o nitrogênio esteve relacionado diretamente com a temperatura e a precipitação.

Ganglioglioma de tallo cerebral en mujer adolescente

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Alfonso Marhx-Bracho

2015-08-01

Full Text Available Niña de 12 años de edad con padecimiento de un mes de evolución caracterizado por cefalea, mareo, vómito y marcha atáxica. Días antes de su internamiento fue operada por presentar cuadro de abdomen agudo secundario a una apendicitis aguda. Después de recuperarse de esa cirugía la paciente tuvo somnolencia, bradipsiquia, bradilalia, diplopia y nistagmo, motivo por el cual acudió a nuestra institución.

Controls over foliar N:P ratios in tropical rain forests.

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Townsend, Alan R; Cleveland, Cory C; Asner, Gregory P; Bustamante, Mercedes M C

2007-01-01

Correlations between foliar nutrient concentrations and soil nutrient availability have been found in multiple ecosystems. These relationships have led to the use of foliar nutrients as an index of nutrient status and to the prediction of broadscale patterns in ecosystem processes. More recently, a growing interest in ecological stoichiometry has fueled multiple analyses of foliar nitrogen:phosphorus (N:P) ratios within and across ecosystems. These studies have observed that N:P values are generally elevated in tropical forests when compared to higher latitude ecosystems, adding weight to a common belief that tropical forests are generally N rich and P poor. However, while these broad generalizations may have merit, their simplicity masks the enormous environmental heterogeneity that exists within the tropics; such variation includes large ranges in soil fertility and climate, as well as the highest plant species diversity of any biome. Here we present original data on foliar N and P concentrations from 150 mature canopy tree species in Costa Rica and Brazil, and combine those data with a comprehensive new literature synthesis to explore the major sources of variation in foliar N:P values within the tropics. We found no relationship between N:P ratios and either latitude or mean annual precipitation within the tropics alone. There is, however, evidence of seasonal controls; in our Costa Rica sites, foliar N:P values differed by 25% between wet and dry seasons. The N:P ratios do vary with soil P availability and/or soil order, but there is substantial overlap across coarse divisions in soil type, and perhaps the most striking feature of the data set is variation at the species level. Taken as a whole, our results imply that the dominant influence on foliar N:P ratios in the tropics is species variability and that, unlike marine systems and perhaps many other terrestrial biomes, the N:P stoichiometry of tropical forests is not well constrained. Thus any use of N

Ozone air pollution and foliar injury development on native plants of Switzerland

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Novak, Kristopher; Skelly, John M.; Schaub, Marcus; Kraeuchi, Norbert; Hug, Christian; Landolt, Werner; Bleuler, Peter

2003-01-01

Visible ozone-induced foliar injury on native forest species of Switzerland was identified and confirmed under ambient OTC-conditions and related to the current European AOT40 standard. - The objectives of this study were to examine the foliar sensitivity to ozone exposure of 12 tree, shrub, and herbaceous species native to southern Switzerland and determine the seasonal cumulative ozone exposures required to induce visible foliar injury. The study was conducted from the beginning of May through the end of August during 2000 and 2001 using an open-top chamber research facility located within the Lattecaldo Cantonal Forest Nursery in Canton Ticino, southern Switzerland (600 m asl). Plants were examined daily and dates of initial foliar injury were recorded in order to determine the cumulative AOT40 ppb h ozone exposure required to cause visible foliar injury. Plant responses to ozone varied significantly among species; 11 species exhibited visible symptoms typical of exposures to ambient ozone. The symptomatic species (from most to least sensitive) were Populus nigra, Viburnum lantana, Salix alba, Crataegus monogyna, Viburnum opulus, Tilia platyphyllos, Cornus alba, Prunus avium, Fraxinus excelsior, Ribes alpinum, and Tilia cordata; Clematis spp. did not show foliar symptoms. Of the 11 symptomatic species, five showed initial injury below the critical level AOT40 10 ppmh O 3 in the 2001 season

Caracterización morfofisiológica de Jatropha curcas L. variedad Brasil cultivada en dos zonas de Colombia Morphophysiological characterization of Jatropha curcas L. variety Brazil in two areas of Colombia

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Erik Alexander Pedraza Sánchez

2010-01-01

Full Text Available La Jatrofa o piñón (Jatropha curcas L. es una planta oleaginosa que ha adquirido importancia en Colombia por su alta producción y calidad de aceite para biocombustibles, despertando el interés en la investigación de su fisiología y desempeño productivo. El estudio se realizó en dos zonas de producción (Vichada y Santander, Colombia y en él se midieron la altura de la planta, el número de tallos, el área foliar, el peso seco de la hoja, el área foliar específica, el peso foliar específico, el porcentaje y perfil de ácidos grasos del aceite. Se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar en el cual se consideraron dos zonas de producción, tres repeticiones y seis plantas por repetición. Las condiciones de las zonas de producción influyeron en el desarrollo vegetativo del cultivo; en ambas zonas, las hojas de los estratos inferiores de la planta presentaron mayor área. El área foliar específica y el peso foliar específico también variaron en las zonas de estudio. El contenido de aceite en la semilla no presentó variaciones y solamente el porcentaje de los ácidos grasos linoleico y oleico mostraron diferencias significativas entre las zonas.Piñón or Jatrofa (Jatropha curcas L. is an oleaginous plant that has gained importance in Colombia for their high production and quality of oil for biofuels, it has attracted interest by the investigation of its physiology and production performance. The study was conducted in two production areas (Vichada and Santander, determining plant height, stem number, leaf area, leaf dry weight, specific leaf area, specific leaf weight, percentage of oil extraction and solvent the fatty acid profile of oil by gas chromatography. A complete randomized blocks design, two production areas, three replications and six plants for replication was utilized. The conditions of the production areas influenced the development of the crop growing season, with the lower leaves of the plant showed

Aplicação foliar de cálcio em pessegueiro na Serra Gaúcha: avaliação do teor de nutrientes na folha, no fruto e produção Foliar application of calcium in peach in Serra Gaúcha: evaluation of content of nutrients in the leaf, fruit and yield

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Gustavo Brunetto

2008-06-01

Full Text Available Na região Sul do Brasil, as aplicações foliares de cálcio têm sido usadas durante o ciclo produtivo do pessegueiro. Entretanto se carece de conhecimentos sobre o teor de cálcio e de outros nutrientes na folha, usada para estimar o estado nutricional da planta, no fruto, utilizado como referência para definir a ocorrência de distúrbio fisiológico e na produção. O trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de pulverizações foliares de diferentes fontes de cálcio no seu teor e de outros nutrientes nas folhas, nos frutos e na produção. O trabalho compreendeu dois experimentos e foi conduzido na safra agrícola de 2003/2004, em um pomar comercial de pessegueiro da cultivar Chimarrita, em Pinto Bandeira-RS, sobre um Cambissolo Húmico. O experimento 1 consistiu de uma, duas e três pulverizações foliares de cloreto de cálcio nas concentrações de 0 (água; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0%. O experimento 2 compreendeu uma, duas e três pulverizações foliares de nitrato de cálcio nas concentrações de 0 (água; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0%. O delineamento experimental usado nos dois experimentos foi de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições e três plantas por parcela, que foram distribuídas ao longo da linha de plantio. Nas plantas dos dois experimentos, foram coletadas folhas completas (limbo+pecíolo do terço médio dos ramos do ano, nos diferentes lados da planta, secas, moídas e preparadas para a análise dos teores de cálcio, nitrogênio, potássio e magnésio. Na maturação completa, os frutos foram colhidos e determinados a massa, a produção e os teores de cálcio, nitrogênio, potássio e magnésio. Os resultados mostraram que as aplicações foliares de cloreto de cálcio e nitrato de cálcio durante o ciclo produtivo do pessegueiro aumentaram o teor de cálcio na folha. Porém, não afetaram o teor de nitrogênio, potássio e magnésio na folha, o teor de cálcio, nitrogênio, potássio e magnésio no fruto e na produção.Foliar application of

Environmental protection foliar fertilization in areas subject to limitation of fertilizers use

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gavriluta, I.; Alexandrescu, A; Budoi, G.; Bireescu, L.; Bireescu, G.

1999-01-01

Significant increases of plant productivity have been recorded in field experiments conducted between 1991 - 1994 using general purpose complex foliar fertilizers as well as aminoacid containing complex foliar fertilizers. These increases at the same time had positive environmental effects against chemical pollution, especially with nitrates. As a rule, the greater the degree of nutrient efficiency, especially of nitrate, the lower are the losses, which are subject to transfer to the environment. So in the light of environmental protection against chemical pollution using foliar fertilization is certainly beneficial for crops and for all other components of the agricultural environment giving rise to its significant improvement. Both, foliar and soil fertilization in areas with limitation of fertilizer use should be carried out under a continuous and strict analytical check of plant, soil and water. Refs. 14 (author)

Comparación de la calidad de semilla de caña de azúcar en el segundo corte según el método de saneamiento Assessment of first ratoon seedcane quality obtained through different methods

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Patricia A. Digonzelli

Full Text Available En Semilleros Registrados de caña azúcar de tres cultivares, provenientes de diferentes orígenes de saneamiento, se compararon los componentes de producción de caña semilla para la edad de soca 1 (segundo corte del semillero. La semilla estaba libre de RSD (Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli y escaldadura de la hoja (Xanthomonas albilineans. El diseño experimental fue completamente aleatorizado, con cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: dos orígenes de la semilla, micropropagada e hidrotermotratada (50ºC, 2 h, y tres variedades (LCP 85-384, CP 65-357 y CP 48-103. Cada parcela experimental constaba de cinco surcos de 3 m y se evaluó la caña de los tres surcos centrales. En la cosecha del semillero, se contaron todos los tallos por parcela y se midió su altura hasta hoja +1. En una muestra de 36 tallos por parcela se determinó el peso, el diámetro en la parte media y el número de yemas por tallo. A partir de los datos obtenidos, se calculó el número de yemas por surco de 100 metros de longitud y la producción de caña por parcela. La caña semilla micropropagada presentó mayor altura y peso por tallo y una mayor producción de caña que la semilla termotratada. En cuanto al número de tallos, diámetro y número de yemas por tallo y por surco, no hubo diferencias significativas relacionadas al origen de la semilla. La variedad afectó significativamente a todos los componentes de la producción de caña semilla, a excepción de la altura de tallos, que solo dependió del origen de la simiente.Seedcane production components were assessed in first ratoon (cane from second cut from Registered Nurseries obtained through micropropagation and hot water treatment (50ºC, 2 h of LCP 85-384, CP 65-357 and CP 48-103 cultivars. Micropropagated and hot-water-treated seedcane was free from ratoon stunting disease (RSD (Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli and leaf scald (Xanthomonas albilineans. A completely randomized factorial design (3x3x2

Redução de haste verde e retenção foliar na soja em razão de maior disponibilidade de nitrogênio pelo tratamento de sementes

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Fernando Fávero

2014-10-01

Full Text Available Problemas relacionados à retenção foliar e maturação desuniforme na cultura da soja têm sido relatados em várias regiões do país, inclusive no Estado do Paraná, desafiando pesquisadores brasileiros. Várias hipóteses já foram levantadas sobre o desequilíbrio nutricional das plantas e intensificação do problema, porém nenhuma com conclusão definitiva. Com o objetivo de avaliar como a disponibilidade de N via inoculação e uso de Co e Mo no tratamento de sementes, associado ao uso de fungicida e inseticida, pode minimizar a retenção foliar e haste verde, instalou-se um ensaio no campo da Estação Experimental da Copacol, em Cafelândia, PR. Oito combinações de produtos foram usadas no tratamento de sementes de soja, considerando a presença ou ausência de Co e Mo, inoculante e inseticida/fungicida. Avaliaram-se o teor de N foliar, a frequência de plantas anormais por ocasião da colheita, a porcentagem de vagens, com 0, 1, 2, 3 e 4 grãos formados, o peso de 1000 grãos, o teor de umidade, a impureza na colheita e o rendimento de grãos. O uso do Co e Mo e a inoculação de sementes promoveram aumento do teor de N foliar na soja e reduziram o número de plantas anormais, refletindo positivamente no rendimento e seus componentes. Os resultados evidenciaram efeito positivo da melhor nutrição das plantas de soja com relação ao N na redução de haste verde e reafirmaram a necessidade do uso do Co e Mo e da inoculação de sementes.

Aplicação foliar de fertilizantes organominerais em cultura de alface Foliar application of organic mineral fertilizer in lettuce

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José Magno Q Luz

2010-09-01

Full Text Available A aplicação de fertilizantes organominerais tem permitido respostas positivas em diversas olerícolas. No presente trabalho avaliou-se a produção de mudas e produção comercial de alface, cultivar Vera, em função da aplicação foliar de fertilizantes organominerais líquidos, de outubro de 2005 a janeiro de 2006. A etapa de produção de mudas foi realizada em viveiro especializado na produção de mudas de hortaliças em Uberlândia e a condução da fase de campo foi realizada em área da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Analisou-se altura e número de folhas, massa fresca da parte aérea e diâmetro de raízes das mudas, massas fresca da parte aérea e de raízes das plantas na fase de campo. Foram empregados os fertilizantes organominerais Aminoagro Raiz, Aminoagro Folha Top, Aminoagro Mol, Nobrico Star, Aminolom Foliar e Lombrico Mol 75. O primeiro experimento utilizando mudas foi instalado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 15 repetições. O segundo experimento instalado a campo, foi feito em blocos ao acaso com 4 repetições. O uso exclusivo dos produtos organominerais líquidos, via aplicação foliar foi superior à testemunha para a maioria das variáveis avaliadas nas fases de muda e campo na alface, cultivar Vera.Biofertilizer application provides positive responses of several vegetable crops. The effect of foliar application of liquid biofertilizers on seedling and on commercial production of lettuce cultivar Vera were evaluated from October 2005 to January 2006. Seedling production was carried out in a nursery specialized in the production of vegetable seedlings, in Uberlandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, and the crop growing was carried out at a field of the Universidade Federal de Uberlandia. Plant height, number of leaves, aboveground part fresh weight and root diameter were evaluated on seedlings and fresh weight of the aboveground part and roots were evaluated on plants in the field. Aminoagro Raiz

Contributing factors in foliar uptake of dissolved inorganic nitrogen at leaf level

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Wuyts, Karen, E-mail: karen.wuyts@uantwerpen.be [Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Research Group ENdEMIC, Dept. Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp (Belgium); Forest and Nature Lab (ForNaLab), Dept. Forest and Water Management, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, B-9090 Gontrode-Melle (Belgium); Adriaenssens, Sandy, E-mail: adriaenssens@irceline.be [Belgian Interregional Environment Agency (IRCEL-CELINE), Kunstlaan 10–11, B-1210 Brussels (Belgium); Staelens, Jeroen, E-mail: jeroen_staelens@yahoo.com [Flemish Environment Agency (VMM), Kronenburgstraat 45, B-2000 Antwerp (Belgium); Wuytack, Tatiana, E-mail: tatiana.wuytack@uantwerpen.be [Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Research Group ENdEMIC, Dept. Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp (Belgium); Van Wittenberghe, Shari, E-mail: shari.vanwittenberghe@uantwerpen.be [Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Research Group ENdEMIC, Dept. Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp (Belgium); Boeckx, Pascal, E-mail: pascal.boeckx@ugent.be [Isotope Bioscience Laboratory (ISOFYS), Dept. Applied Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent (Belgium); Samson, Roeland, E-mail: roeland.samson@uantwerpen.be [Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Research Group ENdEMIC, Dept. Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp (Belgium); Verheyen, Kris, E-mail: kris.verheyen@ugent.be [Forest and Nature Lab (ForNaLab), Dept. Forest and Water Management, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, B-9090 Gontrode-Melle (Belgium)

2015-02-01

We investigated the influence of leaf traits, rainwater chemistry, and pedospheric nitrogen (N) fertilisation on the aqueous uptake of inorganic N by physiologically active tree leaves. Leaves of juvenile silver birch and European beech trees, supplied with NH{sub 4}NO{sub 3} to the soil at rates from 0 to 200 kg N ha{sup −1} y{sup −1}, were individually exposed to 100 μl of artificial rainwater containing {sup 15}NH{sub 4}{sup +} or {sup 15}NO{sub 3}{sup −} at two concentration levels for one hour. In the next vegetative period, the experiment was repeated with NH{sub 4}{sup +} at the highest concentration only. The N form and the N concentration in the applied rainwater and, to a lesser extent, the pedospheric N treatment and the leaf traits affected the aqueous foliar N uptake. The foliar uptake of NH{sub 4}{sup +} by birch increased when leaves were more wettable. High leaf N concentration and leaf mass per area enhanced the foliar N uptake, and NO{sub 3}{sup −} uptake in particular, by birch. Variation in the foliar N uptake by the beech trees could not be explained by the leaf traits considered. In the first experiment, N fertilisation stimulated the foliar N uptake in both species, which was on average 1.42–1.78 times higher at the highest soil N dose than at the zero dose. However, data variability was high and the effect was not appreciable in the second experiment. Our data suggest that next to rainwater chemistry (N form and concentration) also forest N status could play a role in the partitioning of N entering the ecosystem through the soil and the canopy. Models of canopy uptake of aqueous N at the leaf level should take account of leaf traits such as wettability and N concentration. - Highlights: • Foliar uptake of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N) by potted trees was studied. • Leaves were individually exposed to rainwater drops containing {sup 15}NH{sub 4}{sup +} or {sup 15}NO{sub 3}{sup −}. • Foliar N uptake efficiency depended on

Foliar uptake of zinc by vascular plants. Radiometric study

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Maresova, J.; Remenarova, L.; Hornik, M.; Pipiska, M.; Augustin, J.; Lesny, J.

2012-01-01

The aim of this paper was to obtain quantitative data of foliar uptake kinetics and long distance transport of zinc in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and hop (Humulus lupulus L.) plants. Zinc was used as a model of microelement and toxic metal, tobacco and hop as a representatives of agriculturally important plants. A tip of leaf blade was immersed in the solution spiked with 65 ZnCl 2 and foliar uptake and translocation to other parts of the plant grown in nutrient solution was measured by gamma-spectrometry and autoradiography. We found that foliar zinc uptake by both plants is dependent on the initial metal concentration within the range C 0 = 10-100 μmol dm -3 ZnCl 2 . Zinc is immobilized mainly in immersed part of the contact leaf and only 0 = 0.1 mmol dm -3 ZnCl 2 concentrations >2.5 mg/g Zn and 4.8 mg/g Zn (dry wt.) in immersed part of tobacco and hop leaf plant, respectively were found after 5 days of exposure. Low mobility of zinc entering the plant via the leaf surface can be attributed to the immobilization of zinc into Zn-ligand complexes with high stability constants log K at pH 6.0-8.0, such as the reaction products of Zn 2+ ions with citric acid, histidine or phosphates. Zinc can be extracted from dried leaves by the solutions of inorganic salts, carboxylic acids, amino acids and synthetic complexing ligands such as EDTA. Anionic (SDS) and non-ionic (Tween 40) surfactants causes the decrease of the Zn foliar uptake, but not translocation of Zn from the contact leaf area. Obtained data are discussed from the point of view of possible limited efficiency of liquid formulations designed for practical applications as Zn foliar fertilizers. (author)

Leaf and sidedressing nitrogen application on wheat crop in savannaAplicação foliar e em cobertura de nitrogênio na cultura do trigo no cerrado

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Marcelo Andreotti

2011-08-01

nitrogênio em solução (0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5 e 10 %, três épocas de adubação (perfilhamento, florescimento pleno e no início da formação de grãos, perfilhamento e no início da formação dos grãos, com e sem cobertura nitrogenada aos 40 DAE, usando a uréia (40 kg ha-1 de N, sendo distribuídos em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Avaliou-se o teor de clorofila, teor de N foliar, número de espiguetas por espigas, número de grãos por espigas, massa de grãos por espigas, número de grãos por espigueta, massa hectolítrica, massa de 100 grãos e produtividade de grãos. A aplicação da adubação nitrogenada em cobertura, em ambos os anos, influenciou nas características produtivas da cultura do trigo. As épocas de adubação nitrogenada foliar somente influenciaram o teor de N foliar. As concentrações de nitrogênio foliar aumentaram linearmente o número de grãos por espiguetas, grãos por espiga, teor de clorofila, massa de grãos por espigas e a produtividade de grãos, e reduziram linearmente a massa hectolítrica, apenas no ano de 2007.

PERFORMANCE DE FERTILIZANTES FOLIARES E CORRELAÇÕES LINEARES EM COMPONENTES DO RENDIMENTO DA SOJA

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Vinícius Jardel Szareski

2017-01-01

Full Text Available O objetivo foi avaliar a resposta de diferentes fertilizantes foliares aplicados na cultura da soja e as associações lineares entre os componentes do rendimento de grãos, nas condições edafoclimáticas da Região do Alto Uruguai, RS. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Os tratamentos testados foram: T1: sem aplicação de bioestimulantes; T2: aplicação de NITAMIN®; T3: aplicação de BIOZIME®; T4: aplicação de Bioamino Extra®; T5: Aplicação de NIPHOKAN®, onde avaliou-se os componentes do rendimento de grãos da soja. A aplicação de micronutrientes e bioestimulantes via foliar não acarreta em aumento no rendimento de grãos da soja, para as condições edafoclimáticas da Região do Alto Uruguai. O rendimento de grãos apresenta correlação positiva com o número de ramificações, número de legumes nas ramificações, número total de legumes, número de grãos por planta e massa de mil grãos.

CURSO DIÁRIO E SAZONAL DO POTENCIAL HÍDRICO FOLIAR DE MOGNO EM SISTEMAAGROFLORESTAL1

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Ronaldo Ribeiro de Morais

2015-12-01

Full Text Available Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o curso diário e sazonal do potencial hídrico foliar de mogno (Swietenia macrophylla King (Meliaceae em sistema agroflorestal (SAF. O experimento foi realizado em árvores de S. macrophylla plantadas num sistema agroflorestal instalado no Campo Experimental da Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, Manaus, AM. Avaliou-se o potencial hídrico foliar (Ψf dos cursos diário e sazonal nos anos 2004 e 2005, por meio da utilização de bomba de pressão tipo Scholander. Os resultados indicaram que os valores do Ψf de S. macrophylla, de modo geral, foram superiores no início da manhã e no final da tarde, com redução acentuada ao meio-dia, e que, em relação à sazonalidade de precipitação, as menores taxas foram reportadas para a época menos chuvosa, variando de -26 bar em 2004 para -31bar em 2005. Verificou-se que o potencial hídrico de Swietenia macrophylla em sistema agroflorestal sofreu reduções significativas em razão dos baixos índices pluviométricos entre junho e outubro de 2005.

Organogênese de explante foliar de clones de Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla Organogenesis of the leaf explant of Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla clones

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Elisa Cristina Soares de Carvalho Alves

2004-05-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos dos reguladores de crescimento TDZ [1-fenil-3-(1,2,3-tia-diazol-5-iluréia], BAP (6-benzilaminopurina e ANA (ácido naftalenoacético no desempenho da propagação in vitro por organogênese de explante foliar de três clones híbridos de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla. Houve resposta diferenciada dos clones quanto a intensidade, textura e coloração dos calos, em razão dos tratamentos com os reguladores de crescimento. Os melhores resultados de calejamento dos três genótipos foram observados nos tratamentos com a combinação dos reguladores de crescimento TDZ (0,5 mg L-1 e ANA (0,1 mg L-1, obtendo-se 100% de calejamento no explante foliar. Os piores resultados de calejamento foram observados nos tratamentos com a combinação dos reguladores de crescimento BAP (0,1 mg L-1 e ANA (0,1 mg L-1. Em relação à regeneração, a melhor resposta foi obtida com 1,0 mg L-1 BAP em que 8% dos calos formados a partir de explantes foliares regeneraram gemas, com número médio destas formadas por calo igual a 4,2.The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of growth regulators TDZ [1-phenil-3-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl urea], BAP (6-benzilaminopurine e NAA (Naphthalene acetic acid on the in vitro propagation by organogenesis from foliar explants of Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla. Depending on the clone used, there were singular responses to growth regulators treatment regarding callusing intensity, texture and color. The best results of the three genotypes used were observed with the TDZ (0.5 mg L-1 and NAA (0.1 mg L-1 treatment, where 100% of the foliar explants presented callus. The worst results were observed with the BAP (0.1 mg L-1 and NAA (0.1 mg L-1 treatment. Subsequently, considering the regeneration process, the best response was achieved with 1.0 mg L-1 BAP, in which 8% of the calli regenerated buds, with an average of 4.2 buds per explant.

Vegetation Indices for Mapping Canopy Foliar Nitrogen in a Mixed Temperate Forest

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Zhihui Wang

2016-06-01

Full Text Available Hyperspectral remote sensing serves as an effective tool for estimating foliar nitrogen using a variety of techniques. Vegetation indices (VIs are a simple means of retrieving foliar nitrogen. Despite their popularity, few studies have been conducted to examine the utility of VIs for mapping canopy foliar nitrogen in a mixed forest context. In this study, we assessed the performance of 32 vegetation indices derived from HySpex airborne hyperspectral images for estimating canopy mass-based foliar nitrogen concentration (%N in the Bavarian Forest National Park. The partial least squares regression (PLSR was performed for comparison. These vegetation indices were classified into three categories that are mostly correlated to nitrogen, chlorophyll, and structural properties such as leaf area index (LAI. %N was destructively measured in 26 broadleaf, needle leaf, and mixed stand plots to represent the different species and canopy structure. The canopy foliar %N is defined as the plot-level mean foliar %N of all species weighted by species canopy foliar mass fraction. Our results showed that the variance of canopy foliar %N is mainly explained by functional type and species composition. The normalized difference nitrogen index (NDNI produced the most accurate estimation of %N (R2CV = 0.79, RMSECV = 0.26. A comparable estimation of %N was obtained by the chlorophyll index Boochs2 (R2CV = 0.76, RMSECV = 0.27. In addition, the mean NIR reflectance (800–850 nm, representing canopy structural properties, also achieved a good accuracy in %N estimation (R2CV = 0.73, RMSECV = 0.30. The PLSR model provided a less accurate estimation of %N (R2CV = 0.69, RMSECV = 0.32. We argue that the good performance of all three categories of vegetation indices in %N estimation can be attributed to the synergy among plant traits (i.e., canopy structure, leaf chemical and optical properties while these traits may converge across plant species for evolutionary reasons. Our

Foliar application of two silica sols reduced cadmium accumulation in rice grains

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Liu Chuanping; Li Fangbai; Luo Chunling; Liu Xinming; Wang Shihua; Liu Tongxu; Li Xiangdong

2009-01-01

In the present study, pot experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of foliar application of two silica (Si) sols on the alleviation of cadmium (Cd) toxicity in contaminated soil to rice. Results showed that the foliar application of Si sols significantly increased the dry weight of grains (without husk) and shoots in rice grown in Cd contaminated soil, whereas the Cd concentration in the grains and shoots decreased obviously. The total accumulation of Cd in rice grains also decreased with the application of both of the Si sols, but no significant effect was found on the Cd accumulation in the shoots. For the optimal effect, Si-sol-B should be foliar applied at the tillering-stage during rice growth. The mechanism of Si foliar application to alleviate the toxicity and accumulation of Cd in grains of rice may be related to the probable Cd sequestration in the shoot cell walls

Foliar and ecosystem respiration in an old-growth tropical rain forest

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Molly A. Cavaleri; Steven F. Oberbauer; Michael G. Ryan

2008-01-01

Foliar respiration is a major component of ecosystem respiration, yet extrapolations are often uncertain in tropical forests because of indirect estimates of leaf area index (LAI).A portable tower was used to directly measure LAI and night-time foliar respiration from 52 vertical transects throughout an old-growth tropical rain forest in Costa Rica. In this study, we (...

Concentração foliar de manganês e zinco em laranjeiras adubadas com óxidos e carbonatos via foliar Leaf concentrations of manganese and zinc in the orange fertilized via foliar application with oxides and carbonates

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Leandro José Grava de Godoy

2013-09-01

Full Text Available Dentre os micronutrientes, o Zn e o Mn limitam a produção dos citros, no Brasil. A aplicação foliar tem sido a forma tradicional de fornecimento, contudo, a eficiência desta adubação depende de uma série de fatores, entre eles o tipo de fertilizante. Foram realizados dois experimentos em pomar com laranjeiras Pêra, enxertadas em limão cravo, com sete anos de idade, em Botucatu, SP. No primeiro experimento foram avaliadas três fontes de Mn via foliar: carbonato de manganês A, carbonato de manganês B e sulfato manganoso, em duas doses para cada fertilizante, correspondente a 250 e 500 g ha-1 de Mn, mais o controle, pulverizado somente com água. No segundo experimento foram testadas três fontes de Zn para aplicação foliar: óxido de zinco A, óxido de zinco B e sulfato de zinco, em duas doses para cada fertilizante, correspondente a 375 e 750 g ha-1 de Zn, mais o controle. As amostragens de folhas foram realizadas mensalmente, iniciando aos 30 dias após aplicação dos tratamentos. A aplicação foliar com carbonato de manganês B, na dose de 500 g ha-1 Mn, e com óxido de zinco B, na dose de 750 g ha-1, proporcionaram, respectivamente, níveis nutricionais adequados de Mn e Zn nas folhas de laranjeira. Na ausência de chuvas, os teores adequados de Mn e Zn no solo, não permitem suprir satisfatoriamente as laranjeiras Pêra enxertadas em limoeiro cravo.Among micronutrients, Zn and Mn limit the production of citrus in Brazil. Foliar application has been the traditional form of supply, however the efficiency of this type of fertilization depends on a number of factors, including the type of fertilizer used. Two experiments were conducted in an orchard of seven year old Pêra orange, grafted onto Rangpur lime, in Botucatu, São Paulo. In the first experiment three sources of Mn, applied via foliar application, were evaluated: manganese carbonate A, manganese carbonate B and manganese sulphate, at two rates per fertilizer

Fenología productiva y nutricional de maíz para la producción de forraje

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Ana Lorena Amador R.

2000-01-01

Full Text Available Fenología productiva y nutricional de maíz para la producción de forraje. El experimento se llevó a cabo en la Estación Experimental “Alfredo Volio Mata” de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Se empleó semilla de maíz criolla forrajera. Alos 37 días de edad se realizó el primer muestreo de plantas y los siguientes se efectuaron cada 14 días hasta los 149 días de edad. Se determinó el contenido de materia seca, la proteína cruda, las cenizas totales, la fibra neutro detergente (FND, la fibra ácido detergente (FAD y la lignina así como los valores de hemicelulosa y celulosa. Antes de los 65 días de crecimiento, la producción de hojas fue superior a la de tallo. Posterior a esta edad, la planta fue mayor productora de tallo. Las flores emergieron después de los 100 días y ellas tuvieron un alto contenido de materia seca, contribuyendo poco en el rendimiento global del cultivo. Alos 120 días, la producción de materia seca en las mazorcas fue ligeramente mayor a la acumulada por las hojas. El contenido de materia seca en el tallo, antes de los 120 días, y en la hoja antes de los 80 días fue bajo, para ser empleado como forraje en la alimentación del ganado. El contenido de proteína cruda comenzó a decrecer drásticamente a los 65 días en el tallo y a los 90 días en la hoja. Sólo en los primeros 50 días de crecimiento, la pared celular de los tallos fue menor a 50%. El contenido de cenizas fue mayor en el tallo que en la hoja en los primeros 90 días. Por las cualidades fenológicas observadas y la concentración de nutrientes en tallos y hojas, se recomienda la cosecha y el aprovechamiento del forraje de maíz entre 80 y 90 días de crecimiento. En edades posteriores, se puede obtener el beneficio de un mayor tonelaje por unidad de superficie, sacrificando la calidad nutricional

Caracteres estruturais foliares de espécies de Arachis e sua relação com a cercosporiose

OpenAIRE

Pablo Rodrigues Sanine; Roberto Antonio Rodella

2017-01-01

A cercosporiose, causada pelo fungo Cercosporidium personatum, é uma doença de grande importância para a cultura do amendoim (Arachis hypogaea). O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar caracteres estruturais do limbo foliar, em dois cultivares e quatro acessos de três espécies de Arachis, procurando relacioná-los com graus de resistência à cercosporiose. Foram amostradas porções do terço médio da região internvervural, do terceiro ou quarto folíolo da segunda folha contada a partir do ápice...

Foliar absorption and translocation of 137cs in egyptian olive plants

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ramadan, A.A.; Maly, A.I.

1999-01-01

Foliar absorption and translocation of 137Cs by olive leaves were studied. Olive seedlings were transferred to the greenhouse in pots containing fine Nile silt.. Two seriies of pot experiments were conducted at the Nuclear Research Center site at Inshas. The treatments were conducted on leaves at the two middle nodes of the selected shoots. The lower surface of the olive leaf absorbed more 137Cs at the studied pH values as compared with the upper surface. The results show that changing the pH from 2 to 3 had no have any effect on the foliar absorption of 137Cs. Further increase of pH value caused the 137Cs foliar absorption to show a minimum at pH 5 then a maximum at pH 7. At pH 8 the foliar absorption of 137Cs started to decrease again. The concentration of translocated 137Cs was found to decrease gradually in the leaves above and below the treated ones. Absorption of 137Cs increased with time in the first 24 hours followed by lower absorption rates till the end of the experiment after 148 hours

Molecular mechanisms of foliar water uptake in a desert tree

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Yan, Xia; Zhou, Maoxian; Dong, Xicun; Zou, Songbing; Xiao, Honglang; Ma, Xiao-Fei

2015-01-01

Water deficits severely affect growth, particularly for the plants in arid and semiarid regions of the world. In addition to precipitation, other subsidiary water, such as dew, fog, clouds and small rain showers, may also be absorbed by leaves in a process known as foliar water uptake. With the severe scarcity of water in desert regions, this process is increasingly becoming a necessity. Studies have reported on physical and physiological processes of foliar water uptake. However, the molecul...

Effects of Zn, macronutrients, and their interactions through foliar applications on winter wheat grain nutritional quality.

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Shaoxia Wang

Full Text Available Although application of Zn combined with macronutrients (K, P, and N can be used to fortify wheat grain with Zn, little is known about their interactions when foliar application is employed or the influences of common soil fertility management practices (e.g. N and straw management on their efficiency. Therefore, the effects of foliar-applied Zn and N, P, or K on grain nutritional quality (especially Zn were investigated in wheat grown under different soil N rates at two sites with (Sanyuan or without (Yangling employing straw return. A 4-year-long field experiment was also conducted to evaluate the environmental stability of the foliar formulations. Across 6 site-years, foliar Zn application alone or combined with N, P, or K fertilizers resulted in 95.7%, 101%, 67.9% and 121% increases in grain Zn concentration, respectively. In terms of increasing grain Zn concentration, foliar-applied Zn positively interacted with N (at Sanyuan and K (at Yangling, but negatively interacted with P at any condition tested, suggesting depressive effects of foliarly-applied P on physiological availability of Zn. Although these interaction effects were the major factor that governing the efficiency of foliar-applied Zn combined with N, P, or K on grain Zn concentration, the magnitude of the increase/decrease in grain Zn (-3.96~5.71 mg kg-1 due to these interactions was much less than the average increases following Zn+K (31.3, Zn+P (18.7, and Zn+N (26.5 mg kg-1 treatments relative to that observed in foliar Zn-only treatment. The combined foliar application of Zn with N, P, or K did not cause any adverse impact on grain yield and other nutritional quality and in some cases slightly increased grain yield and macronutrient concentrations. Grain phytic acid:Zn molar ratios were respectively 52.0%, 53.1%, 43.4% and 63.5% lower in the foliar Zn, Zn+N, Zn+P and Zn+K treatments than in the control treatment. These effects were consistent over four years and across three

Effects of Zn, macronutrients, and their interactions through foliar applications on winter wheat grain nutritional quality.

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Shaoxia; Li, Meng; Liu, Ke; Tian, Xiaohong; Li, Shuo; Chen, Yanlong; Jia, Zhou

2017-01-01

Although application of Zn combined with macronutrients (K, P, and N) can be used to fortify wheat grain with Zn, little is known about their interactions when foliar application is employed or the influences of common soil fertility management practices (e.g. N and straw management) on their efficiency. Therefore, the effects of foliar-applied Zn and N, P, or K on grain nutritional quality (especially Zn) were investigated in wheat grown under different soil N rates at two sites with (Sanyuan) or without (Yangling) employing straw return. A 4-year-long field experiment was also conducted to evaluate the environmental stability of the foliar formulations. Across 6 site-years, foliar Zn application alone or combined with N, P, or K fertilizers resulted in 95.7%, 101%, 67.9% and 121% increases in grain Zn concentration, respectively. In terms of increasing grain Zn concentration, foliar-applied Zn positively interacted with N (at Sanyuan) and K (at Yangling), but negatively interacted with P at any condition tested, suggesting depressive effects of foliarly-applied P on physiological availability of Zn. Although these interaction effects were the major factor that governing the efficiency of foliar-applied Zn combined with N, P, or K on grain Zn concentration, the magnitude of the increase/decrease in grain Zn (-3.96~5.71 mg kg-1) due to these interactions was much less than the average increases following Zn+K (31.3), Zn+P (18.7), and Zn+N (26.5 mg kg-1) treatments relative to that observed in foliar Zn-only treatment. The combined foliar application of Zn with N, P, or K did not cause any adverse impact on grain yield and other nutritional quality and in some cases slightly increased grain yield and macronutrient concentrations. Grain phytic acid:Zn molar ratios were respectively 52.0%, 53.1%, 43.4% and 63.5% lower in the foliar Zn, Zn+N, Zn+P and Zn+K treatments than in the control treatment. These effects were consistent over four years and across three soil N

Comparing algorithms for estimating foliar biomass of conifers in the Pacific Northwest

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Crystal L. Raymond; Donald. McKenzie

2013-01-01

Accurate estimates of foliar biomass (FB) are important for quantifying carbon storage in forest ecosystems, but FB is not always reported in regional or national inventories. Foliar biomass also drives key ecological processes in ecosystem models. Published algorithms for estimating FB in conifer species of the Pacific Northwest can yield signifi cantly different...

Sombreamento de plantas de Catharanthus roseus (L. G. Don 'Pacifica White' por malhas coloridas: desenvolvimento vegetativo Shading of 'Pacifica White' Catharanthus roseus (L. G. Don plants with colored nets: vegetative development

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Anderson Adriano Martins Melo

2009-04-01

Full Text Available As malhas coloridas têm sido utilizadas para manipular o desenvolvimento vegetativo, melhorando a utilização da radiação solar por plantas ornamentais. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho estudar o efeito da redução de 50% da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa sobre o crescimento vegetativo de plantas de Catharanthus roseus (L. G. Don, por meio de malhas azul e vermelha e malha preta, em comparação com plantas crescidas na ausência de sombreamento (pleno sol. As plantas foram obtidas a partir de sementes e tratadas por 180 dias. Foram avaliados o ganho de biomassa e a distribuição de matéria seca nas plantas, o conteúdo de pigmentos foliares (clorofilas e carotenóides e de nitrogênio foliar. A malha vermelha provocou um aumento de matéria seca total e de área foliar das plantas em comparação com as malhas azul, preta e ao tratamento a pleno sol, porém, exceto em relação a esse tratamento, a malha vermelha causou menor conteúdo de nitrogênio e pigmentos foliares. A maior relação raiz/parte aérea e relação clorofila a/b, menores razões de área foliar e de massa foliar das plantas crescidas a pleno sol em relação às plantas sombreadas indicam um efeito mais proeminente da irradiância mais alta do que da alteração do espectro de luz. O sombreamento altera significativamente a distribuição de matéria seca e o uso de malhas de diferentes cores modifica o conteúdo de pigmentos fotossintéticos dessa espécie.Colored shade nets have been used to manipulate the vegetative development, improving the utilization of solar radiation by ornamental plants. This work aimed to study the effect of 50% reduction of PAR on vegetative growth of plants of Catharanthus roseus (L. G. Don, using blue and red nets, and black net, in comparison to plants growing under full sunlight (lack of shading. The plants were obtained from seeds and treated for 180 days. Biomass increment and distribution, pigment content (chlorophylls and

Regional assessment of N saturation using foliar and root δ15N

Science.gov (United States)

L.H. Pardo; P.H. Templer; C.L. Goodale; S. Duke; P.M. Groffman; M.B. Adams; P. Boeckx; J. Boggs; J. Campbell; B. Colman; J. Compton; B. Emmett; P. Gundersen; J. Kjonaas; G. Lovett; M. Mack; A. Magill; M. Mbila; M.J. Mitchell; G. McGee; S. McNulty; K. Nadelhoffer; S. Ollinger; D. Ross; H. Rueth; L. Rustad; P. Schaberg; S. Schiff; P. Schleppi; J. Spoelstra; W. Wessel

2006-01-01

N saturation induced by atmospheric N deposition can have serious consequences for forest health in many regions. In order to evaluate whether foliar δ15N may be a robust, regional-scale measure of the onset of N saturation in forest ecosystems, we assembled a large dataset on atmospheric N deposition, foliar and root δ

Evaluación de la eficacia de fungicidas aplicados al suelo y al follaje

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Quiroga B. Nini Johanna

2004-12-01

Full Text Available

Una de las enfermedades más limitantes en los cultivos de rosa colombianos para exportación es el mildeo velloso, producido por Peronospora sparsa. Dentro de las herramientas más utilizadas para el manejo de la enfermedad es la aplicación de fungicidas, pero poco se conoce sobre su eficacia y la forma de aplicación más efectiva. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar la eficacia de las aplicaciones foliares y en aspersión al suelo (“drench” de los fungicidas dimetomorf, fosetil de aluminio y metalaxil+mancozeb, en comparació con un testigo comercial. El diseñ utilizado fue completamente al azar con nueve tratamientos y tres repeticiones. La incidencia y la severidad de la enfermedad fueron evaluadas en las hojas de los estratos inferior, medio y superior de los tallos y se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos, asícomo para la incidencia en tallos y botones florales. Las aplicaciones foliares de los fungicidas mostraron un mayor control de la enfermedad. El control más eficaz se obtuvo con fosetil de aluminio aplicado al follaje. Los tratamientos

Efecto del uso predominante de fungicidas sistémicos para el control de Sigatoka negra (Mycosphaerella Fijiensis Morelet en el área foliar del banano

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MSc. José Quevedo Guerrero

2018-04-01

Full Text Available Sigatoka negra (Mycosphaerellafijiensis Morelet,enfermedad que afecta la capacidad fotosintética de la planta de banano en zonas donde la humedad relativa es alta, y favorece sudesarrollo, hacendel sur del Guayas y del norte de la provincia de El Oro, sus hábitats favoritos, han llevado a los productores al uso indiscriminado de los fungicidas existentes en el mercado. Actualmente existen estrategias de control con el uso de fungicidas protectantes y sistémicos que contribuyen a disminuir los daños ocasionados por este hongo. Este trabajo plantea analizar la eficiencia de los fungicidas más usados comúnmente por los productores en cuatro fincas bananeras para estimar su eficiencia mediante el preaviso biológico en plantas prontas a la floración, utilizando un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con pruebas de Tukey al 0.05 de confiabilidad. Los resultados indicaron que las fincas San Andrés 1-2 y San Andrés 3 ubicadas en la zona Balao, y que usaron en sus programas de control de Sigatoka negra fungicidas protectantes y sistémicos en rotación y mezcla, además de aplicaciones de abonos foliares, presentaron valores estadísticamente diferentes a las otras fincas que aplicaron una mayor cantidad de ciclos con fungicidas sistémicos. Las fincas Elizabeth 2 y La Italia presentaron estados evolutivos más altos en las hojas más jóvenes y una emisión foliar más lenta. Se puede concluir que las fincas San Andrés 1-2 y San Andrés 3 mostraron diferencias significativas en el número de hojas sanas a la cosecha, estados evolutivos y emisión foliar, con un mejor estado fitosanitario.

Comparison between Seed and Foliar Treatment as a Tool in Integrated Pest Management.

Science.gov (United States)

Matyjaszczyk, Ewa

2017-08-02

A study into doses of seed treatments and foliar plant protection products containing an identical active substance registered to control the same pest in the same crops was carried out in the European Union. The results show that, for fungicides, the use of seed treatment is often connected with a significantly lower release of active substance per hectare when compared to foliar treatments. In 11 of 13 cases, the difference was 8-fold or higher. For insecticides, in most of the cases, the consumption of an active substance was several times higher for seed treatment, in one case for foliar application.

Foliar-applied urea modulates nitric oxide synthesis metabolism and glycinebetaine accumulation in drought-stressed maize

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhang, L.; Tian, L.; Lai, J.; Zheng, P.; Liang, Z.; Alva, A

2014-01-01

Foliar urea has been proved to play a better positive role in enhancing accumulation of nitric oxide (NO) and glycinebetaine (GB) in maize (Zea mays L.) under drought stress (DS). However, it is unclear how foliar urea affects biosynthetic metabolism of NO and its relationship with GB accumulation. This study was on investigating the effect of foliar- applied urea on seedlings of maize cultivar Zhengdan 958 grown in a hydroponic medium under DS or No DS. Contents of NO and GB and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity increased and peaked 12 h after the treatment. Nitrate reductase activity (NRA) followed the similar pattern 6h after the treatment. Under DS foliar urea application increased NR and NOS activity and, thereby, increased NO formation. Therefore, enhancement in activities of both NRA and NOS resulted in an increase of NO accumulation. Foliar- applied urea could induce an increased NO burst by enhanced NO synthesis metabolism as a nitrogen signal, possibly resulting in GB accumulation under DS. (author)

Foliar retention, transport and leaching of polonium-210 and lead-210

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Athalye, V V; Mistry, K B

1972-01-01

Polonium-210 and lead-210, the long-lived daughter radionuclides of gaseous radon-222, are deposited on plant surfaces under conditions of atmospheric washout. Foliar retention, transport and leaching of these radionuclides in Red Kidney beans were investigated in nutrient culture experiments. Under identical conditions, over 90 percent of foliar applied radiolead was retained by the plant while only about 30 percent of polonium was retained. Over a 48-hr period small quantities of polonium were translocated from the treated leaflet to other parts of the plant. By comparison, radiolead was totally immobilized at the site of retention. Leachability of root absorbed radiolead from bean leaves was 20-fold greater than that of polonium. The marked differences in the extent of foliar retention, translocation and leaching of polonium and radiolead could significantly affect the levels of these long-lived radionuclides attained in plants.

Effect of Foliar Application of Micro Nutrients on Physiological Growth Indices and Total Dry Matter Yield of Forage Corn

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A. Soleymani

2012-04-01

Full Text Available In order to evaluate the effect of foliar application of micro nutrients on physiological growth indices and total dry matter yield of forage corn. Field experiment was conducted in 2006 at Bersian village Isfahan. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Plant treated with 8 foliar application treatments (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe + Mn, Cu + Zn, Fe + Mn + Cu + Zn and control. The responses to foliar application in total dry weight, LAI and CGR appeared to differ between the treatments, but there is no significant difference in NAR between the treatments. Maximum leaf area index gained in foliar application of Fe but there is significant difference between this treatment and other treatments except foliar application of Zn and Fe + Mn. Foliar application of Fe and Fe + Mn result to maximum total dry weight, but there is no significant difference between these treatments and foliar application of Zn, Mn, Mn + Cu and Fe + Zn + Cu +Mn. Maximum and minimum NAR gained in foliar application of Mn and control treatments respectively. Maximum CGR gained in foliar application of Zn, there is significant difference between this treatment and others. Control treatment in comparison with others shows minimum value in all measured factors. The results indicate that foliar application of micro nutrients particularly Fe and Fe+Mn may be suitable to product maximum total dry matter yield under similar condition.

Effect of foliar fertilizer and fungicidal protection against leaf spot diseases on winter wheat

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Agnieszka Mączyńska

2012-12-01

Full Text Available Field experiments were carried out in the seasons 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 in Plant Protection Institute, Sooenicowice Branch to assess the influence of foliar fertilizers such as Ekolist PK 1, Ekolist Mg, Mikrosol Z and Urea on healthiness of winter wheat. Foliar fertilizers were mixed with fungicides. The fungicides were applied at full or half recommended doses. The effect of the disease on wheat leaves was evaluated three times in each vegetation season. Remaining green leaf area (GLA of leaves was also determined. GLA of the leaves F-1 was not significantly different for each combination with different fertilization and different levels of chemical treatment. The application of foliar fertilizer only had no effect on green leaf area (GLA. The results indicate that foliar fertilization of all experimental plots improved leaf condition and therefore halted the development of wheat leaf diseases. The increases of 1000 grain mass and yield was high for each plot where a fertilizer and a full or half dose of a fungicide was applied. Foliar fertilizing with no chemical control had no proven effect on studied parameters.

Inferring foliar water uptake using stable isotopes of water.

Science.gov (United States)

Goldsmith, Gregory R; Lehmann, Marco M; Cernusak, Lucas A; Arend, Matthias; Siegwolf, Rolf T W

2017-08-01

A growing number of studies have described the direct absorption of water into leaves, a phenomenon known as foliar water uptake. The resultant increase in the amount of water in the leaf can be important for plant function. Exposing leaves to isotopically enriched or depleted water sources has become a common method for establishing whether or not a plant is capable of carrying out foliar water uptake. However, a careful inspection of our understanding of the fluxes of water isotopes between leaves and the atmosphere under high humidity conditions shows that there can clearly be isotopic exchange between the two pools even in the absence of a change in the mass of water in the leaf. We provide experimental evidence that while leaf water isotope ratios may change following exposure to a fog event using water with a depleted oxygen isotope ratio, leaf mass only changes when leaves are experiencing a water deficit that creates a driving gradient for the uptake of water by the leaf. Studies that rely on stable isotopes of water as a means of studying plant water use, particularly with respect to foliar water uptake, must consider the effects of these isotopic exchange processes.

AZOSPIRILLUM BRASILENSE VIA FOLIAR E DOSES DE NITROGÊNIO EM COBERTURA NA CULTURA DO TRIGO NA REGIÃO DE ITAPEVA-SP / SPRAYING WITH AZOSPIRILLUM ON WHEAT LEAF AND NITROGEN COVERAGE RATES IN ITAPEVA-SP

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J. P. Ferreira

2017-06-01

Full Text Available A utilização de bactérias diazotróficas na agricultura, especialmente em gramíneas, tem por finalidade incrementar a produção e produtividade aliando com menor dose ou supressão das fontes nitrogenadas aplicadas para fertilização do solo. Diante disso, o trabalho objetivou avaliar a viabilidade da inoculação de Azospirillum brasilense via foliar com doses de nitrogênio em cobertura na produção e produtividade do trigo. O experimento foi implantado na Fazenda Bom Viver, Bairro dos Prestes em Itapeva-SP, na safra de 2016, sendo realizado em plantio direto (SPC em área de sucessão soja e milho safrinha. Os tratamentos foram em esquema fatorial 2x4 em blocos ao acaso (DBC sendo aplicado a formulação liquida de Azospirillum brasiliense (AbV5 com 2x108 células viáveis mL-1 na dose de 0,5 L.ha-1 via foliar e sem aplicação e posterior adubação nitrogenada com 0; 30; 60 e 90 kg.ha-1 em cobertura. Tanto a aplicação foliar de Azospirillum como a cobertura de N, foram aplicadas após 30 dias da semeadura (30 DAS. A variedade de trigo utilizada no plantio foi o Sinuelo, com manejo adotado pelo proprietário da área com aplicação de regulador de crescimento. Foram realizadas as avaliações a campo das plantas, medindo-se: a altura das plantas; espigas por metro linear; número de grãos por espiguetas; peso hectolítro; massa de mil grãos e produtividade. Pelos resultados obtidos, houve maior altura de plantas com o aumento das doses de nitrogênio em cobertura. A inoculação de Azospirillum brasiliense via foliar não mostrou interação entre as doses de nitrogênio em cobertura, não havendo estatisticamente incremento nos componentes de produtividade do trigo.

Eficiencia fotoquímica del fotosistema II y crecimiento en plantas de curuba (Passiflora tripartita (Juss. var. mollissima (Kunth bajo estrés salino

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Fánor Casierra-Posada

2013-01-01

Full Text Available La curuba (Passiflora tripartita (Juss. var. mollissima (Kunth es un cultivo importante en Colombia, especialmente en el departamento de Boyacá. A pesar de que el estrés osmótico es un limitante en la producción de este cultivo, existe poca información sobre su respuesta a la salinidad. En el presente estudio se evaluó el crecimiento y la fluorescencia de la clorofila en plantas de curuba bajo estrés salino. Las plantas se expusieron a concentraciones (mmol/kg de suelo de 20, 40, 60, y 80 de NaCl. Como consecuencia, el área foliar de la planta se redujo 20.89, 42.91, 58.37 y 76.40%, respectivamente, en relación con plantas control (condiciones no salinas. La longitud total de tallos se redujo 9.97, 27.28, 42.79 y 55.77% y el peso seco total por planta en 23.89, 31.49, 39.60 y 61.26%. La eficiencia cuántica máxima del fotosistema II (Fv/Fm se redujo 11.29, 14.23, 38.89 y 92.25% bajo los tratamientos de salinidad; por tanto, la salinidad afectó drásticamente los parámetros de crecimiento y fluorescencia. La reducción en el área foliar se correlacionó con la reducción en la fotosíntesis. La reducción en peso seco también siguió la tendencia de la relación Fv/Fm, lo que sugiere que la mayoría de los impactos de la salinidad en las plantas de curuba se deben a los efectos negativos sobre la fotosíntesis.

A two-compartment exposure device for foliar uptake study

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zuo, Q.; Lin, H.; Zhang, X.L.; Li, Q.L.; Liu, S.Z.; Tao, S.

2006-01-01

An airtight two-chamber exposure devise was designed for investigating foliar uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by plants. The upper and the bottom chambers of the device were air-tightly separated by an aluminum foil and the plant aerial tissues and roots were exposed in the two chambers, respectively. The device was tested using maize exposed to several PAH species. Positive correlations between air and aerial tissue concentrations of the exposed PAH species were revealed. PAHs spiking in the culture solution had no influence on the leaf concentrations. -- A two-compartment gastight exposure device was developed for investigation of foliar uptake of PAHs by plants

Producción y calidad de la morera (morus alba cosechada en diferentes modalidades de poda

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Carlos Boschini

2001-01-01

Full Text Available Producción y calidad de la biomasa de morera (Morus alba cosechada en diferentes modalidades de poda. Una plantación establecida en 1993, con un distanciamiento entre plantas de 60, 90 y 120 cm entre hileras y plantas, fue cosechada 26 veces a diferentes intervalos (56 a 112 días de poda durante cinco años consecutivos, a la altura de 60 cm sobre el nivel del suelo. Se practicaron tres tipos de poda: testigo, semilimpio y limpio. Con un intervalo de 84 días de crecimiento se cosecharon los rebrotes y se determin ó el contenido de materia seca, proteína cruda, fibra neutro detergente y cenizas totales. La poda semilimpia provocó una pérdida del 10% en la producción de materia seca de hoja por hectárea y un 13% en el rendimiento de tallo con respecto al tratamiento testigo. La cosecha conjunta de hojas y tallos decreció un 11%. La poda limpia provocó una disminuci ón de 32% en el rendimiento de materia seca de hoja por hectárea y 36% en la producción de tallo con relación al tratamiento testigo. La producción compuesta decreció 33%. La calidad nutricional de los rebrotes, hojas y tallos, fue similar entre los diferentes tratamientos de poda

Estandarización de un medio de cultivo adecuado para la regeneración de tallos a partir de hojas, utilizando dos variedades colombianas de papa (Solanum tuberosum L..

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Rodríguez Esperanza

2000-06-01

Full Text Available Este estudio reporta un sistema de regeneración simple y eficiente a partir de explantes de hoja de Diacol Capira (DC y Parda Pastusa (PP, dos variedades comerciales de papa cultivadas en Colombia. Un medio único de cultivo es usado tanto para la inducción de callos como para la regeneración de tallos. Se comparó el efecto de diferentes relaciones entre auxinas y citoquininas adicionadas a un medio selectivo para regenerar tallos (4.3 g/L de Sales de Murashige and Skoog (1962, 30 g/L sacarosa, 0.5g/L tiamina, 1 mg/L ácido giberélico, 40mg/L ácido ascórbico y 1.7 g/L fitagel pH 5.7 a partir de explantes de hoja. El análisis de los resultados demostró que todos los explantes de hojas de DC, tratados con zeatina ribósida- ZR (3mg/L, ácido indol -3- acético - AIA (1mg/L y todos los explantes de hojas de PP tratados con ZR (3 mg/L, regeneraron plántulas fuertes y morfológicamente normales. El medio fue utilizado en posteriores experimentos de transformación genética.

Producción de caña semilla en Semilleros Registrados provenientes de micropropagación y de hidrotermoterapia de tres cultivares de caña de azúcar Seedcane production in Registered Nurseries obtained through micropropagation and hot water treatment of three sugarcane cultivars

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Patricia A. Digonzelli

2006-12-01

Full Text Available Se evaluaron los componentes de la producción de caña semilla en Semilleros Registrados de caña de azúcar provenientes de micropropagación e hidrotermoterapia (50ºC, 2 h, en tres variedades (LCP 85-384, CP 65-357 y CP 48-103 y tres épocas de plantación (mayo, agosto y octubre. La semilla micropropagada y la hidrotermotratada estaban libres de achaparramiento de la caña soca (Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli o RSD, por sus siglas en inglés, y escaldadura de la hoja (Xanthomonas albilineans. El diseño experimental fue un factorial completamente aleatorizado 3x3x2, con tres repeticiones. Los factores fueron: época de plantación (tres niveles, variedad (tres niveles y origen de la semilla (dos niveles. Cada parcela constaba de cinco surcos de 3 metros, evaluando los tres surcos centrales. En la cosecha del semillero se contaron todos los tallos por parcela y se midió su altura hasta hoja TVD. En una muestra de 45 tallos por parcela se determinaron el peso y número de yemas por tallo. A partir de los datos obtenidos se calculó el número de yemas por surco de 100 metros de longitud y por hectárea. El origen de la caña semilla (micropropagada o hidrotermotratada afectó el número de tallos y la altura y número de yemas por tallo, por surco y por hectárea. La época de plantación y la variedad afectaron los componentes de la producción de caña semilla. La micropropagada presentó una mayor población, altura y número de yemas por tallo, permitiendo aumentar entre el 8% y 23% el área que es posible plantar a partir de una hectárea de Semillero Registrado. La magnitud de las diferencias entre la caña semilla micropropagada y termotratada varió según cultivares y época de plantación.Seedcane yield components in sugarcane Registered Nurseries obtained through micropropagation and hot water treatment (50ºC, 2 h were evaluated, considering three varieties (LCP 85-384, CP 65-357 and CP 48-103 and three plantation dates (May, August

Relação entre a estrutura foliar de feijoeiro e a pré-infecção por Glomerella cingulata f.sp. phaseoli Relationship between bean leaf structure and the Glomerella cingulata f.sp. phaseoli preinfection

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Vanessa de Fátima Jerba

2005-03-01

Full Text Available Os objetivos deste trabalho foram mensurar a área da nervura secundária e quantificar o número de tricomas da superfície foliar de cultivares de feijoeiro suscetível (Carioca, moderadamente resistente (Pérola e resistente (IAPAR-81 à antracnose, e observar as relações entre tais características com o estágio pré-infeccional. Para mensurar a área da nervura secundária, fragmentos foliares foram amostrados, fixados em FAA 50, conservados em álcool 70%, infiltrados em resina glicol-metacrilato, cortados transversalmente e corados com azul de toluidina. Os tricomas foram quantificados em impressões epidérmicas em microscópio de projeção. Na análise pré-infeccional, o material foi fixado em glutaraldeído 2,5% e processado para o estudo ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura. A cultivar resistente apresentou menor área de nervura secundária e maior pilosidade que a cultivar moderadamente resistente e a suscetível. Na cultivar resistente, por causa da menor área de nervura e maior pilosidade, o patógeno permaneceu sobre a nervura e envolvido com o tricoma. Na cultivar suscetível, com maior área de nervura e menor pilosidade, foram observadas necrose e estruturas fúngicas na superfície foliar. Há relação entre estas características foliares e a resistência à antracnose durante o estágio pré-infeccional do patógeno.The objectives of this work were to measure the secondary vein area and to quantify the trichomes of leaf surface in bean cultivar susceptible (Carioca, medium resistant (Pérola and resistant (IAPAR-81 to anthracnose, and to observe relationships between leaf blade characteristics with the preinfectional stages. In order to measure the secondary vein area, sample leaf pieces were fixed in FAA 50 and conserved in 70% alcohol. These leaf samples were infiltrated in glycol metacrylate resin, cut transversally and stained with toluidine blue. The trichomes were quantified in epidermical impressions in

EFEITO DO EXTRATO FOLIAR DE Gossypium arboreum L. (ALGODÃO SOB O CRESCIMENTO MICELIAL DE Lasiodiplodia theobromae (PAT. GRIFFON & MAUBL

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Caroline da Cruz Vasconcelos

2017-03-01

Full Text Available O uso de extratos vegetais tem sido amplamente estudado como controle biológico alternativo de doenças de plantas, especialmente aquelas causadas por fungos patogênicos. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a atividade antifúngica in vitro do extrato bruto etanólico obtido de folhas de algodão (Gossypium arboreum L., Malvaceae em diferentes concentrações sob o desenvolvimento micelial do fungo fitopatogênico Lasiodiplodia theobromae. O ensaio foi conduzido nos Laboratórios de Microbiologia/Fitopatologia/Genética e de Cultivo/Isolamento da Universidade do Estado do Amapá/UEAP, em Macapá, Amapá. Em um Delineamento Inteiramente Casualizado (DIC, seis tratamentos e seis repetições foram organizados: T1 (controle negativo – BDA (Batata-Dextrose-Ágar + 0 mg.mL-1 (extrato foliar; T2 - BDA + 5 mg.mL-1 (extrato foliar; T3 - BDA + 10 mg.mL-1 (extrato foliar; T4 - BDA + 20 mg.mL-1 (extrato foliar; T5 - BDA + 2,5 mL de etanol e T6 (controle positivo - BDA + 2,5 mL de fungicida comercial (Derosal®. As variáveis inibição do crescimento micelial (ICM, índice de velocidade de crescimento micelial (IVCM e área abaixo da curva de cobertura de crescimento micelial (AACCM foram calculadas ao final do experimento. Os resultados mostraram que o extrato bruto etanólico das folhas de G. arboreum não apresentou atividade antifúngica in vitro frente ao fungo L. theobromae nas concentrações testadas. O extrato induziu o crescimento micelial do fungo, especialmente na concentração 10 mg.mL-1, a qual apresentou condição ideal para o desenvolvimento das estruturas do fungo. Palavras-chave: Malvaceae, extrato vegetal, controle biológico, fitopatógeno.

De-coupling seasonal changes in water content and dry matter to predict live conifer foliar moisture content

Science.gov (United States)

W. Matt Jolly; Ann M. Hadlow; Kathleen Huguet

2014-01-01

Live foliar moisture content (LFMC) significantly influences wildland fire behaviour. However, characterising variations in LFMC is difficult because both foliar mass and dry mass can change throughout the season. Here we quantify the seasonal changes in both plant water status and dry matter partitioning. We collected new and old foliar samples from Pinus contorta for...

Modelos para estimativa da área foliar de Curcuma alismatifolia e Vurcuma zedoaria Leaf area prediction models for Curcuma alismatifolia and Curcuma zedoaria

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Ana Christina Rossini Pinto

2008-01-01

Full Text Available O presente estudo determina modelos para estimativa da área foliar de Curcuma alismatifolia e de Curcuma zedoaria. Para utilização destas espécies como ornamentais, é necessário o estabelecimento de técnicas de produção adequadas. Assim, a determinação da área foliar é importante, pois é usada para avaliar a resposta da planta a fatores ambientais e técnicas culturais. O uso de modelos para estimar a área foliar é um método simples, de boa precisão e não destrutivo. No estádio de floração foram coletadas cem folhas de C.alismatifolia ('Pink' e 'White' e de C.zedoaria. Determinaram-se o comprimento (C e a largura (L máximos e a área foliar real (AFR, com auxílio de integrador de área foliar (LI-3100. Estudaram-se as relações entre a AFR e o C, L e CL (produto do comprimento pela largura da folha, por meio de modelos de regressão linear. Os modelos AFR = 0,59048 CL (C.alismatifolia 'Pink', AFR = 6,08410 + 0,52162 CL (C.alismatifolia 'White' e AFR = 0,70233 CL (C.zedoaria são estatisticamente adequados para estimar a área foliar real.The present work establishes regression models to estimate leaf area of Curcuma alismatifolia and Curcuma zedoaria. To use these of species as ornamental plants is necessary to establish adequate cultivation techniques. Thus, the determination of leaf area is very important, once it is used to evaluate plant response to environmental factors and crop techniques. The use of prediction models to estimate leaf area is a simple, accurate and nondestructive method. At the stage of flowering, a hundred leaves of C.alismatifolia ('Pink' and 'White' and C.zedoaria were collected for each species and cultivar. Maximum length (L, maximum width (W and real leaf area (RLA were measured with a leaf area meter (LI-3100. The relation between RLA and the L, W and the product of length by width (LW, was studied through linear regression models. The models RLA = 0.59048 LW (C.alismatifolia 'Pink', RLA = 6

Climatic limits on foliar growth during major droughts in the southwestern USA

Science.gov (United States)

Weiss, Jeremy L.; Betancourt, Julio L.; Overpeck, Jonathan T.

2012-09-01

Pronounced droughts during the 1950s and 2000s in the American Southwest provide an opportunity to compare mesoscale ecosystem responses to anomalously dry conditions before and during the regional warming that started in the late 1970s. This year-round warming has produced fewer cool season freezes, losses in regional snowpack, an 8-10 day advance in spring onset, and hotter summers, all of which should affect vegetation differently across seasons and elevations. Here, we examine indices that represent climatic limits on foliar growth for both drought periods and evaluate these indices for areas that experienced tree mortality during the 2000s drought. Relative to the 1950s drought, warmer conditions during the 2000s drought decreased the occurrence of temperatures too low for foliar growth at lower elevations in winter and higher elevations in summer. Higher vapor pressure deficits (VPDs), largely driven by warmer temperatures in the more recent drought, were more limiting to foliar growth from spring through summer at lower and middle elevations. At many locations where tree mortality occurred during the 2000s drought, low-temperature constraints on foliar growth were extremely unlimiting, whereas VPD constraints were extremely limiting from early spring through late autumn. Our analysis shows that in physiographically complex regions such as the Southwest, seasonality and elevational gradients are important for understanding vegetative responses to warming. It also suggests that continued warming will both increase the degree to which VPD limits foliar growth during future droughts and expand its reach to higher elevations and other seasons.

Foliar pH as a new plant trait: can it explain variation in foliar chemistry and carbon cycling processes among subarctic plant species and types?

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Cornelissen, J H C; Quested, H M; van Logtestijn, R S P; Pérez-Harguindeguy, N; Gwynn-Jones, D; Díaz, S; Callaghan, T V; Press, M C; Aerts, R

2006-03-01

Plant traits have become popular as predictors of interspecific variation in important ecosystem properties and processes. Here we introduce foliar pH as a possible new plant trait, and tested whether (1) green leaf pH or leaf litter pH correlates with biochemical and structural foliar traits that are linked to biogeochemical cycling; (2) there is consistent variation in green leaf pH or leaf litter pH among plant types as defined by nutrient uptake mode and higher taxonomy; (3) green leaf pH can predict a significant proportion of variation in leaf digestibility among plant species and types; (4) leaf litter pH can predict a significant proportion of variation in leaf litter decomposability among plant species and types. We found some evidence in support of all four hypotheses for a wide range of species in a subarctic flora, although cryptogams (fern allies and a moss) tended to weaken the patterns by showing relatively poor leaf digestibility or litter decomposability at a given pH. Among seed plant species, green leaf pH itself explained only up to a third of the interspecific variation in leaf digestibility and leaf litter up to a quarter of the interspecific variation in leaf litter decomposability. However, foliar pH substantially improved the power of foliar lignin and/or cellulose concentrations as predictors of these processes when added to regression models as a second variable. When species were aggregated into plant types as defined by higher taxonomy and nutrient uptake mode, green-specific leaf area was a more powerful predictor of digestibility or decomposability than any of the biochemical traits including pH. The usefulness of foliar pH as a new predictive trait, whether or not in combination with other traits, remains to be tested across more plant species, types and biomes, and also in relation to other plant or ecosystem traits and processes.

The Effect of Zinc Sulfate Different Amount Soil and Foliar Application on Correlated Grain Characters in Sweet Corn

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J. Mahmoodi,

2013-06-01

Full Text Available This research was conducted to evaluate the effects different concentrations of zinc sulfate applications at different growth stages on sweet corn at the Research Station of Faculty of Agriculture in Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch in 2012. The study was conducted in split plot experiment based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Treatments were seven levels of zinc sulfate application methods: (control, soil application, foliar application at 6-8 leaf growth stage, tasseling, grain filling stage, foliar application at three stages, soil application with foliar application at three stages as main plot, three levels of foliar and soil application of zinc sulfate: (0.003, 0.005 and 0.007 for foliar application and 15, 25 and 35 kg/ha for soil application as sub plot. Results showed that the highest grain yield correlated characters were obtained in foliar application at three stages and soil application with foliar application at three stages. In these conditions increasing of dry grain yield and ear were more than 50%. The higher values for grain production were obtained in Zn foliar application with 0.005 concentration (25 kg/ha soil application. Zinc sulfate increased Zn content of grains produced more than 100%. Thus, using Zn not only increases sweet corn grain and ear yield but also increased quality of products.

Evaluación de la Huella Hídrica del Lirio Japonés (Hemerocallis

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Yuri S. Vanegas Rojas

2014-03-01

Full Text Available Colombia es uno de los países que se caracteriza por su gran riqueza en biodiversidad y fuentes hídricas; así mismo es uno de los 10 países con mayor disponibilidad de este recurso en el mundo. Los seres humanos consumen agua diariamente en todo lo que realizan (bienes, productos, servicios. Es así, como la huella hídrica se utiliza como un indicador del consumo directo o indirecto del agua, tanto en el ámbito doméstico como en el industrial. Esta permite determinar el volumen total de agua dulce que se emplea para la elaboración de bienes, en servicios consumidos por los individuos o en una actividad en particular. El objetivo de esta investigación se centró en evaluar la huella hídrica para la producción de flores de Lirio Japonés (Hemerocallis en un predio del municipio de Rondon – Boyacá (Colombia. La propuesta metodológica planteada por los autores para este estudio consta de tres fases: el diagnostico, el modelamiento y el análisis de resultados. El resultado obtenido para la huella hídrica azul es 1.76×10-4L/tallo, para la huella verde es 1×10-8l/tallo y para la huella gris es 2.06x10-4L/ tallo. Finalmente, una huella hídrica total es de 3,82×10-4L/tallo. En conclusión, la huella hídrica total del cultivo de Lirio Japonés (7.64x10-3m3/ton en comparación con la huella hídrica por producción de flores (900m3/ton, aporta tan solo el 0.00085% del total, por lo cual se puede afirmar que este cultivo es uno de los que tiene un menor aporte en dicha huella total para la producción de flores en Colombia.

PUDRICIÓN BASAL CAUSADA POR Phytophthora capsici EN PLANTAS DE CHILE TRATADAS CON VERMICOMPOST

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Lidieth Uribe-Lor\\u00EDo

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Pudrición basal causada por Phytophthora capcisi en plantas de chile tratadas con vermicompost. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar a nivel de invernadero el efecto de vermicompost sobre la incidencia y severidad de Phytophthora capcisi en plantas de chile (Capsicum annuum. Esta investigación se realizó entre febrero y marzo del 2012 en el Centro de Investigaciones Agronómicas, Sabanilla, San José, Costa Rica. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones y ocho plantas por unidad experimental en un arreglo factorial con los factores de dosis (0, 25% y 50% v/v vermicompost:suelo e inoculación (0 y 500 zoosporas por gramo de suelo. Se trasplantaron plántulas de 35 días, que fueron inoculadas dos semanas después del trasplante. La aplicación de vermicompost provocó un aumento significativo del peso fresco foliar y del peso seco foliar y radical; a mayor dosis, mayor fue el incremento. Las plantas de todos los tratamientos que incluyeron inoculación con P. capsici presentaron síntomas de la enfermedad en la raíz. Los valores de incidencia y severidad fueron mayores para el tratamiento con 50% de abono. En este tratamiento se presentaron síntomas de marchitez. La ausencia de diferencias en las variables de peso fresco y seco entre los tratamientos inoculados y sin inocular, a los que se adicionó abono al 25%, sugiere que esta dosis podría compensar el daño causado por el patógeno. Se observó una menor concentración de nutrimentos en los tejidos de las plantas inoculadas lo que indica que el daño causado a la raíz pudo haber afectado la adquisición de nutrimentos.

Herbage Production and Quality of Shrub Indigofera Treated by Different Concentration of Foliar Fertilizer

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L. Abdullah

2010-12-01

Full Text Available A field experiment on fodder legume Indigofera sp. was conducted to investigate the effects of foliar fertilizer concentration on forage yield and quality, and to identify optimum concentrations among the fertilizer treatments on herbage yield, chemical composition (CP, NDF, ADF, minerals, and in vitro dry matter (IVDMD as wll as organic matter (IVOMD digestibility in goat’s rumen. Randomized block design was used for the six concentration of fertilizer treatments; control, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 g/10 l with 3 replicates. Leaves were sprayed with foliar fertilizer at 30, 34, 38, and 42 days after harvest. Samples were collected at 2 harvest times with 60 days cutting interval. Application of the foliar fertilizer up to 30 g/10 l significantly increased herbage DM yield, twig numbers, tannin, saponin, Ca and P content, as well as herbage digestibility (IVDMD and IVOMD. The lower and higher concentration of foliar fertilizer resulted in lower value of those parameters, but NDF and ADF contents had the opposite patterns. The optimum level of foliar fertilizer that resulted the highest herbage yield and quality was 30 g/10 l, and the highest in vitro digestibility and Ca concentration was 20 g/10 l.

Anatomia foliar de soja infectada por Phakopsora pachyrhizi H. Sydow & Sydow e tratadas com extratos vegetais Leaf anatomy of soybean infected with Phakopsora pachyrhizi H. Sydow & Sydow and treated with plant extracts

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R.M. Mussury

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Folhas de Glycine max (L. Merril,infectadas pelo fungo Phakopsora pachyrhizi H. Sydow & Sydow e tratadas com extratos vegetais foram avaliadas, visando determinar in vivo as modificações anatômicas nas diferentes estruturas/tecidos foliares, além de reconhecer prováveis mecanismos de defesa. Folhas de soja cultivar 181 provenientes do quinto nó foram inoculadas com fungo e tratadas com diferentes extratos vegetais, água e álcool 70%. Para comparação foram analisadas a anatomia das folhas sadia e infectada e realizadas medidas nas estruturas/tecidos foliares. Na folha infectada, observou-se destruição da epiderme e parênquima lacunoso, visível proliferação de tricomas e cutícula espessada, principalmente na face abaxial. Observou-se a presença de compostos fenólicos nas células da epiderme quando rompida, em função do crescimento micelial. Nas folhas infectadas e tratadas com os extratos vegetais de Azadirachta indica, Maytenus ilicifolia e Allium sativum, as estruturas/tecidos vegetais apresentaram aumento de espessura por alongamento celular.Glycine max (L. Merril leaves, infected by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi H. Sydow & Sydow and treated with plant extracts, were evaluated with the aim of determining in vivo the anatomical modifications in different leaf structures and of identifying probable defense mechanisms. Leaves from the 181 soybean cultivar originated from the fifth node were inoculated with the fungus and treated with different plant extracts, water and alcohol at 70%. For comparison, the anatomy of the healthy and infected leaves was analyzed and the leaf structures were measured. In the infected leaf, there was destruction of the epidermis and lacunar parenchyma, apparent trichome proliferation and denser cuticle, especially on the abaxial surface. There were also phenolic compounds in ruptured epidermis cells, due to mycelium growth. In the infected leaves treated with Azadirachta indica, Maytenus

Decoupling Seasonal Changes in Water Content and Dry Matter to Predict Live Conifer Foliar Moisture Content.

OpenAIRE

Jolly, W. M.; Hadlow, A. M.; Huguet, K.

2014-01-01

Live foliar moisture content (LFMC) significantly influences wildland fire behaviour. However, characterising variations in LFMC is difficult because both foliar mass and dry mass can change throughout the season. Here we quantify the seasonal changes in both plant water status and dry matter partitioning. We collected new and old foliar samples fromPinus contorta for two growing seasons and quantified their LFMC, relative water content (RWC) and dry matter chemistry. LFMC quantifies the amou...

Effect of foliar nitrogen and sulphur application on aromatic expression of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sauvignon blanc

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Florian Lacroux

2008-09-01

Significance and impact of the study: Vine nitrogen deficiency can negatively impact on grape aroma potential. Soil nitrogen application can increase vine nitrogen status, but it has several drawbacks: it increases vigour and enhances Botrytis susceptibility. This study shows that foliar N and foliar N + S applications can improve vine nitrogen status and enhance aroma expression in Sauvignon blanc wines without the negative impact on vigour and Botrytis susceptibility. Although this study was carried out on Sauvignon blanc vines, it is likely that foliar N or foliar N + S applications will have similar effects on other grapevine varieties containing volatile thiols (Colombard, Riesling, Petit Manseng and Sémillon.

O papel de Rhizoctonia spp. binucleadas na indução de resistência a mela da soja = The role of binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. inducing resistance to the soybean foliar blight

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Marco Antonio Basseto

2008-04-01

Full Text Available O papel de Rhizoctonia spp. binucleadas (RBN, no biocontrole de doenças causadas por R. solani Kühn em várias culturas, tem sido relatado na literatura. No entanto, não há informação, no Brasil, sobre o potencial de RBN como agentes de biocontrole contradoenças causadas por Rhizoctonia na soja. A hipótese testada foi de que isolados de RBN podem induzir resistência na soja contra a mela, causada por R. solani do grupo de anastomose (AG 1 IA. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar isolados de RBN, obtidos de amendoim, feijão e soja quanto à capacidade de induzir resistência na soja contra a mela, em condições de casa de vegetação. Esta pesquisa evidencia a ação de RBN na indução de resistência em plantas de soja contra a mela. Entretanto, a manifestação e a efetividade do fenômeno de indução de resistência são dependentes da época de cultivo da soja.The role of non-pathogenic binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. (BNR onthe biocontrol of diseases caused by R. solani on many crops has been reported in the literature. However, in Brazil, there is no information about the potential of BNR as biocontrol agents against Rhizoctonia diseases on soybean. On this research we tested thehypothesis that BNR can induce resistance on soybean against the foliar blight caused by R. solani anastomosis group (AG 1 IA. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate BNR isolates isolated from peanuts, snapbeans and soybean according to their ability forinducing resistance on soybean against the foliar blight disease, under greenhouse conditions. This research evidenced the role of BNR inducing resistance on soybeans against the foliar blight. However, both the occurrence and effectiveness of the phenomenon of induced resistance are dependent on the soybean cultivation season.

Response of French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. Cultivars to Foliar Applications of Magnesium

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Michele Pisante

2011-02-01

Full Text Available Magnesium deficiencies have been shown to be particularly dangerous to short cycled crops, both on sandy and clay soils. Such deficiencies may be corrected by foliar fertilisations, but in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. no experimental data may be found to support this hypothesis. Therefore this paper was aimed at studying the effect of foliar Mg-applications (56, 112 and 224 g ha-1 in single application at flowering or splitted half dose at 4-leaf stage and half at flowering alone and with Zn (200 g ha-1 on yield and quality of two French bean genotypes (Bronco, Cadillac. Foliar Mg-applications significantly increased pod yield and, considering the highest rate with respect to the untreated, such an increase was 78% and 32% for Bronco and Cadillac, respectively. Split applications were also more effective, with yield increases of 109% and 50% for the two genotypes. Concerning quality, foliar Mg applications showed a significant effect particularly on sugars, calcium, phosphate, sulphate and Mg contents in pods. On the other hand, a significant effect on the accumulation of nitrates was noted, especially with split applications (144% increase vs. unfertilised and, in some cases, an antagonistic effect on K content (10-20% decrease on average. Foliar Mg fertilisation of French bean seemed to be a promising practice with reference to human health and nutrition, tough some care is needed to avoid the accumulation of nitrates in pods. Split applications seemed to be more effective, while the addition of Zn to the fertiliser mix did not give any relevant effect.

Shifting Foliar N:P Ratios with Experimental Soil Warming in Tussock Tundra

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Jasinski, B.; Mack, M. C.; Schuur, E.; Mauritz, M.; Walker, X. J.

2017-12-01

Warming temperatures in the Arctic and boreal ecosystems are currently driving widespread permafrost thaw. Thermokarst is one form of thaw, in which a deepening active soil layer and associated hydrologic changes can lead to increased nutrient availability and shifts in plant community composition. Individual plant species often differ in their ability to access nutrients and adapt to new environmental conditions. While nitrogen (N) is often the nutrient most limiting to Arctic plant communities, the extent to which plant available phosphorus (P) from previously frozen mineral soil may increase as the active layer deepens is still uncertain. To understand the changing relationship between species' uptake of N and P in a thermokarst environment, we assessed foliar N:P ratios from 2015 in two species, a tussock sedge (Eriophorum vaginatum) and a dwarf shrub (Rubus chamaemorus), at a moist acidic tussock tundra experimental passive soil warming site. The passive soil warming treatment increased active layer depth in warmed plots by 35.4 cm (+/- 1.1 cm), an 80% increase over the control plots. E.vaginatum demonstrated a 16.9% decrease (p=0.012, 95% CI [-27.99%, -5.94%]) in foliar N:P ratios in warmed plots, driven mostly by an increase in foliar phosphorus. Foliar N:P ratios of R.chamaemorus showed no significant change. However, foliar samples of R.chamaemorus were significantly enriched in the isotope 15N in soil warming plots (9.9% increase (p=0.002, 95% CI [4.45%, 15.39%])), while the sedge E.vaginatum was slightly depleted. These results suggest that (1) in environments with thawing mineral soil plant available phosphorus may increase more quickly than nitrogen, and (2) that species' uptake strategies and responses to increasing N and P will vary, which has implications for future ecological shifts in thawing ecosystems.

Erythroneura lawsoni abundance and feeding injury levels are influenced by foliar nutrient status in intensively managed American sycamore.

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Coyle, David, Robert: Aubrey, Doug, Patric; Bentz, Jo-Ann

2010-01-01

Abstract 1 Abundance and feeding injury of the leafhopper Erythroneura lawsoni Robinson was measured in an intensively-managed American sycamore Platanus occidentalis L. plantation. Trees were planted in spring 2000 in a randomized complete block design, and received one of three annual treatments: (i) fertilization (120 kg N/ha/year); (ii) irrigation (3.0 cm/week); (iii) fertilization + irrigation; or (iv) control (no treatment). 2 Foliar nutrient concentrations were significantly influenced by the treatments because only sulphur and manganese levels were not statistically greater in trees receiving fertilization. 3 Over 116 000 E. lawsoni were captured on sticky traps during the study. Leafhopper abundance was highest on nonfertilized trees for the majority of the season, and was positively correlated with foliar nutrient concentrations. Significant temporal variation in E. lawsoni abundance occurred, suggesting five discrete generations in South Carolina. 4 Significant temporal variation occurred in E. lawsoni foliar injury levels, with the highest injury ratings occurring in late June and August. Foliar injury was negatively correlated with foliar nutrient content, and higher levels of injury occurred more frequently on nonfertilized trees. 5 The results obtained in the present study indicated that increased E. lawsoni abundance occurred on trees that did not receive fertilization. Nonfertilized trees experienced greater foliar injury, suggesting that lower foliar nutrient status may have led to increased levels of compensatory feeding.

Foliar moisture content of Pacific Northwest vegetation and its relation to wildland fire behavior.

Science.gov (United States)

James K. Agee; Clinton S. Wright; Nathan Williamson; Mark H. Huff

2002-01-01

Fotiar moisture was monitored for five conifers and associated understory vegetation in Pacific Northwest forests. Decline in foliar moisture of new foliage occurred over the dry season, while less variation was evident in older foliage. Late season foliar moisture ranged from 130 to 170%. In riparian-upland comparisons, largest differences were found for understory...

Adubação foliar com macro e micronutrientes no crescimento de mudas micropropagadas do abacaxizeiro cv. Gold [Ananas comosus (L. Merrill] em diferentes recipientes Foliar fertilization with macro and micronutrients in the growth of plantlets micropropagated of pineapple cv. Gold [Ananas comosus (L. Merrill] in different containers

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Izaias dos Santos Bregonci

2008-06-01

Full Text Available Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da adubação foliar com macro e micronutrientes no crescimento das mudas micropropagadas do abacaxizeiro cv. Gold [Ananas comosus (L. Merrill], em diferentes recipientes. O experimento foi em esquema fatorial 8x3, adubação foliar em 8 níveis e recipientes em 3 níveis, através de um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 5 repetições. As mudas foram padronizadas com altura média de 7,12 cm. As adubações foliares foram feitas com uréia, cloreto de potássio, ácido bórico, um formulado comercial com macro e micronutrientes e testemunha (pulverização com água e os recipientes: bandeja de isopor com 200 células; tubete pequeno de 115 cm³; e tubete grande com 300 cm³. O substrato utilizado foi o plantmax hortaliças®. Avaliaram-se as características área foliar, altura de planta e massa seca da parte aérea e da raiz, aos 140 dias do transplantio. Os adubos foliares proporcionaram maior crescimento em área foliar, altura e massa seca da parte aérea às mudas do abacaxizeiro, embora com resultados diferentes. Os adubos foliares não aumentaram a massa seca do sistema radicular. A bandeja de isopor apresentou as menores médias, com todos os adubos foliares para área foliar, altura e massa seca da parte aérea das mudas do abacaxizeiro. O tubete pequeno e o tubete grande apresentaram resultados semelhantes com a maioria dos adubos foliares utilizados.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the foliar fertilization with macro and micronutrients on the growth of the plantlets micropropagated of pineapple cv. Gold [Ananas comosus (L. Merrill] in different containers. The experiment was mounted in factorial arrangement 8x3, with foliar fertilization in 8 levels and containers in 3 levels, through a completely randomized design with five repetitions. The plantlets were standardized with average height of 7,12 cm. The foliar fertilization was used in the urea

Effect of Nutrient Solution Concentration, Time and Frequency of Foliar Application on Growth of Leaf and Daughter Corms of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.

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R Khorasani

2015-07-01

Full Text Available In order to investigate the effect of different levels of nutrient solution concentration and times and frequencies of foliar applications on dry weight, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations of leaf and corm of saffron, a pot experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement and three replications under open door conditions in research garden of ferdowsi university, faculty of agriculture. The experimental treatments were included 4 levels of solution concentration (0, 4, 8 and 12 per 1000 and 7 levels of time and frequency of foliar applications (F1: foliar application on 3th February, F2: foliar application on 18th February, F3: foliar application on 5th March, F4: foliar applications on 3th and 18th February, F5: foliar applications on 3th February and 5th March, F6: foliar applications on 18th February and 5th March, F7: foliar applications on 3th and 18th February and 5th March. Results of variance analysis showed that fresh and dry weight of corm and leaf were not influenced by concentration, time and frequency of foliar applications. Also, comparison of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations of leaf and corm showed that there was no significant difference between levels of foliar treatments and control. Therefore, it seems that due attention to pattern of leaf and low nutrient demand of saffron, foliar applications in different levels of nutrient solution concentrations and times and frequencies of foliar applications could not increase vegetative growth and consequently, could not improve the growth and nutritional properties of saffron corms.

[Dynamics of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen during foliar litter decomposition under artificial forest gap in Pinus massoniana plantation.

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Ming Jin; Chen, Liang Hua; Zhang, Jian; Yang, Wan Qin; Liu, Hua; Li, Xun; Zhang, Yan

2016-03-01

Nowadays large areas of plantations have caused serious ecological problems such as soil degradation and biodiversity decline. Artificial tending thinning and construction of mixed forest are frequently used ways when we manage plantations. To understand the effect of this operation mode on nutrient cycle of plantation ecosystem, we detected the dynamics of microbial bio-mass carbon and nitrogen during foliar litter decomposition of Pinus massoniana and Toona ciliate in seven types of gap in different sizes (G 1 : 100 m 2 , G 2 : 225 m 2 , G 3 : 400 m 2 , G 4 : 625 m 2 , G 5 : 900 m 2 , G 6 : 1225 m 2 , G 7 : 1600 m 2 ) of 42-year-old P. massoniana plantations in a hilly area of the upper Yang-tze River. The results showed that small and medium-sized forest gaps(G 1 -G 5 ) were more advantageous for the increment of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in the process of foliar litter decomposition. Along with the foliar litter decomposition during the experiment (360 d), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) in P. massoniana foliar litter and MBN in T. ciliata foliar litter first increased and then decreased, and respectively reached the maxima 9.87, 0.22 and 0.80 g·kg -1 on the 180 th d. But the peak (44.40 g·kg -1 ) of MBC in T. ciliata foliar litter appeared on the 90 th d. Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in T. ciliate was significantly higher than that of P. massoniana during foliar litter decomposition. Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in foliar litter was not only significantly associated with average daily temperature and the water content of foliar litter, but also closely related to the change of the quality of litter. Therefore, in the thinning, forest gap size could be controlled in the range of from 100 to 900 m 2 to facilitate the increase of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in the process of foliar litter decomposition, accelerate the decomposition of foliar litter and improve soil fertility of plantations.

Importance of Foliar Nitrogen Concentration to Predict Forest Productivity in the Mid-Atlantic Region

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Yude Pan; John Hom; Jennifer Jenkins; Richard Birdsey

2004-01-01

To assess what difference it might make to include spatially defined estimates of foliar nitrogen in the regional application of a forest ecosystem model (PnET-II), we composed model predictions of wood production from extensive ground-based forest inventory analysis data across the Mid-Atlantic region. Spatial variation in foliar N concentration was assigned based on...

Assessing a sustainable sugar cane production system in Tucumán, Argentina: Part 2: Soil water and thermal regime, stalk population dynamics and sugarcane production Evaluación de un sistema sustentable de producción de caña de azúcar en Tucumán, R. Argentina: Parte II: Contenido de humedad y temperatura del suelo, dinámica de la población de tallos y producción de caña de azúcar

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Patricia A. Digonzelli

2011-12-01

("mulching" y b sin cobertura de residuos de cosecha (residuo quemado. Se establecieron macroparcelas en un lote comercial implantado con el cultivar LCP 85-384, en Albarracín, Cruz Alta, Tucumán, R. Argentina. El diseño experimental fue de parcelas divididas con tres repeticiones, estando cada parcela formada por cinco surcos de 30 m. Se evaluaron dos ciclos agrícolas: 2006/2007 y 2007/2008. A partir de la cosecha, se determinaron periódicamente la humedad del suelo a 20 cm y 40 cm de profundidad, la temperatura de suelo a 15 cm de profundidad, la infiltración básica y el número de tallos. Al momento de cosecha, se determinaron número y peso de tallos, a partir de los cuales se estimaron las toneladas de caña por surco y por hectárea. La humedad del suelo resultó mayor en el tratamiento con cobertura de residuos para el ciclo 2007/2008, no así para el ciclo 2006/2007, donde no hubo diferencias entre tratamientos. Este comportamiento dependió de la cantidad y distribución de las lluvias. La temperatura del suelo fue mayor en el tratamiento sin cobertura, situación que se mantuvo hasta el cierre del cañaveral. La dinámica de la población de tallos mostró un número de tallos mayor para el tratamiento con cobertura en el pico del macollaje. A cosecha se mantuvo esta tendencia, pero la diferencia solo fue significativa en 2007/2008. La producción de caña por hectárea fue un 12% y un 55% mayor en el tratamiento con cobertura en 2006/2007 y 2007/2008, respectivamente.

Effects of Foliar Selenite on the Nutrient Components of Turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa Linn.

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Xiong Li

2018-03-01

Full Text Available We administered foliar applications of 50, 100, and 200 mg L−1 selenium (Se, selenite on turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa Linn. and detected the changes in the main nutrient components in fleshy roots. Results showed that the foliar application of Se (IV significantly increased the Se content in turnip, and Se (IV positively affected the uptake of several mineral elements, including magnesium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, manganese, and copper. Se (IV treatments also improved the synthesis of protein and multiple amino acids instead of crude fat and total carbohydrate in turnip, indicating that the foliar application of Se (IV could enhance Se biofortification in turnip and promote its nutritional value. We recommended 50–100 mg L−1 Se treatment for foliar application on turnip based on the daily intake of Se for adults (96–139 μg person−1 day−1 and its favorable effects on the nutrient components of turnip.

Effects of foliar selenite on the nutrient components of turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa Linn.)

Science.gov (United States)

Li, Xiong; Li, Boqun; Yang, Yongping

2018-03-01

We administered foliar applications of 50, 100 and 200 mg L‑1 selenium (Se, selenite) on turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa Linn.) and detected the changes in the main nutrient components in fleshy roots. Results showed that the foliar application of Se (Ⅳ) significantly increased the Se content in turnip, and Se (Ⅳ) positively affected the uptake of several mineral elements, including magnesium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, manganese and copper. Se (Ⅳ) treatments also improved the synthesis of protein and multiple amino acids instead of crude fat and total carbohydrate in turnip, indicating that the foliar application of Se (Ⅳ) could enhance Se biofortification in turnip and promote its nutritional value. We recommended 50–100 mg L‑1 Se treatment for foliar application on turnip based on the daily intake of Se for adults (96–139 µg person‑1 day‑1) and its favourable effects on the nutrient components of turnip.

Carboidratos foliares durante a floração e os estádios iniciais de crescimento de frutilhos em tangerineira 'Ponkan'

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Rodrigo Amato Moreira

2014-01-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os teores de carboidratos foliares em tangerineira 'Ponkan' (Citrus reticulata, durante o pleno florescimento e os estádios iniciais de crescimento dos frutilhos, e identificar a melhor época para realização do raleio químico. O experimento foi realizado durante dois anos de produção (2009/2010 e 2010/2011, com quatro épocas de amostragem de folhas: 0, 30, 60 e 90 dias após o pleno florescimento. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, quatro repetições e quatro plantas por parcela. Para determinar a utilização dos carboidratos pelas plantas, foram avaliados os teores de açúcares solúveis, açúcares redutores e amido na matéria seca das folhas. Nas mesmas épocas de amostragem foliar, o tamanho dos frutilhos também foi determinado. Os teores foliares de carboidratos solúveis aumentam e os de amido diminuem entre 35 e 50 dias após o pleno florescimento. No final da fase de fixação dos frutilhos, a partir dos 50 dias após o pleno florescimento, os teores de açúcares solúveis nas folhas diminuem. A melhor época para a realização do raleio químico em tangerineira 'Ponkan' é logo após a fase de queda fisiológica, quando os frutilhos atingirem cerca de 18 mm de diâmetro, aos 50 dias após o pleno florescimento.

Dano por Granizo na Cultura da Soja em Condições de Lavoura: Um Estudo de Caso

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Jossana Ceolin Cera

2016-06-01

Full Text Available Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar os danos causados por um evento de granizo sobre uma lavoura comercial de soja. O evento de granizo ocorreu no município de Água Santa, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, durante o ano agrícola de 2013/2014. Foram realizadas avaliações da matéria seca do limbo foliar, pecíolo, legume e do índice de área foliar. Tais medições foram obtidas em data anterior e posterior ao evento de granizo que ocorreu no dia 08/02/2014. Com o auxílio de imagens de satélites e de radar foi possível identificar a intensidade do evento e a presença de granizo nas nuvens. Os danos provocados pelo granizo na cultura da soja foram: a redução da matéria seca nos limbos foliares (0,13 Mg ha−1, nos pecíolos (0,01 Mg ha−1 e nos legumes (0,002 Mg ha−1 das plantas da lavoura; o decréscimo no índice de área foliar de 7 a 34%; e a quebra do ápice de crescimento em 32% das plantas do experimento. Possivelmente, devido a esta redução na massa seca, houve diminuição na produtividade de soja da lavoura. As imagens de satélite e de radar podem ser ferramentas para auxiliar os extensionistas na determinação dos danos de granizo nas lavouras de soja.

Efecto bioestimulante de Trichoderma harzianum Rifai en posturas de Leucaena, Cedro y Samán

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Leonides Castellanos González

2018-01-01

Full Text Available El presente artículo evaluó el efecto bioestimulante de Trichoderma harzianum Rifai en la producción de postura de Leucaena leucocephala (Lam de Wit., Cedrela odorata L. y Albizia saman (Jacq. Merr. Se desarrollaron tres experimentos en condiciones de vivero, uno para cada especie. Se empleó un diseño completamente aleatorio con cuatro parcelas por tratamiento. En cada experimento los tratamientos fueron: Trichoderma harzianum a razón de 20 g.L-1, 40 g.L-1 y un testigo. Se evaluó el porcentaje de germinación y las variables morfométricas diámetro y altura del tallo, así como biomasa seca en raíz y parte aérea de la planta. Los tratamientos con Trichoderma no incrementaron el porcentaje de germinación en cedro, samán y leucaena. T. harzianum incrementó la altura, el número de hojas y la biomasa seca del área foliar en las plántulas de cedro, mientras que en leucaena y samán solo provocó incrementos del diámetro basal de las plántulas.

Mapping spatial variability of foliar nitrogen in coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plantations with multispectral Sentinel-2 MSI data

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Chemura, Abel; Mutanga, Onisimo; Odindi, John; Kutywayo, Dumisani

2018-04-01

Nitrogen (N) is the most limiting factor to coffee development and productivity. Therefore, development of rapid, spatially explicit and temporal remote sensing-based approaches to determine spatial variability of coffee foliar N are imperative for increasing yields, reducing production costs and mitigating environmental impacts associated with excessive N applications. This study sought to assess the value of Sentinel-2 MSI spectral bands and vegetation indices in empirical estimation of coffee foliar N content at landscape level. Results showed that coffee foliar N is related to Sentinel-2 MSI B4 (R2 = 0.32), B6 (R2 = 0.49), B7 (R2 = 0.42), B8 (R2 = 0.57) and B12 (R2 = 0.24) bands. Vegetation indices were more related to coffee foliar N as shown by the Inverted Red-Edge Chlorophyll Index - IRECI (R2 = 0.66), Relative Normalized Difference Index - RNDVI (R2 = 0.48), CIRE1 (R2 = 0.28), and Normalized Difference Infrared Index - NDII (R2 = 0.37). These variables were also identified by the random forest variable optimisation as the most valuable in coffee foliar N prediction. Modelling coffee foliar N using vegetation indices produced better accuracy (R2 = 0.71 with RMSE = 0.27 for all and R2 = 0.73 with RMSE = 0.25 for optimized variables), compared to using spectral bands (R2 = 0.57 with RMSE = 0.32 for all and R2 = 0.58 with RMSE = 0.32 for optimized variables). Combining optimized bands and vegetation indices produced the best results in coffee foliar N modelling (R2 = 0.78, RMSE = 0.23). All the three best performing models (all vegetation indices, optimized vegetation indices and combining optimal bands and optimal vegetation indices) established that 15.2 ha (4.7%) of the total area under investigation had low foliar N levels (landscape scale.

INFLUÃÅNCIA DA MANCHA FOLIAR DE MYCOSPHAERELLA NO DESENVOLVIMENTO DE Eucalyptus dunnii NA REGIÃÆO SERRANA DE SANTA CATARINA

OpenAIRE

ALEXANDRE TECHY DE ALMEIDA GARRETT

2015-01-01

Com o objetivo de inferir a influÃÂncia da mancha foliar causada por espÃÂcies de Mycosphaerella spp. e Teratosphaeria em plantios de Eucalyptus dunnii foi analisado o desenvolvimento de povoamentos de diferentes materiais genÃÂticos em duas classes de idade acometidos pela doenÃÂa, na regiÃÂo sul do Brasil em ÃÂreas da empresa Klabin S.A. O desenvolvimento expresso pela altura, diÃÂmetro de colo e biomassa da base do fuste das plantas e a severidade da doenÃÂa foram avaliados em avaliaÃÂÃÂes...

Foliar micromorphology of Lippia javanica (Burm.F) Spreng ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Background: Lippia javanica (Burm.F.) Spreng is an aromatic indigenous South African plant with culinary and medicinal values. This study investigated the foliar morphology and elemental composition of the plant because not much data concerning the anatomical and micro-morphological features can be found in ...

Noise-resistant spectral features for retrieving foliar chemical parameters

Science.gov (United States)

Foliar chemical constituents are important indicators for understanding vegetation growing status and ecosystem functionality. Provided the noncontact and nondestructive traits, the hyperspectral analysis is a superior and efficient method for deriving these parameters. In practical implementation o...

Production and levels of foliar nitrogen in rocket salad fertilized with controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers and urea Produção e teor de nitrogênio foliar em rúcula adubada com fertilizantes nitrogenados de liberação lenta e uréia

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Rafael Felippe Ratke

2011-06-01

Full Text Available Controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers enhance crop productivity and decrease nitrogen loss through volatilization and leaching. This study aimed at determining the effect of nitrogen treatments provided by controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers and urea. The following fertilizers were tested: 1 (agricultural urea, 2 (ammonium sulfonitrate + nitrification inhibitor, dimethylpyrazole phosphate (Entec 26®,3 (urea + Kimberlit polymer (Kimcoat N® and 4 (urea + NBPT (Super N - Agrotain®. Treatments corresponded to 0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 kg ha-1 of N with rocket salad grown inside a greenhouse, assessing the production of fresh and dry leaf mass as well as levels of foliar nitrogen. Doses of different controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers showed significant polynomial regressions for the production of rocket salad fresh leaf mass and levels of foliar nitrogen, whereby Entec 26® did not show significant polynomial regression, considering the last parameter evaluated. The production of rocket salad dry leaf mass did not display significant linear regressions. The maximal production of rocket salad fresh leaf mass was reached at doses of 600, 490, 765, and 462 kg ha-1 of N with the use of urea, Entec 26®, Kimcoat N® and Super N®, respectively.Os fertilizantes nitrogenados de liberação lenta aumentam a produtividade das culturas e diminuem as perdas de nitrogênio por volatilização e lixiviação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar, no cultivo de rúcula, o efeito de doses de N fornecidas por fertilizantes nitrogenados de liberação lenta e pela uréia. Testaram-se os fertilizantes: 1 (uréia agrícola, 2 (sulfonitrato de amônio + inibidor de nitrificação Dimetil Pirazol Fosfato (Entec 26®,3 (uréia + polímero Kimberlit (kimcoat N® e 4 (uréia + NBPT (Super N - Agrotain®, e as doses de 0, 100, 200, 400 e 800 kg ha-1 de N em rúcula crescidas em casa de vegetação, avaliando-se a produtividade de matéria fresca de folhas

Effects of light availability and growth rate on leaf lifespan of four temperate rainforest Proteaceae Efectos de la luminosidad y de las tasas de crecimiento sobre longevidad foliar de cuatro Proteáceas del bosque templado lluvioso

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CHRISTOPHER H LUSK

2011-06-01

de la longevidad foliar, y también los vínculos con otros rasgos foliares. Sin embargo, una teoría comprensiva de la longevidad foliar aún no emerge de dichos estudios. El efecto de las tasas de crecimiento sobre el autosombramiento podría ser determinante en la variación tanto intra- como interespecífica en la longevidad foliar. De ser así, se esperaría que la longevidad foliar de las especies heliófitas, de crecimiento rápido, respondiera más marcadamente a la luminosidad que la de las especies tolerantes a la sombra, de crecimiento lento. Medimos crecimiento en altura, sobrevivencia foliar y producción de nuevas hojas, en árboles juveniles de cuatro Proteáceas Chilenas, con el objetivo de explorar los efectos de la luminosidad y del autosombramiento sobre la longevidad foliar. La longevidad foliar mostró una relación inversa con la disponibilidad de luz difusa, y la pendiente de esta relación fue más elevada en dos especies heliófitas (Embothrium coccineum, Lomatia hirsuta que en dos especies más tolerantes a la sombra (Lomatia ferruginea, Gevuina avellana. Dicho patrón mostró cierta simetría con la variación interespecífica en el efecto de la luminosidad sobre el crecimiento en altura, ya que el crecimiento de las dos especies heliófitas respondió más notoriamente a la luminosidad que el crecimiento de L. ferruginea y G. avellana. Un análisis de vías sugirió que la luminosidad influyó en la longevidad foliar principalmente por el efecto del crecimiento sobre el autosombramiento: cuando la tasa de producción de nuevas hojas se mantuvo constante mediante la regresión múltiple, la luminosidad en sí no tuvo efecto significativo sobre la longevidad foliar de ninguna de las cuatro especies. Sin embargo, entre 29 y 79 % de la variación intraespecífica en la longevidad foliar no pudo explicarse por la luminosidad o la tasa de producción foliar. Si el autosombramiento efectivamente es el principal determinante inmediato de la

Residual effect of sugar cane ratoon of urea nitrogen foliar application to plant cane

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Trivelin, P.C.O.; Lara Cabezas, W.A.R.; Coleti, J.T.

1984-01-01

The residual effect of urea - N, foliar applied to plant cane, on sugar cane ratoon is studied. Setts grown in drums containing washed sand are used. 180 days from planting, foliar fertilizer (43.5% urea solution) labelled with 3.95 atom % 15 N is applied. The first harvest is made 7 days after application and final harvest of resprouting at 123 days. (M.A.C.) [pt

Contribution of foliar leaching and dry deposition to sulfate in net throughfall below deciduous trees

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Garten, C.T. Jr.; Bondietti, E.A.; Lomax, R.D.

1988-01-01

Experiments were conducted at Walker Branch Watershed, Tennessee in 1986 with radioactive 35 S to quantify the contribution of foliar leaching and dry deposition to sulfate (SO 4 2- ) in net throughfall (NTF). Two red maple (Acer rubrum) and two yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) trees (12-15 m tall) were radiolabeled by stem well injection. Total S and 35 S were measured in leaves; 35 S and SO 4 2- were measured in throughfall (THF). The contribution of foliar leaching to SO 4 2- in NTF, THF minus incident precipitation, was estimated by isotope dilution of 35 S in NTF arising from nonradioactive S in dry deposition. The per cent contribution of foliar leaching to SO 4 2- in NTF was greatest during the week following isotope labeling and during the period of autumn leaf fall. During the growing season, foliar leaching accounted for 80% of the SO 4 2- in NTF beneath the study trees. Dry deposition of S to these tree species can be reasonably approximated during summer from the measurement of SO 4 2- flux in NTF. (author)

Substratos e recipientes para a produção de porta-enxertos de citros irrigados por subcapilaridade

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Julio Cesar Giuliani

2014-03-01

Full Text Available O conhecimento do porta-enxerto, do substrato e do recipiente são fundamentais para a definição do período necessário para produzir mudas cítricas de qualidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a emergência de plântulas e o desenvolvimento vegetativo de seis porta-enxertos cítricos, cultivados em dois substratos e mantidos em diferentes recipientes, em sementeira, irrigados por subcapilaridade. Foram testados dois substratos comerciais e a semeadura foi realizada em tubetes com 50cm³, tubetes com 120cm³ e bandejas de isopor contendo 72 células com volume de 120cm³. Os seis porta-enxertos cítricos avaliados foram: Trifoliata [Poncirus trifoliata [L.] Raf.]; Flying Dragon [Poncirus trifoliata (L. Raf. var. monstrosa]; limoeiro Volkameriano (Citrus volkameriana Pasq., citrangeiro Fepagro C37 [P. trifoliata x Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck.], tangerineira Sunki (C. sunki hort. ex Tan. e citrumeleiro Swingle (P. trifoliata x C. paradisi. Avaliou-se emergência, altura e diâmetro das plantas ao longo do cultivo em casa de vegetação. Em laboratório, avaliou-se massa fresca e seca da parte aérea e raiz, número de folhas, área foliar por folha e área foliar por planta. Nas avaliações de emergência de plântulas, a tangerineira Sunki, o limoeiro Volkameriano e o citrumeleiro Swingle apresentaram maiores taxas em relação ao Trifoliata, ao citrangeiro Fepagro C 37 e ao Flying Dragon. Ao empregar-se o sistema de irrigação por subcapilaridade, o substrato comercial 1 é recomendado para todos recipientes. O substrato comercial 2 somente deve ser empregado em bandejas alveoladas de 120 cm³.

Malabsorption of mineral nutrients and effects of foliar fertilization on continuously cropped capsicum annuum l. var. annuum

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ye, X.H.; Zhao, Z.L.; Zhao, Z.L.; Zhao, H.B.

2014-01-01

Cayenne pepper (C. annuum var. annuum) cultivar known as line No. 5 was used to establish a reference baseline for fertilization experiments under conditions of continuous cropping versus crop rotation. The effects of continuous cropping on absorption of 11 essential nutrient elements and fruit yield were studied. Concurrently, we also examined the effects of foliar application of urea + KH/sub 2/ PO/sub 4/ and Fe + B + Zn + Mn on nutrient absorption due to continuous cropping. The results showed that, compared with peppers grown in rotation soil, continuous cropping affected the uptake of eight elements (P, K, Mg, Fe, B, Zn, Mn, Cu) and transport of these elements to the aerial parts of the plant, although the element concentrations in continuous cropping soil were not lower than those in rotation soil. Continuous cropping caused a decline in fruit yield. The impact of continuous cropping on the uptake of trace elements was greater than it was for macro elements. Foliar application of urea + KH/sub 2/ PO/sub 4/ significantly improved the P, Mg, Fe, and Mo content of continuously-cropped pepper plants, but did not significantly improve the content of N and K, and there was an antagonistic effect on Zn uptake. Foliar application of Fe + B + Zn + Mn, significantly increased the Fe, B, Zn, Mn, and P content in the plants; Ca uptake in the leaves and fruits was promoted to a certain degree, but there was obvious antagonism toward Mo and Cu uptake in the stems, leaves and fruits. Pepper fruit yields were significantly increased by foliar application of urea + KH/sub 2/ PO/sub 4/ or foliar application of Fe + B + Zn + Mn. However the effects of foliar application of Fe + B + Zn + Mn on increased production were significantly better than the effects of foliar application of urea + KH/sub 2/ PO/sub 4/. (author)

Foliar and soil application of 15N-labelled fertilizers in the cultivation of common bean and soybean

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Papanicolaou, E.P.; Skarlou, V.D.; Apostolakis, C.G.; Katranis, N.

1979-01-01

In two field experiments (one with beans and one with soybeans) during 1977, the influence of soil application of different nitrogen fertilizers and also of foliar application of the Hanway nutrient solution (N-P-K-S) on nitrogen fixation, grain yield and fertilizer utilization was studied. The nodule data for soybeans indicated that urea applied as starter, topdress or foliar spray adversely affected nodule number and weight. Starter (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 had an effect similar to urea, while starter NH 4 NO 3 had slight or no adverse effect. Use of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 or NH 4 NO 3 in the Hanway solution had a strong adverse effect. Yield data of the soybean experiment indicated that urea, applied as starter or starter plus topdress, had no essential effect while foliar spray showed a clear adverse effect on the grain yield of soybean-nod. When (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 or NH 4 NO 3 were used in the foliar spray, the adverse effect was more evident. Non-nod soybean showed slight yield response to topdress N and significant positive response to Hanway foliar spray. In the bean experiment some evidence of positive response to topdress N plus Hanway foliar spray was observed in the non-nod crop, but it was not significant. The utilization coefficient of the applied fertilizers varied with the treatments. The highest utilization coefficient (50-70%), for both experiments, was observed when urea was applied as foliar spray. Application of urea as starter gave low utilization while topdress application gave high utilization in the soybean experiment and low in that of common bean. Under the experimental conditions starter urea was better utilized than starter ammonium sulphate or nitrate. (author)

Changes in radiocesium contamination from Fukushima in foliar parts of 10 common tree species in Japan between 2011 and 2013

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yoshihara, Toshihiro; Matsumura, Hideyuki; Tsuzaki, Masaharu; Wakamatsu, Takashi; Kobayashi, Takuya; Hashida, Shin-nosuke; Nagaoka, Toru; Goto, Fumiyuki

2014-01-01

Yearly changes in radiocesium ( 137 Cs) contamination, primarily due to the Fukushima accident of March 2011, were observed in the foliar parts of 10 common woody species in Japan (Chamaecyparis obtusa, Cedrus deodara, Pinus densiflora, Cryptomeria japonica, Phyllostachys pubescens, Cinnamomum camphora, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Prunus × yedoensis, Acer buergerianum, and Aesculus hippocastanum). The samples were obtained from Abiko (approximately 200 km SSW of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant) during each growing season between 2011 and 2013, and the foliar parts were examined based on their year of expansion and location in each trees. The radiocesium concentrations generally decreased with time; however, the concentrations and rates of decrease varied among species, age of foliar parts, and locations. The radiocesium concentrations in the 2012 current-year foliar parts were 29%–220% of those from 2011, while those from 2013 fell to between 14% and 42% of the 2011 values. The net decontamination in the foliage was higher in evergreen species than in deciduous species. The radiocesium concentrations in the upper foliar parts were higher than those in the lower parts particularly in C. japonica. In addition, the radiocesium concentrations were higher in the current-year foliar parts than in the 1-year-old foliar parts, particularly in 2013. Thus, the influence of the direct deposition of the fallout was reduced with time, and the translocation ability of radiocesium from old to new tissues became more influential. Similar to the behavior of potassium in trees, Cs redistribution probably occurred primarily due to internal nutrient translocation mechanisms. - Highlights: • 137 Cs concentrations of foliar parts expanded in 2013 was 14–42% of those in 2011. • The rates of decrease varied with the species, sampling part, and position. • Newly expanded foliar parts contain higher 137 Cs concentrations than older parts. • 137 Cs translocation

Comportamento da área foliar da videira “Isabel” submetida a diferentes tipos e doses de biofertilizantes

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Olivânia dos Santos Nascimento

2014-06-01

Full Text Available Objetivou-se verificar o efeito da aplicação de diferentes tipos e doses de biofertilizante, na área foliar da videira ‘Isabel’ em cultivo orgânico nas condições edafoclimáticas de Catolé do Rocha-PB. Estudou-se os efeitos de 5 tipos de biofertilizante biofertilizante e 8 doses na área foliar da videira ‘Isabel’ após a primeira poda de produção. O experimento foi conduzido sob condições de campo, em área pertencente à Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campus IV. O delineamento adotado foi o de blocos casualizados, com 40 tratamentos, no esquema fatorial 5 x 8, com 4  repetições, totalizando 160 parcelas experimentais, os tratamentos consistiram em aplicações crescentes de diferentes biofertilizante, aplicados de forma independente. O valor da área foliar unitária da videira Isabel aumentou com o incremento da dose do biofertilizante B1 até um limite ótimo de 0,93 L/planta/aplicação; o valor da área foliar unitária diminuiu com o aumento da dose do biofertilizante B1 acima do limite ótimo de 0,93 L/planta/aplicação; a utilização de biofertilizante enriquecido com farinha de rocha e leguminosa (B3 proporcionou maior área foliar unitária e área foliar da planta da videira Isabel.

Imaging spectroscopy of foliar biochemistry in forestry environments ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Remote sensing estimates of leaf biochemicals provide valuable information on ecosystem functioning, vitality and state at local to global spatial scales. This paper aims to give an overview of the state of the art of foliar biochemistry assessment in general and, where possible, attention is given to: (1) Eucalyptus forest ...

Statistical analysis of grapevine mortality associated with esca or Eutypa dieback foliar expression

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Lucia GUERIN-DUBRANA

2013-09-01

Full Text Available Esca and Eutypa dieback are two major wood diseases of grapevine in France. Their widespread distribution in vineyards leads to vine decline and to a loss in productivity. However, little is known either about the temporal dynamics of these diseases at plant level, and equally, the relationships between foliar expression of the diseases and vine death is relatively unknown too.  To investigate this last question, the vines of six vineyards cv. Cabernet Sauvignon in the Bordeaux region were surveyed, by recording foliar symptoms, dead arms and dead plants from 2004 to 2010. In 2008, 2009 and 2010, approximately five percent of the asymptomatic vines died but the percentage of dead vines which had previously expressed esca foliar symptoms was higher, and varied between vineyards. A logistic regression model was used to determine the previous years of symptomatic expression associated with vine mortality. The mortality of esca is always associated with the foliar symptom expression of the year preceding vine death. One or two other earlier years of expression frequently represented additional risk factors. The Eutypa dieback symptom was also a risk factor of death, superior or equal to that of esca. The study of the internal necroses of vines expressing esca or Eutypa dieback is discussed in the light of these statistical results.

Análise de crescimento e anatomia foliar da planta medicinal Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae cultivada em diferentes substratos Growth analysis and leaf anatomy of the medicinal plant Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae grown on different substrates

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A.A Millani

2010-06-01

Full Text Available Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae é uma espécie herbácea que ocorre em áreas de cerrado e, por se tratar de planta medicinal, é cultivada em escala familiar. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar possíveis alterações no desenvolvimento das plantas quando cultivadas em solos com texturas diferentes (solo de cerrado, franco arenoso ou solo de terra roxa, muito argiloso. Foram analisados aos 40, 70 e 90 dias, o comprimento do caule e da raiz, massa seca da parte aérea (caule e folhas e das raízes, número de folhas e área foliar; além de parâmetros anatômicos foliares, como a densidade de tricomas. Os resultados mostraram que os comprimentos do caule e da raiz aumentaram no decorrer do experimento, independentemente do substrato (com exceção do comprimento da raiz de plantas cultivadas em solo de terra roxa. Porém, o comprimento do caule foi sempre maior nas plantas cultivadas em solo de cerrado, enquanto o comprimento da raiz foi significativamente maior somente aos 90 dias de cultivo neste solo. As biomassas secas da raiz e do caule também foram maiores nas plantas cultivadas em solo de cerrado por 70 e 90 dias, respectivamente. A massa seca foliar foi maior nas plantas cultivadas em solo de cerrado a partir dos 70 dias de experimento. Esse aumento foi devido ao maior número de folhas produzidas e a maior área foliar dessas plantas. No geral, a anatomia foliar não diferiu, porém o número de tricomas glandulares foi maior nas plantas cultivadas em solo de cerrado. Os resultados indicaram que esta espécie tem melhor desenvolvimento quando cultivada em solo mais arenoso.Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae is a herbaceous species found in cerrado areas and grown in family scale since it is a medicinal plant. The aim of this work was to study possible alterations in the plant development when grown in soils presenting different textures (a sandy-loam cerrado soil, or a very clayish red earth soil. At 40, 70 and 90 days, stem

Soil and Foliar Arthropod Abundance and Diversity in Five Cropping Systems in the Coastal Plains of North Carolina.

Science.gov (United States)

Adams, Paul R; Orr, David B; Arellano, Consuelo; Cardoza, Yasmin J

2017-08-01

Soil and foliar arthropod populations in agricultural settings respond to environmental disturbance and degradation, impacting functional biodiversity in agroecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate system level management effects on soil and foliar arthropod abundance and diversity in corn and soybean. Our field experiment was a completely randomized block design with three replicates for five farming systems which included: Conventional clean till, conventional long rotation, conventional no-till, organic clean till, and organic reduced till. Soil arthropod sampling was accomplished by pitfall trapping. Foliar arthropod sampling was accomplished by scouting corn and sweep netting soybean. Overall soil arthropod abundance was significantly impacted by cropping in corn and for foliar arthropods in soybeans. Conventional long rotation and organic clean till systems were highest in overall soil arthropod abundance for corn while organic reduced till systems exceeded all other systems for overall foliar arthropod abundance in soybeans. Foliar arthropod abundance over sampling weeks was significantly impacted by cropping system and is suspected to be the result of in-field weed and cover crop cultivation practices. This suggests that the sum of management practices within production systems impact soil and foliar arthropod abundance and diversity and that the effects of these systems are dynamic over the cropping season. Changes in diversity may be explained by weed management practices as sources of disturbance and reduced arthropod refuges via weed reduction. Furthermore, our results suggest agricultural systems lower in management intensity, whether due to organic practices or reduced levels of disturbance, foster greater arthropod diversity. © The Authors 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Método alternativo de avaliação da absorção de atrazine por plantas de Brachiaria plantaginea Alternative method for evaluation of atrazine asorption by Brachiaria plantaginea plants

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C.D.G. Maciel

2002-12-01

Full Text Available Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação da Universidade Estadual de Maringá-PR, objetivando desenvolver metodologia alternativa para avaliar a absorção foliar e radicular de herbicidas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com 11 e 5 tratamentos para os solos arenoso e argiloso, respectivamente, ambos os experimentos com quatro repetições, constituídos por plantas de B. plantaginea em dois estádios. O herbicida atrazine foi aplicado nas doses de 2,5 e 3,0 kg ha¹ em solos arenoso e argiloso, utilizando um pulverizador costal pressurizado por CO2. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por plantas protegidas com canudos plásticos em solo descoberto e plantas desprotegidas em solo coberto com papel-alumínio, associadas a condições de solo seco e úmido, ou em ambas as condições, acrescidas de irrigação de 20 mm apenas ao solo após aplicação. A absorção foliar da atrazine foi eficiente no controle de B. plantaginea com duas a três folhas em solo arenoso e argiloso, ao contrário do estádio de quatro a cinco folhas, onde houve necessidade de associar os efeitos da absorção foliar e radicular para se obter controle satisfatório. A irrigação de 20 mm ampliou o controle da absorção radicular de B. plantaginea em diferentes estádios de plantas, solo e umidade do solo. A metodologia apresentou-se viável como ferramenta alternativa para avaliação da absorção foliar e radicular de herbicidas, no controle de gramíneas em estádio inicial de desenvolvimento.Two trials were carried out at the Universidade Estadual de Maringá, PR-Brazil, to develop an alternative method to evaluate foliar and root absorption of herbicides. A random experimental design was arranged, with eleven or five treatments, for sandy or clay soils, respectively,both with four replicates. Atrazine was applied at rates of 2.5 or 3.0 kg ha-1 in sandy or clay soil samples, respectively, with a CO2-pressured

Anatomía de los órganos vegetativos de dos especies de Atriplex (Chenopodiaceae de Venezuela

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Damelis Jáuregui

2014-12-01

Full Text Available En Venezuela, Atriplex está representado por A. cristata y A. oestophora, siendo esta última endémica, las mismas habitan zonas costeras con altas temperaturas, alta radiación solar y suelos arenosos con alto contenido de sales. Se caracterizaron anatómicamente sus órganos vegetativos con el fin de aportar rasgos para delimitarlas taxonómicamente y precisar caracteres que contribuyan a su adaptabilidad a las condiciones edafoclimáticas imperantes en su hábitat. El material vegetal fue recolectado en tres individuos de cada especie en Punta Taima Taima y Capatárida (Falcón. Se recolectaron segmentos de raíces próximos al cuello y al ápice; entrenudos basales, medios y apicales, y hojas ubicadas en la porción media de las plan- tas. Este material fue fijado en FAA (formaldehido, ácido acético y etanol 70% hasta su procesamiento. Se prepara- ron láminas semipermanentes y permanentes con secciones transversales y longitudinales hechas a mano alzada o con micrótomo, en este último caso posterior a la inclusión en parafina. Adicionalmente, se realizaron macerados con el fin de obtener las epidermis foliares. Las secciones fueron teñidas con azul de toluidina acuosa (1% o con safranina- fastgreen, montándolas en agua/glicerina o en bálsamo de Canadá. Se cuantificó el número de vasos y su densidad en los anillos vasculares de las raíces, para calcular el índice de vulnerabilidad. Se encontraron rasgos estructurales de valor taxonómico: la presencia de tejido acuífero en la lámina foliar, el número de haces vasculares y su organización en el nervio medio, así como la diferenciación de colénquima en el mismo; además, el arreglo del xilema/ floema en los anillos de crecimiento, la naturaleza del tejido conjuntivo, así como la presencia de floema incluso, en las raíces. Se detectaron caracteres anatómicos típicos de halófitas y xerófitas, como son: alta densidad de tricomas en hojas y tallos jóvenes, que act

Adubos foliares quelatizados e sais na absorção de boro, manganês e zinco em laranjeira ?Pera?

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Santos Carlos Henrique dos

1999-01-01

Full Text Available O presente trabalho teve como objetivo comparar a eficiência de formulações de adubos foliares quelatizados na absorção dos micronutrientes boro, manganês e zinco, com a aplicação convencional de sais em plantas de laranjeira ?Pera? (Citrus sinensis (L. Osbeck. Para tanto foi conduzido experimento nas dependências do Departamento de Ciência do Solo da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas UNESP/Campus de Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo. Utilizaram-se plantas de laranjeira ?Pera? (Citrus sinensis (L. Osbeck enxertadas sobre limoeiro ?Cravo? (Citrus limonia Osbeck, com 2 anos de idade, plantadas em caixas de 250 litros. Os adubos foliares utilizados foram: Grex Citros na dose de 1,0 mL L-1; Copas citros 2,0 mL L-1; Plantin Citros 1,0 mL L-1; Citrolino 2,0 mL L-1; Fertamin Citros 1,75 mL L-1; Yogen Citros 2,0 mL L-1; MS-2 1,0 mL L-1; Sais, Sais + 1,0 g L-1 de KCl e Sais substituindo o ZnSO4 pelo ZnCl2. O volume de aplicação, foi de 1 litro de calda planta-1. Em todos os tratamentos adicionou-se o espalhante adesivo do grupo químico dos alquifenoletoxilados a 0,03%. A amostragem das folhas foi realizada 30 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos, coletando-se a 3a ou 4a folha de ramos vegetativos no início do florescimento, dos 4 quadrantes, localizados na região mediana da planta, totalizando 10 folhas por planta. A aplicação foliar de micronutrientes, favoreceu a absorção e resultou no aumento do teor foliar de Mn e Zn mas não de B, sendo que a presença de cloreto aumentou os teores de Zn na folhas de laranjeira ?Pera?, proporcionando maior absorção do que o sulfato e sulfato adicionado ao cloreto de potássio. Os resultados mostram, também, que os produtos quelatizados Yogen e MS-2, para as condições deste estudo, não foram eficientes como fontes fornecedoras de Mn.

A preliminary survey of foliar sclerenchyma in neotropical Loranthaceae

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Kuijt, J.; Lye, D.

2005-01-01

The foliar sclerenchyma of all genera of neotropical Loranthaceae is surveyed by means of cleared leaves, using selected species. Three general categories of sclerenchyma are recognized. Fibers may form discontinuous or continuous bundles associated with veins or, more rarely, occur as individual

Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid, hydrogen peroxide

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Home; Journals; Journal of Biosciences; Volume 42; Issue 2. Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid, hydrogen peroxide and a xyloglucan oligosaccharide on capsiate content and gene expression associatedwith capsinoids synthesis in Capsicum annuum L. AY ZUNUN-PÉREZ T GUEVARA-FIGUEROA SN ...

Foliar biofilms of Burkholderia pyrrocinia FP62 on geraniums

Science.gov (United States)

Biofilm formation on foliar surfaces is commonly associated with plants in water-saturated environments (e.g. tropics or modified environments). On most leaf surfaces bacteria are thought to reside in aggregates with limited production of an exopolysaccharide (EPS) matrix. However, the biocontrol ag...

Teores foliares de nutrientes em mudas do abacaxizeiro ‘smooth cayenne’ em resposta à adubação Leaf nutrient contents on ´smooth cayenne´ planting material as response to fertilization

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Ruimário Inácio Coelho

2010-12-01

Full Text Available Mudas do abacaxizeiro ‘Smooth Cayenne’ obtidas por seccionamento de caule foram submetidas à adubação foliar com soluções em diferentes concentrações de uréia, KCl e H3BO3, em pulverizações semanais, num total de vinte e seis para a uréia e o KCl e aplicações mensais num total de quatro, para o H3BO3. Todos os tratamentos foram iniciados na nona semana após o plantio das secções. O delineamento utilizado foi fatorial fracionado do tipo (1/553, com três tipos de adubo (uréia, KCl e H3BO3 e cinco concentrações num total de 25 tratamentos. Cada parcela constituiu-se de 50 secções. Os tratamentos consistiram nas combinações das seguintes concentrações em g L-1: 0; 2,5; 5; 7,5 e 10 para a uréia e o KCl, e 0; 0,5; 1; 1,5 e 2,0 de H3BO3. Análises das amostras de folhas “D” revelam efeitos da uréia e H3BO3 sobre os teores foliares de S, Cl e B e efeito do KCL sobre K e Cl foliar. A uréia não apresentou efeito sobre o teor de N foliar, porém influencia significativamente o conteúdo de N nas mudas.‘Smooth Cayenne’ planting material obtained through stem sectioning were trea-ted with foliar fertilization with different concentrations of urea, KCl, in weekly pulverizations, and H3BO4, totalizing twenty-six for urea and KCL pulverizations and four for H3BO3, which was applied monthly The treatments were began nine weeks after planting thestem sections. The experimental scheme was a fractionated factorial (1/55³ with three types of fertilizers (urea, KCl and H3BO3 and five concentrations in a total of 25 treatments. There were 50 sections per plot. Treatments were a combination of concentrations in g L-1: 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 of urea and KCl, and 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2,0 of H3BO3. Sample analyses of ‘D’ leaves showed urea and H3BO3 effect on S, Cl and B leaf contents whereas KCL affected leaf K and Cl contents. Urea did not affect N leaf content, however it strongly influenced N content in planting material.

Antecipação do período de diagnose foliar em laranjeira 'Pêra' no Amazonas

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Jairo Rafael Machado Dias

2013-07-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade de se antecipar o período de realização da diagnose foliar em laranjeira 'Pêra'. Vinte e sete pomares representativos da região produtora de laranja do Estado do Amazonas foram monitorados durante o ano agrícola de 2011/2012. Foram realizadas diagnoses da composição nutricional (CND em amostras foliares retiradas durante a floração e quando a árvore apresentava frutos com três e seis meses de idade (época tradicional para o monitoramento nutricional. Pomares com produtividade superior a 25 Mg ha‑1 foram selecionados para o estabelecimento dos padrões de referência. O estado nutricional da laranja variou com o estádio fenológico no qual se realizou a amostragem foliar, o que fez com que fosse necessário estabelecer normas CND para cada período. Com a antecipação da diagnose para o período de floração, observou-se aumento nas concentrações foliares de N, P, K e Cu diminuição e nas de Ca. A antecipação da diagnose foliar em laranja 'Pêra' depende da geração de padrões nutricionais CND específicos para cada época de amostragem.

Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and nitrogen addition on foliar stoichiometry of nitrogen and phosphorus of five tree species in subtropical model forest ecosystems

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Huang Wenjuan; Zhou Guoyi; Liu Juxiu; Zhang Deqiang; Xu Zhihong; Liu Shizhong

2012-01-01

The effects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and nitrogen (N) addition on foliar N and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry were investigated in five native tree species (four non-N 2 fixers and one N 2 fixer) in open-top chambers in southern China from 2005 to 2009. The high foliar N:P ratios induced by high foliar N and low foliar P indicate that plants may be more limited by P than by N. The changes in foliar N:P ratios were largely determined by P dynamics rather than N under both elevated CO 2 and N addition. Foliar N:P ratios in the non-N 2 fixers showed some negative responses to elevated CO 2 , while N addition reduced foliar N:P ratios in the N 2 fixer. The results suggest that N addition would facilitate the N 2 fixer rather than the non-N 2 fixers to regulate the stoichiometric balance under elevated CO 2 . - Highlights: ► Five native tree species in southern China were more limited by P than by N. ► Shifts in foliar N:P ratios were driven by P dynamic under the global change. ► N addition lowered foliar N:P ratios in the N 2 fixer under elevated CO 2 . - N addition could facilitate the N 2 fixer rather than the non-N 2 fixers to regulate foliar N and P stoichiometry under elevated CO 2 in subtropical forests.

Effect of Foliar Application of Phosphorus and Water Deficit on Yield and Yield Components of Winter Wheat (Cultivar Alvand

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M. Vafapour

2011-04-01

Full Text Available In order to study the effects of foliar application of phosphorus (P and water deficit on yield and yield components of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Alvand, a split-plot experiment, with completely randomized blocks design and three replications, was carried out at the Research Farm of Boyer Ahmad Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station, 13 km west of Yasouj, in 2008-2009. The main plots were irrigation at three levels (1- full irrigation (control, 2- deficit irrigation from the stem elongation to booting stage, and 3- deficit irrigation from booting stage to the end of growth period and the subplots were five levels of foliar application of P fertilizer (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 kg/ha KH2PO4. The results showed that the effects of different irrigation regimes and foliar application of P were significant on all traits, and their interaction was significant on plant height, number of grain per spike, grain yield and biological yield. Full irrigation and foliar application of 6 kg/ha P produced the highest grain and biological yield (6000 and 14170 kg/ha, respectively and deficit irrigation from the stem elongation to booting stage without foliar application of P produced the lowest grain and biological yield (2920 and 8219 kg/ha, respectively. Foliar application of P affects significantly the evaluated traits only in drought-stress treatments and its effect was not significant in full irrigation treatment. In general, foliar application of 9 kg/ha P compensated the losses in wheat due to drought stress.

Acclimatization and leaf anatomy of micropropagated fig plantlets Aclimatização e anatomia foliar de plântulas de figo micropropagadas

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Chrystiane Fráguas Chirinéa

2012-12-01

substratos foram testados, e os estudos de anatomia foliar foram executados a fim de comparar plântulas crescidas in vitro, plântulas com 20; 40 e 60 dias de aclimatização e plantas crescidas a campo. Plântulas mantidas por 30 dias em WPM apresentaram melhor desenvolvimento em Plantmax durante a aclimatização. Plantas de campo apresentam elevado número de estômatos, maior espessura de cera epicuticular e do tecido foliar em comparação com plantas cultivadas in vitro. Já plântulas crescidas in vitro mostram tecidos foliares pouco desenvolvidos e maior número de estômatos em comparação com plantas aclimatizadas, que reduzem o número de estômatos ao longo do processo de aclimatização.

Modelo para estimar a área foliar de Combretum leprosum Mart.

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Willame dos Santos Candido

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Combretum leprosum Mart. -Combretaceae es un arbusto utilizado en la medicina popular del noreste de Brasil como antiulceroso, antihemorrágica y antinociceptiva. En este estudio se desarrolló un modelo para el cálculo de área foliar de Combretum leprosum usando mediciones lineales de longitud (C y ancho máximo (L de la hoja. Se recolectaron 200 láminas de hojas de una población de C. leprosum nativo en un área de conservación de la Caatinga en el campus de la Universidad Federal Rural de la Semi árido en Mossoro, Rio Grande do Norte. Las hojas se obtuvieron de árboles adultos y el área foliar se midió utilizando un integrador (LI-3100, LI-COR. El análisis de regresión se hizo con el programa SAEG. Para estimar el área foliar de C. leprosum se puede utilizar la ecuación lineal simple de regresión A = 0.7103 x (C x L, que es equivalente a tomar 71.03% de los productos de la longitud a lo largo de la nervadura central y el ancho máximo, con un coeficiente de determinación de 0.952617.

Doenças foliares da alfafa (Medicago sativa L., em Lavras, Minas Gerais

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Pereira Rosana Cristina

2003-01-01

Full Text Available Objetivou-se verificar as doenças foliares que ocorrem na alfafa em Lavras-MG, no período de setembro de 1997 a outubro de 1998. Um ensaio foi conduzido em blocos ao acaso em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Nas parcelas foram alocadas foram 35 cultivares e nas subparcelas 11 épocas de avaliação. Avaliações foram realizadas aos 28 dias após corte, quando foram coletadas dez hastes de alfafa por parcela para avaliação da desfolha e determinação da severidade das doenças. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e os contrastes entre médias comparados pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5%. A mancha-de-Leptosphaerulina ocorreu durante o ano todo, porém com maior severidade nos períodos mais frios do ano. A mancha-negra-das-folhas-e-caule apresentou maior severidade no final do verão e início do outono e a ferrugem revelou maior severidade apenas nas avaliações de novembro. As maiores porcentagens de desfolha foram obtidas nos meses mais frios do ano. As cultivares mais resistentes à mancha-de-Leptosphaerulina, cercosporiose e à desfolha foram a Crioula, P30 e Costera SP INTA. As cultivares MH 15 e MH 4 destacaram-se pela maior resistência à ferrugem.

Leaf age affects the responses of foliar injury and gas exchange to tropospheric ozone in Prunus serotina seedlings

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhang Jianwei; Schaub, Marcus; Ferdinand, Jonathan A.; Skelly, John M.; Steiner, Kim C.; Savage, James E.

2010-01-01

We investigated the effect of leaf age on the response of net photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (g wv ), foliar injury, and leaf nitrogen concentration (N L ) to tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) on Prunus serotina seedlings grown in open-plots (AA) and open-top chambers, supplied with either carbon-filtered or non-filtered air. We found significant variation in A, g wv , foliar injury, and N L (P 3 treatments. Seedlings in AA showed the highest A and g wv due to relatively low vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Older leaves showed significantly lower A, g wv , N L , and higher foliar injury (P wv , and foliar injury to O 3 . Both VPD and N L had a strong influence on leaf gas exchange. Foliar O 3 -induced injury appeared when cumulative O 3 uptake reached 8-12 mmol m -2 , depending on soil water availability. The mechanistic assessment of O 3 -induced injury is a valuable approach for a biologically relevant O 3 risk assessment for forest trees. - Ozone effects on symptom development and leaf gas exchange interacted with leaf age and N-content on black cherry seedlings.

Effects of ozone on the foliar histology of the mastic plant (Pistacia lentiscus L.)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Reig-Arminana, J.; Calatayud, V.; Cervero, J.; Garcia-Breijo, F.J.; Ibars, A.; Sanz, M.J.

2004-01-01

An open-top chamber study was conducted to investigate the tissue and cellular-level foliar effects of ozone (O 3 ) on a Mediterranean evergreen species, the mastic plant (Pistacia lentiscus L.). Plants were exposed at three different O 3 levels, and leaf samples were collected periodically from the beginning of the exposure. Although no visible foliar injury was evident, alterations of the plastids and vacuoles in the mesophyll were observed. Senescence processes were accelerated with an anomalous stacking of tannin vacuoles, and a reduction in the size and number of the chloroplasts. Overall, most of the modifications induced by O 3 were consistent with previously reported observations on deciduous broadleaf species, with the exception of alterations in the cells covering the secretory channels, reported here as a new finding. Comments on the feasibility of using microscopy to validate O 3 related field observations and subtle foliar injury are also given

Susceptibility to Phytophthora ramorum in California bay laurel, a key foliar host of sudden oak death

Science.gov (United States)

Brian L. Anacker; Nathan E. Rank; Daniel Hüberli; Matteo Garbelotto; Sarah Gordon; Rich Whitkus; Tami Harnik; Matthew Meshriy; Lori Miles; Ross K. Meentemeyer

2008-01-01

Sudden oak death, caused by the water mold Phytophthora ramorum, is a plant disease responsible for the death of hundreds of thousands of oak and tanoak trees. Some foliar hosts play a major role in the epidemiology of this disease. Upon infection by P. ramorum, these foliar hosts express non-fatal leaf lesions from which large...

Morfologia e anatomia foliar de Bauhinia curvulha Benth. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae Morphology and anatomy of Bauhinia curvula Benth. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae

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Maria Helena Rezende

1994-07-01

Full Text Available Foi realizado o estudo morfológico e anatômico da folha de Bauhinia cumula Benth., espécie de cerrado. As observações foram feitas em folhas adultas, tratadas segundo a metodologia usual utilizada em anatomia vegetal. Foi observado que a espécie apresenta as seguintes características: folhas bilobadas cuja incisão foliar chega próximo à região motora; um par de estipulas membranáceas; um par de nectários extraflorais, localizadaos na base do pulvino proximal; a venação possui padrão acródomo; o pecíolo, que possui dois pulvinos, um proximal e um distai, apresenta epiderme contendo grande quantidade de tricomas tecto res simples e glândulas; a lâmina foliar é anfiestomática com predomínio de estômatos dos tipos anomocítico e paracítico; a epiderme adaxial é monoestratificada, subpapilosa, desprovida de tricomas tectores simples e glândulas; a epiderme abaxial é subpapilosa, apresentando numerosos tricomas tectores simples e glândulas; e o mesofilo é formado predominantemente por parênquima paliçádico.A morphological and anatomical study of Bauhinia curvula Benth. leaf, a cerrado spe-cies, was perfomed. The observations, in grown up leaves, prepared according to the costumary methodology used in plant anatomy, showed the following characteristics of the species: bilobed leaves with foliar incision close to the motor region; one pair of membranaceous stipules; one pair of extrafloral nectaries located on the basis of the proximal pulvinus; acrodromous patterns of leaf venetion; the petiole, which has two pulvinus, one proximal and one distal, has an epidermis containing large quantities of simple tector trichomes and glands; the leaf blade, amphiestomatic, with predominance of anomocytic and paracytic stomata; the adaxial epidermis uniserial, sub papillose, without tector trichomes and glands; the abaxial epiderms, sub-papillose, presents a high number of simple trichomes and glands; and the mesophyll with a basic

[Foliar water use efficiency of Platycladus orientalis sapling under different soil water contents].

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Yong E; Yu, Xin Xiao; Chen, Li Hua; Jia, Guo Dong; Zhao, Na; Li, Han Zhi; Chang, Xiao Min

2017-07-18

The determination of plant foliar water use efficiency will be of great value to improve our understanding about mechanism of plant water consumption and provide important basis of regional forest ecosystem management and maintenance, thus, laboratory controlled experiments were carried out to obtain Platycladus orientalis sapling foliar water use efficiency under five different soil water contents, including instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE gs ) derived from gas exchange and short-term water use efficiency (WUE cp ) caculated using carbon isotope model. The results showed that, controlled by stomatal conductance (g s ), foliar net photosynthesis rate (P n ) and transpiration rate (T r ) increased as soil water content increased, which both reached maximum va-lues at soil water content of 70%-80% field capacity (FC), while WUE gs reached a maximum of 7.26 mmol·m -2 ·s -1 at the lowest soil water content (35%-45% FC). Both δ 13 C of water-soluble leaf and twig phloem material achieved maximum values at the lowest soil water content (35%-45% FC). Besides, δ 13 C values of leaf water-soluble compounds were significantly greater than that of phloem exudates, indicating that there was depletion in 13 C in twig phloem compared with leaf water-soluble compounds and no obvious fractionation in the process of water-soluble material transportation from leaf to twig. Foliar WUE cp also reached a maximum of 7.26 mmol·m -2 ·s -1 at the lowest soil water content (35%-45% FC). There was some difference between foliar WUE gs and WUE cp under the same condition, and the average difference was 0.52 mmol·m -2 ·s -1 . The WUE gs had great space-time variability, by contrast, WUE cp was more representative. It was concluded that P. orientalis sapling adapted to drought condition by increasing water use efficiency and decreasing physiological activity.

PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURATION IN SEEDS OF SWEET SOGHUM FOR FOLIAR FERTILISATION WITH SILICATE

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BRUNO FRANÇA DA TRINDADE LESSA

2017-01-01

Full Text Available The aim of this study was to evaluate physiological quality in seeds of sweet sorghum grown under semi-arid conditions, and to determine the age of physiological maturity of the seeds as a function of the foliar application of potassium silicate. The experiment was carried out at the Curu Valley Experimental Farm, in Pentecoste in the state of Ceará, during the rainy seasons of 2014 and 2015. The BRS 506 and BRS 511 varieties were used, under foliar fertilisation with potassium silicate at doses of 500, 1000 and 1500 mL.ha -1, in addition to the control lots (with no application; harvesting was at four periods, 30, 37, 44 and 51 days after full bloom (DAB. The percentage and speed of germination were evaluated, together with the accelerated ageing test and seedling growth. The seeds presented greater than 90% germination from 37 DAB, reaching high seedling vigour at 51 DAB. Foliar fertilisation with potassium silicate under the conditions of the experiment resulted in an increase in the physiological quality of the seeds. The BRS 506 and BRS 511 cultivars displayed the highest physiological quality between 49 and 53 DAF.

Effects of Foliar Application of Nitrogen, Zinc and Manganese on Yield, Yield Components and Grain Quality of Chickpea in Two Growing Seasons

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B. Shirani

2015-09-01

Full Text Available To study the effects of foliar application of zinc, manganese and nitrogen on yield, yield components and grain quality of chickpea (Cicer arientinum L. two experiments, one in autumn and the other in spring were conducted at Research Farm, Shahrekord University in 2009-2010 growing season each as a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were foliar application of zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate zinc sulfate and manganese sulfate mixture, nitrogen and distilled water (as control. The results showed that planting season had a significant effect on plant height, 100-seed weight and seed yield. All measured traits, except plant height, increased in winter compared to spring growing season. This increase was more than 12% for grain yield. Foliar application of nutrients significantly affected seed yield and seed yield components. Foliar application of nitrogen, presumably, through significant increase in number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant and 100-seed weight, increased the grain yield by 6.2% compared to control. Foliar application × planting season interactions were significant for plant height and number of pods per plant. Foliar application of nitrogen caused a significant increase in grain yield and protein content. Foliar application of zinc sulphate significantly increased Zn content of grains however it did not affect seed yield. In conclusion, foliar application of nitrogen could be suggested for increasing protein and grain yield in chickpea under similar conditions to that of the present study.

Caracterización química foliar de los árboles de aguacate criollo (Persea americana var. drymifolia en los bancos de germoplasma de Michoacán, México Foliar chemical caracterization of the creole avocado trees (Persea americana var. drymifolia in the germplasm banks from Michoacán, Mexico

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Cintia A. Rincón-Hernández

2011-06-01

Full Text Available Persea americana var. drymifolia (aguacate criollo mexicano se emplea como portainjerto en huertos de aguacate Hass y es fuente de genes de resistencia a plagas y patógenos para éste y otros cultivares. El aguacate criollo mexicano se está sustituyendo por cultivares comerciales o perdiendo por la destrucción de ecosistemas. Por eso, se estudiaron 250 árboles (52 accesiones de 14 estados de México; 247 de criollo mexicano y 3 híbridos de éste con P.shiedeana, P. americana var. americana y P. americana var. guatemalensis, plantados en los bancos de germoplasma en Michoacán. Se analizó la composición química mediante cromatografía de gases-masas. Hubo alta variabilidad química entre los árboles del banco de germoplasma con los 64 compuestos detectados. El análisis de cúmulos mostró 2 grandes grupos químicos con 100% disimilitud y 22 grupos a 10% de disimilitud. Los híbridos se agruparon de manera diferente a los árboles con características típicas de criollo y difieren en su altitud de origen. Corroboramos que los volátiles foliares sirven como marcadores para diferenciar los criollos típicos de sus híbridos y que mucha variación atribuida a la variedad criolla proviene de hibridaciones en zonas de contacto de esta variedad con otras variedades o especies de Persea.Persea americana var. drymifolia (mexican creole avocado is used as rootstock in Hass avocado orchards and it is a source of genes for resistance to pests and pathogens for this and other cultivars. The Mexican varieties are being replaced by commercial cultivars or lost by the destruction of ecosystems. Therefore, we studied 250 avocado trees of 52 accessions from 14 Mexican states; 247 mexican creole avocado and 3 hybrids of that tree with P. shiedeana, P. americana var. americana or P. americana var. guatemalensis, planted at germplasm banks, Michoacán. Foliar chemical composition was analyzed by GC-MS. High chemical variability among the trees was found

Effect of some factors on foliar absorption and mobility of Fe59 in plant

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mohamed, F.A.

1990-01-01

Three experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions using Fe 59 and seedlings of guava and orange to study the effect of PH value (3-8), Fe SO 4 concentrations in combination with three values of PH on foliar absorption and mobility of Fe. In addition, a comparative study to evaluate some compounds of iron for foliar spray was achieved. Foliar absorption of Fe 59 by guava leaves and its mobility were considerably influenced by PH value of spray solution. Maximum absorption and translocation were observed at PH 6. However, most of the absorbed iron 'about 90%' was retained in the treated leaves and the portion 'about 10%' acropetally and basipetally translocated. Upward transport of iron was more pronounced than downward one. Total iron in plant derived from applied FeSO 4 was greatly increased, whereas utilization percent of it was reduced by increasing the rate of Fe in spray solution. Generally, FeSO 4 had a good efficiency which ranged from about 25-43%. Specific absorption of iron by orange leaves was higher than that of guava leaves. From plant nutritional point of view, efficiency of FeSo 4 , Fe-metalosate and multi mineral-metalosate as different sources of Fe through foliar application remarkably varied and FeSO 4 was highly efficient one in comparison with metalosate compounds

Foliar fertilizations with boron and growth regulators on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cv floresta culture

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Masunaga, S.I.; Chueire, F.B.; Teixeira, N.T.

1989-01-01

The experiment was realized to verify the possibility of applying Boron as foliar fertilization with growth regulators: indol acetic acid, giberellic acid, ethephon and cycocel. The other objective was to compare the foliar and soil fertilization, with Boron, on the lettuce culture. The results showed that there wasn't difference of production between the treatments. Meanwhile the application of growth regulator modified the Boron grade in the leaves. (author) [pt

Caracteres diagnósticos foliares en táxones ibéricos de Isoetes L. (Isoetaceae, Pteridophyta

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Rolleri, Cristina H.

2003-12-01

. echinosporum, I. x hickeyi, I. lacustre, I. longissimum e /. velatum subsp. Asturicense (acuáticos. Se incluye también en la comparación un taxon anfibio tetraploide no descrito, relacionado morfológicamente con /. velatum, que hasta su descripción se designa provisionalmente como Isoetes sp. Se estudiaron varias colecciones ibéricas y, en el caso de algunos táxones, se incluyeron ejemplares procedentes de otras localidades de Europa y América, con el fin de contrastar los rasgos analizados. Los caracteres estudiados fueron: ornamentaciones cuticulares, modelos epidérmicos y estomas (morfología, distribución y dimensiones, contorno de las secciones transversales foliares, epidermis en corte (membrana cuticular, cutícula, ornamentaciones cuticulares, desarrollo relativo del mesofilo, presencia o ausencia y distribución del colénquima, diafragmas foliares y presencia o ausencia de protuberancias intercelulares pécticas de las células de los diafragmas (de tipo filamento. Todos los caracteres son independientes de la edad de los microfilos, de la madurez de las plantas y, en general, del hábitat, y se observan por igual en material fresco o restaurado mediante una técnica que se propone en este trabajo.

Evaluación de fertilizantes foliares sobre la producción en café (Coffea arabica L.)

OpenAIRE

Omar A. Sosa-M.; Alveiro Salamanca-J.

2011-01-01

En  la subestación experimental Paraguaicito de Cenicafé, ubicada en el municipio de Buenavista, departamento del Quindío,  se  realizó un ensayo con  fertilizantes  foliares, en café variedad Colombia de 24 meses de edad, con una distancia de siembra de 2 x 1 m. Las aplicaciones foliares se realizaron 58 ý 88 días después del pico de floración principal, con el fin de evaluar su efecto sobre la producción, el factor de conversión y el rendimiento en  trilla. Los  fertilizantes  foliares util...

Germinación in vitro de híbridos de vanilla planifolia y v. pompona

OpenAIRE

Menchaca G, Rebeca A.; Ramos P, José M; Moreno M, David; Luna R, Mauricio; Mata R, Martín; Vázquez G, Luis Miguel; Lozano R, Miguel A

2011-01-01

In vitro germination of Vanilla planifolia and V. pompona hybridsResumen El cultivo de la vainilla se lleva a cabo ampliamente por medio de propagación clonal, de manera asexual por cortes de tallos y la producción de frutos se realiza por autopolinización. Esta práctica inhibe la variación genética y la emergencia de nuevos individuos por recombinación sexual. Por lo anterior, se considera necesario realizar cruzas por propagación sexual entre especies para obtener nuevos individuos con cara...

PRESERVANDO CECROPIAIS NATIVOS EM PAISAGENS AMAZÔNICAS: UMA ESTRATÉGIA ECOLÓGICA EM SOLOS DEFICIENTES POR FÓSFORO

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Patricia Chaves de Oliveira

2010-06-01

Full Text Available A conservação de espécies prestadoras de serviços ecológicos em paisagens amazônicas como os agros-ecossistemas locais do Baixo Amazonas é de extrema importância no input de minerais através da serrapilheira produzida por estas espécies. Os cecropiais nativos, formados pela espécie Cecropia palmata, dentre outras, a qual é acumuladora de fósforo (P em tecidos foliares e cascas podem prestar um serviço ecológico em paisagens amazônicas com deficiência por fósforo. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram a observação da translocação do fósforo em folhas ontogeneticamentes diferentes de Cecropia palmata; bem como, a análise da dinâmica do fósforo em solos sob conglomerados de Cecropia palmata. Os teores de fósforo (P em tecidos foliares de Cecropia palmata demonstraram valores elevados, em torno de 8.4 mg/kg em folhas novas e 5,6mg/kg em folhas com maturação fisiológica, sugerindo serrapilheira de alta qualidade para o ambiente. Além disso, os solos sob influência da rizosfera desta espécie apresentaram importantes hot spots de fósforo.

Effects of soil and foliar applications of iron and zinc on flowering and essential oil of chamomile at greenhouse conditions

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Yousef NASIRI

2015-11-01

Full Text Available In order to study the effects of soil and foliar applications of iron (Fe and zinc (Zn on flowering, flower yield and essential oil production of German chamomile a pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran in 2012. The experiment was arranged as completely randomized design with 12 treatments and three replications. Treatments were as follow: T1: control – without Fe or Zn fertilizers, T2: 30 mg FeSO4.7H2O kg-1 dry soil, T3: 22 mg ZnSO4.7H2O kg-1 dry soil, T4: 30 mg FeSO4.7H2O + 22 mg ZnSO4.7H2O kg-1 dry soil, T5: foliar spraying of FeSO4.7H2O (3.5 g L-1, T6: foliar spraying of FeSO4.7H2O (7.0 g L-1, T7: foliar spraying of ZnSO4.7H2O (2.5 g L-1, T8: foliar spraying of ZnSO4.7H2O (5.0 g L-1, T9: T5+T7, T10: T5+T8, T11: T6+T7, T12: T6+T8. The foliar spraying was done two times during the growing period. The results revealed that the flower number, flower yield, essential oil content and essential oil yield were significantly increased by soil and foliar applications of Fe + Zn, compared with the control (untreated. The highest flower number (477 plant-1, flower yield (11.6 g pot-1, essential oil content (0.88 % and essential oil yield (119 mg pot-1 were recorded for the soil application of Fe + Zn (T4 by 58, 68, 21.4 and 105 % increment compared to the control, respectively. Foliar application of Fe + Zn (T12 was placed at the next rank; however this treatment had no significant difference with the soil application of Fe + Zn (T4. Other treatments did not show significant differences with the control. Generally, the results showed that soil or foliar application of Fe + Zn can be effective on increase or improve of quantity and quality of chamomile yield. Moreover, use of foliar application as a low cost method especially in areas with alkaline or calcareous soils can be recommended.

New substrate containing agroindustrial carnauba residue for production of papaya under foliar fertilization

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Francisca G. Albano

Full Text Available ABSTRACT The use of organic waste in the composition of substrates for seedlings constitutes an alternative to the recycling of these materials. Thus, an experiment was conducted with the objective to evaluate the production of ‘Formosa’ papaya seedlings in substrate containing carnauba wax residue, under foliar fertilization. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replicates, with treatments distributed in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to five materials used as substrates, in the presence and absence of foliar fertilization. The materials used were: earthworm humus, carnauba residue + fresh rice husk; carnauba residue in powder; carnauba residue semi-decomposed and mixture of carnauba residues: carnauba residue + fresh rice husk + carnauba residue semi-decomposed + carnauba residue in powder, at the proportion 1:1:1. The agroindustrial residue of carnauba wax semi-decomposed can be used as substrates in the production of ‘Formosa’ papaya seedlings. The foliar fertilization increases the quality of papaya seedlings, leading to increment in leaf area, root volume and sulfur content in the leaves, thus becoming a necessary practice.

An Approach for Foliar Trait Retrieval from Airborne Imaging Spectroscopy of Tropical Forests

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Roberta E. Martin

2018-01-01

Full Text Available Spatial information on forest functional composition is needed to inform management and conservation efforts, yet this information is lacking, particularly in tropical regions. Canopy foliar traits underpin the functional biodiversity of forests, and have been shown to be remotely measurable using airborne 350–2510 nm imaging spectrometers. We used newly acquired imaging spectroscopy data constrained with concurrent light detection and ranging (LiDAR measurements from the Carnegie Airborne Observatory (CAO, and field measurements, to test the performance of the Spectranomics approach for foliar trait retrieval. The method was previously developed in Neotropical forests, and was tested here in the humid tropical forests of Malaysian Borneo. Multiple foliar chemical traits, as well as leaf mass per area (LMA, were estimated with demonstrable precision and accuracy. The results were similar to those observed for Neotropical forests, suggesting a more general use of the Spectranomics approach for mapping canopy traits in tropical forests. Future mapping studies using this approach can advance scientific investigations and applications based on imaging spectroscopy.

Zinc complexed chitosan/TPP nanoparticles: A promising micronutrient nanocarrier suited for foliar application.

Science.gov (United States)

Deshpande, Paresh; Dapkekar, Ashwin; Oak, Manoj D; Paknikar, Kishore M; Rajwade, Jyutika M

2017-06-01

Cultivation of cereals in zinc deficient soils leads to declined nutritional quality of grain. Zinc deficiency in humans is a consequence of consumption of micronutrient deficient cereals as staple food. To achieve an increase in zinc density in grain, we evaluated zinc complexed chitosan nanoparticles (Zn-CNP) as a potential 'nanocarrier' suited for foliar fertilization. Zn-CNP were synthesized using tri-polyphosphate as a cross-linker. Spherical Zn-CNP (diameter 250-300nm) were positively charged (zeta potential, +42.34mV) and contained ∼20mg Zn/g (w/w). Plant growth in zinc deficient sand media, followed by foliar application of Zn-CNP (twice-a-week, for 5 weeks) after anthesis resulted in 27 and 42% increase in grain zinc content of MACS 3125 and UC1114 (durum wheat cultivars) respectively. Translocation of zinc ions from foliar applied Zn-CNP into the leaf and seed tissue was demonstrated using zinquin and dithizone stains, respectively. The study indicates the suitability of chitosan-based nanocarriers in agronomic biofortification. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Foliar flavonoids of nine species of Bauhinia

OpenAIRE

SALATINO, ANTONIO; BLATT, CECÍLIA T.T.; SANTOS, DÉBORAH Y.A.C. DOS; VAZ, ANGELA M.S.F.

1999-01-01

Foliar flavonoids of nine species of Bauhinia were isolated and identified. All the compounds correspond to glycosides derived from kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin and myricetin. Derivatives of the latter aglyconhe seem to be rare in Bauhinia. Derivatives of isorhamnetin are commonly found in species of subgenus Bauhinia and were not detected in the two species of subgenus Phanera. Flavonoid patterns of species of the former subgenus are in general more complex than those of the latter. ...

Foliar fungi of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)

OpenAIRE

Millberg, Hanna

2015-01-01

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) is an ecologically and economically important tree species in Fennoscandia. Scots pine needles host a variety of fungi, some with the potential to profoundly influence their host. These fungi can have beneficial or detrimental effects with important implications for both forest health and primary production. In this thesis, the foliar fungi of Scots pine needles were investigated with the aim of exploring spatial and temporal patterns, and development with needle...

Mapping Loci That Control Tuber and Foliar Symptoms Caused by PVY in Autotetraploid Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.).

Science.gov (United States)

da Silva, Washington L; Ingram, Jason; Hackett, Christine A; Coombs, Joseph J; Douches, David; Bryan, Glenn J; De Jong, Walter; Gray, Stewart

2017-11-06

Potato tuber necrotic ringspot disease (PTNRD) is a tuber deformity associated with infection by the tuber necrotic strain of Potato virus Y (PVY NTN ). PTNRD negatively impacts tuber quality and marketability, and poses a serious threat to seed and commercial potato production worldwide. PVY NTN symptoms differ in the cultivars Waneta and Pike: Waneta expresses severe PTNRD and foliar mosaic with vein and leaf necrosis, whereas Pike does not express PTNRD and mosaic is the only foliar symptom. To map loci that influence tuber and foliar symptoms, 236 F 1 progeny of a cross between Waneta and Pike were inoculated with PVY NTN isolate NY090029 and genotyped using 12,808 potato SNPs. Foliar symptom type and severity were monitored for 10 wk, while tubers were evaluated for PTNRD expression at harvest and again after 60 d in storage. Pairwise correlation analyses indicate a strong association between PTNRD and vein necrosis (τ = 0.4195). QTL analyses revealed major-effect QTL on chromosomes 4 and 5 for mosaic, 4 for PTNRD, and 5 for foliar necrosis symptoms. Locating QTL associated with PVY-related symptoms provides a foundation for breeders to develop markers that can be used to eliminate potato clones with undesirable phenotypes, e.g. , those likely to develop PTNRD or to be symptomless carriers of PVY. Copyright © 2017 Silva et al.

La marchitez tardía del maíz (Zea mays L. causada por Cephalosporium maydis en la Península Ibérica, y otros hongos asociados

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Carmen Maria Ortiz-Bustos

2015-06-01

Full Text Available Las especies de hongos de suelo asociadas a Cephalosporium maydis como agente causal de la marchitez tardía del maíz en la Península Ibérica se identificaron muestreando 19 campos con síntomas de marchitez en las principales zonas de cultivo entre 2011 y 2012. En el 47% de los campos no se identificó C. maydis, pero sí Fusarium graminearum, F. verticillioides, F. equiseti, F. proliferatum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani y Trichoderma harzianum infectando las plantas de maíz. En los campos restantes, junto a C. maydis se identificaron otros hongos de suelo en porcentajes apreciables: F. verticillioides (19%, F. proliferatum (19%, F.equiseti (9%, F. oxysporum (9% y Pythium oligandrum (9%. El crecimiento vascular de C. maydis y de otras especies fúngicas en plantas de maíz se confirmó analizando plantas con marchitez procedentes de tres campos diferentes. Tanto C. maydis como F. graminearum, F. equiseti, F. proliferatum y T. harzianum se aislaron de la inserción entre la raíz y tallo y a 10 cm de altura en el tallo de las plantas. El efecto de la infección por C. maydis sobre la producción de las plantas de maíz se cuantificó en macetas y condiciones seminaturales en el 2011. En plantas inoculadas se obtuvo una reducción del peso de las mazorcas del 54%, además de pesos de raíz y de parte aérea (tallo y hojas significativamente menores en comparación con el control no inoculado, lo que sugiere el gran impacto económico que puede tener la marchitez tardía en condiciones naturales. Asimismo este trabajo pone de manifiesto el grado de complejidad de la etiología de la marchitez tardía, que debería ser estudiado mediante la confirmación de la patogenicidad de los hongos de suelo identificados en maíz, con el fin de determinar el papel que puede jugar cada una de estas especies en el desarrollo de la enfermedad y/o severidad de los síntomas.

Foliar nitrogen application in Cabernet Sauvignon vines: Effects on wine flavonoid and amino acid content.

Science.gov (United States)

Gutiérrez-Gamboa, Gastón; Garde-Cerdán, Teresa; Portu, Javier; Moreno-Simunovic, Yerko; Martínez-Gil, Ana M

2017-06-01

Wine quality greatly depends on its chemical composition. Among the most important wine chemical compounds, flavonoids are the major contributors to wine organoleptic properties while amino acids have a huge impact on fermentation development and wine volatile profile. Likewise, nitrogen applications are known to have an impact on wine composition. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the effects of foliar nitrogen applications on wine flavonoid and amino acid composition. The experiment involved five foliar nitrogen applications at veraison time: urea (Ur), urea plus sulphur (Ur+S), arginine (Arg), and two commercial fertilizers Nutrimyr Thiols (NT) and Basfoliar Algae (BA). The results showed that nitrogen foliar treatments decreased wine flavonoid content although the effect varied according to each treatment. This could be related to a low vine nitrogen requirement, since must yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) was above acceptable threshold values for all samples. With regard to wine amino acid content, all treatments except for Ur increased its values after the applications. Finally, foliar nitrogen treatments greatly influenced wine composition. Among them, urea seemed to exert the most negative effect on both phenolics and amino acids. In addition, an inverse relationship between wine amino acid content and flavonol concentration was exhibited. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Effects of ozone on the foliar histology of the mastic plant (Pistacia lentiscus L.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Reig-Arminana, J.; Calatayud, V.; Cervero, J.; Garcia-Breijo, F.J.; Ibars, A.; Sanz, M.J

2004-11-01

An open-top chamber study was conducted to investigate the tissue and cellular-level foliar effects of ozone (O{sub 3}) on a Mediterranean evergreen species, the mastic plant (Pistacia lentiscus L.). Plants were exposed at three different O{sub 3} levels, and leaf samples were collected periodically from the beginning of the exposure. Although no visible foliar injury was evident, alterations of the plastids and vacuoles in the mesophyll were observed. Senescence processes were accelerated with an anomalous stacking of tannin vacuoles, and a reduction in the size and number of the chloroplasts. Overall, most of the modifications induced by O{sub 3} were consistent with previously reported observations on deciduous broadleaf species, with the exception of alterations in the cells covering the secretory channels, reported here as a new finding. Comments on the feasibility of using microscopy to validate O{sub 3} related field observations and subtle foliar injury are also given.

Modelos de determinação não-destrutiva da área foliar em girassol Models for estimating leaf area in sunflower

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Ivan Carlos Maldaner

2009-08-01

Full Text Available Os objetivos deste trabalho foram obter e testar modelos matemáticos de estimativa da área do limbo foliar em função das suas dimensões lineares para o girassol. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos na área experimental do departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. As plantas de girassol foram coletadas a partir dos 27 dias após emergência (DAE. A área foliar (AF foi determinada pelo método dos discos. Ajustaram-se modelos lineares, quadráticos, cúbicos e potenciais entre área foliar e comprimento ou largura e seus produtos (comprimento*largura, sendo eliminados os que apresentaram coeficiente de determinação menor do que 0,90. A estatística utilizada para avaliar o desempenho dos modelos foi a raiz do quadrado médio do erro (RQME. Os modelos que melhor se ajustaram aos dados foram: potência, quadrático e cúbico, considerando a largura como variável independente. A área foliar de girassol pode ser estimada com o modelo potência, por ser o mais preciso, e a largura da folha.The objective of this study was to obtain and to numerical models to estimate the leaf area in function leaves linear dimension in sunflower. Two experiments were conducted at the experimental area of the Plant Science Department of the Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Plants of sunflower were collected starting 27 days after emergency (DAE. The disks method was used to determine the leaf area (LA. Leaves were dried in oven at 65°C until constant weight. Linear, quadratic, cubic and power models between leaf area and length or width, and the product (length * width, were fitted. Models that apresented coefficient of determination lower than 0.90 were not selected. The statistic used to evaluate the performance of the models was the root mean square error (RQME. Models that had the best fit were power, quadratic and cubic using blade width as the independent variable. Leaf area in sunflower can be

Estimación de la biomasa foliar seca de Lippia graveolens Kunth del sureste de Coahuila

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Eulalia Edith Villavicencio Gutiérrez

2018-01-01

Full Text Available El orégano es un recurso forestal no maderable de importancia comercial, considerado como una especie aromática y culinaria que se aprovecha en las zonas semiáridas de Coahuila, con una producción mayor a 700 t anuales, y representa para el sector rural una opción productiva. Con el propósito de cuantificar el recurso y contribuir a regular su aprovechamiento, se determinaron las relaciones alométricas de individuos de orégano recolectados en 20 poblaciones naturales distribuidas en los municipios General Cepeda, Parras de la Fuente y Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila, para seleccionar un modelo que estime la biomasa foliar seca (Bfs de la planta. A partir de un muestreo destructivo, se analizaron 706 plantas, de las cuales se obtuvo su altura total (At, diámetro mayor arbustivo (DM y diámetro menor arbustivo (Dm, diámetro promedio (Dp de la copa y biomasa foliar seca (Bfs. Con la prueba de correlación de Pearson se eligieron las variables más relacionadas con la Bfs , las cuales se emplearon para ajustar 10 modelos de regresión mediante el procedimiento PROC MODEL. El modelo seleccionado fue el de Schumacher-Hall Bfs 0.00599(Dp1.935454(At0.256803por registrar valores superiores de R2aju (0.80 y el menor valor en la raíz del cuadrado medio del error (RCME, 0.304, considerando la significancia de sus parámetros (p≤ 0.0001, a partir de este se elaboró una tabla de doble entrada que estima la Bfs de las plantas.

Determinación del Área Foliar en Fotografías Tomadas con una Cámara Web, un Teléfono Celular o una Cámara Semiprofesional Leaf Area Measurement in Photographs Taken with a Webcam, a Cell Phone or a Semi Professional Camera

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Natalia Rincón Guerrero

2012-06-01

Full Text Available Resumen. Las determinaciones de área foliar son muy usadas en investigación agrícola. Para su cuantificación existen equipos automáticos, pero costosos y de escasa disponibilidad. Para superar estos limitantes, en esta investigación se acoplaron el uso de cámaras digitales (de un teléfono celular, una cámara web o una cámara digital semiprofesional y un software libre para análisis de imágenes (ImageJ, con el fin de determinar el área foliar en forma simple, precisa y a bajo costo. Para estimar la sensibilidad de este sistema, en la primera prueba se compararon las áreas generadas por un medidor de área foliar y por las fotografías tomadas con tres tipos de cámara digital, sobre cuadrados de papel verde de áreas conocidas. En la segunda prueba se correlacionaron los valores de área foliar obtenidos con el medidor de área foliar y los obtenidos a partir del análisis de fotografías de hojas tomadas con las tres cámaras digitales, en cinco especies vegetales, que variaban en morfología y color de hojas. Los resultados indicaron coeficientes de correlación mayores a 0,99 entre los valores de área real de las piezas de papel y los valores de área estimados por el medidor de área foliar o de las fotografías. En la segunda prueba, las mediciones de area foliar obtenidas con el medidor de area foliar y con las cámaras digitales presentaron coeficientes de correlación muy altos (r=1. Los coeficientes de líneas de regresión entre las áreas del medidor de área foliar y de las fotografías del teléfono celular estuvieron entre 0,98 y 1,02, indicando una desviación máxima de 2% comparado con las mediciones del medidor de área foliar. Estos resultados sugieren una gama amplia de posibilidades para este sistema como herramienta para la investigación agrícola y biológica, debido a la disponibilidad de estos equipos que son de bajo costo, fáciles de usar y portátiles.Abstract. Leaf area is a plant trait widely assessed

Corn silage from corn treated with foliar fungicide and performance of Holstein cows.

Science.gov (United States)

Haerr, K J; Lopes, N M; Pereira, M N; Fellows, G M; Cardoso, F C

2015-12-01

Foliar fungicide application to corn plants is used in corn aimed for corn silage in the dairy industry, but questions regarding frequency of application and its effect on corn silage quality and feed conversion when fed to dairy cows remain prevalent. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of various foliar fungicide applications to corn on dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, and milk composition when fed to dairy cows. Sixty-four Holstein cows with parity 2.5±1.5, 653±80kg of body weight, and 161±51d in milk were blocked and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 corn silage treatments (total mixed ration with 35% of the dry matter as corn silage). Treatments were as follows: control (CON), corn silage with no applications of foliar fungicide; treatment 1 (1X), corn silage from corn that received 1 application of pyraclostrobin (PYR) foliar fungicide (Headline; BASF Corp.) at corn vegetative stage 5; treatment 2 (2X), corn silage from corn that received the same application as 1X plus another application of a mixture of PYR and metconazole (Headline AMP; BASF Corp.) at corn reproductive stage 1 ("silking"); and treatment 3 (3X), corn silage from corn that received the same applications as 2X as well as a third application of PYR and metconazole at reproductive stage 3 ("milky kernel"). Corn was harvested at about 32% dry matter and 3/4 milk line stage of kernel development and ensiled for 200d. Treatments were fed to cows for 5wk, with the last week being used for statistical inferences. Week -1 was used as a covariate in the statistical analysis. Dry matter intake tended to be lower for cows fed corn silage treated with fungicide than CON (23.8, 23.0, 19.5, and 21.3kg for CON, 1X, 2X, and 3X, respectively). A linear treatment effect for DMI was observed, with DMI decreasing as foliar fungicide applications increased. Treatments CON, 1X, 2X, and 3X did not differ for milk yield (34.5, 34.5, 34.2, and 34.4kg/d, respectively); however, a trend for

RESPUESTA DIFERENCIAL A LA SALINIDAD DE GENOTIPOS DE TOMATE (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. EN PRIMERAS ETAPAS FENOLÓGICAS

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Francisco Higinio Ruiz Espinoza

2014-10-01

Full Text Available La salinidad afecta tanto el crecimiento vegetativo como el desarrollo reproductivo de las plantas: puede reducir el número de flores, incrementar la esterilidad y alterar la duración de la floración y la maduración. En México, el tomate es una de las especies hortícolas de mayor importancia económica y social, en virtud del valor de su producción y por la demanda de mano de obra que genera, por lo que el objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la salinidad en variables morfológicas, en dos etapas fenológicas (germinación y crecimiento vegetativo inicial, de ocho genotipos de tomate, “Tropic, Feroz, Ace, Super Río Grande, Yaqui, Missouri, Vita y Floradade”, los cuales fueron expuestos a estrés salino mediante la adición de NaCl en concentraciones de 0, 50, 100, 150 y 200 mM, en un diseño experimental completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones. En la etapa de germinación se midieron las variables morfométricas: porcentaje de germinación, peso fresco y seco de parte aérea, peso fresco de raíces. En la etapa de crecimiento vegetativo inicial se midieron: longitud de tallo, peso fresco de tallo, numero de hojas y área foliar. Los resultados de la etapa de germinación muestran que conforme se incrementó la concentración salina, el porcentaje de germinación disminuyó, siendo “Tropic y Yaqui” los que mostraron valores superiores. Por su parte, “Tropic y Missouri” mostraron el mayor peso fresco y seco de parte aérea, mientras que los genotipos con menor tolerancia en esta etapa fueron “Feroz, Vita y Ace”. En la etapa de crecimiento vegetativo inicial se determinó que los cultivares que presentaron mejor respuesta o mayor tolerancia al estrés salino fueron “Missouri, Tropic, Feroz y Vita”, mientras que los genotipos con menor tolerancia a la salinidad en esta etapa fueron “Floradade y Ace”. Se concluye que en ambas etapas fenológicas existe un diferencial potencial entre los

Avaliação da produtividade de milho e controle de doenças foliares

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Laís Teles de Souza

2014-10-01

Full Text Available Atualmente existem dezenas de doenças foliares que têm causado perdas significativas na cultura do milho. Entre elas, destacam-se a cercosporiose e a mancha branca. O presente trabalho teve, pois, como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de um fungicida, que possui como princípio ativo o mancozebe, na produtividade de híbridos de milho, e verificar a sua eficiência no controle das doenças foliares cercosporiose e mancha branca. O experimento foi conduzido no ano agrícola de 2011/2012, na fazenda experimental do IFSULDEMINAS - Câmpus Inconfidentes. Para a realização do trabalho foram utilizados híbridos selecionados de acordo com os níveis de resistência às doenças. O delineamento foi feito em blocos casualizados, com três repetições em esquema fatorial, no qual foram avaliados 8 (híbridos x 3 aplicações do fungicida. Foram realizadas sete avaliações visuais da severidade das doenças a partir dos 90 dias após a emergência, por meio de escala de notas variando de 1 (altamente resistente a 9 (altamente suscetível. Os grãos foram colhidos para a obtenção da produtividade dos híbridos, e a umidade foi ajustada para 13%. A aplicação do fungicida foi eficiente no controle das doenças mancha branca e cercosporiose, no entanto, não aumentou a produtividade de grãos dos híbridos utilizados neste experimento. A aplicação do fungicida no estádio V6 e no pré-pendoamento das plantas de milho foi mais eficiente.

European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus, L.) green attack affects foliar reflectance and biochemical properties

Science.gov (United States)

Abdullah, Haidi; Darvishzadeh, Roshanak; Skidmore, Andrew K.; Groen, Thomas A.; Heurich, Marco

2018-02-01

The European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus, L. (hereafter bark beetle), causes major economic loss to the forest industry in Europe, especially in Norway Spruce (Picea abies). To minimise economic loss and preclude a mass outbreak, early detection of bark beetle infestation (so-called ;green attack; stage - a period at which trees are yet to show visual signs of infestation stress) is, therefore, a crucial step in the management of Norway spruce stands. It is expected that a bark beetle infestation at the green attack stage affects a tree's physiological and chemical status. However, the concurrent effect on key foliar biochemical such as foliar nitrogen and chlorophyll as well as spectral responses are not well documented in the literature. Therefore, in this study, the early detection of bark beetle green attacks is investigated by examining foliar biochemical and spectral properties (400-2000 nm). We also assessed whether bark beetle infestation affects the estimation accuracy of foliar biochemicals. An extensive field survey was conducted in the Bavarian Forest National Park (BFNP), Germany, in the early summer of 2015 to collect leaf samples from 120 healthy and green attacked trees. The spectra of the leaf samples were measured using an ASD FieldSpec3 equipped with an integrating sphere. Significant differences (p < 0.05) between healthy and infested needle samples were found in the mean reflectance spectra, with the most pronounced differences being observed in the NIR and SWIR regions between 730 and 1370 nm. Furthermore, significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in the biochemical compositions (chlorophyll and nitrogen concentration) of healthy versus green attacked samples. Our results further demonstrate that the estimation accuracy of foliar chlorophyll and nitrogen concentrations, utilising partial least square regression model, was lower for the infested compared to the healthy trees. We show that early stage of infestation reduces not only

[Effects of different soil types on the foliar δ13C values of common local plant species in karst rocky desertification area in central Guizhou Province].

Science.gov (United States)

Du, Xue-lian; Wang, Shi-jie; Luo, Xu-qiang

2014-09-01

By measuring the foliar δ13C values of common local plant species grown in different soil types in Wangjiazhai catchments, a typical karst desertification area in Qingzhen City, Central Guizhou, we studied the impact of soil type and rocky desertification grade on the foliar δ13C values. The results showed that the foliar δ13C values were more negative in yellow soil area than those in black calcareous area and there was no obvious difference in foliar δ13C values between these two soil types. The distribution interval of foliar δ13C values in yellow soil area was narrower than those in black calcareous area and the variation coefficient of foliar δ13C values in yellow soil area were smaller than those in black calcareous area. With increasing degree of karst rocky desertification, the foliar δ13C values of plant community in black calcareous area increased, whereas those in yellow soil area first increased and then decreased. The result of multiple comparison showed that the difference in foliar δ13C values of plant community among rocky desertification grade was not obvious in yellow soil area, but it was obvious in black calcareous area. Correlation analysis between the foliar δ13C values of plant species and the main environmental factors indicated that slope and soil thickness were the main factors which affected the foliar δ13C values of plants in yellow soil area and soil water contant was the main factor in black calcareous area. The impact of soil on the foliar δ13C values was realized by adjusting the soil moisture in study area.

Changes in radiocesium contamination from Fukushima in foliar parts of 10 common tree species in Japan between 2011 and 2013.

Science.gov (United States)

Yoshihara, Toshihiro; Matsumura, Hideyuki; Tsuzaki, Masaharu; Wakamatsu, Takashi; Kobayashi, Takuya; Hashida, Shin-Nosuke; Nagaoka, Toru; Goto, Fumiyuki

2014-12-01

Yearly changes in radiocesium ((137)Cs) contamination, primarily due to the Fukushima accident of March 2011, were observed in the foliar parts of 10 common woody species in Japan (Chamaecyparis obtusa, Cedrus deodara, Pinus densiflora, Cryptomeria japonica, Phyllostachys pubescens, Cinnamomum camphora, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Prunus × yedoensis, Acer buergerianum, and Aesculus hippocastanum). The samples were obtained from Abiko (approximately 200 km SSW of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant) during each growing season between 2011 and 2013, and the foliar parts were examined based on their year of expansion and location in each trees. The radiocesium concentrations generally decreased with time; however, the concentrations and rates of decrease varied among species, age of foliar parts, and locations. The radiocesium concentrations in the 2012 current-year foliar parts were 29%-220% of those from 2011, while those from 2013 fell to between 14% and 42% of the 2011 values. The net decontamination in the foliage was higher in evergreen species than in deciduous species. The radiocesium concentrations in the upper foliar parts were higher than those in the lower parts particularly in C. japonica. In addition, the radiocesium concentrations were higher in the current-year foliar parts than in the 1-year-old foliar parts, particularly in 2013. Thus, the influence of the direct deposition of the fallout was reduced with time, and the translocation ability of radiocesium from old to new tissues became more influential. Similar to the behavior of potassium in trees, Cs redistribution probably occurred primarily due to internal nutrient translocation mechanisms. Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Condiciones para el análisis electrofóretico de proteínas apoplásticas de tallos y raíces de clavel (Dianthus caryophyllus L para estudios proteómicos

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Ana Patricia Martinez Gonzalez

2017-05-01

Full Text Available En el presente estudio se describe un flujo de trabajo que puede ser aplicado a diferentes especies vegetales, con el fin de obtener extractos apoplásticos que puedan ser usados para análisis proteómicos. Para ello, usando tallos y raíces de clavel, se evaluaron parámetros claves para la extracción de estas proteínas. Se determinó que para esta especie (Dianthus caryophyllus L se debe usar la solución amortiguadora fosfato de sodio 0,1 M pH 6,5, cloruro de sodio 50 mM y 0,1% β-mercaptoetanol para la infiltración; con tres tiempos de vacío de 20 s a 70 kPa y centrifugación a 1000 x g durante 20 min a 4 ºC, seguido de precipitación y concentración de proteínas con el método (TCA-Ácido tricloroacético/acetona. Bajo estas condiciones, se obtienen extractos que permiten análisis electroforéticos en 2D de proteínas de apoplasto, usando para el isolectroenfoque tiras con gradientes de pH 5-8 para raíz y pH 3-10 para tallo. Las condiciones descritas permitirán profundizar sobre el papel de las proteínas apoplásticas en diversidad de fenómenos biológicos que involucren esta especie vegetal.

Foliar nutrition in apple production | Murtic | African Journal of ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of research papers dealing with the effect of foliar feeding on development parameters in apple trees in an attempt to obtain a more thorough insight into the advantages and disadvantages of this fertilization type and facilitate the potential use of this practice ...

Absorption of foliar-applied arsenic by the arsenic hyperaccumulating fern (Pteris vittata L.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bondada, Bhaskar R.; Tu, Shuxin; Ma, Lena Q

2004-10-01

The fact that heavy metals can enter various domains of the plant system through foliar pathways spurred us to explore if the fronds of the Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata L.), a hyperaccumulator of arsenic, a carcinogenic metalloid, was proficient in absorbing arsenic in the form of sprays. The specific objective of this study was to investigate the impact of frond age, form of arsenic, and time of application on the absorption of foliar-applied arsenic by the brake fern; also examined were the effects of foliar sprays on surface ultrastructure and arsenic speciation in the frond following absorption. Foliar sprays of different arsenic concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 ppm) were applied to young and fertile fronds. A positive linear relationship existed between arsenic concentration and absorption; the arsenic concentration of fronds increased from 50 to 200 ppm. Time-course analysis with excised pinnae indicated an initial linear increase followed by a plateau at 48 h. The young fronds with immature sori absorbed more arsenic (3100 ppm) than the fertile mature fronds (890 ppm). In the frond, the arsenic absorption was greatest in the lamina of the pinnae followed by the sori and the rachis. Applying arsenic during night (20:00-22:00 h) or afternoon (12:00-14:00 h) resulted in greater absorption of arsenic than the application in the morning (08:00-10:00 h). The arsenic absorption was greater through abaxial surfaces than through adaxial surfaces. The brake fern absorbed more arsenic when it was applied in the form of arsenite. Regardless of the form of arsenic and the surface it was applied to, arsenic occurred as arsenite, the reduced and the most toxic form of arsenic, after having been absorbed by the fronds. Scanning electron microscopy revealed no surface morphological alterations following all arsenic sprays. The study unequivocally illustrated that the Chinese brake fern absorbed foliar-applied arsenic with great efficiency. Consequently, the

Absorption of foliar-applied arsenic by the arsenic hyperaccumulating fern (Pteris vittata L.)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bondada, Bhaskar R.; Tu, Shuxin; Ma, Lena Q.

2004-01-01

The fact that heavy metals can enter various domains of the plant system through foliar pathways spurred us to explore if the fronds of the Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata L.), a hyperaccumulator of arsenic, a carcinogenic metalloid, was proficient in absorbing arsenic in the form of sprays. The specific objective of this study was to investigate the impact of frond age, form of arsenic, and time of application on the absorption of foliar-applied arsenic by the brake fern; also examined were the effects of foliar sprays on surface ultrastructure and arsenic speciation in the frond following absorption. Foliar sprays of different arsenic concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 ppm) were applied to young and fertile fronds. A positive linear relationship existed between arsenic concentration and absorption; the arsenic concentration of fronds increased from 50 to 200 ppm. Time-course analysis with excised pinnae indicated an initial linear increase followed by a plateau at 48 h. The young fronds with immature sori absorbed more arsenic (3100 ppm) than the fertile mature fronds (890 ppm). In the frond, the arsenic absorption was greatest in the lamina of the pinnae followed by the sori and the rachis. Applying arsenic during night (20:00-22:00 h) or afternoon (12:00-14:00 h) resulted in greater absorption of arsenic than the application in the morning (08:00-10:00 h). The arsenic absorption was greater through abaxial surfaces than through adaxial surfaces. The brake fern absorbed more arsenic when it was applied in the form of arsenite. Regardless of the form of arsenic and the surface it was applied to, arsenic occurred as arsenite, the reduced and the most toxic form of arsenic, after having been absorbed by the fronds. Scanning electron microscopy revealed no surface morphological alterations following all arsenic sprays. The study unequivocally illustrated that the Chinese brake fern absorbed foliar-applied arsenic with great efficiency. Consequently, the

Leaf age affects the responses of foliar injury and gas exchange to tropospheric ozone in Prunus serotina seedlings

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zhang Jianwei, E-mail: jianweizhang@fs.fed.u [Environmental Resources Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 (United States); School of Forest Resources, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 (United States); Schaub, Marcus; Ferdinand, Jonathan A. [Environmental Resources Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 (United States); Skelly, John M. [Department of Plant Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 (United States); Steiner, Kim C. [School of Forest Resources, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 (United States); Savage, James E. [Department of Plant Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 (United States)

2010-08-15

We investigated the effect of leaf age on the response of net photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (g{sub wv}), foliar injury, and leaf nitrogen concentration (N{sub L}) to tropospheric ozone (O{sub 3}) on Prunus serotina seedlings grown in open-plots (AA) and open-top chambers, supplied with either carbon-filtered or non-filtered air. We found significant variation in A, g{sub wv}, foliar injury, and N{sub L} (P < 0.05) among O{sub 3} treatments. Seedlings in AA showed the highest A and g{sub wv} due to relatively low vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Older leaves showed significantly lower A, g{sub wv}, N{sub L}, and higher foliar injury (P < 0.001) than younger leaves. Leaf age affected the response of A, g{sub wv}, and foliar injury to O{sub 3}. Both VPD and N{sub L} had a strong influence on leaf gas exchange. Foliar O{sub 3}-induced injury appeared when cumulative O{sub 3} uptake reached 8-12 mmol m{sup -2}, depending on soil water availability. The mechanistic assessment of O{sub 3}-induced injury is a valuable approach for a biologically relevant O{sub 3} risk assessment for forest trees. - Ozone effects on symptom development and leaf gas exchange interacted with leaf age and N-content on black cherry seedlings.

Effect of Maize Hybrid and Foliar Fungicides on Yield Under Low Foliar Disease Severity Conditions.

Science.gov (United States)

Mallowa, Sally O; Esker, Paul D; Paul, Pierce A; Bradley, Carl A; Chapara, Venkata R; Conley, Shawn P; Robertson, Alison E

2015-08-01

Foliar fungicide use in the U.S. Corn Belt increased in the last decade; however, questions persist pertaining to its value and sustainability. Multistate field trials were established from 2010 to 2012 in Illinois, Iowa, Ohio, and Wisconsin to examine how hybrid and foliar fungicide influenced disease intensity and yield. The experimental design was in a split-split plot with main plots consisting of hybrids varying in resistance to gray leaf spot (caused by Cercospora zeae-maydis) and northern corn leaf blight (caused by Setosphaera turcica), subplots corresponding to four application timings of the fungicide pyraclostrobin, and sub-subplots represented by inoculations with either C. zeae-maydis, S. turcica, or both at two vegetative growth stages. Fungicide application (VT/R1) significantly reduced total disease severity relative to the control in five of eight site-years (P<0.05). Disease was reduced by approximately 30% at Wisconsin in 2011, 20% at Illinois in 2010, 29% at Iowa in 2010, and 32 and 30% at Ohio in 2010 and 2012, respectively. These disease severities ranged from 0.2 to 0.3% in Wisconsin in 2011 to 16.7 to 22.1% in Illinois in 2010. The untreated control had significantly lower yield (P<0.05) than the fungicide-treated in three site-years. Fungicide application increased the yield by approximately 6% at Ohio in 2010, 5% at Wisconsin in 2010 and 6% in 2011. Yield differences ranged from 8,403 to 8,890 kg/ha in Wisconsin 2011 to 11,362 to 11,919 kg/ha in Wisconsin 2010. Results suggest susceptibility to disease and prevailing environment are important drivers of observed differences. Yield increases as a result of the physiological benefits of plant health benefits under low disease were not consistent.

Nutritional status and specific leaf area of mahogany and tonka bean under two light environments Estado nutricional e área foliar específica de mogno e cumaru sob dois ambientes de luz

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José Francisco de C. Gonçalves

2005-01-01

de idade, crescidas em plantio a céu aberto (sol com cerca de 2000 µmol m-2 s-1 e sob cobertura natural (sombra de plantas de pau-de-balsa (Ochroma pyramidale Cav. Ex Lam. Urb com cerca de 260 µmol m-2 s-1, foram analisadas quanto à área foliar (AF, a massa da matéria seca (MMS, a área foliar específica (AFE e aos teores de nutrientes foliares. Verificou-se que, folhas de S. macrophylla, crescidas a pleno sol, apresentaram AF 35% menor quando comparadas com as folhas crescidas na sombra. Por outro lado, nas folhas de D. odorata, não foram observadas diferenças para AF entre os ambientes. Adicionalmente, observou-se que folhas de sombra de S. macrophylla, com base na MMS, foram 50% menores que as folhas de sol, enquanto que no D. odorata não foram observadas diferenças para MMS entre os ambientes. Quanto a AFE, nas folhas de S. macrophylla, verificou-se que as folhas de sol foram três vezes menores quando comparadas com as folhas de sombra, e não houve diferença nas folhas do D. odorata. Quanto aos teores dos nutrientes verificou-se que, independentemente do ambiente, folhas de S. macrophylla apresentaram maiores teores de P e Ca do que aqueles encontrados nas folhas do D. odorata. Os teores de N, K, Fe e Mn diminuíram nas folhas de S. macrophylla crescidas a sombra. Por último, nós sugerimos que a diminuição no teor dos nutrientes foliares pode ter influência negativa sobre o crescimento foliar. Os resultados demonstram que a hipótese testada é verdadeira para características foliares, D. odorata, classificada como clímax, exibiu menor plasticidade para características foliares quando comparada com S. macrophylla, classificada como intermediária.

Variation in foliar water content and hyperspectral reflectance of ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Sirex noctilio, the Eurasian wood wasp, is one of the major pests responsible for declining forest health in pine forests located in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Researchers have shown that stress induced by S. noctilio causes a rapid decrease in foliar water content, with the foliage of the tree changing from a dark green to a ...

SE-ENRICHMENT OF CARROT AND ONION VIA FOLIAR APPLICATION

OpenAIRE

Kapolna, Emese; Laursen, Kristian H.; Hillestrøm, Peter; Husted, Søren; Larsen, Erik H.

2008-01-01

The aim of this work was to study the selenium accumulation in carrot and onion plants using foliar application by sodium selenite and sodium selenate. Furthermore, we aimed at identifying the Se species biosynthesised by onion and carrot plants. The results were used to prepare for production of 77Se enriched plants for an ongoing human absorption study.

The Effects Foliar Application of Methanol at Different Growth Stages on Kernel Related Traits in Chickpea var. ILC 482

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N. Naeimi,

2013-12-01

Full Text Available This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of foliar application of methanol on certain kernel related traits at different growth stages of pea var. ILC482 at the Research Station of Faculty of Agriculture in Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch in 2011. The study was conducted in split plot experiment based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Treatments were three levels methanol foliar application at different growth stages (vegetative, reproductive and foliar application at both two stages which considered as main factor, six levels of foliar application of methanol concentrations: (0 [control], 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30% as sub factor. Results showed that the interactions of methanol applications growth stages and its concentrations on grain number per plant, 100 kernel weight, grain yield, grain filing rate and harvest index were significantly different. Foliar application of methanol at reproductive stage decrease kernel related traits, but this application at both growth stages had positive effect on grain production and kernel related traits. This positive effect on number and 100 kernel weight were significant. The highest grain yield (2460 kg/ha was obtained by 20% concentration of methanol at both growth stages that increased grain yield above 13.5% compared to the control condition.

Perdas causadas por Coccus viridis (Hemiptera: Coccidae em mudas de Coffea arabica L.

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Flávio Lemes Fernandes

2009-08-01

Full Text Available Coccus viridis (Green danifica plantas jovens e adultas de Coffea arabica Linnaeu. No entanto, nada se sabe sobre a magnitude dos danos causados por esta praga. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar as relações entre o ataque de C. viridis e as perdas causadas por este inseto a C. arabica. Este trabalho foi conduzido em casa de vegetação na Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Foram utilizadas sementes da linhagem IAC 15 da variedade “Catuaí vermelho” de café (C. arabica. Para a confecção dos tratamentos esta praga foi criada em casa de vegetação separada do experimento. Os tratamentos foram: plantas infestadas e não infestadas por adultos e ninfas da cochonilha verde. As plantas foram nutridas com solução nutritiva. Durante 110 dias foram avaliados: números de adultos e de ninfas de primeiro, segundo e terceiro ínstares, área foliar, diâmetro do caule, altura das plantas em todas repetições. No final do experimento avaliou-se o peso das raízes, caule, folhas e total. Os pesos das raízes, matéria seca total, área foliar e diâmetro do caule de plantas não atacadas por C. viridis superaram em 1,31; 1,41; 1,50 e 8,93 vezes, respectivamente o peso de plantas atacadas. As variáveis selecionadas foram: diâmetro do caule (cm, área foliar (cm², peso de raízes (g, ninfas, adultos e total das cochonilhas. Concluindo que a planta de C. arabica é afetada de forma diferente entre seus órgãos e que a ninfa de terceiro ínstar e adultos são as fases que mais causam danos a C. arabica.Losses Caused by Coccus viridis (Green (Hemiptera: Coccidae on Seedlings of Coffea arabica L.Abstract. Coccus viridis (Green cause losses on seedling and old plants of Coffea arabica (Green. However, nothing is known about of the damages caused by this pest. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the relations between atack of C. viridis and the losses caused by this insect. on C. arabica. This work was conduced in greenhouse at

Purple Phototrophic Bacterium Enhances Stevioside Yield by Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni via Foliar Spray and Rhizosphere Irrigation

Science.gov (United States)

Wu, Jing; Wang, Yiming; Lin, Xiangui

2013-01-01

This study was conducted to compare the effects of foliar spray and rhizosphere irrigation with purple phototrophic bacteria (PPB) on growth and stevioside (ST) yield of Stevia. rebaudiana. The S. rebaudiana plants were treated by foliar spray, rhizosphere irrigation, and spray plus irrigation with PPB for 10 days, respectively. All treatments enhanced growth of S. rebaudiana, and the foliar method was more efficient than irrigation. Spraying combined with irrigation increased the ST yield plant -1 by 69.2% as compared to the control. The soil dehydrogenase activity, S. rebaudiana shoot biomass, chlorophyll content in new leaves, and soluble sugar in old leaves were affected significantly by S+I treatment, too. The PPB probably works in the rhizosphere by activating the metabolic activity of soil bacteria, and on leaves by excreting phytohormones or enhancing the activity of phyllosphere microorganisms. PMID:23825677

Requerimiento Hídrico de Gmelina arborea en Etapa de Vivero Bajo Condiciones Controladas

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Amir Vergara

2017-04-01

Full Text Available RESUMEN Con el fin de conocer el requerimiento hídrico de Melina en la etapa de vivero, se realizó un ensayo con cuatro coeficientes de consumo (Kc: 0,6, 0,8, 1,2, 1,4. Estos tratamientos se transformaron en láminas de riego de 2,4 mm.día–1, 3,2 mm.día–1, 4,8 mm.día–1 y 5,6 mm.día–1 respectivamente, debido a que la evapotranspiración de referencia (ETO de la zona fue de 4 mm.día–1. Se observó que a medida que se aumentaba la lámina de riego, disminuía el crecimiento de las plantas. Los valores más altos de altura de planta, área foliar, masa seca de hoja, masa seca del tallo y masa seca de raíz se obtuvieron con la lámina de 2,4 mm.día–1. Por otro lado, los índices de crecimiento (TAC, TRC, AFE, RAF muestran la misma tendencia. Con base en estos resultados se determinó que el Kc para esta especie en la etapa de vivero es de 0,6.

Effect of Nitrogen Foliar Application on Canola Yield (Brassica napus L. and Nitrogen Efficiency across Different Sowing Dates

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S Doori

2016-12-01

Full Text Available Introduction Between oil seeds, from the quality, quantity and nutrition index point of view, canola has the top level . Because of the solubility of N fertilizers, the time of urea application, is very important and one of the main reasons of the reduction in N application efficiency is utilization of urea in an inappropriate time. By precisely foliar application of nitrogen, the efficiency of nitrogen transformation to the grain will be very high because in this method the leaf is considered the main organ of nitrogen uptake and a low amount of absorbed nitrogen was transferred to the root and entered the soil. The more division of N application in growth stages and in accordance with plant need and foliar application result in increasing nitrogen use efficiency. The delay in sowing will result in the reduction of yield and this is due to low LAI, and thus low radiation absorb in vegetable phase and shorter reproductive phase with high temperature in flowering and subsequent stages that result in low prolific silique and make disorder in transferring stored material to grain. In this experiment using N foliar application to decrease the adverse effect of delay in sowing is objective. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted in 2013-2014 in Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resource University of Khuzestan. Experiment was conducted as split plots in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. In this experiment sowing date]optimum sowing (27 November, 17 December and late sowing (30 December [were assigned to main plots and several time of N-foliar application with 5 percent density from urea (20 liter per ha, ]TO (control, T1 (foliar N application in rosette stage, T2 (foliar N application in budding stage, T3 (foliar N application in flowering stage[ were placed in sub-plots in randomized way. Fertilizing was based on the results of soil examination. Therefore, 162 kg ha-1 of pure nitrogen (from resource urea in the way

Improving Tolerance of Faba Bean during Early Growth Stages to Salinity through Micronutrients Foliar Spray

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Mohamed M. EL FOULY

2010-06-01

Full Text Available Salinity, either of soil or of irrigation water, causes disturbances in plant growth and nutrient balance. Previous work indicates that applying nutrients by foliar application increases tolerance to salinity. A pot experiment with three replicates was carried out in the green house of NRC, Cairo, Egypt, to study the effect of micronutrients foliar application on salt tolerance of faba bean. Two concentrations of a micronutrient compound (0.1% and 0.15% were sprayed in two different treatments prior to or after the salinity treatments. Levels of NaCl (0.00-1000-2000-5000 ppm were supplied to irrigation water. Results indicated that 2000 and 5000 ppm NaCl inhibited growth and nutrient uptake. Spraying micronutrients could restore the negative effect of salinity on dry weight and nutrients uptake, when sprayed either before or after the salinity treatments. It is suggested that micronutrient foliar sprays could be used to improve plant tolerance to salinity.

Foliar injury responses of eleven plant species to ozone/sulfur dioxide mixtures

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Tingey, D T; Reinert, R A; Dunning, J A; Heck, W W

1973-01-01

Eleven plant species were exposed to ozone and/or sulfur dioxide to determine if a mixture of the two gases enhanced foliar injury. Tobacco, radish, and alfalfa developed more injury that the additive injury of the single gases. In other species, such as cabbage, broccoli, and tomato, the foliar injury from mixed-gas exposures was additive or less than additive. Leaf injury from the ozone/sulfur dioxide mixture appeared as upper surface flecking, stipple, bifacial necrosis, and lower surface glazing and, in general, appeared similar to injury from oxidant or ozone. The concentrations of ozone and sulfur dioxide that caused plant injury were similar to those found in urban areas. These concentrations may result in yield losses to plants grown under field conditions.

Arquitectura y anatomía foliar del complejo Polypodium plesiosorum sensu Moran (Polypodiaceae

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J. Daniel Tejero-Díez

2010-09-01

Full Text Available El complejo Polypodium plesisorum es un grupo de morfología heterogénea. Se estudió la arquitectura y anatomía foliar de 12 especies que constituyen el complejo de Polypodium plesiosorum reconocidas por Moran, y otras 23 especies de Polypodium (complejos P. dulce, P. polypodioides y P. vulgare sunsu Moran y géneros relacionados taxonómicamente (Goniophlebium, Phlebodium, Pleopeltis, Serpocaulon, Synammia con fines comparativos. Dos grupos de especies homogéneas fueron establecidos en el complejo P. plesisorum. Uno de ellos se reconoce por el tipo de anastomosis de las venas (tipo III: Polypodium conterminans (originalmente considerado en el grupo de P. dulce de venación libre según Moran, P. hispidulum, P. plesiosorum y P. rhodopleuron. El segundo grupo formado por Polypodium arcanum, P. castaneum, P. colpodes, P. eatonii y P. flagellare, se reconoce por el tipo de anastomosis de las venas (tipo IV y la forma en que se fusionan los cordones vasculares a lo largo del eje pecíoloraquis de la hoja. Los caracteres estudiados ayudaron a relacionar las especies restantes con otros grupos fuera del complejo estudiado.Architecture and leaf anatomy of the Polypodium plesiosorum sensu Moran complex (Polypodiaceae. The Polypodium plesisorum complex is a heterogeneous morphology group. We studied leaf architecture and anatomy of 12 species of this group, in addition to other 23 species of Polypodium (P. dulce, P. polypodioides and P. vulgare complex sensu Moran and related genera (Goniophlebium, Phlebodium, Pleopeltis, Serpocaulon, Synammia, for comparative purposes. Two homogeneous groups of species were established in P. plesiosorum complex. One of them is recognized based on the type of anastomosis of the veins (Type III: Polypodium conterminans (originally considered in the group of P. dulce with free venation by Moran, P. hispidulum, P. plesiosorum and P. rhodopleuron. The second group with Polypodium arcanum, P. castaneum, P. colpodes, P

Seasonal trends in reduced leaf gas exchange and ozone-induced foliar injury in three ozone sensitive woody plant species

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Novak, K.; Schaub, M.; Fuhrer, J.; Skelly, J.M.; Hug, C.; Landolt, W.; Bleuler, P.; Kraeuchi, N.

2005-01-01

Seasonal trends in leaf gas exchange and ozone-induced visible foliar injury were investigated for three ozone sensitive woody plant species. Seedlings of Populus nigra L., Viburnum lantana L., and Fraxinus excelsior L. were grown in charcoal-filtered chambers, non-filtered chambers and open plots. Injury assessments and leaf gas exchange measurements were conducted from June to October during 2002. All species developed typical ozone-induced foliar injury. For plants exposed to non-filtered air as compared to the charcoal-filtered air, mean net photosynthesis was reduced by 25%, 21%, and 18% and mean stomatal conductance was reduced by 25%, 16%, and 8% for P. nigra, V. lantana, and F. excelsior, respectively. The timing and severity of the reductions in leaf gas exchange were species specific and corresponded to the onset of visible foliar injury. - Reductions in leaf gas exchange corresponded to the onset of ozone-induced visible foliar injury for seedlings exposed to ambient ozone exposures

Seasonal trends in reduced leaf gas exchange and ozone-induced foliar injury in three ozone sensitive woody plant species

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Novak, K. [Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf (Switzerland)]. E-mail: kristopher.novak@wsl.ch; Schaub, M. [Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf (Switzerland); Fuhrer, J. [Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture FAL, 8046 Zurich (Switzerland); Skelly, J.M. [Department of Plant Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 (United States); Hug, C. [Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf (Switzerland); Landolt, W. [Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf (Switzerland); Bleuler, P. [Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf (Switzerland); Kraeuchi, N. [Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf (Switzerland)

2005-07-15

Seasonal trends in leaf gas exchange and ozone-induced visible foliar injury were investigated for three ozone sensitive woody plant species. Seedlings of Populus nigra L., Viburnum lantana L., and Fraxinus excelsior L. were grown in charcoal-filtered chambers, non-filtered chambers and open plots. Injury assessments and leaf gas exchange measurements were conducted from June to October during 2002. All species developed typical ozone-induced foliar injury. For plants exposed to non-filtered air as compared to the charcoal-filtered air, mean net photosynthesis was reduced by 25%, 21%, and 18% and mean stomatal conductance was reduced by 25%, 16%, and 8% for P. nigra, V. lantana, and F. excelsior, respectively. The timing and severity of the reductions in leaf gas exchange were species specific and corresponded to the onset of visible foliar injury. - Reductions in leaf gas exchange corresponded to the onset of ozone-induced visible foliar injury for seedlings exposed to ambient ozone exposures.

Sistema integrado de recomendación y diagnosis: una alternativa para la interpretación de resultados del análisis foliar en café Diagnosis and recommendation integrated systems (dris: an alternative for interpretation of results of foliar analysis in coffee

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Arboleda V. Celso

1988-12-01

Full Text Available Con el fin de proveer otras alternativas de interpretación de resultados del análisis foliar en café, diferente a la tabla
de contenido "normal", se aplicó la metodología SIRD (Sistema Integrado de Recomendación y Oiagnosis5 a la información proveniente de un experimento con N-P-K,
factorial de 33 realizado en CENICAFE, Colombia. Los nutrimentos incluidos en el análisis foliar y su interpretación fueron N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe y B. Por primera vez, con fines de diaqnóstico , se obtuvo la tabla de normas SIRD para café con base en una producción de 2.750 Kg de c.p.s/ha que
incluye 1036 análisis foliares, para un total de 28 relaciones binarias de cociente entre los 8 nutrimentos mencionados. SI RO presentó la interpretación de resultados del análisis
foliar en forma más clara que los elaborados con la Tabla de Contenido "normal", pues agrupó en orden de importancia en las necesidades del cultivo, todos los elementos nutritivos estudiados. Los diagnósticos elaborados mediante SIRD fueron válidos, pues al seguir su recomendación se observó respuesta tanto en la composición interna de la planta como en la producción de café. El calcio, según el enfoque SIRD, se mostró como un elemento potencialmente limitante de la producción en la zona donde se analizó la validez del enfoque. La suma en valor absoluto de los indicadores SIRD, llamados Indice de Balance Nutricional, presentó correlación negativa y altamente significativa para los análisis foliares correspondientes a los meses de mayo.Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated Systems (DRIS norms were developed for the interpretation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe and B contents of coffee (Coffea arabica L. leaves, obtained from a N-P-K factorial experiment at two different locations of the Colombian Coffee Zone. For diagnostic purposes of coffee nutrition this is the first time a DRIS norm is derived. The DRIS approach allows a better
interpretation

Phenotypic plasticity of Vaccinium meridionale (Ericaceae in wild populations of mountain forests in Colombia

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Gustavo A Ligarreto

2011-06-01

realizó un estudio de zonificación de V. meridionale en cuatro áreas principales de un bosque de baja montaña de Colombia (Provincias de Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Santander y Nariño en 2007. Un total de 20 poblaciones y 100 plantas de V. meridionale fueron individualmente caracterizadas usando una lista de 26 descriptores de variables morfológicas (9 caracteres cuantitativos y 17 caracteres cualitativos. Nuestros resultados indicaron que las poblaciones naturales de V. meridionale podrían ser encontradas en el bosque tropical bajo unas condiciones de clima y microclima muy heterogéneas, en regiones de montaña diferentes entre 2 357 y 3 168masl. Los arbustos de V. meridionale presentaron un nivel alto de la variación intrapoblacional en varios caracteres morfológicos cuantitativos (altura de planta, diámetro de tallo y cualitativos (hábito de crecimiento, densidad de ramificación, presencia de antocianinas en tallos, sugiriendo una plasticidad fenotípica ambientalmente inducida. La altura de planta, el diámetro de tallo y la densidad foliar fueron los rasgos morfológicos más variables, con coeficientes de variación superior al 50%. Sin embargo, varios caracteres cuantitativos de su potencial reproductivo, como dimensiones de baya, longitud de raquis y número de flores por inflorescencia, presentaron plasticidad baja con coeficientes de la variación inferior al 30.2%, indicando que estos caracteres fueron genéticamente determinados. Los coeficientes de correlación más altos (p<0.05 fueron para longitud de fruto y ancho de fruto (0.90, longitud de hoja y ancho de hoja (0.78, altura de planta y diámetro de tallo (0.60, y longitud de inflorescencia y número de flores por inflorescencia (0.57. Los resultados sugieren que en condiciones naturales existe un recurso genético importante para esta especie. La poca variación en el tamaño de fruto, puede ser útil para la selección de cultivares de V. meridionale y se constituye un rasgo objetivo para

Complementary Evaluation of Iron Deficiency Root Responses to Assess the Effectiveness of Different Iron Foliar Applications for Chlorosis Remediation

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Marta Fuentes

2018-03-01

Full Text Available Iron deficiency in plants is caused by a low availability of iron in the soil, and its main visual symptom is leaf yellowing due to a decrease in chlorophyll content, along with a reduction in plant growth and fruit quality. Foliar sprays with Fe compounds are an economic alternative to the treatment with expensive synthetic Fe-chelates applied to the soil, although the efficacy of foliar treatments is rather limited. Generally, plant response to Fe-foliar treatments is monitored by measuring chlorophyll content (or related parameters as SPAD index. However, different studies have shown that foliar Fe sprays cause a local regreening and that translocation of the applied Fe within the plant is quite low. In this context, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of foliar applications of different Fe compounds [FeSO4, Fe(III-EDTA, and Fe(III-heptagluconate] on Fe-deficient cucumber plants, by studying the main physiological plant root responses to Fe deficiency [root Fe(III chelate reductase (FCR activity; acidification of the nutrient solution; and expression of the Fe deficiency responsive genes encoding FCR, CsFRO1, Fe(II root transporter CsIRT1, and two plasma membrane H+-ATPases, CsHA1 and CsHA2], along with SPAD index, plant growth and Fe content. The results showed that the overall assessment of Fe-deficiency root responses improved the evaluation of the efficacy of the Fe-foliar treatments compared to just monitoring SPAD indexes. Thus, FCR activity and expression of Fe-deficiency response genes, especially CsFRO1 and CsHA1, preceded the trend of SPAD index and acted as indicators of whether the plant was sensing or not metabolically active Fe due to the treatments. Principal component analysis of the data also provided a graphical tool to evaluate the evolution of plant responses to foliar Fe treatments with time.

FOLIAR NUTRIENT CONTENTS AND FRUIT YIELD IN CUSTARD APPLE PROGENIES

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Paulo Sérgio Lima e Silva

2009-01-01

Full Text Available Foliar nutrient contents are evaluated in several fruit trees with many objectives. Leaf analysis constitutes a way of evaluating the nutritional requirements of crops. Due to the positive impact that fertilizers have on crop yields, researchers frequently try to evaluate the correlations between yield and foliar nutrient contents. This work's objective was to present fruit yields from the 4th to the 6th cropping seasons, evaluate foliar nutrient contents (on the 5th cropping season, and estimate the correlations between these two groups of traits for 20 half-sibling custard apple tree progenies. The progenies were evaluated in a random block design with five replicates and four plants per plot. One hundred leaves were collected from the middle third of the canopy (in height of each of four plants in each plot. The leaves were collected haphazardly, i.e., in a random manner, but without using a drawing mechanism. In the analysis of variance, the nutrient concentrations in the leaves from plants of each plot were represented by the average of four plants in the plot. Fruit yield in the various progenies did not depend on cropping season; progeny A4 was the most productive. No Spearman correlation was found between leaf nutrient concentrations and fruit yield. Increased nutrient concentrations in the leaves were progeny-dependent, i.e., with regard to Na (progenies FE5 and JG1, Ca (progeny A4, Mg (progeny SM7, N (progeny A3, P (progeny M, and K contents (progeny JG3. Spearman's correlation was negative between Na-Mg, Na-Ca, and Mg-P contents, and positive between Mg-Ca and N-K contents.

A study of the wet deposit and foliar uptake of iodine and strontium on rye-grass and clover

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Angeletti, Livio; Levi, Emilio; Commission of the European Communities, Ispra

1977-12-01

Foliar uptake of iodine and strontium by rye-grass and clover was studied as a function of aspersion intensities. At the same time, the contribution of root sorption to foliar uptake was measured. The effective half-lives of radionuclides of standing and harvested grass were also determined together with their uptake under the action of demineralized water aspersion [fr

Metal and metalloid foliar uptake by various plant species exposed to atmospheric industrial fallout: Mechanisms involved for lead

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schreck, E., E-mail: eva.schreck@ensat.fr [Universite de Toulouse (France); INP, UPS (France); EcoLab (Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement) (France); ENSAT, Avenue de l' Agrobiopole, 31326 Castanet Tolosan (France); CNRS (France); EcoLab, 31326 Castanet Tolosan (France); Foucault, Y. [Universite de Toulouse (France); INP, UPS (France); EcoLab (Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement) (France); ENSAT, Avenue de l' Agrobiopole, 31326 Castanet Tolosan (France); CNRS (France); EcoLab, 31326 Castanet Tolosan (France); STCM, Societe de Traitements Chimiques des Metaux, 30 Avenue de Fondeyre 31200 Toulouse (France); Sarret, G. [ISTerre (UMR 5275), Universite J. Fourier and CNRS, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9 (France); Sobanska, S. [LASIR (UMR CNRS 8516), Universite de Lille 1, Bat. C5, 59655 Villeneuve d' Ascq cedex (France); Cecillon, L. [ISTerre (UMR 5275), Universite J. Fourier and CNRS, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9 (France); Castrec-Rouelle, M. [Universite Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), Bioemco (Biogeochimie et Ecologie des Milieux Continentaux), Site Jussieu, Tour 56, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05 (France); Uzu, G. [Laboratoire d' Aerologie (UMR 5560), OMP, UPS 14, Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse (France); GET (UMR 5563), IRD, 14, Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse (France); Dumat, C. [Universite de Toulouse (France); INP, UPS (France); EcoLab (Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement) (France); ENSAT, Avenue de l' Agrobiopole, 31326 Castanet Tolosan (France); CNRS (France); EcoLab, 31326 Castanet Tolosan (France)

2012-06-15

Fine and ultrafine metallic particulate matters (PMs) are emitted from metallurgic activities in peri-urban zones into the atmosphere and can be deposited in terrestrial ecosystems. The foliar transfer of metals and metalloids and their fate in plant leaves remain unclear, although this way of penetration may be a major contributor to the transfer of metals into plants. This study focused on the foliar uptake of various metals and metalloids from enriched PM (Cu, Zn, Cd, Sn, Sb, As, and especially lead (Pb)) resulting from the emissions of a battery-recycling factory. Metal and metalloid foliar uptake by various vegetable species, exhibiting different morphologies, use (food or fodder) and life-cycle (lettuce, parsley and rye-grass) were studied. The mechanisms involved in foliar metal transfer from atmospheric particulate matter fallout, using lead (Pb) as a model element was also investigated. Several complementary techniques (micro-X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry) were used to investigate the localization and the speciation of lead in their edible parts, i.e. leaves. The results showed lead-enriched PM on the surface of plant leaves. Biogeochemical transformations occurred on the leaf surfaces with the formation of lead secondary species (PbCO{sub 3} and organic Pb). Some compounds were internalized in their primary form (PbSO{sub 4}) underneath an organic layer. Internalization through the cuticle or penetration through stomata openings are proposed as two major mechanisms involved in foliar uptake of particulate matter. - Graphical abstract: Overall picture of performed observations and mechanisms potentially involved in lead foliar uptake. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Foliar uptake of metallic particulate matter (PM) is of environmental and health concerns. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The leaf morphology influences the adsorption

Ozone sensitivity of Fagus sylvatica and Fraxinus excelsior young trees in relation to leaf structure and foliar ozone uptake

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gerosa, Giacomo; Marzuoli, Riccardo; Bussotti, Filippo; Pancrazi, Marica; Ballarin-Denti, Antonio

2003-01-01

The difference in ozone sensitivity between Fagus sylvatica and Fraxinus exclesior is explained by their different stomatal ozone uptake and by their different foliar structure. - During the summer of 2001, 2-year-old Fraxinus excelsior and Fagus sylvatica plants were subjected to ozone-rich environmental conditions at the Regional Forest Nursery at Curno (Northern Italy). Atmospheric ozone concentrations and stomatal conductance were measured, in order to calculate the foliar fluxes by means of a one-dimensional model. The foliar structure of both species was examined (thickness of the lamina and of the individual tissues, leaf mass per area, leaf density) and chlorophyll a fluorescence was determined as a response parameter. Stomatal conductance was always greater in Fraxinus excelsior, as was ozone uptake, although the highest absorption peaks did not match the peaks of ozone concentration in the atmosphere. The foliar structure can help explain this phenomenon: Fraxinus excelsior has a thicker mesophyll than Fagus sylvatica (indicating a greater photosynthesis potential) and a reduced foliar density. This last parameter, related to the apoplastic fraction, suggests a greater ability to disseminate the gases within the leaf as well as a greater potential detoxifying capacity. As foliar symptoms spread, the parameters relating to chlorophyll a fluorescence also change. PI (Performance Index, Strasser, A., Srivastava, A., Tsimilli-Michael, M., 2000. The fluorescence transient as a tool to characterize and screen photosynthetic samples. In: Yunus, M., Pathre, U., Mohanty, P., (Eds.) Probing Photosynthesis: Mechanisms, Regulation and Adaptation. Taylor and Francis, London, UK, pp. 445-483.) has proved to be a more suitable index than Fv/Fm (Quantum Yield Efficiency) to record the onset of stress conditions

Accounting for the effect of temperature in clarifying the response of foliar nitrogen isotope ratios to atmospheric nitrogen deposition.

Science.gov (United States)

Chen, Chongjuan; Li, Jiazhu; Wang, Guoan; Shi, Minrui

2017-12-31

Atmospheric nitrogen deposition affects nitrogen isotope composition (δ 15 N) in plants. However, both negative effect and positive effect have been reported. The effects of climate on plant δ 15 N have not been corrected for in previous studies, this has impeded discovery of a true effect of atmospheric N deposition on plant δ 15 N. To obtain a more reliable result, it is necessary to correct for the effects of climatic factors. Here, we measured δ 15 N and N contents of plants and soils in Baiwangshan and Mount Dongling, north China. Atmospheric N deposition in Baiwangshan was much higher than Mount Dongling. Generally, however, foliar N contents showed no difference between the two regions and foliar δ 15 N was significantly lower in Baiwangshan than Mount Dongling. The corrected foliar δ 15 N after accounting for a predicted value assumed to vary with temperature was obviously more negative in Baiwangshan than Mount Dongling. Thus, this suggested the necessity of temperature correction in revealing the effect of N deposition on foliar δ 15 N. Temperature, soil N sources and mycorrhizal fungi could not explain the difference in foliar δ 15 N between the two regions, this indicated that atmospheric N deposition had a negative effect on plant δ 15 N. Additionally, this study also showed that the corrected foliar δ 15 N of bulk data set increased with altitude above 1300m in Mount Dongling, this provided an another evidence for the conclusion that atmospheric N deposition could cause 15 N-depletion in plants. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Foliar Nutritional Quality Explains Patchy Browsing Damage Caused by an Invasive Mammal.

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Hannah R Windley

Full Text Available Introduced herbivores frequently inflict significant, yet patchy damage on native ecosystems through selective browsing. However, there are few instances where the underlying cause of this patchy damage has been revealed. We aimed to determine if the nutritional quality of foliage could predict the browsing preferences of an invasive mammalian herbivore, the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula, in a temperate forest in New Zealand. We quantified the spatial and temporal variation in four key aspects of the foliar chemistry (total nitrogen, available nitrogen, in vitro dry matter digestibility and tannin effect of 275 trees representing five native tree species. Simultaneously, we assessed the severity of browsing damage caused by possums on those trees in order to relate selective browsing to foliar nutritional quality. We found significant spatial and temporal variation in nutritional quality among individuals of each tree species examined, as well as among tree species. There was a positive relationship between the available nitrogen concentration of foliage (a measure of in vitro digestible protein and the severity of damage caused by browsing by possums. This study highlights the importance of nutritional quality, specifically, the foliar available nitrogen concentration of individual trees, in predicting the impact of an invasive mammal. Revealing the underlying cause of patchy browsing by an invasive mammal provides new insights for conservation of native forests and targeted control of invasive herbivores in forest ecosystems.

Stem anatomical characteristics of the climbing palm Desmoncus orthacanthos (Arecaceae under two natural growth conditions in a tropical forest

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Joaquín Quiroz

2008-06-01

Veracruz, Mexico, hasta Brasil y Bolivia. Esta especie posee características anatómicas que no han sido ampliamente estudiadas pero observaciones hechas por artesanos centroamericanos sugieren que los tallos de sitios no perturbados por actividades humanas presentan mayor resistencia al doblado y menos tallos fracturados en el manejo. Las muestras de tallos fueron recolectadas de individuos que crecen en un sitio conservado y uno perturbado por actividades humanas, a tres alturas de la longitud del tallo (basal, media y apical. Se recolectó una rama de cada uno de cinco individuos (n=5 en ambos sitios. Cada rama fue dividida en tres secciones: basal, desde el nivel del suelo hasta los 0.5 m; medio, desde 0.5 a 5.0 m; y apical, desde 5.0 a 10.0 m. Se midió la cantidad por unidad de área y las dimensiones o tamaño (i.e. diámetro radial y diámetro perpendicular de paquetes vasculares, células de parénquima y fibras. La cantidad de paquetes vasculares fue mayor en los tallos del sitio conservado, la cantidad de células de parénquima fue diferente entre sitios y la cantidad de fibras fue mayor en los tallos del sitio perturbado por actividades humanas. Estas características muestran cierta relación con los resultados mecánicos en otro estudio de los autores, los cuales confirman parcialmente las observaciones de los artesanos, lo que puede estar estrechamente relacionado con las características microclimáticas de los sitios de crecimiento.

Comportamento do NDVI obtido por sensor ótico ativo em cereais Behavior of NDVI obtained from an active optical sensor in cereals

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Fabrício Pinheiro Povh

2008-08-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, com um sensor ótico ativo, o comportamento do índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada (NDVI - "normalized difference vegetation index", nas culturas de trigo, triticale, cevada e milho. Cinco experimentos foram conduzidos no Paraná e São Paulo, com variação de classes de solo, doses e fontes de N, e variedades de trigo. As seguintes variáveis foram avaliadas: NDVI, teor de N foliar, matéria seca e produtividade das culturas. Análises de regressões foram realizadas entre as doses de N aplicadas e NDVI, teor de N foliar, matéria seca e produtividade. Análises de correlação entre as variáveis foram realizadas. O trigo, triticale e cevada apresentaram resposta às aplicações de doses crescentes de N, pelo aumento nas leituras do NDVI, no teor de N foliar e na produtividade. Medido pelo sensor ótico ativo utilizado, o NDVI apresenta alto potencial para manejo do N nas culturas do trigo, triticale e cevada, e baixo potencial para a cultura do milho. Há interferência das variedades de trigo nas leituras do sensor ótico ativo.The objective of this work was to evaluate the behavior of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI, with an active optical sensor, in wheat, triticale, barley and corn crops. Experiments were conducted in Paraná and São Paulo, comparing different soil classes, N rates and sources, and wheat varieties. The following variables were determined: NDVI, N foliar content, dry mass and crop yield. Regression analyses were performed between NDVI and applied N rates, N foliar content, dry mass and yield. Correlation analyses among the variables were performed. Wheat, triticale and barley crops showed response to increasing N rates by the increase in the NDVI readings, to N foliar content and to yield. Measured by the used active optical sensor the NDVI shows high potential for N management wheat, triticale and barley crops, and low potential for corn crops. There

Improving growth and yield of cowpea by foliar application of ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Water stress impaired cowpea plant growth and decreased ion percentage and chlorophyll and carbohydrate concentration in the shoot as well as yield and its quality. Foliar-applied chitosan, in particular 250 mg/l, increased plant growth, yield and its quality as well as physiological constituents in plant shoot under stressed ...

Impact of Potassium Foliar Application in Alleviating the Harmful Effects of Salinity in Spinach

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Amirhooshang jalali

2017-02-01

Full Text Available Introduction: Spinach is an important leafy vegetable in the cold season, and despite the fact that is considered as low-calorie food source contains significant amount of minerals such as iron, and vitamin A and C. According to the University of Utah 3.8 dS m-1 is salinity tolerance threshold for the spinach and yield decrease that have been reported by 10%, 25% and 50% at 5.5, 7 and 8 dS m-1 salinity. The necessity to supply adequate potassium has been demonstrated in salinity conditions. In salt stress conditions, foliar application of K in spinach, reduces the harmful effects of salt and increase the ratio of potassium to sodium (1.61 to 2.72. Foliar application of K with prevent of potassium transfer from root to shoot is causing continuation of photosynthesis and reduce the effects of salinity. Absorption of potassium from the leaves depends on the type of used compound. In this context, characteristics of plant (leaves with a waxy composition, duration of growth and leaf area are important. 100 kg ha-1 of potassium in salt stress conditions by reducing the absorption of sodium, increased salt tolerance on the sunflower. Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate the foliar application of K on the yield and yield components of spinach in salt stress condition, a study was conducted in 2012 by using split plot randomized based on complete block design with four replications at Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station. Three levels of irrigation water salinity consisted of a control (2 dS m-1, well water with salinity (4 dS m-1 and well water with salinity (8dS m-1 arranged in main plots and two levels of control and foliar applications of potassium fertilizer containing potassium oxide solubility in water (2.5 ml per liter arranged in subplots. Statistical analysis was conducted by using SAS software and statistical tests were compared with Duncan at 5 percent. Result and Discussions: The results showed that the yield of

Silicon leaf application and physiological quality of white oat and wheat seedsAplicação foliar de silício e qualidade fisiológica de sementes de aveia-branca e trigo

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Mariane Sayuri Ishizuka

2012-10-01

Full Text Available Plant nutrition can positively influence quality of seeds by improving plant tolerance to adverse climate. In this context, silicon is currently considered a micronutrient and it is beneficial to plant growth, especially Poaceaes such as white oat and wheat, thereby improving physiological quality of seeds. This study had the objective of evaluating the effects of silicon leaf application on plant tillering, silicon levels and physiological quality of white oat and wheat seeds besides establishing correlations between them. Two experiments were carried out in winter with white oat and wheat. The experimental design was the completely randomized block with eight replications. Treatments consisted of foliar application of silicon (0.8% of soluble silicon, as stabilized orthosilicic acid and a control (with no application. Silicon levels in leaves were determined at flowering whereas the number of plants and panicles/spikes per area was counted right before harvest. Seed quality was evaluated right after harvest through mass, germination and vigor tests. Data was submitted to variance analysis and means were compared by the Tukey test at a probability level of 5%. Person’s linear correlation test was performed among silicon level in plants, tillering and seed quality data. Silicon leaf application increases root and total length of white oat seedlings as an effect of higher Si level in leaves. Silicon leaf application increases mass of wheat seeds without affecting germination or vigor. A nutrição das plantas pode influenciar positivamente a qualidade das sementes por proporcionar maior tolerância às adversidades climáticas. Neste contexto, o silício é atualmente considerado um micronutriente e tem efeito benéfico no crescimento das plantas, especialmente Poaceaes como aveia-branca e trigo, consequentemente melhorando a qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da aplicação foliar de silício no

Effect of foliar fertilization on Ananas comosus L. Merr. cv. `Cayena lisa' acclimatization

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Ortelio Hurtado

2015-07-01

Full Text Available The low survival and slow growth of in vitro pineapple plants (Ananas comosus L. Merr. in acclimatization stage limit the use of biotechnological techniques for it propagation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of foliar fertilization in the acclimatization of pineapple plants cv. `Smooth Cayenne'. Two variants of foliar fertilization were compared. The first, plants were fertilized daily after the last irrigation with a minimum dose increased until three months of culture. The second included the same fertilizer at maximum dose with daily dose foliar applications after the last irrigation 10 days from planting to three months of cultivation. As a control, unfertilized plants were included. Every 20 days to three months of culture height (cm of plants was measured, the number of leaves per plant was quantified and the length and width of the leaves was measured. It was observed that fertilization had effect under the experimental conditions tested on the plants variables. After 90 days of culture plants obtained in the treatment with daily fertilization at maximun dose (option 2, met the requirements of height, length and width of the leaf for transplantation to field conditions. Key words: pineapple, propagation, zeolite

Assimilação foliar de enxofre elementar pela soja Foliar elementary sulfur assimilation by soybean

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Godofredo Cesar Vitti

2007-02-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a assimilação de enxofre elementar (S0, aplicado nas folhas de soja, e sua eficiência comparada à adubação feita ao solo, de acordo com a dose e a natureza da fonte do nutriente. O S0 aplicado às folhas, independentemente da dose e fonte, foi assimilado pela planta, o que acarretou em aumento no teor de proteína total na folha. Todas as fontes de S aplicadas às folhas aumentaram a produção de grãos, semelhantemente à aplicação ao solo. Observou-se uma mesma produtividade com o uso de 20 kg ha-1 de S0 no solo ou de 6 kg ha-1 via foliar. A eficiência da aplicação de S via foliar, com base no conteúdo de proteína solúvel total, foi superior à da aplicação ao solo.The objective of this work was to evaluate the elementary sulfur (S0 assimilation applied on soybean leaves, and its efficiency compared to the fertilization done in the soil, according to the dose and nature of the nutrient source. The S0 applied to leaves, independently of the dose and source, was assimilated by the plant, what resulted in increase of total protein content in the leaf. All S sources applied to leaves increased the grain yield, similarly to the application to the soil. The same productivity was observed with the use of 20 kg ha-1 of S0 in the soil or 6 kg ha-1 applied to leaves. The elementary S application efficiency on leaves, based on the content of total soluble protein, was superior to application efficiency on soil.

Competition between rice (Oryza sativa L.) and (barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.) as affected by methanol foliar application.

Science.gov (United States)

Rezaeieh, Alireza D; Aminpanah, Hashem; Sadeghi, Seyed M

2015-01-01

Pot experiment was conducted in Iran, to evaluate the effect of methanol on competition between rice (Oryza sativa) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with a factorial treatment arrangement and three replicates. Factors were two aqueous methanol foliar applications (0, and 14% v/v) and five rice: barnyardgrass ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:6, and 0:100). Replacement series diagrams for aboveground dry weight illustrated that 'Shiroudi' was more competitive than barnyardgrass as averaged across methanol foliar applications. When methanol was not sprayed, the lines for 'Shiroudi' and barnyardgrass intersected at 75:25 rice: barnyardgrass ratio, but when methanol was sprayed at 14% v/v, the lines for 'Shiroudi' and barnyardgrass intersect at the left of the 75:25 rice: barnyardgrass mixture proportion. These indicate that methanol application reduced competitive ability of 'Shiroudi' against barnyardgrass for aboveground biomass accumulation. At the same time, Methanol foliar application significantly reduced the relative crowding coefficient of 'Shiroudi' while simultaneously it significantly increased the relative crowding coefficient of barnyard grass. This indicates that methanol foliar application reduced the competitive ability of 'Shiroudi' against barnyardgrass for shoot biomass accumulation. This experiment illustrated that foliar spray of aqueous methanol can not be recommended for rice under weedy conditions.

Effect of Foliar Application of Iron, Zinc and Manganese on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Two Varieties of Grain Millet

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H. Javadi

2016-12-01

Full Text Available In order to study the effect of foliar application of Fe, Zn and Mn on yield, yield components and protein content of two varieties of grain millet an experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in research field of Birjand branch, Islamic Azad University at 2010.  In this study two millet varieties including Bastan (Setaria italica and Pishahang (Panicum miliaceum, and six levels of foliar micronutrient fertilizer including control, Fe, Zn, Mn, (Fe+Zn, (Fe+Zn+Mn were investigated. The results indicated that, panicle length, 1000 grain weight and panicle number per m2 were higher in Pishahang than Bastan, but grain yield, number of seeds per panicle, harvest index and protein yield were higher in Bastan. Characteristics such as panicle length, biological yield and harvest index and protein percentage were affected by foliar micronutrient fertilizer but grain yield remained unchanged. Foliar application with (Fe+Zn+Mn increased protein content compared to the control, but it did not affect protein yield. According to the results of this experiment, Bastan millet variety and foliar application of Zn is potent to produce the maximum grain yield, albeit it warrants further studies.

Foliar nectar enhances plant-mite mutualisms: the effect of leaf sugar on the control of powdery mildew by domatia-inhabiting mites.

Science.gov (United States)

Weber, Marjorie G; Porturas, Laura D; Taylor, Scott A

2016-09-01

Mite domatia are small structures on the underside of plant leaves that provide homes for predacious or fungivorous mites. In turn, mites inhabiting domatia defend the plant by consuming leaf herbivores and pathogens, which can result in a domatia-mediated, plant-mite defence mutualism. Several recent studies have suggested that plants receive enhanced benefits when they provide a foliar food source, such as sugars secreted from extrafloral nectaries, to mite mutualists alongside mite domatia. However, the effect of foliar sugar on reducing leaf pathogen load via domatia-inhabiting mites has not been directly investigated. To fill this gap, the links between foliar sugar addition, domatia-inhabiting mite abundance, and pathogen load were experimentally evaluated in wild grape. Furthermore, because the proposed combined benefits of providing food and housing have been hypothesized to select for the evolutionary correlation of extrafloral nectaries and domatia across plant lineages, a literature survey aimed at determining the overlap of mite domatia and extrafloral nectaries across plant groups was also conducted. It was found that leaves with artificial addition of foliar sugar had 58-80 % more mites than leaves without foliar sugar addition, and that higher mite abundances translated to reduced powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) loads on leaves. It was found that mite domatia and extrafloral nectaries occur non-randomly in the same clades across Eudicots. Genera with both traits are reported to highlight candidate lineages for future studies. Together, the results demonstrate that foliar sugar can indeed enhance the efficacy of domatia-mediated plant-mite mutualisms, and suggest that this synergism has the potential to influence the co-distribution of foliar nectar and mite domatia across plants. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Foliar Absorption, Translocation and Utilization of Zn-65 by Mango Seedlings

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mohamed, F.A.; Sharaf, A.N.M.; Awad, S.M.; Abu EL Azm, S.K.

2001-01-01

Greenhouse experiment was designed using ZnSO 4 at rates of 0.125,0.25 and 0.50%. Solutions were adjusted to ph 6.0 and Tween-20 was added as a surfactant. The prepared solutions were labelled with carrier-free Zn-65. Six-month old mango seedlings were arranged in a complete block design to study the foliar absorption,translocation and percentage use of Zn-65 as influenced by soil application of phosphorus. The total absorption of Zn-65 by mango leaves was affected by spraying treatment of Zn-65 and soil application of phosphorus. In this respect increasing the rates of labelled Zn solution resulted in a great increment in the total absorption of in total absorption of Zn-65 by mango leaves was observed due to increasing P rates as a soil application from 0.0 up to 100 ppm. Translocation of the absorbed Zn-65 either in upward or downward direction was positively related to the absorbed amount. The percentage use of Zn-65 by mango leaves was reduced by increasing foliar Zn rates. On the contrary, it was slightly increased as a result of increasing soil application rate of P. Generally, the percentage use of Zn-65 mango leaves was ranged between 8.7 and 16.87 under the conditions of this experiment. Therefore, foliar application of ZnSO 4 could be recommended as a good source of Zn for mango nutrition in particular with addition of high rates of phosphorus as a soil application

Foliar urea application affects nitric oxide burst and glycine betaine metabolism in two maize cultivars under drought

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhang, L.; Zhang, X.; Wang, K.; Zhao, Y.; Zhai, Y.; Gao, M.

2011-01-01

Foliar urea has been proved to act a better role in alleviation of the negative effects of drought stress (DS). However, the modulation mechanism of foliar urea are not conclusive in view of nitric oxide (NO) burst and glycine betaine metabolism and their relationship. Two maize ( Zea mays L.) cultivars (Zhengdan 958, JD958, Jundan 20, ZD20) were grown in hydroponic medium, which were treated with spraying of urea concentration of 15 g L/sup -1/ and two water regimes (non-stress and DS simulated by the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG, 15% w/v, MW 6000). The ten-day DS treatment increased betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) activity, choline content and nitric oxide (NO) content acted as the key enzyme, initial substrate and a nitrogenous signal substance respectively in GB synthesis metabolism, thus, induced to great GB accumulation. The accumulation of NO reached the summit earlier than that of GB. The more positive/less negative responses were recorded in JD958 as compared with ZD20 to DS. Addition of foliar ur ea could increase accumulation of choline and BADH activity as well as NO content, thereby, increase GB accumulation under DS. These positive effects of urea applying foliarly on all parameters measured were more pronounced in cultivar JD20 than those in ZD958 under drought. It is, therefore, concluded that increases of both BADH activity and choline content possibly resulted in enhancement of GB accumulation. Foliar urea application could provoke better GB accumulation by modulation of GB metabolism, possibly mediating by NO burst as a signal molecule during drought, especially in the drought sensitive maize cultivar. (author)

Improvement of growth and productivity of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. through foliar applications of naphthalene acetic acid

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Shazia Parveen

2017-05-01

Full Text Available Plant growth regulators like naphthalene acetic acid (NAA positively affect the growth and yield of crop plants. An experiment was conducted to check the foliar application of NAA on growth and yield components of cotton variety Bt.121 under field condition at research area of agriculture farm near Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies (CIDS, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. The experiment was comprised of foliar application of NAA (1% viz. T0 (control, T1 (One spray of NAA, T2 (Two sprays of NAA, T3 (Three sprays of NAA, T4 (Four sprays of NAA. The first foliar spray was applied at 45 days after sowing (DAS and later on it was continued with 15 days interval with skilled labour by hand pump sprayer. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design and each treatment was replicated three times. Data recorded on growth, chlorophyll contents, yield and yield components showed a significant increase with the application of NAA. Furthermore, earliness index, mean maturity date and production rate index were also influenced with foliar application of NAA. On the basis of growth and yield parameters it can be concluded that four spray of NAA (1% can be applied commercially under field conditions.

Foliar K application delays leaf senescence of winter rape-seed (Brassica napus L.) under waterlogging

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

Lin Wan; Chao Hu; Chang Chen; Liyan Zhang; Ni Ma; Chunlei Zhang

2017-01-01

To better understand waterlogging effect on leaf senescence in winter rapseed (Brassica napus L.) during flowering stage, experiments were designed to explore foliar K application influences on adverse effects of waterlogging stress. Winter rapeseed was sprayed with K after waterlogging at initial flowering stage. Results indicated that waterlog-ging significantly decreased leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate (Tr). It also declined maximum quantum yield of PS II (Fv/Fm), quantum yield of electron transport (ΦPS II) and pho-tochemical quenching (qP), but increased leaf non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and minimal fluorescence (Fo). Interestingly, exogenous application of K significantly alleviated waterlogging-induced photosynthesis inhibition. Foliar K application increased RuBisCO activation, chlorophyll and soluble protein contents, while significantly decreased MDA con-tent under waterlogging stress. Moreover, K supplementation improved accumulation of K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, N, Zn2+, Mn2+, Fe2+ in leaves. In general, foliar K application is effective in alleviating deleterious effects of waterlogging stress and delays leaf senescence of winter rapeseed.

Does foliar application of salicylic acid protects nitrate reductase and ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

The present study was conducted to assess whether exogenous applied salicylic acid (SA) as a foliar spray could ameliorate the adverse effects of virus infection in two maize cultivars (maize cv. sabaini and maize cv. Nab El-gamal). The plants were grown under normal field conditions for two weeks in sand clay soil, and ...

Modelo para determinção da área foliar de Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln Model for leaf area determination in Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln

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Marcia Xavier Peiter

2006-12-01

Full Text Available O presente trabalho teve por objetivo a verificação de um procedimento matemático que permita a descrição do crescimento foliar de Kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln. e possa prever a sua área foliar fotossinteticamente ativa a partir de medidas não destrutivas de folhas. As mudas de Kalanchoe Cv. "Gold Jewel" foram cultivadas para o procedimento experimental em vasos irrigados com doses recomendadas para a cultura. Semanalmente, foram retirados três vasos da estufa e as plantas tiveram suas folhas cortadas, identificadas e submetidas a tomadas de medidas de sua posição na planta, do máximo comprimento longitudinal e do máximo comprimento transversal. Foram realizadas um total de nove coletas semanalmente, desde 04/04/2003 até o início da floração. Em cada coleta, três plantas eram amostradas e a área foliar calculada com a utilização do método de Gauss (GARCIA & PIEDADE, 1944 implementado em Visual Basic especificamente para este objetivo. Foram amostradas um total de 979 folhas e a verificação da possibilidade de uso de um fator de correção médio (FCM para o cálculo da área de uma folha, independentemente de sua posição na planta ou fase do ciclo de crescimento, foi averiguada por análise de regressão entre os valores obtidos pelo método padrão (Gauss e os valores estimados pelo método do FCM. Os resultados experimentais indicam que o valor FCM=1,1134 pode ser utilizado para estimar a área foliar pela multiplicação pelos valores de comprimento e largura de folha em qualquer fase do cultivo e sem qualquer posição da folha na planta.This research was aimed at versifying a mathematical procedure that allows the description of leaf of Kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln. and the estimation of its photosynthetically active leaf area starting from a non destructive leaf determination. Seedlings of Kalanchoe cv Gold Jewel were cultivated in irrigated vases with recommended doses for the culture

Response of winter rape (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera Metzg., Sinsk to foliar fertilization and different seeding rates

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Cezary A. Kwiatkowski

2012-12-01

Full Text Available A field experiment in growing winter rape was carried out during the period 2009-2011 in a family farm (owned by Mr. M. Bednarczyk located in Jaroszewice (Lublin region, on podzolic soil. Plant biometric features as well as yield and seed qualitative parameters (oil, protein and glucosinolate content were evaluated depending on the following rates of soil NPK fertilizers and on foliar fertilization (autumn spraying with the fertilizer solution: 100% and 75% of NPK as well as urea + nickel chelate + MgSO4H2O; 100% and 75% of NPK as well as urea + Plonvit R + MgSO4H2O. Plots without foliar fertilization (only 100% of NPK were the control treatment. The other experimental factor was the seeding rate (2.5 kg×ha-1 – 30 cm row spacing; 4 kg×ha-1 – 18 cm row spacing. Foliar spraying was done once in the autumn in the second decade of October. Tillage as well as mechanical and chemical control of agricultural pests in the plantation were typical for this plant species and consistent with the recommendations for winter rape protection. A hypothesis was made that the application of foliar fertilizers would have a beneficial effect on winter rape productivity, at the same time maintaining the high quality of raw material. It was also assumed that a reduction in the seeding rate of winter oilseed rape would result in reduced plant lodging and an increased number of siliques per plant; as a consequence, seed and oil productivity would be at a level not lower than that obtained at the higher seeding rate. The present study has proved that foliar fertilization of winter oilseed rape in the autumn period contributes to improved plant winter hardiness and increased productivity. The application of foliar fertilizers also enables the rates of basic mineral NPK fertilizers to be reduced by 25% without detriment to seed yield. Foliar fertilizers have been found to have a weaker effect on changing the chemical composition of rapeseed. The study has shown that

Foliar nutrient status of Pinus ponderosa exposed to ozone and acid rain

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Anderson, P.D.; Houpis, J.L.J.

1991-01-01

A direct effect of foliar exposure to acid rain may be increased leaching of nutrient elements. Ozone exposure, through degradation of the cuticle and cellular membranes, may also result in increased nutrient leaching. To test these hypotheses, the foliar concentrations of 13 nutrient elements were monitored for mature branches of three clones of Pinus ponderosa exposed to ozone and/or acid rain. The three clones represented three distinct levels of phenotypic vigor. Branches were exposed to charcoal filtered, ambient, or 2 x ambient concentrations of ozone and received no acid rain (NAP), pH 5.1 rain (5.1), or pH 3.0 (3.0) rain. Following 10 months of continuous ozone exposure and 3 months of weekly rain applications, the concentrations of P and Mg differed significantly among rain treatments with a ranking of: 5.1 < NAP < 3.0. The S concentration increased with rain application regardless of pH. For the clones of moderate and low vigor, the concentration of N decreased with increasing rain acidity. There was no evidence of significant ozone or ozone x acid rain response. Among the three families, high phenotypic vigor was associated with significantly greater concentrations of N, P, K, Mg, B and An. These results indicate generally negligible leaching as a result of exposure to acid rain and/or ozone for one growing season. Increases in foliar concentrations of S, Mg and P are possibly the result of evaporative surface deposition from the rain solution

SEARCHING AND PARASITISM OF Diatraea saccharalis (LEPIDOPTERA: CRAMBIDAE BY Trichospilus diatraeae (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE

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Elizangela Leite Vargas

2013-05-01

La capacidad de Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian y Margabandhu, 1942 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae para buscar y parasitar las pupas de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae en los tallos de la caña de azúcar fue estudiada. Para analizar la habilidad de búsqueda y parasitismo fueron utilizados tallos de la caña de azúcar (20 cm donde se introdujo una pupa de D. saccharalis (T1; pupas y orugas (T2 o pupa y residuos fecales (T3. Cada tallo fue colocado en una botella plástica transparente con 21 hembras de T. diatraeae. Esas pupas fueron individualizadas, luego de 72 h, en tubos de vidrio a 25 ± 1°C, 70 ± 10 % UR y 14 h de foto período. El experimento se desarrolló en un diseño completamente al azar, con tres tratamientos y 12 repeticiones. Los porcentajes de pupas de D. saccharalis parasitados por T. diatraeae fueron del 50,00 %, 83,33 % y 16,66 % en el T1, T2 y T3, respectivamente (c2 = 3.896, p = 0,04. La presencia de D. saccharalis en los tallos de caña de azúcar favorecieron la búsqueda y parasitismo de su hospedero.

Variation in Foliar δ13C of Desert Plant Reaumuria soongorica (Pall.) Maxim. among Different Environments in Northwestern China

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Ma, J.; Pendall, E.; Chen, F.

2008-12-01

Reaumuria soongorica is a dominant desert shrub species in arid regions of northwest China, it playing an important role in the maintenance of the stability and continuity of desert ecosystem. The objectives of this study were to investigate the distribution characteristics of foliar δ13C value in R. soongorica, establish the correlations between foliar characteristics and environmental factors, and identify the major factor controlling the variations of foliar δ13C among different environments. Leaves of R. soongorica were collected from 21 natural populations in its major distribution area in northwestern China, across a range of mean annual precipitation from 27 to 328 mm, at altitudes from 394 to 1987 m above sea level, at latitudes from 36°N to 45°N and at longitudes from 81°E to 107°E. We measured the leaf nitrogen (LN), phosphorus (LP), potassium content (LK), leaf water content (LWC) and foliar δ13C in leaves of 407 individuals, and the soil physicochemical properties including nitrogen (SN), phosphorus (SP), soil organic matter (SOM), soil water contents (SWC) and total dissolved solids (TDS). Mean annual precipitation (MAP), mean annual temperature (MAT), evaporation, mean relative humidity (MRH) and duration of sunshine (DS), were collected from the Cold and Arid Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences. We observed that the foliar δ13C values increased significantly with the decreasing of MAP (r = -0.623, P = 0.003) and MRH(r = -0.702, P = 0.002), and decreased with decreasing DS and evaporation. No significant correlation with MAT was detected in δ13C values of R. soongorica. The correlations between foliar δ13C value and the soil factors demonstrated that the foliar δ13C values in R. soongorica significantly increased with the decreasing SWC (r = - 0.470, P = 0.037) and increasing TDS (r = 0.507, P = 0.022) in soil. There were no significant correlations between the foliar δ13C values and soil pH, total

Influência da nutrição mineral foliar sobre doenças da parte aérea da cultura do trigo

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Rafael Gustavo Ferreira Morales

2012-02-01

Full Text Available A utilização de fungicida para o controle de doenças foliares na cultura do trigo é prática comum entre os triticultores. Contudo, devido ao impacto ambiental provocado pelo seu uso generalizado, buscam-se alternativas para controle dos fitopatógenos. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da nutrição mineral foliar sobre as doenças foliares do trigo, bem como seu efeito sobre o desenvolvimento da planta. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e quatro tratamentos: 1- testemunha; 2- adubação foliar aos 30 dias após a emergência (DAE e aos 75 DAE; 3- fungicida aos 30 e 75 DAE; e 4- adubação foliar aos 30 DAE e adubação foliar mais fungicida aos 75 DAE. Foram realizadas nove avaliações da incidência e da severidade do oídio, cujos dados foram utilizados para o cálculo das áreas abaixo das curvas de progresso da doença; três avaliações da severidade da ferrugem e da mancha da gluma; e duas avaliações da mancha amarela. Foram determinadas a massa de matéria fresca e seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular e a produtividade da cultura. Foi observada redução da incidência e da severidade de oídio em função da adubação foliar, apenas na primeira avaliação de incidência e nas segunda e quinta avaliações de severidade da doença. O efeito complementar dos nutrientes com o fungicida para redução das doenças foi observado apenas para a mancha amarela, com redução de aproximadamente 11,16 % da severidade. Os maiores valores de produtividade foram observados para os tratamentos apenas com fungicida e, com fungicida mais nutrientes. A adubação foliar proporcionou aumento da massa fresca de raízes e massa seca de raízes. Apesar disso, não houve aumento da massa fresca da parte aérea em função da adubação foliar.

ENRAIZAMIENTO DE VITROPLANTAS DE MEMBRILLO (Cydonia oblonga POR MEDIO DE INMERSIÓN TEMPORAL AUTOMATIZADA Y SU ACLIMATACIÓN

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DORA FLORES MORA

2015-09-01

Full Text Available RESUMEN El membrillo (Cydonia oblonga es un frutal no tradicional en Costa Rica que presenta propiedades médicas y nutricionales, sin embargo la lentitud del crecimiento y enraizamiento dificulta obtener poblaciones homogéneas mediante técnicas convencionales. Es por esta razón que esta investigación tuvo como objetivo la producción de material vegetal uniforme en tiempos reducidos empleando sistemas de inmersión temporal (RITA ®. Se utilizó como referencia un medio de enraizamiento semisólido MS, suplementado con 0,1 mg L-1 ANA; 0,3 mg L-1 AIB y 3% de sacarosa a un pH de 6,5; desarrollado por el Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología(CIB, del Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica (IT CR, en Cartago. Se realizaron cuatro variaciones en la concentración de sacarosa (1%, 2%, 3% y 4% en medio líquido. Cada ensayo fue evaluado con vitroplantas previamente expuestas al medio correspondiente empleado en los tratamientos, de forma estacionaria por un período de 15 días, y con vitroplantas sin tratamiento previo (ocho tratamientos en total. La comparación de los porcentajes de enraizamiento mostraron una influencia directa en la dosis de sacarosa utilizada, obteniéndose los mejores resultados con 2% de sacarosa sin pretratamiento (73,3%. Las vitroplantas se aclimataron en cilindros a base de turba previamente desinfectados con fungicidas y se colocaron en cámaras húmedas a una temperatura promedio de 20,5 °C y una humedad relativa de 75,5% estableciendo ciclos de fertilización semanales. Se obtuvo un 80% de sobrevivencia a la aclimatación, debido a que algunas plántulas presentaron un estrangulamiento del tallo provocado por un ataque fúngico. Los conidióforos identificados por microscopia óptica y electrónica de barrido mostraron la presencia de Cladosporium spp., el cual fue controlado con las moléculas fungicidas carbendazima e iprodione.

Ecosystem, location, and climate effects on foliar secondary metabolites of lodgepole pine populations from central British Columbia.

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Wallis, Christopher M; Huber, Dezene P W; Lewis, Kathy J

2011-06-01

Lodgepole pines, Pinus contorta Douglas ex Louden var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson, are encountering increased abiotic stress and pest activity due to recent increases in temperature and changes in precipitation throughout their range. This tree species counters these threats by producing secondary metabolites, including phenolics and terpenoids. We examined foliar levels of lignin, soluble phenolics, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and diterpenoids in 12 stands in British Columbia, Canada. We used these data to assess associations among foliar secondary metabolite levels and ecosystem, geographic, and climatic variables. Regressions were also performed to observe which combinations of variables best explained secondary metabolite variance. Stands of P. c. latifolia in the Coastal Western Hemlock and Interior Cedar/Hemlock biogeoclimatic zones had consistently greater foliar levels of almost all measured secondary metabolites than did other stands. Lignin was present in greater amounts in Boreal White/Black Spruce ecosystem (i.e., northern) stands than in southern stands, suggesting a role for this metabolite in pine survival in the boreal forest. Attempts to develop regression models with geographic and climatic variables to explain foliar secondary metabolite levels resulted in multiple models with similar predictive capability. Since foliar secondary metabolite levels appeared to vary most between stand ecosystem types and not as much due to geographic and climatic variables, metabolic profiles appeared best matched to the stress levels within local environments. It is unknown if differences in secondary metabolite levels are the result of genetic adaptation or phenotypic plasticity, but results from this and other studies suggest that both are important. These results are interpreted in light of ongoing efforts to assist in the migration of certain populations of P. c. latifolia northward in an effort to counter predicted effects of climate change.

Intercomparison of Remotely Sensed Vegetation Indices, Ground Spectroscopy, and Foliar Chemistry Data from NEON

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Hulslander, D.; Warren, J. N.; Weintraub, S. R.

2017-12-01

Hyperspectral imaging systems can be used to produce spectral reflectance curves giving rich information about composition, relative abundances of materials, mixes and combinations. Indices based on just a few spectral bands have been used for over 40 years to study vegetation health, mineral abundance, and more. These indices are much simpler to visualize and use than a full hyperspectral data set which may contain over 400 bands. Yet historically, it has been difficult to directly relate remotely sensed spectral indices to quantitative biophysical properties significant to forest ecology such as canopy nitrogen, lignin, and chlorophyll. This linkage is a critical piece in enabling the detection of high value ecological information, usually only available from labor-intensive canopy foliar chemistry sampling, to the geographic and temporal coverage available via remote sensing. Previous studies have shown some promising results linking ground-based data and remotely sensed indices, but are consistently limited in time, geographic extent, and land cover type. Moreover, previous studies are often focused on tuning linkage algorithms for the purpose of achieving good results for only one study site or one type of vegetation, precluding development of more generalized algorithms. The National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) is a unique system of 47 terrestrial sites covering all of the major eco-climatic domains of the US, including AK, HI, and Puerto Rico. These sites are regularly monitored and sampled using uniform instrumentation and protocols, including both foliar chemistry sampling and remote sensing flights for high resolution hyperspectral, LiDAR, and digital camera data acquisition. In this study we compare the results of foliar chemistry analysis to the remote sensing vegetation indices and investigate possible sources for variance and difference through the use of the larger hyperspectral dataset as well as ground based spectrometer measurements of

Foliar Nutrient Distribution Patterns in Sympatric Maple Species Reflect Contrasting Sensitivity to Excess Manganese.

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Fernando, Denise R; Marshall, Alan T; Lynch, Jonathan P

2016-01-01

Sugar maple and red maple are closely-related co-occurring tree species significant to the North American forest biome. Plant abiotic stress effects including nutritional imbalance and manganese (Mn) toxicity are well documented within this system, and are implicated in enhanced susceptibility to biotic stresses such as insect attack. Both tree species are known to overaccumulate foliar manganese (Mn) when growing on unbuffered acidified soils, however, sugar maple is Mn-sensitive, while red maple is not. Currently there is no knowledge about the cellular sequestration of Mn and other nutrients in these two species. Here, electron-probe x-ray microanalysis was employed to examine cellular and sub-cellular deposition of excessively accumulated foliar Mn and other mineral nutrients in vivo. For both species, excess foliar Mn was deposited in symplastic cellular compartments. There were striking between-species differences in Mn, magnesium (Mg), sulphur (S) and calcium (Ca) distribution patterns. Unusually, Mn was highly co-localised with Mg in mesophyll cells of red maple only. The known sensitivity of sugar maple to excess Mn is likely linked to Mg deficiency in the leaf mesophyll. There was strong evidence that Mn toxicity in sugar maple is primarily a symplastic process. For each species, leaf-surface damage due to biotic stress including insect herbivory was compared between sites with acidified and non-acidified soils. Although it was greatest overall in red maple, there was no difference in biotic stress damage to red maple leaves between acidified and non-acidified soils. Sugar maple trees on buffered non-acidified soil were less damaged by biotic stress compared to those on unbuffered acidified soil, where they are also affected by Mn toxicity abiotic stress. This study concluded that foliar nutrient distribution in symplastic compartments is a determinant of Mn sensitivity, and that Mn stress hinders plant resistance to biotic stress.

Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja convencional e transgênica RR produzidas sob aplicação foliar de manganês

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Everson Reis Carvalho

2014-09-01

Full Text Available Sementes de soja com alta qualidade fisiológica são essenciais à obtenção de produtividade elevada e um dos fatores que afetam a produção de sementes é a nutrição mineral. O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação foliar de manganês, em diferentes doses e estádios de aplicação, na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja, em cultivares convencionais e em suas derivadas transgênicas RR, com distintos teores de lignina do tegumento. O ensaio foi conduzido em blocos casualizados, com três repetições e esquema fatorial 4 x 4 x 2, sendo quatro cultivares de soja, duas convencionais e suas derivadas transgênicas RR (BRS Celeste e BRS Baliza RR; BRSGO Jataí e BRS Silvânia RR, quatro doses de Mn via foliar (0; 200; 400 e 600 g Mn ha-1 e dois estádios de aplicação (R1 e R3. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi estimada, antes e após seis meses de armazenamento, por meio dos testes: Germinação, Envelhecimento acelerado, Emergência de plântulas, Condutividade elétrica e Tetrazólio (Viabilidade, vigor e danos mecânicos. Realizou-se também a quantificação de lignina no tegumento das sementes. A aplicação foliar de Mn proporciona incrementos na qualidade fisiológica nas sementes de soja produzidas. Sementes das cultivares de soja Celeste e Baliza RR apresentam melhor qualidade fisiológica quando comparadas às de Jataí e Silvânia RR. Sementes de cultivares de soja com maior teor de lignina no tegumento não apresentam necessariamente melhor qualidade fisiológica, sendo a qualidade das sementes relacionada a outros fatores intrínsecos ao genótipo.

Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Lavandula angustifolia to Salinity Under Mineral Foliar Application

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Chrysargyris, Antonios; Michailidi, Evgenia; Tzortzakis, Nikos

2018-01-01

Saline water has been proposed as a solution to partially cover plant water demands due to scarcity of irrigation water in hot arid areas. Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) plants were grown hydroponically under salinity (0–25–50–100 mM NaCl). The overcome of salinity stress was examined by K, Zn, and Si foliar application for the plant physiological and biochemical characteristics. The present study indicated that high (100 mM NaCl) salinity decreased plant growth, content of phenolics and antioxidant status and essential oil (EO) yield, while low-moderate salinity levels maintained the volatile oil profile in lavender. The integrated foliar application of K and Zn lighten the presumable detrimental effects of salinity in terms of fresh biomass, antioxidant capacity, and EO yield. Moderate salinity stress along with balanced concentration of K though foliar application changed the primary metabolites pathways in favor of major volatile oil constituents biosynthesis and therefore lavender plant has the potential for cultivation under prevalent semi-saline conditions. Zn and Si application, had lesser effects on the content of EO constituents, even though altered salinity induced changings. Our results have demonstrated that lavender growth/development and EO production may be affected by saline levels, whereas mechanisms for alteration of induced stress are of great significance considering the importance of the oil composition, as well. PMID:29731759

Induction of drought tolerance in zea mays l. by foliar application of triacontanol

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Perveen, S.; Iqbal, M.; Nawaz, A.

2016-01-01

In the present study, we assessed the effect of foliar application of triacontanol (TRIA) on various growth and physiochemical parameters of two maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars (cv. MMRI-Yellow and cv. Hybrid S-515) under different irrigation levels i.e., normal watering (control) and watering at 60% of the field capacity (drought). Seeds of the two maize cultivars were sown in plastic pots filled with sandy loam soil (2 kg in each). Foliar application of TRIA (0, 2 and 5 micro M) was performed after two weeks of drought stress to 28-day-old plants. Data of 58-day-old maize plants was collected for analysis of various growth and physiochemical attributes. Drought stress significantly decreased growth and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity while increased the activities of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) and the contents of total phenolics, total soluble proteins, glycinebetaine (GB) and free proline. Foliar treatment with TRIA further increased CAT and POD activities whereas decreased the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H/sub 2/O/sub 2/), malondialdehyde (MDA), total phenolics and GB in the maize plants when under drought stress. Of the two maize cultivars, cv. MMRI-Yellow excelled the growth under both normal and drought stress (60% of the field capacity). Overall, TRIA (5 micro M) was much more effective in modulating various growth and physiochemical attributes, and thus improving drought tolerance in maize plants. (author)

HONGO ENDOMICORRÍZICO Y BACTERIA FIJADORA DE NITRÓGENO INOCULADAS A Coffea arabica EN VIVERO

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Juan Francisco Aguirre-Medina

2011-01-01

Full Text Available Con el objetivo de determinar el efecto de la inoculación con Azospirillum brasilense y Glomus intraradice en café, se estableció la presente investigación en un vivero en el Campo Experimental Rosario Izapa, Chiapas, México de septiembre de 2005 a abril de 2006. Se utilizó un suelo Andosol¿mólico típico de la región cafetalera del Soconusco Chiapas, México. El A. brasilense tuvo una concentración de 100 x 106 bacterias por gramo de turba y el hongo micorrízico, cuarenta esporas por gramo de suelo con infección de 95% en el sistema radical de cebolla. Los tratamientos utilizados fueron los microorganismos solos, la combinación de ambos y el testigo sin inocular que se distribuyeron en un diseño de bloques completos al azar. Se evaluaron variables morfológicas y fisiológicas del rendimiento cada treinta días a partir del segundo mes de siembra durante siete meses y se determinó el contenido de N, P y Ca en el tejido vegetal. Los resultados se analizaron estadísticamente y las diferencias entre tratamientos se compararon de acuerdo a Tukey 5%. Los resultados indican una respuesta diferencial entre los microorganismos. A. brasilense indujo mayor desarrollo radical y la simbiosis doble G. intraradices + A. brasilense mejoró el desarrollo del tallo y lámina foliar. El contenido de N, P y Ca se presentó de forma consistente con G. intraradices.

Foliar applications of iron promote flavonoids accumulation in grape berry of Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot grown in the iron deficiency soil.

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Shi, Pengbao; Song, Changzheng; Chen, Haiju; Duan, Bingbing; Zhang, Zhenwen; Meng, Jiangfei

2018-07-01

Flavonoids are important compounds for grape and wine quality. Foliar fertilization with iron compounds has been reported to have a substantial impact on grape composition in the grapevines growing in calcareous soil. However, much less is known about its real impact on flavonoid composition. In the present study, Ferric ethylenediamine di (O-hydroxyphenylacetic) acid (Fe-EDDHA) was foliar applied to Merlot (Vitis vinifera L.) grapevines growing in calcareous soil over two consecutive vintages in order to study its effect on grape flavonoid composition. Fe-EDDHA foliar supply tended to increase grape sugar, anthocyanin and flavonol content, decrease acid content and enhance the juice pH when compared to the control. Principal component analysis showed that the vintage also had influence on grape quality. The results suggested that Fe-EDDHA foliar application had an enhancement effect on grape secondary metabolism, and the effect increased the nutritional value of the consequent grapes and wines. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Vector control and foliar nutrition to maintain economic sustainability of bearing citrus in Florida groves affected by huanglongbing.

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Stansly, Philip A; Arevalo, H Alejandro; Qureshi, Jawwad A; Jones, Moneen M; Hendricks, Katherine; Roberts, Pamela D; Roka, Fritz M

2014-03-01

Huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening is a bacterial disease vectored by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) causing tree decline, and yield loss. Vector control and foliar nutrition are used in Florida to slow the spread of HLB and mitigate debilitating effects of the disease. A four year replicated field study was initiated February 2008 in a 5.2-ha commercial block of young 'Valencia' orange trees employing a factorial design to evaluate individual and compound effects of vector management and foliar nutrition. Insecticides were sprayed during tree dormancy and when psyllid populations exceeded a nominal threshold. A mixture consisting primarily of micro- and macro-nutrients was applied three times a year corresponding to the principal foliar flushes. Differences in ACP numbers from five- to 13-fold were maintained in insecticide treated and untreated plots. Incidence of HLB estimated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), rose from 30% at the beginning of the study to 95% in only 18 months. Highest yields all four years were seen from trees receiving both foliar nutrition and vector control. Production for these trees in the fourth year was close to the pre-HLB regional average for 10 year old 'Valencia' on 'Swingle'. Nevertheless, at current juice prices, the extra revenue generated from the combined insecticide and nutritional treatment did not cover the added treatment costs. This experiment demonstrated that vector control, especially when combined with enhanced foliar nutrition, could significantly increase yields in a citrus orchard with high incidence of HLB. Economic thresholds for both insecticide and nutrient applications are needed under different market and environmental conditions. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry.

Rain-Induced Wash-Off of Chemical Warfare Agent (VX) from Foliar Surfaces of Living Plants Maintained in a Surety Hood

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2016-09-01

RAIN-INDUCED WASH-OFF OF CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENT (VX) FROM FOLIAR SURFACES OF LIVING PLANTS MAINTAINED IN A...Final 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) May 2014 – Sep 2015 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Rain-Induced Wash-Off of Chemical Warfare Agent (VX) from Foliar...galli Foliage Chemical warfare agent (CWA) O-ethyl-S-(2

Adubação foliar de boro em diferentes estádios fenológicos da cultura do amendoim Boron leaf application at different growth stages of peanut

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João Paulo Machado Mantovani

2013-04-01

Full Text Available A adubação boratada foliar, na cultura do amendoim, pode ser uma estratégia viável para fornecimento desse elemento à planta; porém, são poucos os conhecimentos sobre dosagens, épocas e efeitos de parcelamento das doses. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características de produção e a composição mineral foliar em diferentes doses, épocas de aplicação e parcelamentos da adubação boratada. O experimento foi conduzido na safra de verão 2010/2011, em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, em Rubiácea (SP. Foram estudadas as doses de zero; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 kg ha-1 de boro (B, aplicadas por via foliar, utilizando-se como fonte o ácido bórico. Os efeitos da adubação boratada foram testados em doses únicas nos estádios V1 ou R5, além do parcelamento da dose de 1,0 kg ha-1 (0,5 kg ha-1 em V1 e R5, de 1,5 (0,75 kg ha-1 em V1 e R5; 0,5 kg ha-1 em V1, R1 e R5 e de 2,0 kg ha-1 (1,0 kg ha-1 em V1 e R5; 0,5 kg ha-1 em V1, R1, R3 e R5. O aumento na produtividade de amendoim em casca ocorreu apenas com a dose de 1,5 kg ha-1, parcelada em três aplicações de 0,5 kg ha-1 em V1, R1 e R5. A utilização de 2,0 kg ha-1 de B foliar no amendoim causou efeito depressivo na produtividade, rendimento e número de vagens por planta.Boron leaf application to the peanut crop can be a viable strategy for supplying this element to the plant, however, knowledge os lacking on rate, time and dose split. The aim of this study was to evaluate the production and the leaf mineral composition at different rates, application times and split of boron fertilization. The experiment was conducted in the summer harvest 2010/2011 in an Oxisol in Rubiácea (SP. Leaf applications of boron rates of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kg ha-1 were tested using boric acid as source. The effects of boron fertilization were tested in single doses at the V1 and R5 growth stages, in addition to splitting the rate of 1 kg ha-1 ( 0.5 kg ha-1 at V1 and R5, 1.5 (0.75 kg ha-1 at V

Acclimation of foliar respiration and photosynthesis in response to experimental warming in a temperate steppe in northern China.

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Yonggang Chi

Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Thermal acclimation of foliar respiration and photosynthesis is critical for projection of changes in carbon exchange of terrestrial ecosystems under global warming. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A field manipulative experiment was conducted to elevate foliar temperature (Tleaf by 2.07°C in a temperate steppe in northern China. Rd/Tleaf curves (responses of dark respiration to Tleaf, An/Tleaf curves (responses of light-saturated net CO2 assimilation rates to Tleaf, responses of biochemical limitations and diffusion limitations in gross CO2 assimilation rates (Ag to Tleaf, and foliar nitrogen (N concentration in Stipa krylovii Roshev. were measured in 2010 (a dry year and 2011 (a wet year. Significant thermal acclimation of Rd to 6-year experimental warming was found. However, An had a limited ability to acclimate to a warmer climate regime. Thermal acclimation of Rd was associated with not only the direct effects of warming, but also the changes in foliar N concentration induced by warming. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Warming decreased the temperature sensitivity (Q10 of the response of Rd/Ag ratio to Tleaf. Our findings may have important implications for improving ecosystem models in simulating carbon cycles and advancing understanding on the interactions between climate change and ecosystem functions.

Combined effects of drought stress and npk foliar spray on growth, physiological processes and nutrient uptake in wheat

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Shabir, R.N.; Waraocj, E.A.

2015-01-01

The present study investigated the effects of supplemental foliar nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) spray, alone or in various combinations, on physiological processes and nutrients uptake in wheat under water deficit conditions. The study comprised of two phases; during the first phase, ten local wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were evaluated for their response to PEG-6000 induced osmotic stress. One drought tolerant (Bhakkar-2002) and sensitive (Shafaq-2006) genotype selected from screening experiments were used in the second phase to determine the individual and combined effects of N, P and K foliar spray on physiological mechanisms in wheat under drought stress. The results revealed that limited water supply significantly reduced germination, growth and uptake of N, P and K. Supplemental foliar fertilisation of these macronutrients alone or in different combinations significantly improved the water relations, gas exchange characteristics and nutrient contents in both the genotypes. Bhakkar-2002 maintained higher turgor, net CO/sub 2/ assimilation rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs) and accumulated more N, P and K in shoot than Shafaq-2006. The foliar spray of NPK in combination was effective in improving wheat growth under both well-watered and water-deficit conditions. (author)

Selenium supplementation of Portuguese wheat cultivars through foliar treatment in actual field conditions

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Catarina Galinha; Pacheco, A.M.G.; Maria do Carmo Freitas; Jose Coutinho; Benvindo Macas; Ana Sofia Almeida

2013-01-01

Selenium (Se) is a trace element essential to the well-being and health quality of humankind. Plant-derived foodstuffs, namely cereals, are the major dietary sources of Se in most countries throughout the world, even if Se contents are strongly dependent upon the corresponding levels in cereal-growing soils. Therefore, wheat is one of the staple crops that appears as an obvious candidate for Se biofortification, considering its gross-tonnage production and nutritional relevance worldwide. The present paper focuses on the ability of bread and durum wheat-Triticum aestivum L. and Triticum durum Desf., respectively-to accumulate Se after supplementation via a foliar-addition procedure. Two of the most representative wheat cultivars in Portugal - Jordao (bread) and Marialva (durum) - have been selected for supplementation trials, following the same agronomic practices and field schedules as the regular (non-supplemented) crops of those varieties (sowing: November 2010; harvesting: July 2011). Foliar additions were performed at the booting and grain-filling stages, using sodium selenate and sodium selenite solutions at three different Se concentrations-equivalent to field supplementation rates of 4, 20 and 100 g of Se per ha-with and without potassium iodide. Selenium contents in wheat grains obtained under foliar application are compared to data from regular wheat samples (field blanks) grown at the same soil/season, yet devoid of any Se supplementation. Total Se in all field samples was determined by cyclic neutron activation analysis (CNAA), via the short-lived nuclide 77m Se (half-life time: 17.5 s), in the Portuguese Research Reactor (RPI; CTN-IST, Sacavem). Quality control of the analytical procedure was asserted through concurrent analyses of NIST-SRM R 1567a (Wheat Flour). Results show that foliar additions can increase Se contents in mature grains up to 15 and 40 times for Marialva and Jordao, respectively, when compared to non-supplemented crops. Jordao and

Desenvolvimento Vegetativo e morfologia radicular de citrange carrizo afetado por ácido indolbutírico e micorrizas arbusculares Vegetative development and root morphology of carrizo citrange affected by indolebutyric acid and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

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Paulo Vitor Dutra de Souza

2000-04-01

Full Text Available Este estudo foi realizado na localidade de Alcanar (Tarragona, Espanha e objetivou avaliar o efeito de cinco concentrações do ácido indolbutírico (AIB (0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 g/L e da inoculação com micorrizas arbusculares (MA (Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith sobre o desenvolvimento vegetativo, conteúdo foliar de P e K e morfologia radicular de plântulas de citrange Carrizo (Citrus sinensis (L. X Poncirus trifoliata (L. Raf.. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos completos casualisados em esquema fatorial, com 4 repetições e 10 plantas por parcela. A aplicação de AIB não alterou o desenvolvimento vegetativo das plântulas cultivadas em ausência de MA, apesar de haver incrementado a quantidade de P e K e a espessura dos feixes vasculares. As MA incrementaram o conteúdo de P foliar. Encontrou-se uma interação positiva entre o AIB e as MA, pois as plântulas micorrizadas apresentaram um incremento no desenvolvimento vegetativo, nos conteúdos foliares de P e K e na espessura dos feixes vasculares com o aumento das concentrações de AIB.This study was carried out in Alcanar (Tarragona - Spain to evaluate the effect of five indolebutyric acid (IBA concentrations (0.0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 g/L and inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF (Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith on Carrizo citrange (Citrus sinensis (L. x Poncirus trifoliata (L. Raf. vegetative development, P and K foliar contents and root morphology. The experimental design was in a Completly Randomized Block Design with 10 seedlings per plot and 4 replicates. The IBA concentrations had no effect on vegetative development of nonmycorrhizal seedlings, althougt it had increased P and K foliar contents and primary xylem tickness. AMF increased P foliar content. IBA x AMF interaction was observed, increasing IBA concentrations on mycorrhizal seedlings resulted in increased in vegetative development, P and K foliar contents and primary xylem thickness.

A new method for estimating the leaf area index of cucumber and tomato plants Um novo método para estimar o índice de área foliar de plantas de pepino e tomate

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Flávio Favaro Blanco

2003-12-01

Full Text Available Non-destructive methods of leaf area measurement are useful for small plant populations, such as experiments with potted plants, and allow the measurement of the same plant several times during the growing period. A methodology was developed to estimate the leaf area index (LAI of cucumber and tomato plants through the evaluation of the leaf area distribution pattern (LADP of the plants and the relative height of the leaves in the plants. Plant and leaf height, as well as the length and width of all leaves were measured and the area of some leaves was determined by a digital area meter. The obtained regression equations were used to estimate the leaf area for all relative heights along the plant. The LADP adjusted to a quadratic model for both crops and LAI were estimated by measuring the length and width of the leaves located at the relative heights representing the mean leaf area of the plants. The LAI estimations presented high precision and accuracy when the proposed methodology was used resulting in time and effort savings and being useful for both crops.Métodos não destrutivos para a medição da área foliar são úteis para pequena população de plantas, como experimentos com plantas conduzidas em vasos, e permitem que a mesma planta seja medida várias vezes durante o período de cultivo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver uma metodologia para a estimativa do índice de área foliar (IAF do pepino e do tomate pela determinação do padrão de distribuição de área foliar (PDAF das plantas e da altura relativa da folha que representa a área foliar média da planta. A altura da planta e da folha, assim como o comprimento e a largura de todas as folhas, foram medidos e algumas folhas tiveram sua área determinada por um medidor digital de área foliar. As equações de regressão obtidas foram utilizadas para estimar a área foliar para todas as alturas relativas ao longo da planta. O PDAF ajustou-se a um modelo quadr

Estimación del área y del peso seco foliar en Elaeis guineellsis, Elaeis oleifera y el hibrido interespecifico E. Guineensis x E. Oleífera

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Contreras Angela P.

1999-12-01

Full Text Available

Este trabajo se planteo can la finalidad de determinar modelos estadísticos que permitan estimar el área y el peso foliar a través de métodos indirectos (no destructivos en Elaeis guineensis (Palma africana, Elaeis oleifera (Palma Noli, y el hibrido interespecifico E. guineensis X E. oleifera (Afrieana X Noli . Los experimentos de campo se efectuaron en las Haciendas Santa Bárbara y Chaparral-Cuernavaca, de la plantación Unipalma, ubicadas en la zona palmera de los llanos orientales en Colombia. Como resultado de la investigación, se obtuvo la validación del modelo propuesto por Corley et a1. (1971 y la innovación y ajuste de nuevos modelos que estiman los parámetros de crecimiento sin necesidad de muestreos destructivos. Los modelos propuestos en este trabajo, están ajustados a las condiciones del trópico colombiano.

Palabras claves: Palma de aceite, área foliar, peso foliar, parámetros de crecimiento.

Efeitos da poluição por petróleo na estrutura da folha de Podocarpus lambertii Klotzsch ex Endl., Podocarpaceae Effects of oil pollution on leaf structure of Podocarpus lambertii Klotzsch ex Endl., Podocarpaceae

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Leila Teresinha Maranho

2006-09-01

Full Text Available Podocarpus lambertii, popularmente conhecida como pinheiro-bravo é uma Podocarpaceae típica da região Sul do Brasil, família que se distingue de outras coníferas por possuir uma estrutura de suporte para o óvulo denominada "epimatium". O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar, por meio de parâmetros morfológicos e anatômicos, os efeitos da poluição por petróleo na estrutura das folhas de Podocarpus lambertii Klotzsch ex Endl. (Podocarpaceae, popularmente conhecida por pinheiro-bravo. As folhas foram coletadas no município de Araucária, Paraná, Brasil, na Refinaria de petróleo Presidente Getúlio Vargas (REPAR um ano após exposição à poluição provocada pelo derramamento de petróleo. Esta espécie foi selecionada, porque além de ser nativa, apresentou um comportamento diferenciado dentre as demais diante da poluição. Folhas de nove indivíduos (seis expostos ao petróleo e três controle foram coletadas. Foram avaliadas em microscopia fotônica as dimensões foliares (comprimento, largura e área foliar, a espessura dos tecidos e a densidade estomática. Os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente. Nos indivíduos expostos à poluição, a superfície foliar foi menor, a densidade estomática e espessura dos tecidos foliares foram maiores quando comparados aos indivíduos controle. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que P. lambertti reagiu quando de sua exposição à poluição por petróleo.Podocarpus lambertii, locally known as "pinheiro-bravo", is a typical Podocarpaceae from Southern Brazil. This family is the most diverse of conifers; it has a distinguishing characteristic, namely the presence of an ovule support structure, called an epimatium. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of oil pollution on the leaf structure of P. lambertii through morphology and anatomy. Leaves were collected in Araucária Municipality, Paraná, Brazil, at the Presidente Getúlio Vargas Petroleum

Review of cleaning techniques and their effects on the chemical composition of foliar samples

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rossini Oliva, S.; Raitio, H.

2003-07-01

Chemical foliar analysis is a tool widely used to study tree nutrition and to monitor the impact and extent of air pollutants. This paper reviews a number of cleaning methods, and the effects of cleaning on foliar chemistry. Cleaning may include mechanical techniques such as the use of dry or moistened tissues, shaking, blowing, and brushing, or use various washing techniques with water or other solvents. Owing to the diversity of plant species, tissue differences, etc., there is no standard procedure for all kinds of samples. Analysis of uncleaned leaves is considered a good method for assessing the degree of air contamination because it provides an estimate of the element content of the deposits on leaf surfaces or when the analysis is aimed at the investigation of transfer of elements along the food chain. Sample cleaning is recommended in order (1) to investigate the transfer rate of chemical elements from soil to plants, (2) to qualify the washoff of dry deposition from foliage and (3) to separate superficially absorbed and biomass-incorporated elements. Since there is not a standard cleaning procedure for all kinds of samples and aims, it is advised to conduct a pilot study in order to be able to establish a cleaning procedure to provide reliable foliar data. (orig.)

Costs and benefits of insecticide and foliar nutrient applications to huanglongbing-infected citrus trees.

Science.gov (United States)

Tansey, James A; Vanaclocha, Pilar; Monzo, Cesar; Jones, Moneen; Stansly, Philip A

2017-05-01

The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), vectors Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, which causes huanglongbing (HLB). In Florida, HLB incidence is approaching 100% statewide. Yields have decreased and production costs have increased since 2005. Despite this, some growers are maintaining a level of production and attribute this in part to aggressive psyllid control and foliar nutrition sprays. However, the value of these practices is debated. A replicated field study was initiated in 2008 in a commercial block of 'Valencia' sweet orange trees to evaluate individual and combined effects of foliar nutrition and ACP control. Results from 2012-2016 are presented. Insecticides consistently reduced ACP populations. However, neither insecticide nor nutrition applications significantly influenced HLB incidence or PCR copy number in mature trees. In reset trees, infection continued to build and reached 100% in all treatments. Greatest yields (kg fruit ha -1 ) and production (kg solids ha -1 ) were obtained from trees receiving both insecticides and foliar nutrition. All treatments resulted in production and financial gains relative to controls. However, material and application costs associated with the nutrition component offset these gains, resulting in lesser benefits than insecticides applied alone. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Diagnóstico do estado nutricional de n em porta-enxertos de citros, utilizando-se de teores foliares de clorofila

OpenAIRE

Decarlos Neto, Antônio; Siqueira, Dalmo Lopes de; Pereira, Paulo Roberto Gomes; Venegas, Victor Hugo Alvarez

2002-01-01

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar os teores foliares de clorofila total (a+b) em porta-enxertos de citros cultivados em tubetes, como índices no diagnóstico do estado nutricional de N, de acordo com adição das doses de N (0; 400; 800; 1.600; 3.200 e 4.800 mg/dm³ de N no substrato). Os teores foliares de clorofila total apresentaram alta correlação positiva com a altura, diâmetro do caule, massa da matéria seca da parte aérea e raízes, área foliar e teor de N-NO3 da parte aérea dos porta-e...

In situ variation in leaf anatomy and morphology of Andira legalis (Leguminosae in two neighbouring but contrasting light environments in a Brazilian sandy coastal plain Variação in situ em anatomia e morfologia foliar de Andira legalis (Leguminosae em dois ambientes adjacentes, porém contrastantes quanto ao regime de luz, em restinga brasileira

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Daniela Carvalho Pereira

2009-03-01

. Estudos prévios relataram uma grande amplitude de variação morfo-fisiológica para esta espécie ao longo de um gradiente geográfico. Este estudo comparou morfologia e anatomia foliar de A. legalis em dois ambientes adjacentes porém contrastantes quanto ao regime de luz: uma floresta densa (sombreada e uma formação arbustiva de Palmae (exposta à luz. Estudamos a amplitude de variação morfo-anatômica no interior de uma diminuta dimensão geográfica (0,5 ha. Parâmetros de anatomia foliar foram medidos para cinco folhas coletadas a partir de cinco plantas em cada habitat. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: espessura foliar e do mesofilo, espessura da parede celular periclinal externa, espessura adaxial e abaxial da epiderme, área da seção transversal do feixe vascular, e densidade de células epidérmicas comuns, estômatos e tricomas. Dados de morfologia foliar foram obtidos a partir de cinco folhas de cada uma de 20 plantas em cada sítio. Medidas de peso seco e fresco foram tomadas para a obtenção dos valores de massa específica foliar e suculência. Conforme era esperado, os valores de todos os parâmetros anatômicos e morfológicos, exceto densidade de tricomas, foram significativamente mais altos para as plantas expostas ao sol. Menos esperado, entretanto, foi a clara diferença qualitativa entre folhas de plantas expostas vs. sombreadas: nas expostas, o mesofilo apresentou simetria unilateral (i.e., todo o mesofilo era ocupado por tecido fotossintético, enquanto nas sombreadas a simetria foi dorsiventral (i.e., em parte parênquima paliçádico, em parte parênquima esponjoso. Tal amplitude de variação mostra que, mesmo em uma pequena área geográfica, A. legalis tem uma ampla plasticidade ecológica.

Equações para a estimativa do índice de área foliar do cafeeiro

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Favarin José Laércio

2002-01-01

Full Text Available Com o objetivo de estudar a variação temporal do índice de área foliar (IAF da cultura de café, utilizando um método simples e não-destrutivo, foi instalado um experimento no Departamento de Produção Vegetal, da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, da Universidade de São Paulo. Utilizou-se a cultivar Mundo Novo IAC 388-17, enxertada sobre a cultivar Apoatã IAC 2258 (de 15 até 35 meses de idade, no espaçamento de 2,5 x 1,0 m. Foram coletadas todas as folhas de duas plantas de café, em intervalos de 60 a 150 dias, para a mensuração da área foliar com o equipamento LI-COR (modelo 3100. Para obter a relação funcional entre IAF e diferentes variáveis de crescimento (altura da planta, número e massa total de folhas e área foliar e arquitetura da copa (área da seção inferior, média e superior do dossel, área lateral do dossel, diâmetro inferior, médio e superior do dossel, volume do dossel da planta e altura do primeiro par de ramos, assumiu-se que a parte aérea do cafeeiro tem a forma cônica. O diâmetro da seção inferior do dossel (primeiro par de ramos e a altura da planta podem ser utilizadas para estimar o índice de área foliar do cafeeiro.

Análisis económico de las perdidas presentadas por manejo postcosecha en fincas productoras de rosas en la sabana de Bogotá. Estudio de cinco casos Economical analysis of post harvest handling in rose farms at Bogotá. Study of five cases

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Duque Oscar

2001-12-01

Full Text Available Debido a la importancia económica y social de la producción y
exportación de flores para Colombia, se hace necesario un mayor aprovechamiento de la producción total de estas. Se ha encontrado que durante el proceso postcosecha se presenta gran cantidad de pérdida de tallos debido a deficiencias en las operaciones del proceso, disminuyendo en consecuencia la capacidad de las empresas para surtir mercados extranjeros y desde luego incidiendo en pérdidas económicas. En el desarrollo del presente estudio fueron estudiadas seis variedades: Tineke, Madamme Delbard, Charlotte, Aalsrneers Gold, Classy y First Red. Como objetivo general del estudio se pretendió establecer en cual de las operaciones del proceso postcosecha de rosas se presenta la mayor cantidad de pérdidas por manejo mecánico, al igual que cuantificar su monto económico. El procedimiento diseñado para la realización del presente estudio, se fundamentó en el seguimiento a 6 operaciones preestablecidas dentro del sistema de producción postcosecha
como componente fundamental de la cadena agro industrial de flores (rosas, en su orden: corte en campo, recepción en área postcosecha, clasificación, despetale, desespine y deshoje, y boncheo. En las operaciones mencionadas se analizó el número de tallos manipulados y de estos el número perdido, determinando los siguientes indicadores: pérdidas irrecuperables (pérdida total del tallo y pérdidas por tallos que no clasifican en calidad de exportación y quedan para venta a nivel nacional. Al conocer el porcentaje de pérdida por manejo mecánico en la postcosecha y su equivalente económico para las empresas, se buscaban elementos
de juicio para tomar la decisión sobre la necesidad de
invertir en el mejoramiento del proceso. En el manejo de los resultados se observó que en las seis variedades de rosa estudiadas se presentan diferentes grados de resistencia al manipuleo. Las fincas donde se realizó la

influence of foliar applications of calcium chloride and borax on fruit

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Dr. A Rab

2011-12-16

Dec 16, 2011 ... The influence of foliar application of calcium chloride and borax calcium on fruit skin strength and cracking incidence in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruit was investigated at 25 days interval and also the evaluation of fruit skin calcium and boron contents, skin strength, ion leakage from skin discs and.

Analysis of an alternative method for the study of bromeliad-associated fauna in plants with different foliar organization

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Gerson A. Müller

2010-12-01

Full Text Available The efficiency of an alternative method of collection (by suction of water for the study of Culicidae and Chironomidae (Diptera, Scirtidae (Coleoptera and Coenagrionidae (Odonata in bromeliads with different foliar architecture in a restinga at Florianópolis, SC, Brazil, was studied. The alternative method was less efficient to collect Culicidae and Chironomidae (Wilcoxon test p 0.05 from Aechmea lindenii. This method was less efficient to collect insects of all groups from Vriesea friburgensis (Wilcoxon test p A eficiência do método alternativo de coleta (por sucção da água para o estudo de Culicidae e Chironomidae (Diptera, Scirtidae (Coleoptera e Coenagrionidae (Odonata em bromélias com diferentes estruturas foliares de restinga em Florianópolis, SC, Brasil, foi estudada. O método alternativo foi menos eficiente para coletar Culicidae e Chironomidae (teste de Wilcoxon p 0, 05 a partir de Aechmea lindenii. Esse foi menos eficiente para coletar insetos de todos os grupos a partir de Vriesea friburgensis (teste de Wilcoxon p < 0,05. O método alternativo se mostrou eficiente em estimar a diversidade desses insetos nas duas espécies de bromélias. A alta mobilidade das formas imaturas dos coleópteros e libélulas e a disponibilidade de apenas um tanque em Aechea lindenii, em contraste com as várias axilas e Vriesea friburgensis, facilitando a sucção destas formas imaturas provavelmente influenciaram os resultados. Os resultados indicam que o método de sucção não deve substituir o desmanche no estudo de Culicidae e Chironomidae; ele pode ser útil para a obtenção de formas imaturas de Scirtidae e Coenagrionidae em bromélias de um só tanque.

Ecoanatomía foliar de arbustos y árboles del distrito chaqueño oriental de la Argentina

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Ana Arambarri

2012-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar caracteres anatómicos foliares que contribuyan a una mejor comprensión de la relación planta-ambiente y al desarrollo de tecnologías para el aprovechamiento sustentable y conservación de los bosques de esta región. Para ello se aplicaron técnicas histológicas convencionales sobre hojas de ejemplares de 36 especies recolectadas en la región chaqueña húmeda. Se determinaron densidades por mm-2 de células epidérmicas, estomas y tricomas, tipos de mesofilo, tipo y distribución de los tejidos vascular y de sostén. La mayoría de los árboles de la región en estudio presentan hojas hipostomáticas con mesofilo dorsiventral, elevada densidad de células epidérmicas (4000-7000/mm-2, una densidad intermedia de estomas (300-500/mm-2 y baja densidad de tricomas (< 35/mm-2. La comparación con los caracteres anatómicos foliares de los arbustos y árboles de las Provincias Biogeográficas Paranaense, de las Yungas y Chaqueña permite concluir que los rasgos más variables son la distribución de estomas y tipo de mesofilo. Las hojas xeromórficas son anfistomáticas, equifaciales y las mesomórficas son hipostomáticas, bifaciales. En el Distrito Chaqueño Oriental las hojas son predominantemente meso-xeromórficas, ya que a sus rasgos mesomórficos se suman otros xeromórficos como elevada densidad de células epidérmicas y abundante tejido esclerenquimático.

Genetics and physiology of the nuclearly inherited yellow foliar mutants in soybean

Science.gov (United States)

Plant photosynthetic pigments are important in harvesting the light energy and transfer of energy during photosynthesis. There are several yellow foliar mutants discovered in soybean and chromosomal locations for about half of them have been deduced. Viable-yellow mutants are capable of surviving wi...

Caracterización de daños producidos por Meloidogyne Spp. (Nemata: Tylenchida en la vid en Mendoza, Argentina

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Carla Vanina Dagatti

2014-12-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de esta investigación fue comparar y establecer relaciones entre los diferentes indicadores de crecimiento entre plantas de vid con dos niveles de infestación (alto y leve de Meloidogyne spp. El estudio se realizó en un viñedo cv Merlot, situado en Agrelo, Mendoza, donde se escogieron 2 parcelas, con y sin nematodos, con diferentes niveles de crecimiento vegetativo. Los indicadores a evaluar fueron: peso y número de racimos por planta, peso de poda, cantidad de entrenudos y área foliar de hojas y feminelas. El grado de infestación de nematodos de cada parcela se determinó mediante la técnica flotación - centrifugación. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la prueba de wilcoxon (Mann Whitney U y el test de student. Además, mediante un análisis de regresión lineal, se comprobó si existía relación entre los indicadores evaluados y la densidad de población de Meloidogyne spp. expresado en número de estados juveniles (J2 presentes en el suelo. Los resultados indicaron que la parcela con menor densidad poblacional de juveniles de Meloidogyne spp., presentó mayor peso promedio de madera de poda, así como también un área foliar de hojas y feminelas superior. Con respecto al peso promedio de racimos por planta, dicha parcela también superó a aquella con alta concentración de nematodos.

ESTRES HIDRICO EN DOS ESPECIES DE CAPSICUM CON DIFERENTES GRADOS DE DOMESTICACION

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Alejandra Nieto Garibay

2009-12-01

Full Text Available La germinación en semillas está comúnmente afectada por el estrés hídrico. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el efecto del estrés hídrico en el porcentaje final de germinación, tasa media de germinación, y longitud de epicotilo e hipocotilo, índice de radícula:tallo de las especies de chile semi-domesticado Capsicum frutescens L. y cultivado Capsicum annuum L. Las semillas fueron expuestas a ocho niveles de potencial hídrico (Ψ inducidas con polietilen glicol (PEG 8000. Capsicum annuum presentó el porcentaje final de germinación de 73%; sin embargo, se presentaron diferencias no significativas (P=0.01 entre tratamientos en cada especie. La tasa media de germinación fue menor en C. frutescens que en C. annuum. El índice de la relación radícula:tallo fue mayor para C. annuum que para C. frutescens. Las diferencias entre el índice radícula:tallo fue significativa entre tratamientos en el caso de C. annuum, mientras que para C. frutescens no. El índice radícula:tallo fue un indicador relevante de tolerancia a la sequía  en ambas especies de chile. Un incremento en el índice radícula:tallo como una función de los niveles de estrés hídrico sugiere un efecto promotor en C. annuum mejorando el crecimiento de plántula bajo estrés hídrico. En el caso de C. frutescens, no se evidenció una disminución en el índice radícula:tallo. Lo cual sugiere una característica adaptativa del crecimiento bajo condiciones climáticas aridas y semiaridas en Baja California Sur.

Fluoride-induced foliar injury in Solanum pseudo-capsicum: its induction in the dark and activation in the light

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

MacLean, D.C.; Schneider, R.C.; Weinstein, L.H.

1982-09-01

The differential responses of plants exposed to hydrogen fluoride (HF) in continuous light or darkness were investigated in Jerusalem cherry Solanum pseudo-capsicum L. Plants exposed to HF in the dark develop few, if any, foliar symptoms by the end of the exposure period, but severe foliar injury develops rapidly upon transfer to the light after exposure. The results suggest that light is required for the expression of responses induced by exposure to HF in the dark.

Modelo matemático para estimativa da área foliar total de bananeira 'Prata-anã' Esteem method of total leaf area of 'Prata anã' banana tree

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Moises Zucoloto

2008-12-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um modelo para estimar a área foliar total de bananeira, cultivar Prata-Anã, utilizando dimensões lineares da terceira folha, como o comprimento, a largura e o número total de folhas na emissão da inflorescência. As regressões lineares foram determinadas considerando-se a área foliar total de cada planta (AFT como variável dependente e o comprimento (C e a largura (L da terceira folha, o produto de CxL, o número total de folhas por planta (N e o produto de CxLxN como variáveis independentes. O modelo linear que melhor estimou a área foliar total (AFTe da bananeira 'Prata-Anã', ao nível de 5% de significância com R² de 0,89, foi a equação AFTe = 0,5187(CxLxN + 9603,5.The objective of this work was to estimate the total leaf area of banana, cultivar Prata Anã, according to the linear dimensions of the third leaf, such as the length and the width and the total number of leves in the inflorescence emission. The linear regressions were determined considering total leaf area of each plant (AFT such as dependent variable and the length (C and the width (L of the third leaf, the product of CxL, the total number of leaf per plant (N and the product of CxLxN as independent variables. The best linear model that estimated the total leaf area (AFTe of banana 'Prata Anã' at the level of 5% of significance with R² of 0,89 was the equation AFTe = 0.5187 (CxLxN + 9603.5.

Foliar application of calcium chloride and borax affects the fruit skin ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

The influence of foliar application of calcium chloride and borax calcium on fruit skin strength and cracking incidence in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruit was investigated at 25 days interval and also the evaluation of fruit skin calcium and boron contents, skin strength, ion leakage from skin discs and fruit cracking in four ...

Effect of potassium and potting-bag size on foliar biomass and ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Foliar fresh mass was significantly increased by the interaction between K concentration and potting-bag size. Growers may use a 5.3 mmol L−1 K concentration and a 5 L potting bag for optimum production of rose geranium under soil-less cultivation. Keywords: C:G ratio, enzyme activation, oil quality, potassium, rose ...

Colonização de macroinvertebrados bentônicos em detritos foliares em um riacho de primeira ordem na Floresta Atlântica do nordeste brasileiro

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Iris Gabrielly Arruda dos Santos

2015-03-01

Full Text Available O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a colonização de macroinvertebrados bentônicos em detritos foliares de Inga ingoides (Leguminosae em experimentos de campo em um riacho de primeira ordem da Mata Atlântica do Estado de Pernambuco no nordeste do Brasil. Um total de 270 bolsas de folhiço, distribuídas em três trechos do riacho com características similares em relação à morfologia e parâmetros físicos e químicos da água foram submersas, entre fevereiro a julho de 2013 e retiradas após 7, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias. Dois tratamentos foram utilizados: colonização e exclusão da macrofauna. O percentual de biomassa remanescente final (%R foi maior para bolsas de colonização do que para as de exclusão, evidenciando a efetiva participação dos macroinvertebrados no processo de decomposição. Os fragmentadores apresentaram menor participação no processo de decomposição foliar de I. ingoides, sendo Tripletides (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae, Polypedillum e Stenochironomus (Diptera, Chironomidae os táxons predominantes na macrofauna. Filtrador foi o grupo trófico funcional predominante (45,6%, seguido por predador (31,2%, coletor (11,8%, raspador (6,7% e fragmentador (4,8%.

Effect of foliar application of a protein hydrolysate in the productivity of broccoli cultivars. = Efeito da aplicação foliar de hidrolisado protéico sob a produtividade de cultivares de brócolis.

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Marcelle Michelotti Bettoni

2013-08-01

Full Text Available - The broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica is a Brassica vegetable grown in various regions of the world and is characteristic of small properties with potential for organic crops. However, surveys that provide products that meet organic legislation, biofertilizers as the basis of protein hydrolysates are necessary for legal purposes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of protein hydrolysate containing amino acids on the production of two cultivars of broccoli grown in organic cropping system. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized factorial 2 x 4 with four replicates, two cultivars (Belstar and Fiesta and four treatments: control and foliar application of solutions with the following concentrations of protein hydrolysate: 2 mL L -1, 4 mL L-1, 8 mL L-1. The applications were made weekly beginning and ending at 7 to 63 days after transplant (DAT and evaluated the following characteristics at harvest (75 DAT: fresh mass per head (FMH, dry mass per head (DMH, head diameter (HD and estimated average production (EAP. The use of hydrolyzed in 8 mL L-1dose resulted in higher fresh and dry mass, head diameter and yield of broccoli in organic cropping system. = - O brócolis (Brassica oleracea var. italica é uma hortaliça da família das Brássicas cultivado em diversas regiões do mundo, característico de pequenas propriedades, com potencial para cultivos orgânicos, porém é necessário que sejam realizadas pesquisas que disponibilizem produtos que atendam a legislação orgânica, como biofertilizantes a base de hidrolisados protéicos. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da aplicação de hidrolisado protéico contendo aminoácidos na produção de duas cultivares de brócolis, em sistema de cultivo orgânico. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, com quatro repetições, sendo duas cultivares (Belstar e Fiesta e quatro tratamentos

Nanoparticle synthesis and delivery by an aerosol route for watermelon plant foliar uptake

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Wei-Ning; Tarafdar, Jagadish C.; Biswas, Pratim

2013-01-01

An aerosol process was developed for synthesis and delivery of nanoparticles for living watermelon plant foliar uptake. This is an efficient technique capable of generating nanoparticles with controllable particle sizes and number concentrations. Aerosolized nanoparticles were easily applied to leaf surfaces and enter the stomata via gas uptake, avoiding direct interaction with soil systems, eliminating potential ecological risks. The uptake and transport of nanoparticles inside the watermelon plants were investigated systematically by various techniques, such as elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and plant anatomy by transmission electron microscopy. The results revealed that certain fractions of nanoparticles ( d p watermelon plants. The particle size and number concentration played an important role in nanoparticle translocation inside the plants. In addition, the nanoparticle application method, working environment, and leaf structure are also important factors to be considered for successful plant foliar uptake.

Anatomía foliar y caulinar en especies de Stemodia (Scrophulariaceae Foliar and caulinar anatomy in species of Stemodia (Scrophulariaceae

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Maria De Las Mercedes Sosa

2005-07-01

Full Text Available Se describe la estructura anatómica foliar y caulinar en el género Stemodia. Son consideradas siete especies: S. ericifolia (Kuntze K. Schum., S. hyptoides Cham. & Schltdl., S. lanceolata Benth., S. lobelioides Lehm., S. palustris A. St.-Hil., S. stricta Cham. & Schltdl. y S. verticillata (Mill. Hassl. Se hallaron diferencias en la epidermis foliar, donde hay variación en el tipo de estomas y de tricomas, y en la forma de las papilas epidérmicas; también en la estructura del mesofilo. Se describen e ilustran cuatro tipos de tricomas considerando si son o no glandulares y el número de células que lo conforman. El estudio de la anatomía caulinar mostró diferencias en cuanto a la presencia de aerénquima cortical y de laguna medular, y el porcentaje de espacios en el aerénquima cortical.Comparative anatomical studies of the leaves and stems on the genus Stemodia are presented. Seven species are considered: S. ericifolia (Kuntze K. Schum., S. hyptoides Cham. & Schltdl., S. lanceolata Benth., S. lobelioides Lehm., S. palustris A. St.-Hil., S. stricta Cham. & Schltdl. and S. verticillata (Mill. Hassl. There are variation in the stomatal and trichome types, form of the papillae and mesophyll structure. Four trichome types are described and illustrated considering if they are glandular or non-glandular and the number of cells. The stems present a quite homogeneous anatomical structure. Some differences in the amount and distribution of the aerenchyma and the size of the intercellular spaces are observed.

Physiological characteristics of Plantago major under SO2 exposure as affected by foliar iron spray.

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Mohasseli, Vahid; Khoshgoftarmanesh, Amir Hossein; Shariatmadari, Hossein

2017-08-01

Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) is considered as a main air pollutant in industrialized areas that can damage vegetation. In the present study, we investigated how exposure to SO 2 and foliar application of iron (Fe) would affect certain physiological characteristics of Plantago major. The plant seedlings exposed or unexposed to SO 2 (3900 μg m -3 ) were non-supplemented or supplemented with Fe (3 g L -1 ) as foliar spray. Plants were exposed to SO 2 for 6 weeks in 100 × 70 × 70 cm chambers. Fumigation of plants with SO 2 was performed for 3 h daily for 3 days per week (alternate day). Lower leaf Fe concentration in the plants exposed to SO 2 at no added Fe treatment was accompanied with incidence of chlorosis symptoms and reduced chlorophyll concentration. No visible chlorotic symptoms were observed on the SO 2 -exposed plants supplied with Fe that accumulated higher Fe in their leaves. Both at with and without added Fe treatments, catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activity was higher in the plants fumigated with SO 2 in comparison with those non-fumigated with SO 2 . Foliar application of Fe was also effective in increasing activity of antioxidant enzymes CAT and POD. Exposure to SO 2 led to reduced cellulose but enhanced lignin content of plant leaf cell wall. The results obtained showed that foliar application of Fe was effective in reducing the effects of exposure to SO 2 on cell wall composition. In contrast to SO 2 , application of Fe increased cellulose while decreased lignin content of the leaf cell wall. This might be due to reduced oxidative stress induced by SO 2 in plants supplied with Fe compared with those unsupplied with Fe.

Effect of foliar application of chitosan and salicylic acid on the growth of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) varieties

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Hasanah, Y.; Sembiring, M.

2018-02-01

Elicitors such as chitosan and salicylic acid could be used not only to increase isoflavone concentration of soybean seeds, but also to increase the growth and seed yield. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of foliar application of elicitor compounds (i.e. chitosan, and salicylic acid)on the growth of two soybean varieties under dry land conditions. Experimental design was a randomized block design with 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor was soybean varieties (Wilis and Devon). The second factor was foliar application of elicitors consisted of without elicitor; chitosan at V4 (four trifoliate leaves are fully developed); chitosan at R3 (early podding); chitosan at V4 and R3; salicylic acid at V4; salicylic acid at R3 and salicylic acid at V4 and R3. Parameters observed was plant height at 2-7 week after planting (WAP), shoot dry weight and root dry weight. The results suggest that the Wilis variety had higher plant height 7 WAP than Devon. The foliar application of chitosan increased the plant height at 7 WAP, shoot dry weight and root dry weight. The foliar application of chitosan at V4 and R3 on Devon variety increased shoot dry weight.

[Characteristics of foliar delta13C values of common shrub species in various microhabitats with different karst rocky desertification degrees].

Science.gov (United States)

Du, Xue-Lian; Wang, Shi-Jie; Rong, Li

2011-12-01

By measuring the foliar delta13C values of 5 common shrub species (Rhamnus davurica, Pyracantha fortuneana, Rubus biflorus, Zanthoxylum planispinum, and Viburnum utile) growing in various microhabitats in Wangjiazhai catchment, a typical karst desertification area in Guizhou Province, this paper studied the spatial heterogeneity of plant water use at niche scale and the response of the heterogeneity to different karst rocky desertification degrees. The foliar delta13C values of the shrub species in the microhabitats followed the order of stony surface > stony gully > stony crevice > soil surface, and those of the majority of the species were more negative in the microhabitat soil surface than in the others. The foliar delta13C values decreased in the sequence of V. utile > R. biflorus > Z. planispinum > P. fortuneana > R. davurica, and the mean foliar delta13C value of the shrubs and that of typical species in various microhabitats all increased with increasing karst rocky desertification degree, differed significantly among different microhabitats. It was suggested that with the increasing degree of karst rocky desertification, the structure and functions of karst habitats were impaired, microhabitats differentiated gradually, and drought degree increased.

Effect of Foliar Application of Chitosan on Growth and Biochemical Characteristics of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L. under Water Deficit Stress

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batool mahdavi

2014-09-01

Full Text Available In order to study the effects of water deficit stress and foliar application of chitosan in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L., a pot experiment was conducted in 2009. Experimental design was a randomized complete block in factorial arrangement with three replications. Experimental factors were water deficit levels (unstressed (control and 70% available water depletion from soil (water deficit stress, chitosan concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.1%, all dissolved in 1% acetic acid along with an additional treatment of distilled water and foliar application times (before and during stem elongation. The results showed that water deficit stress reduced plant height, leaf area, shoot and root dry weight, root height and volume. Whereas, foliar application of chitosan increased mentioned traits. In addition, water deficit stress decreased chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll concentration and relative water content. Carotenoid, proline and malondialdehyde (MDA content were increased in response to stress. Foliar application of chitosan increased chlorophyll fluorescence, relative water content (68.77% and chlorophyll b in the water deficit stressed plants, whereas decreased MDA content. The results of the present study indicate that application of chitosan can reduce the harmful effects of water deficit and improve plant growth.

Interpretação de confrontos em perícias de crimes violentos baseados em anatomia foliar

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Marina Milanello do Amaral

2016-07-01

Full Text Available A megadiversidade de plantas no território brasileiro representa um grande potencial forense. No entanto, conhecimentos botânicos estabelecidos há séculos são esporadicamente empregados em procedimentos forenses. A Botânica Forense, em particular o estudo da morfologia externa e interna (anatomia das plantas, possibilita a caracterização de amostras e a identificação da espécie, oferecendo grande auxílio para o embasamento de linhas investigativas e, em alguns casos, configurando-se como importante prova material. Nas perícias de crimes violentos letais intencionais, como homicídio, execução sumária, estupro e roubo seguido de morte, é comum se encontrarem folhas ou fragmentos foliares aderidos a solas de calçado e tapetes de veículos de suspeitos. Confrontar esses vestígios com as amostras de folhas e fragmentos foliares do local de crime pode representar a única alternativa de materialidade, na falta de impressões dígito-papilares, pegadas ou material biológico humano. Neste estudo de caso, apresentamos três exames de confronto de amostras vegetais em investigações de roubo seguido de morte e execução sumária no Estado de São Paulo. Folhas e fragmentos foliares do local de crime foram comparados com folhas e fragmentos foliares de peças associadas ao(s suspeito(s a partir da observação da morfologia externa e da anatomia. Em todos os casos foi possível obter informações sobre a morfologia externa e, principalmente, sobre a anatomia dos fragmentos foliares, permitindo realizar comparações e apresentar como resultados dois confrontos negativos e um confronto parcialmente positivo. A experiência obtida com esses exames revelou que o planejamento das coletas de amostras botânicas nos locais de crime condiciona a interpretação dos resultados.

The Relationship Between Soils and Foliar Nutrition For Planted Royal Paulownia

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James E. Johnson; David O. Mitchem; Richard E. Kreh

2002-01-01

Royal paulownia is becoming an important hardwood plantation species in the southern U.S. A study was done to investigate two novel site preparation techniques for aiding the establishment of royal paulownia seedlings in the Virginia Piedmont. The effects of these treatments on the foliar nutrition of first year seedlings was determined, as was the relationship...

Effect of polybag size and foliar application of urea on cocoa ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

The effects of different polybag sizes and foliar application of urea on the growth of cocoa seedlings in the nursery were studied at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana substation at Afosu in the Eastern Region of Ghana between June 2004 and May 2005. Hybrid cocoa seeds were sown in polybags measuring 17.5 cm ...

Anatomia foliar de microtomateiros fitocromo-mutantes e ultra-estrutura de cloroplastos Leaf anatomy of micro-tomato phytochrome-mutants and chloroplast ultra-structure

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Hyrandir Cabral de Melo

2011-02-01

Full Text Available Plantas fitocromo-mutantes têm sido utilizadas com o intuito de caracterizar isoladamente, dentre os demais fotorreceptores, a ação dos fitocromos sobre eventos ligados à fotomorfogênese. Raros são os estudos que relatam a ação dos fitocromos sobre aspectos estruturais, embora sejam fundamentais à compreensão do desenvolvimento das plantas. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se analisar características ultraestruturais de cloroplastos e aspectos anatômicos foliares dos microtomateiros (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Micro-Tom fitocromo-mutantes aurea (subexpressa fitocromos, hp1 e atroviolacea (ambos supra-responsivos a eventos mediados por fitocromo em plantas em estágio de floração. Observou-se que os fitocromos são responsáveis pela expressão de muitas características anatômicas da epiderme foliar, assim como do mesofilo e da ultraestrutura dos cloroplastos.Phytochrome-mutant plants have been used for phytochrome action characterization among all photoreceptors, in events of photomorphogenesis. Studies relating the phytochrome action on structural aspects, which are fundamental to the comprehension of plant development, are rare. The objective of this work was to analyze chloroplast ultra structure and leaf anatomical characteristics of micro-tomatos (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Micro-Tom phytochrome-mutants aurea (sub express phytochrome, hp1 and atroviolacea (both super express phytochrome events-mediated in plants in the flowering stage. The results show that phytochromes are responsible for the expression of many characteristics of leaf epidermis, mesophyll and chloroplast ultra-structure.

Adubação foliar com micronutrientes em arroz irrigado, em área sistematizada

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Marchezan Enio

2001-01-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de micronutrientes em arroz irrigado, em área de várzea após a sistematização. Foi realizado durante três anos agrícolas em PLANOSSOLO Hidromórfico eutrófico arênico, instalado em local de onde foi retirada uma camada de solo de cerca de 30cm de profundidade. A adubação com N, P e K foi realizada de acordo com a recomendação técnica para a cultura. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, constituído de um tratamento denominado "completo", contendo os micronutrientes boro (H3BO3, cobre (CuSO4, ferro (FeSO4, manganês (MnCl2, molibdênio (Na2MoO4 e zinco (ZnSO4 e de seis outros formados pela omissão de um micronutriente de cada vez, além de testemunha sem micronutrientes. Em 1996/97, foram aplicados 70g ha-1 Zn, 70g ha-1 Mn, 40g ha-1 Fe, 50g ha-1 B, 12,5g ha-1 Cu e 4g ha-1 Mo, via foliar, no perfilhamento e no início da formação do primórdio floral das plantas de arroz. Em 1997/98, foram utilizadas as mesmas soluções, porém com aplicação apenas no perfilhamento. Em 1998/99, as doses dos micronutrientes foram alteradas para 35g ha-1 Zn, 35g ha-1 Mn, 100g ha-1 B, 20g ha-1 Cu e 12g ha-1 Mo, aplicados no perfilhamento, não sendo utilizado o ferro no tratamento completo nem na composição dos demais tratamentos. A sistematização da área causou redução no teor de matéria orgânica, macro e micronutrientes, exceto o boro e aumento de alumínio no solo. Verificou-se que não houve efeito da aplicação foliar de micronutrientes no rendimento de grãos de arroz irrigado.

Seasonal development of ozone-induced foliar injury on tall milkweed (Asclepias exaltata) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Souza, Lara; Neufeld, Howard S.; Chappelka, Arthur H.; Burkey, Kent O.; Davison, Alan W.

2006-01-01

The goals of this study were to document the development of ozone-induced foliar injury, on a leaf-by-leaf basis, and to develop ozone exposure relationships for leaf cohorts and individual tall milkweeds (Asclepias exaltata L.) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Plants were classified as either ozone-sensitive or insensitive based on the amount of foliar injury. Sensitive plants developed injury earlier in the season and to a greater extent than insensitive plants. Older leaf cohorts were more likely to belong to high injury classes by the end of each of the two growing seasons. In addition, leaf loss was more likely for older cohorts (2000) and lower leaf positions (2001) than younger cohorts and upper leaves, respectively. Most leaves abscised without prior ozone-like stippling or chlorosis. Failure to take this into account can result in underestimation of the effects of ozone on these plants. - Leaf loss was not necessarily accompanied by symptoms of foliar ozone injury

Seasonal development of ozone-induced foliar injury on tall milkweed (Asclepias exaltata) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Souza, Lara [Department of Biology, 572 Rivers Street, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608 (United States)]. E-mail: lsouza@utk.edu; Neufeld, Howard S. [Department of Biology, 572 Rivers Street, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608 (United States); Chappelka, Arthur H. [School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, 108 M White-Smith Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 (United States); Burkey, Kent O. [US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit and Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, 3908 Inwood Road, Raleigh, NC 26703 (United States); Davison, Alan W. [School of Biology, Ridley Building, University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU (United Kingdom)

2006-05-15

The goals of this study were to document the development of ozone-induced foliar injury, on a leaf-by-leaf basis, and to develop ozone exposure relationships for leaf cohorts and individual tall milkweeds (Asclepias exaltata L.) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Plants were classified as either ozone-sensitive or insensitive based on the amount of foliar injury. Sensitive plants developed injury earlier in the season and to a greater extent than insensitive plants. Older leaf cohorts were more likely to belong to high injury classes by the end of each of the two growing seasons. In addition, leaf loss was more likely for older cohorts (2000) and lower leaf positions (2001) than younger cohorts and upper leaves, respectively. Most leaves abscised without prior ozone-like stippling or chlorosis. Failure to take this into account can result in underestimation of the effects of ozone on these plants. - Leaf loss was not necessarily accompanied by symptoms of foliar ozone injury.

Impact of elevated CO2 and nitrogen fertilization on foliar elemental composition in a short rotation poplar plantation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Marinari, Sara; Calfapietra, Carlo; De Angelis, Paolo; Mugnozza, Giuseppe Scarascia; Grego, Stefano

2007-01-01

The experiment was carried out on a short rotation coppice culture of poplars (POP-EUROFACE, Central Italy), growing in a free air carbon dioxide enriched atmosphere (FACE). The specific objective of this work was to study whether elevated CO 2 and fertilization (two CO 2 treatments, elevated CO 2 and control, two N fertilization treatments, fertilized and unfertilized), as well as the interaction between treatments caused an unbalanced nutritional status of leaves in three poplar species (P. x euramericana, P. nigra and P. alba). Finally, we discuss the ecological implications of a possible change in foliar nutrients concentration. CO 2 enrichment reduced foliar nitrogen and increased the concentration of magnesium; whereas nitrogen fertilization had opposite effects on leaf nitrogen and magnesium concentrations. Moreover, the interaction between elevated CO 2 and N fertilization amplified some element unbalances such as the K/N-ratio. - CO 2 enrichment reduced foliar nitrogen and increased the magnesium concentration in poplar

Physiological responses of Tillandsia albida (Bromeliaceae) to long-term foliar metal application

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kováčik, Jozef; Klejdus, Bořivoj; Štork, František; Hedbavny, Josef

2012-01-01

Highlights: ► Impact of foliar Cd, Ni and Cd + Ni application on Tillandsia albida was studied. ► Cd caused visible damage and enhanced stress parameters in combined treatment. ► Nitrogenous compounds were slightly affected but phenols were up- and down-regulated. ► Mineral nutrients (K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, and Zn) were not affected by any of treatments. ► Total Cd or Ni reached ca. 0.04% and Ni was more absorbed than Cd. - Abstract: The impact of 2-month foliar application of cadmium, nickel and their combination (10 μM) on Tillandsia albida was studied. Cadmium caused damage of tissue but assimilation pigments were depressed in Cd + Ni variant only. Stress-related parameters (ROS and peroxidase activities) were elevated by Cd and Cd + Ni while MDA content remained unaffected. Free amino acids accumulated the most in Ni alone but soluble proteins were not influenced. Among phenolic acids, mainly vanillin contributed to increase of their sum in all variants while soluble phenols even decreased in Cd + Ni and flavonols slightly increased in Cd variants. Phenolic enzymes showed negligible responses to almost all treatments. Mineral nutrients (K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, and Zn) were not affected by metal application but N content increased. Total Cd or Ni amounts reached over 400 μg g −1 DW and were not affected if metal alone and combined treatment is compared while absorbed content differed (ca. 50% of total Cd was absorbed while almost all Ni was absorbed). These data indicate tolerance of T. albida to foliar metal application and together with strong xerophytic morphology, use for environmental studies is recommended.

Efeitos do sombreamento na anatomia foliar de Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng Harms e Schinnus terebinthifolius Raddi

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M.S. Santos

2014-03-01

Full Text Available Realizou-se estudo com o objetivo de analisar as alterações na anatomia foliar de Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng Harms e Schinnus terebinthifolius Raddi quando cultivadas em ambientes de sombra moderada ou densa, simulando as condições naturais encontradas em sistemas agroflorestais tradicionais do sul da Bahia, Brasil. Plantas das duas espécies, com aproximadamente um ano de idade, foram cultivadas em casa de vegetação sob quatro níveis de sombreamento (25%, 17%, 10% e 5%. Estudos anatômicos do limbo foliar foram realizados a partir de material incluído em parafina e seccionado em micrótomo rotativo. Os diferentes níveis de sombreamento ocasionaram alterações na estrutura do mesofilo de ambas as espécies, com diferenças significativas na espessura do parênquima paliçádico, limbo foliar, e densidade estomática. Nas condições em que o experimento foi realizado os resultados obtidos indicaram que G. integrifolia apresenta maior capacidade de aclimatação a ambientes de sombra moderada e densa do que S. terebinthifolius, sendo mais indicada para o cultivo em sistemas agroflorestais pré-estabelecidos.

Soil and foliar analysis laboratories in Costa Rica: a report of the Comite de Laboratorios de Analisis de Suelos, Plantas y Aguas

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Corrales, Marco; Bertsch, Floria; Bejarano, Jose Antonio

2005-01-01

The situation of soils and foliar analysis laboratories in Costa Rica is showed in this job. The characteristics and methodologies of each laboratory are described, as well as the results of the National Exchange Programs, which have been implemented among all of them for the last 6 years, and which are denominated as PINAS for soils and PINAF for foliar. For each determination, soil as well as foliar, achievements in homologation of methodologies are stressed, and estimates obtained on intrinsic variability - resulting from processing control samples - are discussed. With the results of control samples that have been analyzed in 15 national laboratories, the internal variability of each one was evaluated, comparisons among them were made, and estimations of the intrinsic variability shown by each determination were made. At PINAS, more than 60 soil control samples have been processed, with 2 extracting solutions (Modified KCl-Olsen and Mehlich 3), and with 3 to 6 replicates per solution; at PINAF, 16 control foliar samples have been processed, also repeated 3 times in each laboratory. In general, the internal variability of the laboratories is low; for soil determinations, variation among laboratories fluctuated 10-20%, and for foliar the fluctuation was even lower (10-15%). The assessment can be made, that having these variations among results from different laboratories is quite acceptable, yet subject to improvement. (author) [es

Changes in the dynamics of foliar N metabolites in oak saplings by drought and air warming depend on species and soil type.

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Bin Hu

Full Text Available Climate change poses direct or indirect influences on physiological mechanisms in plants. In particular, long living plants like trees have to cope with the predicted climate changes (i.e. drought and air warming during their life span. The present study aimed to quantify the consequences of simulated climate change for foliar N metabolites over a drought-rewetting-drought course. Saplings of three Central European oak species (i.e. Quercus robur, Q. petraea, Q. pubescens were tested on two different soil types (i.e. acidic and calcareous. Consecutive drought periods increased foliar amino acid-N and soluble protein-N concentrations at the expense of structural N in all three oak species. In addition, transient effects on foliar metabolite dynamics were observed over the drought-rewetting-drought course. The lowest levels of foliar soluble protein-N, amino acid-N and potassium cation with a minor response to drought and air warming were found in the oak species originating from the driest/warmest habitat (Q. pubescens compared to Q. robur and Q. petraea. Higher foliar osmolyte-N and potassium under drought and air warming were observed in all oak species when grown on calcareous versus acidic soil. These results indicate that species-specific differences in physiological mechanisms to compensate drought and elevated temperature are modified by soil acidity.

Foliar application effects of beet vinasse on rice yield and chemical composition

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tejada, M.; Garcia-Martinez, A. M.; Benitez, C.; Gonzalez, J. L.; Bautista, J.; Parrado, J.

2009-01-01

This study presents an account of rice (oriza sativa cv. Puntal) yield quality parameters as influenced by the foliar application of an industrial byproduct (beet vinasse). Beet (Beta vulgaris L. Subsp.vurgaris) vinasse is a product of great agricultural interest, because of its organic matter content, N and K concentrations. (Author)

Nível crítico pelo critério da distribuição normal reduzida: uma nova proposta para interpretação de análise foliar Critical level through the reduced normal distribution approach: a new proposal for interpretation of foliar analysis

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Celsemy E. Maia

2001-05-01

Full Text Available Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, desenvolver uma metodologia através de um embasamento estatístico, para determinação de nível crítico em tecido vegetal, oriunda de condições de campo. A obtenção do nível crítico pela distribuição contínua de probabilidade, é uma nova proposta para interpretação de análise foliar, baseada na distribuição normal reduzida. Para isto, são necessários dados de produtividade (P e de Q, donde Q é definido como a relação entre P e n i (Q= P/n i, e n i é o teor do nutriente de que se deseja encontrar o nível crítico. Inicialmente encontra-se P que representa 90% da máxima, pela equação P(90% = 1,281552s1 + X e para o cálculo de Q que 90% do valor máximo pela equação Q = 1,281552s2 + X onde X e s1 são a média aritmética e o desvio-padrão de P e X e s2, a média e o desvio-padrão de Q. O nível crítico é obtido por NCi = (1,281552s1 + X/(1,281552s2 + X. O nível crítico foliar determinado pela metodologia da distribuição contínua de probabilidade permitiu calcular-se, para a cultura do café, valores dentro da faixa de referência recomendada pela literatura.This study develops a methodology through a statistical method, for the determination of critical level in foliar analysis. The obtaining of the critical level with the continuous distribution of probability is a new proposal for foliar analysis interpretation, based on the reduced normal distribution. For this purpose it is necessary to have data of productivity (P and of Q, defined as the relationship between P and n i (Q = P/n i, where n i is the content of the nutrient for which critical level is to be found. Initially Pr which represents 90% of the maxim, is calculated with the equation P(90% = 1.281552s1 + x1 and for the calculation of Q 90% of the maximum value with the equation Q = 1.281552s2 + x2 where x1 and s1 are the arithmetic average and the standard deviation of P and x2 and s2 the average and the standard

FOLIAR APPLICATION OF SILICON ON YIELD COMPONENTS OF WHEAT CROP

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THOMAS NEWTON MARTIN

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Wheat is a major winter crop in southern Brazil. To maximize its productivity, there should be no biotic or abiotic restrictions that can affect the yield components. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the changes caused in the wheat crop yield components by silicon foliar application. The experiment was conducted in two growing seasons. In the first year, five wheat cultivars (Quartzo, Campo Real, Onix and Fundacep Lineage were assessed and in the second year four were assessed (Mirante, Campo Real, Horizonte and Quartzo. In both years the crops were subjected to three doses of silicon (0, 3 and 6 L of silicon ha -1. The silicon was applied during the tillering, booting and anthesis stages. The yield components assessed were the number of plants, number of ears, number of fertile tillers, dry matter per plant, hectoliter weight, number of spikelets, number of grains per spike, weight of hundred grains, grain yield and harvest index. Most yield components did not respond to the silicon foliar application. The harvest index (first year and the number of tillers (second year however presented a quadratic relationship with the supply of silicon. The remaining differences were attributed to variations among the wheat cultivars.

DESEMPENHO DA APLICAÇÃO FOLIAR DE ZINCO EM FEIJOEIRO

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Hugo Alexandre Coelho

2010-06-01

Full Text Available The nutritional requirements of crops, in general, becomes more intense with the beginning of the reproductive phase, being more critical at the time of seed formation, when considerable amounts of nutrients are they translocation, this requirement should be increased to the fact that nutrients are essential to training and development of new bodies of booking. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic efficiency of foliar application of zinc (zinc oxide Zn 700 g L-1 in bean plant, compared to leaf application of zinc sulphate (ZnSO4 and control (without application of Zn. The experiment was installed in the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences - UNESP / Campus de Botucatu-SP. Was placed in containers with a capacity of 20L of soil and leaf applications encompassing four schemes and two of rain, with 5 replicates per treatment, a total of 40 vessels. The results for the factorial design did not show in general, significantly different answers when evaluated on the simulation of rain or the lack of simulation. The treatment (700g L-1 of ZnO has demonstrated agronomic efficiency as its foliar application, with results equal or exceed the application of ZnSO4 and control when applied at the same dose of Zn.

Primer registro de Allomyces neomoniliformis (Chytridiomycota y Dictyuchus missouriensis (Oomycota aislados de un suelo agrícola (Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Mónica M. Steciow

2001-01-01

Full Text Available Allomyces neomoniliformis y Dictyuchus missouriensis fueron aislados de un suelo agrícola conteniendo materia orgánica (hojas, raíces y tallos en Argentina. Ambas especies son citadas por primera vez para la Argentina y por segunda vez para Sudamérica, siendo el hallazgo más austral para el hemisferio occidental. Constituye el segundo aislamiento en Argentina de especies del género Allomyces y Dictyuchus. Se realizan consideraciones acerca de la distribucion de ambas especies

Foliar manganese accumulation by Maytenus founieri (Celastraceae) in its native New Caledonian habitats: populational variation and localization by X-ray microanalysis.

Science.gov (United States)

Fernando, D R; Woodrow, I E; Jaffré, T; Dumontet, V; Marshall, A T; Baker, A J M

2008-01-01

Hyperaccumulation by plants is a rare phenomenon that has potential practical benefits. The majority of manganese (Mn) hyperaccumulators discovered to date occur in New Caledonia, and little is known about their ecophysiology. This study reports on natural populations of one such species, the endemic shrub Maytenus founieri. Mean foliar Mn concentrations of two populations growing on ultramafic substrates with varying soil pHs were obtained. Leaf anatomies were examined by light microscopy, while the spatial distributions of foliar Mn in both populations were examined by qualitative scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Plants growing on two different substrates were found to have very different mean dry weight (DW) foliar Mn concentrations. Light microscopy showed that the leaves had very distinct thick dermal structures, consisting of multiple layers of large cells in the hypodermis. In vivo X-ray microprobe analyses revealed that, in both populations, Mn sequestration occurred primarily in these dermal tissues. The finding here that foliar Mn is most highly localized in the nonphotosynthetic tissues of M. founieri contrasts with results from similar studies on other woody species that accumulate high Mn concentrations in their shoots.

Effects of magnesium sulfate on the foliar absorption of phosphates at the pumpkin

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chamel, A.

1962-01-01

The foliar absorption of phosphates labelled with 32 P and applied with or without magnesium sulfate on the first leaf of pumpkin seedlings have been studied. The magnesium sulfate applied with the phosphate reduces plainly the absorption rate of 32 P. (O.M.) [fr

Consumo de nutrimentos por los frutos y bandolas de cafe caturra durante un ciclo de desarrollo y maduracion en Aquiares, Turrialba, Costa Rica

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Floria Ramírez

2002-01-01

Full Text Available Con el fin de detenninar las etapas de ab- cosorci6n mas importantes durante el periodo de llenado del fruto de cafe, con miras a mejorar el suplemento de nutrimentos via fertilizaci6n fo- liar, se elabor6 una curva de absorci6n 0 acumu- laci6n de nutrimentos por los frutos y las bando- las de plantas de cafe, en la zona de Aquiares, Tu- rrialba. Esta zona presenta floraciones sucesivas, no obstante, se realiz6 un muestreo secuencial de bandolas (marcadas en el momento de maxima succefloraci6n de una plantaci6n de caturra de 2 afios de poda baja. Se clasific6 los frutos por tamafio de cada una de esas bandolas y se estableci6 la categoria de fruto dominante cada mes, a 10 largo de los 8 meses de desarrollo del fruto. Asi, se ela- bor6 la curva de consumo de nutrimentos por un domifruto, con la que se pudo establecer, para cada uno de los nutrimentos, especialmente los meno- res, los momentos de maxima absorci6n por el fruto y por 10 tanto los mas apropiados para reci- bir un suplemento foliar. A los 90 dias (3 meses despues del pico de floraci6n, todos los elemen- tos, excepto el K, han sido consumidos en un 50% del requisito total. Un programa de fertili- zaci6n foliar de elementos menores que quisiera apoyar efectivamente el curso de fonnaci6n, lle- nado y maduraci6n de frutos deberia incluir el suplemento de Zn y B preferiblemente a los 2,5 y 3,5 meses, y un adicional solo de B hacia el momento de lamaduracion, 6,5 meses. Las apli- caciones tardias de Zn no resultan pertinentes pues el consumo de ese elemento finaliza antes elede esa epoca. Otros elementos como el Mg, el N y el K serfan recomendables a los 2,5 y 6,5 me- ses. Si la plantacion tuviera necesidades particu- particulares de Ca, estas deberfan suplirse antes de los primeros 3 meses.

The Effect of Nitroxin Biofertilizer and Foliar Applicatin of Micronutrients Time Consumption on Yield and Yield Components of New Wheat Cultivars under Khorramabad Climatic Conditions

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A. Vaez

2016-02-01

Full Text Available Introduction In order to study the effects of Nitroxin biofertilizer and foliar application of micronutrients time consumption on yield and yield components of new wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum & T. durum under Khorramabad climatic conditions, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm khorramabad during growing season of 2012-2013. Considering the positive effect of inoculation with bio-fertilizer and foliar Nitroxin micronutrients and reaction of cultivars to this type of fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizers and the importance of wheat as one of the main crops, this study aims to determine the most appropriate time for foliar and Nitroxin application of micronutrients at the different stages of plant growth and bio-fertilizer application on yield and yield components. Materials and Methods The first factor was considered in six levels: N0: The lack of the seed insemination with nitroxin biofertilizer and without the foliar application of micronutrients (control, N1: the seed inoculation with the nitroxin biofertilizer, N2: the foliar application of micronutrients at the jointing stage, N3: the foliar application of micronutrients at the heading stage, N4: the seed insemination with nitroxin biofertilizer and foliar application of micronutrients at the jointing stage, N5: the seed insemination with nitroxin biofertilizer and foliar application of micronutrients at the heading stage. The second factor was considered at two levels, consisting: V1: Parsi cultivar and V2: Dena cultivar. MSTATC Software was used for data analysis and means were compared by Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% level. Results and Discussion In this experiment the grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, 1000- grain weight, spike number per m-2, grain number per spike and spikelet number per spike of wheat were studied. The results of the data variance analysis has

Composição química da cera epicuticular e caracterização da superfície foliar em genótipos de cana-de-açúcar Chemical composition of epicuticular wax and characterization of leaf surface in sugarcane genotypes

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E.A. Ferreira

2005-12-01

Full Text Available Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a composição química da cera epicuticular e caracterizar a superfície foliar dos cultivares de cana-de-açúcar RB855113 (sensível à mistura de herbicidas trifloxysulfuron-sodium + ametryn, SP80-1842 e SP80-1816, do clone RB957689 (com média sensibilidade à mistura de herbicidas e do cultivar RB867515 (tolerante. A cera epicuticular foi extraída e quantificada e os seus constituintes analisados por cromatografia a gás, acoplada a espectrômetro de massa (CG-EM. Para determinação da composição química, assim como a caracterização da superfície foliar dos cultivares avaliados, amostras de lâmina foliar foram coletadas e submetidas à microscopia eletrônica de varredura, para caracterização das faces adaxial e abaxial. A análise das amostras revelou a presença de hidrocarbonetos, esteróides, ésteres graxos, álcoois e aldeídos. A cera do cultivar sensível à mistura (RB855113 apresentou menor número de componentes químicos e predominância de ésteres graxos de cadeia mais curta que os encontrados nos demais cultivares, bem como pequena proporção de esteróides e hidrocarbonetos. Nos cultivares com média sensibilidade (SP80-1842 e RB867515, a cera apresentou maior proporção de hidrocarbonetos e esteróides. A cera do cultivar RB855113 apresentou polaridade intermediária, porém menos polar que a cera do cultivar RB867515 (tolerante à mistura. Não foram observadas diferenças marcantes entre os cultivares no que se refere à micromorfologia foliar.This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of epicuticular wax and to characterize leaf surface in the sugarcane cultivars RB85113 (sensitive to trifloxysulfuron-sodium + ametryn, SP80 1842, SP80 1816, clone RB957689 (with medium sensitivity to trifloxysulfuron-sodium + ametryn and the cultivar RB867515 (tolerant. Epicuticular wax was extracted and quantified, and its contents submitted to gas chromatography coupled to a

Foliar δ13C Showed No Altitudinal Trend in an Arid Region and Atmospheric Pressure Exerted a Negative Effect on Plant δ13C

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Zixun Chen

2017-07-01

Full Text Available Previous studies have suggested foliar δ13C generally increases with altitude. However, some observations reported no changes or even decreased trends in foliar δ13C. We noted that all the studies in which δ13C increased with elevation were conducted in the human regions, whereas those investigations in which δ13C did not vary or decreased were conducted in areas with water stress. Thus, we proposed that the pattern of increasing δ13C with elevation is not a general one, and that δ13C may remain unchanged or decrease in plants grown in arid environments. To test the hypothesis, we sampled plants along altitude gradients on the shady and sunny slopes of Mount Tianshan characterized by arid and semiarid climates. The measurements of foliar δ13C showed no altitudinal trends for the plants grown on either of the slopes. Therefore, this study supported our hypothesis. In addition, the present study addressed the effect of atmospheric pressure on plant δ13C by accounting for the effects of temperature and precipitation on δ13C. This study found that the residual foliar δ13C increased with increasing altitude, suggesting that atmospheric pressure played a negative role in foliar δ13C.

Severidade de doenças e manutenção da área foliar verde em função da aplicação de micronutrientes e fungicidas em trigo

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Giuvan Lenz

2011-06-01

Full Text Available Na safra agrícola de 2007 foi instalado um experimento com a cultura do trigo com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do zinco, manganês e molibdênio aplicados juntamente com fungicidas sobre a severidade de doenças e duração da área foliar verde. As aplicações dos fungicidas foram realizadas no final do emborrachamento e no florescimento, e a de micronutrientes, somente no florescimento. Foram analisados os teores de micronutrientes nas folhas, severidade das doenças causadas por Drechslera tritici-repentis eSeptoria tritici, índice SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development, peso hectolítrico, peso de mil grãos, tamanho de espigas, e rendimento de grãos. O uso do epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina proporcionou o melhor controle de D. tritici-repentis e de S. tritici. Produtos com epoxiconazol e piraclostrobina atuaram na fisiologia da planta, incrementando os teores de micronutrientes nos tecidos e prolongando o tempo que o trigo permaneceu com área foliar fotossinteticamente ativa. Epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina, piraclostrobina e epoxiconazol pulverizados associados ou não a micronutrientes, propiciaram aumento do peso hectolítrico, peso de mil grãos e rendimento, quando comparados à testemunha.

Physiological responses of Tillandsia albida (Bromeliaceae) to long-term foliar metal application

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kovacik, Jozef, E-mail: jozkovacik@yahoo.com [Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno (Czech Republic); CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno (Czech Republic); Klejdus, Borivoj [Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno (Czech Republic); CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno (Czech Republic); Stork, Frantisek [Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University, Manesova 23, 041 67 Kosice (Slovakia); Hedbavny, Josef [Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno (Czech Republic)

2012-11-15

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Impact of foliar Cd, Ni and Cd + Ni application on Tillandsia albida was studied. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Cd caused visible damage and enhanced stress parameters in combined treatment. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Nitrogenous compounds were slightly affected but phenols were up- and down-regulated. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Mineral nutrients (K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, and Zn) were not affected by any of treatments. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Total Cd or Ni reached ca. 0.04% and Ni was more absorbed than Cd. - Abstract: The impact of 2-month foliar application of cadmium, nickel and their combination (10 {mu}M) on Tillandsia albida was studied. Cadmium caused damage of tissue but assimilation pigments were depressed in Cd + Ni variant only. Stress-related parameters (ROS and peroxidase activities) were elevated by Cd and Cd + Ni while MDA content remained unaffected. Free amino acids accumulated the most in Ni alone but soluble proteins were not influenced. Among phenolic acids, mainly vanillin contributed to increase of their sum in all variants while soluble phenols even decreased in Cd + Ni and flavonols slightly increased in Cd variants. Phenolic enzymes showed negligible responses to almost all treatments. Mineral nutrients (K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, and Zn) were not affected by metal application but N content increased. Total Cd or Ni amounts reached over 400 {mu}g g{sup -1} DW and were not affected if metal alone and combined treatment is compared while absorbed content differed (ca. 50% of total Cd was absorbed while almost all Ni was absorbed). These data indicate tolerance of T. albida to foliar metal application and together with strong xerophytic morphology, use for environmental studies is recommended.

Vine-shoot waste aqueous extract applied as foliar fertilizer to grapevines: Effect on amino acids and fermentative volatile content.

Science.gov (United States)

Sánchez-Gómez, R; Garde-Cerdán, T; Zalacain, A; Garcia, R; Cabrita, M J; Salinas, M R

2016-04-15

The aim of this work was to study the influence of foliar applications of different wood aqueous extracts on the amino acid content of musts and wines from Airén variety; and to study their relationship with the volatile compounds formed during alcoholic fermentation. For this purpose, the foliar treatments proposed were a vine-shoot aqueous extract applied in one and two times, and an oak extract which was only applied once. Results obtained show the potential of Airén vine-shoot waste aqueous extracts to be used as foliar fertilizer, enhancing the wine amino acid content especially when they were applied once. Similar results were observed with the aqueous oak extract. Regarding wine fermentative volatile compounds, there is a close relationship between musts and their wines amino acid content allowing us to discuss about the role of proline during the alcoholic fermentation and the generation of certain volatiles. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Aplicações de fertilizantes foliares na nutrição e na produção do pimentão e do tomateiro Foliar fertilizer applications on nutrition and yield of sweet pepper and tomato

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Hamilton S. Pereira

2002-12-01

Full Text Available Avaliou-se a eficiência de fertilizantes foliares, contendo Ca e B, na nutrição e produção do pimentão cv. Mayata e do tomate cv. Carmem, cultivados em estufas. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com seis tratamentos, três e quatro repetições, respectivamente, para o tomateiro e pimentão. Os tratamentos foram a água de retortagem de xisto (100; 78; 3,0; 12,5; 3,0; 12,5; 4,0 e 0,2 g.L-1 de N, K, S, Ca, Mg, B, Mn e Mo, respectivamente a 0,1; 0,25; 0,5 e 1%; os sais ácido bórico (170 g.kg-1 de B a 0,15% mais cloreto de cálcio a 0,15% e o quelato de cálcio (200 g.kg-1 de Ca a 0,1% e boro orgânico (10 g.kg-1 de B a 0,15%. A aplicação de água de retortagem de xisto a 0,5% via foliar aumentou em 27,4% a produção de frutos de pimentão e os teores foliares de Mg e S em relação à aplicação desse fertilizante a 0,1%. Para o tomateiro, as pulverizações com água de retortagem de xisto a 0,5 e 1% elevaram em 60,5 e 93,8% a produção de frutos em comparação à menor dose desse fertilizante. Os maiores teores de B nas folhas de pimentão e de tomate foram obtidos com as aplicações de sais e resultaram em sintomas visuais de toxicidade de B no início do desenvolvimento das culturas.The efficiency of foliar fertilizers was evaluated on nutrition and yield of sweet pepper cv. Mayata and tomato cv. Carmem, cultivated in plastic greenhouse. For the two experiments the experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with three and four replications for tomato and sweet pepper, respectively, and six treatments (schist retortage water 0.1; 0.25; 0.5 and 1%; boric acid 0.15% plus clorate calcium 0.15% and quelate Ca 0.1% plus organic B 0.15%. The foliar application of schist retortage water 0.5% increased 27.4% the sweet pepper fruit yield and foliar concentrations of Mg and S compared to this fertilizer 0.1%. For tomato, the application of schist retortage water 0.5 and 1% increased 60.5 and 93.8% the fruit yield

Shrimp pond effluent dominates foliar nitrogen in disturbed mangroves as mapped using hyperspectral imagery

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Fauzi, A.; Skidmore, A.K.; van Gils, H.A.M.J.; Schlerf, M.; Heitkonig, I.M.A.

2013-01-01

Conversion of mangroves to shrimp ponds creates fragmentation and eutrophication. Detection of the spatial variation of foliar nitrogen is essential for understanding the effect of eutrophication on mangroves. We aim (i) to estimate nitrogen variability across mangrove landscapes of the Mahakam

Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide on the Growth and Foliar Chemistry of Transgenic Bt Cotton

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

Gang Wu; Fa-Jun Chen; Feng Ge; Yu-Cheng Sun

2007-01-01

A field study was carried out to quantify plant growth and the foliar chemistry of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)cotton (cv. GK-12) exposed to ambient CO2 and elevated (double-ambient) CO2 for different lengths of time (1, 2 and 3 months) in 2004 and 2005. The results indicated that CO2 levels significantly affected plant height, leaf area per plant and leaf chemistry of transgenic Bt cotton. Significantly, higher plant height and leaf area per plant were observed after cotton plants that were grown in elevated CO2 were compared with plants grown in ambient CO2 for 1, 2 and 3 months in the investigation. Simultaneously, significant interaction between CO2 level x investigating year was observed in leaf area per plant. Moreover, foliar total amino acids were increased by 14%, 13%, 11% and 12%, 14%, 10% in transgenic Bt cotton after exposed to elevated CO2 for 1, 2 or 3 months compared with ambient CO2 in 2004 and 2005, respectively. Condensed tannin occurrence increased by 17%, 11%, 9% in 2004 and 12%, 11%, 9% in 2005 in transgenic Bt cotton after being exposed to elevated CO2 for 1, 2 or 3 months compared with ambient CO2 for the same time. However, Bt toxin decreased by 3.0%,2.9%, 3.1% and 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.9% in transgenic Bt cotton after exposed to elevated CO2 for 1, 2 or 3months compared with ambient CO2 for same time in 2004 and 2005, respectively. Furthermore, there was prominent interaction on the foliar total amino acids between the CO2 level and the time of cotton plant being exposed to elevated CO2. It is presumed that elevated CO2 can alter the plant growth and hence ultimately the phenotype allocation to foliar chemistical components of transgenic Bt cotton, which may in turn, affect the plant-herbivore interactions.

A comparison of two methods for estimating conifer live foliar moisture content

Science.gov (United States)

W. Matt Jolly; Ann M. Hadlow

2012-01-01

Foliar moisture content is an important factor regulating how wildland fires ignite in and spread through live fuels but moisture content determination methods are rarely standardised between studies. One such difference lies between the uses of rapid moisture analysers or drying ovens. Both of these methods are commonly used in live fuel research but they have never...

Comportamento da área foliar da videira “Isabel” submetida a diferentes tipos e doses de biofertilizantes

OpenAIRE

Olivânia dos Santos Nascimento; Aldair Souza Medeiros; Atos Tavares Gomes; Fábio Itano dos Santos Alves; José Geraldo Rodrigues dos Santos

2014-01-01

Objetivou-se verificar o efeito da aplicação de diferentes tipos e doses de biofertilizante, na área foliar da videira ‘Isabel’ em cultivo orgânico nas condições edafoclimáticas de Catolé do Rocha-PB. Estudou-se os efeitos de 5 tipos de biofertilizante biofertilizante e 8 doses na área foliar da videira ‘Isabel’ após a primeira poda de produção. O experimento foi conduzido sob condições de campo, em área pertencente à Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campus IV. O delineamento adotado foi o d...

INTERACCIÓN LIMA PERSA-PORTAINJERTOS. EFECTO EN CARACTERÍSTICAS ESTOMÁTICAS DE HOJA Y VIGOR DE ÁRBOLES

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R. Berdeja-Arbeu

2010-01-01

Full Text Available Se evaluó el efecto de 11 portainjertos en el número y tamaño de estomas, así como en el índice estomático y se correlacionaron con la altura en plantas de lima 'Persa'. Se evaluaron los portainjertos: citranges 'C32', 'C35', 'Benton', 'Carrizo', 'Florida' y 'Morton', los mandarinos 'Amblicarpa' y 'Cleopatra', limón 'Volkameriano', 'Flying Dragon' y naranjo 'Agrio' como testigo. Las hojas de lima 'Persa' son anfiestomáticas; en el haz sólo tiene estomas en la nervadura principal. Se encontró que los portainjertos modificaron el número de estomas (desde 287 hasta 331 por mm-2 y células epidérmicas (2,871 a 2,269 por mm-2; estos parámetros fueron mayores con naranjo 'Agrio'; el índice estomático fue superior en mandarino 'Cleopatra' (9.86 y el tamaño de estomas en citrange 'Carrizo' (25.89 ¿m. La menor área foliar en cuatro hojas de lima 'Persa' la presentaron las plantas injertadas en 'Flying Dragon' (124 cm-2. En 10 portainjertos la altura de las plantas de lima 'Persa' fue superior a 4.01 m, y el diámetro de copa, a 3.03 m, pero en 'Flying Dragon' sólo fue de 2.43 y 2.21 m, respectivamente. La frecuencia estomática se correlacionó positivamente con el número de células epidérmicas (r= 0.709 y negativamente con diámetro de tallo del portainjerto (r= -0.449.

Consumo de hojas por herbívoros en manglares del estuario del Río Dagua, Costa Pacífica Colombiana

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Isabel C. Romero

2006-12-01

Full Text Available Leaf consumption by herbivores in mangroves of the Dagua river estuary, Pacific coast of Colombia. Herbivore leaf consumption of various mangrove species in relation to environmental factors and leaf hardness were studied in the Dagua river estuary, Colombia. Leaf consumption and damage were assessed by measuring the percentage of area attacked by herbivores, distinguishing between consumption and damage. The species that suffered the highest consumption, such as Avicennia germinans (Avicenniaceae and Laguncularia racemosa (Combretaceae, had softer leaves and less herbivore species when compared with Rhizophora spp. (Rhizophoraceae and Pelliciera rhizophorae (Theaceae. The abundance and diversity of leaf grazing and its variability among mangrove species in the Dagua River estuary, show the importance of the trophic dynamics of live vegetable matter, in spite of their relatively low contribution to removing organic matter. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4: 1205-1214. Epub 2006 Dec. 15Se estudió el consumo foliar por herbívoros en hojas de varias especies de mangle con relación a los factores ambientales y la dureza de las hojas en el estuario del río Dagua. La intensidad del consumo o de los daños producidos en las hojas se cuantificó determinando el porcentaje de área foliar afectado por herbívoros separando las distintas señales de consumo o daño de las hojas. Las especies más consumidas, como A germinans y L. racemosa, presentan el menor número de tipos de huellas de daños y menor dureza que las especies menos consumidas como Rhizophora sp. y P. rhizophorae. La abundancia y diversidad de huellas de ataque por herbívoros y su variabilidad a lo largo del estuario del río Dagua, muestra la importancia de los procesos de consumo de tejido vegetal vivo en el bosque de manglar dentro de la red trófica del sistema estuarino

Glyphosate e adubação foliar com manganês na cultura da soja transgênica Glyphosate and foliar fertilization using manganese in transgenic soybean crop

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N.M. Correia

2009-01-01

Full Text Available Com base na hipótese de que a soja transgênica tolerante ao glyphosate necessitaria da adição complementar de manganês devido a alterações na absorção e no metabolismo do elemento pelas plantas, objetivou-se estudar a interação da soja transgênica pulverizada com glyphosate e a adubação foliar com manganês. Foi desenvolvido experimento em campo, no ano agrícola 2007/2008, na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Produção da UNESP, campus de Jaboticabal, SP. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, no esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados quatro manejos de plantas daninhas [glyphosate (p.c. Roundup Ready a 0,72 e 1,20 kg ha-1 de equivalente ácido, fluazifop-p-butyl + fomesafen (p.c. Fusiflex a 0,25 + 0,25 kg ha-1 e testemunha capinada, sem herbicida] e quatro doses (0, 42, 84 e 126 g ha-1 de manganês em aplicação foliar na soja. Os tratamentos estudados não alteraram significativamente a produtividade de grãos, os teores de manganês no solo, a altura e a matéria seca das plantas de soja. Apenas a mistura fluazifop-p-butyl mais fomesafen ocasionou injúrias visuais nas plantas, porém os sintomas ficaram restritos às folhas que interceptaram o jato de pulverização. Para massa de 100 grãos, os herbicidas estudados não diferiram da testemunha; no entanto, as plantas tratadas com 0,72 kg ha-1 de glyphosate apresentaram menor massa de grãos. A aplicação de manganês não influenciou os teores do elemento nas plantas tratadas com glyphosate e naquelas sem herbicida. Portanto, o glyphosate não prejudicou a absorção ou o metabolismo do manganês pela planta, e o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas tratadas foram estatisticamente similares aos das não tratadas com herbicidas.Based on the hypothesis that glyphosate-tolerant transgenic soybean would need a manganese complementation due to alterations in the absorption and metabolism of this element by the plants, this work aimed to

Reabsorción de nitrógeno y fósforo foliar en árboles de bosques montanos en los Andes centrales de Colombia

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Miguel Vera

1999-06-01

Full Text Available Se determinaron las concentraciones y los porcentajes de reabsorción de nitrógeno y fósforo foliar en cinco especies de árboles de un bosque montano bajo (BMB a 1850 m.s.n.m. y en cinco de un bosque montano alto (BMA a 2800 m.s.n.m en la Cordillera Central colombiana, asi como la disponibilidad de nitrógeno y fósforo del suelo. Los porcentajes de reabsorción de N y P no fueron significativamente diferentes entre las especies de estos dos bosques. A pesar de esto, se observó que la reabsorción de P foliar tendió a ser mayor en las especies del BMB donde la concentración de P en el suelo fue significativamente más baja (3.2 ppm vs. 9.0 ppm. Cuando la reabsorción de P foliar se expresó como función de la concentración en hojas maduras en 12 tipos de bosques montanos tropicales, se encontró una correlación negativa y estadísticamente significativa. Estos resultados sugieren que los porcentajes de reabsorción de P foliar en bosques montanos estarían controlados parcialmente por la disponibilidad del elemento.Mature leaves and litterfall were collected between November 1992 and February 1993 from one to three individuals of five canopy tree species of a lower montane rain forest (LMRF at 1850 m. and five canopy tree species of an upper montane rain forest (UMRF at 2800 m. in the Central Andes of Colombia, to determine the concentrations and percentage retranslocation of nitrogen and phosphorus. The availability of these two nutrients was measured in the soils, by means of extracts of NH3-NH4, NO2-NO3 and PO4, and incubations of surface soil samples (0-10 cm to measure the rates of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification. In the species of the LMRF the average concentration of N in mature leaves (1.19 % dry weight and litterfall (0.87 % was significantly higher than in mature leaves (0.90 % and litterfall (0.59 % of the tree species of the UMRF. Percentage retranslocation of N and P were not significantly different between the

Modelos alométricos para estimativa da área foliar de boldo pelo método não destrutivo

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Samuel Ferreira da Silva

2017-09-01

Full Text Available A área foliar é uma das mais importantes medidas de avaliação do crescimento vegetativo, em virtude de estar ligada ao incremento de matéria seca nas plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar e obter o melhor modelo matemático para estimativa da área foliar do boldo (Plectranthus ornatus em função das suas dimensões alométricas. Utilizou-se um cultivo de boldo localizado na propriedade São Domingos no município de Alegre - ES, onde foram coletadas 80 folhas de 12 arbustos em outubro de 2013. As regressões foram determinadas considerando-se a área foliar real (AFR como variável dependente e o comprimento (C, largura (L e o produto do (C x L de cada folha como variáveis independentes. Com base nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que a equação exponencial    y = 22033e0,1523x foi o melhor modelo matemático para estimar a área foliar do boldo, com R² de 0,62. Os modelos que utilizaram apenas a largura das folhas mostraram-se mais adequados para estimar a área das folhas do boldo, uma vez que apresentam maior correlação.

Foliar Application of Potassium Fertilizer to Reduce the Effects of Salinity in Potato

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H Molahoseini

2017-06-01

Full Text Available Introduction The potato of commerce (Solanum tuberosum L. is an annual dicot species. It is an autotetraploid with 4x=48 chromosomes. In Iran the consumption per capita of potato is over the 35 kg. Potato production is usually done without reducing yield in the irrigation water salinity 1-2 dS m-1, but 4.2 dS m-1 salinity reduces yield by 26 percent. 10, 25 and 50 percent yield reduction have been reported in soil electrical conductivity 2.5, 3.8 and 5.9 dS m-1, respectively . Between the ability of plant species to maintain potassium levels and their tolerance to salinity is positive correlation and on this basis nutritional irregularity due to increased salinity can be compensated by increasing of potassium fertilizer. In tolerant plant species, during times of increased salinity, selective absorption of potassium increased. The ability of plants to maintain a certain level of K/Na within the cell is essential for salt tolerance and sometimes of these ratios is used as indicators of salinity tolerance. Potato yield in response to salt stress, according to a variety of uses, can be reduced from 20 to 85 percent. Harmful effects of salinity in the beginning stages of tubers and tuber growth stage are important, therefore, tuber number and tuber size are two important components of yield which may reduce in the effect of salinity. Accelerate the aging process of the shoot, unwanted earliness, are of the reasons for the reduction in tuber size. Materials and Methods A field experiment was conducted in the agricultural and natural resources research center (31° 32´ N, 51° 51´ E, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran. According to twenty years statistics, rainfall and temperature means for experiment location were 110 mm and 25 °C, respectively. The experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized block design with four replications. The treatments were three levels of foliar K application (control, K sulphate 10 ppm, and 2.5 ppm

Foliar and soil chemistry at red spruce sites in the Monongahela National Forest

Science.gov (United States)

Stephanie J. Connolly

2010-01-01

In 2005, soil and foliar chemistry were sampled from 10 sites in the Monongahela National Forest which support red spruce. Soils were sampled from hand-dug pits, by horizon, from the O-horizon to bedrock or 152 cm, and each pit was described fully. Replicate, archived samples also were collected.

Padrões nutricionais para lavouras arrozeiras irrigadas por inundação pelos métodos da CDN chance matemática

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Paulo Guilherme Salvador Wadt

2013-02-01

Full Text Available Para o arroz irrigado, poucos trabalhos utilizam métodos de diagnose foliar desenvolvidos para as condições locais de clima, solo ou cultivares. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os métodos da Diagnose da Composição Nutricional e da Chance Matemática na definição dos padrões nutricionais de lavouras arrozeiras do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Resultados de produtividade de grãos e teores foliares de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn e Mo de 356 lavouras arrozeiras cultivadas sob sistema de irrigação por inundação foram utilizados para a determinação das faixas de suficiência calculadas pelo método da Chance Matemática. As faixas de suficiência foram comparadas com valores críticos propostos pela literatura e com o intervalo de confiança do teor médio dos nutrientes em lavouras consideradas nutricionalmente equilibradas, identificadas pelo método Diagnose da Composição Nutricional. Observou-se pouca concordância entre os valores das faixas de suficiência indicados pelos métodos da Chance Matemática e da Diagnose da Composição Nutricional e os respectivos valores indicados na literatura. A faixa de teores foliares adequados, consistentes com maior produtividade média das lavouras arrozeiras, foi indicada ser de 23 a 28 g kg-1 para N; 11 a 14 g kg-1 para K; 1,4 a 2,0 g kg-1 para S; 6 a 12 mg kg-1 para B; e 70 a 200 mg kg-1 para Fe. Para os teores foliares de P, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Mn e Zn e Mo nenhuma das faixas adequadas testadas indicou capacidade para distinguir as lavouras arrozeiras quanto à produtividade média.

Effects of Vermi-compost Fertilizer Application and Foliar Spraying on Yield and Yield Component of Isabgol (Plantago ovate L. Medicinal Plant

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Asghar Rahimi

2017-12-01

Full Text Available Introduction Vermi-compost is the ability of some species of earthworms to consume and break down a wide range of organic residues such as sewage sludge, animal wastes, crop residues and industrial refuse. Vermi-composts are usually more stable than their parent materials with increased availability of nutrients and improved physicochemical and microbiological properties. Aerial compost tea contains high populations of live microorganism consisting of rhizobactria, trichoderma and pseudomonas species which increase the growth and yield of the plant. Acid humic is the main humic substance and the important ingredient of soil organic matter (humus which causes increase of yield and quality of crop. The aim of this research is evaluating the effect of vermi-compost and foliar application of compost tea and acid humic on yield, yield component and mucilage content of isabgol. Vermiwash as the extract of vermi-compost is liquid organic fertilizer obtained from unit of vermiculture and vermi-compost as drainage. It is used as a foliar spraying on the leaf. Vermiwash stimulate and increase the yield of crop products and foliar application of vermiwash can be caused of plant resistance to different factors and can prevent leaf necrosis. Material and Methods In order to study the effect of vermi-compost and foliar application of tea compost and acid humic on growth indices of isabgol (Plantago ovata, an experiment was conducted as a factorial based on complete randomized design with three replications in agricultural research farm at Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan. Treatments were included application of vermi-compost (0 (control, 4, 8, 12 and 16 t.ha-1 and 3 levels of foliar application (distilled water as control, acid humic and compost tea. Samples for evaluating of yield, yield components and mucilage content were taken from 1 m2 area of each treatment. Tea compost solution prepared using mix of vermi-compost, acid humic, yeast and alga extract

Determinación de biflavonoides en diferentes partes de la especie Garcinia bakeriana (Urb Borhidi

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Ahmed Al-Shaghdari

Full Text Available Introducción: el género Garcinia produce una gran variedad de metabolitos secundarios representados por xantonas, acilfloroglucinoles y biflavonoides fundamentalmente. Sin embargo, existe muy poca información sobre la composición química de las especies cubanas pertenecientes a este género. Objetivo: determinar la presencia de 11 biflavonoides en las hojas, la corteza del tallo y el látex de Garcinia bakeriana (Urb Borhidi. Métodos : los extractos de las hojas, látex y la corteza del tallo de G. bakeriana fueron comparados empleando un método de cromatografía líquida de ultra alta eficacia (CLUAE y 11 biflavonoides como sustancias de referencia. Resultados: los biflavonoides GB-1A, GB-2A, glicósido de GB-2A, glicósido de morelloflavona, 4´´´metoxi- I3,II8-biapigenina, I3,II8-biapigenina, amentoflavona y 4´´´-metoxiamentoflavona fueron detectados como constituyentes de las hojas y la corteza del tallo de G. bakeriana. Conclusiones: la especie G. bakeriana presenta biflavonoides como constituyentes de las hojas y la corteza del tallo. Además, la metodología de trabajo desarrollada contribuye al conocimiento de la composición química de la flora cubana y podría constituir una alternativa, rápida y de bajo consumo de disolventes, para el estudio comparativo de especies endémicas cubanas de escasa distribución y abundancia.

Severidade da mela da soja causada por Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA em função de doses de potássio Severity of hte foliar blight of the soylean caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA infunction of doses of potassium

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Marco Antonio Basseto

2007-03-01

Full Text Available O fungo Rhizoctonia solani pertencente ao grupo de anastomose 1 IA (AG-1 IA é um dos patógenos mais importantes afetando a cultura da soja no Brasil. Este fungo causa queima da folha e/ou mela em soja, para a qual medidas de manejo cultural são consideradas alternativas importantes para controle antes do estabelecimento da doença. Há evidências de que a adubação potássica diminui substancialmente a severidade dos sintomas de várias doenças da soja como a queima foliar (Cercospora kikuchii, a seca da haste e da vagem (Phomopsis phaseoli var. sojae e o cancro da haste (Diaporthe phaseolorum f. sp. meridionalis. Apesar das evidências do efeito do potássio no controle de várias doenças da soja, não há informação na literatura sobre o efeito desse nutriente no controle da mela. A hipótese testada foi que a mela da soja pode ser controlada através de incrementos na adubação potássica. De maneira geral, concluiu-se que, sob condições de casa de vegetação, o incremento de K no solo não resultou no controle da mela da soja. É necessário, entretanto, confirmar esta observação conduzindo-se experimentos sob condições de campo, podendo-se incluir a avaliação do efeito da doença sob aspectos da produção.The fungus Rhizoctonia solani, belonging to anastomosis group 1IA (AG-1 IA is one of the most important pathogens affecting soybean in Brazil. This fungus causes aerial or foliar blight of soybean, and cultural measures are thought as important choices for the control before the establishment of the disease. Based on evidences that potassium amendments can substantially reduce the severity of several soybean diseases such as Cercospora leaf blight (Cercospora kikuchii, pod and stem blight (Phomopsis phaseoli var. sojae and stem canker (Diaporthe phaseolorum f. sp. meridionalis. Despite all evidence, there is no information in the literature about the effect of potassium controlling the soybean foliar blight. The

Relationships between net photosynthesis and foliar nitrogen concentrations in a loblobby pine forest ecosystem grown in elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Springer, C. J.; Thomas, R. B.; Delucia, E. H.

2005-01-01

The effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration on the relationship between light-saturated net photosynthesis and area-based foliar nitrogen concentration in the canopy of a loblobby pine forest at the Duke Forest FACE experiment was examined. Two overstory and four understory tree species were examined at their growth carbon dioxide concentrations during the early summer and late summer of 1999, 2001 and 2002. Light-saturated net photosynthesis and foliar nitrogen relationship were compared to determine if the stimulatory effects of elevated carbon dioxide on net photosynthesis had declined. Results at all three sample times showed no difference in either the slopes, or in the y-intercepts of the net photosynthesis-foliar nitrogen relationship when measured at common carbon dioxide concentrations. Net photosynthesis was also unaffected by growth in elevated carbon dioxide, indicating that these overstory and understory trees continued to show strong stimulation of photosynthesis by elevated carbon dioxide. 46 refs., 6 tabs., 3 figs

Uptake of soil-, foliar-and pod-applied nitrogen and phosphorus by rape (Brassica napus L.)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhang Qinzheng; Xi Haifu; Lang Xianhua

1992-01-01

Uptake of soil-applied and foliar-and pod applied N, P by rape was studied by using 32 P and 15 N labelled fertilizer under pot culture condition. Application of phosphorus fertilizer to purplish clayey paddy soil which was poor in available P had influence on utilization of basal-dressed NH 4 HCO 3 by rape and subsequently on its growth and seed yield. Utilization rate of applied N in whole plant and seeds were 3.66 and 5.13 fold respectively as compared with control when 187.5 kg/ha of superphosphate were applied and increased with increasing application of superphosphate (187.5-562.5 kg/ha). Application of P fertilizer not only increased uptake of N but also promoted transportation of N from vegetative organs to seeds. Rape plant uptook 69.09% of foliar-and pod-applied N in form of 2% solution of urea after flowering and transported the N to seeds in greater proportion than that of soil-applied N. In the same period, 60% of foliar- and pod-applied P in form of 0.2% KH 2 PO 4 was absorbed by rape plant, most of which was in leaves. Uptake of N and P by rape increased 17.89% and 27.78% respectively when urea and phosphate was applied together compared with using urea and phosphate alone. Uptake of basal-dressed P by rape plant was 6% at early growing stage

Effect of simulated sulfuric acid rain on yield, growth and foliar injury of several crops

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lee, J J; Neely, G E; Perrigan, S C; Grothaus, L C

1981-01-01

This study was designed to reveal patterns of response of major United States crops to sulfuric acid rain. Potted plants were grown in field chambers and exposed to simulated sulfuric acid rain (pH 3.0, 3.5 or 4.0) or to a control rain (pH 5.6). At harvest, the weights of the marketable portion, total aboveground portion and roots were determined for 28 crops. Of these, marketable yield production was inhibited for 5 crops (radish, beet, carrot, mustard greens, broccoli), stimulated for 6 crops (tomato, green pepper, strawberry, alfalfa, orchardgrass, timothy), and ambiguously affected for 1 crop (potato). In addition, stem and leaf production of sweet corn was stimulated. Visible injury of tomatoes might have decreased their marketabiity. No statistically significant effects on yield were observed for the other 15 crops. The results suggest that the likelihood of yield being affected by acid depends on the part of the plant utilized, as well as on species. Effects on the aboveground portion of crops and on roots are also presented. Plants were regularly examined for foliar injury associated with acid rain. Of the 35 cultivars examined, the foliage of 31 was injured at pH 3.0, 28 at pH 3.5, and 5 at pH 4.0. Foliar injury was not generally related to effects on yield. However, foliar injury of Swiss chard, mustard greens and spinach was severe enough to adversely affect marketability.

Efeito da aplicação de fungicidas no controle de doenças foliares de arroz irrigado e sua relação com o rendimento industrial

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Luiz Carlos Bordin

2016-03-01

Full Text Available RESUMO As doenças foliares do arroz podem comprometer o enchimento e a maturação dos grãos por acelerar a sua secagem e, consequentemente, reduzir o rendimento industrial. O uso de fungicida tem o potencial de reduzir os danos das doenças foliares da cultura e aumentar o rendimento industrial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o número de aplicação de fungicida em diferentes estádios fenológicos no controle de doenças foliares para o patossistema múltiplo (brusone, mancha parda e escaldadura e sua relação com o rendimento industrial (rendimento de benefício, grãos inteiros e grãos quebrados. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nas safras agrícolas 2011/12 e 2012/13 no município de Rio do Oeste, localizado no Alto Vale do Itajaí, estado de Santa Catarina. Nos experimentos foi utilizada a cultivar SCS 116 Satoru. O delineamento foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e seis tratamentos constituídos de aplicações de mistura de fungicida difenoconazol e azoxistrobina, sendo um dos tratamentos (testemunha sem aplicação. As aplicações de fungicidas foram feita no estádio vegetativo V8 e nos reprodutivos R0, R2, R4 e R6. A colheita foi de forma manual, colhendo-se 2m2 da área central de cada parcela. Uma, duas, três, quatro e cinco aplicações de fungicida apresentaram incremento médio em relação á testemunha nas duas safras, de 6%, 7,2%, 13,1%, 17,4% e 19,2% no rendimento debenefício,14,6%, 28,5%, 36,1%, 45% e 48,7% para grãos inteiros e reduziu o percentual de grãos quebrados em 4,4%, 13,2%, 21,7%, 35% e 41,4,1%, respectivamente.

Ozone uptake (flux) as it relates to ozone-induced foliar symptoms of Prunus serotina and Populus maximowizii x trichocarpa

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Orendovici-Best, T.; Skelly, J.M.; Davis, D.D.; Ferdinand, J.A.; Savage, J.E.; Stevenson, R.E.

2008-01-01

Field studies were conducted during 2003 and 2004 from early June to the end of August, at 20 sites of lower or higher elevation within north-central Pennsylvania, using seedlings of black cherry (Prunus serotina, Ehrh.) and ramets of hybrid poplar (Populus maximowizii x trichocarpa). A linear model was developed to estimate the influence of local environmental conditions on stomatal conductance. The most significant factors explaining stomatal variance were tree species, air temperature, leaf vapor pressure deficit, elevation, and time of day. Overall, environmental factors explained less than 35% of the variation in stomatal conductance. Ozone did not affect gas exchange rates in either poplar or cherry. Ozone-induced foliar injury was positively correlated with cumulative ozone exposures, expressed as SUM40. Overall, the amount of foliar injury was better correlated to a flux-based approach rather than to an exposure-based approach. More severe foliar injuries were observed on plants growing at higher elevations. - Within heterogeneous environments, ozone flux does not completely explain the variation observed in ozone-induced visible injury

Contribuição das ramificações e a evolução do índice de área foliar em cultivares modernas de soja

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Alencar Junior Zanon

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Os objetivos neste trabalho foram quantificar a contribuição das ramificações e a evolução do índice de área foliar em cultivares modernas de soja com diferentes grupos de maturação, tipos de crescimento, semeadas em diferentes épocas e regiões produtoras de soja no Rio Grande do Sul. Experimentos de campo foram conduzidos durante o ano agrícola 2013/2014 em Santa Maria, Júlio de Castilhos e em três lavouras comerciais de soja nos municípios de Restinga Sêca, Tupanciretã e Água Santa. Avaliaram-se (data de ocorrência os estágios reprodutivos e a determinação do índice de área foliar total, máximo, da haste principal e das ramificações em treze cultivares de soja. O índice de área foliar das ramificações contribui com cerca de 31%, 12,3% e 11% do índice de área foliar total nas cultivares determinadas, e com 20,2%, 11,8% e 9% do índice de área foliar total nas cultivares indeterminadas nas semeaduras de setembro, novembro e fevereiro, respectivamente, em Santa Maria. A maioria das cultivares apresentou uma redução no índice de área foliar total, máximo, da haste principal e das ramificações com o atraso da época de semeadura, independentemente do grupo de maturação e tipo de crescimento.

ESTRUCTURA, RIQUEZA Y COMPOSICIÓN DE PLANTAS ARBORESENTES EN UN BOSQUE DE NIEBLA ENTRESACADO DEL TOLIMA (COLOMBIA

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Juan Manuel Campo Kurmen

2010-05-01

Full Text Available RESUMEN Se presenta el estudio de la estructura, la riqueza y la composición florística del componente arborescente de un bosque entresacado, en la vereda Dantas, municipio de Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia, con base en el muestreo de los individuos con DAP ≥ 2,5 cm en 0,1 ha. El bosque se caracteriza por la escasez de lianas y de hemiepífitas, ausencia de familias típicas de bosques de niebla colombianos entre los 2000 y 2500 msnm (Ericaceae, Myrtaceae, Meliaceae y Aquifoliaceae y por un incremento en la riqueza de familias como Sabiaceae y Euphorbiaceae. Comparado con otros bosques de niebla de los Andes colombianos y del neotrópico, éste presenta una de las más bajas densidades de tallos (237 individuos con  DAP ≥ 2,5 cm por 0,1 ha y una proporción de árboles grandes muy alta (39,7% individuos con DAP ≥ 10 cm por 0,1 ha. Aparentemente, los efectos de la extracción selectiva de maderas sobre la riqueza, la estructura y la composición, fueron la disminución de la riqueza florística, del número de tallos del bosque, y de la densidad y la riqueza de lianas, así como un aumento en la densidad de especies secundarias como Hedyosmum goudotianum Slms-Laubach var. goudatianum, Miconia resima Naud. y Palicourea calophlebia Standl.

EVALUACIÓN DE DOS MÉTODOS DE DIGESTIÓN ÁCIDA EN EL ANÁLISIS DE TEJIDO FOLIAR DE CAÑA (Saccharum officinarum L.

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Betty Mendoza

2015-02-01

Full Text Available El desempeño de los métodos de digestión, vía seca (DVS y ácida asistida por microondas (DAAM fue evaluado en el análisis de muestras foliares de caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.. También se evaluó el efecto de las técnicas de detección comúnmente utilizadas en el laboratorio [P: espectrometría de absorción molecular visible (UV-VIS; K: espectrometría de emisión atómica (AES; Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn: espectrofotometría de absorción atómica (FAAS] respecto a la técnica de fluorescencia de rayos X de reflexión total (TXRF sobre los resultados obtenidos a partir de los dos métodos de digestión. La exactitud y precisión de los métodos de digestión se determinó con dos muestras certificadas, Tejido vegetal N°6 y N°11 (Comisión de Normalización y Acreditación - Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo. La determinación de P vía TXRF reportó resultados mayores respecto a UV-VIS en las muestras foliares de caña de azúcar. Los métodos de digestión mostraron resultados exactos y precisos en Ca cuando se utiliza FAAS o TXRF. En Zn y Cu se presentan desviaciones y varianzas asociadas a las concentraciones bajas en las muestras y su relación con el blanco de reactivos. En general, la precisión y exactitud están relacionadas principalmente con el rango de concentración de cada elemento en las muestras y el límite de cuantificación. No se encontro diferencias apreciables en cuanto al desempeño analítico de ambos métodos de digestión. La detección por TXRF presenta menor eficiencia analítica en cuanto a exactitud y precisión en algunos elementos, pero menores costos en tiempo de análisis.

Foliar exposure of the crop Lactuca sativa to silver nanoparticles: Evidence for internalization and changes in Ag speciation

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Larue, Camille, E-mail: camille.larue@rub.de [ISTerre, Université Grenoble 1, CNRS, F-38041 Grenoble (France); Castillo-Michel, Hiram, E-mail: castillo@esrf.fr [ESRF, Beamline ID21, Grenoble (France); Sobanska, Sophie, E-mail: sophie.sobanska@univ-lille1.fr [LASIR, UMR CNRS 8516, Université Lille 1, Bât C5, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex (France); Cécillon, Lauric, E-mail: lauric.cecillon@irstea.fr [ISTerre, Université Grenoble 1, CNRS, F-38041 Grenoble (France); Bureau, Sarah, E-mail: sarah.bureau@ujf-grenoble.fr [ISTerre, Université Grenoble 1, CNRS, F-38041 Grenoble (France); Barthès, Véronique, E-mail: veronique.barthes@cea.fr [CEA/LITEN/DTNM/L2T, CEA Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9 (France); Ouerdane, Laurent, E-mail: laurent.ouerdane@univ-pau.fr [LCABIE/IPREM-UMR 5254, Université de Pau et des Pays de l‘Adour, 64053 Pau Cedex 9 (France); Carrière, Marie, E-mail: marie.carriere@cea.fr [UMR E3 CEA-UJF/LAN, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9 (France); Sarret, Géraldine, E-mail: geraldine.sarret@ujf-grenoble.fr [ISTerre, Université Grenoble 1, CNRS, F-38041 Grenoble (France)

2014-01-15

Highlights: • Ag-NPs are internalized inside lettuce leaves after foliar exposure to a suspension of Ag-NPs. • A classical washing process is inefficient at decreasing significantly Ag content. • Ag-NPs in plants undergo oxidation, and resulting ionic Ag are complexed with organic compounds including thiol-containing molecules. • Foliar exposure to Ag-NPs does not lead to detectable phytotoxicity symptoms. -- Abstract: The impact of engineered nanomaterials on plants, which act as a major point of entry of contaminants into trophic chains, is little documented. The foliar pathway is even less known than the soil-root pathway. However, significant inputs of nanoparticles (NPs) on plant foliage may be expected due to deposition of atmospheric particles or application of NP-containing pesticides. The uptake of Ag-NPs in the crop species Lactuca sativa after foliar exposure and their possible biotransformation and phytotoxic effects were studied. In addition to chemical analyses and ecotoxicological tests, micro X-ray fluorescence, micro X-ray absorption spectroscopy, time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and electron microscopy were used to localize and determine the speciation of Ag at sub-micrometer resolution. Although no sign of phytotoxicity was observed, Ag was effectively trapped on lettuce leaves and a thorough washing did not decrease Ag content significantly. We provide first evidence for the entrapment of Ag-NPs by the cuticle and penetration in the leaf tissue through stomata, for the diffusion of Ag in leaf tissues, and oxidation of Ag-NPs and complexation of Ag{sup +} by thiol-containing molecules. Such type of information is crucial for better assessing the risk associated to Ag-NP containing products.

Foliar Mn accumulation in eastern Australian herbarium specimens: prospecting for 'new' Mn hyperaccumulators and potential applications in taxonomy.

Science.gov (United States)

Fernando, Denise R; Guymer, Gordon; Reeves, Roger D; Woodrow, Ian E; Baker, Alan J; Batianoff, George N

2009-04-01

The analysis of herbarium specimens has previously been used to prospect for 'new' hyperaccumulators, while the use of foliar manganese (Mn) concentrations as a taxonomic tool has been suggested. On the basis of their geographic and taxonomic affiliations to known Mn hyperaccumulators, six eastern Australian genera from the Queensland Herbarium collection were sampled for leaf tissue analyses. ICP-OES was used to measure Mn and other elemental concentrations in 47 species within the genera Austromyrtus, Lenwebbia, Gossia (Myrtaceae), Macadamia (Proteaceae), Maytenus and Denhamia (Celastraceae). The resulting data demonstrated (a) up to seven 'new' Mn hyperaccumulators, mostly tropical rainforest species; (b) that one of these 'new' Mn hyperaccumulators also had notably elevated foliar Ni concentrations; (c) evidence of an interrelationship between foliar Mn and Al uptake among the Macadamias; (d) considerable variability of Mn hyperaccumulation within Gossia; and (e) the possibility that Maytenus cunninghamii may include subspecies. Gossia bamagensis, G. fragrantissima, G. sankowsiorum, G. gonoclada and Maytenus cunninghamii were identified as 'new' Mn hyperaccumulators, while Gossia lucida and G. shepherdii are possible 'new' Mn hyperaccumulators. Of the three Myrtaceae genera examined, Mn hyperaccumulation appears restricted to Gossia, supporting its recent taxonomic revision. In the context of this present investigation and existing information, a reassesment of the general definition of Mn hyperaccumulation may be warranted. Morphological variation of Maytenus cunninghamii at two extremities was consistent with variation in Mn accumulation, indicating two possible 'new' subspecies. Although caution should be exercised in interpreting the data, surveying herbarium specimens by chemical analysis has provided an effective means of assessing foliar Mn accumulation. These findings should be followed up by field studies.

Foliar exposure of the crop Lactuca sativa to silver nanoparticles: Evidence for internalization and changes in Ag speciation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Larue, Camille; Castillo-Michel, Hiram; Sobanska, Sophie; Cécillon, Lauric; Bureau, Sarah; Barthès, Véronique; Ouerdane, Laurent; Carrière, Marie; Sarret, Géraldine

2014-01-01

Highlights: • Ag-NPs are internalized inside lettuce leaves after foliar exposure to a suspension of Ag-NPs. • A classical washing process is inefficient at decreasing significantly Ag content. • Ag-NPs in plants undergo oxidation, and resulting ionic Ag are complexed with organic compounds including thiol-containing molecules. • Foliar exposure to Ag-NPs does not lead to detectable phytotoxicity symptoms. -- Abstract: The impact of engineered nanomaterials on plants, which act as a major point of entry of contaminants into trophic chains, is little documented. The foliar pathway is even less known than the soil-root pathway. However, significant inputs of nanoparticles (NPs) on plant foliage may be expected due to deposition of atmospheric particles or application of NP-containing pesticides. The uptake of Ag-NPs in the crop species Lactuca sativa after foliar exposure and their possible biotransformation and phytotoxic effects were studied. In addition to chemical analyses and ecotoxicological tests, micro X-ray fluorescence, micro X-ray absorption spectroscopy, time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and electron microscopy were used to localize and determine the speciation of Ag at sub-micrometer resolution. Although no sign of phytotoxicity was observed, Ag was effectively trapped on lettuce leaves and a thorough washing did not decrease Ag content significantly. We provide first evidence for the entrapment of Ag-NPs by the cuticle and penetration in the leaf tissue through stomata, for the diffusion of Ag in leaf tissues, and oxidation of Ag-NPs and complexation of Ag + by thiol-containing molecules. Such type of information is crucial for better assessing the risk associated to Ag-NP containing products

Behavior of Foliares Applications of Humus Mixed with the NPK in Rice Cultivation (Oryza Sativa L..

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Rolando Saborit Reyes

2013-12-01

Full Text Available Taking into consideration the observation of one green yellowsh clorosis in the plantations of rice, after the cold campaings and the disminishing of the agricultural efficiency of the cerial in areas of Saint Elena Land belonging to the fortified cooperatove of credits and service (FCCS Camilo Cienfuegos in Las Nuevas, La Sierpe, Province of Sancti – Spiritus, were done foliars aplications with mineral fertilizing as, N.P.K to different doses and moments of applications, in order to obtain alternative of nutrition for the cultivation, the work was done on a green yellowish ferralitic ground since 2009 to 2011, using LP-5 cultivation doing the sowing by the method of transplantation, fertilization. It was done mixing 49L. ha-¹ of liquid warm humus with 0.35 Kg. ha-¹ of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The results shown that the use of the foliar fertilization with liquid worm humus mixed with the N.P.K minerals, increased the efficiency, obtaining 5.3t. ha-¹ as an average in different variants used. The economic analysis showed that the treatment with 40% of nitrogen was reduced with seven foliars applications, it was highest to the witness N.P.K in 1.5t . ha-¹ of the grain obtaining a relative benefit of 4264.55 pesos by hectarea.

Alteration of foliar flavonoid chemistry induced by enhanced UV-B radiation in field-grown Pinus ponderosa, Quercus rubra and Pseudotsuga menziesii.

Science.gov (United States)

Warren, Jeffrey M; Bassman, John H; Mattinson, D Scott; Fellman, John K; Edwards, Gerald E; Robberecht, Ronald

2002-03-01

Chromatographic analyses of foliage from several tree species illustrate the species-specific effects of UV-B radiation on both quantity and composition of foliar flavonoids. Pinus ponderosa, Quercus rubra and Pseudotsuga menziesii were field-grown under modulated ambient (1x) and enhanced (2x) biologically effective UV-B radiation. Foliage was harvested seasonally over a 3-year period, extracted, purified and the flavonoid fraction applied to a mu Bondapak/C(18) column HPLC system sampling at 254 nm. Total flavonoid concentrations in Quercus rubra foliage were more than twice (leaf area basis) that of the other species; Pseudotsuga menziesii foliage had intermediate levels and P. ponderosa had the lowest concentrations of total flavonoids. No statistically significant UV-B radiation-induced effects were found in total foliar flavonoid concentrations for any species; however, concentrations of specific compounds within each species exhibited significant treatment effects. Higher (but statistically insignificant) levels of flavonoids were induced by UV-B irradiation in 1- and 2-year-old P. ponderosa foliage. Total flavonoid concentrations in 2-year-old needles increased by 50% (1x ambient UV-B radiation) or 70% (2x ambient UV-B radiation) from that of 1-year-old tissue. Foliar flavonoids of Q. rubra under enhanced UV-B radiation tended to shift from early-eluting compounds to less polar flavonoids eluting later. There were no clear patterns of UV-B radiation effects on 1-year-old P. menziesii foliage. However, 2-year-old tissue had slightly higher foliar flavonoids under the 2x UV-B radiation treatment compared to ambient levels. Results suggest that enhanced UV-B radiation will alter foliar flavonoid composition and concentrations in forest tree species, which could impact tissue protection, and ultimately, competition, herbivory or litter decomposition.

Seasonal variability of leaf area index and foliar nitrogen in contrasting dry-mesic tundras

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Campioli, Matteo; Michelsen, Anders; Lemeur, Raoul

2009-01-01

Assimilation and exchange of carbon for arctic ecosystems depend strongly on leaf area index (LAI) and total foliar nitrogen (TFN). For dry-mesic tundras, the seasonality of these characteristics is unexplored. We addressed this knowledge gap by measuring variations of LAI and TFN at five contras...

Foliar uptake of 137Cs from the water column by aquatic macrophytes

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kelly, M.S.; Pinder, J.E. III

1996-01-01

A transplant experiment was performed to determine the relative importances of root uptake from the sediments and foliar uptake from the water column in determining the accumulation of 137 Cs by aquatic macrophytes. Uncontaminated individuals of three species, Brasenia schreberi, Nymphaea odorata and Nymphoides cordata, were transplanted into pots containing either contaminated sediments (i.e. 1.2 Bq 137 Cs g -1 dry mass) or uncontaminated sediments (i.e. -1 dry mass) and immersed in Pond B, a former reactor cooling pond where 137 Cs concentrations in surface waters range from 0.4 to 0.8 Bq liter -1 . The plants is uncontaminated sediments rapidly accumulated 137 Cs from the water column and after 35 days of immersion had 137 Cs concentrations in leaves that were: (1) not statistically significantly different from those for plants in contaminated sediments; and (2) similar to those for the same species growing naturally in Pond B. The similarity in 137 Cs concentrations between naturally-occurring plants and those in pots with uncontaminated sediments suggests that foliar uptake from the water column is the principal mode of Cs accumulation by these species in Pond B. (author)

Distribution, Seasonal Variations and Ecological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Foliar Dust of Nanjing, China.

Science.gov (United States)

Zha, Yan; Zhang, Yinlong; Ma, Zilong; Tang, Jie; Sun, Kai

2018-04-01

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of concern for both ecosystem and human health due to their potential teratogenic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. The concentration of ∑ 16 PAHs in foliar dust ranged from 49.4 to 19,018.1 µg kg -1 , with a mean value of 7074.5 µg kg -1 . There were significant seasonal variations in the concentration of ∑ 16 PAHs, with the concentration in winter being almost twice as high as in summer. Similarly, the differences between PAH profiles in different seasons indicated that they had common sources, which were attributed to the combined effect of regional transport and local emissions. The diagnostic ratios of indicator compounds indicated that PAHs detected in foliar dust originated from a mixture of gasoline vehicle emissions, biomass, and coal combustion in Nanjing. According to the ecological risk classification of ∑ 16 PAHs, the ecological risk caused by PAHs was high since the value of RQ ∑16PAHs(MPCs) was ≥ 1 and RQ ∑16PAHs(NCs) were ≥ 800. The mean values for RQ∑ 16 PAHs (MPCs) and RQ∑ 16 PAHs (NCs) were 14.8 and 2368.9, which indicated a relatively high ecological risks of PAHs in foliar dust in Nanjing.

Effect of two doses of urea foliar application on leaves and grape nitrogen composition during two vintages.

Science.gov (United States)

Pérez-Álvarez, Eva P; Garde-Cerdán, Teresa; García-Escudero, Enrique; Martínez-Vidaurre, José María

2017-06-01

Nitrogen affects grapevine growth and also yeast metabolism, which have a direct influence on fermentation kinetics and the formation of different volatile compounds. Throughout the grapevine cycle, soil nitrogen availability and grape nitrogen composition can vary because of different factors. Nitrogen foliar applications can contribute toward enhancing grapevine nitrogen status and minimize the problem of leaching that traditional nitrogen-soil applications can provoke. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of urea foliar applications on grapevine nitrogen status and grape amino acid content. Accordingly, two different doses of urea were applied over the leaves of a 'Tempranillo' vineyard. The highest urea doses affected nitrogen content on blade leaf tissues after veraison. Must amino acid profiles were modified by urea application and some of the compounds increased their concentrations. The effect of year on the increase of must total amino acid concentrations was more important than the effect of the doses applied. Urea foliar applications can be an interesting tool for decreasing grapevine nitrogen deficiencies. This method of nitrogen implementation in the vineyard could avoid sluggish fermentation problems during winemaking, enhance must nitrogen composition, and contribute to improving wine quality. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Movement of foliar uptake radionuclides in radish. [Raphanus sativus

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Yanagisawa, K.; Kamada, H.

1986-05-01

The purpose of this investigation was to study the translocation of /sup 60/Co, /sup 54/Mn, and two representative fission products of /sup 85/Sr and /sup 137/Cs in radish (Raphanus sativus) and to provide a translocation rate for a given nuclide. The effect of air humidity on the foliar uptake-translocation was also investigated. Retention of the radionuclides was usually higher in plants grown under conditions of 100% humidity at night as opposed to conditions of a constant humidity of 70%. Results indicate that Co and Cs translocate much more than Mn and Sr in the plant.

Investigating organic matter in Fanno Creek, Oregon, Part 1 of 3: estimating annual foliar biomass for a deciduous-dominant urban riparian corridor

Science.gov (United States)

Sobieszczyk, Steven; Keith, Mackenzie K.; Rounds, Stewart A.; Goldman, Jami H.

2014-01-01

For this study, we explored the amount, type, and distribution of foliar biomass that is deposited annually as leaf litter to Fanno Creek and its floodplain in Portland, Oregon, USA. Organic matter is a significant contributor to the decreased dissolved oxygen concentrations observed in Fanno Creek each year and leaf litter is amongst the largest sources of organic matter to the stream channel and floodplain. Using a combination of field measurements and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) point cloud data, the annual foliar biomass was estimated for 13 stream reaches along the creek. Biomass estimates were divided into two sets: (1) the annual foliage available from the entire floodplain overstory canopy, and (2) the annual foliage overhanging the stream, which likely contributes leaf litter directly to the creek each year. Based on these computations, an estimated 991 (±22%) metric tons (tonnes, t) of foliar biomass is produced annually above the floodplain, with about 136 t (±24%) of that foliage falling directly into Fanno Creek. The distribution of foliar biomass varies by reach, with between 150 and 640 t/km2 produced along the floodplain and between 400 and 1100 t/km2 available over the channel. Biomass estimates vary by reach based primarily on the density of tree cover, with forest-dominant reaches containing more mature deciduous trees with broader tree canopies than either wetland or urban-dominant reaches, thus supplying more organic material to the creek. By quantifying the foliar biomass along Fanno Creek we have provided a reach-scale assessment of terrestrial organic matter loading, thereby providing land managers useful information for planning future restoration efforts.

Nanoparticle synthesis and delivery by an aerosol route for watermelon plant foliar uptake

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wang Weining; Tarafdar, Jagadish C.; Biswas, Pratim

2013-01-01

An aerosol process was developed for synthesis and delivery of nanoparticles for living watermelon plant foliar uptake. This is an efficient technique capable of generating nanoparticles with controllable particle sizes and number concentrations. Aerosolized nanoparticles were easily applied to leaf surfaces and enter the stomata via gas uptake, avoiding direct interaction with soil systems, eliminating potential ecological risks. The uptake and transport of nanoparticles inside the watermelon plants were investigated systematically by various techniques, such as elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and plant anatomy by transmission electron microscopy. The results revealed that certain fractions of nanoparticles (d p < 100 nm) generated by the aerosol process could enter the leaf following the stomatal pathway, then pass through the stem, and reach the root of the watermelon plants. The particle size and number concentration played an important role in nanoparticle translocation inside the plants. In addition, the nanoparticle application method, working environment, and leaf structure are also important factors to be considered for successful plant foliar uptake.

Nanoparticle synthesis and delivery by an aerosol route for watermelon plant foliar uptake

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wang Weining [Washington University in St. Louis, Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering (United States); Tarafdar, Jagadish C. [Central Arid Zone Research Institute (India); Biswas, Pratim, E-mail: pbiswas@wustl.edu [Washington University in St. Louis, Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering (United States)

2013-01-15

An aerosol process was developed for synthesis and delivery of nanoparticles for living watermelon plant foliar uptake. This is an efficient technique capable of generating nanoparticles with controllable particle sizes and number concentrations. Aerosolized nanoparticles were easily applied to leaf surfaces and enter the stomata via gas uptake, avoiding direct interaction with soil systems, eliminating potential ecological risks. The uptake and transport of nanoparticles inside the watermelon plants were investigated systematically by various techniques, such as elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and plant anatomy by transmission electron microscopy. The results revealed that certain fractions of nanoparticles (d{sub p} < 100 nm) generated by the aerosol process could enter the leaf following the stomatal pathway, then pass through the stem, and reach the root of the watermelon plants. The particle size and number concentration played an important role in nanoparticle translocation inside the plants. In addition, the nanoparticle application method, working environment, and leaf structure are also important factors to be considered for successful plant foliar uptake.

CORRELATION BETWEEN OZONE EXPOSURE AND VISIBLE FOLIAR INJURY IN PONDEROSA AND JEFFREY PINES. (R825433)

Science.gov (United States)

Ozone exposure was related to ozone-induced visible foliar injury in ponderosa and Jeffrey pines growing on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. Measurements of ozone exposure, chlorotic mottle and fascicle retention were collected during the years ...

Iron supply to soybean plants through the foliar application of IDHA/Fe3+: effect of plant nutritional status and adjuvants.

Science.gov (United States)

Rodríguez-Lucena, Patricia; Ropero, Edgar; Hernández-Apaolaza, Lourdes; Lucena, Juan J

2010-12-01

Synthetic Fe chelates are commonly used to overcome Fe deficiencies in crops, but most of them are scarcely biodegradable. Iminodisuccinic acid (IDHA) is a biodegradable chelating agent that is currently being evaluated as an alternative to EDTA. In this work, the efficacy of the foliar application of IDHA/Fe(3+) to soybean chlorotic plants under controlled conditions was studied, testing the influence of the adjuvant used and of the plant nutritional status. When IDHA/Fe(3+) was applied to soybean plants with severe Fe chlorosis and the foliar sprays were the sole source of Fe, this chelate behaved similarly to the EDTA/Fe(3+) and the recovery of the plants was slight in both cases. The same chelates were tested when foliar sprays were an additional source of Fe for mildly chlorotic plants, which were also being supplied with low concentrations of Fe applied to the nutrient solution. Then, plant recovery was appreciable in all cases, and the IDHA/Fe(3+) was as effective as EDTA/Fe(3+). Among the adjuvants studied, a urea-based product was the only one that did not damage the leaf surface and that could improve the efficiency of IDHA/Fe(3+) up tp the level of EDTA/Fe(3+). Thus, it was concluded the foliar application of IDHA/Fe(3+) can be an environmentally friendly alternative to the non-biodegradable chelate EDTA/Fe(3+) when the appropriate adjuvant is used. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry.

Obtención de pilocarpina a partir de Pilocarpus racemosus Vahl.

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Armando Payo Hill

1995-08-01

Full Text Available Se inicia el trabajo fitoquímico en Pilocarpus racemosus Vahl. (Rutaceae con la finalidad de conocer el contenido de pilocarpina en esta especie. Se extrajeron 1,4 kg de tallos y 1 kg de hojas por los métodos convencionales, y se cromatografiaron los crudos alcaloidales en columnas, de las cuales se obtuvo 2,3036 y 0,6871 g de pilocarpina pura respectivamente. La identificación del alcaloide se realizó por espectroscopia infrarroja contra patrón y cromatografía de capa fina.

Progresso temporal da ferrugem e redução sobre a área foliar e os componentes do rendimento de grãos em soja

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Felipe Rafael Garcés Fiallos

2011-04-01

Full Text Available El ciclo de cultivo de soya 2009-10 favoreció una mayor intensidad de la roya asiática (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow y Sydow en el sur de Brasil, por tanto fue necesario evaluar el avance del hongo y su efecto en el rendimiento del cultivo. Las evaluaciones fueron realizadas en experimentos de campo con 64 parcelas (2.7 x 5 m del cultivar Glycine max L. (Nidera 5909 RG, establecido el 05/12/09. Para generar gradientes de la enfermedad se utilizaron los fungicidas tebuconazol y epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina, en una, dos o tres aplicaciones en estadios fenológicos diferentes. La enfermedad fue cuantificada por el número de lesiones y urédias, posteriormente convertido para severidad (%. Se cuantificó también el índice de área foliar (IAF al final del llenado de granos y los componentes de rendimiento después de la cosecha. La severidad promedio final de la enfermedad superó el 50%. Las diferencias en severidad entre los estratos de la planta fueron influenciados por la cantidad inicial de la enfermedad, una vez que las tasas de progreso, determinadas por los modelos Logístico y de Gompertz, fueron semejantes entre los estratos (0.13 a 0.14 para Logístico y 0.10 a 0.11 para Gompertz. El IAF fue bajo (1.96 en las plantas no tratadas vs. 4.40 en el tratamiento con cuatro aplicaciones de epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina. Los programas de control iniciados en el estadio fenológico V9, con dos o tres aplicaciones, difirieron del testigo en el IAF. El número de vainas y granos por planta, así como de granos por vaina, no variaron entre los tratamientos. Sólo existió diferencia en el peso de granos del estrato superior, cuando los fungicidas fueron aplicados dos o tres veces a partir del estadio fenológico V9.

Desempenho agronômico de maracujazeiros tratados com produtos alternativos e fertilizantes foliares

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Keize Pereira Junqueira

2011-03-01

Full Text Available A resistência induzida é um método alternativo de controle de doenças. Entretanto, há poucos estudos relacionando o uso destes produtos e outros métodos alternativos à produtividade das plantas e às características físicas e químicas dos frutos. Objetivou-se avaliar a severidade de doenças, as características físicas e químicas de frutos e a produtividade de plantas tratadas com produtos alternativos e fertilizantes foliares. Plantas de maracujazeiro BRS Gigante Amarelo clonadas, em campo, foram submetidas, por um ano, a pulverizações quinzenais com: água (testemunha, Cuprozeb® (fungicida-padrão, acibenzolar-S-metil - ASM, Agro-mos®, fosfito de potássio, fosetyl-Al, gesso agrícola e CPAC-GE (produto em teste. O delineamento foi o em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e 20 frutos por repetição. Para o estudo da produtividade, utilizaram-se quatro repetições e seis plantas úteis por parcela. As colheitas ocorreram de novembro/2008 a abril/2009. As severidades foram avaliadas com escala de notas. Houve redução da severidade da virose, verrugose e bacteriose em todos os tratamentos, com exceção do Cuprozeb® para virose. Não foi observada redução da antracnose. Frutos com maior massa fresca foram obtidos com aplicações de gesso agrícola (236,83 g, CPAC-GE (234,10 g, fosetyl-Al ( 233,79 g, fosfito de potássio (230,64 g e Agro-mos® (221,15 g. Os mesmos resultados foram observados para diâmetro transversal e massa de polpa. Não houve diferenças significativas entre tratamentos para diâmetro longitudinal e espessura de casca. Quanto às características químicas dos frutos, com exceção do Cuprozeb®, que não diferiu significativamente da testemunha, todos os produtos proporcionaram incremento no teor de sólidos solúveis. Maior acidez titulável foi obtida com Cuprozeb®, gesso agrícola, Agro-mos®, fosetyl-Al e ASM. Não foi constatada alteração no pH dos frutos. Em relação �

Estimativa da área foliar de plantas de lima ácida 'Tahiti' usando métodos não-destrutivos Leaf area estimative of young 'Tahiti' lime using non-destructive methods

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Maurício Antonio Coelho Filho

2005-04-01

Full Text Available O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar métodos não-destrutivos para a determinação da área foliar de plantas jovens de lima ácida 'Tahiti'(Citrus latifolia Tan., em campo. Foram utilizadas informações de variáveis biométricas de 28 plantas jovens (0,07 a 1,44 m² e imagens digitais da área frontal de cada planta (silhueta de copa. Essas variáveis foram correlacionadas com medidas diretas (contagem total de folhas x área foliar média. Como resultado, foi possível estimar a área foliar total das plantas (AFT com base na equação: AFT = 88,936 x DI - 1,4017 (R²=0,75, em que DI representa o diâmetro do caule 5 cm abaixo do ponto em que a copa foi enxertada, e a silhueta da planta em m² (IM: AFT = 2,4951 x IM (R²=0,72. A área foliar dos ramos secundários das plantas (AFR pode ser estimada mediante uma equação exponencial envolvendo o diâmetro do ramo (DR: AFR = 0,0144e277,02 x DR (R²=0,71. Estas metodologias podem ser utilizadas quando o interesse for por um valor médio de área foliar no pomar, não sendo indicadas quando é necessária elevada precisão, pois os erros são elevados.The objective of this study was to evaluate non-destructive methods of estimating total leaf area of young 'Tahiti' lime (Citrus latifolia Tan. plants grown in the field. Information of biometrical variables of 28 young plants (0.07 to 1.44 m² and digitized image of front area of each plant (plant silhouette were used. These variables were correlated to the direct measurements (leaves and average leaf area counting. As a result, it was possible to estimate total plant leaf area (AFT based upon the equation: AFT = 88.936 x DI - 1.4017 (R²=0.75, where DI stands for the trunk diameter taken 5 cm below the graft and the silhouette area in m² (IM: AFT = 2.4951 x IM (R²=0.72. The leaf area of secondary branches (AFR can be estimated by an exponential equation with the branch diameter (DR: AFR = 0.0144e277.02 x DR (R²=0.71. These methodologies can

In situ analysis of foliar zinc absorption and short-distance movement in fresh and hydrated leaves of tomato and citrus using synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy

Science.gov (United States)

Du, Yumei; Kopittke, Peter M.; Noller, Barry N.; James, Simon A.; Harris, Hugh H.; Xu, Zhi Ping; Li, Peng; Mulligan, David R.; Huang, Longbin

2015-01-01

Background and Aims Globally, zinc deficiency is one of the most important nutritional factors limiting crop yield and quality. Despite widespread use of foliar-applied zinc fertilizers, much remains unknown regarding the movement of zinc from the foliar surface into the vascular structure for translocation into other tissues and the key factors affecting this diffusion. Methods Using synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy (µ-XRF), absorption of foliar-applied zinc nitrate or zinc hydroxide nitrate was examined in fresh leaves of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and citrus (Citrus reticulatus). Key Results The foliar absorption of zinc increased concentrations in the underlying tissues by up to 600-fold in tomato but only up to 5-fold in citrus. The magnitude of this absorption was influenced by the form of zinc applied, the zinc status of the treated leaf and the leaf surface to which it was applied (abaxial or adaxial). Once the zinc had moved through the leaf surface it appeared to bind strongly, with limited further redistribution. Regardless of this, in these underlying tissues zinc moved into the lower-order veins, with concentrations 2- to 10-fold higher than in the adjacent tissues. However, even once in higher-order veins, the movement of zinc was still comparatively limited, with concentrations decreasing to levels similar to the background within 1–10 mm. Conclusions The results advance our understanding of the factors that influence the efficacy of foliar zinc fertilizers and demonstrate the merits of an innovative methodology for studying foliar zinc translocation mechanisms. PMID:25399024

Descrição do padrão de venação foliar em Spathicarpa Hook. (Araceae Description of leaf venation pattern in Spathicarpa Hook. (Araceae

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Luciano Coêlho Milhomens Fonsêca

2007-03-01

Full Text Available O estudo e a caracterização da venação foliar representam uma possibilidade de auxílio no reconhecimento de grupos taxonômicos identificados, predominantemente, com base em caracteres reprodutivos como o gênero Spathicarpa Hook. (Araceae. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: apresentar um método eficiente para diafanização de folhas similares às de Spathicarpa Hook.; descrever o padrão de venação das folhas de Spathicarpa gardneri Schott, Spathicarpa hastifolia Hook., Spathicarpa lanceolata Engl. e Spathicarpa sagittifolia Schott; e testar a utilização da arquitetura foliar de Spathicarpa Hook. como ferramenta taxonômica capaz de fornecer características diagnósticas vegetativas no gênero. Em linhas gerais, a técnica de diafanização consistiu inicialmente em submeter folhas frescas, estocadas em álcool etílico 70% com detergente comercial, ao hidróxido de sódio (5% e hipoclorito de sódio (5% para clareamento e alvejamento, respectivamente. Em seguida, estas passaram por uma bateria de desidratação etanólica crescente (10 a 100% e por uma série com xileno (xileno-etanol 100% 1:1 e xileno. Foram então coradas com safranina e colocadas novamente em xileno-etanol 100% 1:1 para diferenciar. Das quatro espécies estudadas, somente Spathicarpa lanceolata Engl. apresenta características vegetativas diagnósticas, não sendo possível diferenciar, com base na arquitetura foliar, as demais espécies.Characterization of leaf venation can help in the recognition of taxonomic groups that are identified primarily on the basis of reproductive characteristics such as genus Spathicarpa Hook. (Araceae. This study aims to provide an efficient technique for clearing leaves that are similar to those of Spathicarpa Hook., to describe the leaf venation pattern of Spathicarpa gardneri Schott, Spathicarpa hastifolia Hook., Spathicarpa lanceolata Engl. and Spathicarpa sagittifolia Schott, and to test the use of leaf architecture as a

APLICACIONES FOLIARES DE NITRATO DE CALCIO EN LA MADURACIÓN Y DAÑOS POR FRÍO EN AGUACATE 'FUERTE'

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L. Saucedo-Hernández

2005-01-01

Full Text Available Con la finalidad de estudiar el efecto del calcio sobre la poscosecha de frutos de aguacate, árboles del cv. 'Fuerte' se asperjaron con Ca(NO32 al 0, 0.3 y 0.5 %. Se realizaron seis aplicaciones precosecha a partir del 4 de mayo del 2001, la cosecha se realizó en enero del 2002, una vez cosechados los frutos se almacenaron a temperatura ambiente y a 5 °C por cinco semanas, realizando evaluaciones a las 0, 3 y 5 semanas. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que existió un incremento en el contenido de calcio en cáscara y pulpa en los frutos de aguacate tratados con nitrato de calcio. Las aplicaciones precosecha de nitrato de calcio al 0.3 y 0.5 % mejoraron la firmeza y redujeron la pérdida de peso de los frutos siendo diferentes al testigo, así también diminuyó la producción de CO2, etileno y daños por frío.

A hybrid model for mapping relative differences in belowground biomass and root: Shoot ratios using spectral reflectance, foliar N and plant biophysical data within coastal marsh

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Jessica L. O'Connell,; Byrd, Kristin B.; Maggi Kelly,

2015-01-01

Broad-scale estimates of belowground biomass are needed to understand wetland resiliency and C and N cycling, but these estimates are difficult to obtain because root:shoot ratios vary considerably both within and between species. We used remotely-sensed estimates of two aboveground plant characteristics, aboveground biomass and % foliar N to explore biomass allocation in low diversity freshwater impounded peatlands (Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, CA, USA). We developed a hybrid modeling approach to relate remotely-sensed estimates of % foliar N (a surrogate for environmental N and plant available nutrients) and aboveground biomass to field-measured belowground biomass for species specific and mixed species models. We estimated up to 90% of variation in foliar N concentration using partial least squares (PLS) regression of full-spectrum field spectrometer reflectance data. Landsat 7 reflectance data explained up to 70% of % foliar N and 67% of aboveground biomass. Spectrally estimated foliar N or aboveground biomass had negative relationships with belowground biomass and root:shoot ratio in both Schoenoplectus acutus and Typha, consistent with a balanced growth model, which suggests plants only allocate growth belowground when additional nutrients are necessary to support shoot development. Hybrid models explained up to 76% of variation in belowground biomass and 86% of variation in root:shoot ratio. Our modeling approach provides a method for developing maps of spatial variation in wetland belowground biomass.

Effect of the available soil water and organic matter on the castor bean foliar area growth; Influencia da agua disponivel e materia organica no crescimento da area foliar da mamoneira

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lacerda, Rogerio D. de; Almeida, Larissa C.; Guerra, Hugo O. Carvalho; Souza, Cristiana M. de; Batista, Faed R. [Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), PB (Brazil)], Emails: rogerio_dl@yahoo.com.br, laris_almeida@yahoo.com.br, hugo_carvallo@hotmail.com, crismsouza@hotmail.com, faedrideiro@hotmail.com

2010-07-01

The Brazilian potential for bio fuel production through the cultivation of oil seeds is immeasurable. On the Northeast is possible to cultivate the castor bean, peanuts, sesame, babassu and other species. Just for the castor bean there exist 3.0 millions of hectares able for cultivation. The experiment had as objective to study the effect of available soil water for plants and organic matter on the foliar area production. It was conducted on the field during the period of October 2008 to March 2009 using an experimental design 2 x 4 factorial on a randomized-complete block design, constituted of two soil organic matter contents (5.0 g.kg{sup -1} and 25.0 g.kg{sup -1}) and four soil water contents (100, 90, 80 and 70% of the soil available water for the plants) with 3 replicates. On each 100 m{sup 2} parcel 50 plants were cultivated until 180 days after the sowing, DAS. The analyses of variance allowed to observe that the addition of organic matter increased the foliar areas in 20,7% and the available water produced an increment of 51,5% when were elevated from 70 to 100%. (author)

Foliar copper uptake by maize plants: effects on growth and yield

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Rogério Hidalgo Barbosa

2013-09-01

Full Text Available A slight increase in the levels of a certain nutrient can cause a significant increase in crop yield or can cause phytotoxicity symptoms. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of copper (Cu on the growth and yield of DG-501 maize. The experiment was carried out between December 2009 and April 2010 in conventional tillage. When plants were with six to eight leaves, Cu (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600g ha-1 was applied to the leaves. Treatments were arranged in randomized complete block with five replications. When 50% of the plants were in flowering, it was evaluated the plant height, culm diameter, height of the first ear insertion, leaf area, and chlorophyll content. At harvest, it was evaluated diameter and length of the ear, yield and thousand grain weight. There was a linear reduction in the plant height and in the height of the first ear insertion with increasing Cu doses. On the other hand, chlorophyll content, leaf area, diameter and length of ear, thousand grain weight and yield increased at doses up to 100g ha-1 Cu, however, decreased at higher doses. Therefore, foliar Cu application at doses higher than 100g ha-1 has toxic effect in maize plants with losses in growth and yield.

Agrobacterium rhizogenes-dependent production of transformed roots from foliar explants of pepper (Capsicum annuum): a new and efficient tool for functional analysis of genes.

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Aarrouf, J; Castro-Quezada, P; Mallard, S; Caromel, B; Lizzi, Y; Lefebvre, V

2012-02-01

Pepper is known to be a recalcitrant species to genetic transformation via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. A. rhizogenes-mediated transformation offers an alternative and rapid possibility to study gene functions in roots. In our study, we developed a new and efficient system for A. rhizogenes transformation of the cultivated species Capsicum annuum. Hypocotyls and foliar organs (true leaves and cotyledons) of Yolo Wonder (YW) and Criollo de Morelos 334 (CM334) pepper cultivars were inoculated with the two constructs pBIN-gus and pHKN29-gfp of A. rhizogenes strain A4RS. Foliar explants of both pepper genotypes infected by A4RS-pBIN-gus or A4RS-pHKN29-gfp produced transformed roots. Optimal results were obtained using the combination of the foliar explants with A4RS-pHKN29-gfp. 20.5% of YW foliar explants and 14.6% of CM334 foliar explants inoculated with A4RS-pHKN29-gfp produced at least one root expressing uniform green fluorescent protein. We confirmed by polymerase chain reaction the presence of the rolB and gfp genes in the co-transformed roots ensuring that they integrated both the T-DNA from the Ri plasmid and the reporter gene. We also demonstrated that co-transformed roots of YW and CM334 displayed the same resistance response to Phytophthora capsici than the corresponding untransformed roots. Our novel procedure to produce C. annuum hairy roots will thus support the functional analysis of potential resistance genes involved in pepper P. capsici interaction.

Effect of ambient-level gas-phase peroxides on foliar injury, growth, and net photosynthesis in Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus)

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Chen Xuan, E-mail: xuan66chen@yahoo.co.j [Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, No.8, Dayangfang, Anwai, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012 (China); Aoki, Masatoshi [Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwaicho 3-5-8, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509 (Japan); Takami, Akinori [National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8506 (Japan); Chai Fahe [Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, No.8, Dayangfang, Anwai, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012 (China); Hatakeyama, Shiro [Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwaicho 3-5-8, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509 (Japan)

2010-05-15

To investigate the effects of ambient-level gas-phase peroxides concurrent with O{sub 3} on foliar injury, photosynthesis, and biomass in herbaceous plants, we exposed Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus) to clean air, 50 ppb O{sub 3}, 100 ppb O{sub 3}, and 2-3 ppb peroxides + 50 ppb O{sub 3} in outdoor chambers. Compared with exposure to 100 ppb O{sub 3}, exposure to 2-3 ppb peroxides + 50 ppb O{sub 3} induced greater damage in foliar injury, net photosynthetic rates and biomass; the pattern of foliar injury and the cause of net photosynthetic rate reduction also differed from those occurring with O{sub 3} exposure alone. These results indicate for the first time that sub-ppb peroxides + 50 ppb O{sub 3} can cause more severe damage to plants than 100 ppb O{sub 3}, and that not only O{sub 3}, but also peroxides, could be contributing to the herbaceous plant damage and forest decline observed in Japan's air-polluted urban and remote mountains areas. - Ambient-level gas-phase peroxides coexisted with 50 ppb O{sub 3} may contribute to the herbaceous plants damage and forest decline observed in Japan.

Ecoanatomía foliar deárboles y arbustos delos distritos chaqueños occidental y serrano (Argentina Leaf ecoanatomy of trees and shrubs from Chacoan Occidental and Serrano Districts (Argentina

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Ana M Arambarri

2011-12-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar parámetros micrográficos foliares que permitan comprender mejor la relación planta-ambiente y contribuyan al desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías para el aprovechamiento sustentable y conservación de los bosques de esta región. Se empleó material de hoja de ejemplares recolectados en la región subtropical seca de la provincia chaqueña y material fresco de especies creciendo en zona templado-húmeda para comparar las variaciones de la estructura foliar. Se determinaron densidades por mm-2 de células epidérmicas, estomas y tricomas, tipos de mesofilo y tipo y distribución de los tejidos vascular y de sostén. Se encontró que estos caracteres anatómicos de la hoja son influenciados por una combinación de factores intraespecíficos y del ambiente. Los caracteres xeromórficos puestos de manifiesto fueron: presencia de ceras epicuticulares, estrías cuticulares, estomas hundidos con reborde peristomático, de epidermis bistrata o pluristrata y/o de hipodermis, mesofilo en empalizada o isolateral y abundante esclerénquima. Algunas especies tales como: Celtis ehrenbergiana, C. iguanaea, Jodina rhombifolia, Lycium cestroides y Parkinsonia aculeata, muestran desde caracteres xeromórficos (e.g. hojas anfistomáticas, equifaciales hasta caracteres mesomórficos (e.g. hojas hipostomáticas, bifaciales incluyendo algunos hidromórficos como la ausencia de esclerénquima.The objective of this work was to evaluate foliar micrographic parameters to deepen our understanding of the plant-environment relationships, contributing to new technologies to preserve the forests of this area. Leaf material of specimens collected in chacoan biogeographic province with subtropical and dry climatic conditions, and from species growing in template and humid conditions were studied to compare leaf structure variations. Epidermal cells, stomata and trichomes by unit of area (mm-2, types of mesophyll, sclerenchymatic tissue

Contrasting nutritional acclimation of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh. and red maple (Acer rubrum L. to increasing conifers and soil acidity as demonstrated by foliar nutrient balances

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Alexandre Collin

2016-07-01

Full Text Available Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall, SM is believed to be more sensitive to acidic and nutrient-poor soils associated with conifer-dominated stands than red maple (Acer rubrum L., RM. Greater foliar nutrient use efficiency (FNUE of RM is likely the cause for this difference. In the context of climate change, this greater FNUE could be key in favouring northward migration of RM over SM. We used the concept of foliar nutrient balances to study the nutrition of SM and RM seedlings along an increasing gradient in forest floor acidity conditioned by increasing proportions of conifers (pH values ranging from 4.39 under hardwoods, to 4.29 under mixed hardwood-conifer stands and 4.05 under conifer-dominated stands. Nutrients were subjected to isometric log-ratio (ilr transformation, which views the leaf as one closed system and considers interactions between nutrients. The ilr method eliminates numerical biases and weak statistical inferences based on raw or operationally’’ log-transformed data. We analyzed foliar nutrients of SM and RM seedlings and found that the [Ca,Mg,K|P,N] and [Ca,Mg|K] balances of SM seedlings were significantly different among soil acidity levels, whereas they did not vary for RM seedlings. For SM seedlings, these differences among soil acidity levels were due to a significant decrease in foliar Ca and Mg concentrations with increasing forest floor acidity. Similar differences in foliar balances were also found between healthy and declining SM stands estimated from literature values. Conversely, foliar balances of RM seedlings did not differ among soil acidity levels, even though untransformed foliar nutrient concentrations were significantly different. This result highlights the importance of using ilr transformation, since it provides more sensitive results than standard testing of untransformed nutrient concentrations. The lower nutrient requirements of RM and its greater capacity to maintain nutrient equilibrium are

Ex Vivo Application of Secreted Metabolites Produced by Soil-Inhabiting Bacillus spp. Efficiently Controls Foliar Diseases Caused by Alternaria spp.

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Ali, Gul Shad; El-Sayed, Ashraf S A; Patel, Jaimin S; Green, Kari B; Ali, Mohammad; Brennan, Mary; Norman, David

2016-01-15

Bacterial biological control agents (BCAs) are largely used as live products to control plant pathogens. However, due to variable environmental and ecological factors, live BCAs usually fail to produce desirable results against foliar pathogens. In this study, we investigated the potential of cell-free culture filtrates of 12 different bacterial BCAs isolated from flower beds for controlling foliar diseases caused by Alternaria spp. In vitro studies showed that culture filtrates from two isolates belonging to Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens displayed strong efficacy and potencies against Alternaria spp. The antimicrobial activity of the culture filtrate of these two biological control agents was effective over a wider range of pH (3.0 to 9.0) and was not affected by autoclaving or proteolysis. Comparative liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses showed that a complex mixture of cyclic lipopeptides, primarily of the fengycin A and fengycin B families, was significantly higher in these two BCAs than inactive Bacillus spp. Interaction studies with mixtures of culture filtrates of these two species revealed additive activity, suggesting that they produce similar products, which was confirmed by LC-tandem MS analyses. In in planta pre- and postinoculation trials, foliar application of culture filtrates of B. subtilis reduced lesion sizes and lesion frequencies caused by Alternaria alternata by 68 to 81%. Taken together, our studies suggest that instead of live bacteria, culture filtrates of B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens can be applied either individually or in combination for controlling foliar diseases caused by Alternaria species. Copyright © 2016, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Silício alterando compostos derivados da pirólise de bainhas foliares de plantas de arroz infectadas por Rhizoctonia solani

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Daniel Augusto Schurt

Full Text Available Este trabalho teve como objetivo elucidar, por meio da pirólise analítica acoplada à cromatografia gasosa e espectrometria de massa, alterações na composição química da lignina nas bainhas de plantas de arroz das cultivares BR-Irga 409 e Labelle supridas ou não com silício (Si e infectadas por Rhizoctonia solani. A concentração de Si nas bainhas das plantas supridas com esse elemento foi significativamente maior (2,7 dag kg-1 em comparação com as plantas não supridas (0,45 dag kg-1. Na presença de Si, a área abaixo da curva do progresso da queima das bainhas foi significativamente reduzida em 19 e 25%, respectivamente, para as plantas das cultivares BR-Irga-409 e Labelle em relação à ausência desse elemento na solução nutritiva. Com base nos espectros de massas obtidos, foram identificados 33 compostos, dos quais 10 foram produtos da degradação de carboidratos e 23 derivados da lignina. Dentre os derivados da lignina, oito compostos eram do tipo p-hidroxifenila, 11 compostos do tipo guaiacila e quatro compostos do tipo siringila. Nas bainhas das plantas das duas cultivares de arroz, supridas ou não com Si, a concentração de lignina (p-hidroxifenila, siringila (S e guaiacila (G foi de, aproximadamente, 15%. Houve aumento na relação S/G apenas nas bainhas das plantas da cultivar BR-Irga 409 supridas com Si e infectadas por R. solani. A maior concentração de Si nas bainhas das plantas de arroz das duas cultivares, que por sua vez resultou em aumento na relação S/G, contribuiu para reduzir os sintomas da queima das bainhas.

Comparative SEM and LM foliar epidermal and palyno-morphological studies of Amaranthaceae and its taxonomic implications.

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Hussain, Amara Noor; Zafar, Muhammad; Ahmad, Mushtaq; Khan, Raees; Yaseen, Ghulam; Khan, Muhammad Saleem; Nazir, Abdul; Khan, Amir Muhammad; Shaheen, Shabnum

2018-05-01

Palynological features as well as comparative foliar epidermal using light and scanning electron microscope (SEM) of 17 species (10genera) of Amaranthaceae have been studied for its taxonomic significance. Different foliar and palynological micro-morphological characters were examined to explain their value in resolving the difficulty in identification. All species were amphistomatic but stomata on abaxial surface were more abundant. Taxonomically significant epidermal character including stomata type, trichomes (unicellular, multicellular, and capitate) and epidermal cells shapes (polygonal and irregular) were also observed. Pollens of this family are Polypantoporate, pores large, spheroidal, mesoporous region is sparsely to scabrate, densely psilate, and spinulose. All these characters can be active at species level for identification purpose. This study indicates that at different taxonomic levels, LM and SEM pollen and epidermal morphology is explanatory and significant to identify species and genera. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Foliar nitrogen and potassium applications improve photosynthetic activities and water relations in sunflower under moisture deficit condition

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hussain, R.A.; Ahmad, R.

2016-01-01

This study investigated the influence of foliar supplementation of nitrogen (N) potassium (K) and their combination on photosynthetic activities, physiological indices and water relations of two sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids Hysen-33 and LG-5551 under water deficit condition. Studies were conducted in a wire-house at Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Treatments were two water stress levels [100 (control) and 60% field capacity (water deficit)], six levels of foliar spray (no spray, water spray, 1% N, 1% K, 0.5% N + 0.5% K and 1% N + 1% K) and each treatment was replicated three times. Results showed that water stress reduced the photosynthetic activities: Pn (photosynthetic rate), E (rate of tanspiration) and gs (stomatal conductance) and water relations i.e., pie w (water potential), pie s (osmotic potential) and pie p (turgor potential) . Soil moisture deficit also significantly reduced the plant height, root length, fresh and dry matter which consequently affected the plant height stress tolerance index (PHSI), root length stress tolerance index (RLSI) and dry matter stress tolerance index (DMSI) in both sunflower hybrids. However, foliar supplementation with N and K or N+K improved the photosynthetic activities, water relations and physiological indices of both the sunflower hybrids. The findings of present study suggest that application of N+K is necessary to have high plant productivity. (author)

Foliar nutrients explain goldspotted oak borer, Agrilus auroguttatus, adult feeding preference among four California oak species

Science.gov (United States)

Yigen Chen; Tom. W. Coleman; Michael. I. Jones; Mary. L. Flint; Steven. J. Seybold

2013-01-01

Adults of the invasive goldspotted oak borer, Agrilus auroguttatus Schaeffer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), consumed foliar weight in no-choice feeding tests of, in descending order, California black oak Quercus kelloggii Newb., Engelmann oak, Quercus engelmannii Greene, coast live oak, Quercus...

Descomposición foliar in situ de Heliconia marginata en un humedal herbáceo (Barlovento, Venezuela

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Ruben Torres

2015-08-01

Full Text Available Los humedales herbáceos se encuentran entre los ecosistemas más productivos del planeta debido a procesos biogeoquímicos particulares originados por plantas emergentes, lo que se traduce en magnificación de la producción de biomasa viva y deposición continua de materia orgánica muerta. Se hizo un experimento de campo en un humedal herbáceo de la región de Barlovento para cuantificar el coeficiente de descomposición foliar de Heliconia marginata (Heliconiaceae en condiciones naturales.Heliconia marginataconforma una zona de vegetación monoespecífica a lo largo del borde suroeste del humedal. Se recolectaron hojas deH. marginata, las que una vez secas se colocaron en bolsas de descomposición y se incubaron in situ durante 68 días. A diferentes intervalos de tiempo se retiraron las bolsas para determinar el peso seco libre de cenizas. Simultáneamente se midieron algunas variables fisicoquímicas (pH, conductividad, temperatura y oxígeno disuelto y la profundidad del agua, las mismas no mostraron diferencias significativas entre los días transcurridos del experimento. La descomposición foliar deH. marginatamostró dos etapas: descomposición moderadamente rápida durante los primeros cuatro días, con un porcentaje de pérdida de 13% del peso seco libre de cenizas, y otra donde la descomposición ocurrió lentamente. El coeficiente de descomposición deH. marginatafue 0.0068 días-1, valor comparable con los de otras especies emergentes con coeficientes altos. La vida media (t50 o tiempo para la descomposición de 50% del material vegetal fue de 147 días, pero el periodo de incubación sólo comprendió lavado de material. Una fauna folívora y detritívora casi ausente hace suponer que las características estructurales deH. marginatadeterminan una descomposición y reciclado de materia orgánica lentos dentro del ecosistema.

Physiological responses of Tillandsia albida (Bromeliaceae) to long-term foliar metal application.

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Kováčik, Jozef; Klejdus, Bořivoj; Stork, František; Hedbavny, Josef

2012-11-15

The impact of 2-month foliar application of cadmium, nickel and their combination (10 μM) on Tillandsia albida was studied. Cadmium caused damage of tissue but assimilation pigments were depressed in Cd+Ni variant only. Stress-related parameters (ROS and peroxidase activities) were elevated by Cd and Cd+Ni while MDA content remained unaffected. Free amino acids accumulated the most in Ni alone but soluble proteins were not influenced. Among phenolic acids, mainly vanillin contributed to increase of their sum in all variants while soluble phenols even decreased in Cd+Ni and flavonols slightly increased in Cd variants. Phenolic enzymes showed negligible responses to almost all treatments. Mineral nutrients (K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, and Zn) were not affected by metal application but N content increased. Total Cd or Ni amounts reached over 400 μg g(-1) DW and were not affected if metal alone and combined treatment is compared while absorbed content differed (ca. 50% of total Cd was absorbed while almost all Ni was absorbed). These data indicate tolerance of T. albida to foliar metal application and together with strong xerophytic morphology, use for environmental studies is recommended. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Are nitrate exports in stream water linked to nitrogen fluxes in decomposing foliar litter?

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Kathryn B. Piatek; Mary Beth. Adams

2011-01-01

The central hardwood forest receives some of the highest rates of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition, which results in nitrate leaching to surface waters. Immobilization of N in foliar litter during litter decomposition represents a potential mechanism for temporal retention of atmospherically deposited N in forest ecosystems. When litter N dynamics switch to the N-...

Integrated effect of nutrients from a recirculation aquaponic system and foliar nutrition on the yield of tomatoes Solanum lycopersicum L. and Solanum pimpinellifolium.

Science.gov (United States)

Gullian Klanian, Mariel; Delgadillo Diaz, Mariana; Aranda, Javier; Rosales Juárez, Carolina

2018-04-20

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of tomato plants to efficiently use the nitrogen (N) of a recirculation aquaponic system (RAS) and to evaluate the effects of foliar fertilization as a complement to the water nutrition on the growth of the two tomato cultivars. The significant effect of six macro- and seven micronutrients was evaluated on the plant growth and on the fruit yield. Two experiments were performed in a nutrient film aquaponic unit. The first experiment was designed to study the effects of foliar fertilization on the seedlings of two tomato cultivars Costoluto Genovese (CG) (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and Currant tomato (Ct) (Solanum pimpinellifolium) with 8% of weekly water exchange (WE8%-RAS). The foliar fertilizer was formulated with N restriction in the last 11 weeks (TF1). In the second experiment, two other foliar fertilization treatments (TF2 and TF3) were applied with a concentration of nutrients twice and triple that in TF1, but with a lower proportion of NPK ratio. These treatments were tested on the cultivar CG in a RAS with zero water exchange (WE0%-RAS). The data from the 1st experiment showed a positive effect of the foliar fertilization on the yield of both cultivars. The fertilization markedly influenced the dry matter weight of the CG; however, this effect was not observed in the Ct. The root length of both cultivars was positively influenced by the P content, whereas the plant height was affected by the excess of Co and S. According to the results from the 2nd experiment, the TF2 plants had the highest number of fruits with a high mean weight. The system was efficient in utilizing N from fish tank; the water K favored the yield of the CG fruit and the foliar K favored the growth of the TF2 plants. With a decrease in the foliar N, the CG plants were able to absorb 27.5% of the NO 3 - and 7.06% of total ammonia nitrogen from water. The absolute and relative growth rate of Nile tilapia was not affected by the rate

Efeito do sombreamento na anatomia foliar de plantas jovens de andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl.

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Dayse de Souza Aragão

2014-08-01

Full Text Available A capacidade de utilização da luz varia entre as espécies, e o sucesso de cada indivíduo depende de suas respostas morfoanatômicas. Este estudo avaliou a influência de diferentes intensidades luminosas sobre a anatomia foliar de mudas de Carapa guianensis Aubl. Folhas sadias do segundo e terceiro nós foram coletadas de plantas jovens desenvolvidas em quatro níveis de sombreamento: 30%, 50%, 70% e 0% (pleno sol, durante oito meses de experimento. Análises anatômicas foram feitas sob Microscopia Óptica (MO, a partir de lâminas temporárias e permanentes e sob Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV. A densidade estomática não apresentou diferenças significativas. As dimensões estomáticas e a espessura dos tecidos da lâmina foliar foram maiores com o aumento da intensidade luminosa. C. guianensis apresenta plasticidade anatômica, possibilitando a sobrevivência na floresta sob distintas condições luminosas.

Nanocarrier-mediated foliar zinc fertilization influences expression of metal homeostasis related genes in flag leaves and enhances gluten content in durum wheat

OpenAIRE

Deshpande, Paresh; Dapkekar, Ashwin; Oak, Manoj; Paknikar, Kishore; Rajwade, Jyutika

2018-01-01

Background Wheat is the staple food for most of the world’s population; however, it is a poor source of zinc. Foliar fertilization of zinc via zinc loaded chitosan nanocarriers (Zn-CNP) post-anthesis has proved to be a promising approach for grain zinc enhancement in durum wheat as evidenced in our earlier study. However, the molecular mechanism of uptake of zinc via Zn-CNP remains unclear. Methods/Principle findings Foliar application of Zn-CNP was performed at post anthesis stages in two du...

Leaf Surface Scanning Electron Microscopy of 16 Mulberry Genotypes (Morus spp. with Respect to their Feeding Value in Silkworm (Bombyx mori L. Rearing Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido de la Superficie Foliar de 16 Genotipos de Morus spp. en Relación a su Valor Alimenticio para Crianza del Gusano de la Seda (Bombyx mori L.

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B.K Singhal

2010-06-01

disponibilidad de hojas es siempre el factor limitante y, por lo tanto, los sub-trópicos contribuyen con menos de 1% del total de la producción nacional de seda comparado con más de 60% bajo condiciones tropicales. Además de las condiciones climáticas, esto se debe al número muy limitado de genotipos de morera disponible en esta región para la crianza de gusanos de seda. Se introdujeron 15 genotipos de morera (‘Tr-10’,‘Chinese White’, ‘K-2’, ‘Sujanpur Local’,‘BC2-59’,‘S-1635’,‘C-1730’,‘Mandalaya’,‘S-30’ (Vishala,‘RFS-175’,‘Anantha’,‘C-2016’,‘C-2017’,‘S-41’ and ‘V-1’ a los sub-trópicos, pero permanecieron inexplorados. En sericultura, la superficie foliar es también un parámetro importante para la aceptación por parte del gusano por no tener inconvenientes alimentarios y para los programas de mejoramiento de morera. El objetivo del estudio fue explorar las posibilidades de utilizar estos 16 genotipos para sericultura evaluando las características de su superficie foliar por microscopía electrónica de barrido. Los genotipos se agruparon en diferentes categorías según producción foliar, tamaño y número de estomas por unidad de área, y longitud de tricomas e idioblastos. Destacó ‘Mandalaya’ junto al popular ‘S-146’ por su producción foliar y características deseadas de superficie foliar. Además, basado en las características de sus hojas, los genotipos ‘K-2’,‘S-41’ y‘Sujanpur Local’ también se sugieren para desarrollar genotipos de morera de alto rendimiento en los sub-trópicos de la India.

Foliar Mn accumulation in eastern Australian herbarium specimens: prospecting for ‘new’ Mn hyperaccumulators and potential applications in taxonomy

Science.gov (United States)

Fernando, Denise R.; Guymer, Gordon; Reeves, Roger D.; Woodrow, Ian E.; Baker, Alan J.; Batianoff, George N.

2009-01-01

Background and Aims The analysis of herbarium specimens has previously been used to prospect for ‘new’ hyperaccumulators, while the use of foliar manganese (Mn) concentrations as a taxonomic tool has been suggested. On the basis of their geographic and taxonomic affiliations to known Mn hyperaccumulators, six eastern Australian genera from the Queensland Herbarium collection were sampled for leaf tissue analyses. Methods ICP-OES was used to measure Mn and other elemental concentrations in 47 species within the genera Austromyrtus, Lenwebbia, Gossia (Myrtaceae), Macadamia (Proteaceae), Maytenus and Denhamia (Celastraceae). Key Results The resulting data demonstrated (a) up to seven ‘new’ Mn hyperaccumulators, mostly tropical rainforest species; (b) that one of these ‘new’ Mn hyperaccumulators also had notably elevated foliar Ni concentrations; (c) evidence of an interrelationship between foliar Mn and Al uptake among the Macadamias; (d) considerable variability of Mn hyperaccumulation within Gossia; and (e) the possibility that Maytenus cunninghamii may include subspecies. Conclusions Gossia bamagensis, G. fragrantissima, G. sankowsiorum, G. gonoclada and Maytenus cunninghamii were identified as ‘new’ Mn hyperaccumulators, while Gossia lucida and G. shepherdii are possible ‘new’ Mn hyperaccumulators. Of the three Myrtaceae genera examined, Mn hyperaccumulation appears restricted to Gossia, supporting its recent taxonomic revision. In the context of this present investigation and existing information, a reassesment of the general definition of Mn hyperaccumulation may be warranted. Morphological variation of Maytenus cunninghamii at two extremities was consistent with variation in Mn accumulation, indicating two possible ‘new’ subspecies. Although caution should be exercised in interpreting the data, surveying herbarium specimens by chemical analysis has provided an effective means of assessing foliar Mn accumulation. These findings should be

Caracterización morfológica de ocho procedencias de Moringa oleifera (Lam. en condiciones de vivero

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Odalys Toral

Full Text Available En la Estación Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes Indio Hatuey se realizó un estudio, con el objetivo de caracterizar morfológicamente ocho procedencias de Moringa oleifera (Lam. en condiciones de vivero. El diseño fue totalmente aleatorizado. Se evaluaron los indicadores: germinación, emergencia, supervivencia, altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo y número de hojas. Se usaron cinco réplicas por procedencia de 25 semillas cada una, para la prueba de germinación (21 días; y se sembraron 30 bolsas por cada procedencia. La procedencia Holguín-Mayarí tuvo el mejor comportamiento en cuanto a la altura (17,55 cm, la velocidad de crecimiento (0,43 cm/día, el número de hojas (siete y el diámetro del tallo (0,37 cm. Plain, Holguín-Mayarí y Paraguay fueron las de mejor emergencia y supervivencia (100 %. Los valores más bajos los presentó Guatemala (altura promedio: 14 cm, emergencia: 76 %, germinación: 49 %. Ninguna de las procedencias superó el 85 % de germinación. No hubo lesiones por ataque de insectos ni por enfermedades. Se concluye que estas procedencias poseen características morfológicas que las diferencian entre sí, y que la Holguín-Mayarí manifestó el mejor comportamiento en los indicadores evaluados. Se recomienda profundizar en los estudios morfoagronómicos de las diferentes procedencias de M. oleifera.

Determine the Optimal Levels of Bio-fertilizers and Foliar Application of Iron on Yield and Quality Indices of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.

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zahra mir

2018-02-01

Full Text Available Introduction In conventional agricultural systems to obtain the highest performance continuous use of chemical fertilizers is inevitable. The health of the plant, soil and living matter depends on the rotation of food elements in the ecosystem. This cycle is disrupted as a result of the loss of soil fertility, its food imbalance and inappropriate cultivation practices. Bio-fertilizers are composed of beneficial microorganisms, each for a specific purpose, such as nitrogen fixation, release of phosphate ions, potassium, iron. It should be noted that most studies in the field for sour Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa are based on the use of various chemical fertilizers, but the reaction of this plant to bio-fertilizers and iron solubilization has not been considered. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of bio fertilizers and iron on yield and quality traits of Roselle in hot and dry weather conditions. Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effects of bio-fertilizers and foliar application iron on yield and quality indicators Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa experiment in Research field of Zabol University Agriculture Institute in 2015-2016 years was performed with split-plot based on completely randomized design and three replications. Treatments consisted of four levels of bio-fertilizers: control (without fertilizer, vermicompost, cow manure, seaweed and iron foliar applications include: lack of iron, foliar application at a rate of 3cc per thousand, 6cc per thousand was considered. As a source of bio-fertilizer treatments and foliar application iron levels were considered as sub plots. Before sowing Roselle seeds, vermicompost and manure were added to the soil and inoculation operation . Measurements were: economic yield, biological yield, harvest index, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids, anthocyanins, carbohydrates and protein. Statistical analysis of data was done with SAS software version 9.1 and mean comparison with

Effect of the foliar enrichment and herbicides on maize and associated weeds irrigated with drainage water

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Roshdy M.H. Tagour

2017-12-01

Full Text Available A two-year field experiment was conducted during summer seasons of 2013 and 2014, which were irrigated by drainage water which belong to salinity class (C3S1 to C4S2, to study the effect of the foliar enrichment namely (Anti-stress and weed management treatments (some pre and post-emergence herbicides and two-hand hoeing on maize growth, yield, yield components and chemical composition of maize grains and associated weeds (Portulaca oleracea, Amaranthus retroflexus and Echinochloa colonum. The results illustrated that application of the foliar enrichment enhanced the dry weight of weeds and increased maize growth characters, yield and yield components and total crude protein and total oil percentage of grain maize, as compared with untreated treatment. All weed management treatments caused a significant reduction in total dry weight of weeds at 60 and 80 days after sowing in both seasons. Two-hand hoeing treatment exerted the highest decrease in total dry weight of weeds followed by metribuzin, oxadiagyl, fluroxypyr and bentazon, respectively at 60 and 80 days after sowing compared with other weed management treatments. While, the highest values of maize growth, yield, yield components and maize grains' content of protein and oil was obtained with two-hand hoeing followed by metribuzin, oxadiagyl, fluroxypyr and bentazon, respectively. While, two hands hoeing produced the maximum values of leaf area, ear length, the weight of kernels plant−1, but applying of metribuzin treatment gave the highest values of total oil percentage of grain maize when the foliar enrichment was used.

Determinación in vitro de los patrones de inducción de una endo-xilanasa (E.C.3.2.1.8 secretada por Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi. Purificación y caracterización parcial

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Sixta Tulia Martinez

2014-04-01

Full Text Available Al hacer un ensayo in vitro, la enzimaxilanasa secretada por el patógeno Fusariumoxysporum f.sp. dianthi se induceen presencia de pared celular de tallo yraíz de clavel de variedades tolerantesy resistentes. Se observa un comportamientodiferencial según el órgano y lavariedad, que demuestra la influencia,en la inducción, de las características delhospedero.La enzima se purifica parcialmenteutilizando cromatografías de intercambiocatiónico, aniónico y tamiz molecular. Lacaracterización bioquímica presenta lossiguientes valores: masa molecular 38,8kDa, temperatura y pH óptimo 35 0Cy 10, respectivamente, Kmap = 0,2 mg/mL, Vmaxap = 500 U/mg.La presencia de oligogalacturónidoscomo productos de hidrólisis detectadoscon una cromatografía en capa delgadapermite clasificar la enzima como unaendoxilanasa.La enzima retiene el 50 % de su estabilidada pH muy alcalino, y presentaalta termoestabilidad en un intervalo detemperatura entre 30 y 80 0C.

Changes in conifer and deciduous forest foliar and forest floor chemistry and basal area tree growth across a nitrogen (N) deposition gradient in the northeastern US

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Johnny L. Boggs; Steven G. McNulty; Linda H. Pardo

2007-01-01

We evaluated foliar and forest floor chemistry across a gradient of N deposition in the Northeast at 11 red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) sites in 1987/1988 and foliar and forest floor chemistry and basal area growth at six paired spruce and deciduous sites in 1999. The six red spruce plots were a subset of the original 1987/1988 spruce sites. In 1999...

Foliar application with nano-silicon alleviates Cd toxicity in rice seedlings.

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Shihua; Wang, Fayuan; Gao, Shuangcheng

2015-02-01

Nanofertilizers may be more effective than regular fertilizers in improving plant nutrition, enhancing nutrition use efficiency, and protecting plants from environmental stress. A hydroponic pot experiment was conducted to study the role of foliar application with 2.5 mM nano-silicon in alleviating Cd stress in rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L. cv Youyou 128) grown in solution added with or without 20 μM CdCl2. The results showed that Cd treatment decreased the growth and the contents of Mg, Fe, Zn, chlorophyll a, and glutathione (GSH), accompanied by a significant increase in Cd accumulation. However, foliar application with nano-Si improved the growth, Mg, Fe, and Zn nutrition, and the contents of chlorophyll a of the rice seedlings under Cd stress and decreased Cd accumulation and translocation of Cd from root to shoot. Cd treatment produced oxidative stress to rice seedlings indicated by a higher lipid peroxidation level (as malondialdehyde (MDA)) and higher activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), and a lower GSH content. However, those nano-Si-treated plants had lower MDA but higher GSH content and different antioxidant enzyme activities, indicating a higher Cd tolerance in them. The results suggested that nano-Si application alleviated Cd toxicity in rice by decreasing Cd accumulation, Cd partitioning in shoot and MDA level and by increasing content of some mineral elements (Mg, Fe, and Zn) and antioxidant capacity.

Foliar anatomy and histochemistry in seven species of Eucalyptus Anatomia e histoquímica foliar de sete espécies de Eucalyptus

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Leonardo David Tuffi Santos

2008-08-01

Full Text Available This work aimed to describe the foliar anatomy of seven species of Eucalyptus, emphasizing the characterization of secretory structures and the chemical nature of the compounds secreted and /or present in the leaves. Anatomical characterization and histochemical evaluation to determine the nature and localization of the secondary compounds were carried out in fully expanded leaves, according to standard methodology. Anatomical differences were verified among the species studied, especially in E. pyrocarpa. Sub-epidermal cavities were the only secretory structures found in the seven species studied, with higher density in E. pellita and lower in E. pilularis. The following compounds were histochemically detected: lipophilic compounds, specifically lipids of the essential or resin-oil type and sesquiterpene lactones found in the lumen of the cavities of the seven species; and hydrophilic compounds, of the phenolic compound type found in the mesophyll of all the species studied and on the epidermis of some of them. The results confirmed the complexity of the product secreted by the cavities, stressing the homogeneous histochemistry nature of these compounds among the species. However, the phenolic compounds results may be an indication of important variations in adaptations and ecological relations, since they show differences among the species.Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho descrever a anatomia foliar de sete espécies de Eucalyptus, com ênfase na caracterização de estruturas secretoras e da natureza química dos compostos secretados e/ou presentes no limbo foliar. A caracterização anatômica e a avaliação histoquímica para determinação da natureza e localização dos compostos secundários foram realizadas em folhas totalmente expandidas segundo metodologia usual. Houve diferenças anatômicas entre as espécies estudadas, especialmente em E. pyrocarpo. Cavidades subepidérmicas foram as únicas estruturas secretoras encontradas

Biomass partitioning and leaf area of Pinus radiata trees subjected to silvopastoral and conventional forestry in the VI region, Chile Distribución de biomasa y área foliar en árboles de Pinus radiata sometidos a manejo silvopastoral y convencional en la VI región, Chile

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ROLANDO RODRÍGUEZ

2003-09-01

Full Text Available The effects of silvicultural regimes on leaf area and biomass distribution were analyzed in 16-year old Pinus radiata trees growing in the semiarid zone of Chile. Three stands with different silvopastoral management were compared with a conventionally managed stand. Data were obtained through destructive sampling of 36 trees and analyzed by MANOVA and regression models of ANCOVA. Results show that the management regime affects the leaf area. Specific leaf area was affected by both silvicultural regime and crown position. Total biomass per tree under the silvopastoral regime was 2.1 to 2.5 times larger than in the conventional forestry regime. However, aboveground biomass partitioning was neither affected by the silvicultural regime nor by the schemes of silvopastoral management. The most important allometric change was in fine root biomass, which was greater under the conventional forestry regime than in the silvopastoral one. Fine root biomass increases with a regular distribution of the plants in the field, and decreases with the clumping of trees. Similarly, the fine root biomass decreases with fertilization. Both plantation design and fertilization regimes explain the changes in the fine root biomass to components of the crown. However, crown structure influences the magnitude of these changes.Se analizaron los efectos del régimen silvícola en el área foliar y distribución de biomasa en árboles de Pinus radiata de 16 años, creciendo en la zona semiárida de Chile. Para ello se compararon tres rodales con manejo silvopastoral con uno manejado en forma tradicional. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante muestreo destructivo de 36 árboles y se analizaron mediante MANOVA y regresión en modelos de ANCOVA. Los resultados permiten concluir que el régimen de manejo afectó el área foliar. El área foliar específica fue afectada por el régimen silvícola y su posición en la copa. La biomasa total por árbol con régimen silvopastoral es 2,1 a

Tóxidad de cadmio y plomo en pasto tanner Brachiaria arrecta

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Manuel Peláez

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Se evaluó fisiopatías en Brachiaria arrecta expuestas a contenidos tóxicos de cadmio y plomo en el invernadero de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Palmira, se doparon plántulas sanas de 20 días de edad bajo cultivo hidropónico. El objetivo fue describir síntomas crecientes por intoxicación con el diseño de una escala valorativa de daños crecientes, adicionalmente se evaluaron cambios histológicos de raíz tallo y hojas mediante microscopia de luz de alta resolución (MLAR. Las plantas fueron sometidas a estrés abiótico con los tratamientos de sales de CdCl2 en concentración de 10 ppm, y de Pb (NO32 500 ppm, respectivamente. Los resultados principales mostraron un mayor detrimento cuando las plantas fueron expuestas al metal plomo que al cadmio en las raíces, tallos y hojas. Se apreciaron deformaciones extremas en paredes celulares de las células del cortex y en la endodermis de la raíz; en las hojas los daños fueron notorios para ambos metales sobre todo en el parénquima clorofílico y en la deformación de paredes de la epidermis tanto en haz como envés; en los tallos aparecieron deformaciones de las células del parénquima de relleno cuando ocurre bioacumulación intensa de plomo. Estos resultados sugieren que la bioconcentración en los tejidos vegetales ocasiona trastornos histológicos, que pueden involucrar una red trófica y por consiguiente consecuencias en la Salud Pública.

Produção de enzimas extracelulares por fungos associados à decomposição materiais vegetais em riachos

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Jéssica Barros Aguiar Silva

2015-12-01

Full Text Available As celulases e xilanases fúngicas, derivadas de sua habilidade degradativa e excretadas, em geral, para o meio, despertam interesse biotecnológico por terem um largo espectro de aplicação. Objetivou-se verificar a produção das enzimas celulase e xilanase por fungos filamentosos isolados de detritos foliares alóctone em um córrego no Cerrado. Os testes foram realizados com 100 cepas utilizando meio de cultura sintético contendo, como única fonte de carbono, carboximetilcelulose e xilana, para celulase e xilanase, respectivamente. Foram realizados inóculos no centro das placas e armazenadas por 4 dias em BOD a 28°C e submetido a choque térmico em estufa a 50°C por 16 horas. Para melhor visualização do halo de hidrólise as placas foram coradas com solução de vermelho congo e lavadas com solução de NaCl. Dos fungos testados 69% apresentaram resultado positivo para celulase dos quais 23% foram consideramos com potencial para aplicação em biotecnologia. Não houve resultados positivos para a produção da enzima xilanase. Os fungos testados, associados ao processo de decomposição de matéria orgânica vegetal, apresentaram produção da enzima celulase, mas não da enzima xilanase.

USE OF cDNA MICROARRAY TECHNOLOGY FOR IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL GENES RESPONDING TO ABSCISIC ACID PHYTOHORMONE

OpenAIRE

D. Cabezas; Sandra Pérez; R. Huelva; Dong Haitao; Li Debao

2005-01-01

Se utilizó el cDNA microarreglo con 4370 unigenes, provenientes de la biblioteca del endospermo del arroz y de los tejidos de las hojas, para detectar los niveles de expresión del mRNA de los tejidos del tallo del arroz tratados con agua y con la hormona ácido abscísico (ABA). Los resultados mostraron que los niveles de expresión de cinco genes fueron reprimidos por la fitohormona ABA. El Reverse Northern confirmó que uno de los cinco genes (H024g06) fue realmente reprimido por el ABA. Los an...

Alterações nos teores nutricionais foliares de bananeira 'prata-anã' adubada com composto orgânico em cinco ciclos de produção

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Erval Rafael Damatto Junior

2011-10-01

Full Text Available O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o estado nutricional da bananeira-'Prata-anã' durante cinco ciclos de cultivo com adubação orgânica, no município de Botucatu-SP. As plantas foram adubadas com composto orgânico produzido a partir de serragem de madeira e esterco bovino, em que os tratamentos foram constituídos de doses desse composto (0; 98,5; 197,0; 290,5 e 394,0 g de K2O/planta. Empregou-se delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. No florescimento das plantas em cada ciclo, foram retiradas amostras foliares de duas plantas por parcela para serem analisados os teores de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, boro, cobre, ferro, manganês e zinco. A maior parte dos macronutrientes presentes nas folhas não foi influenciada pelo incremento de doses de composto orgânico. No decorrer dos ciclos avaliados, os teores foliares de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, enxofre, boro, ferro e manganês diminuíram, enquanto o cálcio e o magnésio se acumularam nas plantas. Os teores de potássio estavam abaixo dos padrões para a cultura no Estado de São Paulo, em todos os anos avaliados, mesmo assim as plantas não apresentaram sintomas de deficiência ou queda de produção, inferindo-se que a faixa considerada como adequada para a cultivar pode ser inferior aos padrões atualmente adotados.

Slow-cycle effects of foliar herbivory alter the nitrogen acquisition and population size of Collembola

Science.gov (United States)

Mark A. Bradford; Tara Gancos; Christopher J. Frost

2008-01-01

In terrestrial systems there is a close relationship between litter quality and the activity and abundance of decomposers. Therefore, the potential exists for aboveground, herbivore-induced changes in foliar chemistry to affect soil decomposer fauna. These herbivore-induced changes in chemistry may persist across growing seasons. While the impacts of such slow-cycle...

New substrate containing agroindustrial carnauba residue for production of papaya under foliar fertilization

OpenAIRE

Albano,Francisca G.; Cavalcante,Ítalo H. L.; Machado,Jailson S.; Lacerda,Claudivan F. de; Silva,Esdras R. da; Sousa,Humberto G. de

2017-01-01

ABSTRACT The use of organic waste in the composition of substrates for seedlings constitutes an alternative to the recycling of these materials. Thus, an experiment was conducted with the objective to evaluate the production of ‘Formosa’ papaya seedlings in substrate containing carnauba wax residue, under foliar fertilization. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replicates, with treatments distributed in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to five mater...

ITS-rDNA phylogeny of Colletotrichum spp. causal agent of apple Glomerella leaf spot Filogenia por ITS-rDNA de Colletotrichum spp., agente causal da mancha foliar da Gala em macieira

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Diorvania Ribeiro Giaretta

2010-04-01

Full Text Available Several diseases have affected apple production, among them there is Glomerella leaf spot (GLS caused by Colletotrichum spp. The first report of this disease in apple was in plants nearby citrus orchards in São Paulo State, Brazil. The origin of this disease is still not clear, and studies based on the molecular phylogeny could relate the organisms evolutionarily and characterize possible mechanisms of divergent evolution. The amplification of 5.8S-ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer of rDNA of 51 pathogenic Colletotrichum spp. isolates from apples, pineapple guava and citrus produced one fragment of approximately 600 bases pairs (bp for all the isolates analyzed. The amplified fragments were cleaved with restriction enzymes, and fragments from 90 to 500bp were obtained. The sequencing of this region allowed the generation of a phylogenetic tree, regardless of their hosts, and 5 isolated groups were obtained. From the "in silico" comparison, it was possible to verify a variation from 93 to 100% of similarity between the sequences studied and the Genbank data base. The causal agent of GLS is nearly related (clustered to isolates of pineapple guava and to the citrus isolates used as control.A produção de maçã vem sendo comprometida pela ocorrência de muitas doenças, entre as quais se destaca a Mancha Foliar de Glomerella (MFG, causada por Colletotrichum spp. O primeiro relato dessa doença em maçã foi registrado em plantas próximas a pomares de citrus no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A origem da MFG ainda não está bem clara, e estudos baseados na filogenia permitirão relacionar o organismo evolutivamente, possibilitando caracterizar possíveis mecanismos divergentes de evolução. A amplificação da região 5.8S-ITS (espaçador interno transcrito do rDNA de 51 isolados de Colletotrichum patogênicos em de maçã, goiabeira serrana e citrus produziu um fragmento de aproximadamente 600 pares de bases (pb para todos os isolados analisados

Increasing Selenium and Yellow Pigment Concentrations in Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica L.) Grain with Foliar Application of Selenite.

Science.gov (United States)

Ning, Na; Yuan, Xiang-Yang; Dong, Shu-Qi; Wen, Yin-Yuan; Gao, Zhen-Pan; Guo, Mei-Jun; Guo, Ping-Yi

2016-03-01

Although addition of selenium (Se) is known to increase Se in crops, it is unclear whether exogenous Se is linked to nutritional and functional components in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.). In this study, we examined the potential of increasing Se and yellow pigment (YP) in foxtail millet grain by foliar application of Se. Field experiments were conducted during the growing season of foxtail millet in 2013 and 2014 to assess the effects of foliar spray of sodium selenite (10-210 g Se ha(-1)) on the yield, Se uptake and accumulation, total YP, and microminerals in the grain. Average grain yields with Se application were 5.60 and 4.53 t ha(-1) in the 2 years, showing no significant differences from the unfertilized control. However, grain Se concentration increased linearly with Se application rate, by 8.92 and 6.09 μg kg(-1) in the 2 years with application of 1 g Se ha(-1) (maximum grain recovery rates of Se fertilizer, 52 and 28 %). Likewise, total grain YP concentration markedly increased by 0.038 and 0.031 mg kg(-1) in the 2 years with application of 1 g Se ha(-1). Grain Mn, Cu, Fe, and Zn concentrations were not significantly affected by Se application. This study indicated that foliar application of Se effectively and reliably increased the concentrations of Se and YP in foxtail millet grain without affecting the yield or mineral micronutrient concentrations. Thus, foliar-applied selenite has a significant potential to increase the concentrations of selenium and YP (putative lutein (Shen, J Cereal Sci 61:86-93, 2015; Abdel-Aal, Cereal Chem 79:455-457, 2002; Abdel-Aal, J Agric Food Chem 55:787-794, 2007)) of foxtail millet and, thus, the health benefits of this crop.

Meta-analysis of yield response of hybrid field corn to foliar fungicides in the U.S. Corn Belt.

Science.gov (United States)

Paul, P A; Madden, L V; Bradley, C A; Robertson, A E; Munkvold, G P; Shaner, G; Wise, K A; Malvick, D K; Allen, T W; Grybauskas, A; Vincelli, P; Esker, P

2011-09-01

The use of foliar fungicides on field corn has increased greatly over the past 5 years in the United States in an attempt to increase yields, despite limited evidence that use of the fungicides is consistently profitable. To assess the value of using fungicides in grain corn production, random-effects meta-analyses were performed on results from foliar fungicide experiments conducted during 2002 to 2009 in 14 states across the United States to determine the mean yield response to the fungicides azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, propiconazole + trifloxystrobin, and propiconazole + azoxystrobin. For all fungicides, the yield difference between treated and nontreated plots was highly variable among studies. All four fungicides resulted in a significant mean yield increase relative to the nontreated plots (P pyraclostrobin (256 kg/ha), and lowest for azoxystrobin (230 kg/ha). Baseline yield (mean yield in the nontreated plots) had a significant effect on yield for propiconazole + azoxystrobin (P pyraclostrobin, propiconazole + trifloxystrobin, and propiconazole + azoxystrobin but not to azoxystrobin. Mean yield difference was generally higher in the lowest yield and higher disease severity categories than in the highest yield and lower disease categories. The probability of failing to recover the fungicide application cost (p(loss)) also was estimated for a range of grain corn prices and application costs. At the 10-year average corn grain price of $0.12/kg ($2.97/bushel) and application costs of $40 to 95/ha, p(loss) for disease severity pyraclostrobin, 0.62 to 0.93 for propiconazole + trifloxystrobin, 0.58 to 0.89 for propiconazole + azoxystrobin, and 0.91 to 0.99 for azoxystrobin. When disease severity was >5%, the corresponding probabilities were 0.36 to 95, 0.25 to 0.69, 0.25 to 0.64, and 0.37 to 0.98 for the four fungicides. In conclusion, the high p(loss) values found in most scenarios suggest that the use of these foliar fungicides is unlikely to be profitable when

Foliar fertilization of sugarcane (Saccharum spp): absorption and translocation of 15-N-labeled urea

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Trivelin, P.C.O.; Carvalho, J.G. de; Silva, A.Q. da; Primavesi, A.C.P.A.; Camacho, E.; Eimori, I.E.; Guilherme, M.R.

1988-01-01

The absorption and translocation of foliar applied nitrogen as urea solution to sugar cane plants was evaluated. An experiment using the isotope dilution technique with 15 N labeled urea was carried out in green house condition. Seedlings of sugarcane variety IAC 53-150 were planted in pots with 5KG of top soil''latossolo vermelho amarelo, fase arenosa'' (Haplustox). (M.A.C.) [pt

Copper Oxide Nanoparticle Foliar Uptake, Phytotoxicity, and Consequences for Sustainable Urban Agriculture.

Science.gov (United States)

Xiong, TianTian; Dumat, Camille; Dappe, Vincent; Vezin, Hervé; Schreck, Eva; Shahid, Muhammad; Pierart, Antoine; Sobanska, Sophie

2017-05-02

Throughout the world, urban agriculture supplies fresh local vegetables to city populations. However, the increasing anthropogenic uses of metal-containing nanoparticles (NPs) such as CuO-NPs in urban areas may contaminate vegetables through foliar uptake. This study focused on the CuO-NP transfer processes in leafy edible vegetables (i.e., lettuce and cabbage) to assess their potential phytotoxicity. Vegetables were exposed via leaves for 5, 10, or 15 days to various concentrations of CuO-NPs (0, 10, or 250 mg per plant). Biomass and gas exchange values were determined in relation to the Cu uptake rate, localization, and Cu speciation within the plant tissues. High foliar Cu uptake occurred after exposure for 15 days for lettuce [3773 mg (kg of dry weight) -1 ] and cabbage [4448 mg (kg of dry weight) -1 ], along with (i) decreased plant weight, net photosynthesis level, and water content and (ii) necrotic Cu-rich areas near deformed stomata containing CuO-NPs observed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Analysis of the CuO-NP transfer rate (7.8-242 μg day -1 ), translocation of Cu from leaves to roots and Cu speciation biotransformation in leaf tissues using electron paramagnetic resonance, suggests the involvement of plant Cu regulation processes. Finally, a potential health risk associated with consumption of vegetables contaminated with CuO-NPs was highlighted.

Foliar Potassium Fertilizer Additives Affect Soybean Response and Weed Control with Glyphosate

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Kelly A. Nelson

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Research in 2004 and 2005 determined the effects of foliar-applied K-fertilizer sources (0-0-62-0 (%N-%P2O5-%K2O-%S, 0-0-25-17, 3-18-18-0, and 5-0-20-13 and additive rates (2.2, 8.8, and 17.6 kg K ha−1 on glyphosate-resistant soybean response and weed control. Field experiments were conducted at Novelty and Portageville with high soil test K and weed populations and at Malden with low soil test K and weed populations. At Novelty, grain yield increased with fertilizer additives at 8.8 kg K ha−1 in a high-yield, weed-free environment in 2004, but fertilizer additives reduced yield up to 470 kg ha−1 in a low-yield year (2005 depending on the K source and rate. At Portageville, K-fertilizer additives increased grain yield from 700 to 1160 kg ha−1 compared to diammonium sulfate, depending on the K source and rate. At Malden, there was no yield response to K sources. Differences in leaf tissue K (P=0.03, S (P=0.03, B (P=0.0001, and Cu (P=0.008 concentrations among treatments were detected 14 d after treatment at Novelty and Malden. Tank mixtures of K-fertilizer additives with glyphosate may provide an option for foliar K applications.

Relações entre transpiração máxima, evapotranspiração de referência e área foliar em quatro variedades de mangueira Maximum transpiration, reference evapotranspiration and leaf area relationships for some mango cultivars

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Greice Ximena Santos Oliveira

2009-03-01

Full Text Available Nas condições edafoclimáticas de Cruz da Almas - BA, na Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical, foi realizado um estudo no qual se relacionou a transpiração máxima (Litros m-2 folha/dia -1 de quatro variedades de mangueira (Tommy Atkins, Palmer, Haden e Van Dyke, com áreas foliares totais de 14; 8; 33 e 12 m², respectivamente com a evapotranspiração de referência (ETo. A transpiração das plantas (L dia-1 foi estimada por meio de sensores que realizam o balanço de calor no caule (modelos SAG13; SGB9; SGB16; SGB19 e SGB25, Dynamax Inc. dispostos nos sentidos norte (N, sul (S, leste (E, oeste (W e centro (C de cada planta. A transpiração por unidade de área foliar (Lm-2 folha dia-1 variou em média de 1,58 ao longo do período estudado, e linearmente com o aumento da área foliar total da planta, independentemente da variedade estudada. A transpiração (Litros m-2 folha/dia -1 variou de 0,36 a 3,00, dependendo da demanda atmosférica. A transpiração máxima (T das quatro variedades de mangueira (Litros m-2 folha/dia -1 relacionouse linearmente com a ETo (T = 0,44. ETo; r² = 0,78, sendo um excelente subsídio para o manejo de irrigação por gotejamento nesta cultura.A study relating maximum transpiration (L m-2 leaf day-1 to reference evapotranspiration (ETo for four mango cultivars (Tommy Atkins, Palmer, Haden and Van Dyke, with 14 m², 8 m², 33 m² and 12 m² of leaf area, respectively was carried out at Embrapa Cassava and Tropical Fruits, in the conditions of Cruz da Almas-BA. Plant transpiration (L. day-1 was estimated by heat balance sensors that were installed on the shoots (models SAG13; SGB9; SGB16; SGB19 e SGB25, Dynamax Inc.. The sensors were installed to the North (N, South (S, East (E, West (W and Center(C of each plant. The transpiration per unity leaf area (L.m-2.day-1 varied about 1.58 in average along the studied period and it also varied linearly with the increase in total leaf area, regardless the studied

Efectos del asperjado con reguladores de crecimiento y del despunte, sobre la calidad de plantas de Verbena bonariensis cultivadas en maceta

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M.L Papone

2013-12-01

Full Text Available Verbena bonariensis es una especie autóctona que por la persistencia de la inflorescencia sería apta como planta de flor para maceta. Con el objetivo de lograr plantas bajas y de buena arquitectura, se probaron los reguladores de crecimiento (BAP-citoquinina y cycocel y el corte de los ápices o pinzado. Durante el ensayo se midió la longitud del tallo principal, se contó el número de días a floración (DAF, de nudos, de ramificaciones surgidas de la base y de ramificaciones totales. También se contó el número de inflorescencias totales surgidas de brotes axilares y de yemas brotadas en el tallo principal. Cada planta se consideró una repetición y se contó con 10 repeticiones para cada tratamiento. En las plantas pinzadas, DAF y el número de inflorescencias totales y axilares fue menor y el número de ramificaciones basales al inicio de la floración fue mayor. El pinzado produjo plantas de mal aspecto y de escasa calidad ya que los tallos no ocuparon el centro de la planta. La BAP no favoreció el brotado lateral y el cycocel no originó plantas de menor altura que los otros tratamientos. Ninguna de las alternativas culturales elegidas fue efectiva para lograr el objetivo.

Spatial estimation of foliar phosphorus in different species of the genus Coffea based on soil properties

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Samuel de Assis Silva

2014-10-01

Full Text Available Information underlying analyses of coffee fertilization systems should consider both the soil and the nutritional status of plants. This study investigated the spatial relationship between phosphorus (P levels in coffee plant tissues and soil chemical and physical properties. The study was performed using two arabica and one canephora coffee variety. Sampling grids were established in the areas, and the points georeferenced. The assessed properties of the soil were levels of available phosphorus (P-Mehlich, remaining phosphorus (P-rem and particle size, and of the plant tissue, phosphorus levels (foliar P. The data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, cluster analysis, and probability tests. Geostatistical and trend analyses were only performed for pairs of variables with significant linear correlation. The spatial variability for foliar P content was high for the variety Catuai and medium for the other evaluated plants. Unlike P-Mehlich, the variability in P-rem of the soil indicated the nutritional status of this nutrient in the plant.

Pattern of zinc-65 incorporation into soybean seeds by root absorption, stem injection, and foliar application

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)