Impacto clínico de un programa de falla cardiaca

OpenAIRE

Saldarriaga, Clara I.; Garcés, José J.; Agudelo, Adriana; Guarín, Luisa F.; Mejía, Juliana

2016-01-01

Introducción: La falla cardiaca es un problema de salud pública, genera grandes costos al sistema de salud por las readmisiones hospitalarias y genera morbimortalidad en los pacientes. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto en la clase funcional, las visitas al servicio de urgencias y las readmisiones hospitalarias en la población de pacientes atendidos en el programa de falla cardiaca de un centro de referencia cardiovascular en Colombia. Metodología: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo y prospecti...

ESTRATEGIA PARA REDUCIR INTERVALOS DE INCERTIDUMBRE APLICADA EN LOCALIZACIÓN DE FALLAS EN SISTEMAS DE DISTRIBUCIÓN

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César Augusto Orozco Henao

2012-01-01

Full Text Available El método de localización propuesto en este artículo se basa en una estrategia iterativa que determina el valor mínimo de la reactancia de falla, utilizando la técnica de reducción de intervalos de incertidumbre de Fibonacci. Esta técnica mejora el método de localización de fallas debido a que aumenta su precisión, mediante la aplicación de un tamaño de paso variable para determinar el valor absoluto de la reactancia de falla. La estrategia utiliza las mediciones de tensión y corriente en la subestación, por lo tanto, considera las variaciones en los estados de pre-falla y falla. El método se valida en el sistema de prueba IEEE 34 nodos conformado por laterales monofásicos, bifásicos y trifásicos, para todos los tipos de fallas y considerando resistencias de falla entre 0 y 40ohms. Los resultados obtenidos muestran errores de estimación inferiores al 1,8%, lo cual confirma la validez de la propuesta.

Falla ovárica precoz

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José Pacheco

2010-07-01

Full Text Available La falla ovárica precoz es una amenorrea secundaria que se presenta en una mujer antes de los 40 años, que conlleva a hipoestrogenismo, infertilidad y las consecuencias de la menopausia prematura, como osteoporosis, enfermedad cardiovascular, trastornos neurovegetativos, entre otros. Se presenta agotamiento folicular, por dotación insuficiente de folículos o destrucción acelerada de los ovocitos. Las causas son varias, pero predominan las genéticas, autoinmunes y las iatrogénicas. Entre las causas genéticas, son frecuentes las deleciones Xq y Xp, las translocaciones, aberraciones numéricas (47,XXX, 45,X0, premutaciones de X frágil, entre otros. Entre las enfermedades autoinmunes son de importancia la insuficiencia poliglandular tipo I y II. Las iatrogenias pueden ser quirúrgicas en ovarios o trompas y, con la presencia del cáncer de mama en mujeres jóvenes, el tratamiento oncológico puede destruir las células germinales, por lo que hoy se sugiere utilizar técnicas de preservación de la función ovárica y de la fertilidad. En el manejo de la falla ovárica precoz, una vez determinada la causa, se sugiere el uso de terapia estrogénica, aunque no se ha hecho investigación en el tipo de hormona a utilizar, dosis y consecuencias a largo plazo. Tener presente la prevención y manejo de la osteoporosis y la enfermedad cardiovascular. Con relación a la infertilidad, se está realizando criopreservación de embriones y ovocitos para autodonación, así como criopreservación de tejido ovárico cortical para autotrasplante posterior, con éxitos y limitaciones. Los agonistas de GnRH podrían actuar en proteger los ovarios en casos de quimioterapia. Se observa con atención la terapia génica experimental en casos de falla ovárica precoz.

Electrical contact arrangement for a coating process

Science.gov (United States)

Kabagambe, Benjamin; McCamy, James W; Boyd, Donald W

2013-09-17

A protective coating is applied to the electrically conductive surface of a reflective coating of a solar mirror by biasing a conductive member having a layer of a malleable electrically conductive material, e.g. a paste, against a portion of the conductive surface while moving an electrodepositable coating composition over the conductive surface. The moving of the electrodepositable coating composition over the conductive surface includes moving the solar mirror through a flow curtain of the electrodepositable coating composition and submerging the solar mirror in a pool of the electrodepositable coating composition. The use of the layer of a malleable electrically conductive material between the conductive member and the conductive surface compensates for irregularities in the conductive surface being contacted during the coating process thereby reducing the current density at the electrical contact area.

Electrical Contacts in Monolayer Arsenene Devices.

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Yangyang; Ye, Meng; Weng, Mouyi; Li, Jingzhen; Zhang, Xiuying; Zhang, Han; Guo, Ying; Pan, Yuanyuan; Xiao, Lin; Liu, Junku; Pan, Feng; Lu, Jing

2017-08-30

Arsenene, arsenic analogue of graphene, as an emerging member of two-dimensional semiconductors (2DSCs), is quite promising in next-generation electronic and optoelectronic applications. The metal electrical contacts play a vital role in the charge transport and photoresponse processes of nanoscale 2DSC devices and even can mask the intrinsic properties of 2DSCs. Here, we present a first comprehensive study of the electrical contact properties of monolayer (ML) arsenene with different electrodes by using ab initio electronic calculations and quantum transport simulations. Schottky barrier is always formed with bulk metal contacts owing to the Fermi level pinning (pinning factor S = 0.33), with electron Schottky barrier height (SBH) of 0.12, 0.21, 0.25, 0.35, and 0.50 eV for Sc, Ti, Ag, Cu, and Au contacts and hole SBH of 0.75 and 0.78 eV for Pd and Pt contacts, respectively. However, by contact with 2D graphene, the Fermi level pinning effect can be reduced due to the suppression of metal-induced gap states. Remarkably, a barrier free hole injection is realized in ML arsenene device with graphene-Pt hybrid electrode, suggestive of a high device performance in such a ML arsenene device. Our study provides a theoretical foundation for the selection of favorable electrodes in future ML arsenene devices.

Fault detection in the electrical equipment of the artificial system, used for the oil production in marine platforms; Deteccion de fallas en los equipos electricos del sistema artificial, utilizado para la produccion de petroleo en plataformas marinas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Vargas H, Vicente; Rosales S, Inocente [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico); Pimentel M, Jorge [Petroleos Mexicanos (Mexico)

2007-07-01

At present, PEMEX is using new artificial pumping systems for the production of oil, specifically the Electro Centrifugal Pumping system (ECP). Nevertheless, during the operation of the (ECP) system problems by the failure of their electrical components have appeared, mainly of the equipment installed within the well. The faults have resulted in an increased cost for the diminution in the production and the maintenance cost of the remedial work. The maintenance personnel have procedures to perform verification tests of the conditions of the bottom electrical equipment. But, in the case of an electrical failure of the equipment, its location cannot be determined, since they are installed at 3,600 m from the production wellhead. In accordance with the former, the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas proposed the application of the reflectometry technique in the time domain, to complement the maintenance procedures. This technique is a very useful diagnosis tool of the electrical equipment, which helps in the decision making of the maneuvers of preventive and corrective maintenance to be followed, with the consequent saving of resources. [Spanish] Actualmente, PEMEX esta utilizando nuevos sistemas artificiales de bombeo para la produccion de petroleo, en especifico el Sistema de Bombeo Electrocentrifugo (BEC). Sin embargo, durante la operacion del Sistema BEC se han presentado problemas por la falla de sus componentes electricos, sobre todo del equipo instalado dentro del pozo. Las fallas han resultado con un costo elevado por la disminucion en la produccion y por los trabajos de mantenimiento correctivo. El personal de mantenimiento cuenta con procedimientos para realizar pruebas de verificacion del estado de los equipos electricos de fondo. Pero, en el caso de una falla electrica de los equipos, no se puede determinar su ubicacion, dado que se instalan a 3,600 m del cabezal del pozo de produccion. De acuerdo con lo anterior, el Instituto de Investigaciones

The nature of electrical interaction of Schottky contacts

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Torkhov, N. A.

2011-01-01

Electrical interaction between metal-semiconductor contacts combined in a diode matrix with a Schottky barrier manifests itself in an appreciable variation in their surface potentials and static current-volt-characteristics. The necessary condition for appearance of electrical interaction between such contacts consists in the presence of a peripheral electric field (a halo) around them; this field propagates to a fairly large distances ( i,j ), concentration of doping impurities in the semiconductor N D , and physical nature of a metal-semiconductor system with a Schottky barrier (with the barrier height φ b ). It is established that bringing the contacts closer leads to a relative decrease in the threshold value of the “dead” zone in the forward current-voltage characteristics, an increase in the effective height of the barrier, and an insignificant increase in the nonideality factor. An increase in the total area of contacts (a total electric charge in the space charge region) in the matrix brings about an increase in the threshold value of the “dead” zone, a relative decrease in the effective barrier height, and an insignificant increase in the ideality factor.

pacientes con falla cardiaca

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Diana Marcela Achury Saldaña

2007-01-01

Full Text Available Objetivo: determinar la adherencia al tratamiento de pacientes con falla cardiaca hospitalizados, al aplicar un plan educativo quefomenta el autocuidado.Método: estudio cuasiexperimental (entrevistas enfermera-paciente realizado entre diciembre de 2004 y mayo de 2006, con unamuestra de 50 pacientes seleccionados por conveniencia. Se diseñó un instrumento para evaluar los comportamientos de los pacientes,con base en algunos resultados de la adherencia y sus respectivos indicadores de la taxonomía NOC (Nursing out comes classification. Laadherencia al tratamiento fue medida en dos momentos: el primero durante la hospitalización, seguido de la aplicación del plan educativoantes del alta, que proporcionaba información en el manejo de su enfermedad desde una dimensión física, psicológica y social quepromueve el autocuidado; y el segundo un mes después del alta en su domicilio.Resultados: diferencias estadísticamente significativas (P=0,0001 que demuestran cómo mediante la capacitación al paciente enel manejo de su tratamiento farmacológico y no farmacológico, el establecimiento de una sana relación entre el profesional de enfermeríay el paciente, y la participación de la familia, se logra una total adherencia al tratamiento.Conclusiones: para lograr una adherencia total del paciente con falla cardiaca al tratamiento es necesario un proceso educativo y unseguimiento continuo y personalizado que motive permanentemente al paciente y se le reconozca el papel protagónico en su cuidado y manejo de la enfermedad.

Falla ovárica precoz

OpenAIRE

José Pacheco

2010-01-01

La falla ovárica precoz es una amenorrea secundaria que se presenta en una mujer antes de los 40 años, que conlleva a hipoestrogenismo, infertilidad y las consecuencias de la menopausia prematura, como osteoporosis, enfermedad cardiovascular, trastornos neurovegetativos, entre otros. Se presenta agotamiento folicular, por dotación insuficiente de folículos o destrucción acelerada de los ovocitos. Las causas son varias, pero predominan las genéticas, autoinmunes y las iatrogénicas. Entre las c...

Las principales fallas de motores eléctricos en Costa Rica

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Osvaldo Guerreo Castro

2010-10-01

Full Text Available Una de las tareas más importantes en la gestión del mantenimiento de los equipos de producción, y particularmente de los motores eléctricos, es identificar y prevenir las fallas para tomar acciones que eviten la incidencia de las mismas.Mediante una investigación de campo, con visitas a empresas de varios sectoresproductivos y talleres de reparación de motores eléctricos en Costa Rica, se logróobtener una clasificación y distribución porcentual de las fallas más comunes enlos motores trifásicos de inducción, en el rango de 2 a 50 HP.Esta investigación determinó que existen cuatro tipos de fallas más comunes enmotores eléctricos en Costa Rica; estas se concentran en dos sectores productivos.La investigación identificó aspectos relevantes por mejorar en cuanto a la orientación de la formación profesional universitaria y, en el modelo administrativo del mantenimiento de estos equipos, en lasindustrias.

Falla cardiaca, tratamiento: diuréticos, inhibidores de la ECA y nitratos

OpenAIRE

Guillermo Trout Guardiola

2013-01-01

En los pasados 15 años grandes ensayos clínicos randomizados, controlados, han revolucionado el manejo de pacientes con falla cardiaca. Aunque es claro que algunas drogas mejoran los síntomas, otras presentan beneficios pronósticos y sintomáticos, el manejo de falla cardiaca se debe centralizar en mejorar la calidad de vida y la sobrevida. Los diuréticos y los inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de la angiotensina, combinados con medidas no farmacologicas, permanecen como el tratamiento con...

Capítulo 2. Introducción, epidemiología de la falla cardiaca e historia de las clínicas de falla cardiaca en Colombia

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Efraín Gómez

2016-03-01

Conclusión: Las clínicas de falla cardiaca surgieron en Colombia en 1985. Desde entonces se cuenta con varios programas en ciudades como Bogotá, Medellín, Cali y Bucaramanga que ofrecen la opción de seguimiento multidisciplinario por Enfermería y Cardiología, e incluso muchas de ellas tienen programas de trasplante de corazón. Sin embargo, el reto actual para todos los programas es continuar creciendo e integrándose con los niveles básicos de atención para permitir intervenir desde la prevención, el diagnóstico temprano y el tratamiento adecuado de la falla cardiaca.

Processing and properties of silver-metal oxide electrical contact materials

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Nadežda M. Talijan

2012-12-01

Full Text Available The presented study gives a brief overview of the experimental results of investigations of different production technologies of silver-metal oxide electrical contact materials in relation: processing method - properties. The two most common routes of production, i.e. internal oxidation/ingot metallurgy and powder metallurgy are demonstrated on the example of Ag-CdO and Ag-ZnO materials. For illustration of alternative processing routes that provide higher dispersion of metal-oxide particles in silver matrix more environmentally friendly Ag-SnO2 contact materials are used. Processing of electrical contact materials by mechanical mixing of starting powders in high energy ball mill is presented. The obtained experimental results of application of different methods of introduction of SnO2 nanoparticles in the silver matrix such as conventional powder metallurgy mixing and template method are given and discussed in terms of their influence on microstructure and physical properties (density, hardness and electrical conductivity of the prepared Ag-SnO2 electrical contact materials.

Electric field effect on the critical current of SNS-contact

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rakhmanov, A.L.; Rozhkov, A.V.

1995-01-01

Electric field effect on the SNS-contact critical current is investigated in the Ginzburg-Landau theory approximation. It is shown that the electric field may cause a notable increase of the contact critical current especially if the sample temperature is close to the temperature of a superconducting transition of T sc normal layer. Electric field effect is increased with the reduction of film thickness, but it can strong enough for thick films as well at temperature close to T sc . 11 refs.; 4 figs

Diferencias de género en el tratamiento de la falla cardíaca

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Clara Saldarriaga

2014-02-01

Full Text Available INTRODUCCIÓN: la falla cardíaca representa un problema creciente de salud con una alta prevalencia en el sexo femenino; sin embargo, no se han reportado estudios en población de mujeres latinoamericanas que permitan identificar si existen diferencias de género tanto en la presentación clínica como en el tratamiento de esta patología. OBJETIVO: evaluar si existen diferencias tanto en las características clínicas y epidemiológicas como en el manejo farmacológico en función del género, en una serie de pacientes con falla cardíaca atendidos en un centro de referencia cardiovascular en Colombia. METODOLOGÍA: estudio observacional, descriptivo, que evaluó a todos los pacientes hospitalizados por síndrome de falla cardiaca como diagnóstico principal durante julio de 2009 y julio de 2010 en un centro de referencia cardiovascular colombiano. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron 204 pacientes, 36,7% de sexo femenino, cuya edad promedio fue mayor en las mujeres; la fracción de eyección promedio fue similar. Las mujeres tenían falla renal con mayor frecuencia. Se encontró menor uso de betabloqueadores, así como de implante de cardiodesfibrilador. CONCLUSIÓN: para la población estudiada se encontró que existen diferencias entre ambos sexos tanto en las variables demográficas como clínicas. A pesar de presentar mayores comorbilidades, las mujeres con falla cardiaca reciben con menor frecuencia terapias como los betabloqueadores y el cardiodesfibrilador implantable que han demostrado disminuir la mortalidad. Es necesario ampliar el conocimiento de las diferencias de género mediante la creación de un registro multicéntrico latinoamericano que permita incidir en la toma de decisiones clínicas propias para la región.

Non-contact magnetic coupled power and data transferring system for an electric vehicle

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Matsuda, Y.; Sakamoto, H.

2007-01-01

We have developed a system which transmits electric power and communication data simultaneously in a non-contact method using a magnetic coupling coil. Already, we are developing the fundamental technology of a non-contact charging system, and this is applied in electric shavers, electric toothbrushes, etc. Moreover, basic experiments are being conducted for applying this non-contact charging system to electric equipments such as an electric vehicle (EV), which is a zero emission vehicle and environmentally excellent and will be the transportation means of the next generation. The technology can also be applied in other electronic equipment, etc. However, since the power supply route for these individual devices is independent, the supply system is complicated. EV also has to perform the transmission of electric power and the transmission of information (data), such as the amount of the charge, in a separate system, and thus is quite complicated. In this study, by performing simultaneously the transmission of electric power and information (data) using magnetic coupling technology in which it does not contact, the basic experiment aimed at attaining and making unification of a system simple was conducted, and the following good results were obtained: (1) Electric power required for load can be transmitted easily by non-contact. (2) A signal can easily be transmitted bidirectionally by non-contact. (3) This system is reliable, and is widely applicable

Rough surface electrical contact resistance considering scale dependent properties and quantum effects

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jackson, Robert L.; Crandall, Erika R.; Bozack, Michael J.

2015-01-01

The objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of scale dependent mechanical and electrical properties on electrical contact resistance (ECR) between rough surfaces. This work attempts to build on existing ECR models that neglect potentially important quantum- and size-dependent contact and electrical conduction mechanisms present due to the asperity sizes on typical surfaces. The electrical conductance at small scales can quantize or show a stepping trend as the contact area is varied in the range of the free electron Fermi wavelength squared. This work then evaluates if these effects remain important for the interface between rough surfaces, which may include many small scale contacts of varying sizes. The results suggest that these effects may be significant in some cases, while insignificant for others. It depends on the load and the multiscale structure of the surface roughness

Alternative current source based Schottky contact with additional electric field

Science.gov (United States)

Mamedov, R. K.; Aslanova, A. R.

2017-07-01

Additional electric field (AEF) in the Schottky contacts (SC) that covered the peripheral contact region wide and the complete contact region narrow (as TMBS diode) SC. Under the influence of AEF is a redistribution of free electrons produced at certain temperatures of the semiconductor, and is formed the space charge region (SCR). As a result of the superposition of the electric fields SCR and AEF occurs the resulting electric field (REF). The REF is distributed along a straight line perpendicular to the contact surface, so that its intensity (and potential) has a minimum value on the metal surface and the maximum value at a great distance from the metal surface deep into the SCR. Under the influence of AEF as a sided force the metal becomes negative pole and semiconductor - positive pole, therefore, SC with AEF becomes an alternative current source (ACS). The Ni-nSi SC with different diameters (20-1000 μm) under the influence of the AEF as sided force have become ACS with electromotive force in the order of 0.1-1.0 mV, which are generated the electric current in the range of 10-9-10-7 A, flowing through the external resistance 1000 Ohm.

Improvement and evaluation of thermal, electrical, sealing and mechanical contacts, and their interface materials

Science.gov (United States)

Luo, Xiangcheng

Material contacts, including thermal, electrical, seating (fluid sealing and electromagnetic sealing) and mechanical (pressure) contacts, together with their interface materials, were, evaluated, and in some cases, improved beyond the state of the art. The evaluation involved the use of thermal, electrical and mechanical methods. For thermal contacts, this work evaluated and improved the heat transfer efficiency between two contacting components by developing various thermal interface pastes. Sodium silicate based thermal pastes (with boron nitride particles as the thermally conductive filler) as well as polyethylene glycol (PEG) based thermal pastes were developed and evaluated. The optimum volume fractions of BN in sodium silicate based pastes and PEG based pastes were 16% and 18% respectively. The contribution of Li+ ions to the thermal contact conductance in the PEG-based paste was confirmed. For electrical contacts, the relationship between the mechanical reliability and electrical reliability of solder/copper and silver-epoxy/copper joints was addressed. Mechanical pull-out testing was conducted on solder/copper and silver-epoxy/copper joints, while the contact electrical resistivity was measured. Cleansing of the copper surface was more effective for the reliability of silver-epoxy/copper joint than that of solder/copper joint. For sealing contacts, this work evaluated flexible graphite as an electromagnetic shielding gasket material. Flexible graphite was found to be at least comparable to conductive filled silicone (the state of the art) in terms of the shielding effectiveness. The conformability of flexible graphite with its mating metal surface under repeated compression was characterized by monitoring the contact electrical resistance, as the conformability is important to both electromagnetic scaling and fluid waling using flexible graphite. For mechanical contacts, this work focused on the correlation of the interface structure (such as elastic

In situ electric fields causing electro-stimulation from conductor contact of charged human

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nagai, T.; Hirata, A.

2010-01-01

Contact currents flow from/into a human body when touching an object such as a metal structure with a different electric potential. These currents can stimulate muscle and peripheral nerves. In this context, computational analyses of in situ electric fields caused by the contact current have been performed, while their effectiveness for transient contact currents has not well been investigated. In the present study, using an anatomically based human model, a dispersive finite-difference time-domain model was utilised to computed transient contact current and in situ electric fields from a charged human. Computed in situ electric fields were highly localised in the hand. In order to obtain an insight into the relationship between in situ electric field and electro-stimulation, cell-maximum and 5-mm averaged in situ electric fields were computed and compared with strength-duration curves. The comparison suggests that both measures could be larger than thresholds derived from the strength- duration curves with parameters used in previous studies. (authors)

Análisis de falla en evaporadores de placas de aluminio de sistemas de acondicionamiento de aire automotriz

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Santiago Mendoza Hurtado

2011-01-01

Full Text Available Se caracterizaron los tipos de fallas a partir del estudio de tres perfiles de evaporadores de placas de aleación de aluminio, puestos fuera de servicio por fugas del refrigerante y obtenidos en talleres de refrigeración automotriz en la ciudad de Barranquilla. Luego se aplicaron las pruebas de la metodología del análisis de falla. Se comprobó que los mecanismos de falla fueron principalmente corrosión con algunas situaciones tendientes a fractura frágil; además, las condiciones ambientales de la ciudad de Barranquilla son factores influyentes en los mecanismos de corrosión.

Análisis de falla por fractura en tuberías de conducción de petróleo

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Héctor Hernández A.

1991-03-01

Full Text Available Una sobre presión en una tubería puede ser tal que se presente una falla por inestabilidad plástica. Para cuando se encuentra una discontinuidad la presión de falla se puede reducir ostensiblemente en especial cuando se tienen fenómenos de fragilidad lo cual no es extraño en uniones soldadas. Las discontinuidades pueden provenir del material, como son las deslaminaciones, o generadas en procesos de soldadura como son inclusiones de escoria y porosidades. Con un tiempo prolongado de servicio una falta de penetración en una soldadura puede producir fenómenos de corrosión por estancamiento reduciéndose la sección resistente hasta obtenerse una condición crítica de falla por fractura. En este trabajo en primer término se presentan conceptos teóricos de falla por inestabilidad plástica en recipientes a presión de pared delgada los cuales son confrontados con los resultados de modelo experimental de laboratorio y en segundo término mediante conceptos de mecánica de fractura se presenta la condición de falla para cuando se cuenta con la presencia de un defecto tipo grieta. Con un modelo de tubería de aluminio se muestra que con una presión fluctuante baja una grieta puede crecer a un tamaño crítico de falla después de un determinado número de ciclos de presión.

Modelling of a Double-Track Railway Contact System Electric Field Intensity

Science.gov (United States)

Belinsky, Stanislav; Khanzhina, Olga; Sidorov, Alexander

2017-12-01

Working conditions of personnel that serves contact system (CS) are affected by factors including health and safety, security and working hours (danger of rolling stock accidents, danger of electric shock strokes, work at height, severity and tension of work, increased noise level, etc.) Low frequency electromagnetic fields as part of both electric and magnetic fields are among of the most dangerous and harmful factors. These factors can affect not only the working personnel, but also a lot of people, who do not work with the contact system itself, but could be influenced by electromagnetic field as the result of their professional activity. People, who use public transport or live not far from the electrified lines, are endangered by these factors as well. There are results of the theoretical researches in which low frequency electric fields of railway contact system were designed with the use of mathematical and computer modelling. Significant features of electric field distribution near double-track railway in presence or absence of human body were established. The studies showed the dependence of low frequency electric field parameters on the distance to the track axis, height, and presence or absence of human body. The obtained data were compared with permissible standards established in the Russian Federation and other countries with advanced electrified railway system. Evaluation of low frequency electric fields harmful effect on personnel is the main result of this work. It is also established, that location of personnel, voltage and current level, amount of tracks and other factors influence electric fields of contact systems.

El uso de bloques tridimensionales en la comprensión de estructuras afectadas por fallas

OpenAIRE

Lillo Beviá, José; Redonet Álvarez, Luisa Fernanda; Riveiro Rubial, José

1988-01-01

Se presenta un modelo de bloques desmontables sobre los que se pueden su proponer diversos planos correspondientes a distintas estructuras geológicas, y se comprueba como quedan afectadas por diversos modelos de fallas. Cada bloque fallado está compuesto por unidades superponibles que permiten visualizar el proceso inicial del momento en que se produce la falla y el proceso final después de haber actuado los procesos erosivos. Este estadio final corresponde a la situación de la...

Effect of different atmospheres on the electrical contact performance of electronic components under fretting wear

Science.gov (United States)

Liu, Xin-Long; Cai, Zhen-Bing; Cui, Ye; Liu, Shan-Bang; Xu, Xiao-Jun; Zhu, Min-Hao

2018-04-01

The effects of oxide etch on the surface morphology of metals for industrial application is a common cause of electrical contacts failure, and it has becomes a more severe problem with the miniaturization of modern electronic devices. This study investigated the effects of electrical contact resistance on the contactor under three different atmospheres (oxygen, air, and nitrogen) based on 99.9% copper/pogo pins contacts through fretting experiments. The results showed the minimum and stable electrical contact resistance value when shrouded in the nitrogen environment and with high friction coefficient. The rich oxygen environment promotes the formation of cuprous oxide, thereby the electrical contact resistance increases. Scanning electron microscope microscopy and electron probe microanalysis were used to analyze the morphology and distribution of elements of the wear area, respectively. The surface product between contacts was investigated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis to explain the different electrical contact properties of the three tested samples during fretting.

Characterization of Deposited Platinum Contacts onto Discrete Graphene Flakes for Electrical Devices

KAUST Repository

Holguin Lerma, Jorge A.

2016-05-03

For years, electron beam induced deposition has been used to fabricate electrical contacts for micro and nanostructures. The role of the contact resistance is key to achieve high performance and efficiency in electrical devices. The present thesis reports on the electrical, structural and chemical characterization of electron beam deposited platinum electrodes that are exposed to different steps of thermal annealing and how they are used in four-probe devices of ultrathin graphite (uG) flakes (<100nm thickness). The device integration of liquid phase exfoliated uG is demonstrated, and its performance compared to devices made with analogous mechanically exfoliated uG. For both devices, similar contact resistances of ~2kΩ were obtained. The electrical measurements confirm a 99.5% reduction in contact resistance after vacuum thermal annealing at 300 °C. Parallel to this, Raman characterization confirms the formation of a nanocrystalline carbon structure over the electrode. While this could suggest an enhancement of the electrical transport in the device, an additional thermal annealing step in air at 300 °C, promoted the oxidation and removal of the carbon shell and confirmed that the contact resistance remained the same. Overall this shows that the carbon shell along the electrode has no significant role in the contact resistance. Finally, the challenges based on topographical analysis of the deposited electrodes are discussed. Reduction of the electrode’s height down to one-third of the initial value, increased surface roughness, formation of voids along the electrodes and the onset of platinum nanoparticles near the area of deposition, represent a challenge for future work.

Stable and low contact resistance electrical contacts for high temperature SiGe thermoelectric generators

KAUST Repository

Zhang, Bo

2018-04-14

The thermal stability and contact resistance of TaAlN thin films as electrical contacts to SiGe thermoelectric elements are reported. We demonstrate that a sharp interface is maintained after the device annealed at 800°C for over 100h, indicating that no interdiffusion takes place between TaAlN and SiGe. A specific contact resistivity of (2.1±1.3)×10−6Ω-cm2 for p-type SiGe and (2.8±1.6)×10−5 Ω-cm2 for n-type SiGe is demonstrated after the high temperature annealing. These results show that TaAlN is a promising contact material for high temperature thermoelectrics such as SiGe.

RED NEURONAL PARA LA CLASIFICACIÓN DE FALLAS EN LÍNEAS DE TRANSMISIÓN A PARTIR DE REGISTROS DE OSCILOPERTURBOGRAFÍA

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JHON ALBEIRO CALDERÓN

2008-01-01

Full Text Available El diagnóstico de fallas eléctricas en líneas de transmisión a alto voltaje es una tarea compleja no solo por la cantidad de información involucrada que puede provenir de diversas fuentes como SOE, SCADA y registradores, si no también por la variabilidad misma de las fallas. Dicha complejidad impacta en la oportunidad y certeza del diagnóstico, factores particularmente importantes para el análisis en tiempo real donde rápidamente deben tomarse pautas adecuadas para el restablecimiento del sistema eléctrico de potencia. En este artículo se propone el uso de de una red neuronal con aprendizaje por regularización bayesiana y finalización temprana para la clasificación de fallas a partir de registros de osciloperturbografía provenientes de registradores de falla y se muestra su efectividad para una amplia variedad de casos de entrenamiento y validación, los cuales son obtenidos por medio de un modelo de ATP con el cual se simularon la cantidad de fallas eléctricas requeridas.

Clasificación de fallas con redes neuronales para grupos electrógenos : Faults classification with neuronal networks for electrogen groups

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Luis Corrales Barrios

2013-06-01

Full Text Available Con el incremento del grado de dependencia de la sociedad moderna de los sistemas y procesos tecnológicos complejos, su disponibilidad y correcto funcionamiento se han convertido en una cuestión estratégica, donde las tareas de diagnóstico y clasificación de fallos juegan un rol muy importante con el fin de garantizar y mantener en operación continúa y confiable al proceso, los fallos pueden provocar desde una reducción del desempeño hasta un daño que provoque paradas en la producción. La generación distribuida de energía eléctrica a través de los grupos electrógenos instalados, no está ajena a sufrir fallas. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo el desarrollar un sistema para el diagnóstico y clasificación de fallos para la unidad de motores Diesel (MTU del Emplazamiento de Grupo Electrógeno Camagüey 1. La solución propuesta constituye una herramienta para evaluar la aplicación de mantenimiento preventivo antes de la ocurrencia de un fallo.With the increment of the grade of dependence of the modern society of the systems and complex technological processes, their readiness and correct operation they have become a strategic question, where the tasks of diagnostic and classification of shortcomings plays a very important list with the purpose of to guarantee and to maintain in operation it continues and reliable to the process. The shortcomings can cause from a reduction of the acting until a damage that causes stopped in the production. The distributed generation of electric power through the groups installed, is not unaware to suffer shortcomings. This work has as objective the development of a system for the diagnosis and classification of shortcomings for the Diesel unit of motors (MTU of the Location of Grupo Electrógeno Camagüey 1. The proposed solution constitutes a tool to evaluate the application of preventive maintenance before the occurrence of a failure.

Clasificación de fallas con redes neuronales para grupos electrógenos; Faults classification with neuronal networks for electrogen groups

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Luis Corrales Barrios

2013-06-01

Full Text Available Con el incremento del grado de dependencia de la sociedad moderna de los sistemas y procesos tecnológicos complejos, su disponibilidad y correcto funcionamiento se han convertido en una cuestión estratégica, donde las tareas de diagnóstico y clasificación de fallos juegan un rol muy importante con el fin de garantizar y mantener en operación continúa y confiable al proceso, los fallos pueden provocar desde una reducción del desempeño hasta un daño que provoque paradas en la producción. La generación distribuida de energía eléctrica a través de los grupos electrógenos instalados, no está ajena a sufrir fallas. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo el desarrollar un sistema para el diagnóstico y clasificación de fallos para la unidad de motores Diesel (MTU del Emplazamiento de Grupo Electrógeno Camagüey 1. La solución propuesta constituye una herramienta para evaluar la aplicación de mantenimiento preventivo antes de la ocurrencia de un fallo.  With the increment of the grade of dependence of the modern society of the systems and complex technological processes, their readiness and correct operation they have become a strategic question, where the tasks of diagnostic and classification of shortcomings plays a very important list with the purpose of to guarantee and to maintain in operation it continues and reliable to the process. The shortcomings can cause from a reduction of the acting until a damage that causes stopped in the production. The distributed generation of electric power through the groups installed, is not unaware to suffer shortcomings. This work has as objective the development of a system for the diagnosis and classification of shortcomings for the Diesel unit of motors (MTU of the Location of Grupo Electrógeno Camagüey 1. The proposed solution constitutes a tool to evaluate the application of preventive maintenance before the occurrence of a failure.

Prevención de las fallas de los motores trifásicos de inducción mediante una adecuada selección

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Osvaldo Guerreo Castro

2010-10-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se expone los aspectos de mayor importancia a considerar enuna adecuada selección de motores para prevenir las fallas, así como lasrepercusiones que puede tener tanto en la operación del equipo, como en la cantidad, frecuencia y tipo de falla de los motores trifásicos de inducción.Primeramente, se expondrán los aspectos que prevalecen o se usan con mayorfrecuencia en la selección de un motor trifásico de inducción y otros aspectosque se deben analizar con el cuidado correspondiente y que no se consideranpara prevenir las fallas de estos equipos.No se pretende que este trabajo sea una guía en la selección de motores eléctricos, ya que existen otros aspectos a tomar en cuenta que no serán analizados, sin embargo, sirve de complemento, especialmente si se pretende prevenir las fallas de estos equipos desde su compra.En este trabajo se expone los aspectos de mayor importancia a considerar en una adecuada selección de motores para prevenir las fallas, así como las repercusiones que puede tener tanto en la operación del equipo, como en la cantidad, frecuencia y tipo de falla de los motores trifásicos de inducción.Primeramente, se expondrán los aspectos que prevalecen o se usan con mayorfrecuencia en la selección de un motor trifásico de inducción y otros aspectoque se deben analizar con el cuidado correspondiente y que no se consideranpara prevenir las fallas de estos equipos. No se pretende que este trabajo sea una guía en la selección de motores eléctricos, ya que existen otros aspectos a tomar en cuenta que no serán analizados, sin embargo, sirve de complemento, especialmente si se pretende prevenir las fallas de estos equipos desde su compra.

Production technology optimization of biscuit baked by electric-contact way

Science.gov (United States)

Sidorenko, G. A.; Popov, V. P.; Khanina, T. V.; Maneeva, E. Sh; Krasnova, M. S.

2018-03-01

Electric-contact way of baking allows one to maintain more nutrients used in biscuit making. As a result of the biscuit production technology optimization, it is established that 30-62,5% is an optimal amount of starch brought instead of flour; 184-200% is optimal amount of egg melange; at this a complex indicator of organoleptic properties will be more than 340 degrees, a complex indicator of physical and chemical properties will be more than 3,3 degrees, and specific costs of energy spent on the biscuit electric-contact baking process will be less than 100 W/kg.

The Preceding Voltage Pulse and Separation Welding Mechanism of Electrical Contacts

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Yang, Xiao Cheng; Huang, Jiang; Li, Zhen Biao

2016-01-01

In order to obtain a better understanding of the welding mechanism in contact separation, electrical endurance tests were conducted with AgSnO2 and AgNi contacts on a simulation test device. Waveforms of contact displacement, contact voltage, and current were recorded with LabVIEW during the tests......, and changes in a contact gap and heights of pips with increases in operation cycles were observed through charge-coupled device cameras. The resultant test results show that welding in separation is accompanied with a preceding voltage pulse which represents arc rather than contact bounce arc....

Electrical contacts on polyimide substrates for flexible thin film photovoltaic devices

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Guillen, C.; Herrero, J

2003-05-01

Both frontal and back electrical contacts have been developed onto polyimide sheets (Kapton KJ[reg]) as alternative substrates to the conventional glasses, for application in lightweight and flexible thin film photovoltaic devices. Transparent and conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films have been deposited by r.f.-magnetron sputtering as the frontal electrical contact. On the other hand, Mo, Cr and Ni layers have been prepared by e-gun evaporation for the back electrical connections. ITO films deposited onto polyimide have shown similar optical transmittance and higher electrical conductivity than onto glass substrates. The transmittance decreases and the conductivity increases after heating at 400 sign C in vacuum atmosphere. Mo, Cr and Ni layers deposited onto polyimide showed similar structure and electrical conductivity than onto conventional glasses. The properties of Mo and Cr layers remained unchanged after heating at 400 sign C in selenium atmosphere.

La teoría de los lazos inductivos y las fallas de los transformadores de distribución en Colombia

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Francisco Román Campos

1991-05-01

Full Text Available Este artículo tiene por objeto presentar la Teoría de los Lazos Inductivos - TU - como una metodología de trabajo coherente para analizar las fallas de los transformadores de distribución en Colombia. Como variables fundamentales en la formulación de la teoría se considera la relación entre las fallas y las tormentas eléctricas; el área dejada en el montaje entre el pararrayos y el transformador y los cambios de impedancia al operar el pararrayo. Paracomprobar la teoría se analiza la relación de las fallas de los transformadores con las tormentas eléctricas en varias redes de distribución en Colombia. Igualmente se establece una primera relación entre rayos medidos y clasificados por polaridad y las fallas de unidades en el mismo período. Los resultados de los análisis estadísticos de másde 3.000 unidades falladas contribuyen a inferir la aplicabilidad de la teoria, por cuanto se encontraron más de un 70% de fallas involucrando tres fases. Se presentan finalmente las primeras simulaciones digitales mediante el EMPT,de las que se concluye la necesidad de adoptar medidas remediables adecuadas a la realidad colombiana.

Aplicando Tolerancia a Fallas para la Implementación de Compensación de Saturación en Accionadores

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Wilber Acuña-Bravo

2008-07-01

Full Text Available Resumen: En esta contribución se presenta un método para la implementación práctica de sistemas de control con compensación de saturación en los actuadores. La técnica se aplica en sistemas lineales, tomando como base un mecanismo de diagnóstico y detección de fallas. Para ello, la saturación en los actuadores es considerada como una falla en el sistema de control, la cual es detectada y aislada mediante un banco de filtros de diagnóstico de fallas, cuyos residuos son utilizados para efectuar la compensación de la saturación, proporcionando un esquema de control tolerante a esta falla particular. Así, el método exhibe ciertas propiedades de robustez frente a cambios en el funcionamiento de los actuadores. Para la síntesis de los filtros de detección de fallas se propone un método derivado de las técnicas de control óptimo robusto en H2/H∞, basado en desigualdades lineales matriciales. Para verificar las propiedades de la tećnica propuesta se presenta un ejemplo numeŕico. Palabras clave: Control tolerante a fallas, compensación anti-windup, filtros de detección defallas, desigualdades lineales matriciales

An Experimental Study of the Electrical Contact Resistance in Resistance Welding

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Song, Quanfeng; Zhang, Wenqi; Bay, Niels

2005-01-01

Electrical contact resistance is of critical importance in resistance welding. In this article, the contact resistance is experimentally investigated for welding mild steel, stainless steel, and aluminum to themselves. A parametric study was carried out on a Gleeble® machine, investigating...

Graphene as a protective coating and superior lubricant for electrical contacts

Science.gov (United States)

Berman, Diana; Erdemir, Ali; Sumant, Anirudha V.

2014-12-01

Potential for graphene to be used as a lubricant for sliding electrical contacts has been evaluated. Graphene, being deposited as a sporadic flakes on the gold substrate sliding against titanium nitride ball shows not only significant improvement in tribological behavior by reducing both friction (by factor of 2-3) and wear (by 2 orders) but also, even more importantly, demonstrates stable and low electrical resistance at the sliding contacts undergoing thousands of sliding passes regardless of the test environment (i.e., both in humid and dry conditions).

Comparison of properties of silver-metal oxide electrical contact materials

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ćosović V.

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Changes in physical properties such as density, porosity, hardness and electrical conductivity of the Ag-SnO2 and Ag-SnO2In2O3 electrical contact materials induced by introduction of metal oxide nanoparticles were investigated. Properties of the obtained silver-metal oxide nanoparticle composites are discussed and presented in comparison to their counterparts with the micro metal oxide particles as well as comparable Ag-SnO2WO3 and Ag-ZnO contact materials. Studied silvermetal oxide composites were produced by powder metallurgy method from very fine pure silver and micro- and nanoparticle metal oxide powders. Very uniform microstructures were obtained for all investigated composites and they exhibited physical properties that are comparable with relevant properties of equivalent commercial silver based electrical contact materials. Both Ag-SnO2 and Ag- SnO2In2O3 composites with metal oxide nanoparticles were found to have lower porosity, higher density and hardness than their respective counterparts which can be attributed to better dispersion hardening i.e. higher degree of dispersion of metal oxide in silver matrix.

Ubicación única de fallas en sistemas de distribución por medio de zonas con SVM

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Germán Morales España

2009-01-01

Full Text Available Este artículo presenta una nueva metodología para localizar fallas en sistemas de distribución por medio de una técnica de inteligencia artificial -Máquinas de Soporte Vectorial-(SVM. El método de localización de la falla se basa en la división del sistema eléctrico en zonas, acotando cada vez más la región donde ésta se encuentra. La ventaja sobre los métodos clásicos de distancia consiste en una única estimación del sitio de falla para sistemas ramificados. Un ejemplo de aplicación con el modelo de un sistema real muestra que la metodología propuesta es altamente efectiva para resolver el problema, donde se consideran variaciones de carga de ±40 % de la carga nominal.

Mecanismo de falla de los tubos del sobrecalentador de una caldera acuotubular

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John Jairo Coronado Marín

2007-09-01

Full Text Available En este artículo se investigaron las causas de las fallas presentadas por fisuración longitudinal a partir de la superficie externa en los tubos del sobrecalentador de una caldera acuotubular. La superficie externa de los tubos presentó una capa de color blanco-rojizo que presentó cadenas parafínicas: C-H, grupos funcionales: C-O, N-H y compuestos de azufre, esta capa frágil impide la transferencia de calor, causando un aumento de temperatura del tubo. La falla se presentó por termofluencia debido al sobrecalentamiento de larga duración, la microestructura del tubo de acero en el lado externo presentó: crecimiento de grano, globulización de la cemen-tita y fisuras intergranulares que producen pérdidas de las propiedades mecánicas del acero. Las observaciones anteriores evidencian un deterioro de la microestructura facilitado por un material que no está en capacidad de operar usando exclusivamente bagazo como combustible.

Chemical control of electrical contact to sp² carbon atoms.

Science.gov (United States)

Frederiksen, Thomas; Foti, Giuseppe; Scheurer, Fabrice; Speisser, Virginie; Schull, Guillaume

2014-04-16

Carbon-based nanostructures are attracting tremendous interest as components in ultrafast electronics and optoelectronics. The electrical interfaces to these structures play a crucial role for the electron transport, but the lack of control at the atomic scale can hamper device functionality and integration into operating circuitry. Here we study a prototype carbon-based molecular junction consisting of a single C60 molecule and probe how the electric current through the junction depends on the chemical nature of the foremost electrode atom in contact with the molecule. We find that the efficiency of charge injection to a C60 molecule varies substantially for the considered metallic species, and demonstrate that the relative strength of the metal-C bond can be extracted from our transport measurements. Our study further suggests that a single-C60 junction is a basic model to explore the properties of electrical contacts to meso- and macroscopic sp(2) carbon structures.

Chemical control of electrical contact to sp2 carbon atoms

Science.gov (United States)

Frederiksen, Thomas; Foti, Giuseppe; Scheurer, Fabrice; Speisser, Virginie; Schull, Guillaume

2014-04-01

Carbon-based nanostructures are attracting tremendous interest as components in ultrafast electronics and optoelectronics. The electrical interfaces to these structures play a crucial role for the electron transport, but the lack of control at the atomic scale can hamper device functionality and integration into operating circuitry. Here we study a prototype carbon-based molecular junction consisting of a single C60 molecule and probe how the electric current through the junction depends on the chemical nature of the foremost electrode atom in contact with the molecule. We find that the efficiency of charge injection to a C60 molecule varies substantially for the considered metallic species, and demonstrate that the relative strength of the metal-C bond can be extracted from our transport measurements. Our study further suggests that a single-C60 junction is a basic model to explore the properties of electrical contacts to meso- and macroscopic sp2 carbon structures.

Clasificación y detección de fallas en Sistemas Dinámicos

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Javier Hernando Pardo Mayorga

2006-05-01

Full Text Available En los sistemas dinámicos se pueden presentar fallas en cualquier instante de tiempo, estas fallas pueden ser generadas en gran cantidad de casos por la variación de uno o más parámetros de la planta o del sistema dinámico. En este trabajo se propone la detección de fallas en una planta no lineal de dos tanques acoplados uno con área constante y otro variable con la altura esto basado en observadores adaptivos, sustentado con clasificación LAMDA y análisis de componentes principales. Se presenta la aplicación del algoritmo en un sistema no lineal, control del nivel en un sistema de tanques acoplados, así como el análisis de resultados conclusiones y perspectivas futuras./ In the dynamic systems a fail can occur in any moment, the fail can be present for variations in one or more parameter of the dynamic system. This paper present a fail detection in a non linear system compose by two tanks in parallel one with constant transversal area and the other one with variable area, the work is develop with adaptive observers and LAMDA classification. The application on this paper is in a non linear system, the level control in the two tank system.

Analysis of the material's expenditure of electric contacts by means of the isotopic method

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Farkash, K.

1979-01-01

To investigate lifetime of the weak-current and heavy-current contacts different radioisotopic methods have been developed. Advantages of the radioisotopic methods as compared with other methods of testing consists of the fact that due to their sensitivity they permit to determine low expense of material; permit to determine quantitatively expense of each element separately from the elements, composing the contacts alloy; by means of these methods it is possible to evaluate quantitatively topological distribution of the matter separated from the contacts into the environment; it is possible to determine morphological characteristics of the matter separated from the contact. During investigation of the lifetime of contacts there were determined: value of the expense of the material of contacts; composition of the expense of the material of contacts; composition of the matter separated from the contact; distribution of the separated matter depending on the electrical parameters and number of the closings of contact in the case of different compositions of contacts and in different conditions. Strength of the contacts' alloys related to the electrical load was investigated at the special stand [ru

Falla Moa: caracterización geodinámica y riesgos tectónicos asociados

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José A. Batista-Rodríguez

2007-03-01

Full Text Available En el contexto geodinámico del noreste oriental de Cuba existen numerosas estructuras disyuntivas activas que se ponen de manifiesto a través de los movimientos lentos y pulsantes, y de la actividad sísmica. Dentro de esas estructuras se encuentra la Falla Moa, que se extiende de forma submeridional, cortando el macizo ofiolítico y atravesando importantes yacimientos e instalaciones de la localidad. La caracterización de esta falla partiendo de su génesis, sentido de desplazamiento de los bloques rocosos y elementos que facilitaron su interpretación y cartografiado son tratados en este artículo, donde además se propone la necesidad del monitoreo de dicha estructura a partir de la influencia de ella en el medio ambiente territorial.

Three-dimensional direct laser written graphitic electrical contacts to randomly distributed components

Science.gov (United States)

Dorin, Bryce; Parkinson, Patrick; Scully, Patricia

2018-04-01

The development of cost-effective electrical packaging for randomly distributed micro/nano-scale devices is a widely recognized challenge for fabrication technologies. Three-dimensional direct laser writing (DLW) has been proposed as a solution to this challenge, and has enabled the creation of rapid and low resistance graphitic wires within commercial polyimide substrates. In this work, we utilize the DLW technique to electrically contact three fully encapsulated and randomly positioned light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in a one-step process. The resolution of the contacts is in the order of 20 μ m, with an average circuit resistance of 29 ± 18 kΩ per LED contacted. The speed and simplicity of this technique is promising to meet the needs of future microelectronics and device packaging.

Diseño y construcción de un prototipo digital para diagnósticar fallas en motores de inducción

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

FERNANDO VILLADA DUQUE

2007-01-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se presenta el desarrollo de un prototipo digital utilizando un procesador de señales digitales DSP, al cual se le han incorporado dos algoritmos para diagnosticar fallas en el estator de motores de inducción. El primer algoritmo utiliza las redes neuronales artificiales para estimar la corriente de secuencia negativa, la cual es utilizada como indicador de falla. El segundo algoritmo utiliza la impedancia de secuencia inversa como indicador de falla. Se presenta la estructura general del prototipo y su implementación. Se incluyen los resultados obtenidos experimentalmente en un motor de 3 HP utilizando medida en línea a través del prototipo digital

Note: Laser ablation technique for electrically contacting a buried implant layer in single crystal diamond

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ray, M. P.; Baldwin, J. W.; Butler, J. E.; Pate, B. B.; Feygelson, T. I.

2011-01-01

The creation of thin, buried, and electrically conducting layers within an otherwise insulating diamond by annealed ion implantation damage is well known. Establishing facile electrical contact to the shallow buried layer has been an unmet challenge. We demonstrate a new method, based on laser micro-machining (laser ablation), to make reliable electrical contact to a buried implant layer in diamond. Comparison is made to focused ion beam milling.

Low voltage initiation of damaging arcs between electrical contacts

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cuthrell, R.E.

1975-07-01

Metallic arcs were found to precede the firm contacting of electrical contacts which were closed without bounce. When the open-circuit voltages were below the ionization potential, the initiation of these arcs was found to depend on the presence of asperities on the surfaces and on asperity contracting, melting, and pinching off by magnetic forces. The arc is thought to be initiated inductively when the molten metallic asperity contact is pinched off, and the electrode damage is similar to that produced by the arcing of opening contacts. Arcing could not be produced for exceptionally smooth surfaces, or, for rough surfaces when the open-circuit potential was below the melting voltages of the electrode metals. In order to prevent damage to contact surfaces by melting or arcing, it is suggested that test potentials be limited to below the melting voltages, that the current be limited, the test circuits be designed to prevent inductively generated high voltage transients, and the contact surfaces be very smooth. In order to facilitate arc initiation in arc welding applications, it is suggested that the surfaces of electrodes and work pieces be roughened. (U.S.)

DISEÑO DE UNA HERRAMIENTA EFICIENTE DE SIMULACIÓN AUTOMÁTICA DE FALLAS EN SISTEMAS ELÉCTRICOS DE POTENCIA

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

LUCAS PÉREZ-HERNÁNDEZ

2010-01-01

Full Text Available En este artículo se propone una alternativa eficiente para la simulación automática de fallas en sistemas de potencia a partir de una estrategia cooperativa entre Matlab â y el ATP. Esta estrategia de simulación permite reducir el tiempo para la obtención de una base de datos de fallas, tal como lo demuestran los resultados comparativos obtenidos en el caso de cuatro sistemas diferentes, donde se obtuvieron reducciones promedio del 96% en el tiempo de simulación, con respecto al tiempo de simulación obtenido con las metodologías clásicas. Las bases de datos obtenidas a partir de las simulaciones son normalmente utilizadas para ajustar herramientas de computación suave aplicadas a la resolución de problemas, tal como el aquí referenciado y asociado a la localización de fallas en sistemas de distribución de energía eléctrica.

Methodology for locating faults in the Eastern distribution system PDVSA, Punta de Mata and Furrial Divisions; Metodologia para la localizacion de fallas en el sistema de distribucion de PDVSA Oriente, Divisiones Punta de Mata y Furrial

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Martinez, F [Universidad Nacional Experimental Politecnica, Antonio Jose de Sucre, Guayana, Bolivar (Venezuela)]. E-mail: fco_martinez@outlook.com; Vasquez, C [Petroleos de Venezuela S.A., Maturin, Monagas (Venezuela)]. E-mail: vasquezcp@pdvsa.com

2013-03-15

Fault location in distribution systems has received a lot of attention in recent years in order to increase the availability of electricity supply. Due to the characteristics of distribution networks, fault location is a complicated task, so methods have been developed based on the variation of current and voltage values measured at the source substation, in normal operating condition and under the occurrence of short circuits. This article presents the implementation in MATLAB of a fault location algorithm applied to distribution systems, based on graphical analysis of the fault reactance which is determined by the minimum value of the reactance, using serial impedance matrix and fault/prefault voltage and current metering. Developed Tool Accuracy was verified by comparing the results obtained through it with actual recorded event data (Multilin SR 760) and distance to a known failure point. Additionally the method was applied to an experimental case that was compared with network fault simulation using ETAP Software. For both evaluated cases, the absolute error did not exceed 7%. [Spanish] La localizacion de fallas en sistemas de distribucion ha recibido atencion en los ultimos anos con el fin de aumentar la disponibilidad del suministro de energia electrica. Debido a las caracteristicas propias de las redes de distribucion, la ubicacion de fallas resulta una tarea complicada, por lo que se han desarrollado metodos basados en la variacion de los valores de corriente y voltaje medidos en la subestacion fuente, en condicion normal de operacion y ante la ocurrencia de cortocircuitos. Este articulo presenta la implementacion en MATLAB de un algoritmo de localizacion de fallas en sistemas de distribucion que se fundamenta en el analisis grafico de la reactancia de falla, mediante el cual se determina el minimo valor de la reactancia, utilizando la matriz de impedancia serie y la medicion de los voltajes y corrientes de prefalla y falla. Se verifico la precision de la

Effects of contact resistance on electrical conductivity measurements of SiC-based materials

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Youngblood, G.E.; Thomsen, E.C.; Henager, C.H., E-mail: chuck.henager@pnnl.gov

2013-11-15

A combination 2/4-probe method was used to measure electrical resistances across a pure, monolithic CVD-SiC disc sample with contact resistance at the SiC/metallic electrode interfaces. By comparison of the almost simultaneous 2/4-probe measurements, the specific contact resistance (R{sub c}) and its temperature dependence were determined for two types (sputtered gold and porous nickel) electrodes from room temperature (RT) to ∼973 K. The R{sub c}-values behaved similarly for each type of metallic electrode: R{sub c} > ∼1000 Ω cm{sup 2} at RT, decreasing continuously to ∼1–10 Ω cm{sup 2} at 973 K. The temperature dependence of the inverse R{sub c} indicated thermally activated electrical conduction across the SiC/metallic interface with an apparent activation energy of ∼0.3 eV. For the flow channel insert application in a fusion reactor blanket, contact resistance potentially could reduce the transverse electrical conductivity by about 50%.

Control of Surface Attack by Gallium Alloys in Electrical Contacts.

Science.gov (United States)

1986-03-28

and atmospheric control but does not allow visual observation of the contact brushes. This machine is a small homopolar motor built from mild steel...collectors,gallium, homopolar devices,liquid metals,~- is. ABSTRACT ICNI.. .. w 41N"w -~dv.mp.d Wrllt by Itabata" * Electrical contact between a copp’er...32 5 Test rig with felt metal brushes 32 6 Homopolar test apparatus 33 7 Rewetting of alloy track 33 8 Alloy track after running with finger 34 brushes

Diseño de un Sistema de Detección y Diagnóstico de Fallas basado en Modelo para una Planta Desalinizadora de Agua de Mar

OpenAIRE

Soto Angles, Mario Eduardo

2016-01-01

Los sistemas de diagnóstico de fallas cumplen un papel importante en los sistemas de control en la actualidad, ya que los distintos elementos que componen la planta son susceptibles a fallas. Las fallas que ocurren en una planta desalinizadora por ósmosis inversa pueden traer como consecuencia una mala calidad de agua desalinizada, reducir considerablemente la eficiencia de producción de la planta, poner en peligro la integridad de los operadores de la planta o provocar problem...

Validación de señales vibro-acústicas para el diagnóstico de fallas en rodamientos en un generador síncrono

OpenAIRE

Zulma Yadira Medrano Hurtado; Carlos Pérez Tello

2017-01-01

En este trabajo se describe el procedimiento y las herramientas utilizados en la medición y diagnóstico de señales de vibración capturadas a través de transductores de aceleración (acelerómetros piezoeléctricos) y acústicos (micrófonos omnidireccionales). Además, se desarrolló un arreglo experimental empleando la metodología Taguchi para validar la información registrada de las señales de vibración para rodamientos sin falla y con falla artificial, respectivamente. La falla artificial consist...

Oxide Thin-Film Electronics using All-MXene Electrical Contacts

KAUST Repository

Wang, Zhenwei

2018-02-23

2D MXenes have shown great promise in electrochemical and electromagnetic shielding applications. However, their potential use in electronic devices is significantly less explored. The unique combination of metallic conductivity and hydrophilic surface suggests that MXenes can also be promising in electronics and sensing applications. Here, it is shown that metallic Ti3C2 MXene with work function of 4.60 eV can make good electrical contact with both zinc oxide (ZnO) and tin monoxide (SnO) semiconductors, with negligible band offsets. Consequently, both n-type ZnO and p-type SnO thin-film transistors (TFTs) have been fabricated entirely using large-area MXene (Ti3C2) electrical contacts, including gate, source, and drain. The n- and p-type TFTs show balanced performance, including field-effect mobilities of 2.61 and 2.01 cm2 V−1 s−1 and switching ratios of 3.6 × 106 and 1.1 × 103, respectively. Further, complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) inverters are demonstrated. The CMOS inverters show large voltage gain of 80 and excellent noise margin of 3.54 V, which is 70.8% of the ideal value. Moreover, the operation of CMOS inverters is shown to be very stable under a 100 Hz square waveform input. The current results suggest that MXene (Ti3C2) can play an important role as contact material in nanoelectronics.

Validación de señales vibro-acústicas para el diagnóstico de fallas en rodamientos en un generador síncrono

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Zulma Yadira Medrano Hurtado

2017-01-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se describe el procedimiento y las herramientas utilizados en la medición y diagnóstico de señales de vibración capturadas a través de transductores de aceleración (acelerómetros piezoeléctricos y acústicos (micrófonos omnidireccionales. Además, se desarrolló un arreglo experimental empleando la metodología Taguchi para validar la información registrada de las señales de vibración para rodamientos sin falla y con falla artificial, respectivamente. La falla artificial consistió en una grieta producida en la jaula de un rodamiento SKF-6303-2RSH.Este método es no invasivo, ya que utiliza micrófonos para analizar la vibración, lo que representa no tener que montar ningún tipo de transductor en la máquina, además de ser sensible a fallas en la jaula.

Effect of Temperature and Vibration on Electrical Connectors with Different Number of Contact Cores

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Song W. L.

2016-01-01

Full Text Available In this paper, we presented the results from three related analysis performed by adopting the failure models, which provided an explanation of performance influencing factors caused by different number of contact cores, for the purpose of measuring the temperature change and deformation value, which were the factors causing contact failure. The failures were localized in contact parts of the connectors. Performed investigations included thermal analysis, modal analysis, harmonic response analysis and contact failure analysis. From the results of these simulations, related temperature and vibration analysis nephograms were got respectively. And the correctness of results of thermal analysis was verified by Fourier law. The research results of this paper provide a reference for thermal analysis and vibration analysis of electrical connectors, which is important for ensuring the reliability and safety of electrical connectors.

NRC Information No. 88-98: Electrical relay degradation caused by oxidation of contact surfaces

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rossi, C.E.

1992-01-01

The NRC staff was recently informed by Clinton Power Station that a reactor scram on June 24, 1988, was caused by an electrical relay failure from oxide buildup on relay contact surfaces. Other information on relay failure from contact oxidation indicates that this problem may be more prevalent than previously thought. For example, a July 17, 1988, 10 CFR Part 21 report from Palo Verde, Unit 2, reported relay failures from contact oxidation that were due to the low current application of the relays. The relay contact surfaces in both of these examples are silver-nickel alloys, and both applications were for low current (i.e., milli-ampere current). Electrical relay contacts made of silver-nickel or silver-cadmium alloys will oxidize (tarnish) when used in low current applications because of the absence of contact surface sparking from the typical relay contact ''making and breaking'' functions. The sparking in the contact surfaces promotes a self-cleaning mechanism that reduces the tarnish buildup on the silver-nickel or silver-cadmium contacts. Discussions with one relay manufacturer revealed that the normal industry practice for low current circuit applications is either to use a contact surface material that will not oxidize or to compensate for the oxidation by increased maintenance activities to ensure reliability. The applied voltage may also influence contact oxidation

Characterization of Deposited Platinum Contacts onto Discrete Graphene Flakes for Electrical Devices

KAUST Repository

Holguin Lerma, Jorge Alberto

2016-01-01

The electrical measurements confirm a 99.5% reduction in contact resistance after vacuum thermal annealing at 300 °C. Parallel to this, Raman characterization confirms the formation of a nanocrystalline carbon structure over the electrode. While this could suggest an enhancement of the electrical transport in the device, an additional thermal annealing step in air at 300 °C, promoted the oxidation and removal of the carbon shell and confirmed that the contact resistance remained the same. Overall this shows that the carbon shell along the electrode has no significant role in the contact resistance. Finally, the challenges based on topographical analysis of the deposited electrodes are discussed. Reduction of the electrode’s height down to one-third of the initial value, increased surface roughness, formation of voids along the electrodes and the onset of platinum nanoparticles near the area of deposition, represent a challenge for future work.

Diálisis peritoneal paliativa en pacientes con falla cardiaca sin enfermedad renal terminal

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

María J. Rodríguez-González

2017-03-01

Se ha realizado una revisión de este escenario específico con presentación de los primeros casos que se han dispuesto con esta finalidad en la clínica de falla cardíaca de la Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia.

Clasificación de fallas en motores eléctricos utilizando señales de vibración

OpenAIRE

Arango Flórez, Gustavo Adolfo

2007-01-01

La tesis está encaminada a la aplicación de las técnicas tiempo frecuencia al análisis de senales de vibración para el diagnóstico de fallas en máquinas rotativas. Para esto se implementan métodos de extracción y clasificación de caracteristicas para lograr acercar de manera más precisa al diagnosticador a encontrar la causa raíz de la falla. Se realiza un estudio de cuatro métodos de extracción de características: Transformadas Wavelet, Distribución Wigner Ville, Distribución Choi Williams y...

On the behavior and stability of a liquid metal in quasi-planar electric contacts

Science.gov (United States)

Samuilov, S. D.

2016-06-01

The contacts between conductors formed under relatively low pressures can be treated as quasi-planar. Melting of the material of such contacts upon the passage of electric current is used in some technological processes, but the behavior of liquid in these conditions has not been analyzed. In this study, such an estimate was obtained for specific conditions appearing under electric-pulse compacting (briquetting) of metal shavings. Analysis of derived relations shows that this estimate is valid for any quasi-2D contacts upon passage of a pulsed current of duration from microseconds to milliseconds. It is shown that the spacing between contact surfaces decreases, the liquid metal is extruded in the lateral directions, and the area of the contact and its conductivity increase. Sausage-type magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instability and overheating instability do not evolve in these conditions because the instability wavelength is larger than the rated thickness of the molten layer; screw MHD instability can appear in slower processes.

Efectividad de la utilización de métodos microtectónicos en el desciframiento de la evoluación de estructuras tectónicas (falla Pinar

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Dámaso Cáceres-Govea

2003-03-01

Full Text Available Se analiza el comportamiento de la falla Pinar a partir de datos reales de varios afloramientos descritos a lo largo de dicha estructura. El uso de la microtectónica y el análisis estructural permitió detectar e interpretar algunos indicadores cinématicos que denotan su funcionamiento transcurrente siniestro en su etapa inicial. Asimismo, estructuras superpuestas en diferentes planos de falla permitieron detectar desplazamientos subhorizontales que marcan una etapa intermedia de transición, para culminar su evolución como una clásica falla gravitacional.

Performance of electrical contact pins near a nuclear explosion

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ragan, C.E.; Silbert, M.G.; Ellis, A.N.; Robinson, E.E.; Daddario, M.J.

1977-09-01

The pressures attainable in equation-of-state studies using nuclear-explosion-driven shock waves greatly exceed those that can be reached in normal laboratory conditions. However, the diagnostic instrumentation must survive in the high-radiation environment present near such an explosion. Therefore, a set of experiments were fielded on the Redmud event to test the feasibility of using electrical contact pins in this environment. In these experiments a 60-cm-high shield of boron-lead was placed on the rack lid approximately 1 m from the device. A sample consisting of slabs of molybdenum and 238 U was placed on top of the shield, and twelve electrical contact pins were embedded to five different depths in the materials. Five different multiplexing-charging circuits were used for the pins, and a piezoelectric quartz gauge was placed on top of the uranium to obtain an estimate of the fission-energy deposition. All of the charged pins survived the radiation and produced signals indicating shock arrival. The uncertainty in determining the pin-closure time was approximately 3 ns. The signal from the quartz gauge corresponded to a pressure that was consistent with the calculated neutron fluence

APPLICATIONS OF WAVELETS IN INDUCTION MACHINE FAULT DETECTION APLICACIONES DE WAVELETS EN LA DETECCIÓN DE FALLAS DE MÁQUINAS DE INDUCCIÓN

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Erick Schmitt

2010-08-01

Full Text Available This paper presents a new wavelet-based algorithm for three-phase induction machine fault detection. This new method uses the standard deviation of wavelet coefficients, obtained from n-level decomposition of each phase voltage and current, to identify single-phasing faults or unbalanced stator resistance faults in induction machines. The proposed algorithm can operate independent of the operational frequency, fault type and loading conditions. Results show that this algorithm has better detection response than the Fourier transform-based techniques.Este trabajo presenta un nuevo algoritmo basado en wavelets para la detección de fallas en máquinas de inducción de tres fases. Este nuevo método utiliza la desviación estándar de los coeficientes wavelet, que se obtiene de la descomposición de n-niveles de cada fase, para identificar fallas en el voltaje en una fase o fallas en la resistencia del estator en máquinas de inducción. El algoritmo propuesto puede funcionar independiente de la frecuencia de operación, tipo de falla y condiciones de carga. Los resultados muestran que este algoritmo tiene una mejor respuesta de detección que las técnicas basadas en la transformada de Fourier.

Measuring the electrical resistivity and contact resistance of vertical carbon nanotube bundles for application as interconnects

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chiodarelli, Nicolo'; Li, Yunlong; Arstila, Kai; Richard, Olivier; Cott, Daire J; Heyns, Marc; De Gendt, Stefan; Groeseneken, Guido; Vereecken, Philippe M; Masahito, Sugiura; Kashiwagi, Yusaku

2011-01-01

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are known to be materials with potential for manufacturing sub-20 nm high aspect ratio vertical interconnects in future microchips. In order to be successful with respect to contending against established tungsten or copper based interconnects, though, CNT must fulfil their promise of also providing low electrical resistance in integrated structures using scalable integration processes fully compatible with silicon technology. Hence, carefully engineered growth and integration solutions are required before we can fully exploit their potentialities. This work tackles the problem of optimizing a CNT integration process from the electrical perspective. The technique of measuring the CNT resistance as a function of the CNT length is here extended to CNT integrated in vertical contacts. This allows extracting the linear resistivity and the contact resistance of the CNT, two parameters to our knowledge never reported separately for vertical CNT contacts and which are of utmost importance, as they respectively measure the quality of the CNT and that of their metal contacts. The technique proposed allows electrically distinguishing the impact of each processing step individually on the CNT resistivity and the CNT contact resistance. Hence it constitutes a powerful technique for optimizing the process and developing CNT contacts of superior quality. This can be of relevant technological importance not only for interconnects but also for all those applications that rely on the electrical properties of CNT grown with a catalytic chemical vapor deposition method at low temperature.

Fault diagnosis in the steam turbo-generator of a Combined Cycle Power Plant; Diagnostico de fallas en el turbogenerador a vapor de una central de generacion de ciclo combinado

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Flores Abad, Angel

2006-12-15

Due to the physical nature of its components, technological processes are vulnerable to faults. These faults affect the accurate behavior of the system, causing a performance reduction, even great economical losses and in the worst case environmental and human disasters. The opportune detection of the presence of faults helps to take corrective actions and as a consequence to reduce the potential damage that faults cause. To achieve the fault detection task, technological processes have supervisory systems to monitor the process variables and provide an alarm when a variable reached a given threshold. This method has the drawback that a single fault could cause many system alarms, which difficult the fault isolation. In addition it is based on hardware redundancy; it means the use of repeated devices to do the same work. Combined cycle power plants (CCPP) are large scale systems with a high degree of fault susceptibility. Due to strict conditions in which they operate and the great number of elements they contain, including sensors and actuators. Nowadays this kind of power plants tends to dominate the electric generation market by means of fossil fuels, because they are the most efficient, profitable, with flexible operation and with less environmental impact. In the CCPP, the steam turbine (ST) is a fundamental component, since it represents the process gain, in the way that it allows the generation of additional electric energy by taking advantage of the exhaust gases of the gas turbines. In case of the ST fails, the global efficiency of the process is reduced even in a 40%. In this work a model based fault diagnosis system was developed, according to the FDI (Fault Detection and Isolation) methodology of the control theory, with the capability of detecting and isolating faults in the sensors and actuators of the ST of a CCPP. The developed system is based on the analytical redundancy which allows optimizing the hardware redundancy and getting a reduction of the

Evaluation of the contact switch materials in high voltage power supply for generate of underwater shockwave by electrical discharge

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

K Higa

2016-10-01

Full Text Available We have developed the high voltage power-supply unit by Cockcroft-Walton circuit for ingenerate high pressure due to underwater shockwave by electrical discharge. This high voltage power supply has the problem of the metal contact switch operation that contact switch stop by melting and bonding due to electrical spark. We have studied the evaluation of materials of contact switch for the reducing electrical energy loss and the problem of contact switch operation. In this research, measurement of discharge voltage and high pressure due to underwater shockwave was carried out using the contact switch made of different materials as brass plate, brass-carbon plate-brass and carbon block. The contact switch made of carbon is effective to reduce energy loss and problem of contactor switch operation.

Investigation of Thermostressed State of Coating Formation at Electric Contact Surfacing of “Shaft” Type Parts

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Olena V. Berezshnaya

2016-01-01

Full Text Available The forming of coating at electric contact surfacing is considered. The mathematical model of the coating formation is developed. The method of numerical recurrent solution of the finite-difference form of static equilibrium conditions of the selected elementary volume of coating is used. This model considers distribution of thermal properties and geometric parameters along the thermal deformation zone during the process of electric contact surfacing by compact material. It is found that the change of value of speed asymmetry factor leads to increasing of the friction coefficient in zone of surfacing. This provides the forming of the coating of higher quality. The limitation of the technological capabilities of equipment for electric contact surfacing is related to the size of recoverable parts and application of high electromechanical powers. The regulation of the speed asymmetry factor allows for expanding the technological capabilities of equipment for electric contact surfacing. The nomograms for determination of the stress on the roller electrode and the finite thickness of the coating as the function of the initial thickness of the compact material and the deformation degree are shown.

Estudio de las fallas de soldadura en el proceso de fabricación de cilindros de aluminio para g l p

OpenAIRE

Torres Villamar, Artemio; Wiesner Falconi, Ignacio

2009-01-01

El desarrollo del presente trabajo de tesis: Estudio de las fallas de soldadura en el proceso de fabricación de cilindros de aluminio para gas licuado de petróleo, sirve para optimizar la operación de las diferentes etapas del proceso de soldadura, para el efecto se aplicaron técnicas ingenieriles, normas establecidas por el INSTITUTO ECUATORIANO DE NORMALIZACIÓN, como: INEN No. 117 e INEN No. 291 y normas internacionales como ASTM – B209 y ASTM – B211. Se realizaron análisis de fallas en...

A mechanical-electrical finite element method model for predicting contact resistance between bipolar plate and gas diffusion layer in PEM fuel cells

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lai, Xinmin; Liu, Dong' an; Peng, Linfa [State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240 (China); Ni, Jun [Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125 (United States)

2008-07-15

Contact resistance between the bipolar plate (BPP) and the gas diffusion layer (GDL) plays a significant role on the power loss in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. There are two types of contact behavior at the interface of the BPP and GDL, which are the mechanical one and the electrical one. Furthermore, the electrical contact behavior is dependent on the mechanical one. Thus, prediction of the contact resistance is a coupled mechanical-electrical problem. The current FEM models for contact resistance estimation can only simulate the mechanical contact behavior and moreover they are based on the assumption that the contact surface is equipotential, which is not the case in a real BPP/GDL assembly due to the round corner and margin of the BPP. In this study, a mechanical-electrical FEM model was developed to predict the contact resistance between the BPP and GDL based on the experimental interfacial contact resistivity. At first, the interfacial contact resistivity was obtained by experimentally measuring the contact resistance between the GDL and a flat graphite plate of the same material and processing conditions as the BPP. Then, with the interfacial contact resistivity, the mechanical and electrical contact behaviors were defined and the potential distribution of the BPP/GDL assembly was analyzed using the mechanical-electrical FEM model. At last, the contact resistance was calculated according to the potential drop and the current of the contact surface. The numerical results were validated by comparing with those of the model reported previously. The influence of the round corner of the BPP on the contact resistance was also studied and it is found that there exists an optimal round corner that can minimize the contact resistance. This model is beneficial in understanding the mechanical and electrical contact behaviors between the BPP and GDL, and can be used to predict the contact resistance in a new BPP/GDL assembly. (author)

Nanolithography based contacting method for electrical measurements on single template synthesized nanowires

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Fusil, S.; Piraux, L.; Mátéfi-Tempfli, Stefan

2005-01-01

A reliable method enabling electrical measurements on single nanowires prepared by electrodeposition in an alumina template is described. This technique is based on electrically controlled nanoindentation of a thin insulating resist deposited on the top face of the template filled by the nanowires....... We show that this method is very flexible, allowing us to electrically address single nanowires of controlled length down to 100 nm and of desired composition. Using this approach, current densities as large as 10 A cm were successfully injected through a point contact on a single magnetic...

Application and analysis of palladium vapor deposited on stainless steel for high temperature electrical contacts

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jodeh, S.

2008-01-01

Using electron beam evaporation. Pd thin films of 300 nm thickness have been deposited on 301 stainless steel for high temperature electrical contact studies. The structure and compost ion of the helms were studied in detail x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (Sem), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XP S) with sputter depth profiling. The contact properties such as contact resistance, fretting wear resistance, and thermal stability have been measured.The contact resistance rem ins low after heat-aging in air for 168 h at 150 and 200 deg., but increases significantly after heat-aging at 340 deg.. This increase in contact resistance is caused by the formation of about a 27 nm (1 μin.) thick Pdo. In contrast, the thickness of the Pdo is too thin to cause measurable contact resistance increases after heat-aging at 150 and 200 deg.. The fretting wear resistance of Pd coated 301 stainless steel is better than that of electroplated Sn of ser veal thousand nm thickness. Thus, vapor deposited Pd coating on 301 stainless steel may replace electroplated Sn for electrical contact application at elevated temperatures.

Chemical and electrical characteristics of annealed Ni/Au and Ni/Ir/Au contacts on AlGaN

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ngoepe, P.N.M., E-mail: phuti.ngoepe@up.ac.za [Department of Physics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028 (South Africa); Meyer, W.E.; Auret, F.D.; Omotoso, E.; Diale, M. [Department of Physics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028 (South Africa); Swart, H.C.; Duvenhage, M.M.; Coetsee, E. [Department of Physics, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300 (South Africa)

2016-01-01

The evolution of Ni/Au and Ni/Ir/Au metal contacts deposited on AlGaN was investigated at different annealing temperatures. The samples were studied with electrical and chemical composition techniques. I–V characteristics of the Schottky diodes were optimum after 500 and 600 °C annealing for Ni/Au and Ni/Ir/Au based diodes, respectively. The depth profiles of the contacts were measured by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy. These chemical composition techniques were used to examine the evolution of the metal contacts in order to verify the influence the metals have on the electrical properties of the diodes. The insertion of Ir as a diffusion barrier between Ni and Au effected the electrical properties, improving the stability of the contacts at high temperatures. Gold diffused into the AlGaN film, degrading the electrical properties of the Ni/Au diode. At 500 °C, the insertion of Ir, however, prevented the in-diffusion of Au into the AlGaN substrate.

Una estrategia basada en modelos para el diagnóstico de fallas en el estator del motor de inducción

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Cristian H. De Angelo

2007-07-01

Full Text Available Resumen: Se presenta una estrategia para el diagnóstico de fallas en el estator de los motores de inducción mediante la información contenida en las tensiones y corrientes de alimentación. La estrategia propuesta está basada en la generación de un vector de residuos específicos por medio de un observador de estados, el cual permite detectar la fase dañada y cuantificar el ńumero de espiras en cortocircuito. La estrategia de diagnóstico es muy poco sensible a los cambios de carga o perturbaciones de la red de alimentación tales como armónicos o desbalances. Palabras clave: Diagnóstico de fallas, fallas en el estator, motor de inducción

Probing into frictional contact dynamics by ultrasound and electrical simulations

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Changshan Jin

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Friction arises in the interface of friction pair, and therefore, it is difficult to detect it. Ultrasonic means, as a NDT, is the correct alternative. This paper introduces a means of detecting dynamic contact and an interpretation of behaviors of dry friction. It has been determined that frictional surfaces have a specific property of dynamic response hardening (DRH. Dynamic response forces and oscillation arise during static–kinetic transition process. While the contact zone of sliding surfaces appears “hard” in motion, it appears “soft” at rest. Consequently, a separation of the surfaces occurs and the real area of contact is decreased as sliding velocity increases. This is the cause of F–v descent phenomenon. When the friction comes to a rest, the remaining process of DRH and micro-oscillation do not disappear instantaneously, instead they gradually return to their original static position. The contact area, therefore, is increased by rest period (F–T ascent characteristics. Based on analogies between a solid unit (η–m–k and an R-L-C circuit, the DRH is demonstrated by electrical simulations.

Desarrollo de un sistema experto para el diagnostico de fallas automotrices

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Fuentes Covarrubias, Ricardo

2013-12-01

Full Text Available Se presenta un prototipo experimental de un sistema experto para el diagnóstico de fallas mecánicas en automóviles, a partir de una interacción en tiempo real. Este sistema es una herramienta de diagnóstico para técnicos mecánicos, practicantes y personas con conocimientos básicos de mecánica automotriz y puede también ser empleado como un sistema tutor inteligente para un curso de mecánica automotriz.

Prevalencia de insuficiencia renal en pacientes que asisten a la clínica de falla cardiaca

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Diego Rodríguez, MD

2011-05-01

Conclusiones: la prevalencia de insuficiencia renal determinada por la depuración de creatinina, es alta tanto en hombres como en mujeres evaluados en la clínica de falla cardiaca, lo cual conduce a replantear los esquemas de manejo dependiendo de la función renal ya que algunos de los medicamentos utilizados son nefrotóxicos o incrementan los niveles de potasio. Por lo tanto, la valoración de la función renal mediante la utilización de la depuración de creatinina por medio de la fórmula de Cockcroft, puede ser más conveniente que sólo basarse en la creatinina, por lo cual se recomienda realizarla en todos los pacientes que se estén siguiendo en las clínicas de falla cardiaca al igual que al considerar cambios en el esquema de manejo médico.

Electroless Ni-B plating for electrical contact applications

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Dervos, C. T.

2005-12-01

Full Text Available Electroless Ni-B plating has been tried on steel substrate in an effort to employ low-cost starting materials for electrical contacts or connectors. By selected conditions of heat treatment in a high vacuum environment the plating can acquire Cr-equivalent hardness without the effluents of the hard chromium plating process. The surfaces were characterized under scanning electron microscope and by XRD. The fabricated materials were tested under corrosion conditions by polarization measurements. Semispherical nickel plated steel joints were tested in a computer controlled contact make-break apparatus, under simultaneous application of a mechanical and a low-voltage electrical load for 20,000 cycles. After heat treatment the plating acquires a crystalline structure with very good adhesion to the substrate material. Corrosion decreases and increased hardness is obtained. The surface is also characterized by good electrical properties during aging accelerated tests.

Se ha investigado la deposición de Ni-B por vía química sobre un substrato de acero, con el fin de poder emplear materiales de bajo coste para los contactos o conectores eléctricos. Mediante condiciones específicas de tratamiento térmico en un ambiente de alto vacío, la deposición puede alcanzar durezas equivalentes al cromo (Cr sin los efluentes del proceso de cromado duro. Las superficies se caracterizaron en el microscopio electrónico de barrido y mediante DRX. Los materiales fabricados se ensayaron bajo condiciones de corrosión utilizando mediciones de polarización. Se ensayaron las juntas semiesféricas de acero niquelado en un equipo de contactos controlado por ordenador bajo la aplicación simultánea de una carga mecánica y de una carga eléctrica de bajo voltaje durante 20.000 ciclos. Después del tratamiento térmico, el recubrimiento adquiere una estructura cristalina con muy buena adherencia al material del substrato. Se consigue una menor corrosión y mayor

Failure problems in superheater spacers of steam generators; Problematica de fallas en espaciadores de sobrecalentadores de generadores de vapor

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Chacon Nava, Jose G; Martinez Villafane, Alberto [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico); Fuentes Samaniego, Raul [Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (Mexico); Mojica Calderon, Cecilio [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

1988-12-31

In this article the general aspects of the steam generator superheater fixed spacers failures are analyzed, emphasis is made on the influence several aspects such as the operation of the unit have, the appropriate execution of welds and the selection of binding materials. Likewise several recommendations are made to bring the failures to a minimum. [Espanol] En este articulo se analizan aspectos generales de fallas en espaciadores fijos de sobrecalentadores de generadores de vapor, y se hace hincapie en la influencia que tienen diversos aspectos tales como la operacion de la unidad, la adecuada ejecucion de soldaduras y la seleccion del material de aporte. Asimismo, se proponen algunas recomendaciones para reducir al minimo las fallas.

CONTACT RESISTANCE MODELING

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

S. V. LOSKUTOV

2018-05-01

Full Text Available Purpose. To determine the contribution of the real contact spots distribution in the total conductivity of the conductors contact. Methodology. The electrical contact resistance research was carried out on models. The experimental part of this work was done on paper with a graphite layer with membranes (the first type and conductive liquids with discrete partitions (the second type. Findings. It is shown that the contact electrical resistance is mainly determined by the real area of metal contact. The experimental dependence of the electrical resistance of the second type model on the distance between the electrodes and the potential distribution along the sample surface for the first type model were obtained. The theoretical model based on the principle of electric field superposition was considered. The dependences obtained experimentally and calculated by using the theoretical model are in good agreement. Originality. The regularity of the electrical contact resistance formation on a large number of membranes was researched for the first time. A new model of discrete electrical contact based on the liquid as the conducting environment with nuclear membrane partitions was developed. The conclusions of the additivity of contact and bulk electrical resistance were done. Practical value. Based on these researches, a new experimental method of kinetic macroidentation that as a parameter of the metal surface layer deformation uses the real contact area was developed. This method allows to determine the value of average contact stresses, yield point, change of the stress on the depth of deformation depending on the surface treatment.

Failure analysis to the weights of balance of a 350 MW turbo-generator; Analisis de falla a los pesos de balanceo de un turbogenerador de 350 MW

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Vital Flores, Francisco; Gamero Arroyo, Jose Manuel [LAPEM, Comision Federal de Electricidad (Mexico)

2007-11-15

The selection of materials and the quality control in the supply of the components, as well as the involved operative variables in the process of work to which an equipment, device or a system of a power station of electrical generation are subjected, impact in the same in their useful life in a decisive way. In this document it is presented an analysis of a failure occurred in a 350 MW turbo-generator by the loosening of the balance weights, in which it is mentioned the flaws occurred by this cause and a metallographic analysis that indicates the main fault for the happening. [Spanish] La seleccion de material y el control de calidad en los suministros de los componentes, asi como las variables operativas involucradas en el proceso de trabajo al cual es sometido un equipo, dispositivo o un sistema de una central de generacion electrica, impactan en los mismos de manera decisiva en su vida util. En este documento se presenta un analisis de falla ocurrido en un turbogenerador de 350 MW, por el desprendimiento de los pesos de balanceo, el cual se menciona de los desperfectos ocurridos por esta causa y un analisis metalografico que indica la falla principal por lo ocurrido.

Microstructure and wear behaviors of WC–12%Co coating deposited on ductile iron by electric contact surface strengthening

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Qi, Xiaoben; Zhu, Shigen; Ding, Hao; Zhu, Zhengkun; Han, Zhibing

2013-01-01

WC–12%Co powders deposited on ductile iron by electric contact strengthening were studied. This technology was based on the application of the contact resistance heating between the electrode and work piece to form a wear resistant layer on ductile iron. The microstructure, microhardness distribution, phase transformation and wear behaviors of the coating were investigated using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, Vickers hardness (HV 0.5 ), X-ray diffraction, rolling contact wear tests. The results showed that the WC–12%Co coating by electric contact strengthening was metallurgically bonded to the ductile iron. Additionally, the effect of experimental parameters on microhardness and wear resistance of coatings were studied using orthogonal experiment. The results showed that compared with (A) electric current and (B) rotating speed, (C) contact force displays the most significant effect on microhardness and wear resistance of coatings. The coatings produced at A = 19 kA, B = 0.3 r/min and C = 700 N possessed highest microhardness of 1073 HV 0.5 and wear resistance.

Sistema para diagnóstico de fallas en transformadores a través de lógica difusa

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Madelín Lima Álvarez

2011-02-01

Full Text Available Se expone un sistema para diagnóstico de fallas en transformadores a través de mediciones cromatográficasde los gases disueltos en el aceite y su procesamiento utilizando la lógica difusa, herramientaeficaz de la inteligencia artificial, como método para el diagnóstico. En este caso se escogió de entretodos los modelos cromatográficos existentes para el diagnóstico, el de la norma IEC 599, por ser en laactualidad el de mayor validación experimental. El sistema tiene en cuenta las tres relaciones fundamentalesy las tres relaciones complementarias entre los gases disueltos en el aceite, con vistas a la definición deltipo de falla. También considera la razón del incremento de producción de los gases, para la detección deuna anomalía en el funcionamiento del equipo o de una agravante en el desarrollo de la falla. Por último,se incluye una serie de situaciones en las que no existe una falla totalmente definida por la clasificacióntradicional, emitiéndose un diagnóstico más generalizado.  The following work deals with the presentation of a system for the diagnosis of failures in transformers,through chromatographic measures of the gases dissolved in oil and its process of results using the fuzzylogic, an efficient tool of the artificial intelligence, as method for the diagnosis. In this case thechromatographic model used was chosen from the existent standard IEC 599, for being at present the onewith more experimental validation. The system takes into consideration the three fundamental andcomplementary relationships among the gases dissolved in the oil, in order to define the type of failure. Italso concerns about the increase of gases, for detecting problems in the operation of equipment or offurther difficulties in the development of the failure. Finally, a series of situations where failures not totallydefined in the traditional classification are included providing a wider and more spread diagnosis.

Comparison of mechanical properties for several electrical spring contact alloys

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nordstrom, T.V.

1976-06-01

Work was conducted to determine whether beryllium-nickel alloy 440 had mechanical properties which made it suitable as a substitute for the presently used precious metal contact alloys Paliney 7 and Neyoro G, in certain electrical contact applications. Possible areas of applicability for the alloy were where extremely low contact resistance was not necessary or in components encountering elevated temperatures above those presently seen in weapons applications. Evaluation of the alloy involved three major experimental areas: 1) measurement of the room temperature microplastic (epsilon approximately 10 -6 ) and macroplastic (epsilon approximately 10 -3 ) behavior of alloy 440 in various age hardening conditions, 2) determination of applied stress effects on stress relaxation or contact force loss and 3) measurement of elevated temperature mechanical properties and stress relaxation behavior. Similar measurements were also made on Neyoro G and Paliney 7 for comparison. The primary results of the study show that beryllium-nickel alloy 440 is from a mechanical properties standpoint, equal or superior to the presently used Paliney 7 and Neyoro G for normal Sandia requirements. For elevated temperature applications, alloy 440 has clearly superior mechanical properties

Efecto de los inotrópicos sobre la mortalidad en falla cardiaca aguda. Metaanálisis en red de ensayos clínicos

OpenAIRE

Juan M. Sénior; Edison Muñoz; James Díaz

2017-01-01

Introducción: en pacientes con falla cardiaca aguda es necesario el uso de inotrópicos para lograr su estabilización. Objetivo: definir cuál de los medicamentos inotrópicos se asocia con menor mortalidad. Metodología: se realizó un metaanálisis en red con la aproximación frecuentista. La búsqueda sistemática incluyó PUBMED, EMBASE, CENTRAL, DARE, Epistemonikos, SieELO, LILACS y OpenGray. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos con asignación aleatoria en pacientes con falla cardiaca aguda que re...

Perfiles clínicos y hemodinámicos en pacientes con falla cardiaca aguda

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Luis Eduardo Calderón

2017-09-01

Conclusiones: la falla cardíaca aguda descompensada es el perfil de presentación clínica más común en nuestra población con dos tercios del total de casos. El perfil hemodinámico más frecuente fue el “caliente y húmedo” (Stevenson B, resultados que concuerdan con lo observado en estudios locales y registros internacionales.

An improved model for predicting electrical contact resistance between bipolar plate and gas diffusion layer in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wu, Zhiliang; Wang, Shuxin [School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072 (China); Zhou, Yuanyuan; Lin, Guosong; Hu, S. Jack [Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125 (United States)

2008-07-15

Electrical contact resistance between bipolar plates (BPPs) and gas diffusion layers (GDLs) in PEM fuel cells has attracted much attention since it is one significant part of the total contact resistance which plays an important role in fuel cell performance. This paper extends a previous model by Zhou et al. [Y. Zhou, G. Lin, A.J. Shih, S.J. Hu, J. Power Sources 163 (2007) 777-783] on the prediction of electrical contact resistance within PEM fuel cells. The original microscale numerical model was based on the Hertz solution for individual elastic contacts, assuming that contact bodies, GDL carbon fibers and BPP asperities are isotropic elastic half-spaces. The new model features a more practical contact by taking into account the bending behavior of carbon fibers as well as their anisotropic properties. The microscale single contact process is solved numerically using the finite element method (FEM). The relationship between the contact pressure and the electrical resistance at the GDL/BPP interface is derived by multiple regression models. Comparisons of the original model by Zhou et al. and the new model with experimental data show that the original model slightly overestimates the electrical contact resistance, whereas a better agreement with experimental data is observed using the new model. (author)

Transition from steady to periodic liquid-metal magnetohydrodynamic flow in a sliding electrical contact

Science.gov (United States)

Talmage, Gita; Walker, John S.; Brown, Samuel H.; Sondergaard, Neal A.

1993-09-01

In homopolar motors and generators, large dc electric currents pass through the sliding electrical contacts between rotating copper disks (rotors) and static copper surfaces shrouding the rotor tips (stators). A liquid metal in the small radial gap between the rotor tip and concentric stator surface can provide a low-resistance, low-drag electrical contact. Since there is a strong magnetic field in the region of the electrical contacts, there are large electromagnetic body forces on the liquid metal. The primary, azimuthal motion consists of simple Couette flow, plus an electromagnetically driven flow with large extremes of the azimuthal velocity near the rotor corners. The secondary flow involves the radial and axial velocity components, is driven by the centrifugal force associated with the primary flow, and is opposed by the electromagnetic body force, so that the circulation varies inversely as the square of the magnetic-field strength. Three flow regimes are identified as the angular velocity Ω of the rotor is increased. For small Ω, the primary flow is decoupled from the secondary flow. As Ω increases, the secondary flow begins to convect the azimuthal-velocity peaks radially outward, which in turn changes the centrifugal force driving the secondary flow. At some critical value of Ω, the flow becomes periodic through the coupling of the primary and secondary flows. The azimuthal-velocity peaks begin to move radially in and out with an accompanying oscillation in the secondary-flow strength.

Desarrollo de un sistema experto para el diagnostico de fallas automotrices

OpenAIRE

Fuentes Covarrubias, Ricardo; Fuentes Covarrubias, Andrés Gerardo

2013-01-01

Se presenta un prototipo experimental de un sistema experto para el diagnóstico de fallas mecánicas en automóviles, a partir de una interacción en tiempo real. Este sistema es una herramienta de diagnóstico para técnicos mecánicos, practicantes y personas con conocimientos básicos de mecánica automotriz y puede también ser empleado como un sistema tutor inteligente para un curso de mecánica automotriz. In this paper we present an experimental prototype of an expert system for the diagnosis...

Aneurisma de la vena de Galeno como causa de falla cardíaca Galen's vein aneurysm as cause of heart failure

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Claudia Echeverría

2005-04-01

Full Text Available Se presenta el caso de un recién nacido que ingresa a cuidado intensivo con un cuadro de falla cardiaca de difícil manejo con ductus arterioso de gran tamaño, a quien se le realizó cierre quirúrgico del mismo y pese a ello persistía con clínica de falla cardiaca que no mejoraba con tratamiento médico. Se hizo un hallazgo incidental de un aneurisma de la vena de Galeno de gran tamaño. El aneurisma de la vena de Galeno es una patología congénita poco frecuente que se origina de un defecto en la fusión de las venas cerebrales internas, debido a la baja resistencia produce un cuadro de falla cardiaca de alto gasto. Los defectos de gran tamaño pueden contener entre 50% a 60% del gasto cardiaco. Se debe sospechar aneurisma en todo recién nacido o lactante menor con cuadro de falla cardíaca y dilatación de cavidades derechas sin evidencia de anomalía cardíaca estructural.We present the case of a newborn admitted to the intensive care unit with a heart failure of difficult medical management. A large ductus arteriosus was found. It was surgically corrected, but the heart failure persisted and did not improve with medical treatment. Incidentally, a big Galen's vein aneurysm was found. Galen's vein aneurysm is a rare congenital pathology, originated by a fusion defect of the internal cerebral veins. Due to its low resistance, it produces a picture of high-output heart failure. Large defects may contain 50% to 60% of cardiac output. An aneurysm may be suspected in each newborn or infant with clinical picture of heart failure and right cardiac chamber dilation without any evidence of structural cardiac anomaly.

Out-of-plane strain and electric field tunable electronic properties and Schottky contact of graphene/antimonene heterostructure

Science.gov (United States)

Phuc, Huynh V.; Hieu, Nguyen N.; Hoi, Bui D.; Phuong, Le T. T.; Hieu, Nguyen V.; Nguyen, Chuong V.

2017-12-01

In this paper, the electronic properties of graphene/monolayer antimonene (G/m-Sb) heterostructure have been studied using the density functional theory (DFT). The effects of out-of-plane strain (interlayer coupling) and electric field on the electronic properties and Schottky contact of the G/m-Sb heterostructure are also investigated. The results show that graphene is bound to m-Sb layer by a weak van-der-Waals interaction with the interlayer distance of 3.50 Å and the binding energy per carbon atom of -39.62 meV. We find that the n-type Schottky contact is formed at the G/m-Sb heterostructure with the Schottky barrier height (SBH) of 0.60 eV. By varying the interlayer distance between graphene and the m-Sb layer we can change the n-type and p-type SBH at the G/m-Sb heterostructure. Especially, we find the transformation from n-type to p-type Schottky contact with decreasing the interlayer distance. Furthermore, the SBH and the Schottky contact could be controlled by applying the perpendicular electric field. With the positive electric field, electrons can easily transfer from m-Sb to graphene layer, leading to the transition from n-type to p-type Schottky contact.

On the electrical contact and long-term behavior of compression-type connections with conventional and high-temperature conductor ropes with low sag

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hildmann, Christian

2016-01-01

In Germany and in Europe it is due to the ''Energiewende'' necessary to transmit more electrical energy with existing overhead transmission lines. One possible technical solution to reach this aim is the use of high temperature low sag conductors (HTLS-conductors). Compared to the common Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR), HTLS-conductors have higher rated currents and rated temperatures. Thus the electrical connections for HTLS-conductors are stressed to higher temperatures too. These components are most important for the safe and reliable operation of an overhead transmission line. Besides other connection technologies, hexagonal compression connections with ordinary transmission line conductors have proven themselves since decades. From the literature, mostly empirical studies with electrical tests for compression connections are known. The electrical contact behaviour, i.e. the quality of the electrical contact after assembly, of these connections has been investigated insufficiently. This work presents and enhances an electrical model of compression connections, so that the electrical contact behaviour can be determined more accurate. Based on this, principal considerations on the current distribution in the compression connection and its influence on the connection resistance are presented. As a result from the theoretical and the experimental work, recommendations for the design of hexagonal compression connections for transmission line conductors were developed. Furthermore it is known from the functional principle of compression type connections, that the electrical contact behaviour can be influenced from their form fit, force fit and cold welding. In particular the forces in compression connections have been calculated up to now by approximation. The known analytical calculations simplify the geometry and material behaviour and do not consider the correct mechanical load during assembly. For these reasons the joining process

Análisis de paleoesfuerzos mediante datos de fallas estriadas en el “stock” de chinchiná-santa rosa, en la cantera la virgen manizales, caldas

OpenAIRE

Gómez-Hurtado, Eliana; Marín-Marín, Juan Sebastián; Hincapié-Jaramillo, Gustavo

2012-01-01

Eliana Gómez-Hurtado1, Juan Sebastián Marín-Marín1, & Gustavo Hincapié-Jaramillo 2 1 Estudiante programa de Geología, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Caldas , 2Profesor Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Caldas Falla Silvia Pijao pertenece al Sistema de Fallas de Romeral y pone en contacto rocas de los complejos Quebradagrande (al este) y Arquía (al oeste). El “Stock” ...

Mosaico del cromosoma X en diferentes tejidos de pacientes con falla ovárica prematura

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

M.E. Arteaga Espinosa

2015-06-01

Conclusión: La existencia de mosaicismo de bajo grado puede ser la causa de falla ovárica prematura. Este estudio indica que es necesario más de un tipo de tejido para identificar el mosaicismo de bajo grado. Por ello, el estudio de células del urotelio puede incluirse dentro del abordaje diagnóstico de las pacientes con esta enfermedad.

Combined effects of fretting and pollutant particles on the contact resistance of the electrical connectors

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Zhigang Kong

2017-06-01

Full Text Available Usually, when electrical connectors operate in vibration environments, fretting will be produced at the contact interfaces. In addition, serious environmental pollution particles will affect contact resistance of the connectors. The fretting will worsen the reliability of connectors with the pollutant particles. The combined effects of fretting and quartz particles on the contact resistance of the gold plating connectors are studied with a fretting test system. The results show that the frequencies have obvious effect on the contact resistance. The higher the frequency, the higher the contact resistance is. The quartz particles cause serious wear of gold plating, which make the nickel and copper layer exposed quickly to increase the contact resistance. Especially in high humidity environments, water supply certain adhesion function and make quartz particles easy to insert or cover the contact surfaces, and even cause opening resistance.

Direct current electric potential in an anisotropic half-space with vertical contact containing a conductive 3D body

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Li Ping

2004-01-01

Full Text Available Detailed studies of anomalous conductors in otherwise homogeneous media have been modelled. Vertical contacts form common geometries in galvanic studies when describing geological formations with different electrical conductivities on either side. However, previous studies of vertical discontinuities have been mainly concerned with isotropic environments. In this paper, we deal with the effect on the electric potentials, such as mise-à-la-masse anomalies, due to a conductor near a vertical contact between two anisotropic regions. We also demonstrate the interactive effects when the conductive body is placed across the vertical contact. This problem is normally very difficult to solve by the traditional numerical methods. The integral equations for the electric potential in anisotropic half-spaces are established. Green's function is obtained using the reflection and transmission image method in which five images are needed to fit the boundary conditions on the vertical interface and the air-earth surface. The effects of the anisotropy of the environments and the conductive body on the electric potential are illustrated with the aid of several numerical examples.

Annealing effects on structural and electrical properties of Ru/Au on n-GaN Schottky contacts

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Reddy, V. Rajagopal; Rao, P. Koteswara; Ramesh, C.K.

2007-01-01

Thermal annealing effects on electrical and structural properties of Ru/Au Schottky contact to n-type GaN (n d = 4.07 x 10 17 cm -3 ) have been investigated using current-voltage (I-V), capacitance-voltage (C-V), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The Schottky barrier height of the as-deposited sample was found to be 0.75 eV (I-V) and 0.93 eV (C-V), respectively. It is noted that the barrier height increased when the contact was annealed at 300 deg. C and slightly decreased upon annealing at temperatures of 400 deg. C and 500 deg. C. The extracted Schottky barrier heights are 0.99 eV (I-V), 1.34 eV (C-V) for 300 deg. C, 0.88 eV (I-V), 1.20 eV (C-V) for 400 deg. C and 0.72 eV (I-V), 1.08 eV (C-V) for 500 deg. C annealed contacts, respectively. Further it is observed that annealing results in the improvement of electrical properties of Ru/Au Schottky contacts. Based on Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction studies, the formation of gallide phases at the Ru/Au/n-GaN interface could be the reason for the improvement of electrical characteristics upon annealing at elevated temperatures

Detecting and classifying faults on transmission systems using a backpropagation neural network; Deteccion y clasificacion de fallas en sistemas de transmision empleando una red neuronal con retropropagacion del error

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rosas Ortiz, German

2000-01-01

Fault detection and diagnosis on transmission systems is an interesting area of investigation to Artificial Intelligence (AI) based systems. Neurocomputing is one of fastest growing areas of research in the fields of AI and pattern recognition. This work explores the possible suitability of pattern recognition approach of neural networks for fault detection and classification on power systems. The conventional detection techniques in modern relays are based in digital processing of signals and it need some time (around 1 cycle) to send a tripping signal, also they are likely to make incorrect decisions if the signals are noisy. It's desirable to develop a fast, accurate and robust approach that perform accurately for changing system conditions (like load variations and fault resistance). The aim of this work is to develop a novel technique based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), which explores the suitability of a pattern classification approach for fault detection and diagnosis. The suggested approach is based in the fact that when a fault occurs, a change in the system impedance take place and, as a consequence changes in amplitude and phase of line voltage and current signals take place. The ANN-based fault discriminator is trained to detect this changes as indicators of the instant of fault inception. This detector uses instantaneous values of these signals to make decisions. Suitability of using neural network as pattern classifiers for transmission systems fault diagnosis is described in detail a neural network design and simulation environment for real-time is presented. Results showing the performance of this approach are presented and indicate that it is fast, secure and exact enough, and it can be used in high speed fault detection and classification schemes. [Spanish] El diagnostico y la deteccion de fallas en sistemas de transmision es una area de interes en investigacion para sistemas basados en Inteligencia Artificial (IA). El calculo neuronal

Electric generation and ratcheted transport of contact-charged drops

Science.gov (United States)

Cartier, Charles A.; Graybill, Jason R.; Bishop, Kyle J. M.

2017-10-01

We describe a simple microfluidic system that enables the steady generation and efficient transport of aqueous drops using only a constant voltage input. Drop generation is achieved through an electrohydrodynamic dripping mechanism by which conductive drops grow and detach from a grounded nozzle in response to an electric field. The now-charged drops are transported down a ratcheted channel by contact charge electrophoresis powered by the same voltage input used for drop generation. We investigate how the drop size, generation frequency, and transport velocity depend on system parameters such as the liquid viscosity, interfacial tension, applied voltage, and channel dimensions. The observed trends are well explained by a series of scaling analyses that provide insight into the dominant physical mechanisms underlying drop generation and ratcheted transport. We identify the conditions necessary for achieving reliable operation and discuss the various modes of failure that can arise when these conditions are violated. Our results demonstrate that simple electric inputs can power increasingly complex droplet operations with potential opportunities for inexpensive and portable microfluidic systems.

Development and applications of the contact electric resistance technique

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Saario, T.

1995-12-31

At the moment both the scientific understanding of corrosion processes and the engineering practices of corrosion control in power plants can benefit considerably from the development of in situ on-line instruments for characterisation of the surface films on construction materials. In this work a new in situ Contact Electric Resistance (CER) technique has been developed for measurement of electric resistance of surface films on metals. The CER technique was applied in this work in several different research areas. These include e.g. localized corrosion of stainless steel in paper mill wet end environment, investigation of the effect of inhibitors in steam generator crevice environments, passivation of GaAs single crystals by sulphate treatment and monitoring of the kinetics of oxide growth on zirconium metals in high temperature water. The CER technique has a measurement capacity ranging from 10-9 {omega} to 105 {omega}. The lowest range of resistance is typical for metallic layers deposited on the surface in electrodeposition processes. The highest range of resistance is found for insulator type of films e.g. on zirconium metals. (author)

Determination of the mechanical thermostat electrical contacts switching quality with sound and vibration analysis

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rejc, Jure; Munih, Marko [University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana (Slovenia)

2017-05-15

A mechanical thermostat is a device that switches heating or cooling appliances on or off based on temperature. For this kind of use, electronic or mechanical switching concepts are applied. During the production of electrical contacts, several irregularities can occur leading to improper switching events of the thermostat electrical contacts. This paper presents a non-obstructive method based on the fact that when the switching event occurs it can be heard and felt by human senses. We performed several laboratory tests with two different methods. The first method includes thermostat switch sound signal analysis during the switching event. The second method is based on sampling of the accelerometer signal during the switching event. The results show that the sound analysis approach has great potential. The approach enables an accurate determination of the switching event even if the sampled signal carries also the switching event of the neighbour thermostat.

Evolución en niños con falla intestinal en un hospital de referencia en Medellín, Colombia

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

M.M. Contreras-Ramírez

2016-01-01

Conclusiones: El manejo médico de los pacientes con falla intestinal es complejo. El soporte nutricional y la monitorización continua son de vital importancia y la morbimortalidad a largo plazo depende del reconocimiento y manejo precoz de las complicaciones asociadas.

The mechanisms and models of interaction between electrical arc and contact materials

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kharin, S.N.

1999-01-01

Mechanisms of arc erosion in electrical contacts are different and depends on the conditions of contact separation. The first one, which occurs at low current with relatively slow rate of heat transfer, involves the evaporation of material from the contact surface. The second mechanism can be characterized by the formation of droplets of molten metal caused by high currents and vapor or magnetic pressure on a molten metal pool. However, in certain cases it is impossible to explain the formation of molten metal droplets in terms of pressure only. Therefore a new hypothesis regarding thermo-capillary mechanism of ejection of liquid metal is discussed. This hypothesis is based on the Marangoni effect which is important when the temperature gradient along the liquid contact zone and the temperature dependence of surface tension become significant (tungsten, zirconium, molybdenum etc.). The fourth erosion mechanism is associated with the ejection of solid particles of contact material with distinct crystalline structure during high current pulses of a short duration. It occurs when thermo-elastic processes overcome the mechanical strength. A mathematical model describing each of the four mechanisms of erosion is presented. Temperature fields and erosion characteristics are determined as a function of the commutation regime and the properties of contact materials. The experimental data are discussed in terms of theoretical approach with respect to the solid phase and droplet formation. Dynamics of each type of arc erosion is described, and recommendations for optimal selection of contact material with minimum erosion are given. (author)

El papel de los principios en las fallas de los regímenes internacionales: el Fondo Monetario Internacional en la crisis económica argentina de 2001

OpenAIRE

De la Cuesta Zuluaga, Luisa

2015-01-01

Este trabajo de grado busca analizar el papel que juegan los principios en las fallas del Régimen Internacional de Pagos a la hora de responder a situaciones de crisis, específicamente, en la actuación del Fondo Monetario Internacional durante la crisis económica argentina de 2001. El Régimen, atado al cumplimiento de sus principios, actuó de manera tal que produjo unas fallas que terminaron exacerbando la crisis. Mediante el análisis de fuentes primarias y secundarias, y con métodos...

Contact-Engineered Electrical Properties of MoS2 Field-Effect Transistors via Selectively Deposited Thiol-Molecules.

Science.gov (United States)

Cho, Kyungjune; Pak, Jinsu; Kim, Jae-Keun; Kang, Keehoon; Kim, Tae-Young; Shin, Jiwon; Choi, Barbara Yuri; Chung, Seungjun; Lee, Takhee

2018-05-01

Although 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) has gained much attention due to its unique electrical and optical properties, the limited electrical contact to 2D semiconductors still impedes the realization of high-performance 2D MoS 2 -based devices. In this regard, many studies have been conducted to improve the carrier-injection properties by inserting functional paths, such as graphene or hexagonal boron nitride, between the electrodes and 2D semiconductors. The reported strategies, however, require relatively time-consuming and low-yield transfer processes on sub-micrometer MoS 2 flakes. Here, a simple contact-engineering method is suggested, introducing chemically adsorbed thiol-molecules as thin tunneling barriers between the metal electrodes and MoS 2 channels. The selectively deposited thiol-molecules via the vapor-deposition process provide additional tunneling paths at the contact regions, improving the carrier-injection properties with lower activation energies in MoS 2 field-effect transistors. Additionally, by inserting thiol-molecules at the only one contact region, asymmetric carrier-injection is feasible depending on the temperature and gate bias. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Technical issues of electric nanopulse contact lithotripsy as factors affecting lithotripsy effectiveness and probe resourses

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

L. Yu. Ivanova

2012-01-01

Full Text Available To assess the relationship of main technical issues of electric nanopulse contact lithotripsy (CLT with lithotripsy effectiveness and lithotripsy resources of probe.Electric nanopulses were transmitted by the flexible probes and the lithotripter «Urolit». The relationship between lithotripsy effectiveness and tip diameter of probes, pulse energy, pulse frequency was assessed, and resources of lithotripsy probes with different diameters of the tip were analyzed.Sufficient number of electric nanopulse to destroy stone models was less when tip diameter, nanopulse energy and frequency were greater.Effectiveness of electric nanopulse CLT can be enhanced with the increase of nanopulse energy, frequency and probe diameter. Complex correction of technical issues of electric nanopulse CLT can be a way of probe resources saving.

Consideraciones nutricionales en el paciente con falla cardíaca crónica

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mario A. Hernández, MD

2012-11-01

Full Text Available La insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva es un síndrome caracterizado por reducción del gasto cardíaco, aumento de las presiones de llenado ventricular y activación neuroendocrina, que lleva a un proceso de fibrosis y apoptosis de la célula cardíaca. Afecta alrededor de 23 millones de personas en el mundo y confiere un pésimo pronóstico una vez se diagnostica. Desde el punto de vista fisiopatológico, la relación entre citocinas pro-inflamatorias, activación neuro-hormonal y alteraciones gastrointestinales conduce a un estado denominado caquexia cardíaca, determinado por pérdida acelerada de peso, fatiga, reducción de la fuerza muscular, anorexia y disminución de la calidad de vida; este proceso es capaz de deteriorar aún más el pronóstico vital de estos pacientes. En las últimas dos décadas, se han realizado avances en el tratamiento farmacológico y eléctrico de la falla cardíaca; sin embargo los estudios en el campo no farmacológico son pocos, en especial en el aspecto nutricional, y así mismo son escasas las recomendaciones de las guías internacionales acerca del tema. En estudios pequeños, una aproximación nutricional ha demostrado impactar de manera positiva la calidad de vida y tolerancia al ejercicio, si bien se requieren grandes estudios para determinar la viabilidad de este abordaje en pacientes con falla cardíaca.

Laser cladding of copper with molybdenum for wear resistance enhancement in electrical contacts

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ng, K.W.; Man, H.C.; Cheng, F.T.; Yue, T.M.

2007-01-01

Laser cladding of Mo on Cu has been attempted with the aim of enhancing the wear resistance and hence increasing the service life of electrical contacts made of Cu. In order to overcome the difficulties arising from the large difference in thermal properties and the low mutual solubility between Cu and Mo, Ni was introduced as an intermediate layer between Mo and Cu. The Ni and Mo layers were laser clad one after the other to form a sandwich layer of Mo/Ni/Cu. Excellent bonding between the clad layer and the Cu substrate was ensured by strong metallurgical bonding. The hardness of the surface of the clad layer is seven times higher than that of the Cu substrate. Pin-on-disc wear tests consistently showed that the abrasive wear resistance of the clad layer was also improved by a factor of seven as compared with untreated Cu substrate. The specific electrical contact resistance of the clad surface was about 5.6 x 10 -7 Ω cm 2

Transcurrencia a lo largo de la Falla Sierra de Varas (Sistema de fallas de la Cordillera de Domeyko, norte de Chile Strike-slip along the Sierra de Varas Fault (Cordillera de Domeyko Fault-System, northern Chile

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Hans Niemeyer

2009-01-01

Full Text Available El Sistema de Fallas de la Cordillera de Domeyko, de rumbo esencialmente norte-sur, es paralelo a la fosa chileno-peruana en el norte de Chile. Se analizaron los desplazamientos en el rumbo y en la vertical de una de sus fallas maestras: la Falla Sierra de Varas (FS V. Ésta se estudió en el segmento entre Aguada del Hornito y Aguada del Cerro Alto de Varas, sobre la base del desplazamiento en el rumbo de dos porciones de la unidad de Granitoides paleozoicos con idéntica petrografía, estructura interna y edad. Se determinó una separación sinistral horizontal de 15,6±1 km con una componente vertical de 4,9±0,1 km, lo cual implica un rechazo neto sinistral-inverso de 16,4±1 km. El alzamiento vertical está de acuerdo con el espesor estratigráfico erosionado del bloque oriental. Se investigó, además, la dinámica y cinemática de la FS V mediante el análisis de mesofallas asociadas a sus desplazamientos. Se determinó así un sistema estructural sinistral-inverso, que tuvo lugar durante el Eoceno medio tardío. Un segundo sistema estructural dextral, con desplazamiento de 0,6 km se sobrepuso sobre el anterior y ocurrió con posterioridad al Mioceno. Los desplazamientos simultáneos, tanto en el rumbo como según fallas inversas, dados por la existencia de una 'flor inversa en el segmento estudiado, indican que éste fue afectado primeramente por una transpresión. El desplazamiento sinistral demostrado paralaFSVy su cambio de rumbo hacia el SE, inmediatamente al sur de Aguada de Alto de Varas, son compatibles con la vergencia hacia el oeste de pliegues y fallas inversas asociadas del cinturón plegado y corrido de El Profeta, el cual también habría resultado de la transpresión.The north-south trending Cordillera de Domeyko Fault System in northern Chile considered herein is parallel to the Peru-Chile trench. The displacement history of the Sierra de Varas Fault, a master fault of the mentioned system, was examined in detall in the

Non-contact assessment of electrical performance for rapidly sintered nanoparticle silver coatings through colorimetry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cherrington, M.; Claypole, T.C.; Gethin, D.T.; Worsley, D.A.; Deganello, D.

2012-01-01

The color change during the ultrafast near-infrared sintering process of a nanoparticle silver ink has been correlated to its electrical performance through colorimetry using the CIELAB industry standard. Nanoparticle silver ink films, deposited over a flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate, presented significant shifting in the a* and b* color coordinates during sintering, exhibiting the best conductivity with an a* coordinate of approximately 0 and a b* coordinate of approximately + 10. This color change has been associated with the Lorenz–Mie theory of electromagnetic scattering. This indirect measurement technique is potentially a breakthrough technology for fast in-line non-contact characterization of the drying and sintering process of nanoparticle conductive inks for use in large area roll-to-roll processing of printed electronics. - Highlights: ► Color change of a nanoparticle silver coating was measured during sintering ► Color change was correlated to the electrical performance of the coating. ► Potential in-line non-contact measurement method for roll-to-roll printed electronics

Determinación de parámetros de fuga para fallas longitudinales, en conexiones domiciliarias y en uniones de tuberías en PVC

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Carolina González Barreto

2006-11-01

Full Text Available Las fugas en tuberías y accesorios se relacionan con fugas en orificios. Sin embargo, cada tipo de fuga presenta una ecuación potencial en la cual varían los exponentes y los coeficientes de descarga, según el tipo de falla. También se conoce que el caudal de fuga generalmente está relacionado con el área de la falla; pero, muchas veces no es posible determinar este componente geométrico, razón por la cual la ecuación para el cálculo del caudal de fuga debe relacionarse con variables conocidas en la práctica como el diámetro de las tuberías o las longitudes de cada falla, objetivo de esta investigación./ In general, the pipes and fittings leaks are analyzed like an orifice leak. However, each kind of failure has a particular equation with variable discharge coefficient and exponent. The leak discharge is related with the failure area, but many times it is not possible to calculate this component. Hence, the leak equation must be related with known variables like the pipe diameter or characteristic length of a failure.

Matriz de falla de los motores de inducciónBig Rotating Induction Machines Failure Matrix

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Santiago A Dorrbercker Drake

2011-02-01

Full Text Available La matriz de falla es una novedosa herramienta creada que constituye el único modo para la aplicacióndel  diagnóstico  integral  y  tomar  las  decisiones  adecuadas  en  las  instalaciones  industriales  y  suequipamiento. En el presente trabajo se muestra el camino seguido para la obtención de la matriz defallas correspondiente a los motores de inducción de gran potencia (MIGP.  Los resultados obtenidosestán soportados en un diagrama de Ishikawa caracterizado por 11 causas principales, 31 subcausas y36 motivos de falla.  Los resultados del presente trabajo constituyen el punto a partir del cual se obtienela matriz de ensayos de diagnóstico para los MIGP  The matrix of failures is a new tool created.  It means the only way to take the proper decision andapplication of integral diagnosis in industrial utilities and equipments. This paper presents the process toobtaining the matrix of failures of big induction rotating machines. In this case results are supported by anishikawa diagram characterized by 11 main causes, 31 sub-causes and 36 failure roots causes.  Resultsare the starting point to define the matrix of diagnosis test.

Solar cell with back side contacts

Science.gov (United States)

Nielson, Gregory N; Okandan, Murat; Cruz-Campa, Jose Luis; Resnick, Paul J; Wanlass, Mark Woodbury; Clews, Peggy J

2013-12-24

A III-V solar cell is described herein that includes all back side contacts. Additionally, the positive and negative electrical contacts contact compoud semiconductor layers of the solar cell other than the absorbing layer of the solar cell. That is, the positive and negative electrical contacts contact passivating layers of the solar cell.

Advances in the research line of diagnosing of faults in fossil fuel power plants; Avances en la linea de investigacion de diagnostico de fallas en centrales termoelectricas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ruz H, Jose A [Universidad Autonoma del Carmen, Campeche (Mexico); Sanchez C, Edgar N [Centro de Investigacion y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico); Suarez Cerda, Dionisio A; Quintero R, Agustin [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

2006-07-01

This article deals with a research in progress searching to take care of the faults that occur with greatest frequency in the fossil fuel power plants of Mexico with the aid of tools of computational intelligence such as the neuronal networks and the fuzzy logic, for the online recognition of the dynamic behavior patterns of variable groups. What this research looks for is the development of individual systems, in relation to the computational intelligence techniques that continuously supervise the functioning of the unit and inform the operator of the eventual faults in the understanding that on time attention to the faults will result in a minimum cost. The advantages of these diagnosis mechanisms are established in comparison to alternative diagnosis methods, such as their associative memory useful to store fault patterns. [Spanish] Se trata de una investigacion en progreso que busca atender las fallas que ocurren con mayor frecuencia en las unidades termoelectricas de Mexico con la ayuda de herramientas de inteligencia computacional como las redes neuronales y la logica difusa, para el reconocimiento en linea de patrones de comportamiento dinamico de grupos de variables. Lo que esta investigacion busca es desarrollar sendos sistemas, en relacion a las tecnicas de inteligencia computacional, que supervisen continuamente el funcionamiento de la unidad e informen al operador de fallas eventuales, en el entendido que la oportuna atencion a fallas redituara en un costo minimo. Las ventajas de estos mecanismos de diagnostico se establecen en comparacion a metodos de diagnostico alternativos, como su memoria asociativa util para almacenar patrones de falla.

Wet etch methods for InAs nanowire patterning and self-aligned electrical contacts

Science.gov (United States)

Fülöp, G.; d'Hollosy, S.; Hofstetter, L.; Baumgartner, A.; Nygård, J.; Schönenberger, C.; Csonka, S.

2016-05-01

Advanced synthesis of semiconductor nanowires (NWs) enables their application in diverse fields, notably in chemical and electrical sensing, photovoltaics, or quantum electronic devices. In particular, indium arsenide (InAs) NWs are an ideal platform for quantum devices, e.g. they may host topological Majorana states. While the synthesis has been continously perfected, only a few techniques have been developed to tailor individual NWs after growth. Here we present three wet chemical etch methods for the post-growth morphological engineering of InAs NWs on the sub-100 nm scale. The first two methods allow the formation of self-aligned electrical contacts to etched NWs, while the third method results in conical shaped NW profiles ideal for creating smooth electrical potential gradients and shallow barriers. Low temperature experiments show that NWs with etched segments have stable transport characteristics and can serve as building blocks of quantum electronic devices. As an example we report the formation of a single electrically stable quantum dot between two etched NW segments.

Structural changes of electron and ion beam-deposited contacts in annealed carbon-based electrical devices.

Science.gov (United States)

Batra, Nitin M; Patole, Shashikant P; Abdelkader, Ahmed; Anjum, Dalaver H; Deepak, Francis L; Costa, Pedro M F J

2015-11-06

The use of electron and ion beam deposition to make devices containing discrete nanostructures as interconnectors is a well-known nanofabrication process. Classically, one-dimensional materials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been electrically characterized by resorting to these beam deposition methods. While much attention has been given to the interconnectors, less is known about the contacting electrodes (or leads). In particular, the structure and chemistry of the electrode-interconnector interface is a topic that deserves more attention, as it is critical to understand the device behavior. Here, the structure and chemistry of Pt electrodes, deposited either with electron or ion beams and contacted to a CNT, are analyzed before and after thermally annealing the device in a vacuum. Free-standing Pt nanorods, acting as beam-deposited electrode models, are also characterized pre- and post-annealing. Overall, the as-deposited leads contain a non-negligible amount of amorphous carbon that is consolidated, upon heating, as a partially graphitized outer shell enveloping a Pt core. This observation raises pertinent questions regarding the definition of electrode-nanostructure interfaces in electrical devices, in particular long-standing assumptions of metal-CNT contacts fabricated by direct beam deposition methods.

Structural changes of electron and ion beam-deposited contacts in annealed carbon-based electrical devices

KAUST Repository

Batra, Nitin M; Patole, Shashikant P.; Abdelkader, Ahmed; Anjum, Dalaver H.; Deepak, Francis L; Da Costa, Pedro M. F. J.

2015-01-01

The use of electron and ion beam deposition to make devices containing discrete nanostructures as interconnectors is a well-known nanofabrication process. Classically, one-dimensional materials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been electrically characterized by resorting to these beam deposition methods. While much attention has been given to the interconnectors, less is known about the contacting electrodes (or leads). In particular, the structure and chemistry of the electrode–interconnector interface is a topic that deserves more attention, as it is critical to understand the device behavior. Here, the structure and chemistry of Pt electrodes, deposited either with electron or ion beams and contacted to a CNT, are analyzed before and after thermally annealing the device in a vacuum. Free-standing Pt nanorods, acting as beam-deposited electrode models, are also characterized pre- and post-annealing. Overall, the as-deposited leads contain a non-negligible amount of amorphous carbon that is consolidated, upon heating, as a partially graphitized outer shell enveloping a Pt core. This observation raises pertinent questions regarding the definition of electrode–nanostructure interfaces in electrical devices, in particular long-standing assumptions of metal-CNT contacts fabricated by direct beam deposition methods.

Structural changes of electron and ion beam-deposited contacts in annealed carbon-based electrical devices

KAUST Repository

Batra, Nitin M

2015-10-09

The use of electron and ion beam deposition to make devices containing discrete nanostructures as interconnectors is a well-known nanofabrication process. Classically, one-dimensional materials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been electrically characterized by resorting to these beam deposition methods. While much attention has been given to the interconnectors, less is known about the contacting electrodes (or leads). In particular, the structure and chemistry of the electrode–interconnector interface is a topic that deserves more attention, as it is critical to understand the device behavior. Here, the structure and chemistry of Pt electrodes, deposited either with electron or ion beams and contacted to a CNT, are analyzed before and after thermally annealing the device in a vacuum. Free-standing Pt nanorods, acting as beam-deposited electrode models, are also characterized pre- and post-annealing. Overall, the as-deposited leads contain a non-negligible amount of amorphous carbon that is consolidated, upon heating, as a partially graphitized outer shell enveloping a Pt core. This observation raises pertinent questions regarding the definition of electrode–nanostructure interfaces in electrical devices, in particular long-standing assumptions of metal-CNT contacts fabricated by direct beam deposition methods.

Pulsed Current Static Electrical Contact Experiment

National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

Jones, Harry N; Neri, Jesse M; Boyer, Craig N; Cooper, Khershed P; Meger, Robert A

2006-01-01

.... The voltage developed across the interface is directly related to the contact temperature and pressure, the number of a-spots, the thermophysical and mechanical properties of the contacting materials...

Electrical Matching at Metal/Molecule Contacts for Efficient Heterogeneous Charge Transfer.

Science.gov (United States)

Sato, Shino; Iwase, Shigeru; Namba, Kotaro; Ono, Tomoya; Hara, Kenji; Fukuoka, Atsushi; Uosaki, Kohei; Ikeda, Katsuyoshi

2018-02-27

In a metal/molecule hybrid system, unavoidable electrical mismatch exists between metal continuum states and frontier molecular orbitals. This causes energy loss in the electron conduction across the metal/molecule interface. For efficient use of energy in a metal/molecule hybrid system, it is necessary to control interfacial electronic structures. Here we demonstrate that electrical matching between a gold substrate and π-conjugated molecular wires can be obtained by using monatomic foreign metal interlayers, which can change the degree of d-π* back-donation at metal/anchor contacts. This interfacial control leads to energy level alignment between the Fermi level of the metal electrode and conduction molecular orbitals, resulting in resonant electron conduction in the metal/molecule hybrid system. When this method is applied to molecule-modified electrocatalysts, the heterogeneous electrochemical reaction rate is considerably improved with significant suppression of energy loss at the internal electron conduction.

Non-contact assessment of electrical performance for rapidly sintered nanoparticle silver coatings through colorimetry

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cherrington, M.; Claypole, T.C.; Gethin, D.T. [Welsh Centre for Printing and Coating, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP (United Kingdom); Worsley, D.A. [SPECIFIC, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Baglan Bay Innovation Centre, Central Avenue, Baglan Energy Park, Port Talbot, SA12 7AX (United Kingdom); Deganello, D., E-mail: d.deganello@swansea.ac.uk [Welsh Centre for Printing and Coating, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP (United Kingdom)

2012-11-01

The color change during the ultrafast near-infrared sintering process of a nanoparticle silver ink has been correlated to its electrical performance through colorimetry using the CIELAB industry standard. Nanoparticle silver ink films, deposited over a flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate, presented significant shifting in the a* and b* color coordinates during sintering, exhibiting the best conductivity with an a* coordinate of approximately 0 and a b* coordinate of approximately + 10. This color change has been associated with the Lorenz-Mie theory of electromagnetic scattering. This indirect measurement technique is potentially a breakthrough technology for fast in-line non-contact characterization of the drying and sintering process of nanoparticle conductive inks for use in large area roll-to-roll processing of printed electronics. - Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Color change of a nanoparticle silver coating was measured during sintering Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Color change was correlated to the electrical performance of the coating. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Potential in-line non-contact measurement method for roll-to-roll printed electronics.

Diferencias de género en el tratamiento de la falla cardíaca

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Clara Saldarriaga, MD

2014-01-01

Conclusión: para la población estudiada se encontró que existen diferencias entre ambos sexos tanto en las variables demográficas como clínicas. A pesar de presentar mayores comorbilidades, las mujeres con falla cardiaca reciben con menor frecuencia terapias como los betabloqueadores y el cardiodesfibrilador implantable que han demostrado disminuir la mortalidad. Es necesario ampliar el conocimiento de las diferencias de género mediante la creación de un registro multicéntrico latinoamericano que permita incidir en la toma de decisiones clínicas propias para la región.

An evaluation of electric melter refractories for contact with glass used for the immobilisation of nuclear waste

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hayward, P.J.; George, I.M.

1987-01-01

Corrosion tests have been performed on twelve candidate refractories in contact with borosilicate, titanosilicate, and aluminosilicate melts, in order to rank them for use in an all-electric melter for the production of waste form materials suitable for immobilising nuclear fuel recycle wastes. Viscosities and electrical conductivities of the melts have also been measured to enable optimum processing conditions to be determined. Of the materials tested, the choice of glass contact refractory for the Joule heated melting of the borosilicate and titanosilicate compositions is Monofrax K3 or SEPR 2161, in conjunction with tin oxide electrodes. The aluminosilicate glass waste form would require an alternative method of production (sol-gel processing, or sintering of a precursor frit), because of its high viscosity. (author)

Correlación vibroacústica: detección cognitiva e identificación de fallas. // Vibroacoustic correlation: Failure identification and cognoscitive detection

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

F. Miyara

2000-03-01

Full Text Available Se presenta una metodología para la investigación diagnóstica de fallas en máquinas industriales mediante un correladorvibroacústico, dispositivo que permite comparar automáticamente las frecuencias de una señal acústica y una vibratoria. Seconjuga así la habilidad humana para la detección de ruidos anómalos con la identificación objetiva de su procedencia.Palabras claves Acústica, ruido, vibraciones, correlación, fallas, identificación_____________________________________________________________________________AbstractA methodology for the diagnosis investigation of failure in industrial machines by means of a vibroacustic corelator ispresented, device that allow to compare the frecuencies of an acoustic signal and a vibratory one automatically.In this waythe human ability for the detection of anomalous noises is conjugated with the objective identification of their origin.Key words: Acoustic, Noise, Vibrations, Correlation, Failure Identification.

Sismotectónica de la falla de Alhama de Murcia, implicaciones sismogenéticas del terremoto de Lorca de junio-1977 (Mb: 4,2

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Martínez-Díaz, J. J.

1999-12-01

Full Text Available A seismotectonic study of the oblique slip (strike-slip-reverse Alhama de Murcia Fault (FAM is presented. The spatial and temporal distribution of historical and instrumental seismicity around the fault is analyzed. The Lorca (1977, Mb 4.2 seismic sequence is interpreted in order to explain the extensional focal mechanism of the mainshock, under a compressional stress field. A model in which local extension occurs in the hanging wall, due to reverse movement of Alhama de Murcia Fault, is proposed to explain the earthquake. The hanging wall suffers a lateral extension due to free lateral space increase and/or flexion The dynamic link of FAM activity with small normal faults, located inside the hanging wall, may produce earthquakes with Mb ≻ 4.0. In that way, seismic risk assessment studies must to be into account the dynamic relations of second order active faults with the major faults, that are the true kinematic engine triggering activity on them.En este trabajo se presenta el estudio sismotectónico de la falla oblicua (inversodireccional de Alhama de Murcia y su entorno. Se analiza la distribución espacial y temporal de la sismicidad histórica e instrumental en el entorno de la falla y se reinterpreta la génesis de la serie sísmica de Lorca ocurrida en junio de 1977 (Mb: 4,2, que se explica desde un punto de vista tectónico, relacionando su mecanismo de foco de tipo extensional, con la estructura neotectónica de la zona epicentral. Se propone un modelo para la génesis de este evento relacionado con el levantamiento y plegamiento de la Sierra de las Estancias asociado a la actividad inverso-direccional de la FAM. En el bloque levantado se pueden producir dos efectos que explican un tensor local extensional: ganancia de espacio lateral en el bloque levantado por la falla, y procesos de flexión asociados a la componente inversa. La conexión dinámica entre la actividad inverso-direccional de la FAM y la actividad normal de las

The role of nano-contacts in electrical transport through a molecular wire

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Shokri, Ali A.; Mardaani, M.

2006-01-01

Theoretical studies on electrical transport in a nano-device which consisting of two semi-infinite cubic leads with finite cross-sections separated by a typical molecular wire (MW) are carried out by including the effect of single and multiple contacts. The calculations are based on the tight-binding model and Green's function method in the coherent regime. In order to calculate the effect of contact coupling on molecular wire transport, we derive a theoretical formula based on the nearest and next nearest neighbor coupling strengths between the MW and the surface atoms in the simple cubic leads. This approach can be generalized to other leads with different lattice structure. The results show small changes in the transport properties with changing next nearest neighbor coupling strength. Some asymmetry is noted in the strong multiple contact limit. Also, we observe that with enlarging the cross-section size of leads, the current density increases and then leads to the quantum unit of conductance. Hence, our derived formalism can be used for devices attached to macroscopic surfaces. The theoretical results obtained, can be a base for developments in designing nano-electronic devices

Electrical properties of nanosized non-barrier inhomogeneities in Zn-based metal-semiconductor contacts to InP

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Clausen, Thomas; Leistiko, Otto

1998-01-01

We have found that the electrical properties of carriers across the metal-semiconductor interface for alloyed Zn based metallizations to n- and p-InP are dominated by nanosized non-barrier inhomogeneities. The effective area covered by the nanosized regions is a small fraction of the contact area...... resulting in high values of the specific contact resistance to p-InP. For n(-)-InP, thermionic emission across nanosized inhomogeneities dominates the carrier flow when T-ann > 440 degrees C. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V....

Defining the value of injection current and effective electrical contact area for EGaIn-based molecular tunneling junctions.

Science.gov (United States)

Simeone, Felice C; Yoon, Hyo Jae; Thuo, Martin M; Barber, Jabulani R; Smith, Barbara; Whitesides, George M

2013-12-04

Analysis of rates of tunneling across self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of n-alkanethiolates SCn (with n = number of carbon atoms) incorporated in junctions having structure Ag(TS)-SAM//Ga2O3/EGaIn leads to a value for the injection tunnel current density J0 (i.e., the current flowing through an ideal junction with n = 0) of 10(3.6±0.3) A·cm(-2) (V = +0.5 V). This estimation of J0 does not involve an extrapolation in length, because it was possible to measure current densities across SAMs over the range of lengths n = 1-18. This value of J0 is estimated under the assumption that values of the geometrical contact area equal the values of the effective electrical contact area. Detailed experimental analysis, however, indicates that the roughness of the Ga2O3 layer, and that of the Ag(TS)-SAM, determine values of the effective electrical contact area that are ~10(-4) the corresponding values of the geometrical contact area. Conversion of the values of geometrical contact area into the corresponding values of effective electrical contact area results in J0(+0.5 V) = 10(7.6±0.8) A·cm(-2), which is compatible with values reported for junctions using top-electrodes of evaporated Au, and graphene, and also comparable with values of J0 estimated from tunneling through single molecules. For these EGaIn-based junctions, the value of the tunneling decay factor β (β = 0.75 ± 0.02 Å(-1); β = 0.92 ± 0.02 nC(-1)) falls within the consensus range across different types of junctions (β = 0.73-0.89 Å(-1); β = 0.9-1.1 nC(-1)). A comparison of the characteristics of conical Ga2O3/EGaIn tips with the characteristics of other top-electrodes suggests that the EGaIn-based electrodes provide a particularly attractive technology for physical-organic studies of charge transport across SAMs.

Influencia de un bloque rígido en un sistema de fallas de rumbo: modelamiento análogo Influence of a rigid block in a strike-slip fault system: analogue modelling

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Thierry Nalpas

2011-01-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se presenta un estudio de modelamiento análogo sobre la naturaleza, geometría y cinemática de la deformación a lo largo de fallas de rumbo dada la presencia de un bloque rígido en su trayectoria de deformación. Los modelos análogos están apropiadamente escalados considerando las características reológicas de los materiales que se desean contrastar en la deformación. Dos grandes parámetros fueron probados: la configuración del bloque rígido, variando su forma y tamaño, y el monto del desplazamiento. Los resultados experimentales muestran el desarrollo de rotaciones, fallas y pliegues como producto de la presencia de un bloque rígido en la trayectoria de falla. Los diversos casos geométricos probados pueden ser empleados para su comparación con sistemas de fallas de rumbo en los cuales existen diferencias litológicas de comportamiento reológico diferencial, como por ejemplo el caso del 'Núcleo rígido de Limón Verde' al sur de Chuquicamata, ubicado en la trayectoria del sistema de fallas de Domeyko.This work addresses the kinematic effects of a rigid block in strike-slip systems by using analogue models. The experiments (size, behaviour of materials were scaled down in order to represent deformation of the tested rheologic contrast conditions in deformation. Two main parameters were tested: the configuration of the rigid block, changing its form and size, and the amount of displacement. The experiments evidenced the development of rotations, faults and folds along the fault trajectory, as resulting from the presence of the rigid block during the deformation. Testing of diverse geometric situations may be used for comparison to strike-slip fault systems in which different lithologies and rheologic behaviour exist, for example, presence of the 'Limón Verde rigid core' along the Domeyko fault system, just south of Chuquicamata.

Fault diagnosis in the steam generator of a thermoelectric power plant using Petri networks; Diagnostico de fallas en el generador de vapor de una termoelectrica usando redes de Petri

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Suarez Cerda, Dionisio A; Sanchez Lopez, Alfredo [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico); Martinez Prieto, Jose E; Garcia Beltran, Carlos D. [Centro Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo Tecnologico, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

2007-07-01

With time, all physical systems show modifications in the dynamics of its operation. This can be attributed to different causes, for example, wear by friction, deterioration by overheating or natural aging, among others. These changes evolve gradually, until getting to become faults related to the reliability, availability, efficiency, safety and continuity of the operation, which seriously affect the performance indexes of the system. In this article a scheme of fault diagnosis is shown, applied to the steam generator of a thermoelectric power unit, based on techniques of modeling of dynamic systems by means of Petri networks. Against other methods, the scheme offers greater easiness for its implementation, rapidity of adaptation before changes of operation zone and good robustness. A way to reduce the effect of faults in a production system consists of two steps. The first one is to diagnose the fault as soon as it occurs and subsequently put into practice remedial actions. The concept of fault diagnosis is related to the first stage and encompasses the detection, as well as the location of this one. That is to say, besides determining that a fault is present, it is known in what component it has happened. In base to the former, it is clear that a diagnosis system requires supervising the variables that characterize the behavior of the faults, in order to detect them at the moment in which they occur and informing it to the operator. With this information, the operator will be able to realize the necessary remedial actions so that the plant continues operating as long as possible. [Spanish] Con el tiempo, todo sistema fisico manifiesta modificaciones en la dinamica de su funcionamiento. Esto puede atribuirse a diferentes causas, como por ejemplo, desgaste por friccion, deterioro por sobrecalentamiento o envejecimiento natural, entre otras. Estos cambios evolucionan gradualmente, hasta llegar a convertirse en fallas relacionadas con la confiabilidad

Electrical Resistance Measurements and Microstructural Characterization of the Anode/Interconnect Contact in Simulated Anode-Side SOFC Conditions

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Harthøj, Anders; Alimadadi, Hossein; Holt, Tobias

2015-01-01

in phase transformation of the steel and in formation of oxides with a poor electrical conductivity in the anode. In this study, the area specific resistance (ASR) of the steel Crofer 22 APU, in contact with a Ni/YSZ anode with and without a tape casted CeO2 barrier layer was measured in simulated SOFC...... anode conditions at 800◦C. The microstructure in the contact area was characterized using scanning electron microscopy techniques. The ASR was low for the steel in direct contact with the Ni/YSZ anode. Nickel diffusion into the steel resulted in a fine grained zone, which was identified as ferrite...

Significado tectónico y migración de fluidos hidrotermales en una red de fallas y vetas de un Dúplex de rumbo: un ejemplo del Sistema de Falla de Atacama Tectonic significance and hydrothermal fluid migration within a strike-slip duplex fault-vein network: an example from the Atacama Fault System

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Viviana Olivares

2010-07-01

Full Text Available El Dúplex Caleta Coloso es una estructura de rumbo desarrollada durante la deformación frágil del Sistema de Falla de Atacama (SFA en el Cretácico Temprano. En su interior hay un sistema de vetas hidrotermales que documentan la naturaleza de la relación entre el transporte de fluidos y el desarrollo del dúplex. El sistema de vetas de orientación dominante NW se localiza en la roca de caja, adyacentes a las zonas de falla. Según su mineralogía dominante hay vetas de clorita, epidota-cuarzo y calcita-limonita, y según las relaciones de corte o su estructura interna, se definieron vetas tempranas (clorita, intermedias (epidota-cuarzo y tardías (calcita-limonitas. Algunas vetas muestran cristales perpendiculares u oblicuos a sus paredes (vetas de extensión y de extensión oblicua o fibras minerales orientadas paralelas a las estrías de las fallas (vetas-fallas. Estas últimas tienen indicadores cinemáticos compatibles con las fallas, evidenciando que fueron sincinemáticas con el desarrollo del dúplex. Según su microestructura, ellas se habrían formado en fracturas abiertas llenas de fluidos, bajo condiciones de presión inferior a la hidrostática, lo cual indicaría que la precipitación mineral ocurrió por caídas abruptas de la presión en una corteza somera (The Caleta Coloso Duplex is a brittle strike-slip structure developed along the Atacama Fault System during the Early Cretaceous. A hydrothermal vein system existing within the duplex documents the nature of the link between fluid transport and progressive structural development. The dominantly NW-striking vein system occurs near or at the damage zone of the duplex fault zones. Veins can be classified according to their composition and crosscutting relationships into early chlorite veins, intermediate epidotic-quartz veins and late calcite-limonite veins. Some of them exhibit minerals with their long axes oriented orthogonally or obliquely with respect to the vein walls

Effects of vacuum heat treatment on the photoelectric work function and surface morphology of multilayered silver–metal electrical contacts

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Akbi, Mohamed; Bouchou, Aïssa; Zouache, Noureddine

2014-01-01

Contact materials used for electrical breakers are often made with silver alloys. Mechanical and thermodynamical properties as well as electron emission of such complicated alloys present a lack of reliable and accurate experimental data. This paper deals mainly with electron work function (EWF) measurements about silver–metal (Ag–Me) electrical contacts (Ag–Ni (60/40) and Ag–W (50/50)), before and after surface heat treatments at 513 K–873 K, under UHV conditions (residual gas pressure of 1.4 × 10 −7 mbar). The electron work function (EWF) of silver alloyed contacts was measured photoelectrically, using both Fowler's method of isothermal curves and linearized Fowler plots. An interesting fact brought to light by this investigation is that after vacuum heat treatments, the diffusion and/or evaporation phenomena, affecting the atomic composition of the alloy surface, somehow confine the EWF of the silver–nickel alloy, Φ(Ag–Ni), determined at room temperature in interval]Φ(Ag), Φ(Ni) [=] 4.26 eV, 4.51 eV[. Surface analysis of two specimens before and after heating showed a significant increase of tungsten atomic proportion on the contact surface for Ag–W contacts after VH treatments. A multilayer model, taking into account the strong intergranular and volume segregation gives a good interpretation of the obtained results.

On the contact values of the density profiles in an electric double layer using density functional theory

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

L.B. Bhuiyan

2012-06-01

Full Text Available A recently proposed, local second contact value theorem [Henderson D., Boda D., J. Electroanal. Chem., 2005, Vol. 582, 16] for the charge profile of an electric double layer is used in conjunction with existing Monte Carlo data from the literature to assess the contact behavior of the electrode-ion distributions predicted by the density functional theory. The results for the contact values of the co- and counterion distributions and their product are obtained for the symmetric valency, restricted primitive model planar double layer for a range of electrolyte concentrations and temperatures. Overall the theoretical results satisfy the second contact value theorem reasonably well the agreement with the simulations being semi-quantitative or better. The product of the co- and counterion contact values as a function of the electrode surface charge density is qualitative with the simulations with increasing deviations at higher concentrations.

Au/Zn Contacts to rho-InP: Electrical and Metallurgical Characteristics and the Relationship Between Them

Science.gov (United States)

Weizer, Victor G.; Fatemi, Navid S.; Korenyi-Both, Andras L.

1994-01-01

The metallurgical and electrical behavior of Au/Zn contacting metallization on p-type InP was investigated as a function of the Zn content in the metallization. It was found that ohmic behavior can be achieved with Zn concentrations as small as 0.05 atomic percent Zn. For Zn concentrations between 0.1 and 36 at. percent, the contact resistivity rho(sub c) was found to be independent of the Zn content. For low Zn concentrations the realization of ohmic behavior was found to require the growth of the compound Au2P3 at the metal-InP interface. The magnitude of rho(sub c) is shown to be very sensitive to the growth rate of the interfacial Au2P3 layer. The possibility of exploiting this sensitivity to provide low resistance contacts while avoiding the semiconductor structural damage that is normally attendant to contact formation is discussed.

Electrical Thermal Network for Direct Contact Membrane Distillation Modeling and Analysis

KAUST Repository

Karam, Ayman M.

2015-02-04

Membrane distillation is an emerging water distillation technology that offers several advantages compared to conventional water desalination processes. Although progress has been made to model and understand the physics of the process, many studies are based on steady-state assumptions or are computationally not appropriate for real time control. This paper presents the derivation of a novel dynamical model, based on analogy between electrical and thermal systems, for direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). The proposed model captures the dynamics of temperature distribution and distilled water flux. To demonstrate the adequacy of the proposed model, validation with transient and steady-state experimental data is presented.

ECMO respiratorio como opción terapéutica en falla respiratoria refractaria en la edad pediátrica

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Otto M. González-Pardo

2016-11-01

La ECMO es una terapia que desde el año 1985 ha mostrado tener una sobrevida del 53% en este grupo, llegando a niveles del 63% en los últimos años, particularmente, si la etiología es el virus sincitial respiratorio. Se reportan dos casos de pacientes lactantes menores con falla respiratoria refractaria en quienes se decidió iniciar la ECMO logrando la sobrevida de ambos.

Technological tendencies for the development and implementation of fault tolerant active controls in combined cycle power plants; Tendencias tecnologicas para el desarrollo e implantacion de controles activos tolerantes a fallas en centrales de ciclo combinado

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sanchez P, Marino; Verde R, Cristina [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

2006-07-01

This document proposes a methodology that reunites support tools for the operator of a Combined Cycle Generating Power Station allowing him to identify and to classify gas turbine faults, it also reunites some tools for the generation of action advices in the decision making on the operation maneuvers necessary to counteract the effects caused by faults. We are talking about a system implemented in a power station with the reconfiguration of processes and fault arrangement capacities. For this purpose, the line of exhibition delimits first the existing knowledge on automatic control and operations supervision systems in a CCPP and immediately emphasizes the cracks of the system to let pass to the fault tolerant active control system that will detect faults of the gas and steam turbo-generators of a Combined Cycle Generating Power Plant. [Spanish] El presente documento propone una metodologia que reuna herramientas de ayuda al operador de una Central Generadora de Electricidad de Ciclo Combinado para permitirle la identificacion y clasificacion de fallas en las turbinas de gas, asi como herramientas para la generacion de consejos de accion en la toma de decisiones sobre las maniobras de operacion necesarias para contrarrestar los efectos provocados por fallas. Se trata principalmente de un sistema implantado en una central con las capacidades de re-configuracion de procesos y acomodo de fallas. Para esto, la linea de exposicion delimita primero el conocimiento existente sobre sistemas automaticos de control y supervision de operacion en una CGCC y resalta enseguida las grietas del sistema para darle paso al sistema de control activo tolerante a fallas que detectara fallas de los turbogeneradores de gas y vapor de una Central Generadora de Electricidad de Ciclo Combinado.

Controlled fabrication of electrically contacted carbon nanoscrolls

Science.gov (United States)

Schmidt, Marek E.; Hammam, Ahmed M. M.; Iwasaki, Takuya; Kanzaki, Teruhisa; Muruganathan, Manoharan; Ogawa, Shinichi; Mizuta, Hiroshi

2018-06-01

Carbon nanoscrolls (CNS) with their open ended morphology have recently attracted interest due to the potential application in gas capture, biosensors and interconnects. However, CNS currently suffer from the same issue that have hindered widespread integration of CNTs in sensors and devices: formation is done ex situ, and the tubes have to be placed with precision and reliability—a difficult task with low yield. Here, we demonstrate controlled in situ formation of electrically contacted CNS from suspended graphene nanoribbons with slight tensile stress. Formation probability depends on the length to width aspect ratio. Van der Waals interaction between the overlapping layers fixes the nanoscroll once formed. The stability of these CNSs is investigated by helium nano ion beam assisted in situ cutting. The loose stubs remain rolled and mostly suspended unless subject to a moderate helium dose corresponding to a damage rate of 4%–20%. One CNS stub remaining perfectly straight even after touching the SiO2 substrate allows estimation of the bending moment due to van der Waals force between the CNS and the substrate. The bending moment of 5400 eV is comparable to previous theoretical studies. The cut CNSs show long-term stability when not touching the substrate.

DETECCIÓN Y AISLAMIENTO ROBUSTO DE FALLAS MEDIANTE OBSERVADORES CON ENTRADAS DESCONOCIDAS

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

JUAN ANZUREZ MARÍN

2009-01-01

Full Text Available En el presente artículo se muestra una metodología de diseño de observadores con entradas desconocidas para la solución del problema de Detección de Fallas. La técnica propuesta se basa principalmente en la observación de señales de error conocidas como residuos, las cuales se obtienen mediante la diferencia entre la salida actual del sistema y la salida estimada. Un observador con entradas desconocidas tiene la particularidad de que su vector de error de estimación tiende a cero asintóticamente, sin considerar la presencia de las entradas desconocidas o perturbaciones en el sistema. El algoritmo de detección se aplica satisfactoriamente en un sistema hidráulico de nivel de líquido tanto en simulación como en tiempo real.

Lateral-electric-field-induced spin polarization in a suspended GaAs quantum point contact

Science.gov (United States)

Pokhabov, D. A.; Pogosov, A. G.; Zhdanov, E. Yu.; Shevyrin, A. A.; Bakarov, A. K.; Shklyaev, A. A.

2018-02-01

The conductance of a GaAs-based suspended quantum point contact (QPC) equipped with lateral side gates has been experimentally studied in the absence of the external magnetic field. The half-integer conductance plateau ( 0.5 ×2 e2/h ) has been observed when an asymmetric voltage between the side gates is applied. The appearance of this plateau has been attributed to the spin degeneracy lifting caused by the spin-orbit coupling associated with the lateral electric field in the asymmetrically biased QPC. We have experimentally demonstrated that, despite the relatively small g-factor in GaAs, the observation of the spin polarization in the GaAs-based QPC became possible after the suspension due to the enhancement of the electron-electron interaction and the effect of the electric field guiding. These features are caused by a partial confinement of the electric field lines within a suspended semiconductor layer with a high dielectric constant.

Numerical simulation for arc-plasma dynamics during contact opening process in electrical circuit-breakers

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gupta, D N; Srinivas, D; Patil, G N; Kale, S S; Potnis, S B

2010-01-01

The high-energy, high-current thermal plasma that develops between electric contacts in a gas circuit-breaker during circuit interruption is an important phenomenon in the power transmission industry. The high temperature and pressure arc dissipates the tremendous amount of energy generated by the fault current. Simultaneously, this energy has to be transferred away from the contacts to build the dielectric strength level of the circuit-breaker. In order to interrupt the current, the arc must be weakened and finally extinguished. We model these phenomena by using a computer software code based on the solution of the unsteady Euler equations of gas dynamics. We consider the equations of fluid flows. These equations are solved numerically in complex circuit breaker geometries using a finite-volume method. The domain is initially filled with SF 6 gas. We begin our simulations from cold mode, where the fault current is not present (hence no arc). An axis-symmetric geometry of a 145 kV gas circuit-breaker is considered to study the pressure, density, and temperature profile during contact opening process.

Geología de la zona de influencia de la falla otú en el distrito minero segovia-remedios

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

MILTON ÁLVAREZ GALINDEZ

2007-01-01

Full Text Available Se presenta la caracterización geológica y estructural de la zona de influencia de la falla Otú en jurisdicción del distrito minero Segovia-Remedios. Además, se proponen controles mecánicos para las mineralizaciones auríferas, que si bien son compatibles, en parte, con un modelo de depósitos de oro orogénico, dejan abiertas otras posibles interpretaciones

Analysis of the root cause of failure in 34.5 kV premolded terminal; Analisis de la causa raiz de falla en terminal premoldeada en 34.5 kV

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Marroquin de Jesus, A; Olivares Ramirez, J. M [Universidad Tecnologica de San Juan del Rio, San Juan del Rio, Queretaro (Mexico)]. E-mails: amarroquind@utsjr.edu.mx; jmolivaresr@utsjr.edu.mx; Solis Gastelum, Adrian; Hernandez Cruz, Jose Rigoberto [Servicios Especiales Electricos, Santiago de Queretaro, Queretaro (Mexico)]. E-mails: seesel@axtel.net; seesel1@axtel.net

2013-03-15

A large number of faults in power cables are associated with improper installation of joints and terminations. In a joint improperly installed the presences of partial discharges or excessive heat generation occur over time the complete failure of the cable. However, there are cases that have nothing to do with a faulty installation, but with the operating conditions of the cables. In this paper we review the procedure to handle an emergency service to the failure of premolded terminals in medium voltage indoor type, root cause analyzes and makes recommendations for the maintenance of power lines. [Spanish] Un gran numero de fallas en cables alimentadores son asociadas con una mala instalacion de empalmes y terminales. En un empalme mal instalado la presencia de descargas parciales o generacion excesiva de calor producen con el tiempo la falla completa del cable. Sin embargo, tambien existen causas que no tienen que ver con una mala instalacion sino con las condiciones de operacion de los cables. En el presente trabajo se revisa el procedimiento para atender un servicio de emergencia ante la falla de terminales premoldeadas tipo interior en media tension, se analiza la causa raiz y se hacen recomendaciones en cuanto al mantenimiento de cables de energia.

Determination of electric field threshold for electrofusion of erythrocyte ghosts. Comparison of pulse-first and contact-first protocols.

OpenAIRE

Wu, Y; Montes, J G; Sjodin, R A

1992-01-01

Rabbit erythrocyte ghosts were fused by means of electric pulses to determine the electrofusion thresholds for these membranes. Two protocols were used to investigate fusion events: contact-first, and pulse-first. Electrical capacitance discharge (CD) pulses were used to induce fusion. Plots of fusion yield vs peak field strength yielded curves that intersected the field strength axis at positive values (pseudothresholds) which depended on the protocol and decay half time of the pulses. It wa...

An analytical model and parametric study of electrical contact resistance in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wu, Zhiliang; Wang, Shuxin; Zhang, Lianhong [School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072 (China); Hu, S. Jack [Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125 (United States)

2009-04-15

This paper presents an analytical model of the electrical contact resistance between the carbon paper gas diffusion layers (GDLs) and the graphite bipolar plates (BPPs) in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. The model is developed based on the classical statistical contact theory for a PEM fuel cell, using the same probability distributions of the GDL structure and BPP surface profile as previously described in Wu et al. [Z. Wu, Y. Zhou, G. Lin, S. Wang, S.J. Hu, J. Power Sources 182 (2008) 265-269] and Zhou et al. [Y. Zhou, G. Lin, A.J. Shih, S.J. Hu, J. Power Sources 163 (2007) 777-783]. Results show that estimates of the contact resistance compare favorably with experimental data by Zhou et al. [Y. Zhou, G. Lin, A.J. Shih, S.J. Hu, J. Power Sources 163 (2007) 777-783]. Factors affecting the contact behavior are systematically studied using the analytical model, including the material properties of the two contact bodies and factors arising from the manufacturing processes. The transverse Young's modulus of chopped carbon fibers in the GDL and the surface profile of the BPP are found to be significant to the contact resistance. The factor study also sheds light on the manufacturing requirements of carbon fiber GDLs for a better contact performance in PEM fuel cells. (author)

La evaluación psicológica de las fallas en las competencias parentales en padres maltratadores

OpenAIRE

Febbraio, Andrés

2015-01-01

Este trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar a través de nueve competencias parentales, si la falla en dichas funciones se relaciona con el maltrato de padres a hijos. Se utilizó una muestra de 62 casos de hombres y mujeres judicializados, a los cuales se les habían administrados cuatro técnicas proyectivas para su evaluación (Entrevista semidirigida, Test de las Dos Personas, Test de la Familia Kinética y Cuestionario Desiderativo). Para cada técnica o test se determinó un "indi...

Experimental Characterization and Modeling of Thermal Contact Resistance of Electric Machine Stator-to-Cooling Jacket Interface Under Interference Fit Loading

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cousineau, Justine E [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States); Bennion, Kevin S [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States); Chieduko, Victor [UQM Technologies, Inc.; Lall, Rajiv [UQM Technologies, Inc.; Gilbert, Alan [UQM Technologies, Inc.

2018-05-08

Cooling of electric machines is a key to increasing power density and improving reliability. This paper focuses on the design of a machine using a cooling jacket wrapped around the stator. The thermal contact resistance (TCR) between the electric machine stator and cooling jacket is a significant factor in overall performance and is not well characterized. This interface is typically an interference fit subject to compressive pressure exceeding 5 MPa. An experimental investigation of this interface was carried out using a thermal transmittance setup using pressures between 5 and 10 MPa. The results were compared to currently available models for contact resistance, and one model was adapted for prediction of TCR in future motor designs.

Electrical characterisation of ruthenium Schottky contacts on n-Ge (1 0 0)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Chawanda, Albert, E-mail: albert.chawanda@up.ac.za [Department of Physics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002 (South Africa); Department of Physics, Midlands State University, Bag 9055, Gweru (Zimbabwe); Nyamhere, Cloud [Department of Physics, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Box 7700, Port Elizabeth 6031 (South Africa); Auret, Francois D.; Nel, Jacqueline M.; Mtangi, Wilbert; Diale, Mmatsae [Department of Physics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002 (South Africa)

2012-05-15

Ruthenium (Ru) Schottky contacts were fabricated on n-Ge (1 0 0) by electron beam deposition. Current-voltage (I-V), deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS), and Laplace-DLTS techniques were used to characterise the as-deposited and annealed Ru/n-Ge (1 0 0) Schottky contacts. The variation of the electrical properties of the Ru samples annealed between 25 Degree-Sign C and 575 Degree-Sign C indicates the formation of two phases of ruthenium germanide. After Ru Schottky contacts fabrication, an electron trap at 0.38 eV below the conduction band with capture cross section of 1.0 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -14} cm{sup -2} is the only detectable electron trap. The hole traps at 0.09, 0.15, 0.27 and 0.30 eV above the valence band with capture cross sections of 7.8 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -13} cm{sup -2}, 7.1 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -13} cm{sup -2}, 2.4 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -13} cm{sup -2} and 6.2 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -13} cm{sup -2}, respectively, were observed in the as-deposited Ru Schottky contacts. The hole trap H(0.30) is the prominent single acceptor level of the E-centre, and H(0.09) is the third charge state of the E-centre. H(0.27) shows some reverse annealing and reaches a maximum concentration at 225 Degree-Sign C and anneals out after 350 Degree-Sign C. This trap is strongly believed to be V-Sb{sub 2} complex formed from the annealing of V-Sb defect centre.

Electrical and structural properties of surfaces and interfaces in Ti/Al/Ni Ohmic contacts to p-type implanted 4H-SiC

Science.gov (United States)

Vivona, M.; Greco, G.; Bongiorno, C.; Lo Nigro, R.; Scalese, S.; Roccaforte, F.

2017-10-01

In this work, the electrical and structural properties of Ti/Al/Ni Ohmic contacts to p-type implanted silicon carbide (4H-SiC) were studied employing different techniques. With increasing the annealing temperature, an improvement of the electrical properties of the contacts is highlighted, until an Ohmic behavior is obtained at 950 °C, with a specific contact resistance ρc = 2.3 × 10-4 Ω cm2. A considerable intermixing of the metal layers occurred upon annealing, as a consequence of the formation of different phases, both in the uppermost part of the stack (mainly Al3Ni2) and at the interface with SiC, where the formation of preferentially aligned TiC is observed. The formation of an Ohmic contact was associated with the occurrence of the reaction and the disorder at the interface, where the current transport is dominated by the thermionic field emission mechanism with a barrier height of 0.56 eV.

Electrical equivalent thermal network for direct contact membrane distillation modeling and analysis

KAUST Repository

Karam, Ayman M.

2016-09-19

Membrane distillation (MD) is an emerging water desalination technology that offers several advantages compared to conventional desalination methods. Although progress has been made to model the physics of the process, there are two common limitations of existing models. Firstly, many of the models are based on the steady-state analysis of the process and secondly, some of the models are based on partial differential equations, which when discretized introduce many states which are not accessible in practice. This paper presents the derivation of a novel dynamic model, based on the analogy between electrical and thermal systems, for direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). An analogous electrical thermal network is constructed and its elements are parameterized such that the response of the network models the DCMD process. The proposed model captures the spatial and temporal responses of the temperature distribution along the flow direction and is able to accurately predict the distilled water flux output. To demonstrate the adequacy of the proposed model, validation with time varying and steady-state experimental data is presented. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

HTSC-Josephson step contacts

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Herrmann, K.

1994-03-01

In this work the properties of josephson step contacts are investigated. After a short introduction into Josephson step contacts the structure, properties and the Josphson contacts of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-x high-T c superconductors is presented. The fabrication of HTSC step contacts and the microstructure is discussed. The electric properties of these contacts are measured together with the Josephson emission and the magnetic field dependence. The temperature dependence of the stationary transport properties is given. (WL)

Inactive end cell assembly for fuel cells for improved electrolyte management and electrical contact

Science.gov (United States)

Yuh, Chao-Yi [New Milford, CT; Farooque, Mohammad [Danbury, CT; Johnsen, Richard [New Fairfield, CT

2007-04-10

An assembly for storing electrolyte in a carbonate fuel cell is provided. The combination of a soft, compliant and resilient cathode current collector and an inactive anode part including a foam anode in each assembly mitigates electrical contact loss during operation of the fuel cell stack. In addition, an electrode reservoir in the positive end assembly and an electrode sink in the negative end assembly are provided, by which ribbed and flat cathode members inhibit electrolyte migration in the fuel cell stack.

Impact of incomplete metal coverage on the electrical properties of metal-CNT contacts: A large-scale ab initio study

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fediai, Artem, E-mail: artem.fediai@nano.tu-dresden.de; Ryndyk, Dmitry A. [Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergman Center of Biomaterials, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden (Germany); Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden (Germany); Seifert, Gotthard [Theoretical Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden (Germany); Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden (Germany); Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden (Germany); Mothes, Sven; Schroter, Michael; Claus, Martin [Chair for Electron Devices and Integrated Circuits, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden (Germany); Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden (Germany); Cuniberti, Gianaurelio [Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergman Center of Biomaterials, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden (Germany); Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden (Germany); Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden (Germany)

2016-09-05

Using a dedicated combination of the non-equilibrium Green function formalism and large-scale density functional theory calculations, we investigated how incomplete metal coverage influences two of the most important electrical properties of carbon nanotube (CNT)-based transistors: contact resistance and its scaling with contact length, and maximum current. These quantities have been derived from parameter-free simulations of atomic systems that are as close as possible to experimental geometries. Physical mechanisms that govern these dependences have been identified for various metals, representing different CNT-metal interaction strengths from chemisorption to physisorption. Our results pave the way for an application-oriented design of CNT-metal contacts.

Diagnóstico de motores eléctricos para la localización de fallas incipientes

OpenAIRE

Delgado Arredondo, Paulo Antonio

2017-01-01

En este trabajo se presenta la exploración de metodologías de diagnóstico basadas en el análisis de vibraciones y sonido, debido a que cada señal amplifica mejor la presencia de un tipo de avería, y que, frente a un motor con un funcionamiento sospechoso, resulta conveniente combinar la información de cada una de ellas. Una de las contribuciones de este trabajo es una nueva metodología de análisis para la detección de fallas en motores de inducción en estado estacionario. El diagnóstico de la...

Análisis Estructural de Fallas Geológicas y Potenciales Deslizamientos en Anconcito, Provincia de Santa Elena

OpenAIRE

Kervin Chunga

2015-01-01

El sector costero de Anconcito, localizado al suroeste de la provincia de Santa Elena, es afectado por fenómenos geológicosinducidos por la dinámica costera de la zona de estudio: (1) socavamiento de los acantilados causado por la dinámica de la erosión marina y posterior derrumbe de estratos rocosos, y (2) deslizamientos de estratos rocosos a través de planos lístricosde fallas geológicas de tipo normal con componentes de desplazamientos laterales dextrales. El análisis estructural permitió ...

Análisis estructural a escala regional de la zona de fallas La Trocha

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jesús A. Blanco-Moreno

2007-03-01

Full Text Available Se realiza un análisis estructural a escala regional de la zona de fallas La Trocha, a partir de la interpretación de un gran volumen de información geólogo–geofísica, la cual fue clasificada como: morfométrica, gravimétrica, geológica de superficie y del subsuelo. Se obtuvo el modelo digital del terreno (MDT, a partir de la digitalización de 24 cartas del Mapa Topográfico de la República de Cuba 1:50000, editado por el Instituto Cubano de Geodesia y Cartografía en 1977. El procesamiento del MDT permitió obtener los principales morfoalineamientos de la región. Se procesó la información obtenida del levantamiento gravimétrico de la Cuenca Central a escala 1:100000, elaborándose los mapas de anomalías de Bouguer, continuaciones analíticas ascendentes y de gradientes. La información geológica de superficie se tomó del Mapa Geológico de la República de Cuba 1:100000, editado por el Instituto de Geología y Paleontología en el año 2001; la información geológica del subsuelo proviene de pozos perforados en la Cuenca Central. La información geólogo–geofísica se procesó digitalmente en su totalidad. La interpretación combinada de esta información permitió un acercamiento a las características geométricas de la zona de fallas La Trocha. Se establecieron las direcciones predominantes en la zona de desplazamiento principal y la posible evolución de los esfuerzos tectónicos. Se propone un modelo de evolución para la región, considerando la existencia de una estructura en flor negativa, la cual ajusta las características existentes y explica el desarrollo simultáneo de una cuenca tensional, la Cuenca Central.

Investigation of electrochemical intrusion of cations by the method of contact electric resistance

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Marichev, V.A.

1997-01-01

Paper shows the possibility and prospects of application of contact electric resistance technique (CER) to study in-situ the initial stages of electrochemical admission of cations (ECA). ECA is shown to increase CER of metals. It enables to determine ECA potential and to investigate kinetics of this process. Using ECA in copper, silver and zinc from alkali solutions as an example one has shown that CER technique enables to obtain results that do not contradict well-known published data. Potentials of ECA cations from acid and neutral solutions in copper, platinum, iron, titanium and tungsten are determined

Schottky and Ohmic Au contacts on GaAs: Microscopic and electrical investigation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Liliental-Weber, Z.; Gronsky, R.; Washburn, J.; Newman, N.; Spicer, W.E.; Weber, E.R.

1986-01-01

We report here a systematic study which uses electrical device measurements and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods to investigate the electrical, morphological, and structural properties of Au/GaAs Schottky diodes. The electrical characteristics of Au diodes formed on atomically clean and air-exposed GaAs(110) surfaces are found to change from rectifying to Ohmic behavior after annealing above the Au--Ga eutectic temperature (360 0 C). This change is shown to be due to an Ohmic-like contact at the periphery of the device. TEM studies of these structures indicate that the Ohmic peripheral current pathway can be correlated with the formation of near surface Ga-rich Au crystallites at the diode circumference upon annealing. Further evidence of the correlation of the Ohmic electrical characteristics with the morphology of the periphery comes from data which indicate that the removal of these Au crystallites by mesa etching is also accompanied with the elimination of the Ohmic current. The morphology of the overlayer was found to depend strongly on annealing and surface treatment. TEM indicates that the interface is flat and abrupt for all unannealed diodes, as well as for annealed diodes formed on atomically clean surfaces. For annealed diodes formed on the air-exposed surfaces, the metal--semiconductor interface contains large metallic protrusions extending up to several hundred angstroms into the semiconductor. For comparison to practical structures, the morphology of annealed diodes formed using typical commercial processing technology [i.e., formed on chemically prepared (100) surfaces annealed in forming gas] was also investigated using TEM. The interface for these structures is more complex than interfaces formed on the atomically clean and air-exposed cleaved (110) surfaces

A new contact electric resistance technique for in-situ measurement of the electric resistance of surface films on metals in electrolytes at high temperatures and pressures

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Saario, T.; Marichev, V.A.

1993-01-01

Surface films play a major role in corrosion assisted cracking. A new Contact Electric Resistance (CER) method has been recently developed for in situ measurement of the electric resistance of surface films. The method has been upgraded for high temperature high pressure application. The technique can be used for any electrically conductive material in any environment including liquid, gas or vacuum. The technique has been used to determine in situ the electric resistance of films on metals during adsorption of water and anions, formation and destruction of oxides and hydrides, electroplating of metals and to study the electric resistance of films on semiconductors. The resolution of the CER technique is 10 -9 Ω, which corresponds to about 0.03 monolayers of deposited copper during electrochemical deposition Cu/Cu 2+ . Electric resistance data can be measured with a frequency of the order of one hertz, which enables one to follow in situ the kinetics of surface film related processes. The kinetics of these processes and their dependence on the environment, temperature, pH and electrochemical potential can be investigated

Power operated contact apparatus for superconductive circuit

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Woods, D.C.; Efferson, K.R.

1989-10-10

This patent describes a power operated contact apparatus for extending and retracting one or more electrical leads into and out of a cryostat for making and breaking, at a cryogenic temperature, electrical contact with a superconductive circuit. It comprises at least one rigid elongated lead for extending into a cold space of the cryostat which is at or near a cryogenic temperature. The lead having an inner end and a outer end; a connector fixed at the inner end of the lead for making electrical contact in the cold space with a connector of the superconductive circuit; guide means journaling the lead for allowing the lead to move axially relative to the guide means and sealing against the lead; a foundation for sealed attachment to the cryostat and to the guide means so that the connector on the inner end of the lead is extendable into making electrical contact with the connector of the superconductive circuit in the cold space; power operated means mounted on the foundation and fixed to the outer end of the lead for extending and retracting the lead to and from making electrical contact with the superconductive circuit in the cold space; and means for de-icing the exterior of the leads and guide means when the leads are connected to the superconducting circuit.

Evaluación de la resistencia al cizallamiento por compresión y falla en madera de uniones encoladas en maderas nacionales e importadas

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Sebastián Quagliotti

2011-05-01

Full Text Available En el presente trabajo se muestran los resultados de la evaluación de la resistencia al cizallamiento por compresión y falla en madera de uniones encoladas en Eucalyptus grandis, Pinus taeda, Pinus eliottii, lapacho y cedro. El procedimiento se basó en las siguientes normas: ASTM D 5751-99, JIS K 6852-1994 y EN 205:1991. Las etapas más relevantes fueron las siguientes: encolado y corte de probetas, tratamientos de inmersión en agua a 30 ºC, 60 ºC, 100 ºC y ensayo en máquina universal. Se determinó la resistencia al cizallamiento por compresión, retención del poder adhesivo y porcentaje de falla en madera. Es posible concluir que el PVA no es un adhesivo para ser utilizado en ambientes de alta humedad, debido a los bajos valores de resistencia y porcentaje de falla comparados con los valores en seco, como se muestra en las especies  estudiadas luego de ser sometidas a los diferentes tratamientos. Cabe resaltar que, una vez realizados los tratamientos de inmersión, las probetas encoladas con isocianato de E. grandis tienen los valores de retención del poder adhesivo más altos, como también menor disminución del porcentaje de falla en madera en comparación con las otras especies estudiadas.AbstractThe results of the shear strength (by compression and wood failure of bond unions in Eucalyptus grandis, Pinus taeda, Pinus eliottii, Tabebuia ipe y Cedrela spp are shown in the present work. The process was based on the following standards: ASTM D 5751-99, JIS K 6852-1994 y EN 205:1991. The most relevant stageswere bonding and the cutting of samples, water immersion treatment (30, 60, 100 ºC and universal machine test. Shear strength, Ratio wet/dry shear and Wood Failure percentage were determined. As a conclusion, the PVA is not an adhesive to be used under high humidity conditions, due to the low values of shear strength and percentage of wood failure that the study species shown after water immersion treatment compared with the

Análisis estocástico de señales vibratorias de motores de inducción para la detección de fallas usando descomposición de modo empírico

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Alejandro Rivera Roldán

2015-04-01

Full Text Available En este artículo se presenta un análisis de vibraciones en motores de inducción por medio de Modelos Ocultos de Markov (Hidden Markov Model - HMM aplicado a características obtenidas de la Descomposición de Modo Empírico (Empirical Mode Decomposition - EMD y transformada de Hilbert-Huang de señales de vibración obtenidas en las coordenadas x y y, con el fin de detectar fallas de funcionamiento en rodamientos y barras.  Además se presenta un análisis comparativo de la capacidad de las señales de vibración en dirección x y en dirección y, para aportar información en la detección de fallas. Así, un HMM ergódico inicializado y entrenado por medio del algoritmo de máxima esperanza, con convergencia en 10e-7 y un máximo de iteraciones de 100, se aplicó sobre el espacio de características y su desempeño fue determinado mediante validación cruzada 80-20 con 30 fold, obteniendo un alto desempeño para la detección de fallas en términos de exactitud.

Atlas of point contact spectra of electron-phonon interactions in metals

CERN Document Server

Khotkevich, A V

1995-01-01

The characteristics of electrical contacts have long attracted the attention of researchers since these contacts are used in every electrical and electronic device. Earlier studies generally considered electrical contacts of large dimensions, having regions of current concentration with diameters substantially larger than the characteristic dimensions of the material: the interatomic distance, the mean free path for electrons, the coherence length in the superconducting state, etc. [110]. The development of microelectronics presented to scientists and engineers the task of studying the characteristics of electrical contacts with ultra-small dimensions. Characteristics of point contacts such as mechanical stability under continuous current loads, the magnitudes of electrical fluctuations, inherent sensitivity in radio devices and nonlinear characteristics in connection with electromagnetic radiation can not be understood and altered in the required way without knowledge of the physical processes occurring in c...

Competencia de los cuidadores familiares para cuidar a los pacientes con falla cardíaca

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Diana Marcela Achury Saldaña

2017-09-01

Full Text Available Introducción: El cuidador familiar es la fuente más importante de apoyo social y requiere desarrollar habilidades para reforzar las conductas de autocuidado en su familiar. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la competencia de cuidado de los cuidadores familiares de los pacientes con falla cardiaca (FC en una institución de cuarto nivel de complejidad. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Con un tamaño de muestra de 41 cuidadores familiares de personas con FC que asisten al programa de FC en una institución de salud de cuarto nivel, durante el segundo semestre del 2016. Para la recolección de la información se utilizó el instrumento “CUIDAR” que cuenta con pruebas de validez de constructo y consistencia interna con un alfa de Cronbach de 0.93. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo con distribución de frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados: El nivel de competencia global para el cuidado en el hogar de los cuidadores familiares de los pacientes con FC fue medio y alto. Las dimensiones que alcanzaron un nivel más alto de competencia fueron Disfrutar e Instrumental y Procedimental. Discusión: Una adecuada competencia para el cuidado en los cuidadores se convierte en un factor que puede influir de manera positiva en el manejo de la persona. Conclusiones: Una adecuada competencia del cuidador familiar va a permitir una mejor adaptación a los nuevos requerimientos de la vida del paciente con su enfermedad y pueden ayudar a prevenir las descompensaciones. Cómo citar este artículo: Achury DM, Restrepo A, Torres NM, Buitrago AL, Neira NX, Devia P. Competencia de los cuidadores familiares para cuidar a los pacientes con falla cardíaca. Rev Cuid. 2017; 8(3: 1721-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.v8i3.407

Effects of C+ ion implantation on electrical properties of NiSiGe/SiGe contacts

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zhang, B.; Yu, W.; Zhao, Q.T.; Buca, D.; Breuer, U.; Hartmann, J.-M.; Holländer, B.; Mantl, S.; Zhang, M.; Wang, X.

2013-01-01

We have investigated the morphology and electrical properties of NiSiGe/SiGe contact by C + ions pre-implanted into relaxed Si 0.8 Ge 0.2 layers. Cross-section transmission electron microscopy revealed that both the surface and interface of NiSiGe were improved by C + ions implantation. In addition, the effective hole Schottky barrier heights (Φ Bp ) of NiSiGe/SiGe were extracted. Φ Bp was observed to decrease substantially with an increase in C + ion implantation dose

Elevación diafragmática con colapso de la aurícula derecha y síntomas de falla cardíaca: Reporte de un caso

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Juan C. Díaz, MD

2013-01-01

Se reporta el caso de una paciente que presentó signos y síntomas compatibles con falla cardíaca derecha y en quien los diferentes estudios demostraron una elevación diafragmática con colapso de la aurícula derecha como causa de su sintomatología.

Variable reluctance switch avoids contact corrosion and contact bounce

Science.gov (United States)

Watson, P. C.

1967-01-01

Variable reluctance switch avoids contact corrosion and bounce in a hostile environment. It consists of a wire-wound magnetic core and moveable bridge piece that alters the core flux pattern to produce an electrical output useful for switching control media.

Improved study of electric dipoles on the Si(100)-2 × 1 surface by non-contact scanning nonlinear dielectric microscopy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Suzuki, Masataka; Yamasue, Kohei; Cho, Yasuo; Abe, Masayuki; Sugimoto, Yoshiaki

2014-01-01

We studied a Si(100)-2 × 1 surface by non-contact scanning nonlinear dielectric microscopy (NC-SNDM). Simultaneously taken images of the topography and electric dipole moment distribution show that negative electric dipole moments are locally formed on individual dimers on the surface. In addition, we obtained the dc bias voltage dependence of the ε local (3) signal on a specific dimer by using an atom-tracking technique with NC-SNDM. We observed that the electric dipole induced a surface potential of around −250 mV on the dimer.

Impact of contact resistance on the electrical properties of MoS2 transistors at practical operating temperatures

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Filippo Giannazzo

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2 is currently regarded as a promising material for the next generation of electronic and optoelectronic devices. However, several issues need to be addressed to fully exploit its potential for field effect transistor (FET applications. In this context, the contact resistance, RC, associated with the Schottky barrier between source/drain metals and MoS2 currently represents one of the main limiting factors for suitable device performance. Furthermore, to gain a deeper understanding of MoS2 FETs under practical operating conditions, it is necessary to investigate the temperature dependence of the main electrical parameters, such as the field effect mobility (μ and the threshold voltage (Vth. This paper reports a detailed electrical characterization of back-gated multilayer MoS2 transistors with Ni source/drain contacts at temperatures from T = 298 to 373 K, i.e., the expected range for transistor operation in circuits/systems, considering heating effects due to inefficient power dissipation. From the analysis of the transfer characteristics (ID−VG in the subthreshold regime, the Schottky barrier height (ΦB ≈ 0.18 eV associated with the Ni/MoS2 contact was evaluated. The resulting contact resistance in the on-state (electron accumulation in the channel was also determined and it was found to increase with T as RC proportional to T3.1. The contribution of RC to the extraction of μ and Vth was evaluated, showing a more than 10% underestimation of μ when the effect of RC is neglected, whereas the effect on Vth is less significant. The temperature dependence of μ and Vth was also investigated. A decrease of μ proportional to 1/Tα with α = 1.4 ± 0.3 was found, indicating scattering by optical phonons as the main limiting mechanism for mobility above room temperature. The value of Vth showed a large negative shift (about 6 V increasing the temperature from 298 to 373 K, which was explained in terms of electron

High current capacity electrical connector

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bettis, E.S.; Watts, H.L.

1976-01-01

An electrical connector is provided for coupling high current capacity electrical conductors such as copper busses or the like. The connector is arranged in a ''sandwiched'' configuration in which a conductor plate contacts the busses along major surfaces clamped between two stainless steel backing plates. The conductor plate is provided with contact buttons in a spaced array such that the caps of the buttons extend above the conductor plate surface to contact the busses. When clamping bolts provided through openings in the sandwiched arrangement are tightened, Belleville springs provided under the rim of each button cap are compressed and resiliently force the caps into contact with the busses' contacting surfaces to maintain a predetermined electrical contact area provided by the button cap tops. The contact area does not change with changing thermal or mechanical stresses applied to the coupled conductors

Influence of typical faults over the dynamic behavior of pantograph-catenary contact force in electric rail transport

Science.gov (United States)

Rusu-Anghel, S.; Ene, A.

2017-05-01

The quality of electric energy capture and also the equipment operational safety depend essentially of the technical state of the contact line (CL). The present method for determining the technical state of CL based on advance programming is no longer efficient, due to the faults which can occur into the not programmed areas. Therefore, they cannot be remediated. It is expected another management method for the repairing and maintenance of CL based on its real state which must be very well known. In this paper a new method for determining the faults in CL is described. It is based on the analysis of the variation of pantograph-CL contact force in dynamical regime. Using mathematical modelling and also experimental tests, it was established that each type of fault is able to generate ‘signatures’ into the contact force diagram. The identification of these signatures can be accomplished by an informatics system which will provide the fault location, its type and also in the future, the probable evolution of the CL technical state. The measuring of the contact force is realized in optical manner using a railway inspection trolley which has appropriate equipment. The analysis of the desired parameters can be accomplished in real time by a data acquisition system, based on dedicated software.

On the electrical contact and long-term behavior of compression-type connections with conventional and high-temperature conductor ropes with low sag; Zum elektrischen Kontakt- und Langzeitverhalten von Pressverbindungen mit konventionellen und Hochtemperatur-Leiterseilen mit geringem Durchhang

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hildmann, Christian

2016-12-09

In Germany and in Europe it is due to the ''Energiewende'' necessary to transmit more electrical energy with existing overhead transmission lines. One possible technical solution to reach this aim is the use of high temperature low sag conductors (HTLS-conductors). Compared to the common Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR), HTLS-conductors have higher rated currents and rated temperatures. Thus the electrical connections for HTLS-conductors are stressed to higher temperatures too. These components are most important for the safe and reliable operation of an overhead transmission line. Besides other connection technologies, hexagonal compression connections with ordinary transmission line conductors have proven themselves since decades. From the literature, mostly empirical studies with electrical tests for compression connections are known. The electrical contact behaviour, i.e. the quality of the electrical contact after assembly, of these connections has been investigated insufficiently. This work presents and enhances an electrical model of compression connections, so that the electrical contact behaviour can be determined more accurate. Based on this, principal considerations on the current distribution in the compression connection and its influence on the connection resistance are presented. As a result from the theoretical and the experimental work, recommendations for the design of hexagonal compression connections for transmission line conductors were developed. Furthermore it is known from the functional principle of compression type connections, that the electrical contact behaviour can be influenced from their form fit, force fit and cold welding. In particular the forces in compression connections have been calculated up to now by approximation. The known analytical calculations simplify the geometry and material behaviour and do not consider the correct mechanical load during assembly. For these reasons the joining process

Laminated photovoltaic modules using back-contact solar cells

Science.gov (United States)

Gee, James M.; Garrett, Stephen E.; Morgan, William P.; Worobey, Walter

1999-09-14

Photovoltaic modules which comprise back-contact solar cells, such as back-contact crystalline silicon solar cells, positioned atop electrically conductive circuit elements affixed to a planar support so that a circuit capable of generating electric power is created. The modules are encapsulated using encapsulant materials such as EVA which are commonly used in photovoltaic module manufacture. The module designs allow multiple cells to be electrically connected in a single encapsulation step rather than by sequential soldering which characterizes the currently used commercial practices.

DEFORMACION CORTICAL Y PELIGRO SISMICO ASOCIADO A LA FALLA SAN RAMON EN EL FRENTE CORDILLERANO DE SANTIAGO, CHILE CENTRAL (33°S)

OpenAIRE

RAULD PLOTT, RODRIGO ANDRES; RAULD PLOTT, RODRIGO ANDRES

2011-01-01

1) El orógeno Andino es fundamentalmente bi-vergente, incluyendo un gran sistema de fallas inversas cabalgantes en el frente occidental chileno, que son sintéticas con respecto al acoplamiento tectónico causante de la orogenia Andina (subducción de la placa Nazca, oceánica, bajo la placa Sudamericana, continental); 2) El funcionamiento del Cabalgamiento Andino Occidental (West Andean Thrust, WAT), documentado por la estructura con vergencia oeste de la Cordillera Principal en Chile, tiene ...

SISTEMA DE FALLAS DE CALIDAD: ESTUDIO DE CASO CON UN ENFOQUE DE GESTIÓN DEL CONOCIMIENTO

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Gerardo Sánchez Schmitz

2004-03-01

Full Text Available

El presente estudio de caso se desarrolló en el Departamento de Calidad en una de las empresas comercializadoras de carne más importantes de México, ubicada en Hermosillo, Sonora, al noroeste de México. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar la solución a un problema de manejo de información de fallas de calidad documentadas en el Departamento de Control de Calidad, utilizando el enfoque de gestión del conocimiento mediante el desarrollo de una memoria organizacional, para darle una solución más rápida a las reclamaciones de los clientes (internos y externos.

Consideraciones nutricionales en el paciente con falla cardíaca crónica Nutritional considerations in patients with chronic heart failure

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Mario A Hernández

2012-12-01

Full Text Available La insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva es un síndrome caracterizado por reducción del gasto cardíaco, aumento de las presiones de llenado ventricular y activación neuroendocrina, que lleva a un proceso de fibrosis y apoptosis de la célula cardíaca. Afecta alrededor de 23 millones de personas en el mundo y confiere un pésimo pronóstico una vez se diagnostica. Desde el punto de vista fisiopatológico, la relación entre citocinas pro-inflamatorias, activación neuro-hormonal y alteraciones gastrointestinales conduce a un estado denominado caquexia cardíaca, determinado por pérdida acelerada de peso, fatiga, reducción de la fuerza muscular, anorexia y disminución de la calidad de vida; este proceso es capaz de deteriorar aún más el pronóstico vital de estos pacientes. En las últimas dos décadas, se han realizado avances en el tratamiento farmacológico y eléctrico de la falla cardíaca; sin embargo los estudios en el campo no farmacológico son pocos, en especial en el aspecto nutricional, y así mismo son escasas las recomendaciones de las guías internacionales acerca del tema. En estudios pequeños, una aproximación nutricional ha demostrado impactar de manera positiva la calidad de vida y tolerancia al ejercicio, si bien se requieren grandes estudios para determinar la viabilidad de este abordaje en pacientes con falla cardíaca.Congestive heart failure is a syndrome characterized by reduced cardiac output, increased ventricular filling pressures and neuroendocrine activation, which leads to a process of cardiac cell fibrosis and apoptosis. It affects nearly 23 million people worldwide and once diagnosed has a poor prognosis. From a physiopathological point of view, the relationship between pro-inflammatory cytokines, neurohormonal activation and gastrointestinal disturbances leads to a condition called cardiac cachexia, characterized by accelerated weight loss, fatigue, decreased muscle strength, anorexia and decreased

On Ni/Au Alloyed Contacts to Mg-Doped GaN

Science.gov (United States)

Sarkar, Biplab; Reddy, Pramod; Klump, Andrew; Kaess, Felix; Rounds, Robert; Kirste, Ronny; Mita, Seiji; Kohn, Erhard; Collazo, Ramon; Sitar, Zlatko

2018-01-01

Ni/Au contacts to p-GaN were studied as a function of free hole concentration in GaN using planar transmission line measurement structures. All contacts showed a nonlinear behavior, which became stronger for lower doping concentrations. Electrical and structural analysis indicated that the current conduction between the contact and the p-GaN was through localized nano-sized clusters. Thus, the non-linear contact behavior can be well explained using the alloyed contact model. Two contributions to the contact resistance were identified: the spreading resistance in the semiconductor developed by the current crowding around the electrically active clusters, and diode-type behavior at the interface of the electrically active clusters with the semiconductor. Hence, the equivalent Ni/Au contact model consists of a diode and a resistor in series for each active cluster. The reduced barrier height observed in the measurements is thought to be generated by the extraction of Ga from the crystalline surface and localized formation of the Au:Ga phase. The alloyed contact analyses presented in this work are in good agreement with some of the commonly observed behavior of similar contacts described in the literature.

Capítulo 6. Selección de los candidatos para el ingreso a las clínicas de falla cardiaca

OpenAIRE

Arias, Carlos A.; Castellanos, Jeffrey

2016-01-01

Introducción: Las unidades de insuficiencia cardiaca son una estrategia de atención de buena calidad y con altos estándares de costo-efectividad, con impacto en la calidad de vida, aumento de la supervivencia y disminución de las rehospitalizaciones y de los costos en una patología con impacto en la salud pública. Objetivo: Formular estrategias que ayuden a definir la población que se beneficia del seguimiento en las Clínicas de falla cardiaca. Metodología: Revisión narrativa de la lite...

Mechanisms of Contact Electrification at Aluminum-Polytetrafluoroethylene and Polypropylene-Water

KAUST Repository

Nauruzbayeva, Jamilya

2017-04-01

Contact electrification refers to the transfer of electrical charges between two surfaces, similar and dissimilar, as they are brought into contact and separated; this phenomenon is also known as static electrification or triboelectrification. For example, everyone has experienced weak electrical shocks from metal doorknobs, wool and synthetic clothing on dry days. While contact electrification might appear insignificant, it plays a key role in numerous natural and industrial processes, including atmospheric lightning, accumulation of dust on solar panels, charging of liquids during pipetting and flow in the tubes, and fire hazards in granular media. Contact electrification at metal-metal interfaces is well understood in terms of transfer of electrons, but a comprehensive understanding of contact electrification at interfaces of electrical insulators, such as air, water, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polypropylene remains incomplete. In fact, a variety of mechanisms responsible for transfer of electrical charges during mechanical rubbing, slipping, sliding, or flow at interfaces have been proposed via: electrons, ions, protons, hydroxide ions from water, specific orientation of dipoles, mechanoradicals, cryptoelectrons, and transfer of material. We have noticed that the extent of contact electrification of solids in water is influenced by surface free energies, mobile ions, surface roughness, duration of contact, sliding speeds, and relative humidity. Herein, we present results of our experimental investigation of contact electrification at the following interfaces: (i) PTFE-aluminum in air and (ii) polypropylene-water interfaces. To identify the underlying mechanism, we started with various hypotheses and exploited a variety of experimental techniques to falsify most of them until we got an answer; our techniques included high-voltage power supply (0-10,000 V), Faraday cages, Kelvin probe force microscopy, electrodeposition, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Contact isotopic- and contact ion-exchange between two adsorbents

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bunzl, K.; Mohan, R.; Haimerl, M.

1975-01-01

The kinetics of contact ion exchange processes between an ion exchange membrane and resin ion exchange beads, stirred in pure water, was investigated. A general criterion was derived, which indicates whether diffusion of the ions between the intermingling electric double layers or the collision frequency between the two adsorbents is the rate dermining step. Since the latter process proved to be rate controlling under our experimental conditions, the corresponding rate equations were derived under various initial and boundary conditions. Experimentally, the kinetics of contact isotopic exchange of Cs + - and Na + -ions as well as of the reverse contact ion exchange process of Cs + -versus Na + -ions were investigated by using Na 22 and Cs 137 radioisotopes. The experiments reveal in quantitative accord with the theory that the rate of collision controlled contact ion exchange processes depends mainly on the 'exchange coefficient', the separation factor and the collision frequency. While the latter two quantities were determined independently by separate experiments, the 'exchange coefficient' was evaluated from a contact isotopic exchange experiment. (orig.) [de

Fallas del mercado de la salud en Colombia: el caso de la insuficiencia renal crónica

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Chicaíza , Liliana

2005-06-01

Full Text Available La insuficiencia renal crónica es una de las patologías de alto costo con mayor impacto financiero para el Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud de Colombia. La alta concentración de casos de alto costo en algunas empresas del sector hizo necesaria la redistribución de recursos y pacientes para contrarrestar el desequilibrio financiero. El artículo señala que la inducción a la demanda es la principal falla de este mercado oligopólico. Expone algunas hipótesis sobre los incentivos de las empresas y muestra que la entidad reguladora debe intervenir en el control de los precios y la calidad y, sobre todo, adaptar medidas orientadas a prevenir la enfermedad.

Electro-thermal analysis of contact resistance

Science.gov (United States)

Pandey, Nitin; Jain, Ishant; Reddy, Sudhakar; Gulhane, Nitin P.

2018-05-01

Electro-Mechanical characterization over copper samples are performed at the macroscopic level to understand the dependence of electrical contact resistance and temperature on surface roughness and contact pressure. For two different surface roughness levels of samples, six levels of load are selected and varied to capture the bulk temperature rise and electrical contact resistance. Accordingly, the copper samples are modelled and analysed using COMSOLTM as a simulation package and the results are validated by the experiments. The interface temperature during simulation is obtained using Mikic-Elastic correlation and by directly entering experimental contact resistance value. The load values are varied and then reversed in a similar fashion to capture the hysteresis losses. The governing equations & assumptions underlying these models and their significance are examined & possible justification for the observed variations are discussed. Equivalent Greenwood model is also predicted by mapping the results of the experiment.

Transfer characteristics and contact resistance in Ni- and Ti-contacted graphene-based field-effect transistors

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Di Bartolomeo, A; Giubileo, F; Iemmo, L; Romeo, F; Santandrea, S; Gambardella, U

2013-01-01

We produced graphene-based field-effect transistors by contacting mono- and bi-layer graphene by sputtering Ni or Ti as metal electrodes. We performed electrical characterization of the devices by measuring their transfer and output characteristics. We clearly observed the presence of a double-dip feature in the conductance curve for Ni-contacted transistors, and we explain it in terms of charge transfer and graphene doping under the metal contacts. We also studied the contact resistance between the graphene and the metal electrodes with larger values of ∼30 kΩμm 2 recorded for Ti contacts. Importantly, we prove that the contact resistance is modulated by the back-gate voltage. (paper)

Frictionless contact analysis of a functionally graded piezoelectric layered half-plane

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ke Liaoliang; Yang Jie; Kitipornchai, Sritawat; Wang Yuesheng

2008-01-01

This paper investigates the frictionless contact problem of a layered half-plane made of functionally graded piezoelectric material (FGPM) in the plane strain state under the action of a rigid punch whose shape may be flat, triangular or cylindrical. It is assumed that the punch is a perfect electrical insulator with zero electric charge distribution. The electroelastic properties of the FGPM layer vary exponentially along the thickness direction. By using the Fourier integral transform technique, the problem is reduced to a Cauchy singular integral equation which is then numerically solved to determine the contact pressure, contact region, maximum indentation depth, normal stress, electrical potential and electric displacement fields. The stress intensity factor is also given to quantitatively characterize the singularity behavior of the contact pressure at the ends of a flat and triangular punch. Numerical results show that both the material property gradient of the FGPM layer and the punch geometry have a significant influence on the contact performance of the FGPM layered half-plane

Ohmic contacts to semiconducting diamond

Science.gov (United States)

Zeidler, James R.; Taylor, M. J.; Zeisse, Carl R.; Hewett, C. A.; Delahoussaye, Paul R.

1990-10-01

Work was carried out to improve the electron beam evaporation system in order to achieve better deposited films. The basic system is an ion pumped vacuum chamber, with a three-hearth, single-gun e-beam evaporator. Four improvements were made to the system. The system was thoroughly cleaned and new ion pump elements, an e-gun beam adjust unit, and a more accurate crystal monitor were installed. The system now has a base pressure of 3 X 10(exp -9) Torr, and can easily deposit high-melting-temperature metals such as Ta with an accurately controlled thickness. Improved shadow masks were also fabricated for better alignment and control of corner contacts for electrical transport measurements. Appendices include: A Thermally Activated Solid State Reaction Process for Fabricating Ohmic Contacts to Semiconducting Diamond; Tantalum Ohmic Contacts to Diamond by a Solid State Reaction Process; Metallization of Semiconducting Diamond: Mo, Mo/Au, and Mo/Ni/Au; Specific Contact Resistance Measurements of Ohmic Contracts to Diamond; and Electrical Activation of Boron Implanted into Diamond.

Detection of needle to nerve contact based on electric bioimpedance and machine learning methods.

Science.gov (United States)

Kalvoy, Havard; Tronstad, Christian; Ullensvang, Kyrre; Steinfeldt, Thorsten; Sauter, Axel R

2017-07-01

In an ongoing project for electrical impedance-based needle guidance we have previously showed in an animal model that intraneural needle positions can be detected with bioimpedance measurement. To enhance the power of this method we in this study have investigated whether an early detection of the needle only touching the nerve also is feasible. Measurement of complex impedance during needle to nerve contact was compared with needle positions in surrounding tissues in a volunteer study on 32 subjects. Classification analysis using Support-Vector Machines demonstrated that discrimination is possible, but that the sensitivity and specificity for the nerve touch algorithm not is at the same level of performance as for intra-neuralintraneural detection.

Ink-Jet Printer Forms Solar-Cell Contacts

Science.gov (United States)

Alexander, Paul, Jr.; Vest, R. W.; Binford, Don A.; Tweedell, Eric P.

1988-01-01

Contacts formed in controllable patterns with metal-based inks. System forms upper metal contact patterns on silicon photovoltaic cells. Uses metallo-organic ink, decomposes when heated, leaving behind metallic, electrically conductive residue in printed area.

Falla de Ramón: análisis de las noticias aparecidas en la prensa. / Ramon failure: analysis of reports in the press

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ferrando A., Francisco J.

2002-07-01

Full Text Available Durante los primeros meses del presente año aparecieron en la prensa una serie de informaciones sobre la "Falla San Ramón", o más bien "Falla de Ramón" (Börgel. El Mercurio 18/3/02. En ellas se presentan omisiones y contradicciones que pueden llevar a crear alarmismo y desconcierto en términos económicos, sociales y psicológicos, por lo cual la Sociedad Chilena de Ciencias Geográficas por intermedio del Prof. F. Ferrando A., Director de la Escuela de Geografía, F.A.U., de la Universidad de Chile considera pertinente discutir y aclarar algunos aspectos e incorporar otros antecedentes./ In the beginning of this year there were many news articles concerning the San Ramon Fault or Ramon Fault (Börgel, El Mercurio, March 18, 2002. In these articles there are contradictions and omissions that may result in confusion or panic in an economic, social and/or psychological sense. This is why the Sociedad Chilena de Ciencias Geográficas (Chilean Society of Geographic Science through the professor F. Ferrando A. Director of the Geography School, F.A.U. , of the University of Chile, advices the discussion and clarification of some matters concerning the San Ramon Fault and also take new information on account.

Método basado en clasificadores k-NN parametrizados con algoritmos genéticos y la estimación de la reactancia para localización de fallas en sistemas de distribución.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Andrés Zapata-Tapasco

2014-01-01

Full Text Available En este artículo se presenta una estrategia de parametrización de un localizador de fallas basado en una técnica simple pero eficiente de aprendizaje, conocida como k vecinos más cercanos (k-NN. Esta técnica se complementa con un método plenamente probado de localización basado en la estimación de la impedancia de falla. La estrategia híbrida se validó en un circuito prototipo real, con resultados de error aceptables para aplicaciones en sistemas de distribución de energía eléctrica. Finalmente y como ventaja importante de la metodología propuesta se resalta la facilidad de implementación, cuando se trata de circuitos de distribución reales (más de 100 nodos.

State of the art and challenges in development of electrical contact materials in the light of the RoHS directive

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ćosović V.

2012-01-01

Full Text Available The article surveys current state of the art and challenges in the development of the electrical contact materials in the light of the EU Directive on Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS. The focus was placed on widely used silver-cadmium alloys. According to this directive, as of July 1, 2006, use of six hazardous materials, including cadmium, are restricted for applicable electrical and electronic products intended for the EU market. In contrast, traditionally preferred material for production of electrical contacts is Ag-CdO, due to its outstanding functional properties. These conflicting interests result in present state where RoHS directive has not yet been implemented in its original form and has undergone numerous amendments and exceptions regarding the use of cadmium. Main reason for this seems to be the unrealistic time frame imposed by legislation. Although, significant effort has been put into research and development of alternative materials, there are still cases where adequate replacement materials had not been found. Therefore, importance of synchronicity between legislation and technological progress i.e. communication between legislative administration and industry and academia is brought to light as well as some common issues that may arise with an introduction of new replacement materials or product modification. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike SRbije, br. OI 172037 and TR 34023

Efecto de un programa de rehabilitación cardiaca basado en ejercicio sobre la capacidad física, la función cardiaca y la calidad de vida, en pacientes con falla cardiaca

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Diana S. Atehortúa, MD

2011-01-01

Conclusión: Los pacientes con falla cardiaca que se intervienen con un programa de rehabilitación cardiaca basada en ejercicio durante doce semanas, mejoran su capacidad funcional, la función sistólica y la calidad de vida.

Simulation of thermal stresses in anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell stacks. Part II: Loss of gas-tightness, electrical contact and thermal buckling

Science.gov (United States)

Nakajo, Arata; Wuillemin, Zacharie; Van herle, Jan; Favrat, Daniel

Structural stability issues in planar solid oxide fuel cells arise from the mismatch between the coefficients of thermal expansion of the components. The stress state at operating temperature is the superposition of several contributions, which differ depending on the component. First, the cells accumulate residual stresses due to the sintering phase during the manufacturing process. Further, the load applied during assembly of the stack to ensure electric contact and flatten the cells prevents a completely stress-free expansion of each component during the heat-up. Finally, thermal gradients cause additional stresses in operation. The temperature profile generated by a thermo-electrochemical model implemented in an equation-oriented process modelling tool (gPROMS) was imported into finite-element software (ABAQUS) to calculate the distribution of stress and contact pressure on all components of a standard solid oxide fuel cell repeat unit. The different layers of the cell in exception of the cathode, i.e. anode, electrolyte and compensating layer were considered in the analysis to account for the cell curvature. Both steady-state and dynamic simulations were performed, with an emphasis on the cycling of the electrical load. The study includes two different types of cell, operation under both thermal partial oxidation and internal steam-methane reforming and two different initial thicknesses of the air and fuel compressive sealing gaskets. The results generated by the models are presented in two papers: Part I focuses on cell cracking. In the present paper, Part II, the occurrences of loss of gas-tightness in the compressive gaskets and/or electrical contact in the gas diffusion layer were identified. In addition, the dependence on temperature of both coefficients of thermal expansion and Young's modulus of the metallic interconnect (MIC) were implemented in the finite-element model to compute the plastic deformation, while the possibilities of thermal buckling

Correlation between the electrical properties and the interfacial microstructures of TiAl-based ohmic contacts to p-type 4H-SiC

Science.gov (United States)

Tsukimoto, S.; Nitta, K.; Sakai, T.; Moriyama, M.; Murakami, Masanori

2004-05-01

In order to understand a mechanism of TiAl-based ohmic contact formation for p-type 4H-SiC, the electrical properties and microstructures of Ti/Al and Ni/Ti/Al contacts, which provided the specific contact resistances of approximately 2×10-5 Ω-cm2 and 7×10-5 Ω-cm2 after annealing at 1000°C and 800°C, respectively, were investigated using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Ternary Ti3SiC2 carbide layers were observed to grow on the SiC surfaces in both the Ti/Al and the Ni/Ti/Al contacts when the contacts yielded low resistance. The Ti3SiC2 carbide layers with hexagonal structures had an epitaxial orientation relationship with the 4H-SiC substrates. The (0001)-oriented terraces were observed periodically at the interfaces between the carbide layers and the SiC, and the terraces were atomically flat. We believed the Ti3SiC2 carbide layers primarily reduced the high Schottky barrier height at the contact metal/p-SiC interface down to about 0.3 eV, and, thus, low contact resistances were obtained for p-type TiAl-based ohmic contacts.

Annealing-induced interfacial reactions and the effects on the electrical properties of Ga doped ZnO/CuxS contacts to p-GaN

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gu, Wen; Wu, Xingyang; Song, Peng; Zhang, Jianhua

2015-01-01

Highlights: • The electrical properties of GZO/CuS x contacts to p-GaN annealed at different temperatures in air have been studied. • Ohmic contacts were formed by annealing the contacts at 500 and 600 °C in air. • The oxygen in air was found to be essential for the formation of ohmic contact. • The possible formation mechanism of the ohmic contacts was illustrated. - Abstract: Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) contacts to p-GaN were investigated by using Cu x S interlayers under different annealing temperatures. It is shown that the GZO/Cu x S contacts annealed at 300 and 400 °C for 3 min in air exhibited non-ohmic characteristics. However, annealing the contacts at 500 and 600 °C in air resulted in linear current–voltage characteristics. The lowest specific contact resistivity of 1.66 × 10 −2 Ω cm 2 was obtained for the contact annealed at 500 °C. To account for the formation mechanism of the ohmic contact, AES and XPS were used to analyze the interfacial properties of the GZO/Cu x S/p-GaN and Cu x S/p-GaN interfaces, respectively. The possible reasons were discussed in detail, suggesting that the interfacial reactions and atomic diffusions are thought to be responsible for forming such a low contact resistance

Improvements To Micro Contact Performance And Reliability

Science.gov (United States)

2016-12-22

layers approximately 0.2mm thick. The extruder is controlled in both the x and y directions by servo motors while the plate height is controlled with a...and contact area as the contacts pressed together and shared more surface area as the contacts elastically or plastically pressed together[164]. Figure...CrossRef 33. M. Braunovic, N. K. Myshkin, and V. V. Konchits, Electrical contacts: funda- mentals, applications and technology. CRC press , 2010, vol

Electrical characteristics of multilayer MoS2 FET's with MoS2/graphene heterojunction contacts.

Science.gov (United States)

Kwak, Joon Young; Hwang, Jeonghyun; Calderon, Brian; Alsalman, Hussain; Munoz, Nini; Schutter, Brian; Spencer, Michael G

2014-08-13

The electrical properties of multilayer MoS2/graphene heterojunction transistors are investigated. Temperature-dependent I-V measurements indicate the concentration of unintentional donors in exfoliated MoS2 to be 3.57 × 10(11) cm(-2), while the ionized donor concentration is determined as 3.61 × 10(10) cm(-2). The temperature-dependent measurements also reveal two dominant donor levels, one at 0.27 eV below the conduction band and another located at 0.05 eV below the conduction band. The I-V characteristics are asymmetric with drain bias voltage and dependent on the junction used for the source or drain contact. I-V characteristics of the device are consistent with a long channel one-dimensional field-effect transistor model with Schottky contact. Utilizing devices, which have both graphene/MoS2 and Ti/MoS2 contacts, the Schottky barrier heights of both interfaces are measured. The charge transport mechanism in both junctions was determined to be either thermionic-field emission or field emission depending on bias voltage and temperature. On the basis of a thermionic field emission model, the barrier height at the graphene/MoS2 interface was determined to be 0.23 eV, while the barrier height at the Ti/MoS2 interface was 0.40 eV. The value of Ti/MoS2 barrier is higher than previously reported values, which did not include the effects of thermionic field emission.

Device including a contact detector

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

2011-01-01

arms (12) may extend from the supporting body in co-planar relationship with the first surface. The plurality of cantilever arms (12) may extend substantially parallel to each other and each of the plurality of cantilever arms (12) may include an electrical conductive tip for contacting the area......The present invention relates to a probe for determining an electrical property of an area of a surface of a test sample, the probe is intended to be in a specific orientation relative to the test sample. The probe may comprise a supporting body defining a first surface. A plurality of cantilever...... of the test sample by movement of the probe relative to the surface of the test sample into the specific orientation.; The probe may further comprise a contact detector (14) extending from the supporting body arranged so as to contact the surface of the test sample prior to any one of the plurality...

Causes of electrical deaths and injuries among construction workers.

Science.gov (United States)

McCann, Michael; Hunting, Katherine L; Murawski, Judith; Chowdhury, Risana; Welch, Laura

2003-04-01

Contact with electrical current is the fourth leading cause of deaths of construction workers. This study evaluates electrical deaths and injuries to construction workers. Two sources of data were analyzed in detail: (1) 1,019 electrical deaths identified by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) for the years 1992-1998; and (2) 61 electrical injuries identified between November 1, 1990 and December 31, 1998 from a George Washington University Emergency Department injury surveillance database. Contact with "live" electrical wiring, equipment, and light fixtures was the main cause of electrical deaths and injuries among electrical workers, followed by contact with overhead power lines. Among non-electrical workers, contact with overhead power lines was the major cause of death. Other causes included contact with energized metal objects, machinery, power tools, and portable lights. Arc flash or blast caused 31% of electrical injuries among construction workers, but less than 2% of electrical deaths. Adoption of a lockout/tagout standard for construction, and training for non-electrical workers in basic electrical safety would reduce the risk of electrical deaths and injuries in construction. Further research is needed on ways to prevent electrical deaths and injuries while working "live". Copyright 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Instrument for measuring metal-thermoelectric semiconductor contact resistence

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lanxner, M.; Nechmadi, M.; Meiri, B.; Schildkraut, I.

1979-02-01

An instrument for measuring electrical, metal-thermoelectric semiconductor contact resistance is described. The expected errors of measurement are indicated. The operation of the instrument which is based on potential traversing perpendicularly to the contact plane is illustrated for the case of contacts of palladium and bismuth telluride-based thermoelectric material

Electrical and structural properties of group-4 transition-metal nitride (TiN, ZrN, and HfN) contacts on Ge

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Yamamoto, Keisuke; Nakashima, Hiroshi, E-mail: nakasima@astec.kyushu-u.ac.jp [Art, Science and Technology Center for Cooperative Research, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580 (Japan); Noguchi, Ryutaro; Wang, Dong [Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580 (Japan); Mitsuhara, Masatoshi; Nishida, Minoru [Department of Engineering Sciences for Electronics and Materials, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580 (Japan); Hara, Toru [National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044 (Japan)

2015-09-21

Electrical and structural properties were investigated for group-4 transition-metal nitride contacts on Ge (TiN/Ge, ZrN/Ge, and HfN/Ge), which were prepared by direct sputter depositions using nitride targets. These contacts could alleviate the intrinsic Fermi-level pinning (FLP) position toward the conduction band edge. It was revealed that this phenomenon is induced by an amorphous interlayer (a-IL) containing nitrogen atoms at the nitride/Ge interfaces. The strength of FLP alleviation positively depended on the thickness of a-IL. TiN/Ge and ZrN/Ge contacts with ∼2 nm-thick a-ILs showed strong FLP alleviations with hole barrier heights (Φ{sub BP}) in the range of 0.52–56 eV, and a HfN/Ge contact with an ∼1 nm-thick a-IL showed a weaker one with a Φ{sub BP} of 0.39 eV. However, TaN/Ge contact without a-IL did not show such FLP alleviation. Based on the results of depth distributions for respective elements, we discussed the formation kinetics of a-ILs at TiN/Ge and ZrN/Ge interfaces. Finally, we proposed an interfacial dipole model to explain the FLP alleviation.

Structural and electrical characterization of AuPtAlTi ohmic contacts to AlGaN/GaN with varying annealing temperature and Al content

OpenAIRE

Fay, Mike W.; Han, Y.; Brown, Paul D.; Harrison, Ian; Hilton, K.P.; Munday, A.; Wallis, D.; Balmer, R.S.; Uren, M.J.; Martin, T.

2008-01-01

The effect of varying annealing temperature and Al layer thickness on the structural and electrical characteristics of AuPtAlTi/AlGaN/GaN ohmic contact structures has been systematically investigated. The relationship between annealing temperature, Al content, interfacial microstructure, surface planarity and contact resistance is\\ud examined. In particular, the presence of a detrimental low temperature Pt-Al reaction is identified. This is implicated in both the requirement for a higher Al:T...

Experimental Methods for Implementing Graphene Contacts to Finite Bandgap Semiconductors

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Meyer-Holdt, Jakob

Present Ph.D. thesis describes my work on implanting graphene as electrical contact to finite bandgap semiconductors. Different transistor architectures, types of graphene and finite bandgap semiconductors have been employed. The device planned from the beginning of my Ph.D. fellowship...... contacts to semiconductor nanowires, more specifically, epitaxially grown InAs nanowires. First, we tried a top down method where CVD graphene was deposited on substrate supported InAs nanowires followed by selective graphene ashing to define graphene electrodes. While electrical contact between...

Self-powered, ultra-sensitive, flexible tactile sensors based on contact electrification

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Zhong Lin; Zhu, Guang

2018-03-20

A tactile sensor for sensing touch from a human finger includes a triboelectric layer and includes a material that becomes electrically charged after being in contact with the finger. The first side of a first conductive layer is in contact with the second side of triboelectric layer. The first side of a dielectric layer is in contact with the first conductive layer and the second side of the dielectric layer is in contact with a second conductive layer. When the triboelectric layer becomes electrically charged after being in contact with the finger, the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer are subjected to an electric field, which has a first field strength at the first conductive layer and a second field strength, different from the first field strength, at the second conductive layer. A plurality of tactile sensors can be arranged as a keyboard.

ESTRATEGIA DE REDUCCIÓN PARA LA APLICACIÓN GENERALIZADA DE LOCALIZADORES DE FALLAS EN SISTEMAS DE DISTRIBUCIÓN DE ENERGÍA ELÉCTRICA ESTRATÉGIA DE REDUÇÃO PARA A APLICAÇÃO GENERALIZADA DE LOCALIZADORES DE FALHAS EM SISTEMAS DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE ENERGIA ELÉTRICA REDUCTION STRATEGY FOR GENERALIZED APPLICATION OF FAULT LOCATORS IN ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Andrés Bedoya-Cadena

2012-06-01

Full Text Available En este artículo se presenta una estrategia generalizada para llevar a cabo la reducción de sistemas de distribución ramificados a alimentadores radiales equivalentes, como procedimiento básico para la aplicación generalizada de muchos de los métodos de localización de fallas basados en la estimación de la impedancia. La estrategia propuesta se prueba al implementar un método de localización de fallas, donde se muestra la facilidad para el análisis de las localizaciones y adicionalmente con errores en la estimación de la distancia a la falla inferiores al 3,5 % para fallas monofásicas, bifásicas y trifásicas. Estos resultados confirman la validez de la propuesta.Neste artigo apresenta-se uma estratégia generalizada para realizar a redução de sistemas de distribuição ramificados a radiais equivalentes, como procedimento básico para a aplicação generalizada de muitos dos métodos de localização de falhas baseados na estimativa da impedância. A estratégia proposta prova-se ao levar a prática um método de localização de falhas, onde se mostra a facilidade para a análise das localizações e adicionalmente com erros na estimativa da distância à falha inferiores ao 3,5 % para o caso monofásico, bifásico e trifásico.This paper presents a generalized strategy applied to perform the reduction of power distribution systems composed by several tapped feeders into equivalent radial feeders, as basic procedure required to the generalized implementation of impedance based fault location methods. The proposed strategy is tested using a fault location method, where it is shown a straightforward procedure to analyze the locations, and additionally the results shows errors lower than 3.5 % in the distance estimation for single line to ground, phase to phase, three phase faults. These results confirm the validity of the proposal.

Effects of chemical intermixing on electrical and thermal contact conductances at metallized bismuth and antimony telluride interfaces

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Devender,; Mehta, Rutvik J.; Ramanath, Ganpati, E-mail: Ramanath@rpi.edu [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180 (United States); Lofgreen, Kelly; Mahajan, Ravi [Intel Corporation, Assembly Test and Technology Development, Chandler, Arizona 85226 (United States); Yamaguchi, Masashi [Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180 (United States); Borca-Tasciuc, Theodorian [Department of Mechanical Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180 (United States)

2015-03-15

Tailoring electrical and thermal contact conductivities (Σ{sub c} and Γ{sub c}) across metallized pnictogen chalcogenide interfaces is key for realizing efficient thermoelectric devices. The authors report that Cu, Ni, Ti, and Ta diffusion and interfacial telluride formation with n-Bi{sub 2}Te{sub 3} and p-Sb{sub 2}Te{sub 3} influence both Σ{sub c} and Γ{sub c}. Cu metallization yields the highest Γ{sub c} and the lowest Σ{sub c}, correlating with maximal metal diffusion and copper telluride formation. Ni diffuses less and yields the highest Σ{sub c} with Sb{sub 2}Te{sub 3} due to p-type nickel telluride formation, which diminishes Σ{sub c} improvement with n-Bi{sub 2}Te{sub 3} interfaces. Ta and Ti contacts yield the lowest properties similar to that in Ni-metallized structures. These correlations between interfacial diffusion and phase formation on electronic and thermal transport properties will be important for devising suitable metallization for thermoelectric devices.

Grain Refinement and High-Performance of Equal-Channel Angular Pressed Cu-Mg Alloy for Electrical Contact Wire

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Aibin Ma

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Multi-pass equal-channel angular pressing (EACP was applied to produce ultrafine-grained (UFG Cu-0.2wt%Mg alloy contact wire with high mechanical/electric performance, aim to overcome the catenary barrier of high-speed trains by maximizing the tension and improving the power delivery. Microstructure evolution and overall properties of the Cu-Mg alloy after different severe-plastic-deformation (SPD routes were investigated by microscopic observation, tensile and electric tests. The results show that the Cu-Mg alloy after multi-pass ECAP at 473 K obtains ultrafine grains, higher strength and desired conductivity. More passes of ECAP leads to finer grains and higher strength, but increasing ECAP temperature significantly lower the strength increment of the UFG alloy. Grain refinement via continuous SPD processing can endow the Cu-Mg alloy superior strength and good conductivity characteristics, which are advantageous to high-speed electrification railway systems.

Experimental and numerical investigation of contact-area-limited doping for top-contact pentacene thin-film transistors with Schottky contact.

Science.gov (United States)

Noda, Kei; Wada, Yasuo; Toyabe, Toru

2015-10-28

Effects of contact-area-limited doping for pentacene thin-film transistors with a bottom-gate, top-contact configuration were investigated. The increase in the drain current and the effective field-effect mobility was achieved by preparing hole-doped layers underneath the gold contact electrodes by coevaporation of pentacene and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ), confirmed by using a thin-film organic transistor advanced simulator (TOTAS) incorporating Schottky contact with a thermionic field emission (TFE) model. Although the simulated electrical characteristics fit the experimental results well only in the linear regime of the transistor operation, the barrier height for hole injection and the gate-voltage-dependent hole mobility in the pentacene transistors were evaluated with the aid of the device simulation. This experimental data analysis with the simulation indicates that the highly-doped semiconducting layers prepared in the contact regions can enhance the charge carrier injection into the active semiconductor layer and concurrent trap filling in the transistor channel, caused by the mitigation of a Schottky energy barrier. This study suggests that both the contact-area-limited doping and the device simulation dealing with Schottky contact are indispensable in designing and developing high-performance organic thin-film transistors.

Investigation of the properties of indium tin oxide-organic contacts for optoelectronic applications

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Stanculescu, A. [National Institute of Materials Physics, 105 bis Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG-7, Bucharest-Magurele 077125 (Romania)], E-mail: sanca@infim.ro; Stanculescu, F. [University of Bucharest, Faculty of Physics, 405 Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG-11, Bucharest-Magurele 077125 (Romania)

2007-10-15

This paper presents some investigations on the electrical transport properties of ITO/single (double) layer organic semiconductor (m-DNB, benzil, PTCDA, Alq3) contacts in SIS-like (ITO/organic/Si) and MIS-like (ITO/organic/metal) heterostructures. The I-V characteristics have emphasised the injection properties of different contacts and the effect of space charge limited currents in correlation with the type and preparation conditions of the contacts. We have studied the influence of the type of contact (In/ITO; In/Al) on the electrical conduction in Alq3/PTCDA/Si/In heterostructure. In a planar grid contact configuration for In/Al/PTCDA/Al/In structure we have observed the effect of the low electric field on the shape of the I-V characteristic.

The effect of gate voltage on the electrical transport properties in the contacts of C60 to carbon nanotube leads

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

AA Shokri

2012-06-01

Full Text Available  In this paper, we examined the effect of gate voltage, bias voltage, contact geometries and the different bond lengths on the electrical transport properties in a nanostructure consisting of C60 molecule attached to two semi-infinite leads made of single wall carbon nanotubes in the coherent regime. Our calculation was based on the Green’s function method within nearest-neighbour tight-binding approximation. After the calculation was of transmission, the electrical current was obtained by the Landauer-Buttiker formula. Next, the effect of the mentioned factors was investigated in the nanostructure. The application of the present results may be useful in designing devices based on molecular electronics in nanoscale.

Evaluación hemodinámica no invasiva con cardiografía de impedancia: aplicaciones en falla cardíaca y en hipertensión arterial

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jon Kepa Balparda, MD

2012-02-01

Full Text Available La cardiografía de impendancia (CGI representa un método no invasivo para la evaluación del estado hemodinámico latido a latido. Aunque se introdujo por primera vez hace más de 40 años, la CGI ha mostrado un resurgimiento en la última década, a partir de una serie de estudios clínicos que han demostrado su precisión en la estimación del volumen latido, tanto contra el “gold-standard“invasivo (termodilución, como contra los métodos de referencia no invasivos (ecocardiografía. Diversos estudios demuestran la utilidad de esta técnica en el manejo del paciente con falla cardíaca y en el enfoque diagnóstico y terapéutico de la hipertensión arterial, por lo cual constituyen actualmente dos de las aplicaciones clínicas más importantes de la CGI. En falla cardiaca, los cambios en el volumen de líquido del tórax y del gasto cardíaco evaluados por CGI, han demostrado ser predictores de descompensación aguda, incluso semanas antes del inicio de la sintomatología respiratoria; además, permiten identificar el origen cardiogénico o respiratorio de la disnea cuando el examen físico y los demás paraclínicos no son concluyentes. En los pacientes con hipertensión arterial no controlada o resistente, la CGI permite realizar una mejor caracterización del fenotipo hipertensivo y elegir la estrategia farmacológica más específica para intervenir la alteración hemodinámica predominante (resistencia vascular vs. gasto cardiaco elevado. En este artículo se realiza una revisión de los principios biofísicos de la CGI y su utilidad en la evaluación no invasiva del estado hemodinámico, así como una evaluación crítica de la literatura que da soporte a su aplicación clínica en el tratamiento de la falla cardíaca y la hipertensión arterial.

CD-SEM metrology of spike detection on sub-40 nm contact holes

Science.gov (United States)

Momonoi, Yoshinori; Osabe, Taro; Yamaguchi, Atsuko; Mclellan Martin, Erin; Koyanagi, Hajime; Colburn, Matthew E.; Torii, Kazuyoshi

2010-03-01

In this work, for the purpose of contact-hole process control, new metrics for contact-hole edge roughness (CER) are being proposed. The metrics are correlated to lithographic process variation which result in increased electric fields; a primary driver of time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB). Electric field strength at the tip of spoke-shaped CER has been simulated; and new hole-feature metrics have been introduced. An algorithm for defining critical features like spoke angle, spoke length, etc has been defined. In addition, a method for identifying at-risk holes has been demonstrated. The number of spike holes can determine slight defocus conditions that are not detected though the conventional CER metrics. The newly proposed metrics can identify contact holes with a propensity for increased electric field concentration and are expected to improve contact-hole reliability in the sub-40-nm contact-hole process.

Layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte films for contact electric energy harvesting

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Guo, X D; Helseth, L E

2015-01-01

We report how self-assembly of polyelectrolyte thin films alters the contact electrification of polyimide polymer films used in contact based triboelectric energy harvesting systems. Polyimide films of the same size do produce a very small current when brought into contact. However, by covering one of the polyimide films with a polyelectrolyte thin film terminated by positively charged poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), the current is reversed and a much larger current and voltage are generated upon contact with the other polyimide film. A similar increase in contact current is not seen for polyelectrolyte thin films terminated by the negatively charged poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate). The PAH-terminated Kapton films are used to create an energy harvesting system providing a voltage of about 60 V and a current of 10 μA. At an average power of 11 μW for a load resistance of 100 MΩ, the energy harvester is able to power several light emitting diodes. Further studies on the contact electrification of the polyelectrolyte demonstrate that nanostructuring of the polymer surface using reactive ion etching does not give rise to polarity reversal. This is explained as hidden pockets of charge not accessible to PAH molecules, but which become accessible when the polymer is put under stress. Although the current originating for a PAH-terminated multilayer film does initially have the opposite sign to that of bare polyimide, it is found that the polarity will switch after subjecting it to a periodical mechanical force. Characteristic changes in current signatures associated with the switch are found, and are interpreted as mechanical interpenetration of the charged layers. (paper)

Diagnosis technique for the detection of mechanical faults in power breakers; Tecnica de diagnostico para la deteccion de fallas mecanicas en interruptores de potencia

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Linan, Roberto; Perez, Marciano; Estrada, J. Manuel [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

1996-12-31

This article reports a non-invasive diagnosis technique for the detection of mechanical faults in power breakers, supporting it with the recording and analysis of vibration signals of the equipment under test. Also, an assessment of four breakers using this technique is presented. [Espanol] En el presente articulo se reporta una tecnica de diagnostico no invasiva para detectar fallas mecanicas en interruptores de potencia, apoyandose en el registro y analisis de senales de vibracion del equipo bajo prueba. Asimismo, se presenta la evaluacion de cuatro interruptores usando esta tecnica.

Diagnosis technique for the detection of mechanical faults in power breakers; Tecnica de diagnostico para la deteccion de fallas mecanicas en interruptores de potencia

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Linan, Roberto; Perez, Marciano; Estrada, J Manuel [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

1997-12-31

This article reports a non-invasive diagnosis technique for the detection of mechanical faults in power breakers, supporting it with the recording and analysis of vibration signals of the equipment under test. Also, an assessment of four breakers using this technique is presented. [Espanol] En el presente articulo se reporta una tecnica de diagnostico no invasiva para detectar fallas mecanicas en interruptores de potencia, apoyandose en el registro y analisis de senales de vibracion del equipo bajo prueba. Asimismo, se presenta la evaluacion de cuatro interruptores usando esta tecnica.

Improving the electrical contact at a Pt/TiO2 nanowire interface by selective application of focused femtosecond laser irradiation

Science.gov (United States)

Xing, Songling; Lin, Luchan; Zou, Guisheng; Liu, Lei; Peng, Peng; Wu, Aiping; Duley, Walter W.; Zhou, Y. Norman

2017-10-01

In this paper, we show that tightly focused femtosecond laser irradiation is effective in improving nanojoining of an oxide nanowire (NW) (TiO2) to a metal electrode (Pt), and how this process can be used to modify contact states. Enhanced chemical bondings are created due to localized plasmonically enhanced optical absorption at the Pt/TiO2 interface as confirmed by finite element simulations of the localized field distribution during irradiation. Nano Auger electron spectroscopy shows that the resulting heterojunction is depleted in oxygen, suggesting that a TiO2-x layer is formed between the Pt electrode and the TiO2 NW. The presence of this redox layer at the metal/oxide interface plays an important role in decreasing the Schottky barrier height and in facilitating chemical bonding. After laser irradiation at the cathode for 10 s at a fluence of 5.02 mJ cm-2, the Pt/TiO2 NW/Pt structure displays different electrical properties under forward and reverse bias voltage, respectively. The creation of this asymmetric electrical characteristic shows the way in which modification of the electronic interface by laser engineering can replace the electroforming process in resistive switching devices and how it can be used to control contact states in a metal/oxide interface.

Hundred Years of Cruel Love (1915-2015 Manuel de Falla, Between Classical and Popular Music

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Michèle Dufour

2016-05-01

Full Text Available Manuel de Falla´s Cruel Love subtitled Gypsy story in two parts is a ballet with cante jondo whose premiere was given, in a first chamber version, in Madrid´s Lara Theatre in April of 1915. With only two characters on stage, the attractive gypsy Candelas and her boyfriend Carmelo who are haunted by the ghost of her previous lover, we encounter an original anti-romantic version of the relationship between love and death struggling for the liberation of the soul through that of the body, through flamenco dance and cante jondo. This work was written after a seven-year stay (1907-14 in the Paris of La Belle Époque and contributes to the renewal of nationalism in music as it has the special interest of questioning the social frontiers between “classical music” and “popular music”. The result is a both complex and popular piece in which are found synthesized such different influences as those of Felipe Pedrell, Claude Debussy and Igor Stravinski. 

Highly reproducible and reliable metal/graphene contact by ultraviolet-ozone treatment

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Li, Wei [Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871 (China); Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (United States); Hacker, Christina A.; Cheng, Guangjun; Hight Walker, A. R.; Richter, Curt A.; Gundlach, David J., E-mail: david.gundlach@nist.gov, E-mail: liangxl@pku.edu.cn [Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (United States); Liang, Yiran; Tian, Boyuan; Liang, Xuelei, E-mail: david.gundlach@nist.gov, E-mail: liangxl@pku.edu.cn; Peng, Lianmao [Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871 (China)

2014-03-21

Resist residue from the device fabrication process is a significant source of contamination at the metal/graphene contact interface. Ultraviolet Ozone (UVO) treatment is proven here, by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman measurement, to be an effective way of cleaning the metal/graphene interface. Electrical measurements of devices that were fabricated by using UVO treatment of the metal/graphene contact region show that stable and reproducible low resistance metal/graphene contacts are obtained and the electrical properties of the graphene channel remain unaffected.

Highly reproducible and reliable metal/graphene contact by ultraviolet-ozone treatment

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Li, Wei; Hacker, Christina A.; Cheng, Guangjun; Hight Walker, A. R.; Richter, Curt A.; Gundlach, David J.; Liang, Yiran; Tian, Boyuan; Liang, Xuelei; Peng, Lianmao

2014-01-01

Resist residue from the device fabrication process is a significant source of contamination at the metal/graphene contact interface. Ultraviolet Ozone (UVO) treatment is proven here, by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman measurement, to be an effective way of cleaning the metal/graphene interface. Electrical measurements of devices that were fabricated by using UVO treatment of the metal/graphene contact region show that stable and reproducible low resistance metal/graphene contacts are obtained and the electrical properties of the graphene channel remain unaffected

Modelación del funcionamiento de un marcapasos y su implementación electrónica

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Iván de Jesús May Cen

2014-01-01

Full Text Available La implementación de software para el control de los marcapasos artificiales es un reto altamente demandante dado los riesgos que implica. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en el desarrollo de un prototipo de marcapasos que pueda producir un potencial de acción de acuerdo a la necesidad de las células cardiacas. El desarrollo de este prototipo, desde la modelación, apoyado en la simulación y mediante la construcción de circuitos electrónicos constituye una primera etapa para continuar evolucionando tecnológicamente hacia marcapasos con cada vez menores fallas de software y un consumo más eficiente de energía.

Bus bar electrical feedthrough for electrorefiner system

Science.gov (United States)

Williamson, Mark; Wiedmeyer, Stanley G; Willit, James L; Barnes, Laurel A; Blaskovitz, Robert J

2013-12-03

A bus bar electrical feedthrough for an electrorefiner system may include a retaining plate, electrical isolator, and/or contact block. The retaining plate may include a central opening. The electrical isolator may include a top portion, a base portion, and a slot extending through the top and base portions. The top portion of the electrical isolator may be configured to extend through the central opening of the retaining plate. The contact block may include an upper section, a lower section, and a ridge separating the upper and lower sections. The upper section of the contact block may be configured to extend through the slot of the electrical isolator and the central opening of the retaining plate. Accordingly, relatively high electrical currents may be transferred into a glovebox or hot-cell facility at a relatively low cost and higher amperage capacity without sacrificing atmosphere integrity.

Results from Coupled Optical and Electrical Sentaurus TCAD Models of a Gallium Phosphide on Silicon Electron Carrier Selective Contact Solar Cell

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Limpert, Steven; Ghosh, Kunal; Wagner, Hannes; Bowden, Stuart; Honsberg, Christiana; Goodnick, Stephen; Bremner, Stephen; Green, Martin

2014-06-09

We report results from coupled optical and electrical Sentaurus TCAD models of a gallium phosphide (GaP) on silicon electron carrier selective contact (CSC) solar cell. Detailed analyses of current and voltage performance are presented for devices having substrate thicknesses of 10 μm, 50 μm, 100 μm and 150 μm, and with GaP/Si interfacial quality ranging from very poor to excellent. Ultimate potential performance was investigated using optical absorption profiles consistent with light trapping schemes of random pyramids with attached and detached rear reflector, and planar with an attached rear reflector. Results indicate Auger-limited open-circuit voltages up to 787 mV and efficiencies up to 26.7% may be possible for front-contacted devices.

Palladium silicide - a new contact for semiconductor radiation detectors

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Totterdell, D.H.J.

1981-11-01

Silicide layers can be used as low resistance contacts in semiconductor devices. The formation of a metal rich palladium silicide Pd 2 Si is discussed. A palladium film 100A thick is deposited at 300 0 C and the resulting silicide layer used as an ohmic contact in an n + p silicon detector. This rugged contact has electrical characteristics comparable with existing evaporated gold contacts and enables the use of more reproducible bonding techniques. (author)

Source/drain electrodes contact effect on the stability of bottom-contact pentacene field-effect transistors

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Xinge Yu

2012-06-01

Full Text Available Bottom-contact pentacene field-effect transistors were fabricated with a PMMA dielectric layer, and the air stability of the transistors was investigated. To characterize the device stability, the field-effect transistors were exposed to ambient conditions for 30 days and subsequently characterized. The degradation of electrical performance was traced to study the variation of field-effect mobility, saturation current and off-state current. By investigating the morphology variance of the pentacene film at the channel and source/drain (S/D contact regions by atomic force microscopy, it was clear that the morphology of the pentacene film adhered to the S/D degenerated dramatically. Moreover, by studying the variation of contact resistance in detail, it was found that the S/D contact effect was the main reason for the degradation in performance.

Submarine earthquake rupture, active faulting and volcanism along the major Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone and implications for seismic hazard assessment in the Patagonian Andes Ruptura sísmica submarina, tectónica y volcanismo activo a lo largo de la Falla Liquiñe-Ofqui e implicancias para el peligro sísmico en los Andes patagónicos

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Gabriel Vargas

2013-01-01

faults. Besides, seismic hazard assessment should also consider the possibility of earthquake magnitude in the order of 7.1 along the main fault systems like the RCF.La Zona de Falla Liquiñe-Ofqui es un sistema de intraarco activo y paralelo al contacto entre las placas tectónicas de Nazca y Sudamérica, a lo largo del cual el fallamiento y el volcanismo cuaternarios están estrechamente asociados. A partir de observaciones geomorfológicas y estructurales subaéreas, la prospección subacuática de fallas con evidencia de actividad pleistocena tardía-holocena y la caracterización de volcanes monogenéticos, se propone una cartografía y un modelo cinemático para la tectónica reciente, con énfasis en los últimos 12.000 años, asociada a fallas activas en el área del Fiordo Aysén. Esto permite incrementar sustancialmente el conocimiento geológico básico necesario para la determinación del peligro sísmico asociado a estructuras corticales en la región de Aysén de la Patagonia del sur de Chile. La cartografía de fallas junto con observaciones de campo y resultados geocronológicos sugieren que la deformación ocurre dominantemente a lo largo de estructuras de rumbo dextral-inversa de orientación norte-sur y localmente NNW-SSE, junto con fallas dextral-normal de rumbo NE a NNE y en menor medida a lo largo de fallas sinistrales de rumbo este-oeste. Es posible asociar esta cinemática a un acortamiento regional de orientación NE-SW. El volcanismo monogenético y subacuático holoceno ha ocurrido bajo este régimen tectónico, posiblemente favorecido por la geometría, estructura y cinemática de las fallas activas. Escarpes submarinos bien preservados de fallas que deforman sedimentos del fondo del fiordo Aysén fueron asociados con el terremoto de abril del año 2007, de magnitud Mw6,2, ocurrido a lo largo de la Zona de Falla Liquiñe-Ofqui. Observaciones realizadas en este estudio muestran que este terremoto ocurrió a lo largo de una falla de 15-20 km de

Diseño de un sistema de análisis temporal y espectral para detectar fallas por vibración en motores eléctricos

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Francisco Ernesto Moreno-García

2014-12-01

Full Text Available El documento se basa en el desarrollo experimental de un sistema de medición y análisis de vibraciones para brindar un estudio de las más relevantes variables utilizadas en el análisis espectral de motores eléctricos, con el fin de detectar posibles fallas. Dicho sistema de análisis fue implementado en un banco de pruebas elaborado por el Grupo de Investigación en Automatización y Control (GIAC, de la Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander.

Contacting nanowires and nanotubes with atomic precision for electronic transport

KAUST Repository

Qin, Shengyong; Hellstrom, Sondra; Bao, Zhenan; Boyanov, Boyan; Li, An-Ping

2012-01-01

Making contacts to nanostructures with atomic precision is an important process in the bottom-up fabrication and characterization of electronic nanodevices. Existing contacting techniques use top-down lithography and chemical etching, but lack atomic precision and introduce the possibility of contamination. Here, we report that a field-induced emission process can be used to make local contacts onto individual nanowires and nanotubes with atomic spatial precision. The gold nano-islands are deposited onto nanostructures precisely by using a scanning tunneling microscope tip, which provides a clean and controllable method to ensure both electrically conductive and mechanically reliable contacts. To demonstrate the wide applicability of the technique, nano-contacts are fabricated on silicide atomic wires, carbon nanotubes, and copper nanowires. The electrical transport measurements are performed in situ by utilizing the nanocontacts to bridge the nanostructures to the transport probes. © 2012 American Institute of Physics.

Role of Firing Temperature, Sheet Resistance, and Contact Area in Contact Formation on Screen-Printed Metal Contact of Silicon Solar Cell

Science.gov (United States)

Ahmad, Samir Mahmmod; Leong, Cheow Siu; Sopian, K.; Zaidi, Saleem H.

2018-03-01

Formation of an Ohmic contact requires a suitable firing temperature, appropriate doping profile, and contact dimensions within resolution limits of the screen-printing process. In this study, the role of the peak firing temperature in standard rapid thermal annealing (RTA) six-zone conveyor belt furnace (CBF) and two inexpensive alternate RTA systems [a custom-designed, three-zone, 5″-diameter quartz tube furnace (QTF) and a tabletop, 3″-diameter rapid thermal processing (RTP)] has been investigated. In addition, the role of sheet resistance and contact area in achieving low-resistance ohmic contacts has been examined. Electrical measurements of ohmic contacts between silver paste/ n +-emitter layer with varying sheet resistances and aluminum paste/ p-doped wafer were carried out in transmission line method configuration. Experimental measurements of the contact resistivity ( ρ c) exhibited the lowest values for CBF at 0.14 mΩ cm2 for Ag and 100 mΩ cm2 for Al at a peak firing temperature of 870°C. For the QTF configuration, lowest measured contact resistivities were 3.1 mΩ cm2 for Ag and 74.1 mΩ cm2 for Al at a peak firing temperature of 925°C. Finally, for the RTP configuration, lowest measured contact resistivities were 1.2 mΩ cm2 for Ag and 68.5 mΩ cm2 for Al at a peak firing temperature of 780°C. The measured contact resistivity exhibits strong linear dependence on sheet resistance. The contact resistivity for Ag decreases with contact area, while for Al the opposite behavior is observed.

Interaction of pantographs and contact lines at Shinkansen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ikeda, Mitsuru; Uzuka, Tetsuo [Railway Technical Research Institute (RTRI), Tokyo (Japan)

2011-07-15

Tokaido Shinkansen started service between Tokyo and Osaka in 1964. Today, the Shinkansen network comprises 2388 km of lines. The Shinkansen pantograph/contact line system was continuously developed in response to changes in the conditions surrounding railways. Today, there are several unique features. The Auto-transformer feeding system with changeover sections permits electrical connection between pantographs. The Shinkansen train sets are equipped with two pantographs with electrical connection in general. Since due to the electrical connection of pantographs which avoids intense arcing, the mean contact force can be kept low leading to a highly reliable design without serious troubles caused by fatigue. New pantographs achieve very low noise performance, helping the system to be environmental friendly. Today, the Shinkansen network provides stable operation whereby the achievements reported hereafter were implemented. (orig.)

Localization of pellicle-induced open contacts using Charge-Induced Voltage Alteration

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cole, E.I. Jr.; Soden, J.M.

1993-08-01

The recently developed Charge-Induced Voltage Alteration (CIVA) technique for localizing open metal conductors was used successfully to identify transistors with electrically open metal-1 contacts to silicon. The transistors were in the I/O port circuitry of a failing microcontroller and were completely covered by a metal-2 power bus. The root cause of the open contacts was a subtle scratch in the pellicle over the contact reticle. The scratch prevented full exposure of the photoresist, resulting in incomplete removal of the interlevel oxide in several contact windows. In addition to this powerful new application of CIVA, a number of failure analysis techniques utilizing both the electrical and physical properties of the failing microcontrollers were employed to identify and confirm the open contacts. These techniques are reviewed and recommendations are given for improved pellicle/reticle inspection.

Transparent back contacts for P3HT:PCBM bulk heterojunction solar cells

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sendova-Vassileva, M; Dikov, H; Popkirov, G; Lazarova, E; Vitanov, P; Gancheva, V; Grancharov, G; Tsocheva, D; Mokreva, P

2014-01-01

A new combination of layers functioning as a transparent contact is proposed and tested in real solar cells. The contacts consist of TiO 2 layers and thin metal layers (Ag, Cu) and are deposited by magnetron sputtering. The optical transmission and electrical conductivity of the transparent contact layers (TCL) are measured. The TCLs are applied as back contacts in bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells deposited on ITO covered glass and consisting of the following layers: ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/back contact. The organic layers are deposited by spin-coating. For comparison, the same bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells are prepared with a sputtered Ag back contact. The first results show a dependence of the current-voltage parameters of the studied solar cells on the thickness of the different component layers of the transparent back contacts. There is a balance that has to be observed between the electrical characteristics of the contacts and their optical transparency. Future plans involve their inclusion as intermediate contacts in tandem organic solar cells.

Making a Back-Illuminated Imager with Back-Side Contact and Alignment Markers

Science.gov (United States)

Pain, Bedabrata

2008-01-01

A design modification and a fabrication process that implements the modification have been conceived to solve two problems encountered in the development of back-illuminated, back-sidethinned complementary metal oxide/ semiconductor (CMOS) image-detector integrated circuits. The two problems are (1) how to form metal electrical-contact pads on the back side that are electrically connected through the thickness in proper alignment with electrical contact points on the front side and (2) how to provide alignment keys on the back side to ensure proper registration of backside optical components (e.g., microlenses and/or color filters) with the front-side pixel pattern. The essence of the design modification is to add metal plugs that extend from the desired front-side locations through the thickness and protrude from the back side of the substrate. The plugs afford the required front-to-back electrical conduction, and the protrusions of the plugs serve as both the alignment keys and the bases upon which the back-side electrical-contact pads can be formed.

Technique eliminates high voltage arcing at electrode-insulator contact area

Science.gov (United States)

Mealy, G.

1967-01-01

Coating the electrode-insulator contact area with silver epoxy conductive paint and forcing the electrode and insulator tightly together into a permanent connection, eliminates electrical arcing in high-voltage electrodes supplying electrical power to vacuum facilities.

Contact stress sensor

Science.gov (United States)

Kotovsky, Jack [Oakland, CA

2012-02-07

A contact stress sensor includes one or more MEMS fabricated sensor elements, where each sensor element of includes a thin non-recessed portion, a recessed portion and a pressure sensitive element adjacent to the recessed portion. An electric circuit is connected to the pressure sensitive element. The circuit includes a thermal compensator and a pressure signal circuit element configured to provide a signal upon movement of the pressure sensitive element.

Características de las fallas en alimentadores de 13,8 kV del sistema soterrado de La Habana;Characteristic of 13,8 kV feeders faults of the Havana underground system

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Boris Alba - Valle

2011-06-01

Full Text Available El sistema soterrado de La Habana enfrenta problemas de continuas fallas en sus alimentadores de 13,8 kV. En este trabajo se determinan las características de estas averías, en el período comprendido entre los años 2007 y 2009, y se proponen algunas medidas objetivas con el fin de contribuir a su disminución. La investigación se basó fundamentalmente en el estudio de la base de datos de los alimentadores de 13,8 kV proporcionada por el departamento técnico de la Unidad Empresarial Básica (UEB Soterrada y en el uso de herramientas estadísticas digitales. Como resultado se pudo constatar que las fallas son más frecuentes en los alimentadores de la subestación de Tallapiedra producto de la humedad en cables y empalmes con aislamiento de PILC (papel impregnado en aceite y con cubierta de plomo, dispuestos por tierra muerta. Finalmente, las medidas propuestas tuvieron un impacto positivo en la disminución de estas fallas, en un período inferior a un año.The Havana underground system has problems of continuous faults in their 13,8 kV feeders. In this article the characteristics of these mishaps in the period of 2007 to 2009 are determined and purpose some objective measurements with the end of contributing to their decrease. The investigation was fundamentally based on the study of the 13,8 kV feeders database proportioned by the technical department of the Underground Basic Managerial Unit (UEB and the use of digital statistical tools. As a result, it was verified that the faults occur with more frequency in the Tallapiedra substation feeders, due to the humidity in cables and connections with PILC isolation (impregnated in oil and lead covered paper, prepared for undergrounding directly in the earth. Finally, the proposed measures had a positive impact in the decrease of these faults, in a period less than to a year.

Rugged Low-Resistance Contacts To High-Tc Superconductors

Science.gov (United States)

Caton, Randall; Selim, Raouf; Byvik, Charles E.; Buoncristiani, A. Martin

1992-01-01

Newly developed technique involving use of gold makes possible to fabricate low-resistance contacts with rugged connections to high-Tc superconductors. Gold diffused into specimen of superconducting material by melting gold beads onto surface of specimen, making strong mechanical contacts. Shear strength of gold bead contacts greater than epoxy or silver paste. Practical use in high-current-carrying applications of new high-Tc materials, including superconducting magnets, long-wavelength sensors, electrical ground planes at low temperatures, and efficient transmission of power.

Non-Contact Magnetic Transmission For Hybrid/Electric Rotorcraft, Phase I

Data.gov (United States)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration — Electric propulsion has the potential to revolutionize aircraft design and architecture. A distributed electric propulsion system for a VTOL aircraft can exploit...

Application of calendering for improving the electrical characteristics of a printed top-gate, bottom-contact organic thin film transistors

Science.gov (United States)

Lee, Sang Hoon; Lee, Dong Geun; Jung, Hoeryong; Lee, Sangyoon

2018-05-01

Interface between the channel and the gate dielectric of organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) needs to be smoothed in order to improve the electrical characteristics. In this study, an optimized calendering process was proposed to improve the surface roughness of the channel. Top-gate, bottom-contact structural p-type OTFT samples were fabricated using roll-to-roll gravure printing (source/drain, channel), spin coating (gate dielectric), and inkjet printing (gate electrode). The calendering process was optimized using the grey-based Taguchi method. The channel surface roughness and electrical characteristics of calendered and non-calendered samples were measured and compared. As a result, the average improvement in the surface roughness of the calendered samples was 26.61%. The average on–off ratio and field-effect mobility of the calendered samples were 3.574 × 104 and 0.1113 cm2 V‑1 s‑1, respectively, which correspond to the improvements of 16.72 and 10.20%, respectively.

The Improvement of Electrical Characteristics of Pt/Ti Ohmic Contacts to Ga-Doped ZnO by Homogenized KrF Pulsed Excimer Laser Treatment

Science.gov (United States)

Oh, Min-Suk

2018-04-01

We investigated the effect of KrF excimer laser surface treatment on Pt/Ti ohmic contacts to Ga-doped n-ZnO ( N d = 4.3 × 1017 cm-3). The treatment of the n-ZnO surfaces by laser irradiation greatly improved the electrical characteristics of the metal contacts. The Pt/Ti ohmic layer on the laser-irradiated n-ZnO showed specific contact resistances of 2.5 × 10-4 ˜ 4.8 × 10-4 Ω cm2 depending on the laser energy density and gas ambient, which were about two orders of magnitude lower than that of the as-grown sample, 8.4 × 10-2 Ω cm2. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and photoluminescence measurements showed that the KrF excimer laser treatments increased the electron concentration near the surface region of the Ga-doped n-ZnO due to the preferential evaporation of oxygen atoms from the ZnO surface by the laser-induced dissociation of Zn-O bonds.

Toward full-chip prediction of yield-limiting contact patterning failure: correlation of simulated image parameters to advanced contact metrology metrics

Science.gov (United States)

Sturtevant, John L.; Chou, Dyiann

2006-03-01

Electrical failure due to incomplete contacts or vias has arisen as one of the primary modes of yield loss for 130 nm and below designs in manufacturing. Such failures are generally understood to arise from both random and systematic sources. The addition of redundant vias, where possible, has long been an accepted DFM practice for mitigating the impact of random defects. Incomplete vias are often characterized by having a diameter near the target dimension but a depth of less than 100% of target. As such, it is a difficult problem to diagnose and debug in-line, since bright and dark field optical inspection systems cannot typically distinguish between a closed, partially open and fully open contact. Advanced metrology systems have emerged in recent years to meet this challenge, but no perfect manufacturing solution has yet been identified for full field verification of all contacts. Voltage Contrast (VC) SEM metrology biases the wafer to directly measure electrical conductivity after fill / polish, and can therefore easily discern a lack of electrical connection to the underlying conductor caused by incomplete photo, etch, or fill processing. While an entire wafer can in principal be VC scanned, throughput limitations dictate very sparse sampling in manufacturing. SEM profile grading (PG) leverages the rich content of the secondary electron waveform to decipher information about the bottom of the contact. Several authors have demonstrated an excellent response of the Profile Grade to intentional defocus vectors. However, the SEM can only target discreet or single digit groupings of contacts, and therefore requires intelligent guidance to identify those contacts which are most prone to failure, enabling protection of the fab WIP. An a-priori knowledge of which specific contacts in a layout are most likely to fail would prove very useful for proactive inspection in manufacturing. Model based pre-manufacturing verification allows for such knowledge to be communicated

Effect of contact barrier on electron transport in graphene.

Science.gov (United States)

Zhou, Yang-Bo; Han, Bing-Hong; Liao, Zhi-Min; Zhao, Qing; Xu, Jun; Yu, Da-Peng

2010-01-14

The influence of the barrier between metal electrodes and graphene on the electrical properties was studied on a two-electrode device. A classical barrier model was used to analyze the current-voltage characteristics. Primary parameters including barrier height and effective resistance were achieved. The electron transport properties under magnetic field were further investigated. An abnormal peak-valley-peak shape of voltage-magnetoresistance curve was observed. The underlying mechanisms were discussed under the consideration of the important influence of the contact barrier. Our results indicate electrical properties of graphene based devices are sensitive to the contact interface.

Frequency-dependent transient response of an oscillating electrically actuated droplet

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dash, S; Kumari, N; Garimella, S V

2012-01-01

The transient response of a millimeter-sized sessile droplet under electrical actuation is experimentally investigated. Under dc actuation, the droplet spreading rate increases as the applied voltage is increased due to the higher electrical forces induced. At sufficiently high dc voltages, competition between the electrical actuation force, droplet inertia, the retarding surface tension force and contact line friction leads to droplet oscillation. The timescale for the droplet to attain its maximum wetted diameter during step actuation is analyzed. Systematic experiments are conducted over a frequency range of 5–200 Hz and actuation voltages of 40–80 V rms to determine the dependence of droplet oscillation on these parameters. The response of the droplet to different actuation frequencies and voltages is determined in terms of its contact angle and contact radius variation. The frequency of the driving force (equal to twice the frequency of the applied electrical signal) determines the mode of oscillation of the droplet which, together with its resonance characteristics, governs whether the droplet contact angle and contact radius vary in phase or out of phase with each other. In addition to the primary frequency response at the electrical forcing frequency, the droplet oscillation exhibits sub-harmonic oscillation at half of the forcing frequency that is attributed to the parametric nature of the electrical force acting on the triple contact line of the droplet. (paper)

Amenaza sismica por método determinista en el triángulo de fallas Valera-Boconó-Oca en el occidente de Venezuela

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Castilla Raymi A.

2002-08-01

="font-family: ">EI desarrollo de múltiples proyectos de geología de fallas activas en Venezuela ha permitido que el país cuente hoy día con una base de datos completa y de gran calidad, usada como complemento a la información instrumental en los cálculos de amenaza sísmica del país con métodos probabilistas. En el presente trabajo se utiliza esta información geológica disponible para realizar cálculos de amenaza con métodos deterministas para luego comparar los resultados y proponer la implantación de metodologías mixtas que permitan aprovechar mejor los datos, tanto en la ventana instrumental como en la geológica. Sobre la base de disponibilidad de información publicada y de complejidad en la geometría de las mayores estructuras, se ha escogido una zona del occidente del país limitada por las fallas de Valera, Bocono y Oca.

Se utilizan sismos máximos creibles de cada falla, distancias mínimas a la superficie de ruptura y las leyes de atenuación necesarios para crear un marco multiescenario combinando todas las estructuras que puedan, potencialmente, generar amenaza.

La zona de estudio, con un área aproximada de 45.000 km2 que incluye tres capitales de estado y una actividad industrial importante, es cubierta con una red espaciada cada 5 kilómetros para el cálculo de los valores de aceleración.

Los resultados se muestran en mapas con areas de isoaceleraciones donde se puede observar un control marcado de la geometría de las fallas activas sobre los valores de aceleración esperados, por encima de la sismicidad asociada a cada una de ellas.

Occupational Contact Dermatitis in Mechanics and Repairers Referred for Patch Testing: Retrospective Analysis From the North American Contact Dermatitis Group 1998-2014.

Science.gov (United States)

Warshaw, Erin M; Hagen, Solveig L; Sasseville, Denis; Maibach, Howard I; DeKoven, Joel G; Belsito, Donald V; Fowler, Joseph F; Zug, Kathryn A; Taylor, James S; Mathias, C G Toby; Fransway, Anthony F; DeLeo, Vincent A; Marks, James G; Pratt, Melanie D; Zirwas, Matthew J; Storrs, Frances J

Contact dermatoses are common in mechanic and repair occupations. This study aimed to (1) estimate the prevalence of occupationally related contact dermatitis among mechanics/repairers patch tested from 1998 to 2014 by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group, (2) characterize responsible allergens and irritants, and their sources, and (3) compare results among 3 occupational subgroups (mechanics, electrical/electronic, and other). A cross-sectional analysis of patients patch tested by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group between 1998 and 2014. Of 38,784 patients patch tested, 691 (1.8%) were mechanics/repairers. Male sex (93.5%) and hand involvement (59.5%) were common overall. Occupationally related skin disease was more prevalent among vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics/repairers (52.7%) and other mechanics/repairers (41.4%) than electrical/electronic equipment mechanics/repairers (21.3%). Overall, carba mix, thiuram mix, and methylchloroisothiazolone/methylisothiazolone were the most common occupation-related clinically relevant allergens. Gloves, automotive vehicles, solvents, oils, lubricants, and fuels were the most common sources of responsible allergens. Common occupationally related allergens included rubber accelerators and the preservative methylchloroisothiazolone/methylisothiazolone.

Computational dosimetry for grounded and ungrounded human models due to contact current

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chan, Kwok Hung; Hattori, Junya; Laakso, Ilkka; Hirata, Akimasa; Taki, Masao

2013-01-01

This study presents the computational dosimetry of contact currents for grounded and ungrounded human models. The uncertainty of the quasi-static (QS) approximation of the in situ electric field induced in a grounded/ungrounded human body due to the contact current is first estimated. Different scenarios of cylindrical and anatomical human body models are considered, and the results are compared with the full-wave analysis. In the QS analysis, the induced field in the grounded cylindrical model is calculated by the QS finite-difference time-domain (QS-FDTD) method, and compared with the analytical solution. Because no analytical solution is available for the grounded/ungrounded anatomical human body model, the results of the QS-FDTD method are then compared with those of the conventional FDTD method. The upper frequency limit for the QS approximation in the contact current dosimetry is found to be 3 MHz, with a relative local error of less than 10%. The error increases above this frequency, which can be attributed to the neglect of the displacement current. The QS or conventional FDTD method is used for the dosimetry of induced electric field and/or specific absorption rate (SAR) for a contact current injected into the index finger of a human body model in the frequency range from 10 Hz to 100 MHz. The in situ electric fields or SAR are compared with the basic restrictions in the international guidelines/standards. The maximum electric field or the 99th percentile value of the electric fields appear not only in the fat and muscle tissues of the finger, but also around the wrist, forearm, and the upper arm. Some discrepancies are observed between the basic restrictions for the electric field and SAR and the reference levels for the contact current, especially in the extremities. These discrepancies are shown by an equation that relates the current density, tissue conductivity, and induced electric field in the finger with a cross-sectional area of 1 cm 2 . (paper)

The formation mechanism for printed silver-contacts for silicon solar cells.

Science.gov (United States)

Fields, Jeremy D; Ahmad, Md Imteyaz; Pool, Vanessa L; Yu, Jiafan; Van Campen, Douglas G; Parilla, Philip A; Toney, Michael F; van Hest, Maikel F A M

2016-04-01

Screen-printing provides an economically attractive means for making Ag electrical contacts to Si solar cells, but the use of Ag substantiates a significant manufacturing cost, and the glass frit used in the paste to enable contact formation contains Pb. To achieve optimal electrical performance and to develop pastes with alternative, abundant and non-toxic materials, a better understanding the contact formation process during firing is required. Here, we use in situ X-ray diffraction during firing to reveal the reaction sequence. The findings suggest that between 500 and 650 °C PbO in the frit etches the SiNx antireflective-coating on the solar cell, exposing the Si surface. Then, above 650 °C, Ag(+) dissolves into the molten glass frit - key for enabling deposition of metallic Ag on the emitter surface and precipitation of Ag nanocrystals within the glass. Ultimately, this work clarifies contact formation mechanisms and suggests approaches for development of inexpensive, nontoxic solar cell contacting pastes.

Chemical Detection using Electrically Open Circuits having no Electrical Connections

Science.gov (United States)

Woodward, Stanley E.; Olgesby, Donald M.; Taylor, Bryant D.; Shams, Qamar A.

2008-01-01

This paper presents investigations to date on chemical detection using a recently developed method for designing, powering and interrogating sensors as electrically open circuits having no electrical connections. In lieu of having each sensor from a closed circuit with multiple electrically connected components, an electrically conductive geometric pattern that is powered using oscillating magnetic fields and capable of storing an electric field and a magnetic field without the need of a closed circuit or electrical connections is used. When electrically active, the patterns respond with their own magnetic field whose frequency, amplitude and bandwidth can be correlated with the magnitude of the physical quantities being measured. Preliminary experimental results of using two different detection approaches will be presented. In one method, a thin film of a reactant is deposited on the surface of the open-circuit sensor. Exposure to a specific targeted reactant shifts the resonant frequency of the sensor. In the second method, a coating of conductive material is placed on a thin non-conductive plastic sheet that is placed over the surface of the sensor. There is no physical contact between the sensor and the electrically conductive material. When the conductive material is exposed to a targeted reactant, a chemical reaction occurs that renders the material non-conductive. The change in the material s electrical resistance within the magnetic field of the sensor alters the sensor s response bandwidth and amplitude, allowing detection of the reaction without having the reactants in physical contact with the sensor.

Laser-annealed GaP OHMIC contacts for high-temperature devices

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Eknoyan, O.; Van der Hoeven, W.; Richardson, T.; Porter, W.A.; Coquat, J.A.

1980-01-01

The results of successful Nd:YAG laser annealed ohmic contacts on n-type GaP are reported. Comparisons on identical laser and thermal annealed contacts on the same substrates are performed. Aging investigations are also studied. The results indicate that laser annealed contacts have far superior electrical characteristics, much better surface morphology and are substantially more stable with aging than the same but thermally alloyed ones

Improving the contact resistance at low force using gold coated carbon nanotube surfaces

Science.gov (United States)

McBride, J. W.; Yunus, E. M.; Spearing, S. M.

2010-04-01

Investigations to determine the electrical contact performance under repeated cycles at low force conditions for carbon-nanotube (CNT) coated surfaces were performed. The surfaces under investigation consisted of multi-walled CNT synthesized on a silicon substrate and coated with a gold film. These planar surfaces were mounted on the tip of a PZT actuator and contacted with a plated Au hemispherical probe. The dynamic applied force used was 1 mN. The contact resistance (Rc) of these surfaces was investigated with the applied force and with repeated loading cycles performed for stability testing. The surfaces were compared with a reference Au-Au contact under the same experimental conditions. This initial study shows the potential for the application of gold coated CNT surfaces as an interface in low force electrical contact applications.

Long-Term Stability of Oxide Nanowire Sensors via Heavily Doped Oxide Contact.

Science.gov (United States)

Zeng, Hao; Takahashi, Tsunaki; Kanai, Masaki; Zhang, Guozhu; He, Yong; Nagashima, Kazuki; Yanagida, Takeshi

2017-12-22

Long-term stability of a chemical sensor is an essential quality for long-term collection of data related to exhaled breath, environmental air, and other sources in the Internet of things (IoT) era. Although an oxide nanowire sensor has shown great potential as a chemical sensor, the long-term stability of sensitivity has not been realized yet due to electrical degradation under harsh sensing conditions. Here, we report a rational concept to accomplish long-term electrical stability of metal oxide nanowire sensors via introduction of a heavily doped metal oxide contact layer. Antimony-doped SnO 2 (ATO) contacts on SnO 2 nanowires show much more stable and lower electrical contact resistance than conventional Ti contacts for high temperature (200 °C) conditions, which are required to operate chemical sensors. The stable and low contact resistance of ATO was confirmed for at least 1960 h under 200 °C in open air. This heavily doped oxide contact enables us to realize the long-term stability of SnO 2 nanowire sensors while maintaining the sensitivity for both NO 2 gas and light (photo) detections. The applicability of our method is confirmed for sensors on a flexible polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrate. Since the proposed fundamental concept can be applied to various oxide nanostructures, it will give a foundation for designing long-term stable oxide nanomaterial-based IoT sensors.

Design and fabrication stable LNF contact for future IC application

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bhuiyan, M M I; Bhuiyan, M; Rashid, M M; Ahmed, Sayem; Kajihara, M

2013-01-01

Enable the design of a small contact spring for applications requiring high density, high speed and high durability. A low normal force (LNF) contact spring with high performance is fabricated using a unique combined MEMS photo resist lithography and electro fine forming (EFF) technology. Reducing a total contact material cost of a connector, a high-Hertz stress with LNF contact will be a key technology in the future. Only radius R 5μm tip with 0.1N force contact provides an excellent electrical performance which is much sharper than conventional contact. 0.30million cycle's durability test was passed at 300μm displacement and the contact resistance was ≤50mΩ

Effect of the periphery of metal-semiconductor contacts with Schottky barriers on their static current-voltage characteristic

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Torkhov, N. A.

2010-01-01

Kelvin probe atomic-force microscopy of the electrostatic surface potential of gold Schottky contacts on n-GaAs showed that there is an extended transition area (halo) (tens of micrometers) around contacts in which the surface potential varies from the n-GaAs free surface potential to the gold contact surface potential. The contact potential and its distribution in the surrounding halo are controlled by the contact structure. The study of spreading currents showed that there is a high-conductance area (periphery) around the contact perimeter due to strong electric fields of the halo, which causes leakage currents. The conductivity of the main contact area is caused by 100- to 200-nm local areas with higher and lower conducting abilities. Mesa formation around contacts causes a decrease in the work function, a decrease in the halo extent and electric field strength, which is accompanied by spreading and decreasing of the peripheral area conductance. This results in disappearance of leakage currents and a decrease in the ideality index. In contrast, protection of the peripheral area by a SiO 2 insulating film 0.5 μm thick increases the work function, which is accompanied by the formation of potential lobes around the contact in two mutually perpendicular crystallographic directions. A stronger penetration of halo electric fields into the contact area results in an increase in the ideality index and disappearance of high-conductance peripheral area and leakage currents. The difference between the electrical properties of the periphery, gold grains, and their boundaries controls the contact switching mechanism when applying forward or reverse biases.

Asymmetric contacts on a single SnO₂ nanowire device: an investigation using an equivalent circuit model.

Science.gov (United States)

Huh, Junghwan; Na, Junhong; Ha, Jeong Sook; Kim, Sangtae; Kim, Gyu Tae

2011-08-01

Electrical contacts between the nanomaterial and metal electrodes are of crucial importance both from fundamental and practical points of view. We have systematically compared the influence of contact properties by dc and EIS (Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) techniques at various temperatures and environmental atmospheres (N(2) and 1% O(2)). Electrical behaviors are sensitive to the variation of Schottky barriers, while the activation energy (E(a)) depends on the donor states in the nanowire rather than on the Schottky contact. Equivalent circuits in terms of dc and EIS analyses could be modeled by Schottky diodes connected with a series resistance and parallel RC circuits, respectively. These results can facilitate the electrical analysis for evaluating the nanowire electronic devices with Schottky contacts.

The features of ballistic electron transport in a suspended quantum point contact

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Shevyrin, A. A.; Budantsev, M. V.; Bakarov, A. K.; Toropov, A. I.; Pogosov, A. G.; Ishutkin, S. V.; Shesterikov, E. V.

2014-01-01

A suspended quantum point contact and the effects of the suspension are investigated by performing identical electrical measurements on the same experimental sample before and after the suspension. In both cases, the sample demonstrates conductance quantization. However, the suspended quantum point contact shows certain features not observed before the suspension, namely, plateaus at the conductance values being non-integer multiples of the conductance quantum, including the “0.7-anomaly.” These features can be attributed to the strengthening of electron-electron interaction because of the electric field confinement within the suspended membrane. Thus, the suspended quantum point contact represents a one-dimensional system with strong electron-electron interaction

Electric Shock Injuries in Children

Science.gov (United States)

... Issues Listen Español Text Size Email Print Share Electric Shock Injuries in Children Page Content ​When the ... comes into direct contact with a source of electricity, the current passes through it, producing what's called ...

Dual ohmic contact to N- and P-type silicon carbide

Science.gov (United States)

Okojie, Robert S. (Inventor)

2013-01-01

Simultaneous formation of electrical ohmic contacts to silicon carbide (SiC) semiconductor having donor and acceptor impurities (n- and p-type doping, respectively) is disclosed. The innovation provides for ohmic contacts formed on SiC layers having n- and p-doping at one process step during the fabrication of the semiconductor device. Further, the innovation provides a non-discriminatory, universal ohmic contact to both n- and p-type SiC, enhancing reliability of the specific contact resistivity when operated at temperatures in excess of 600.degree. C.

Stable and low contact resistance electrical contacts for high temperature SiGe thermoelectric generators

KAUST Repository

Zhang, Bo; Zheng, Tao; Wang, Qingxiao; Guo, Zaibing; Kim, Moon J.; Alshareef, Husam N.; Gnade, Bruce E.

2018-01-01

that no interdiffusion takes place between TaAlN and SiGe. A specific contact resistivity of (2.1±1.3)×10−6Ω-cm2 for p-type SiGe and (2.8±1.6)×10−5 Ω-cm2 for n-type SiGe is demonstrated after the high temperature annealing. These results show that TaAlN is a promising

THE ELECTROSTATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF LINEAR INSULATORS FOR CONTACT NETWORKS OF RAILWAYS

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ye. D. Kim

2009-03-01

Full Text Available On the base of numeric investigations on mathematical models of stationary electric field the basic electric performances of insulating suspensions from porcelain and polymeric insulators for contact nets of alternating and direct current are compared.

Multi-winding homopolar electric machine

Science.gov (United States)

Van Neste, Charles W

2012-10-16

A multi-winding homopolar electric machine and method for converting between mechanical energy and electrical energy. The electric machine includes a shaft defining an axis of rotation, first and second magnets, a shielding portion, and a conductor. First and second magnets are coaxial with the shaft and include a charged pole surface and an oppositely charged pole surface, the charged pole surfaces facing one another to form a repulsive field therebetween. The shield portion extends between the magnets to confine at least a portion of the repulsive field to between the first and second magnets. The conductor extends between first and second end contacts and is toroidally coiled about the first and second magnets and the shield portion to develop a voltage across the first and second end contacts in response to rotation of the electric machine about the axis of rotation.

Electrical properties of aluminum contacts deposited by DC sputtering method for photovoltaic applications

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Krawczak Ewelina

2017-01-01

Full Text Available The use of aluminum contacts is common in the process of silicon solar cells production because of low contact resistivity. It has also a great importance in thin film technology for photovoltaics, especially in copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGS devices. The final stage of CIGS cell production is the top contact deposition of high conductivity layer for lateral current collection. Such material has to be highly optically transparent as well. In order to make a contact, metal is deposited onto TCO layer with minimum shadowing to allow as much light as possible into device. The metal grid contact is being made by deposition of few microns of aluminum. The resistivity of the deposited material as well as resistance between the metal grid and TCO layer plays a great role in high quality solar cell production. This paper presents the results of four point probe conductivity analysis of Al thin films deposited by direct current (DC magnetron sputtering method. Influence of technological parameters of the Al deposition process on sheet resistance of deposited layers has been showed. In order to obtain the lowest resistivity of the thin contact layer, optimal set of sputtering parameters, i.e. power applied, deposition time and deposition pressure was found. The resistivity of the contact between two adjacent Al metal fingers deposited onto transparent conductive Al-doped zinc oxide film has been also examined.

Electrical properties of aluminum contacts deposited by DC sputtering method for photovoltaic applications

Science.gov (United States)

Krawczak, Ewelina; Gułkowski, Sławomir

2017-10-01

The use of aluminum contacts is common in the process of silicon solar cells production because of low contact resistivity. It has also a great importance in thin film technology for photovoltaics, especially in copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGS) devices. The final stage of CIGS cell production is the top contact deposition of high conductivity layer for lateral current collection. Such material has to be highly optically transparent as well. In order to make a contact, metal is deposited onto TCO layer with minimum shadowing to allow as much light as possible into device. The metal grid contact is being made by deposition of few microns of aluminum. The resistivity of the deposited material as well as resistance between the metal grid and TCO layer plays a great role in high quality solar cell production. This paper presents the results of four point probe conductivity analysis of Al thin films deposited by direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering method. Influence of technological parameters of the Al deposition process on sheet resistance of deposited layers has been showed. In order to obtain the lowest resistivity of the thin contact layer, optimal set of sputtering parameters, i.e. power applied, deposition time and deposition pressure was found. The resistivity of the contact between two adjacent Al metal fingers deposited onto transparent conductive Al-doped zinc oxide film has been also examined.

Survival of the insulator under the electrical stress condition at cryogenic temperature

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Baek, Seung Myeong [Dept. of Fire Protection Engineering, Changwon Moonsung University, Changwon (Korea, Republic of); Kim, Sang Hyun [Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju (Korea, Republic of)

2013-12-15

We have clearly investigated with respect to the survival of the insulator at cryogenic temperature under the electrical stress. The breakdown and voltage-time characteristics of turn-to-turn models for point contact geometry and surface contact geometry using copper multi wrapped with polyimide film for an HTS transformer were investigated under AC and impulse voltage at 77 K. Polyimide film (Kapton) 0.025 mm thick is used for multi wrapping of the electrode. As expected, the breakdown voltages for the surface contact geometry are lower than that of the point contact geometry, because the contact area of the surface contact geometry is lager than that of the point contact geometry. The time to breakdown t50 decreases as the applied voltage is increased, and the lifetime indices increase slightly as the number of layers is increased. The electric field amplitude at the position where breakdown occurs is about 80% of the maximum electric field value. The relationship between survival probability and the electrical stress at cryogenic temperature was evident.

Repulsion-based model for contact angle saturation in electrowetting.

Science.gov (United States)

Ali, Hassan Abdelmoumen Abdellah; Mohamed, Hany Ahmed; Abdelgawad, Mohamed

2015-01-01

We introduce a new model for contact angle saturation phenomenon in electrowetting on dielectric systems. This new model attributes contact angle saturation to repulsion between trapped charges on the cap and base surfaces of the droplet in the vicinity of the three-phase contact line, which prevents these surfaces from converging during contact angle reduction. This repulsion-based saturation is similar to repulsion between charges accumulated on the surfaces of conducting droplets which causes the well known Coulombic fission and Taylor cone formation phenomena. In our model, both the droplet and dielectric coating were treated as lossy dielectric media (i.e., having finite electrical conductivities and permittivities) contrary to the more common assumption of a perfectly conducting droplet and perfectly insulating dielectric. We used theoretical analysis and numerical simulations to find actual charge distribution on droplet surface, calculate repulsion energy, and minimize energy of the total system as a function of droplet contact angle. Resulting saturation curves were in good agreement with previously reported experimental results. We used this proposed model to predict effect of changing liquid properties, such as electrical conductivity, and system parameters, such as thickness of the dielectric layer, on the saturation angle, which also matched experimental results.

Restoring the consistency with the contact density theorem of a classical density functional theory of ions at a planar electrical double layer.

Science.gov (United States)

Gillespie, Dirk

2014-11-01

Classical density functional theory (DFT) of fluids is a fast and efficient theory to compute the structure of the electrical double layer in the primitive model of ions where ions are modeled as charged, hard spheres in a background dielectric. While the hard-core repulsive component of this ion-ion interaction can be accurately computed using well-established DFTs, the electrostatic component is less accurate. Moreover, many electrostatic functionals fail to satisfy a basic theorem, the contact density theorem, that relates the bulk pressure, surface charge, and ion densities at their distances of closest approach for ions in equilibrium at a smooth, hard, planar wall. One popular electrostatic functional that fails to satisfy the contact density theorem is a perturbation approach developed by Kierlik and Rosinberg [Phys. Rev. A 44, 5025 (1991)PLRAAN1050-294710.1103/PhysRevA.44.5025] and Rosenfeld [J. Chem. Phys. 98, 8126 (1993)JCPSA60021-960610.1063/1.464569], where the full free-energy functional is Taylor-expanded around a bulk (homogeneous) reference fluid. Here, it is shown that this functional fails to satisfy the contact density theorem because it also fails to satisfy the known low-density limit. When the functional is corrected to satisfy this limit, a corrected bulk pressure is derived and it is shown that with this pressure both the contact density theorem and the Gibbs adsorption theorem are satisfied.

Contact effects analyzed by a parameter extraction method based on a single bottom-gate/top-contact organic thin-film transistor

Science.gov (United States)

Takagaki, Shunsuke; Yamada, Hirofumi; Noda, Kei

2018-03-01

Contact effects in organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) were examined by using our previously proposed parameter extraction method from the electrical characteristics of a single staggered-type device. Gate-voltage-dependent contact resistance and channel mobility in the linear regime were evaluated for bottom-gate/top-contact (BGTC) pentacene TFTs with active layers of different thicknesses, and for pentacene TFTs with contact-doped layers prepared by coevaporation of pentacene and tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ). The extracted parameters suggested that the influence of the contact resistance becomes more prominent with the larger active-layer thickness, and that contact-doping experiments give rise to a drastic decrease in the contact resistance and a concurrent considerable improvement in the channel mobility. Additionally, the estimated energy distributions of trap density in the transistor channel probably reflect the trap filling with charge carriers injected into the channel regions. The analysis results in this study confirm the effectiveness of our proposed method, with which we can investigate contact effects and circumvent the influences of characteristic variations in OTFT fabrication.

Electrical measurements on submicronic synthetic conductors : carbon nanotubes

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Langer, L [Unite de Physico-Chimie et de Physique des Materiaux, Univ. Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium); Stockman, L [Lab. voor Vaste Stof-Fysika en Magnetisme, Katholieke Univ. Leuven (Belgium); Heremans, J P [Physics Dept., General Motors Research, Warren, MI (United States); Bayot, V [Unite de Physico-Chimie et de Physique des Materiaux, Univ. Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium); Olk, C H [Physics Dept., General Motors Research, Warren, MI (United States); Haesendonck, C van [Lab. voor Vaste Stof-Fysika en Magnetisme, Katholieke Univ. Leuven (Belgium); Bruynseraede, Y [Lab. voor Vaste Stof-Fysika en Magnetisme, Katholieke Univ. Leuven (Belgium); Issi, J P [Unite de Physico-Chimie et de Physique des Materiaux, Univ. Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium)

1995-03-15

The synthesis of very small samples has raised the need for a drastic miniaturization of the classical four-probe technique in order to realize electrical resistance measurements. Two methods to realize electrical contacts on very small fibers are described here. Using classical photolithography the electrical resistivity of a submicronic catalytic chemical vapour deposited filament is estimated. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) lithography allowed to attach small gold contacts to a small bundle (diameter 50 nm) of carbon nanotubes. This bundle is found to exhibit a semimetallic behavior at higher temperature and an unexpected drop of the electrical resistivity at lower temperature. (orig.)

Hydrodynamic instability induced liquid--solid contacts in film boiling

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yao, S.; Henry, R.E.

1976-01-01

The film boiling liquid-solid contacts of saturated ethanol and water to horizontal flat gold plated copper are examined by using electric conductance probe. It is observed that the liquid-solid contacts occur over a wide temperature range, and generally, induced by hydrodynamic instabilities. The area of contact decreases exponentially with interface temperature and is liquid depth dependent. The averaged duration of contacts is strongly influenced by the dominant nucleation process, and thus, depends on the interface temperature and the wettability of the solid during the contact. The frequency of major contacts is about 1.5 times the bubble detaching frequency. It is found that the liquid-solid contacts may account for a large percentage of the film boiling heat transfer near the low temperature end of film boiling and decreases as the interface temperature increases

System for the reliability analysis of the electric energy supply; Sistema para el analisis de confiabilidad del suministro de energia electrica

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Perales, Favio; Martinez, Javier; Huesca, Francisco; Garcia, Norma; Nieva, Rolando [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

1997-12-31

A computer tool, developed for the reliability evaluation of the electric energy supply, considering the faults in the generation and transmission systems, is presented. The application of the tool in planning the expansion and operation of the electric systems, the methodology of the solution employed and the various functions it accounts for, are described. At the end some illustrative examples of its applications by means of the studies with a model of representative characteristics of the interconnected national system. [Espanol] Se presenta una herramienta computacional desarrollada para evaluar la confiabilidad del suministro de energia electrica, considerando las fallas en los sistemas de generacion y transmision. Se describen las aplicaciones de la herramienta en la planeacion de la expansion y de la operacion de sistemas electricos, la metodologia de solucion empleada y las diversas funciones con que cuenta. Al final se presentan algunos ejemplos ilustrativos de sus aplicaciones mediante estudios con un modelo de caracteristicas representativas del sistema interconectado nacional.

System for the reliability analysis of the electric energy supply; Sistema para el analisis de confiabilidad del suministro de energia electrica

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Perales, Favio; Martinez, Javier; Huesca, Francisco; Garcia, Norma; Nieva, Rolando [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca (Mexico)

1998-12-31

A computer tool, developed for the reliability evaluation of the electric energy supply, considering the faults in the generation and transmission systems, is presented. The application of the tool in planning the expansion and operation of the electric systems, the methodology of the solution employed and the various functions it accounts for, are described. At the end some illustrative examples of its applications by means of the studies with a model of representative characteristics of the interconnected national system. [Espanol] Se presenta una herramienta computacional desarrollada para evaluar la confiabilidad del suministro de energia electrica, considerando las fallas en los sistemas de generacion y transmision. Se describen las aplicaciones de la herramienta en la planeacion de la expansion y de la operacion de sistemas electricos, la metodologia de solucion empleada y las diversas funciones con que cuenta. Al final se presentan algunos ejemplos ilustrativos de sus aplicaciones mediante estudios con un modelo de caracteristicas representativas del sistema interconectado nacional.

A frictional contact problem for an electro-viscoelastic body

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mircea Sofonea

2007-12-01

Full Text Available A mathematical model which describes the quasistatic frictional contact between a piezoelectric body and a deformable conductive foundation is studied. A nonlinear electro-viscoelastic constitutive law is used to model the piezoelectric material. Contact is described with the normal compliance condition, a version of Coulomb's law of dry friction, and a regularized electrical conductivity condition. A variational formulation of the model, in the form of a coupled system for the displacements and the electric potential, is derived. The existence of a unique weak solution of the model is established under a smallness assumption on the surface conductance. The proof is based on arguments of evolutionary variational inequalities and fixed points of operators.

Electrical characteristics of top contact pentacene organic thin film

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) were fabricated using pentacene as the active layer with two different gate dielectrics, namely SiO2 and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), in top contact geometry for comparative studies. OTFTs with SiO2 as dielectric and gold deposited on the rough side of highly doped silicon (n+ -Si) ...

Fallas de mercado y márgenes de comercialización en bovinos destinados al abasto de carne en la región del Papaloapan, Veracruz

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Julio Vilaboa-Arroniz

2010-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar fallas de mercado y los patrones que estipulan los precios de compra-venta, con la finalidad de determinar su influencia en el margen bruto de omercialización (mbc en el esquema de comercio tradicional de bovinos para el abasto de carne en la región del Papaloapan. Los precios se determinan de manera empírica y subjetiva, pues la habilidad para negociar y fijar el precio por parte de los agentes es determinante. Además, por cada kilo de carne que paga el consumidor, los intermediarios se quedan con el mayor mbc.

Bulk-Like Electrical Properties Induced by Contact-Limited Charge Transport in Organic Diodes: Revised Space Charge Limited Current

KAUST Repository

Xu, Guangwei

2018-02-22

Charge transport governs the operation and performance of organic diodes. Illuminating the charge-transfer/transport processes across the interfaces and the bulk organic semiconductors is at the focus of intensive investigations. Traditionally, the charge transport properties of organic diodes are usually characterized by probing the current–voltage (I–V) curves of the devices. However, to unveil the landscape of the underlying potential/charge distribution, which essentially determines the I–V characteristics, still represents a major challenge. Here, the electrical potential distribution in planar organic diodes is investigated by using the scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy technique, a method that can clearly separate the contact and bulk regimes of charge transport. Interestingly, by applying to devices based on novel, high mobility organic materials, the space-charge-limited-current-like I–V curves, which are previously believed to be a result of the bulk transport, are surprisingly but unambiguously demonstrated to be caused by contact-limited conduction. A model accounting is developed for the transport properties of both the two metal/organic interfaces and the bulk. The results indicate that pure interface-dominated transport can indeed give rise to I–V curves similar to those caused by bulk transport. These findings provide a new insight into the charge injection and transport processes in organic diodes.

Organic [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl-ester field effect transistors: Analysis of the contact properties by combined photoemission spectroscopy and electrical measurements

Science.gov (United States)

Scheinert, S.; Grobosch, M.; Sprogies, J.; Hörselmann, I.; Knupfer, M.; Paasch, G.

2013-05-01

Carrier injection barriers determined by photoemission spectroscopy for organic/metal interfaces are widely accepted to determine the performance of organic field-effect transistors (OFET), which strongly depends on this interface at the source/drain contacts. This assumption is checked here in detail, and a more sophisticated connection is presented. According to the preparation process described in our recently published article [S. Scheinert, J. Appl. Phys. 111, 064502 (2012)], we prepared PCBM/Au and PCBM/Al samples to characterize the interface by photoemission and electrical measurements of PCBM based OFETs with bottom and top (TOC) contacts, respectively. The larger drain currents for TOC OFETs indicate the presence of Schottky contacts at source/drain for both metals. The hole injection barrier as determined by photoemission is 1.8 eV for both Al and Au. Therefore, the electron injection barriers are also the same. In contrast, the drain currents are orders of magnitude larger for the transistors with the Al contacts than for those with the Au contacts. We show that indeed the injection is determined by two other properties measured also by photoemission, the (reduced) work functions, and the interface dipoles, which have different sign for each contact material. In addition, we demonstrate by core-level and valence band photoemission that the deposition of gold as top contact onto PCBM results in the growth of small gold clusters. With increasing gold coverage, the clusters grow inside and begin to form a metallic, but not uniform, closed film onto PCBM.

Measurement of contact angle in a clearance-fit pin-loaded hole

Science.gov (United States)

Prabhakaran, R.; Naik, R. A.

1986-01-01

A technique which measures load-contact variation in a clearance-fit, pin-loaded hole is presented in detail. A steel instrumented pin, which activates a make-or-break electrical circuit in the pin-hole contact region, was inserted into one aluminum and one polycarbonate specimen. The resulting load-contact variations are indicated schematically. The ability to accurately determine the arc of contact at any load was crucial to this measurement. It is noted that this simple experimental technique is applicable to both conducting and nonconducting materials.

Alloyed Aluminum Contacts for Silicon Solar Cells

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tin Tin Aye

2010-12-01

Aluminium is usually deposited and alloyed at the back of p-p silicon solar cell for making a good ohmic contact and establishing a back electric field which avoids carrier recombination of the back surface. It was the deposition of aluminum on multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) substrate at various annealing temperature. Physical and elemental analysis was carried out by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-rays diffraction (XRD). The electrical (I-V) characteristic of the photovoltaic cell was also measured.

Oscillations of oblate drop between heterogeneous plates under uniform electric field

Science.gov (United States)

Kashina, M. A.; Alabuzhev, A. A.

2018-01-01

The forced oscillations of the incompressible fluid drop under the action of the uniform electric field are considered. In equilibrium, the drop has the form of a circular cylinder bounded axially by the parallel solid planes; the contact angle is right. An incompressible fluid of different density surrounds the drop. The external electric field acts as an external force that causes motion of the contact line. In order to describe this contact line motion, the modified Hocking boundary condition is applied: the velocity of the contact line is proportional to the deviation of the contact angle and the speed of the fast relaxation processes, whose frequency is proportional to twice the frequency of the electric field. The case of heterogeneous plates is investigated. We assume that the Hocking parameter depends on the polar angle in this case. The function describing the change in the coefficient of the interaction between the plate and the fluid (the contact line) is expanded in a series of the Laplace operator eigenfunctions.

75 FR 61454 - Electricity Advisory Committee

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-05

... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Electricity Advisory Committee AGENCY: Department of Energy, Office of.... FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: David Meyer, Designated Federal Officer, Office of Electricity... following electronic file formats are acceptable: Microsoft Word (.doc), Corel Word Perfect (.wpd), Adobe...

Mapping the electrical properties of large-area graphene

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Bøggild, Peter; Mackenzie, David; Whelan, Patrick Rebsdorf

2017-01-01

The significant progress in terms of fabricating large-area graphene films for transparent electrodes, barriers, electronics, telecommunication and other applications has not yet been accompanied by efficient methods for characterizing the electrical properties of large-area graphene. While......, and a high measurement effort per device. In this topical review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the issues that need to be addressed by any large-area characterisation method for electrical key performance indicators, with emphasis on electrical uniformity and on how this can be used to provide...... a more accurate analysis of the graphene film. We review and compare three different, but complementary approaches that rely either on fixed contacts (dry laser lithography), movable contacts (micro four point probes) and non-contact (terahertz time-domain spectroscopy) between the probe and the graphene...

Mounting Thin Samples For Electrical Measurements

Science.gov (United States)

Matus, L. G.; Summers, R. L.

1988-01-01

New method for mounting thin sample for electrical measurements involves use of vacuum chuck to hold a ceramic mounting plate, which holds sample. Contacts on mounting plate establish electrical connection to sample. Used to make electrical measurements over temperature range from 77 to 1,000 K and does not introduce distortions into magnetic field during Hall measurements.

An Experimental Study on Heat Conduction and Thermal Contact Resistance for the AlN Flake

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Huann-Ming Chou

2013-01-01

Full Text Available The electrical technology has been a fast development over the past decades. Moreover, the tendency of microelements and dense division multiplex is significantly for the electrical industries. Therefore, the high thermal conductible and electrical insulating device will be popular and important. It is well known that AlN still maintains stablility in the high temperature. This is quite attractive for the research and development department. Moreover, the thermal conduct coefficient of AlN is several times larger than the others. Therefore, it has been thought to play an important role for the radiator of heat source in the future. Therefore, this paper is focused on the studies of heat conduction and thermal contact resistance between the AlN flake and the copper specimens. The heating temperatures and the contact pressures were selected as the experimental parameters. According to the experimental results, the materials are soft and the real contact areas between the interfaces significantly increase under higher temperatures. As a result, the thermal contact resistance significantly decreases and the heat transfer rate increases with increasing the heating temperature or the contact pressures.

Wear behavior of Cu-Ag-Cr alloy wire under electrical sliding

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jia, S.G.; Liu, P.; Ren, F.Z.; Tian, B.H.; Zheng, M.S.; Zhou, G.S.

2005-01-01

The wear behavior of a Cu-Ag-Cr alloy contact wire against a copper-base sintered alloy strip was investigated. Wear tests were conducted under laboratory conditions with a special sliding wear apparatus that simulated train motion under electrical current conditions. The initial microstructure of the Cu-Ag-Cr alloy contact wire was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Worn surfaces of the Cu-Ag-Cr alloy wire were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). The results indicate that the wear rate of the Cu-Ag-Cr wire increased with increasing electrical current and sliding. Within the studied range of electrical current, the wear rate increases with increasing electrical current and sliding speed. Compared with the Cu-Ag contact wire under the same testing conditions, the Cu-Ag-Cr alloy wire has much better wear resistance. Adhesive, abrasive, and electrical erosion wear are the dominant mechanisms during the electrical sliding processes

Resistance switching in silver - manganite contacts

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gomez-Marlasca, F; Levy, P

2009-01-01

We investigate the electric pulse induced resistance switching in a transition metal oxide-metal contact at room temperature - a non volatile, reversible and multilevel memory device. Using a simple multiterminal configuration, we find that the complementary effect -in which the contact resistance of each pulsed electrode displays variations of opposite sign- is strongly influenced by the history of the pulsing procedure. Loops performed by varying the magnitude and sign of the stimulus at each pulsed electrode allow to disentangle their sole contribution at different stages of the process. Electromigration of oxygen ions and vacancies is discussed as participating at the core of the underlying mechanisms for resistance switching.

Resistance switching in silver - manganite contacts

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gomez-Marlasca, F [Materia Condensada GIA GAIANN CAC -CNEA, and Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia, CNEA, Gral Paz 1499 (1650) San Martin, Pcia. Buenos Aires (Argentina); Levy, P, E-mail: levy@cnea.gov.a

2009-05-01

We investigate the electric pulse induced resistance switching in a transition metal oxide-metal contact at room temperature - a non volatile, reversible and multilevel memory device. Using a simple multiterminal configuration, we find that the complementary effect -in which the contact resistance of each pulsed electrode displays variations of opposite sign- is strongly influenced by the history of the pulsing procedure. Loops performed by varying the magnitude and sign of the stimulus at each pulsed electrode allow to disentangle their sole contribution at different stages of the process. Electromigration of oxygen ions and vacancies is discussed as participating at the core of the underlying mechanisms for resistance switching.

1/f Fluctuations in ion implanted metal semiconductor contacts

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Stojanovic, M.; Marjanovic, N.; Radojevic, B.

1998-01-01

Ion implanted Metal-Semiconductor contacts is the most widely used structures in electrical devices. Weather complete devices or some parts are of interest, properties of metal-semiconductor junction strongly influence the quality and external characteristic of electronic devices. That is the reason why special attention is paid to the investigation of factor (noise for example) that could influence given junction. Low frequency 1/f fluctuations (noise) are constantly present in metal-semiconductor junction, so measurement of their level as well as the dependence on factors such as temperature must be taken into account in detailed analysis of electrical characteristics of devices such as contact, nuclear detector with surface barrier etc. In this paper we present the results of low frequency noise level measurements on TiN-Ti-Si structures produced by As + ion implantation. (author)

Contact mechanics: contact area and interfacial separation from small contact to full contact

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yang, C; Persson, B N J

2008-01-01

We present a molecular dynamics study of the contact between a rigid solid with a randomly rough surface and an elastic block with a flat surface. The numerical calculations mainly focus on the contact area and the interfacial separation from small contact (low load) to full contact (high load). For a small load the contact area varies linearly with the load and the interfacial separation depends logarithmically on the load. For a high load the contact area approaches the nominal contact area (i.e. complete contact), and the interfacial separation approaches zero. The numerical results have been compared with analytical theory and experimental results. They are in good agreement with each other. The present findings may be very important for soft solids, e.g. rubber, or for very smooth surfaces, where complete contact can be reached at moderately high loads without plastic deformation of the solids

Investigation into Contact Resistance And Damage of Metal Contacts Used in RF-MEMS Switches

Science.gov (United States)

2009-09-01

mechanically cycled by a piezo - electric transducer (PZT). The resistance through the simulated switch was measured using a four-wire measurement technique...determined that the microwave performance of a closed relay can be modeled as a simple resistor to a first order equivalent [106,108]. The relay resistance is...Therefore, a piezo device capable of precise higher frequency motion was chosen to provide cyclic contact motion. This device needed to be physically small

Propuesta del programaS-GeMS para el análisis estadístico espacial de fallas en alimentadores soterrados de 13,8 kV; PropodedS-GEMS program for statistical analysis of failure space of 13.8 kV underground feeders

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Boris Alba Valle

2011-06-01

Full Text Available Actualmente, el sistema soterrado de Ciudad de La Habana, carece de herramientas gráficas de trabajo con lascuales poder visualizar zonas con alta incidencia de fallas en alimentadores de 13,8 kV y que permitan tomardecisiones certeras en cuanto a los tramos de alimentadores a reparar o sustituir por su deterioro. En este trabajo sepropone el uso de los programas S-GeMS (Stanford Geostatistical Modeling Software y Autocad comoherramientas para el análisis estadístico espacial de la cantidad de fallas. Se realiza, en lo fundamental, el estudiode toda la documentación referente a las aplicaciones del programa S-GeMS y la Base de Datos de la cantidad defallas del 2007 al 2009, de los alimentadores de 13,8 kV perteneciente a la Unidad Empresarial Básica (UEBSoterrada. Finalmente se muestran, a modo de ejemplo, los resultados obtenidos con su aplicación al determinarsela dirección preferencial de distribución de la cantidad de fallas.   Nowadays, the Havana City underground system, lacks of graphical working tools which not only allow to visualizehigh faults incidence areas in 13,8 kV feeders but also make good decisions in reference to the feeder sections to berepaired or substituted due to their impairment. The use of S-GeMS (Stanford Geostatistical Modeling Software andAutocad programs as tools for the spatial statistic analysis of faults quantity is proposed in this article. The study ofthe whole documentation related to the S-GeMS program applications is carried out as well as the UndergroundManagement Basic Unit (UEB 13,8 kV feeders faults quantity database from 2007 to 2009. Finally, the results afterdetermining the faults quantity distribution preferential address with the program application are shown, as anexample.

Criterio de predicción de la vida útil de la prótesis total de cadera en función de la falla del cemento en el componente femoral. // Life prediction criteria of hip prosthesis according to cement failure in femoral component.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

G. García del pino

2002-09-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo se utiliza el Método de los Elementos Finitos para estudiar la combinación de diferentes parámetros, y suinfluencia en la vida útil de la prótesis total de cadera utilizando como criterio la falla del cemento que une estas prótesis alfémur, debido a que este tipo de falla es una de las fallas que mas provoca la perdida de la implantación. Los parámetrosestudiados aquí fueron el tipo de material del vástago de la prótesis dado por su modulo de elasticidad, la calidad del huesodada por la densidad y las cargas simulando diferentes actividades físicas y diferentes pesos del cuerpo.Los resultados obtenidos a través del Método de los Elementos Finitos, fueron procesados utilizando rutinas creadas enlenguaje C y técnicas de estadística, determinando las variables más influyentes y los valores más favorables para obteneruna transmisión apropiada de cargas, que garanticen una vida útil mayor.Palabras claves: biomecánica, ortopedia, elementos finitos, modulación__________________________________________________________________AbstractIn this paper the Finite Element Method is employ in order to study different parameters combination and their influence inthe duration of total hip prosthesis, taking as decision criteria the failure of cement that keep together femur and prosthesis,taking in account that this is the most common cause of implantation lost. The target parameters were: shank prosthesismaterial given by elasticity modulus, bone quality given by density, and finally, loads simulating different physicalactivities and body weight. The results were processed by means of statistical techniques and C language routines allowingto obtain the more influent variables to a proper load transmission and greater useful prosthesis life.Key words: Biomechanics, orthopaedic, finite elements, modulation

Propuesta del programa S-GeMS para el análisis estadístico espacial de fallas en alimentadores soterrados de 13,8 kV;PropodedS-GEMS program for statistical analysis of failure space of 13.8 kV underground feeders

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Boris Alba - Valle

2011-06-01

Full Text Available Actualmente, el sistema soterrado de Ciudad de La Habana, carece de herramientas gráficas de trabajo con lascuales poder visualizar zonas con alta incidencia de fallas en alimentadores de 13,8 kV y que permitan tomardecisiones certeras en cuanto a los tramos de alimentadores a reparar o sustituir por su deterioro. En este trabajo sepropone el uso de los programas S-GeMS (Stanford Geostatistical Modeling Software y Autocad comoherramientas para el análisis estadístico espacial de la cantidad de fallas. Se realiza, en lo fundamental, el estudiode toda la documentación referente a las aplicaciones del programa S-GeMS y la Base de Datos de la cantidad defallas del 2007 al 2009, de los alimentadores de 13,8 kV perteneciente a la Unidad Empresarial Básica (UEBSoterrada. Finalmente se muestran, a modo de ejemplo, los resultados obtenidos con su aplicación al determinarsela dirección preferencial de distribución de la cantidad de fallas.Nowadays, the Havana City underground system, lacks of graphical working tools which not only allow to visualizehigh faults incidence areas in 13,8 kV feeders but also make good decisions in reference to the feeder sections to berepaired or substituted due to their impairment. The use of S-GeMS (Stanford Geostatistical Modeling Software andAutocad programs as tools for the spatial statistic analysis of faults quantity is proposed in this article. The study ofthe whole documentation related to the S-GeMS program applications is carried out as well as the UndergroundManagement Basic Unit (UEB 13,8 kV feeders faults quantity database from 2007 to 2009. Finally, the results afterdetermining the faults quantity distribution preferential address with the program application are shown, as anexample.

Role of aluminum in silver paste contact to boron-doped silicon emitters

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Wei Wu

2017-01-01

Full Text Available The addition of aluminum to silver metallization pastes has been found to lower the contact resistivity of a silver metallization on boron-doped silicon emitters for n-type Si solar cells. However, the addition of Al also induces more surface recombination and increases the Ag pattern′s line resistivity, both of which ultimately limit the cell efficiency. There is a need to develop a fundamental understanding of the role that Al plays in reducing the contact resistivity and to explore alternative additives. A fritless silver paste is used to allow direct analysis of the impact of Al on the Ag-Si interfacial microstructure and isolate the influence of Al on the electrical contact from the complicated Ag-Si interfacial glass layer. Electrical analysis shows that in a simplified system, Al decreases the contact resistivity by about three orders of magnitude. Detailed microstructural studies show that in the presence of Al, microscale metallic spikes of Al-Ag alloy and nanoscale metallic spikes of Ag-Si alloy penetrate the surface of the boron-doped Si emitters. These results demonstrate the role of Al in reducing the contact resistivity through the formation of micro- and nano-scale metallic spikes, allowing the direct contact to the emitters.

Feasible homopolar dynamo with sliding liquid-metal contacts

OpenAIRE

Priede, Jānis; Avalos-Zúñiga, Raúl

2013-01-01

We present a feasible homopolar dynamo design consisting of a flat, multi-arm spiral coil, which is placed above a fast-spinning metal ring and connected to the latter by sliding liquid-metal electrical contacts. Using a simple, analytically solvable axisymmetric model, we determine the optimal design of such a setup. For small contact resistance, the lowest magnetic Reynolds number, Rm~34.6, at which the dynamo can work, is attained at the optimal ratio of the outer and inner radii of the ri...

Reduction of Ag–Si electrical contact resistance by selective RF heating

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

De Wijs, W-J A; Ljevar, S; Van de Sande, M J; De With, G

2016-01-01

Fast and selective inductive heating of pre-sintered silver lines on silicon as present in solar cells using 27 MHz radio-frequency inductive fields is shown. IR measurements of silicon substrates show that above 450 °C the heating rate of the samples increases sharply, indicating that both the silver and the silicon are heated. By moving the substrate with respect to the RF antenna and modulation of the RF field, silicon wafers were heated reproducibly above 450 °C with heating rates in excess of 200 °C s −1 . Furthermore, selective heating of lines of pre-sintered silver paste was shown below the 450 °C threshold on silicon substrates. The orientation of the silver tracks relative to the RF antenna appeared to be crucial for homogeneity of heating. Transmission line measurements show a clear effect on contact formation between the silver lines and the silicon substrate. To lower the contact resistance sufficiently for industrial feasibility, a high temperature difference between the Si substrate and the Ag tracks is required. The present RF heating process does not match the time scale needed for contact formation between silver and silicon sufficiently, but the significantly improved process control achieved shows promise for applications requiring fast heating and cooling rates. (paper)

Inhibición dual de la neprilisina y del receptor de la angiotensina (ARNI: una alternativa en los pacientes con falla cardiaca

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Beatriz Wills

2016-03-01

Full Text Available La falla cardiaca (FC es la causa más común de admisión hospitalaria en adultos en el mundo. Además, de su importante prevalencia la FC tiene un alta tasa de mortalidad, se estima que aproximadamente el 50% de los pacientes con FC mueren a los 5 años posterior al egreso hospitalario. Esto ha motivado el desarrollo de nuevas terapias seguras y efectivas para el manejo de esta entidad. El LCZ696 es un inhibidor dual de la neprilisina y del receptor de angiotensina II que demostró en estudios de fase III disminuir el desenlace primario de muerte cardiovascular y hospitalización por empeoramiento de la FC y muerte global. Probablemente el LCZ696 se convertirá en la piedra angular del manejo en pacientes con FC con fracción de eyección deprimida.

Intrinsically safe electrical installations, auxiliary circuits and electric communication equipment

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Herms, C D

1981-11-19

Technical progress has not stopped short of electrical systems in mining, so that three new chapters are new included in the VDE regulations leaflet No. 0118 on 'Installation of electrical systems in underground coal mining'. The regulations on intrinsically safe electric systems, auxiliary circuits and communication systems are briefly described, and grounds for the regulations are presented. The regulations already take account of European regulations on intrinsic safety which will soon be published in a European Regulation on Mine Explosions. In the chapters on auxiliary circuits and communication systems, protection against direct contact, fires, and explosions is discussed as well as the further goal of reliable signal transmission.

The Use of Energy Storage Systems for Supporting the Voltage Needs of Urban and Suburban Railway Contact Lines

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Enrico Pagano

2013-03-01

Full Text Available The paper aims to contribute to the use of electric double layer capacitor (EDLC sets for boosting voltages of contact lines in urban and suburban railway traction systems. Different electrical configurations of contact lines are considered and investigated. For each of them, proper mathematical models are suggested to evaluate the electrical performances of the contact lines. They give rise, also, to sample design procedures for the sizing of the most appropriate energy storage systems, to be distributed along the lines, for boosting line voltages and avoiding undesired voltage drops. A numerical example based on the “Cumana” suburban Naples railway network is presented to give an idea of the weights and sizes of electric double layer capacitors needed to boost the voltage of a sample contact line. In particular, three different EDLC systems, for a overall installed energy of 9.6 kWh, have been placed nearby the stations presenting the highest voltage drops during the most representative situation of trains’ service. The new voltage drop is equal to 32% of that obtained in absence of EDLCs.

The Use of Energy Storage Systems for Supporting the Voltage Needs of Urban and Suburban Railway Contact Lines

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Iannuzzi, Diago [University of Federico II, Naples (Italy). Electrical Engineering Department; Pagano, Enrico [University of Federico II, Naples (Italy). Electrical Engineering Department; Tricoli, Pietro [University of Birmingham (United Kingdom). School of Electronic, Electrical and Computer Engineering

2013-04-15

The paper aims to contribute to the use of electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) sets for boosting voltages of contact lines in urban and suburban railway traction systems. Different electrical configurations of contact lines are considered and investigated. For each of them, proper mathematical models are suggested to evaluate the electrical performances of the contact lines. They give rise, also, to sample design procedures for the sizing of the most appropriate energy storage systems, to be distributed along the lines, for boosting line voltages and avoiding undesired voltage drops. A numerical example based on the “Cumana” suburban Naples railway network is presented to give an idea of the weights and sizes of electric double layer capacitors needed to boost the voltage of a sample contact line. In particular, three different EDLC systems, for a overall installed energy of 9.6 kWh, have been placed nearby the stations presenting the highest voltage drops during the most representative situation of trains’ service. The new voltage drop is equal to 32% of that obtained in absence of EDLCs.

Derivation of the electric dipole--dipole interaction as an electric hyperfine interaction

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Parker, G.W.

1986-01-01

The electric dipole--dipole interaction is derived by assuming that the electron and proton in hydrogen have intrinsic electric dipole moments that interact to give an electric hyperfine interaction. The electric field at the proton due to the electron's presumed dipole moment then gives rise to a contact type term for l = 0 and the normal dipole--dipole term for lnot =0. When combined with our previous derivation of the magnetic hyperfine interaction [Am. J. Phys. 52, 36 (1984)], which used a similar approach, these derivations provide a unified treatment of the interaction of electric and magnetic dipoles. As an application of these results, the product of the electron's and proton's dipole moments is estimated to be less than 10 -29 e 2 cm 2

Kinetics of chloride ion adsorption on stainless alloys by in situ contact electric resistance technique

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Marichev, V.A.

2008-01-01

As the primary reason for pitting of stainless alloys, chloride adsorption is not adequately studied, e.g. kinetic investigations of chloride adsorption are actually absent. We discuss and partly reconsider some well-known facts (e.g. halides order: Cl - > Br - > I - ), disputed points (chloride penetration in passive film), and still unknown aspects of chloride adsorption. For the first time, we report kinetic studies of chloride adsorption on stainless alloys by in situ contact electric resistance technique. The peak-like character of kinetic curves has been found for all studied stainless alloys, but not for pure iron and nickel. This has been considered as a sequence of the substantial charge transfer during chloride adsorption. Opposite to typical d metals, stainless materials are alloys of early and late transition metals having unfilled d-bands with increased number of d-electron vacancies. Such electronic structure is favorable for adsorption of electron donating adsorbates like halide ions. Experimental data of this work are more compatible with possibility of chloride penetration into the passive films on stainless alloys that also might involve a transformation of primary oxy-hydroxide films into oxy-chloride films

La definición de usos del suelo en las cercanías de fallas geológicas: explicación del Protocolo Técnico del Decreto Ejecutivo 32967 - MINAE, Anexo 3

OpenAIRE

Allan Astorga-Gätgens

2013-01-01

Se realiza una explicación técnica sobre el Protocolo Técnico publicado como Decreto Ejecutivo (32967 - MINAE, Anexo 3). El Protocolo se refiere a la definición de los usos del suelo en las cercanías de fallas geológicas inactivas, activas y potencialmente activas. Aparte de aclarar la nomenclatura técnica, se explica el procedimiento que debe seguir el profesional en geología para establecer las eventuales zonas de seguridad que deben respetarse al momento de definir los usos del suelo, en p...

Non-Contact Circuit for Real-Time Electric and Magnetic Field Measurements

Science.gov (United States)

2015-10-01

response, noise spectral density, and dynamic range. 15. SUBJECT TERMS electric field, magnetic field, 1Wire, low-power microcontroller 16. SECURITY...4 Fig. 4 Altium DesignerTM schematic showing the pin connections of our MSP430 microcontroller ...electrical characteristics of the attached cable. 2. Methods and Procedures The circuit’s primary design consists of a microcontroller , 8-channel digital-to

Mechanisms of Contact Electrification at Aluminum-Polytetrafluoroethylene and Polypropylene-Water

KAUST Repository

Nauruzbayeva, Jamilya

2017-01-01

of electrons, but a comprehensive understanding of contact electrification at interfaces of electrical insulators, such as air, water, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polypropylene remains incomplete. In fact, a variety of mechanisms responsible for transfer

A Feasibility Study on the Worn Area Estimation by Measuring a Contact Resistance (I)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lee, Young-Ho; Kim, Hyung-Kyu

2007-01-01

In order to improve the fretting wear resistance of the nuclear fuel rod with considering the effect of the contacting spring shape, it is necessary to examine the formation procedure of the worn area during the fretting wear experiments with including its shape, size and the debris removal path. This is because the wear volume and the maximum wear depth are dominantly affected by the worn area and the wear resistance of the nuclear fuel rod was dominantly affected by the spring shape rather than the test environment and the contact mode (i.e. impact, sliding, rubbing, etc.). Unfortunately, it is almost impossible to archive the size and shape of the worn area on real-time basis because the contact surfaces are always hidden. If we could measure the worn area properties during fretting wear tests, it enables us to promptly estimate the wear resistance or behavior with various contacting spring shapes. Generally, fretting wear degradation is generated by the localized plastic deformation, fracture and finally detachment of wear debris. Generally, wear debris easily oxidized by frictional heat, test environment, etc. From the previous studies, most of the wear debris was detached from the worn surface in the distilled water condition while the wear debris in the dry condition remained on or adhered to the worn surface. At this time, it is reasonable that the accumulated wear debris on the worn surface is existed in the form of oxide. If small amount of electric current was applied between the contacting surfaces, wear debris could be an obstacle to flow the electric current. This means that the variation of the contact resistance under constant electric current during the fretting wear tests has much information on the formation of the worn area even though the applying current could accelerate the oxidation of the generated wear debris. So, in this study, fretting wear tests have been performed with applying an electric current in room temperature air in order to

Thermal stability of TaN Schottky contacts on n-GaN

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hayes, J.R.; Kim, D-W.; Meidia, H.; Mahajan, S

2003-02-07

The thermal stability and electrical characteristics of tantalum-nitrogen alloy Schottky contacts on n-GaN were investigated. Non-stoichiometric {delta}-phase (40 atomic percent nitrogen) tantalum nitride contacts exhibited good electrical properties up to an annealing temperature of 600 deg. C. However, they degrade rapidly above this temperature due to outward diffusion of Ga and presumably nitrogen into the {delta}-phase tantalum nitride. It is surmised that excess Ta reacts with N at the GaN surface, freeing Ga which then diffuses into the TaN layer. Stoichiometric TaN Schottky contacts were stable at temperatures as high as 800 deg. C and had far superior electrical performance. This stems from the thermodynamic stability of the stoichiometric TaN/GaN interface. {delta}-phase TaN had I-V and C-V barrier heights of 0.55 eV and 0.8 eV respectively. On the other hand, TaN had an I-V barrier height near 0.7 eV and a C-V barrier height near 1.2 eV. The ideality factors for both {delta}-phase TaN and TaN were above 1.8 at all annealing temperatures, suggesting tunneling contributes significantly to current transport.

Influence of Asymmetric Contact Form on Contact Resistance and Schottky Barrier, and Corresponding Applications of Diode.

Science.gov (United States)

Zhao, Yudan; Xiao, Xiaoyang; Huo, Yujia; Wang, Yingcheng; Zhang, Tianfu; Jiang, Kaili; Wang, Jiaping; Fan, Shoushan; Li, Qunqing

2017-06-07

We have fabricated carbon nanotube and MoS 2 field-effect transistors with asymmetric contact forms of source-drain electrodes, from which we found the current directionality of the devices and different contact resistances under the two current directions. By designing various structures, we can conclude that the asymmetric electrical performance was caused by the difference in the effective Schottky barrier height (Φ SB ) caused by the different contact forms. A detailed temperature-dependent study was used to extract and compare the Φ SB for both contact forms of CNT and MoS 2 devices; we found that the Φ SB for the metal-on-semiconductor form was much lower than that of the semiconductor-on-metal form and is suitable for all p-type, n-type, or ambipolar semiconductors. This conclusion is meaningful with respect to the design and application of nanomaterial electronic devices. Additionally, using the difference in barrier height caused by the contact forms, we have also proposed and fabricated Schottky barrier diodes with a current ratio up to 10 4 ; rectifying circuits consisting of these diodes were able to work in a wide frequency range. This design avoided the use of complex chemical doping or heterojunction methods to achieve fundamental diodes that are relatively simple and use only a single material; these may be suitable for future application in nanoelectronic radio frequency or integrated circuits.

Electrical properties of sputtered-indium tin oxide film contacts on n-type GaN

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hwang, J. D.; Lin, C. C.; Chen, W. L.

2006-01-01

A transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) Ohmic contact on n-type gallium nitride (GaN) (dopant concentration of 2x10 17 cm -3 ) having a specific contact resistance of 4.2x10 -6 Ω cm 2 was obtained. In this study, ITO film deposition method was implemented by sputtering. We found that the barrier height, 0.68 eV, between ITO and n-type GaN is the same for both evaporated- and sputtered-ITO films. However, the 0.68 eV in barrier height renders the evaporated-ITO/n-GaN Schottky contact. This behavior is different from that of our sputtered-ITO/n-GaN, i.e., Ohmic contact. During sputtering, oxygen atoms on the GaN surface were significantly removed, thereby resulting in an improvement in contact resistance. Moreover, a large number of nitrogen (N) vacancies, caused by sputtering, were produced near the GaN surface. These N vacancies acted as donors for electrons, thus affecting a heavily doped n-type formed at the subsurface below the sputtered ITO/n-GaN. Both oxygen removal and heavy doping near the GaN surface, caused by N vacancies, in turn led to a reduction in contact resistivity as a result of electrons tunneling across the depletion layer from the ITO to the n-type GaN. All explanations are given by Auger analysis and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Fatigue life prediction method for contact wire using maximum local stress

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kim, Yong Seok; Haochuang, Li; Seok, Chang Sung; Koo, Jae Mean [Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon (Korea, Republic of); Lee, Ki Won; Kwon, Sam Young; Cho, Yong Hyeon [Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang (Korea, Republic of)

2015-01-15

Railway contact wires supplying electricity to trains are exposed to repeated mechanical strain and stress caused by their own weight and discontinuous contact with a pantograph during train operation. Since the speed of railway transportation has increased continuously, railway industries have recently reported a number of contact wire failures caused by mechanical fatigue fractures instead of normal wear, which has been a more common failure mechanism. To secure the safety and durability of contact wires in environments with increased train speeds, a bending fatigue test on contact wire has been performed. The test equipment is too complicated to evaluate the fatigue characteristics of contact wire. Thus, the axial tension fatigue test was performed for a standard specimen, and the bending fatigue life for the contact wire structure was then predicted using the maximum local stress occurring at the top of the contact wire. Lastly, the tested bending fatigue life of the structure was compared with the fatigue life predicted by the axial tension fatigue test for verification.

Fatigue life prediction method for contact wire using maximum local stress

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kim, Yong Seok; Haochuang, Li; Seok, Chang Sung; Koo, Jae Mean; Lee, Ki Won; Kwon, Sam Young; Cho, Yong Hyeon

2015-01-01

Railway contact wires supplying electricity to trains are exposed to repeated mechanical strain and stress caused by their own weight and discontinuous contact with a pantograph during train operation. Since the speed of railway transportation has increased continuously, railway industries have recently reported a number of contact wire failures caused by mechanical fatigue fractures instead of normal wear, which has been a more common failure mechanism. To secure the safety and durability of contact wires in environments with increased train speeds, a bending fatigue test on contact wire has been performed. The test equipment is too complicated to evaluate the fatigue characteristics of contact wire. Thus, the axial tension fatigue test was performed for a standard specimen, and the bending fatigue life for the contact wire structure was then predicted using the maximum local stress occurring at the top of the contact wire. Lastly, the tested bending fatigue life of the structure was compared with the fatigue life predicted by the axial tension fatigue test for verification.

Steps toward an all-electric spin valve using side-gated quantum point contacts with lateral spin-orbit coupling

Science.gov (United States)

Bhandari, Nikhil; Dutta, Maitreya; Charles, James; Newrock, Richard S.; Cahay, Marc; Herbert, Stephen T.

2013-03-01

Spin-based electronics or ‘spintronics’ has been a topic of interest for over two decades. Electronic devices based on the manipulation of the electron spin are believed to offer the possibility of very small, non-volatile and ultrafast devices with very low power consumption. Since the proposal of a spin-field-effect transistor (SpinFET) by Datta and Das in 1990, many attempts have been made to achieve spin injection, detection and manipulation in semiconductor materials either by incorporating ferromagnetic materials into device architectures or by using external magnetic fields. This approach has significant design complexities, partly due to the influence of stray magnetic fields on device operation. In addition, magnetic electrodes can have magneto-resistance and spurious Hall voltages that can complicate device performance. To date, there has been no successful report of a working Datta-Das SpinFET. Over the last few years we have investigated an all-electric means of manipulating spins, one that only relies on electric fields and voltages and not on ferromagnetic materials or external magnetic fields. We believe we have found a pathway toward this goal, using in-plane side-gated quantum point contacts (QPCs) that rely on lateral spin-orbit coupling to create spin polarization. In this paper we discuss several aspects of our work, beginning with our finding what we believe is nearly complete spin-polarization in InAs QPCs by purely electrical means, our theoretical work to understand the basic mechanisms leading to that situation (asymmetric lateral confinement, lateral spin-orbit coupling and a strong e-e interaction), and our recent work extending the effort to GaAs and to dual QPC systems where one QPC acts as a polarizer and the other as an analyzer. Keynote talk at the 6th International Workshop on Advanced Materials Science and Nanotechnology, 30 October-2 November 2012, Ha Long, Vietnam.

Steps toward an all-electric spin valve using side-gated quantum point contacts with lateral spin–orbit coupling

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bhandari, Nikhil; Dutta, Maitreya; Charles, James; Cahay, Marc; Newrock, Richard S; Herbert, Stephen T

2013-01-01

Spin-based electronics or ‘spintronics’ has been a topic of interest for over two decades. Electronic devices based on the manipulation of the electron spin are believed to offer the possibility of very small, non-volatile and ultrafast devices with very low power consumption. Since the proposal of a spin-field-effect transistor (SpinFET) by Datta and Das in 1990, many attempts have been made to achieve spin injection, detection and manipulation in semiconductor materials either by incorporating ferromagnetic materials into device architectures or by using external magnetic fields. This approach has significant design complexities, partly due to the influence of stray magnetic fields on device operation. In addition, magnetic electrodes can have magneto-resistance and spurious Hall voltages that can complicate device performance. To date, there has been no successful report of a working Datta–Das SpinFET. Over the last few years we have investigated an all-electric means of manipulating spins, one that only relies on electric fields and voltages and not on ferromagnetic materials or external magnetic fields. We believe we have found a pathway toward this goal, using in-plane side-gated quantum point contacts (QPCs) that rely on lateral spin–orbit coupling to create spin polarization. In this paper we discuss several aspects of our work, beginning with our finding what we believe is nearly complete spin-polarization in InAs QPCs by purely electrical means, our theoretical work to understand the basic mechanisms leading to that situation (asymmetric lateral confinement, lateral spin–orbit coupling and a strong e–e interaction), and our recent work extending the effort to GaAs and to dual QPC systems where one QPC acts as a polarizer and the other as an analyzer. (review)

Effect of surfaces similarity on contact resistance of fractal rough surfaces under cyclic loading

Science.gov (United States)

Gao, Yuanwen; Liu, Limei; Ta, Wurui; Song, Jihua

2018-03-01

Although numerous studies have shown that contact resistance depends significantly on roughness and fractal dimension, it remains elusive how they affect contact resistance between rough surfaces. The interface similarity index is first proposed to describe the similarity of the contact surfaces, which gives a good indication of the actual contact area between surfaces. We reveal that the surfaces' similarity be an origin of contact resistance variation. The cyclic loading can increase the contact stiffness, and the contact stiffness increases with the increase of the interface similarity index. These findings explain the mechanism of surface roughness and fractal dimension on contact resistance, and also provide reference for the reliability design of the electrical connection.

Low-resistance and highly transparent Ag/IZO ohmic contact to p-type GaN

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kim, Han-Ki, E-mail: imdlhkkim@khu.ac.k [Department of Display Materials Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1 Seochoen-dong, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701 (Korea, Republic of); Yi, Min-Su [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, 742-711 (Korea, Republic of); Lee, Sung-Nam [Department of Engineering in Energy and Applied Chemistry, Silla University, Busan, 617-736 (Korea, Republic of)

2009-05-29

The electrical, structural, and optical characteristics of Ag/ZnO-doped In{sub 2}O{sub 3} (IZO) ohmic contacts to p-type GaN:Mg (2.5 x 10{sup 17} cm{sup -3}) were investigated. The Ag and IZO (10 nm/50 nm) layers were prepared by thermal evaporation and linear facing target sputtering, respectively. Although the as-deposited and 400 {sup o}C annealed samples showed rectifying behavior, the 500 and 600 {sup o}C annealed samples showed linear I-V characteristics indicative of the formation of an ohmic contact. The annealing of the contact at 600 {sup o}C for 3 min in a vacuum ({approx} 10{sup -3} Torr) resulted in the lowest specific contact resistivity of 1.8 x 10{sup -4} {Omega}.cm{sup 2} and high transparency of 78% at a wavelength of 470 nm. Using Auger electron spectroscopy, depth profiling and synchrotron X-ray scattering analysis, we suggested a possible mechanism to explain the annealing dependence of the electrical properties of the Ag/IZO contacts.

Controllable Electrical Contact Resistance between Cu and Oriented-Bi2Te3 Film via Interface Tuning.

Science.gov (United States)

Kong, Xixia; Zhu, Wei; Cao, Lili; Peng, Yuncheng; Shen, Shengfei; Deng, Yuan

2017-08-02

The contact resistance between metals and semiconductors has become critical for the design of thin-film thermoelectric devices with their continuous miniaturization. Herein, we report a novel interface tuning method to regulate the contact resistance at the Bi 2 Te 3 -Cu interface, and three Bi 2 Te 3 films with different oriented microstructures are obtained. The lowest contact resistivity (∼10 -7 Ω cm 2 ) is observed between highly (00l) oriented Bi 2 Te 3 and Cu film, nearly an order of magnitude lower than other orientations. This significant decrease of contact resistivity is attributed to the denser film connections, lower lattice misfit, larger effective conducting contact area, and smaller width of the surface depletion region. Meanwhile, our results show that the reduction of contact resistance has little dependence on the interfacial diffusion based on the little change in contact resistivity after the introduction of an effective Ti barrier layer. Our work provides a new idea for the mitigation of contact resistivity in thin-film thermoelectric devices and also gives certain guidance for the size design of the next-level miniaturized devices.

Electrical Resistivity Measurement of Petroleum Coke Powder by Means of Four-Probe Method

Science.gov (United States)

Rouget, G.; Majidi, B.; Picard, D.; Gauvin, G.; Ziegler, D.; Mashreghi, J.; Alamdari, H.

2017-10-01

Carbon anodes used in Hall-Héroult electrolysis cells are involved in both electrical and chemical processes of the cell. Electrical resistivity of anodes depends on electrical properties of its constituents, of which carbon coke aggregates are the most prevalent. Electrical resistivity of coke aggregates is usually characterized according to the ISO 10143 standardized test method, which consists of measuring the voltage drop in the bed of particles between two electrically conducing plungers through which the current is also applied. Estimation of the electrical resistivity of coke particles from the resistivity of particle bed is a challenging task and needs consideration of the contribution of the interparticle void fraction and the particle/particle contact resistances. In this work, the bed resistivity was normalized by subtracting the interparticle void fraction. Then, the contact size was obtained from discrete element method simulation and the contact resistance was calculated using Holm's theory. Finally, the resistivity of the coke particles was obtained from the bed resistivity.

Temperature dependence of contact resistance at metal/MWNT interface

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lee, Sang-Eui; Moon, Kyoung-Seok; Sohn, Yoonchul, E-mail: yoonchul.son@samsung.com [Materials Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon 443-803 (Korea, Republic of)

2016-07-11

Although contact resistance of carbon nanotube (CNT) is one of the most important factors for practical application of electronic devices, a study regarding temperature dependence on contact resistance of CNTs with metal electrodes has not been found. Here, we report an investigation of contact resistance at multiwalled nanotube (MWNT)/Ag interface as a function of temperature, using MWNT/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite. Electrical resistance of MWNT/PDMS composite revealed negative temperature coefficient (NTC). Excluding the contact resistance with Ag electrode, the NTC effect became less pronounced, showing lower intrinsic resistivity with the activation energy of 0.019 eV. Activation energy of the contact resistance of MWNT/Ag interface was determined to be 0.04 eV, two times larger than that of MWNT-MWNT network. The increase in the thermal fluctuation assisted electron tunneling is attributed to conductivity enhancement at both MWNT/MWNT and MWNT/Ag interfaces with increasing temperature.

Contact Modelling in Resistance Welding, Part II: Experimental Validation

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Song, Quanfeng; Zhang, Wenqi; Bay, Niels

2006-01-01

Contact algorithms in resistance welding presented in the previous paper are experimentally validated in the present paper. In order to verify the mechanical contact algorithm, two types of experiments, i.e. sandwich upsetting of circular, cylindrical specimens and compression tests of discs...... with a solid ring projection towards a flat ring, are carried out at room temperature. The complete algorithm, involving not only the mechanical model but also the thermal and electrical models, is validated by projection welding experiments. The experimental results are in satisfactory agreement...

Thermometry in dielectrophoresis chips for contact-free cell handling

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jaeger, M S; Mueller, T; Schnelle, T

2007-01-01

Cell biology applications, protocols in immunology and stem cell research, require that individual cells are handled under strict control of their contacts to other cells or synthetic surfaces. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) in microfluidic chips is an established technique to investigate, group, wash, cultivate and sort cells contact-free under physiological conditions: microelectrode octode cages, versatile dielectrophoretic elements energized with radio frequency electric fields, stably trap single cells or cellular aggregates. For medical applications and cell cultivation, possible side effects of the dielectrophoretic manipulation, such as membrane polarization and Joule heating, have to be quantified. Therefore, we characterized the electric field-induced warming in dielectrophoretic cages using ohmic resistance measurements, fluorometry, liquid crystal beads, infra-red thermography and bubble size thermometry. We compare the results of these techniques with respect to the influences of voltage, electric conductivity of buffer, frequency, cage size and electrode surface. We conclude that in the culture medium thermal effects may be neglected if low voltages and an electric field-reducing phase pattern are used. Our experimental results provide explicit values for estimating the thermal effect on dielectrophoretically caged cells and show that Joule heating is best minimized by optimizing the cage geometry and reducing the buffer conductivity. The results may additionally serve to evaluate and improve theoretical predictions on field-induced effects. Based on present-day chip processing possibilities, DEP is well suited for the manipulation of cells

Corrosion failure analysis of hearing aid battery-spring contacts

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Gudla, Visweswara Chakravarthy; Ambat, Rajan

2017-01-01

the susceptibility of these systems to galvanic corrosion. In this study, traditional behind the ear (BTE) hearing aid systems, which failed during service were analysed. Failure analysis was performed on the dome type battery-spring contact systems. The morphology of the contact areas was observed using scanning......Reliability of low power electrical contacts such as those in hearing aid battery-spring systems is a very critical aspect for the overall performance of the device. These systems are exposed to certain harsh environments like high humidity and elevated temperatures, and often in combination...... electron microscopy, and the compositional analysis of the corrosion products and contaminants was performed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Wear track morphology was observed on the contact points, and the top coating on the dome was worn out exposing the substrate spring material...

Electrostatics and quantum efficiency simulations of asymmetrically contacted carbon nanotube photodetector

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Xiao Guo

2017-10-01

Full Text Available Electrostatic properties of asymmetrically contacted carbon nanotube barrier-free bipolar diode photodetector are studied by solving the Poisson equation self-consistently with equilibrium carrier statistics. For electric field parallel to tube’s axis, the maximum electric field occurs near contact but decays rapidly in a few nanometers, followed by a slowly increasing trend when it extends to the center of channel. By considering the field ionization and the diffusion effect of exciton, a model of estimation on quantum efficiency for the device is made. We find that the quantum efficiency increases with increasing exciton lifetime, decreasing diffusion constant and channel length. For devices with a channel length shorter than 50 nm, the contribution of field ionization to the quantum efficiency can reach 60%.

Electric current arising from unpolarized polyvinyl formal

Indian Academy of Sciences (India)

Unknown

An appreciable electric current is observed in a system consisting of a polyvinyl formal (PVF) film in a sandwich ... Electric current; open circuit voltage; water activated phenomenon; plasticization effect. 1. Introduction ... either the trapping parameters or the distribution of the ..... For this reason contact potential drop between.

Diminution of contact angle hysteresis under the influence of an oscillating force.

Science.gov (United States)

Manor, Ofer

2014-06-17

We suggest a simple quantitative model for the diminution of contact angle hysteresis under the influence of an oscillatory force invoked by thermal fluctuations, substrate vibrations, acoustic waves, or oscillating electric fields. Employing force balance rather than the usual description of contact angle hysteresis in terms of Gibbs energy, we highlight that a wetting system, such as a sessile drop or a bubble adhered to a solid substrate, appears at long times to be partially or fully independent of contact angle hysteresis and thus independent of static friction forces, as a result of contact line pinning. We verify this theory by studying several well-known experimental observations such as the approach of an arbitrary contact angle toward the Young contact angle and the apparent decrease (or increase) in an advancing (or a receding) contact angle under the influence of an external oscillating force.

Charge loss between contacts of CdZnTe pixel detectors

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bolotnikov, A.E.; Cook, W.R.; Harrison, F.A.; Wong, A.-S.; Schindler, S.M.; Eichelberger, A.C.

1999-01-01

The surface of Cd 1-x Zn x Te (CZT) material has high resistivity but is not a perfect dielectric. Even a small surface conductivity can affect the electric field distribution, and therefore, the charge collection efficiency of a CZT pixel detector. The paper describes studies of this phenomenon for several contact configurations made on a single CZT detector. We have determined the maximum inter-contact separation at which the surface inter-pixel charge loss can be neglected. (author)

Wettability and Contact Time on a Biomimetic Superhydrophobic Surface

Science.gov (United States)

Liang, Yunhong; Peng, Jian; Li, Xiujuan; Huang, Jubin; Qiu, Rongxian; Zhang, Zhihui; Ren, Luquan

2017-01-01

Inspired by the array microstructure of natural superhydrophobic surfaces (lotus leaf and cicada wing), an array microstructure was successfully constructed by high speed wire electrical discharge machining (HS-WEDM) on the surfaces of a 7075 aluminum alloy without any chemical treatment. The artificial surfaces had a high apparent contact angle of 153° ± 1° with a contact angle hysteresis less than 5° and showed a good superhydrophobic property. Wettability, contact time, and the corresponding superhydrophobic mechanism of artificial superhydrophobic surface were investigated. The results indicated that the micro-scale array microstructure was an important factor for the superhydrophobic surface, while different array microstructures exhibited different effects on the wettability and contact time of the artificial superhydrophobic surface. The length (L), interval (S), and height (H) of the array microstructure are the main influential factors on the wettability and contact time. The order of importance of these factors is H > S > L for increasing the apparent contact angle and reducing the contact time. The method, using HS-WEDM to fabricate superhydrophobic surface, is simple, low-cost, and environmentally friendly and can easily control the wettability and contact time on the artificial surfaces by changing the array microstructure. PMID:28772613

Probing wavenumbers of current-induced excitations in point-contact experiments

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Z Wei

2010-06-01

Full Text Available Z Wei, M TsoiDepartment of Physics, Center for Nano and Molecular Science and Technology, and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USAAbstract: We demonstrate how a mechanical point-contact technique can provide information on the wavenumber of spin waves excited by high-density electrical current in magnetic multilayers. By varying the size of point-contacts, we have been able to control the size of the excitation volume and therefore the wavelength of current-induced spin waves. This leads to a technique with in situ sensitivity to wavenumbers of current-induced excitations. Our detailed size-dependent measurements support the prediction that the excited wavelength is determined by the contact size.Keywords: spin transfer torque, giant magnetoresistance, spin waves, point contact

Simulation, elaboration and analysis of inter-digitated back contacts photovoltaic cells

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nichiporuk, O.

2005-05-01

Solar energy is the most promising and powerful energy source among renewable energies. Photovoltaic electricity is obtained by direct transformation of the sunlight into electricity by means of photovoltaic cells. The objective of this work is to develop photovoltaic cells with back inter-digitated contacts. In the first chapter, we recall the principle of operation and the fundamental parameters of a photovoltaic cell. In a second part, we explain specificities of the inter-digitated back-contact solar cells, as well as the advantages and the disadvantages of such cells. In the second chapter we study the operation of inter-digitated back-contacts solar cells by two dimensional numerical simulation in order to optimize the geometry and doping profiles of the cell. The third chapter relates to the techniques and the methods of characterization of photovoltaic devices and components. In the fourth chapter, we describe the elaboration of inter-digitated back-contact cells. Three technological processes are presented in order to develop a simple technology for cells realization. In particular, we develop the auto-aligned technological process, which enables to elaborate the cells by using only one lithography step. In the last chapter we examine various approaches to reduce the surface recombination: SiO 2 , silicon nitride deposited by UVCVD, hydrogen annealing, etc.. (author)

Simulation, elaboration and analysis of inter-digitated back-contacts photovoltaic cells

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nichiporuk, O.

2005-05-01

Solar energy is the most promising and powerful energy source among renewable energies. Photovoltaic electricity is obtained by direct transformation of the sunlight into electricity by means of photovoltaic cells. The objective of this work is to develop photovoltaic cells with back inter-digitated contacts. In the first chapter, we recall the principle of operation and the fundamental parameters of a photovoltaic cell. In a second part, we explain specificities of the inter-digitated back-contact solar cells, as well as the advantages and the disadvantages of such cells. In the second chapter we study the operation of inter-digitated back-contacts solar cells by two dimensional numerical simulation in order to optimize the geometry and doping profiles of the cell. The third chapter relates to the techniques and the methods of characterization of photovoltaic devices and components. In the fourth chapter, we describe the elaboration of inter-digitated back-contact cells. Three technological processes are presented in order to develop a simple technology for cells realization. In particular, we develop the auto-aligned technological process, which enables to elaborate the cells by using only one lithography step. In the last chapter we examine various approaches to reduce the surface recombination: SiO 2 , silicon nitride deposited by UVCVD, hydrogen annealing, etc... (author)

A micro-scale model for predicting contact resistance between bipolar plate and gas diffusion layer in PEM fuel cells

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zhou, Y.; Lin, G.; Shih, A.J.; Hu, S.J. [Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125 (United States)

2007-01-01

Contact resistance between the bipolar plate (BPP) and the gas diffusion layer (GDL) in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell constitutes a significant portion of the overall fuel cell electrical resistance under the normal operation conditions. Most current methods for contact resistance estimation are experimental and there is a lack of well developed theoretical methods. A micro-scale numerical model is developed to predict the electrical contact resistance between BPP and GDL by simulating the BPP surface topology and GDL structure and numerically determining the status for each contact spot. The total resistance and pressure are obtained by considering all contact spots as resistances in parallel and summing the results together. This model shows good agreements with experimental results. Influences of BPP surface roughness parameters on contact resistance are also studied. This model is beneficial in understanding the contact behavior between BPP and GDL and can be integrated with other fuel cell simulations to predict the overall performance of PEM fuel cells. (author)

Metal Contacts to Gallium Arsenide.

Science.gov (United States)

Ren, Fan

1991-07-01

While various high performance devices fabricated from the gallium arsenide (GaAs) and related materials have generated considerable interest, metallization are fundamental components to all semiconductor devices and integrated circuits. The essential roles of metallization systems are providing the desired electrical paths between the active region of the semiconductor and the external circuits through the metal interconnections and contacts. In this work, in-situ clean of native oxide, high temperature n-type, low temperature n-type and low temperature p-type ohmic metal systems have been studied. Argon ion mill was used to remove the native oxide prior to metal deposition. For high temperature process n-type GaAs ohmic contacts, Tungsten (W) and Tungsten Silicide (WSi) were used with an epitaxial grown graded Indium Gallium Arsenide (InGaAs) layer (0.2 eV) on GaAs. In addition, refractory metals, Molybdenum (Mo), was incorporated in the Gold-Germanium (AuGe) based on n-type GaAs ohmic contacts to replace conventional silver as barrier to prevent the reaction between ohmic metal and chlorine based plasma as well as the ohmic metallization intermixing which degrades the device performance. Finally, Indium/Gold-Beryllium (In/Au-Be) alloy has been developed as an ohmic contact for p-type GaAs to reduce the contact resistance. The Fermi-level pinning of GaAs has been dominated by the surface states. The Schottky barrier height of metal contacts are about 0.8 V regardless of the metal systems. By using p-n junction approach, barrier height of pulsed C-doped layers was achieved as high as 1.4 V. Arsenic implantation into GaAs method was also used to enhance the barrier height of 1.6 V.

Charge loss between contacts of CdZnTe pixel detectors

CERN Document Server

Bolotnikov, A E; Harrison, F A; Wong, A S; Schindler, S M; Eichelberger, A C

1999-01-01

The surface of Cd sub 1 sub - sub x Zn sub x Te (CZT) material has high resistivity but is not a perfect dielectric. Even a small surface conductivity can affect the electric field distribution, and therefore, the charge collection efficiency of a CZT pixel detector. The paper describes studies of this phenomenon for several contact configurations made on a single CZT detector. We have determined the maximum inter-contact separation at which the surface inter-pixel charge loss can be neglected. (author)

Interface and transport properties of metallization contacts to flat and wet-etching roughed N-polar n-type GaN.

Science.gov (United States)

Wang, Liancheng; Liu, Zhiqiang; Guo, Enqing; Yang, Hua; Yi, Xiaoyan; Wang, Guohong

2013-06-26

The electrical characteristics of metallization contacts to flat (F-sample, without wet-etching roughed) and wet-etching roughed (R-sample) N-polar (Nitrogen-polar) n-GaN have been investigated. R-sample shows higher contact resistance (Rc) to Al/Ti/Au (~2.5 × 10(-5) Ω·cm(2)) and higher Schottky barriers height (SBH, ~0.386 eV) to Ni/Au, compared with that of F-sample (~1.3 × 10(-6) Ω·cm(2), ~0.154 eV). Reasons accounting for this discrepancy has been detail investigated and discussed: for R-sample, wet-etching process caused surface state and spontaneous polarization variation will degraded its electrical characteristics. Metal on R-sample shows smoother morphology, however, the effect of metal deposition state on electrical characteristics is negligible. Metallization contact area for both samples has also been further considered. Electrical characteristics of metallization contact to both samples show degradation upon annealing. The VLED chip (1 mm × 1 mm), which was fabricated on the basis of a hybrid scheme, coupling the advantage of F- and R-sample, shows the lowest forward voltage (2.75 V@350 mA) and the highest light output power.

A Simple Approach to Characterize Gas-Aqueous Liquid Two-phase Flow Configuration Based on Discrete Solid-Liquid Contact Electrification.

Science.gov (United States)

Choi, Dongwhi; Lee, Donghyeon; Kim, Dong Sung

2015-10-14

In this study, we first suggest a simple approach to characterize configuration of gas-aqueous liquid two-phase flow based on discrete solid-liquid contact electrification, which is a newly defined concept as a sequential process of solid-liquid contact and successive detachment of the contact liquid from the solid surface. This approach exhibits several advantages such as simple operation, precise measurement, and cost-effectiveness. By using electric potential that is spontaneously generated by discrete solid-liquid contact electrification, the configurations of the gas-aqueous liquid two-phase flow such as size of a gas slug and flow rate are precisely characterized. According to the experimental and numerical analyses on parameters that affect electric potential, gas slugs have been verified to behave similarly to point electric charges when the measuring point of the electric potential is far enough from the gas slug. In addition, the configuration of the gas-aqueous liquid two-phase microfluidic system with multiple gas slugs is also characterized by using the presented approach. For a proof-of-concept demonstration of using the proposed approach in a self-triggered sensor, a gas slug detector with a counter system is developed to show its practicality and applicability.

Contact-free handling using actively controlled electrostatic levitating fields

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Woo, S.J.

2012-01-01

In general electric field forces have the distinctive property of being able to mediate forces to virtually any material in a fully non-invasive and contact-free fashion. Based on this property, electrostatic levitation holds great promise for the semiconductor, solar panel, and flat-panel display

Fuel cell electrode interconnect contact material encapsulation and method

Science.gov (United States)

Derose, Anthony J.; Haltiner, Jr., Karl J.; Gudyka, Russell A.; Bonadies, Joseph V.; Silvis, Thomas W.

2016-05-31

A fuel cell stack includes a plurality of fuel cell cassettes each including a fuel cell with an anode and a cathode. Each fuel cell cassette also includes an electrode interconnect adjacent to the anode or the cathode for providing electrical communication between an adjacent fuel cell cassette and the anode or the cathode. The interconnect includes a plurality of electrode interconnect protrusions defining a flow passage along the anode or the cathode for communicating oxidant or fuel to the anode or the cathode. An electrically conductive material is disposed between at least one of the electrode interconnect protrusions and the anode or the cathode in order to provide a stable electrical contact between the electrode interconnect and the anode or cathode. An encapsulating arrangement segregates the electrically conductive material from the flow passage thereby, preventing volatilization of the electrically conductive material in use of the fuel cell stack.

Aluminum–Titanium Alloy Back Contact Reducing Production Cost of Silicon Thin-Film Solar Cells

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Hsin-Yu Wu

2016-11-01

Full Text Available In this study, metal films are fabricated by using an in-line reactive direct current magnetron sputtering system. The aluminum–titanium (AlTi back contacts are prepared by changing the pressure from 10 mTorr to 25 mTorr. The optical, electrical and structural properties of the metal back contacts are investigated. The solar cells with the AlTi had lower contact resistance than those with the silver (Ag back contact, resulting in a higher fill factor. The AlTi contact can achieve a solar cell conversion efficiency as high as that obtained from the Ag contact. These findings encourage the potential adoption of AlTi films as an alternative back contact to silver for silicon thin-film solar cells.

Electrical property heterogeneity at transparent conductive oxide/organic semiconductor interfaces: mapping contact ohmicity using conducting-tip atomic force microscopy.

Science.gov (United States)

MacDonald, Gordon A; Veneman, P Alexander; Placencia, Diogenes; Armstrong, Neal R

2012-11-27

We demonstrate mapping of electrical properties of heterojunctions of a molecular semiconductor (copper phthalocyanine, CuPc) and a transparent conducting oxide (indium-tin oxide, ITO), on 20-500 nm length scales, using a conductive-probe atomic force microscopy technique, scanning current spectroscopy (SCS). SCS maps are generated for CuPc/ITO heterojunctions as a function of ITO activation procedures and modification with variable chain length alkyl-phosphonic acids (PAs). We correlate differences in small length scale electrical properties with the performance of organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) based on CuPc/C(60) heterojunctions, built on these same ITO substrates. SCS maps the "ohmicity" of ITO/CuPc heterojunctions, creating arrays of spatially resolved current-voltage (J-V) curves. Each J-V curve is fit with modified Mott-Gurney expressions, mapping a fitted exponent (γ), where deviations from γ = 2.0 suggest nonohmic behavior. ITO/CuPc/C(60)/BCP/Al OPVs built on nonactivated ITO show mainly nonohmic SCS maps and dark J-V curves with increased series resistance (R(S)), lowered fill-factors (FF), and diminished device performance, especially near the open-circuit voltage. Nearly optimal behavior is seen for OPVs built on oxygen-plasma-treated ITO contacts, which showed SCS maps comparable to heterojunctions of CuPc on clean Au. For ITO electrodes modified with PAs there is a strong correlation between PA chain length and the degree of ohmicity and uniformity of electrical response in ITO/CuPc heterojunctions. ITO electrodes modified with 6-8 carbon alkyl-PAs show uniform and nearly ohmic SCS maps, coupled with acceptable CuPc/C(60)OPV performance. ITO modified with C14 and C18 alkyl-PAs shows dramatic decreases in FF, increases in R(S), and greatly enhanced recombination losses.

Effect of contacts configuration and location on selective stimulation of cuff electrode.

Science.gov (United States)

Taghipour-Farshi, Hamed; Frounchi, Javad; Ahmadiasl, Nasser; Shahabi, Parviz; Salekzamani, Yaghoub

2015-01-01

Cuff electrodes have been widely used chronically in different clinical applications. Advancements have been made in selective stimulation by using multi-contact cuff electrodes. Steering anodic current is a strategy to increase selectivity by reshaping and localizing electric fields. There are two configurations for contacts to be implemented in cuff, monopolar and tripolar. A cuff electrode with tripolar configuration can restrict the activation to a more localized region within a nerve trunk compared to a cuff with monopolar configuration and improve the selectivity. Anode contacts in tripolar configuration can be made in two structures, "ring" and "dot". In this study, the stimulation capabilities of these two structures were evaluated. The recruitment properties and the selectivity of stimulation were examined by measuring the electric potential produced by stimulation currents. The results of the present study indicated that using dot configuration, the current needed to stimulate fascicles in tripolar topologies would be reduced by 10%. It was also shown that stimulation threshold was increased by moving anode contacts inward the cuff. On the other hand, stimulation threshold was decreased by moving the anode contacts outward the cuff which would decrease selectivity, too. We conclude that dot configuration is a better choice for stimulation. Also, a cuff inward placement of 10% relative to the cuff length was near optimal.

Measurement of the geometric parameters of power contact wire based on binocular stereovision

Science.gov (United States)

Pan, Xue-Tao; Zhang, Ya-feng; Meng, Fei

2010-10-01

In the electrified railway power supply system, electric locomotive obtains power from the catenary's wire through the pantograph. Under the action of the pantograph, combined with various factors such as vibration, touch current, relative sliding speed, load, etc, the contact wire will produce mechanical wear and electrical wear. Thus, in electrified railway construction and daily operations, the geometric parameters such as line height, pull value, the width of wear surface must be under real-timely and non-contact detection. On the one hand, the safe operation of electric railways will be guaranteed; on the other hand, the wire endurance will be extended, and operating costs reduced. Based on the characteristics of the worn wires' image signal, the binocular stereo vision technology was applied for measurement of contact wire geometry parameters, a mathematical model of measurement of geometric parameters was derived, and the boundaries of the wound wire abrasion-point value were extracted by means of sub-pixel edge detection method based on the LOG operator with the least-squares fitting, thus measurements of the wire geometry parameters were realized. Principles were demonstrated through simulation experiments, and the experimental results show that the detection methods presented in this paper for measuring the accuracy, efficiency and convenience, etc. are close to or superior to the traditional measurements, which has laid a good foundation for the measurement system of geometric parameters for the contact wire of the development of binocular vision.

Tactile Robotic Topographical Mapping Without Force or Contact Sensors

Science.gov (United States)

Burke, Kevin; Melko, Joseph; Krajewski, Joel; Cady, Ian

2008-01-01

A method of topographical mapping of a local solid surface within the range of motion of a robot arm is based on detection of contact between the surface and the end effector (the fixture or tool at the tip of the robot arm). The method was conceived to enable mapping of local terrain by an exploratory robot on a remote planet, without need to incorporate delicate contact switches, force sensors, a vision system, or other additional, costly hardware. The method could also be used on Earth for determining the size and shape of an unknown surface in the vicinity of a robot, perhaps in an unanticipated situation in which other means of mapping (e.g., stereoscopic imaging or laser scanning with triangulation) are not available. The method uses control software modified to utilize the inherent capability of the robotic control system to measure the joint positions, the rates of change of the joint positions, and the electrical current demanded by the robotic arm joint actuators. The system utilizes these coordinate data and the known robot-arm kinematics to compute the position and velocity of the end effector, move the end effector along a specified trajectory, place the end effector at a specified location, and measure the electrical currents in the joint actuators. Since the joint actuator current is approximately proportional to the actuator forces and torques, a sudden rise in joint current, combined with a slowing of the joint, is a possible indication of actuator stall and surface contact. Hence, even though the robotic arm is not equipped with contact sensors, it is possible to sense contact (albeit with reduced sensitivity) as the end effector becomes stalled against a surface that one seeks to measure.

Magmatismo alcalino del Triásico Superior (Noriense) en el extremo NO de la Rama Aragonesa de la Cordillera Ibérica: Modelo de emplazamiento en relación con fallas sin-sedimentarias

OpenAIRE

Sanz, Tomás; Lago San José, Marceliano; Gil Imaz, Andrés; Pocoví Juan, Andrés; Galé, Carlos

2012-01-01

A través de un estudio lito-estratigráfico y tectónico se pretende deducir el contexto estructural en el que se desarrolló el magmatismo alcalino del Triásico Superior, para el margen nor-occidental de la Rama Aragonesa de la Cordillera Ibérica (Sierra del Moncayo). La reactivación del rift Ibérico y el emplazamiento de al menos dos sills en área estudiada, pudo tener lugar a través de la apertura de un número reducido de fallas normales, con orientación actual Ibérica (NO-S...

Physical model of the contact resistivity of metal-graphene junctions

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Chaves, Ferney A., E-mail: ferneyalveiro.chaves@uab.cat; Jiménez, David [Departament d' Enginyeria Electrònica, Escola d' Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona (Spain); Cummings, Aron W. [ICN2–Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona (Spain); Roche, Stephan [ICN2–Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona (Spain); ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08070 Barcelona (Spain)

2014-04-28

While graphene-based technology shows great promise for a variety of electronic applications, including radio-frequency devices, the resistance of the metal-graphene contact is a technological bottleneck for the realization of viable graphene electronics. One of the most important factors in determining the resistance of a metal-graphene junction is the contact resistivity. Despite the large number of experimental works that exist in the literature measuring the contact resistivity, a simple model of it is still lacking. In this paper, we present a comprehensive physical model for the contact resistivity of these junctions, based on the Bardeen Transfer Hamiltonian method. This model unveils the role played by different electrical and physical parameters in determining the specific contact resistivity, such as the chemical potential of interaction, the work metal-graphene function difference, and the insulator thickness between the metal and graphene. In addition, our model reveals that the contact resistivity is strongly dependent on the bias voltage across the metal-graphene junction. This model is applicable to a wide variety of graphene-based electronic devices and thus is useful for understanding how to optimize the contact resistance in these systems.

Physical model of the contact resistivity of metal-graphene junctions

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chaves, Ferney A.; Jiménez, David; Cummings, Aron W.; Roche, Stephan

2014-01-01

While graphene-based technology shows great promise for a variety of electronic applications, including radio-frequency devices, the resistance of the metal-graphene contact is a technological bottleneck for the realization of viable graphene electronics. One of the most important factors in determining the resistance of a metal-graphene junction is the contact resistivity. Despite the large number of experimental works that exist in the literature measuring the contact resistivity, a simple model of it is still lacking. In this paper, we present a comprehensive physical model for the contact resistivity of these junctions, based on the Bardeen Transfer Hamiltonian method. This model unveils the role played by different electrical and physical parameters in determining the specific contact resistivity, such as the chemical potential of interaction, the work metal-graphene function difference, and the insulator thickness between the metal and graphene. In addition, our model reveals that the contact resistivity is strongly dependent on the bias voltage across the metal-graphene junction. This model is applicable to a wide variety of graphene-based electronic devices and thus is useful for understanding how to optimize the contact resistance in these systems

Strong Schottky barrier reduction at Au-catalyst/GaAs-nanowire interfaces by electric dipole formation and Fermi-level unpinning.

Science.gov (United States)

Suyatin, Dmitry B; Jain, Vishal; Nebol'sin, Valery A; Trägårdh, Johanna; Messing, Maria E; Wagner, Jakob B; Persson, Olof; Timm, Rainer; Mikkelsen, Anders; Maximov, Ivan; Samuelson, Lars; Pettersson, Håkan

2014-01-01

Nanoscale contacts between metals and semiconductors are critical for further downscaling of electronic and optoelectronic devices. However, realizing nanocontacts poses significant challenges since conventional approaches to achieve ohmic contacts through Schottky barrier suppression are often inadequate. Here we report the realization and characterization of low n-type Schottky barriers (~0.35 eV) formed at epitaxial contacts between Au-In alloy catalytic particles and GaAs-nanowires. In comparison to previous studies, our detailed characterization, employing selective electrical contacts defined by high-precision electron beam lithography, reveals the barrier to occur directly and solely at the abrupt interface between the catalyst and nanowire. We attribute this lowest-to-date-reported Schottky barrier to a reduced density of pinning states (~10(17) m(-2)) and the formation of an electric dipole layer at the epitaxial contacts. The insight into the physical mechanisms behind the observed low-energy Schottky barrier may guide future efforts to engineer abrupt nanoscale electrical contacts with tailored electrical properties.

Phase-coherent electron transport through metallic atomic-sized contacts and organic molecules

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pauly, F.

2007-02-02

This work is concerned with the theoretical description of systems at the nanoscale, in particular the electric current through atomic-sized metallic contacts and organic molecules. In the first part, the characteristic peak structure in conductance histograms of different metals is analyzed within a tight-binding model. In the second part, an ab-initio method for quantum transport is developed and applied to single-atom and single-molecule contacts. (orig.)

Patterned Liquid Metal Contacts for Printed Carbon Nanotube Transistors.

Science.gov (United States)

Andrews, Joseph B; Mondal, Kunal; Neumann, Taylor V; Cardenas, Jorge A; Wang, Justin; Parekh, Dishit P; Lin, Yiliang; Ballentine, Peter; Dickey, Michael D; Franklin, Aaron D

2018-05-14

Flexible and stretchable electronics are poised to enable many applications that cannot be realized with traditional, rigid devices. One of the most promising options for low-cost stretchable transistors are printed carbon nanotubes (CNTs). However, a major limiting factor in stretchable CNT devices is the lack of a stable and versatile contact material that forms both the interconnects and contact electrodes. In this work, we introduce the use of eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) liquid metal for electrical contacts to printed CNT channels. We analyze thin-film transistors (TFTs) fabricated using two different liquid metal deposition techniques-vacuum-filling polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannel structures and direct-writing liquid metals on the CNTs. The highest performing CNT-TFT was realized using vacuum-filled microchannel deposition with an in situ annealing temperature of 150 °C. This device exhibited an on/off ratio of more than 10 4 and on-currents as high as 150 μA/mm-metrics that are on par with other printed CNT-TFTs. Additionally, we observed that at room temperature the contact resistances of the vacuum-filled microchannel structures were 50% lower than those of the direct-write structures, likely due to the poor adhesion between the materials observed during the direct-writing process. The insights gained in this study show that stretchable electronics can be realized using low-cost and solely solution processing techniques. Furthermore, we demonstrate methods that can be used to electrically characterize semiconducting materials as transistors without requiring elevated temperatures or cleanroom processes.

Electrical Safety During a Hurricane

Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Podcasts

2006-08-10

Power outages and flooding can cause electrical hazards. Never touch a downed power line or anything in contact with one.  Created: 8/10/2006 by Emergency Communications System.   Date Released: 10/22/2007.

Metallization systems for stable ohmic contacts to GaAs

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tandon, J.L.; Douglas, K.D.; Vendura, G.; Kolawa, E.; So, F.C.T.; Nicolet, M.A.

1986-01-01

A metallization scheme to form reproducible and stable ohmic contacts to GaAs is described. The approach is based on the configuration: GaAs/X/Y/Z; where X is a thin metal film (e.g. Pt, Ti, Pd, Ru), Y is an electrically conducting diffusion barrier layer (TiN, W or W/sub 0.7/N/sub 0.3/), and Z is a thick metal layer (e.g. Ag) typically required for bonding or soldering purposes. The value and reproducibility of the contact resistance in these metallization systems results from the uniform steady-state solid-phase reaction of the metal X with GaAs. The stability of the contacts is achieved by the diffusion barrier layer Y, which not only confines the reaction of X with GaAs, but also prevents the top metal layer Z from interfering with this reaction. Applications of such contacts in fabricating stable solar cells are also discussed

Top contact organic field effect transistors fabricated using a photolithographic process

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wang Hong; Peng Ying-Quan; Ji Zhuo-Yu; Shang Li-Wei; Liu Xing-Hua; Liu Ming

2011-01-01

This paper proposes an effective method of fabricating top contact organic field effect transistors by using a photolithographic process. The semiconductor layer is protected by a passivation layer. Through photolithographic and etching processes, parts of the passivation layer are etched off to form source/drain electrode patterns. Combined with conventional evaporation and lift-off techniques, organic field effect transistors with a top contact are fabricated successfully, whose properties are comparable to those prepared with the shadow mask method and one order of magnitude higher than the bottom contact devices fabricated by using a photolithographic process. (condensed matter: electronic structure, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties)

Modeling of electric and heat processes in spot resistance welding of cross-wire steel bars

Science.gov (United States)

Iatcheva, Ilona; Darzhanova, Denitsa; Manilova, Marina

2018-03-01

The aim of this work is the modeling of coupled electric and heat processes in a system for spot resistance welding of cross-wire reinforced steel bars. The real system geometry, dependences of material properties on the temperature, and changes of contact resistance and released power during the welding process have been taken into account in the study. The 3D analysis of the coupled AC electric and transient thermal field distributions is carried out using the finite element method. The novel feature is that the processes are modeled for several successive time stages, corresponding to the change of contact area, related contact resistance, and reduction of the released power, occurring simultaneously with the creation of contact between the workpieces. The values of contact resistance and power changes have been determined on the basis of preliminary experimental and theoretical investigations. The obtained results present the electric and temperature field distributions in the system. Special attention has been paid to the temperature evolution at specified observation points and lines in the contact area. The obtained information could be useful for clarification of the complicated nature of interrelated electric, thermal, mechanical, and physicochemical welding processes. Adequate modeling is also an opportunity for proper control and improvement of the system.

Experimental characterization of electrochemically polymerized polycarbazole film and study of its behavior with different metals contacts

Science.gov (United States)

Srivastava, Aditi; Chakrabarti, P.

2017-12-01

In this paper, we present the method of fabrication, experimental characterization, and comparison of electrical parameters of semiconducting polycarbazole film with different rectifying metals contacts. Electrochemical polymerization and deposition of organic semiconductor, i.e., polycarbazole on ITO-coated glass substrate, were performed using an electrochemical workstation. Experimental characterization of the prepared polymer film was done in respect of morphology, absorption, bandgap, and thickness. The stability and electro-activity of polycarbazole film were verified by the cyclic voltammetric method. Study of the behavior of prepared polycarbazole film with the different metals contacts such as Aluminum, Copper, Tungsten, and Tin has been done using semiconductor device analyzer. Various electrical parameters such as barrier height, ideality factor, and reverse saturation current have been extracted with different metal contacts, and the values were compared and contrasted. The nature of I- V characteristic of polycarbazole film in non-contact mode has also been analyzed using scanning tunneling microscope. The rectifying I- V characteristics obtained with different metals contacts have also been validated by the simulation on Deckbuild platform of the of ATLAS® software tool from Silvaco Inc.

Current voltage characteristics of composite superconductors with high contact resistance

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Akhmetov, A.A.; Baev, V.P.

1984-01-01

An experimental study has been made of current-voltage characteristics of composite superconductors with contact resistance between superconducting filaments and normal metal with high electrical conductivity. It is shown that stable resistive states exist in such conductors over a wide range of currents. The presence of resistive states is interpreted in terms of the resistive domain concept. The minimum and maximum currents of resistive states are found to be dependent on the electrical resistance of normal metal and magnetic field. (author)

A dynamic contact problem between elasto-viscoplastic piezoelectric bodies

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Tedjani Hadj ammar

2014-10-01

Full Text Available We consider a dynamic contact problem with adhesion between two elastic-viscoplastic piezoelectric bodies. The contact is frictionless and is described with the normal compliance condition. We derive variational formulation for the model which is in the form of a system involving the displacement field, the electric potential field and the adhesion field. We prove the existence of a unique weak solution to the problem. The proof is based on arguments of nonlinear evolution equations with monotone operators, a classical existence and uniqueness result on parabolic inequalities, differential equations and fixed point arguments.

Determination of a Wear Initiation Cycle by using a Contact Resistance Measurement in Nuclear Fuel Fretting

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lee, Young Ho; Kim, Hyung Kyu

2008-01-01

In nuclear fuel fretting, the improving of the contact condition with a modified spring shape is a useful method for increasing the wear resistance of the nuclear fuel rod. This is because the fretting wear resistance between the fuel rod and grid spring is mainly affected by the grid spring shape rather than the environment, the contact modes, etc. In addition, the wear resistance is affected by the wear debris behavior between contact surfaces. So, it is expected that the wear initiation of each spring shape should be determined in order to evaluate a wear resistance. However, it is almost impossible to measure the wear behavior in contact surfaces on a real time basis because the contact surfaces are always hidden. Besides, the results of the worn surface observation after the fretting wear tests are restricted to archive the information on the wear debris behavior and the formation mechanism of the wear scar. In order to evaluate the wear behavior during the fretting wear tests, it is proposed that the contact resistance measurement is a useful method for examining the wear initiation cycle and modes. Generally, fretting wear damages are rapidly progressed by a localized plastic deformation between the contact surfaces, crack initiation and fracture of the deformed surface with a strain hardening difference between a surface and a subsurface and finally a detachment of wear debris. After this, wear debris is easily oxidized by frictional heat, test environment, etc. At this time, a small amount of electric current applied between the contact surfaces will be influenced by the wear debris, which could be an obstacle to an electric current flow. So, it is possible to archive the information on the wear behavior by measuring the contact resistance. In order to determine the wear initiation cycle during the fretting wear tests, in this study, fretting wear tests have been performed by applying a constant electric current in room temperature air

Steam regulation for 5 MW back-pressure units when a failure occurs in the Los Humeros, Pue., field, Mexico; Regulacion del vapor en caso de falla a unidades a contrapresion de 5 MW en el campo de Los Humeros, Pue., Mexico

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rosales Lopez, Cesar [Comision Federal de Electricidad, Puebla (Mexico)]. E-mail: cesar.rosales@cfe.gob.mx

2006-07-15

Four out of the seven back-pressure power units of 5 MW operating in the Los Humeros geothermal field, State of Puebla, Mexico, are fed by one steam pipe gathering the steam produced by nine wells. When a failure occurred in any of the units and the excedence valve had to be open to deviate the steam, a decrease in the steam flow for the remaining units was noted, along with lower electrical generation. The cause for that is analyzed and explained in this paper by comparing the interconnected steam supply system to an electric circuit. A way to maintain a uniform and continuous supply of steam in the Los Humeros field has been found. It was implemented several months ago and the problem has not reoccurred. [Spanish] Cuatro de las siete unidades de 5 MW a contrapresion que operan en el campo geotermico de Los Humeros, Puebla, son alimentadas por un solo vaporducto que reune el vapor de nueve pozos productores. Cuando ocurria una falla en alguna de estas unidades y se abria por completo la valvula de excedencia para desviar el vapor, se observaba una reduccion en el flujo de vapor que llegaba a las otras tres unidades, lo que a su vez ocasionaba que la generacion de electricidad se redujera notoriamente. En este trabajo se analiza y explica la causa de ello, mediante la comparacion de este sistema interconectado de suministro de vapor con un circuito electrico, y se explica la solucion que se encontro e implemento en el campo de Los Humeros para regular el suministro continuo y uniforme de vapor, con resultados satisfactorios a varios meses de su implementacion en las cuatro unidades interconectadas.

Surface charging, discharging and chemical modification at a sliding contact

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Singh, Shailendra Vikram; Kusano, Yukihiro; Morgen, Per

2012-01-01

Electrostatic charging, discharging, and consequent surface modification induced by sliding dissimilar surfaces have been studied. The surface-charge related phenomena were monitored by using a home-built capacitive, non-contact electrical probe, and the surface chemistry was studied by X...... are also able to comment on the behavior and the charge decay time in the ambient air-like condition, once the sliding contact is discontinued. XPS analysis showed a marginal deoxidation effect on the polyester disks due to the charging and discharging of the surfaces. Moreover, these XPS results clearly...

Visual method for detecting critical damage in railway contact strips

Science.gov (United States)

Judek, S.; Skibicki, J.

2018-05-01

Ensuring an uninterrupted supply of power in the electric traction is vital for the safety of this important transport system. For this purpose, monitoring and diagnostics of the technical condition of the vehicle’s power supply elements are becoming increasingly common. This paper presents a new visual method for detecting contact strip damage, based on measurement and analysis of the movement of the overhead contact line (OCL) wire. A measurement system configuration with a 2D camera was proposed. The experimental method has shown that contact strips damage can be detected by transverse displacement signal analysis. It has been proven that the velocity signal numerically established on that basis has a comparable level in the case of identical damage, regardless of its location on the surface of the contact strip. The proposed method belongs to the group of contact-less measurements, so it does not require interference with the structure of the catenary network nor the mounting of sensors in its vicinity. Measurement of displacements of the contact wire in 2D space makes it possible to combine the functions of existing diagnostic stands assessing the correctness of the mean contact force control adjustment of the current collector with the elements of the contact strip diagnostics, which involves detecting their damage which may result in overhead contact line rupture.

Una metodología de evaluación del riesgo público por inundación por falla del sistema de alcantarillado pluvial - caso de la cuenca del río Salitre, Bogotá

OpenAIRE

Hernández Rodríguez, Leila Constanza

2012-01-01

En esta tesis de investigación se propone una metodología para la evaluación del Riesgo Público por Inundación en Áreas Urbanas, denominada RPIU, a partir de la posibilidad de falla del sistema de alcantarillado pluvial. Se plantea una visión holística de la problemática y la aplicación de índices e indicadores ponderados dentro de un análisis multicriterio en el cual se identifican, a partir de la aplicación de escenarios probables de solicitaciones del sistema con base en la situación...

Diagnóstico de fallas en el sistema de lubricación de un motor de combustión interna a gasolina Hyundai Accent DOHC 1.5L mediante análisis de vibraciones

OpenAIRE

Buestán Ramírez, Christian Santiago; Jarama Herrera, Carlos Teodoro

2016-01-01

En este documento se presenta el diagnóstico de fallas en el sistema de lubricación de un motor de combustión interna Hyundai Accent 1.5L mediante análisis de vibraciones, en el cual mediante el uso de un diseño experimental se adquirió las señales vibroacústicas, las que fueron procesadas mediante la Transformada de Fourier; para el posterior análisis de resultados por Comparación Espectral y Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP). This research presents the fault diagnosis in the lubr...

Progress in Effect of Nano-modified Coatings and Welding Process Parameters on Wear of Contact Tube for Non-copper Coated Solid Wires

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

LI Zhuo-xin

2017-12-01

Full Text Available Environment-friendly non-copper coated solid wire is the main developing trend for gas shielded solid wires, whereas wear of contact tube limits their wide application. The effect of nano-modified coatings and welding process parameters on wear of contact tube for non-copper coated solid wires was reviewed. It was found that the wear of contact tube can be reduced due to the formation of tribo-films on the rubbing surfaces of welding wires against contact tube; it is feasible to decrease contact tube wear when non-copper coated solid wires are coated with nano-modified lubricants, thereby displaying excellent lubricating and thermal or electrical conduction characteristics. The wear of contact tube increases with the increase of welding current. The wear of contact tube is worse in direct-current electrode positive (DCEP than in direct-current electrode negative (DCEN. Arc ablation and electrical erosion are the dominant wear mechanisms of contact tube.

Parallel- and serial-contact electrochemical metallization of monolayer nanopatterns: A versatile synthetic tool en route to bottom-up assembly of electric nanocircuits

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jonathan Berson

2012-02-01

Full Text Available Contact electrochemical transfer of silver from a metal-film stamp (parallel process or a metal-coated scanning probe (serial process is demonstrated to allow site-selective metallization of monolayer template patterns of any desired shape and size created by constructive nanolithography. The precise nanoscale control of metal delivery to predefined surface sites, achieved as a result of the selective affinity of the monolayer template for electrochemically generated metal ions, provides a versatile synthetic tool en route to the bottom-up assembly of electric nanocircuits. These findings offer direct experimental support to the view that, in electrochemical metal deposition, charge is carried across the electrode–solution interface by ion migration to the electrode rather than by electron transfer to hydrated ions in solution.

Precision contact level gauge

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Krejci, M.; Pilat, M.; Stulik, P.

1977-01-01

Equipment was developed measuring the heavy water level in the TR-0 reactor core within an accuracy of several hundredths of a millimeter in a range of around 3.5 m and at a temperature of up to 90 degC. The equipment uses a vibrating needle contact as a high sensitivity level gauge and a servomechanical system with a motion screw carrying the gauge for monitoring and measuring the level in the desired range. The advantage of the unique level gauge consists in that that the transducer converts the measured level position to an electric signal, ie., pulse width, with high sensitivity and without hysteresis. (Kr)

Characterization of Contact and Bulk Thermal Resistance of Laminations for Electric Machines

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cousineau, J. Emily [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States); Bennion, Kevin [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States); DeVoto, Doug [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States); Mihalic, Mark [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States); Narumanchi, Sreekant [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

2015-06-30

The ability to remove heat from an electric machine depends on the passive stack thermal resistances within the machine and the convective cooling performance of the selected cooling technology. This report focuses on the passive thermal design, specifically properties of the stator and rotor lamination stacks. Orthotropic thermal conductivity, specific heat, and density are reported. Four materials commonly used in electric machines were tested, including M19 (29 and 26 gauge), HF10, and Arnon 7 materials.

Controlling interface oxygen for forming Ag ohmic contact to semi-polar (1 1 -2 2) plane p-type GaN

Science.gov (United States)

Park, Jae-Seong; Han, Jaecheon; Seong, Tae-Yeon

2014-11-01

Low-resistance Ag ohmic contacts to semi-polar (1 1 -2 2) p-GaN were developed by controlling interfacial oxide using a Zn layer. The 300 °C-annealed Zn/Ag samples showed ohmic behavior with a contact resistivity of 6.0 × 10-4 Ω cm2 better than that of Ag-only contacts (1.0 × 10-3 Ω cm2). The X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) results showed that annealing caused the indiffusion of oxygen at the contact/GaN interface, resulting in the formation of different types of interfacial oxides, viz. Ga-oxide and Ga-doped ZnO. Based on the XPS and electrical results, the possible mechanisms underlying the improved electrical properties of the Zn/Ag samples are discussed.

78 FR 41339 - Electric Reliability Organization Proposal To Retire Requirements in Reliability Standards

Science.gov (United States)

2013-07-10

...] Electric Reliability Organization Proposal To Retire Requirements in Reliability Standards AGENCY: Federal... Reliability Standards identified by the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC), the Commission-certified Electric Reliability Organization. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Kevin Ryan (Legal Information...

Silver antimony Ohmic contacts to moderately doped n-type germanium

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Dumas, D. C. S.; Gallacher, K.; Millar, R.; Paul, D. J., E-mail: Douglas.Paul@glasgow.ac.uk [School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Rankine Building, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow G12 8LT (United Kingdom); MacLaren, I. [SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Kelvin Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ (United Kingdom); Myronov, M.; Leadley, D. R. [Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL (United Kingdom)

2014-04-21

A self doping contact consisting of a silver/antimony alloy that produces an Ohmic contact to moderately doped n-type germanium (doped to a factor of four above the metal-insulator transition) has been investigated. An evaporation of a mixed alloy of Ag/Sb (99%/1%) onto n-Ge (N{sub D}=1×10{sup 18} cm{sup −3}) annealed at 400 °C produces an Ohmic contact with a measured specific contact resistivity of (1.1±0.2)×10{sup −5} Ω-cm{sup 2}. It is proposed that the Ohmic behaviour arises from an increased doping concentration at the Ge surface due to the preferential evaporation of Sb confirmed by transmission electron microscope analysis. It is suggested that the doping concentration has increased to a level where field emission will be the dominate conduction mechanism. This was deduced from the low temperature electrical characterisation of the contact, which exhibits Ohmic behaviour down to a temperature of 6.5 K.

All-back-Schottky-contact thin-film photovoltaics

Science.gov (United States)

Nardone, Marco

2016-02-01

The concept of All-Back-Schottky-Contact (ABSC) thin-film photovoltaic (TFPV) devices is introduced and evaluated using 2D numerical simulation. Reach-through Schottky junctions due to two metals of different work functions in an alternating, side-by-side pattern along the non-illuminated side generate the requisite built-in field. It is shown that our simulation method quantitatively describes existing data for a recently demonstrated heterojunction thin-film cell with interdigitated back contacts (IBCs) of one metal type. That model is extended to investigate the performance of ABSC devices with bimetallic IBCs within a pertinent parameter space. Our calculations indicate that 20% efficiency is achievable with micron-scale features and sufficient surface passivation. Bimetallic, micron-scale IBCs are readily fabricated using photo-lithographic techniques and the ABSC design allows for optically transparent surface passivation layers that need not be electrically conductive. The key advantages of the ABSC-TFPV architecture are that window layers, buffer layers, heterojunctions, and module scribing are not required because both contacts are located on the back of the device.

TS/EL ELECTRICAL WORK REQUEST FORM

CERN Multimedia

TS Department

2008-01-01

To facilitate the processing of requests for minor electrical installation work to be carried out by the TS/EL group, a new procedure designed to improve contacts and exchange of information with customers has been set up. The procedure comprises a check to determine whether the TS/EL or the TS/FM group is responsible for the area where the electrical work is to be done. If the work is to be performed by the EL group, an on-line request form must be completed. The following steps must be completed: On a web browser, use the link http://ts-dep.web.cern.ch/ts-dep/groups/el/el.htm In the left-hand menu choose ‘Demande de Travaux Electriques’ Enter the building number to check which group to contact and click ‘FIND’ If the area is: Under FM’s responsibility:\tCall 77777 Under EL’s responsibility:\tClick the link to the work form, complete it and send it (click ‘ENVOYER’) IMPORTANT This form is for minor electrical installation requests only. Please call 72201 in t...

Risk of neurological diseases among survivors of electric shocks

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Grell, Kathrine; Meersohn, Andrea; Schüz, Joachim

2012-01-01

Several studies suggest a link between electric injuries and neurological diseases, where electric shocks may explain elevated risks for neuronal degeneration and, subsequently, neurological diseases. We conducted a retrospective cohort study on the risk of neurological diseases among people...... in Denmark who had survived an electric accident in 1968-2008. The cohort included 3,133 people and occurrences of neurological diseases were determined by linkage to the nationwide population-based Danish National Register of Patients. The numbers of cases observed at first hospital contact in the cohort...... were compared with the respective rates of first hospital contacts for neurological diseases in the general population. We observed significantly increased risks for peripheral nerve diseases (standardized hospitalization ratio (SHR), 1.66; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.22-2.22), for migraine (SHR, 1...

Fabrication and characterization of contact layers in amorphous silicon solar cells

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kolter, M.

1993-04-01

The production and characterisation of amorphous and microcrystalline n-doped layers (a-Si:H(n) and c-Si:H(n)) for thin film solar cells is described together contact investigations. The layers were produced in a plasma CVD. The electric conductivity was measured

Improving Single-Carbon-Nanotube-Electrode Contacts Using Molecular Electronics.

Science.gov (United States)

Krittayavathananon, Atiweena; Ngamchuea, Kamonwad; Li, Xiuting; Batchelor-McAuley, Christopher; Kätelhön, Enno; Chaisiwamongkhol, Korbua; Sawangphruk, Montree; Compton, Richard G

2017-08-17

We report the use of an electroactive species, acetaminophen, to modify the electrical connection between a carbon nanotube (CNT) and an electrode. By applying a potential across two electrodes, some of the CNTs in solution occasionally contact the electrified interface and bridge between two electrodes. By observing a single CNT contact between two microbands of an interdigitated Au electrode in the presence and absence of acetaminophen, the role of the molecular species at the electronic junction is revealed. As compared with the pure CNT, the current magnitude of the acetaminophen-modified CNTs significantly increases with the applied potentials, indicating that the molecule species improves the junction properties probably via redox shuttling.

High thermally stable Ni /Ag(Al) alloy contacts on p-GaN

Science.gov (United States)

Chou, C. H.; Lin, C. L.; Chuang, Y. C.; Bor, H. Y.; Liu, C. Y.

2007-01-01

Ag agglomeration was found to occur at Ni /Ag to p-GaN contacts after annealing at 500°C. This Ag agglomeration led to the poor thermal stability showed by the Ni /Ag contacts in relation to the reflectivity and electrical properties. However, after alloying with 10at.% Al by e-gun deposition, the Ni /Ag(Al) p-GaN contacts were found to effectively retard Ag agglomeration thereby greatly enhancing the thermal stability. Based on the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, the authors believe that the key for the retardation of Ag agglomeration was the formation of ternary Al-Ni-O layer at p-GaN interface.

Occupational contact urticaria and protein contact dermatitis.

Science.gov (United States)

Doutre, Marie-Sylvie

2005-01-01

Irritant dermatitis and eczema are the most prevalent occupational skin diseases. Less common are immediate contact reactions such as contact urticaria and protein contact dermatitis. Occupational contact urticaria can be subdivided into two categories, immunological and non immunological. However, some agents can induce these two types of reactions. Contact urticaria to natural rubber latex is particularly frequent among health care personnel, but contact urticaria to a wide variety of other substances occurs in many other occupations. Among those at risk are cooks, bakers, butchers, restaurant personnel, veterinarians, hairdressers, florists, gardeners, and forestry workers. Protein contact dermatitis in some of these occupations is caused principally by proteins of animal or plant origin, especially among individuals with a history of atopic dermatitis. Diagnosis requires careful interrogation, clinical examination and skin tests (open tests and prick tests with immediate lecture) to identify a particular contact allergen.

Distortion of maximal elevator activity by unilateral premature tooth contact

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Bakke, Merete; Møller, Eigild

1980-01-01

In four subjects the electrical activity in the anterior and posterior temporal and masseter muscles during maximal bite was recorded bilaterally with and without premature unilateral contact. Muscle activity was measured as the average level and the peak of the mean voltage with layers of strips...... of 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 2.0 mm, placed between first molars either on the left or the right side, and compared with the level of activity with undistrubed occlusion. Unilateral premature contact caused a significant asymmetry of action in all muscles under study with stronger activity ipsilaterally...

Anatomy-performance correlation in Ti-based contact metallizations on AlGaN/GaN heterostructures

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mohammed, Fitih M.; Wang, Liang; Koo, Hyung Joon; Adesida, Ilesanmi

2007-01-01

A comprehensive study of the electrical and surface microstructural characteristics of Ti/Au, Ti/Al/Au, Ti/Mo/Au, and Ti/Al/metal/Au schemes, where metal is Ir, Mo, Nb, Pt, Ni, Ta, and Ti, has been carried out to determine the role of constituent components of multilayer contact metallizations on Ohmic contact formation on AlGaN/GaN heterostructures. Attempts have been made to elucidate the anatomy (composition-structure) performance correlation in these schemes. Evidences have been obtained for the necessity of the Al and metal barrier layer as well as an optimal amount of Ti for achieving low-resistance Ohmic contact formation. A strong dependence of electrical properties and intermetallic interactions on the type of metal barrier layer used was found. Scanning electron microscopy characterization, coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, has shown evidence for alloy aggregation, metal layer fragmentation, Al-Au solid solution formation, and possible Au and/or Al reaction with metal layer. Results from the present study provide insights on the active and the necessary role various components of a multilayer contact metallization play for obtaining excellent Ohmic contact formation in the fabrication of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors

Thermal burn and electrical injuries among electric utility workers, 1995-2004.

Science.gov (United States)

Fordyce, Tiffani A; Kelsh, Michael; Lu, Elizabeth T; Sahl, Jack D; Yager, Janice W

2007-03-01

This study describes the occurrence of work-related injuries from thermal-, electrical- and chemical-burns among electric utility workers. We describe injury trends by occupation, body part injured, age, sex, and circumstances surrounding the injury. This analysis includes all thermal, electric, and chemical injuries included in the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Occupational Health and Safety Database (OHSD). There were a total of 872 thermal burn and electric shock injuries representing 3.7% of all injuries, but accounting for nearly 13% of all medical claim costs, second only to the medical costs associated with sprain- and strain-related injuries (38% of all injuries). The majority of burns involved less than 1 day off of work. The head, hands, and other upper extremities were the body parts most frequently injured by burns or electric shocks. For this industry, electric-related burns accounted for the largest percentage of burn injuries, 399 injuries (45.8%), followed by thermal/heat burns, 345 injuries (39.6%), and chemical burns, 51 injuries (5.8%). These injuries also represented a disproportionate number of fatalities; of the 24 deaths recorded in the database, contact with electric current or with temperature extremes was the source of seven of the fatalities. High-risk occupations included welders, line workers, electricians, meter readers, mechanics, maintenance workers, and plant and equipment operators.

Meter of dynamics of restoring the electrical strength of spark gaps

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kuznetsov, E.A.; Kravchenko, S.A.; Yagnov, V.A.; Shipuk, I.Ya.

1997-01-01

Method for diagnostics of the dynamics spark gap electric strength restoration and an electric device for its realization are described. The electric strength measurement error, conditioned by the breakdown current through electric probes or the contacts of a spark gap under investigation, is reduced to minimum due to fast switching off the probe voltage if the breakdown current exceeds some established value (1 mA). 1 ref

Electrode-Skin contact impedance: In vivo measurements on an ovine model

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nguyen, D T; Kosobrodov, R; Jin, C; McEwan, A; Barry, M A; Chik, W; Thiagalingam, A; Oh, T I

2013-01-01

The problem of electrical impedance between the skin and the electrode is an on-going challenge in bio-electronics. This is particularly true in the case of Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT), which uses a large number of skin-contact electrodes and is very sensitive to noise. In the present article, contact impedance is measured and compared for a range of electrodes placed on the thorax of an ovine model. The study has been approved by the Westmead Hospital Animal Ethics Committee. The electrode models that were employed in the research are Ag/AgCl electrodes (E1), commonly used for ECG and EIT measurements in both humans and animal models, stainless steel crocodile clips (E2), typically used on animal models, and novel multi-point dry electrodes in two modifications: bronze plated (E3) and nickel plated (E4). Further, since the contact impedance is mostly attributed to the acellular outer layer of the skin, in our experiment, we attempted to study the effect of this layer by comparing the results when the skin is intact and when electrodes are introduced underneath the skin through small cuts. This boundary effect was assessed by comparison of measurements obtained during E2 skin surface contact, and sub-cutaneous contact (E5). Twelve gauge intradermal needles were also tested as an electrode (E6). The full impedance spectrum, from 500 Hz to 300 kHz, was recorded, analysed and compared. As expected, the contact impedance in the more invasive cases, i.e the electrodes under the skin, is significantly lower than in the non-invasive cases. At the frequency of 50 kHz which is commonly used in lung EIT acquisition, electrodes E3, E4 and E6 demonstrated contact impedance of less than 200 Ω, compared to more than 400 Ω measured for electrodes E1, E2 and E5. In conclusion, the novel multipoint electrodes proved to be best suited for EIT purposes, because they are non-invasive and have lower contact impedance than Ag/AgCl and crocodile clips, in both invasive and

Electrical properties of ZnO nanorods and layers

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schlenker, Eva; Bakin, Andrey; Peters, Ole; Mofor, Augustine C.; Postels, Bianca; El-Shaer, Hamid; Wehmann, Hergo-Heinrich; Waag, Andreas [Institut fuer Halbleitertechnik, TU Braunschweig (Germany); Weimann, Thomas; Hinze, Peter [Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig (Germany)

2007-07-01

ZnO has attracted a lot of interest in the scientific community due to its outstanding properties. With a band gap of 3.37 eV and an exciton binding energy of 60 meV it is a promising candidate for micro- and optoelectronic applications. The growth of ZnO nanostructures and epitaxial layers is well under control and their optical and structural properties are already thoroughly characterized. However, due to contacting difficulties, less reports exist on the electrical properties of single ZnO nanostructures. In this contribution we present various contacting methods in order to explore the electrical properties of individual nanorods either grown by aqueous chemical growth or vapor phase transport. Current-Voltage characteristics were obtained by using an atomic force microscope with a conductive tip or by patterning contacts with e-beam lithography. The results are compared to the ones obtained from measurements on epitaxially grown ZnO layers and first applications are presented.

Assessment of risk factors for death in electrical injury.

Science.gov (United States)

Dokov, William

2009-02-01

Fatal high-voltage injuries present a problem which has not yet been studied sufficiently in the context of interaction between the human body and electricity, as a technical, anthropogenic and natural phenomenon. The forensic medicine records of 291 cases of death caused by high-voltage current for a 41-year-long period (1965-2006) were examined in retrospect. The descriptive statistical analyses were made using the SPSS 11.0 software. Death was found to result most commonly from contact between the deceased and elements of the power transmission and distribution grid: (41.24%), and from the action of lightning: (32.3%), the difference in their relative share being insignificant. Much more rarely, death was due to contact with construction and repair electrical devices: (7.56%), or with elements of the power transport railway infrastructure: (6.87%). Death resulting from contact with agricultural electrical devices was only occasional: (0.68%). The victims' average age was 36.19 years. Our analysis indicates that the relative share (43.98%) of the victims is the highest in the age period between 25 and 44. The ratio between women and men is 1:21.38.

Type conversion, contacts, and surface effects in electroplated CdTe films

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Basol, B.M.; Ou, S.S.; Stafsudd, O.M.

1985-01-01

Efficient electroplated CdS/CdTe solar cells can be fabricated by heat treating and type-converting the n-CdTe films deposited on CdS layers. In this paper, various mechanisms which may give rise to the conversion of electroplated CdTe films from n to p type are investigated. It is concluded that Cd-vacancy generation is the main mechanism of type conversion. Possible effects of oxygen on this mechanism are also discussed. Evaporated Au contacts to electroplated p-CdTe films were studied. It was found that the Au contacts depleted the excess Te present on the surface of Br 2 -methanol etched p-CdTe films. Oxygen was found to affect the electrical characteristics of such contacts

The Achievement of Near-Theoretical-Minimum Contact Resistance to InP

Science.gov (United States)

Fatemi, Navid S.; Weizer, Victor G.

1993-01-01

We have investigated the electrical and metallurgical behavior of the InP/Au/Ni contact system. We show that when a layer of Au, 100 A or more in thickness, is introduced between n-InP and Ni contact metallization, specific contact resistivity R, values in the low 10(exp -8) Omega cm(exp 2) range are achieved after sintering. It is suggested that these ultralow values of R(sub c) are due to the presence, at the metal-InP interface, of a Ni3P layer combined with a stoichiometry change in the InP surface. We show, in addition, that it is possible to achieve very low R(sub c) values with this system without incurring device destroying sinter-induced metallurgical interdiffusion.

Electrical bushing for a superconductor element

Science.gov (United States)

Mirebeau, Pierre; Lallouet, Nicolas; Delplace, Sebastien; Lapierre, Regis

2010-05-04

The invention relates to an electrical bushing serving to make a connection at ambient temperature to a superconductor element situated in an enclosure at cryogenic temperature. The electrical bushing passes successively through an enclosure at intermediate temperature between ambient temperature and cryogenic temperature, and an enclosure at ambient temperature, and it comprises a central electrical conductor surrounded by an electrically insulating sheath. According to the invention, an electrically conductive screen connected to ground potential surrounds the insulating sheath over a section that extends from the end of the bushing that is in contact with the enclosure at cryogenic temperature at least as far as the junction between the enclosure at intermediate temperature and the enclosure at ambient temperature. The invention is more particularly applicable to making a connection to a superconductor cable.

Perspectives on setting limits for RF contact currents: a commentary.

Science.gov (United States)

Tell, Richard A; Tell, Christopher A

2018-01-15

Limits for exposure to radiofrequency (RF) contact currents are specified in the two dominant RF safety standards and guidelines developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). These limits are intended to prevent RF burns when contacting RF energized objects caused by high local tissue current densities. We explain what contact currents are and review some history of the relevant limits with an emphasis on so-called "touch" contacts, i.e., contact between a person and a contact current source during touch via a very small contact area. Contact current limits were originally set on the basis of controlling the specific absorption rate resulting from the current flowing through regions of small conductive cross section within the body, such as the wrist or ankle. More recently, contact currents have been based on thresholds of perceived heating. In the latest standard from the IEEE developed for NATO, contact currents have been based on two research studies in which thresholds for perception of thermal warmth or thermal pain have been measured. Importantly, these studies maximized conductive contact between the subject and the contact current source. This factor was found to dominate the response to heating wherein high resistance contact, such as from dry skin, can result in local heating many times that from a highly conductive contact. Other factors such as electrode size and shape, frequency of the current and the physical force associated with contact are found to introduce uncertainty in threshold values when comparing data across multiple studies. Relying on studies in which the contact current is minimized for a given threshold does not result in conservative protection limits. Future efforts to develop limits on contact currents should include consideration of (1) the basis for the limits (perception, pain, tissue damage); (2) understanding of the

Radiation-heterogeneous processes on the surface of stainless steel in contact with water

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Garibov, A.; Agayev, T.N.; Velibekova, G.Z.; Ismayilov, Sh.S.; Aliyev, A.G.

2003-01-01

Full text: Stainless steels are one of prevailing materials of nuclear power engineering. Under operating conditions in real systems they are exposed to influence of ionizing radiation in contact with various environments. Therefore in the processes of corrosion and destruction of stainless steels special significance takes on surface processes and subsequent heterogeneous processes with their participation. In this report the results of research of nuclear-heterogeneous processes regularities in contact with stainless steel of nuclear reactors with water under influence of γ-quanta in the temperature range 300-573 K are given. Radiolytic processes in water are investigated comprehensively and therefore it was taken as modelling system for titration of surface defects and secondary electrons, emitted from metal. It was determined, that radiation processes in stainless steel give rise to the increasing of energy output of molecular hydrogen at water radiolysis from 0.45 molecule/100 eV at pure water radiolysis at 296 K up to 3.4 molecule/100 eV at the presence of stainless steel at 300 K. With increase of temperature the output of molecular hydrogen increases up to 8.2 molecule/100 eV at 573 K. Processes of lattice damage in samples of stainless steel under influence of γ-rays were investigated by electrophysical method. Influence of γ-radiation on stainless steel in contact with water at temperatures T ≤ 423 K and initial values of radiation dose D ≤ 200 kGy given rise to the reduction of electrical resistivity of samples. At doses D≥200 kGy electrical resistivity is increased. Increase of temperature from 333 K up to 423 K lead to the reduction of dose value, at which the transition to resistance increase, from 200 kGy up to 100 kGy occurs. At T≥523 K insoluble oxide phase is formed on a surface of metal which give rise to the increase of electrical resistivity of stainless steel samples. Surface oxide film formed in contact of stainless steel + H 2 O

Characteristics of molybdenum bilayer back contacts for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells on Ti foils

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Roger, Charles; Noël, Sébastien; Sicardy, Olivier; Faucherand, Pascal; Grenet, Louis; Karst, Nicolas; Fournier, Hélène; Roux, Frédéric; Ducroquet, Frédérique; Brioude, Arnaud; Perraud, Simon

2013-01-01

Molybdenum back contact properties are critical for Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) solar cell performance on metallic substrates. In this work, we investigated the properties of sputter-deposited Mo bilayer back contacts on Ti foils. The morphology, electrical resistivity, optical reflectance and residual mechanical stress of the bottom Mo layer were modified by varying the working pressure during its deposition. Working pressures ranging from 0.27 Pa to 4.00 Pa were used. The top Mo layer was deposited using constant conditions at a pressure of 0.13 Pa. It was demonstrated that unlike a Mo monolayer, the use of a Mo bilayer allows controlling the mechanical stress at the Mo/CIGS interface without degrading the optical reflectance and the electrical resistance of the back contact. It was also found that the morphology of the bottom Mo layer affects the growth of the top Mo layer, resulting in a modified back contact surface morphology. This induces changes in the crystalline orientation of the CIGS layer. The resulting solar cell characteristics strongly vary as a function of the bottom Mo layer deposition pressure. A bottom Mo layer growth at 2.93 Pa allows improving the solar cell conversion efficiency by 1.5 times compared to a bottom Mo layer deposited at 0.27 Pa. Using the improved Mo bilayer back contact, a maximum solar cell efficiency of 10.0% was obtained without sodium addition nor anti-reflection coating. - Highlights: • Mo bilayer back contacts for Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 solar cells were grown on Ti substrates. • The sputtering pressure of the bottom Mo layer was varied between 0.27 Pa and 4 Pa. • The top Mo layer controls the optical and electrical properties of the back contact. • The structure of the bottom Mo layer influences the morphology of the top Mo layer. • The back contact affects the CIGS texture, device series resistance and efficiency

Time-dependent contact behavior between diamond and a CNT turf

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Qiu, A; Bahr, D F; Fowler, S P; Jiao, J; Kiener, D

2011-01-01

The elastic and adhesive properties of nominally vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) turfs have been measured using nanoindentation. The perceived stiffness of a CNT turf is dependent on the unloading rate, which decreases at slower unloading rates. Depth-controlled nanoindentation was used to examine adhesion effects. Adhesive loads between the turf and the probe tip increased as the time the tip is in contact with the turf increased. As these effects could be from either more tubes coming into contact with the tip due to relaxation and motion of CNTs relative to one another or each tube in contact increasing its adhesive behavior and sub-contact stiffness due to tube-tube interactions within the turf, electrical resistance measurements during nanoindentation were carried out. When the tip is held at a fixed nominal depth, the current remains constant while the contact load decreases, suggesting the number of tubes in contact with the tip stays constant with time while the relaxation mechanisms in the turf occur at positions lower than the contact surface. These observations, in conjunction with in situ TEM compression test of CNT arrays, are used to describe the relative effects the various length and time scales may have on the perceived properties measured during experiments, including elastic modulus and adhesion for gecko-like dry adhesives.

Time-dependent contact behavior between diamond and a CNT turf

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Qiu, A; Bahr, D F [School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, 99164-2920 WA (United States); Fowler, S P; Jiao, J [Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, 97207-0751 OR (United States); Kiener, D, E-mail: anqi_qiu@wsu.edu, E-mail: dbahr@wsu.edu [Department of Materials Physics, University of Leoben, A-8700 Leoben (Austria)

2011-07-22

The elastic and adhesive properties of nominally vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) turfs have been measured using nanoindentation. The perceived stiffness of a CNT turf is dependent on the unloading rate, which decreases at slower unloading rates. Depth-controlled nanoindentation was used to examine adhesion effects. Adhesive loads between the turf and the probe tip increased as the time the tip is in contact with the turf increased. As these effects could be from either more tubes coming into contact with the tip due to relaxation and motion of CNTs relative to one another or each tube in contact increasing its adhesive behavior and sub-contact stiffness due to tube-tube interactions within the turf, electrical resistance measurements during nanoindentation were carried out. When the tip is held at a fixed nominal depth, the current remains constant while the contact load decreases, suggesting the number of tubes in contact with the tip stays constant with time while the relaxation mechanisms in the turf occur at positions lower than the contact surface. These observations, in conjunction with in situ TEM compression test of CNT arrays, are used to describe the relative effects the various length and time scales may have on the perceived properties measured during experiments, including elastic modulus and adhesion for gecko-like dry adhesives.

Mechanic-electrical transformations in the Kelvin method

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zharkikh, Yu. S., E-mail: yurzhar@gmail.com [Faculty of Radio Physics, Electronics and Computer Systems, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 4G, Ave. Academician Glushkov, 03127, Kyiv (Ukraine); Lysochenko, S.V., E-mail: lys@univ.kiev.ua [Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 4G, Ave. Academician Glushkov, 03127, Kyiv (Ukraine)

2017-04-01

Highlights: • Used in Kelvin method dynamic capacitor is a mechanic-electrical transformer. • The oscillations of its plate are source of extraneous forces which cause the appearance of an electric current. • The signal is caused not by the contact potential difference, but by oscillation in the screening conditions of charge in the dynamic capacitor gap. • Combining the Kelvin method with electron emission methods to determine the work function may lead to incorrectness. - Abstract: To explain the initiation mechanism of alternating current in an electric circuit containing the dynamic capacitor a model of mechanic- electrical transformation is suggested to use. In such a model, electric charges disposed between the capacitor plates serve as a cause of measured signal in contrast to the contact potential difference, which is considered as the main base in the Kelvin’s model. If one of the plates moves periodically, then the conditions of the charges screening are changed and thereby the capacitor recharging current is arise. The measuring is based on compensation of the recharging current by current, which generated by a source of electromotive force (EMF). The compensation voltage depends on both the distribution of ions or dipoles over the studied surface and the charges creating the surface potential barrier. This voltage is independent on the bulk electro-physical characteristics of a solid.

QUANTUM ELECTRONIC DEVICES: Superconducting Nb3Sn point contact in the submillimeter range of electromagnetic radiation

Science.gov (United States)

Belenov, É. M.; Danileĭko, M. V.; Derkach, V. E.; Romanenko, V. I.; Uskov, A. V.

1988-05-01

An investigation was made of the influence of submillimeter radiation emitted by an HCN laser operating at a frequency νl = 891 GHz on a superconducting point contact made of Nb3Sn. Three steps of the electric current were recorded. The experimental results indicated that such a contact could be used for frequency multiplication up to 3 THz.

A simulation study on the electrical structure of interdigitated back-contact silicon solar cells

Science.gov (United States)

Kang, Min Gu; Song, Hee-eun; Kim, Soo Min; Kim, Donghwan

2015-05-01

In this paper, a simulation for interdigitated back-contact (IBC) silicon solar cells was performed by using Silvaco TCAD ATLAS to investigate the cell's electrical properties. The impacts of various parameters, including the depth of the front surface field(FSF), the FSF peak doping concentration, the depths of the emitter and the back surface field(BSF), the peak doping concentrations of the emitter and BSF, the base doping, and the bulk lifetime on the output characteristics like the light current-voltage curves and the internal quantum efficiency of the IBC solar cell, were investigated. The light absorption was determined by adjusting the antireflection coating and the Al thickness. The FSF must be thin and have a low doping concentration for high-efficiency IBC cells. If the conversion efficiency is to be improved, a thick emitter and a high doping concentration are needed. Because of the low resistivity of the Si substrate, the series resistance was reduced, but recombination was increased. With a high-resistivity Si substrate, the opposite trends were observed. By counter-balancing the series resistance and the recombination, we determined by simulation that the optimized resistivity for the IBC cells was 1 Ω·cm. Because all metal electrodes in the IBC cells are located on the back side, a higher minority carrier lifetime showed a higher efficiency. After the various parameters had been optimized, texturing and surface recombination were added into the simulation. The simulated IBC cells showed a short-circuit current density of 42.89 mA/cm2, an open-circuit voltage of 714.8 mV, a fill factor of 84.04%, and a conversion efficiency of 25.77%.

Evoked Electromyographically Controlled Electrical Stimulation

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Mitsuhiro Hayashibe

2016-07-01

Full Text Available Time-variant muscle responses under electrical stimulation (ES are often problematic for all the applications of neuroprosthetic muscle control. This situation limits the range of ES usage in relevant areas, mainly due to muscle fatigue and also to changes in stimulation electrode contact conditions, especially in transcutaneous ES. Surface electrodes are still the most widely used in noninvasive applications.Electrical field variations caused by changes in the stimulation contact condition markedly affect the resulting total muscle activation levels. Fatigue phenomena under functional electrical stimulation (FES are also well known source of time-varying characteristics coming from muscle response under ES. Therefore it is essential to monitor the actual muscle state and assess the expected muscle response by ES so as to improve the current ES system in favour of adaptive muscle-response-aware FES control. To deal with this issue, we have been studying a novel control technique using evoked electromyography (eEMG signals to compensate for these muscle time-variances under ES for stable neuroprosthetic muscle control. In this perspective article, I overview the background of this topic and highlight important points to be aware of when using ES to induce the desired muscle activation regardless of the time-variance. I also demonstrate how to deal with the common critical problem of ES to move toward robust neuroprosthetic muscle control with the Evoked Electromyographically Controlled Electrical Stimulation paradigm.

Operation of ohmic Ti/Al/Pt/Au multilayer contacts to GaN at 600 °C in air

Science.gov (United States)

Hou, Minmin; Senesky, Debbie G.

2014-08-01

The high-temperature characteristics (at 600 °C) of Ti/Al/Pt/Au multilayer contacts to gallium nitride (GaN) in air are reported. Microfabricated circular-transfer-line-method test structures were subject to 10 h of thermal storage at 600 °C. Intermittent electrical characterization during thermal storage showed minimal variation in the contact resistance after 2 h and that the specific contact resistivity remained on the order of 10-5 Ω-cm2. In addition, the thermally stored multilayer contacts to GaN showed ohmic I-V characteristics when electrically probed at 600 °C. The microstructural analysis with atomic force microscopy showed minimal changes in surface roughness after thermal storage. Observations of the thermochemical reactions after thermal storage using Auger electron spectroscopy chemical depth profiling showed diffusion of Pt and minimal additional Al oxidation. The results support the use of Ti/Al/Pt/Au multilayer metallization for GaN-based sensors and electronic devices that will operate within a high-temperature and oxidizing ambient.

Towards nanometer-spaced silicon contacts to proteins

Science.gov (United States)

Schukfeh, Muhammed I.; Sepunaru, Lior; Behr, Pascal; Li, Wenjie; Pecht, Israel; Sheves, Mordechai; Cahen, David; Tornow, Marc

2016-03-01

A vertical nanogap device (VND) structure comprising all-silicon contacts as electrodes for the investigation of electronic transport processes in bioelectronic systems is reported. Devices were fabricated from silicon-on-insulator substrates whose buried oxide (SiO2) layer of a few nanometers in thickness is embedded within two highly doped single crystalline silicon layers. Individual VNDs were fabricated by standard photolithography and a combination of anisotropic and selective wet etching techniques, resulting in p+ silicon contacts, vertically separated by 4 or 8 nm, depending on the chosen buried oxide thickness. The buried oxide was selectively recess-etched with buffered hydrofluoric acid, exposing a nanogap. For verification of the devices’ electrical functionality, gold nanoparticles were successfully trapped onto the nanogap electrodes’ edges using AC dielectrophoresis. Subsequently, the suitability of the VND structures for transport measurements on proteins was investigated by functionalizing the devices with cytochrome c protein from solution, thereby providing non-destructive, permanent semiconducting contacts to the proteins. Current-voltage measurements performed after protein deposition exhibited an increase in the junctions’ conductance of up to several orders of magnitude relative to that measured prior to cytochrome c immobilization. This increase in conductance was lost upon heating the functionalized device to above the protein’s denaturation temperature (80 °C). Thus, the VND junctions allow conductance measurements which reflect the averaged electronic transport through a large number of protein molecules, contacted in parallel with permanent contacts and, for the first time, in a symmetrical Si-protein-Si configuration.

Towards nanometer-spaced silicon contacts to proteins

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Schukfeh, Muhammed I; Behr, Pascal; Tornow, Marc; Sepunaru, Lior; Li, Wenjie; Pecht, Israel; Sheves, Mordechai; Cahen, David

2016-01-01

A vertical nanogap device (VND) structure comprising all-silicon contacts as electrodes for the investigation of electronic transport processes in bioelectronic systems is reported. Devices were fabricated from silicon-on-insulator substrates whose buried oxide (SiO_2) layer of a few nanometers in thickness is embedded within two highly doped single crystalline silicon layers. Individual VNDs were fabricated by standard photolithography and a combination of anisotropic and selective wet etching techniques, resulting in p"+ silicon contacts, vertically separated by 4 or 8 nm, depending on the chosen buried oxide thickness. The buried oxide was selectively recess-etched with buffered hydrofluoric acid, exposing a nanogap. For verification of the devices’ electrical functionality, gold nanoparticles were successfully trapped onto the nanogap electrodes’ edges using AC dielectrophoresis. Subsequently, the suitability of the VND structures for transport measurements on proteins was investigated by functionalizing the devices with cytochrome c protein from solution, thereby providing non-destructive, permanent semiconducting contacts to the proteins. Current–voltage measurements performed after protein deposition exhibited an increase in the junctions’ conductance of up to several orders of magnitude relative to that measured prior to cytochrome c immobilization. This increase in conductance was lost upon heating the functionalized device to above the protein’s denaturation temperature (80 °C). Thus, the VND junctions allow conductance measurements which reflect the averaged electronic transport through a large number of protein molecules, contacted in parallel with permanent contacts and, for the first time, in a symmetrical Si–protein–Si configuration. (paper)

The Variations of Thermal Contact Resistance and Heat Transfer Rate of the AlN Film Compositing with PCM

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Huann-Ming Chou

2015-01-01

Full Text Available The electrical industries have been fast developing over the past decades. Moreover, the trend of microelements and packed division multiplex is obviously for the electrical industry. Hence, the high heat dissipative and the electrical insulating device have been popular and necessary. The thermal conduct coefficient of aluminum nitride (i.e., AlN is many times larger than the other materials. Moreover, the green technology of composite with phase change materials (i.e., PCMs is worked as a constant temperature cooler. Therefore, PCMs have been used frequently for saving energy and the green environment. Based on the above statements, it does show great potential in heat dissipative for the AlN film compositing with PCM. Therefore, this paper is focused on the research of thermal contact resistance and heat transfer between the AlN/PCM pairs. According to the experimental results, the heat transfer decreases and the thermal contact resistance increases under the melting process of PCM. However, the suitable parameters such as contact pressures can be used to improve the above defects.

The relationship between anatomically correct electric and magnetic field dosimetry and published electric and magnetic field exposure limits

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kavet, R.; Dovan, T.; Patrick Reilly, J.

2012-01-01

Electric and magnetic field exposure limits published by International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection and Inst. of Electrical and Electronics Engineers are aimed at protection against adverse electro-stimulation, which may occur by direct coupling to excitable tissue and, in the case of electric fields, through indirect means associated with surface charge effects (e.g. hair vibration, skin sensations), spark discharge and contact current. For direct coupling, the basic restriction (BR) specifies the not-to-be-exceeded induced electric field. The key results of anatomically based electric and magnetic field dosimetry studies and the relevant characteristics of excitable tissue were first identified. This permitted us to assess the electric and magnetic field exposure levels that induce dose in tissue equal to the basic restrictions, and the relationships of those exposure levels to the limits now in effect. We identify scenarios in which direct coupling of electric fields to peripheral nerve could be a determining factor for electric field limits. (authors)

A frictional contact problem with damage and adhesion for an electro elastic-viscoplastic body

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Adel Aissaoui

2014-01-01

Full Text Available We consider a quasistatic frictional contact problem for an electro elastic-viscopalastic body with damage and adhestion. The contact is modelled with normal compliance. The adhesion of the contact surfaces is taken into account and modelled by a surface variable. We derive variational formulation for the model which is in the form of a system involving the displacement field, the electric potential field, the damage field and the adhesion field. We prove the existence of a unique weak solution to the problem. The proof is based on arguments of time-dependent variational inequalities, parabolic inequalities, differential equations and fixed point.

THE DYNAMIC INTERACTION OF THE MOVING CONTACTING SURFACES AT THE EXAMPLE OF THE ELECTRIC ROLLING STOCK CURRENT COLLECTOR

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M. O. Babiak

2009-07-01

Full Text Available The process of mutual moving and contacting of surfaces of current collecting pantograph elements and contact network is considered taking into account the particularities of inf1uence of speed and acceleration parameters, determination of which will allow to forecast mathematically the wear-out degree of contacting elements.

Fundamentals of Electrical Propulsion Plant Design,

Science.gov (United States)

1982-04-06

contacts DVI and DV2 close the indicator light LS2 and L53 circuits. Electric Fan starter n. r. contacts DVl and DY2 close the red indicator light...forward rotation, /. corresponding tD vessel movement i///’,/iI X,, /;/forward; ’ are curves of GED -tJ ’ !’ i ’ " f \\ \\ ’ . . L---,torques after reversal...Calculation based on generator static characteristics, i. e., based on parameters Xd and Td , are linked with the most difficult GED operating conditions

Tuning the electronic properties and Schottky barrier height of the vertical graphene/MoS2 heterostructure by an electric gating

Science.gov (United States)

Nguyen, Chuong V.

2018-04-01

In this paper, the electronic properties and Schottky contact in graphene/MoS2 (G/MoS2) heterostructure under an applied electric field are investigated by means of the density functional theory. It can be seen that the electronic properties of the G/MoS2 heterostructure are preserved upon contacting owing to the weak van der Waals interaction. We found that the n-type Schottky contact is formed in the G/MoS2 heterostructure with the Schottky barrier height of 0.49 eV. Furthermore, both Schottky contact and Schottky barrier height in the G/MoS2 heterostructure could be controlled by the applied electric field. If a positive electric field of 4 V/nm is applied to the system, a transformation from the n-type Schottky contact to the p-type one was observed, whereas the system keeps an n-type Schottky contact when a negative electric field is applied. Our results may provide helpful information to design, fabricate, and understand the physics mechanism in the graphene-based two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures like as G/MoS2 heterostructure.

Molecular dynamics study of contact mechanics: contact area and interfacial separation from small to full contact

OpenAIRE

Yang, C.; Persson, B. N. J.

2007-01-01

We report a molecular dynamics study of the contact between a rigid solid with a randomly rough surface and an elastic block with a flat surface. We study the contact area and the interfacial separation from small contact (low load) to full contact (high load). For small load the contact area varies linearly with the load and the interfacial separation depends logarithmically on the load. For high load the contact area approaches to the nominal contact area (i.e., complete contact), and the i...

Electrical and structural properties of a stacked metal layer contact to n-InP

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Huang, Wen-Chang; Horng, Chia-Tsung

2011-01-01

In this study, we found that the double metal contact structure in Pt/Al/n-InP diodes provides better rectification characteristics than conventional single-metal/n-InP Schottky diodes. The effective barrier height was measured to be 0.67 eV for a 400 deg. C-annealed Pt/Al/n-InP diode sample. The increase in the barrier height is attributed to the formation of Al 2 O 3 at the metal/n-InP contact interface during thermal annealing. The formation of the phase Al 2 O 3 phase was monitored by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The corresponding element profiles of Al and O were also confirmed at the metal/n-InP contact interface using secondary ion mass spectrum (SIMS) analysis. The lowering of the Schottky barrier height due to the inhomogeneity at the metal/n-InP junction is also discussed on the basis of the TE theory. The distribution of local effective Schottky barrier heights was explained by a model incorporating the existence of double Gaussian barrier heights, which represent the high barrier and low barrier of the full distribution in the temperature ranges of 83-198 and 198-300 K.

Dispersive FDTD analysis of induced electric field in human models due to electrostatic discharge

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hirata, Akimasa; Nagai, Toshihiro; Koyama, Teruyoshi; Hattori, Junya; Chan, Kwok Hung; Kavet, Robert

2012-01-01

Contact currents flow from/into a charged human body when touching a grounded conductive object. An electrostatic discharge (ESD) or spark may occur just before contact or upon release. The current may stimulate muscles and peripheral nerves. In order to clarify the difference in the induced electric field between different sized human models, the in-situ electric fields were computed in anatomically based models of adults and a child for a contact current in a human body following ESD. A dispersive finite-difference time-domain method was used, in which biological tissue is assumed to obey a four-pole Debye model. From our computational results, the first peak of the discharge current was almost identical across adult and child models. The decay of the induced current in the child was also faster due mainly to its smaller body capacitance compared to the adult models. The induced electric fields in the forefingers were comparable across different models. However, the electric field induced in the arm of the child model was found to be greater than that in the adult models primarily because of its smaller cross-sectional area. The tendency for greater doses in the child has also been reported for power frequency sinusoidal contact current exposures as reported by other investigators. (paper)

Dispersive FDTD analysis of induced electric field in human models due to electrostatic discharge.

Science.gov (United States)

Hirata, Akimasa; Nagai, Toshihiro; Koyama, Teruyoshi; Hattori, Junya; Chan, Kwok Hung; Kavet, Robert

2012-07-07

Contact currents flow from/into a charged human body when touching a grounded conductive object. An electrostatic discharge (ESD) or spark may occur just before contact or upon release. The current may stimulate muscles and peripheral nerves. In order to clarify the difference in the induced electric field between different sized human models, the in-situ electric fields were computed in anatomically based models of adults and a child for a contact current in a human body following ESD. A dispersive finite-difference time-domain method was used, in which biological tissue is assumed to obey a four-pole Debye model. From our computational results, the first peak of the discharge current was almost identical across adult and child models. The decay of the induced current in the child was also faster due mainly to its smaller body capacitance compared to the adult models. The induced electric fields in the forefingers were comparable across different models. However, the electric field induced in the arm of the child model was found to be greater than that in the adult models primarily because of its smaller cross-sectional area. The tendency for greater doses in the child has also been reported for power frequency sinusoidal contact current exposures as reported by other investigators.

Degradation pattern of black phosphorus multilayer field-effect transistors in ambient conditions: Strategy for contact resistance engineering in BP transistors

Science.gov (United States)

Lee, Byung Chul; Kim, Chul Min; Jang, Ho-Kyun; Lee, Jae Woo; Joo, Min-Kyu; Kim, Gyu-Tae

2017-10-01

Black phosphorus (BP) has been proposed as a future optoelectronic material owing to its direct bandgap with excellent electrical performances. However, oxygen (O2) and water (H2O) molecules in an ambient condition can create undesired bubbles on the surface of the BP, resulting in hampering its excellent intrinsic properties. Here, we report the electrical degradation pattern of a mechanically exfoliated BP field-effect transistor (FET) in terms of the channel and contact, separately. Various electrical parameters such as the threshold voltage (VTH), carrier mobility (μ), contact resistance (RCT) and channel resistance (RCH) are estimated by the Y function method (YFM) with respect to time (up to 2000 min). It is found that RCT reduces and then, increases with time; whereas, the behavior of RCH is vice versa in ambient conditions. We attribute these effects to oxygen doping at the contact and the surface oxidation effects on the surface of the BP, respectively.

Optimal contact definition for reconstruction of Contact Maps

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Stehr Henning

2010-05-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Contact maps have been extensively used as a simplified representation of protein structures. They capture most important features of a protein's fold, being preferred by a number of researchers for the description and study of protein structures. Inspired by the model's simplicity many groups have dedicated a considerable amount of effort towards contact prediction as a proxy for protein structure prediction. However a contact map's biological interest is subject to the availability of reliable methods for the 3-dimensional reconstruction of the structure. Results We use an implementation of the well-known distance geometry protocol to build realistic protein 3-dimensional models from contact maps, performing an extensive exploration of many of the parameters involved in the reconstruction process. We try to address the questions: a to what accuracy does a contact map represent its corresponding 3D structure, b what is the best contact map representation with regard to reconstructability and c what is the effect of partial or inaccurate contact information on the 3D structure recovery. Our results suggest that contact maps derived from the application of a distance cutoff of 9 to 11Å around the Cβ atoms constitute the most accurate representation of the 3D structure. The reconstruction process does not provide a single solution to the problem but rather an ensemble of conformations that are within 2Å RMSD of the crystal structure and with lower values for the pairwise average ensemble RMSD. Interestingly it is still possible to recover a structure with partial contact information, although wrong contacts can lead to dramatic loss in reconstruction fidelity. Conclusions Thus contact maps represent a valid approximation to the structures with an accuracy comparable to that of experimental methods. The optimal contact definitions constitute key guidelines for methods based on contact maps such as structure prediction through

Electrical signal transfer system for a rotary kiln

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tyson, J.H.; Kennett, L.P.; Davidson, I.S.

1985-01-01

A rotary kiln has a number of thermocouples respectively sensing the kiln temperature at spaced locations and respectively connected to annular slip rings. Laterally facing peripheral surfaces of the rings are respectively cooperable with brush contacts connected to a bar and a fork which embraces a ring moveable axially with the rings. Thus on longitudinal expansion of the kiln the contacts are caused to move with the rings. The electric signals from the thermocouples are thus fed to stationary monitoring equipment. In a modification the ring sections are electrically isolated and each section is connected to a respective sensor. Position sensors may be used to detect the rotary position of the kiln. The invention can be applied to other sensors. (author)

Tin Whisker Electrical Short Circuit Characteristics. Part 2

Science.gov (United States)

Courey, Karim J.; Asfour, Shihab S.; Onar, Arzu; Bayliss, Jon A.; Ludwig, Lawrence L.; Wright, Maria C.

2009-01-01

Existing risk simulations make the assumption that when a free tin whisker has bridged two adjacent exposed electrical conductors, the result is an electrical short circuit. This conservative assumption is made because shorting is a random event that has an unknown probability associated with it. Note however that due to contact resistance electrical shorts may not occur at lower voltage levels. In our first article we developed an empirical probability model for tin whisker shorting. In this paper, we develop a more comprehensive empirical model using a refined experiment with a larger sample size, in which we studied the effect of varying voltage on the breakdown of the contact resistance which leads to a short circuit. From the resulting data we estimated the probability distribution of an electrical short, as a function of voltage. In addition, the unexpected polycrystalline structure seen in the focused ion beam (FIB) cross section in the first experiment was confirmed in this experiment using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The FIB was also used to cross section two card guides to facilitate the measurement of the grain size of each card guide's tin plating to determine its finish.

Evaluation of surface characteristics under fretting of electrical contacts: Removal behaviour of hot dipped tin coating

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Park, Young Woo; Ramesh Bapu, G.N.K.; Lee, Kang Yong

2009-01-01

The fretting corrosion behaviour of hot dipped tin coating is investigated at low fretting cycles at ±25 μm displacement amplitude, 0.5N normal load, 3 Hz frequency, 45-50% relative humidity, and 25 ± 1 deg. C temperature. The typical characteristics of the change in contact resistance with fretting cycles are explained. The fretted surface is examined using laser scanning microscope, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray analysis to assess the surface profile, extent of fretting damage, extent of oxidation and elemental distribution across the contact zone. The interdependence of extent of wear and oxidation increases the complexity of the fretting corrosion behaviour of tin coating. The variation of contact resistance clearly revealed the fretting of tin coating from 50 to 1200 cycles and the fretting of the substrate above 1200 cycles. The observed low and stable contact resistance region and the fluctuating resistance region at various fretting cycles are explained and substantiated with Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser scanning microscope (LSM) and energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) analysis results of the fretted surface.

A fiber-optic technique for the measurement of contact angle in a clearance-fit pin-loaded hole

Science.gov (United States)

Prabhakaran, R.; Naik, R. A.

1987-01-01

A fiber-optic technique for measuring contact angle during pin loading of a specimen is proposed. The experimental design and procedures for loading a 49.8-mm-diameter instrumented pin into an quasi-isotropic graphite-epoxy specimen are described. The optical fiber was located just above the surface of the pin outer diameter in order to obtain accurate pin-hole contact-angle measurements at increasing load levels. The movement of the optical fiber through the no-contact, contact, and no-contact regions is discussed; the photodiode output decreased monotonically as the fiber moved from the no-contact to the contact region and then decreased monotonically as the fiber moved from the contact region to the no-contact region. Variations in the contact angle measurements are examined as function of applied load level. The measurements are compared to contact angle values obtained using a finite element analysis and an electrical technique; it is determined that the data correlate well.

The properties of metal contacts on TiO2 thin films produced by reactive magnetron sputtering

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Brus V. V.

2010-10-01

Full Text Available The article deals with research on volt-ampere characteristics of metal contacts (Al, Cr, In, Mo, Ti on titanium dioxide thin films and influence of annealing in vacuum on their electric properties. Volt-ampere characteristics measurements were taken by three-probe method. There was established that indium contact on TiO2 thin films possessed sharply defined ohmic properties.

Depleted-heterojunction colloidal quantum dot photovoltaics employing low-cost electrical contacts

KAUST Repository

Debnath, Ratan

2010-01-01

With an aim to reduce the cost of depleted-heterojunction colloidal quantum dot solar cells, we describe herein a strategy that replaces costly Au with a low-cost Ni-based Ohmic contact. The resultant devices achieve 3.5% Air Mass 1.5 power conversion efficiency. Only by incorporating a 1.2-nm-thick LiF layer between the PbS quantum dot film and Ni, we were able to prevent undesired reactions and degradation at the metal-semiconductor interface. © 2010 American Institute of Physics.

Characteristics of molybdenum bilayer back contacts for Cu(In,Ga)Se{sub 2} solar cells on Ti foils

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Roger, Charles, E-mail: charles.rgr@gmail.com [CEA, LITEN, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9 (France); Noël, Sébastien; Sicardy, Olivier; Faucherand, Pascal; Grenet, Louis; Karst, Nicolas; Fournier, Hélène; Roux, Frédéric [CEA, LITEN, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9 (France); Ducroquet, Frédérique [IMEP-LAHC, Minatec, Grenoble-INP, CNRS UMR 5130, 38016 Grenoble (France); Brioude, Arnaud [Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, UMR 5615, Villeurbanne (France); Perraud, Simon [CEA, LITEN, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9 (France)

2013-12-02

Molybdenum back contact properties are critical for Cu(In,Ga)Se{sub 2} (CIGS) solar cell performance on metallic substrates. In this work, we investigated the properties of sputter-deposited Mo bilayer back contacts on Ti foils. The morphology, electrical resistivity, optical reflectance and residual mechanical stress of the bottom Mo layer were modified by varying the working pressure during its deposition. Working pressures ranging from 0.27 Pa to 4.00 Pa were used. The top Mo layer was deposited using constant conditions at a pressure of 0.13 Pa. It was demonstrated that unlike a Mo monolayer, the use of a Mo bilayer allows controlling the mechanical stress at the Mo/CIGS interface without degrading the optical reflectance and the electrical resistance of the back contact. It was also found that the morphology of the bottom Mo layer affects the growth of the top Mo layer, resulting in a modified back contact surface morphology. This induces changes in the crystalline orientation of the CIGS layer. The resulting solar cell characteristics strongly vary as a function of the bottom Mo layer deposition pressure. A bottom Mo layer growth at 2.93 Pa allows improving the solar cell conversion efficiency by 1.5 times compared to a bottom Mo layer deposited at 0.27 Pa. Using the improved Mo bilayer back contact, a maximum solar cell efficiency of 10.0% was obtained without sodium addition nor anti-reflection coating. - Highlights: • Mo bilayer back contacts for Cu(In,Ga)Se{sub 2} solar cells were grown on Ti substrates. • The sputtering pressure of the bottom Mo layer was varied between 0.27 Pa and 4 Pa. • The top Mo layer controls the optical and electrical properties of the back contact. • The structure of the bottom Mo layer influences the morphology of the top Mo layer. • The back contact affects the CIGS texture, device series resistance and efficiency.

Contact angle and local wetting at contact line.

Science.gov (United States)

Li, Ri; Shan, Yanguang

2012-11-06

This theoretical study was motivated by recent experiments and theoretical work that had suggested the dependence of the static contact angle on the local wetting at the triple-phase contact line. We revisit this topic because the static contact angle as a local wetting parameter is still not widely understood and clearly known. To further clarify the relationship of the static contact angle with wetting, two approaches are applied to derive a general equation for the static contact angle of a droplet on a composite surface composed of heterogeneous components. A global approach based on the free surface energy of a thermodynamic system containing the droplet and solid surface shows the static contact angle as a function of local surface chemistry and local wetting state at the contact line. A local approach, in which only local forces acting on the contact line are considered, results in the same equation. The fact that the local approach agrees with the global approach further demonstrates the static contact angle as a local wetting parameter. Additionally, the study also suggests that the wetting described by the Wenzel and Cassie equations is also the local wetting of the contact line rather than the global wetting of the droplet.

Magnetic Properties of Electrically Contacted Fe4 Molecular Magnets

Science.gov (United States)

Burgess, Jacob; Malavolti, Luigi; Lanzilotto, Valeria; Mannini, Matteo; Totti, Frederico; Ninova, Silviya; Yan, Shichao; Choi, Deung-Jang; Rolf-Pissarczyk, Steffen; Cornia, Andrea; Sessoli, Roberta; Loth, Sebastian

2015-03-01

Single molecule magnets (SMMs) are often large and fragile molecules. This poses challenges for the construction of SMM based spintronics. Device geometries with two electronic leads contacting a molecule may be explored via scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The Fe4 molecule stands out as a robust, thermally evaporable SMM, making it ideal for such an experiment. Here we present the first STM investigations of individual Fe4 molecules thermally evaporated onto a monolayer of Cu2N on a Cu (100) crystal. Using inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS), spin excitations in single Fe4 molecules can be detected at meV energies. Analysis using a Spin Hamiltonian allows extraction of magnetic properties of individual Fe4 molecules, and investigation of the influence of the electronic leads. The tip and sample induce small changes in the magnetic properties of Fe4 molecules, making Fe4 a promising candidate for the development of spintronics devices based on SMMs.

[Sport injuries in full contact and semi-contact karate].

Science.gov (United States)

Greier, K; Riechelmann, H; Ziemska, J

2014-03-01

Karate enjoys great popularity both in professional and recreational sports and can be classified into full, half and low contact styles. The aim of this study was the analysis of sports injuries in Kyokushinkai (full contact) and traditional Karate (semi-contact). In a retrospective study design, 215 active amateur karateka (114 full contact, 101 semi-contact) were interviewed by means of a standardised questionnaire regarding typical sport injuries during the last 36 months. Injuries were categorised into severity grade I (not requiring medical treatment), grade II (single medical treatment), grade III (several outpatient medical treatments) and grade IV (requiring hospitalisation). In total, 217 injuries were reported in detail. 125 injuries (58%) occurred in full contact and 92 (42%) in semi-contact karate. The time related injury rate of full contact karateka was 1.9/1000 h compared to 1.3/1000 h of semi-contact karateka (p injuries were musculoskeletal contusions (33% full contact, 20% semi-contact), followed by articular sprains with 19% and 16%. The lower extremity was affected twice as often in full contact (40%) as in semi-contact (20%) karate. Training injuries were reported by 80% of the full contact and 77% of the semi-contact karateka. Most injuries, both in training and competition, occurred in kumite. 75% of the reported injuries of full contact and 70% of semi-contact karateka were classified as low grade (I or II). The high rate of injuries during training and kumite (sparring) points to specific prevention goals. The emphasis should be put on proprioceptive training and consistent warm-up. In the actual competition the referees play a vital role regarding prevention. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

The effect of elastic modulus on ablation catheter contact area.

Science.gov (United States)

Camp, Jon J; Linte, Cristian A; Rettmann, Maryam E; Sun, Deyu; Packer, Douglas L; Robb, Richard A; Holmes, David R

2015-02-21

Cardiac ablation consists of navigating a catheter into the heart and delivering RF energy to electrically isolate tissue regions that generate or propagate arrhythmia. Besides the challenges of accurate and precise targeting of the arrhythmic sites within the beating heart, limited information is currently available to the cardiologist regarding intricate electrode-tissue contact, which directly impacts the quality of produced lesions. Recent advances in ablation catheter design provide intra-procedural estimates of tissue-catheter contact force, but the most direct indicator of lesion quality for any particular energy level and duration is the tissue-catheter contact area, and that is a function of not only force, but catheter pose and material elasticity as well. In this experiment, we have employed real-time ultrasound (US) imaging to determine the complete interaction between the ablation electrode and tissue to accurately estimate contact, which will help to better understand the effect of catheter pose and position relative to the tissue. By simultaneously recording tracked position, force reading and US image of the ablation catheter, the differing material properties of polyvinyl alcohol cryogel [1] phantoms are shown to produce varying amounts of tissue depression and contact area (implying varying lesion quality) for equivalent force readings. We have shown that the elastic modulus significantly affects the surface-contact area between the catheter and tissue at any level of contact force. Thus we provide evidence that a prescribed level of catheter force may not always provide sufficient contact area to produce an effective ablation lesion in the prescribed ablation time.

Explanation of the barrier heights of graphene Schottky contacts by the MIGS-and-electronegativity concept

Science.gov (United States)

Mönch, Winfried

2016-09-01

Graphene-semiconductor contacts exhibit rectifying properties and, in this respect, they behave in exactly the same way as a "conventional" metal-semiconductor or Schottky contacts. It will be demonstrated that, as often assumed, the Schottky-Mott rule does not describe the reported barrier heights of graphene-semiconductor contacts. With "conventional" Schottky contacts, the same conclusion was reached already in 1940. The physical reason is that the Schottky-Mott rule considers no interaction between the metal and the semiconductor. The barrier heights of "conventional" Schottky contacts were explained by the continuum of metal-induced gap states (MIGSs), where the differences of the metal and semiconductor electronegativities describe the size and the sign of the intrinsic electric-dipoles at the interfaces. It is demonstrated that the MIGS-and-electronegativity concept unambiguously also explains the experimentally observed barrier heights of graphene Schottky contacts. This conclusion includes also the barrier heights reported for MoS2 Schottky contacts with "conventional" metals as well as with graphene.

Low frequency noise in the unstable contact region of Au-to-Au microcontact for microelectromechanical system switches

Science.gov (United States)

Qiu, Haodong; Wang, Hong; Ke, Feixiang

2014-06-01

The noise behavior of Au-to-Au microcontact for microelectromechanical system switches has been experimentally studied in the unstable contact region. The results suggest that the electrical conduction remains nonmetallic at the initial stage during contact formation due to the existence of alien films, and traps in the alien layer located at the contact interface could play an important role in determining the conduction noise. The conduction fluctuation induced by electron trapping-detrapping associated with the hydrocarbon layer is found to be an intrinsic noise source contributing to the low frequency noise in the unstable contact region.

Low frequency noise in the unstable contact region of Au-to-Au microcontact for microelectromechanical system switches

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Qiu, Haodong; Wang, Hong, E-mail: ewanghong@ntu.edu.sg [NOVITAS, Nanoelectronics Centre of Excellence, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798 (Singapore); Ke, Feixiang [Temasek Laboratories at Nanyang Technological University, Research Techno Plaza, Singapore 637553 (Singapore)

2014-06-23

The noise behavior of Au-to-Au microcontact for microelectromechanical system switches has been experimentally studied in the unstable contact region. The results suggest that the electrical conduction remains nonmetallic at the initial stage during contact formation due to the existence of alien films, and traps in the alien layer located at the contact interface could play an important role in determining the conduction noise. The conduction fluctuation induced by electron trapping-detrapping associated with the hydrocarbon layer is found to be an intrinsic noise source contributing to the low frequency noise in the unstable contact region.

Low frequency noise in the unstable contact region of Au-to-Au microcontact for microelectromechanical system switches

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Qiu, Haodong; Wang, Hong; Ke, Feixiang

2014-01-01

The noise behavior of Au-to-Au microcontact for microelectromechanical system switches has been experimentally studied in the unstable contact region. The results suggest that the electrical conduction remains nonmetallic at the initial stage during contact formation due to the existence of alien films, and traps in the alien layer located at the contact interface could play an important role in determining the conduction noise. The conduction fluctuation induced by electron trapping-detrapping associated with the hydrocarbon layer is found to be an intrinsic noise source contributing to the low frequency noise in the unstable contact region.

Contact and Non-contact Measurements of Grinding Pins

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Magdziak Marek

2015-01-01

Full Text Available The paper presents the results of contact and non-contact measurements of external profiles of selected grinding pins. The measurements were conducted in order to choose the appropriate measuring technique in the case of the considered measurement task. In the case of contact measurements the coordinate measuring machine ACCURA II was applied. The used coordinate measuring machine was equipped with the contact scanning probe VAST XT and the Calypso inspection software. Contact coordinate measurements were performed by using of different measurement strategies. The applied strategies included different scanning velocities and distances between measured points. Non-contact measurements were conducted by means of the tool presetter produced by the Mahr company. On the basis of gained results the guidelines concerning measurements of grinding pins were formulated. The measurements of analyzed grinding pins performed by means of the non-contact measuring system are characterized by higher reproducibility than the contact measurements. The low reproducibility of contact measurements may be connected with the inaccuracy of the selected coordinate measuring machine and the measuring probe, the measurement parameters and environmental conditions in the laboratory where the coordinate measuring machine is located. Moreover, the paper presents the possible application of results of conducted investigations. The results of non-contact measurements can be used in the simulation studies of grinding processes. The simulations may reduce the costs of machining processes.

Network effects in the operation of electrical equipment; Efectos de la red en la operacion del equipo electrico

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Garcia T, Arturo; Rosales S, Inocente; Garcia P, Job; Ruiz F, L. Ivan; Robles P, Edgar [Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico)

2005-07-01

In the nineties, the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) Electrical Equipment Management (GEE) was restricted to make the diagnosis of generators, transformers, switch boards and cables, without considering the global operating conditions. With the experience acquired in different services it was verified that, inclusively when this equipment is correctly designed, it can be subjected to unfavorable operative conditions, which causes an accelerated deterioration to the degree of producing a fault. In agreement with this, the GEE settled down new line of development named Analysis of the network effect on the electrical equipment, that analyzes the behavior of the equipment originated by work abnormal causes, including the network configuration effect. [Spanish] En la decada de los noventa, la Gerencia de Equipos Electricos (GEE) del IIE se limitaba a realizar el diagnostico de generadores, transformadores, tableros de distribucion y cables, sin considerar las condiciones globales de operacion. Con la experiencia adquirida en diferentes servicios se comprobo que, inclusive cuando estos equipos esten correctamente disenados, pueden verse sometidos a condiciones de operacion desfavorables, lo que ocasiona un deterioro acelerado al grado de producir una falla. De acuerdo con esto, la GEE establecio una nueva linea de desarrollo de nominada Analisis del efecto de la red en los equipos electricos, que analiza el comportamiento de los equipos originado por causas anormales de trabajo, incluido el efecto de la configuracion de la red.

An electric-eel-inspired soft power source from stacked hydrogels

Science.gov (United States)

Schroeder, Thomas B. H.; Guha, Anirvan; Lamoureux, Aaron; Vanrenterghem, Gloria; Sept, David; Shtein, Max; Yang, Jerry; Mayer, Michael

2017-12-01

Progress towards the integration of technology into living organisms requires electrical power sources that are biocompatible, mechanically flexible, and able to harness the chemical energy available inside biological systems. Conventional batteries were not designed with these criteria in mind. The electric organ of the knifefish Electrophorus electricus (commonly known as the electric eel) is, however, an example of an electrical power source that operates within biological constraints while featuring power characteristics that include peak potential differences of 600 volts and currents of 1 ampere. Here we introduce an electric-eel-inspired power concept that uses gradients of ions between miniature polyacrylamide hydrogel compartments bounded by a repeating sequence of cation- and anion-selective hydrogel membranes. The system uses a scalable stacking or folding geometry that generates 110 volts at open circuit or 27 milliwatts per square metre per gel cell upon simultaneous, self-registered mechanical contact activation of thousands of gel compartments in series while circumventing power dissipation before contact. Unlike typical batteries, these systems are soft, flexible, transparent, and potentially biocompatible. These characteristics suggest that artificial electric organs could be used to power next-generation implant materials such as pacemakers, implantable sensors, or prosthetic devices in hybrids of living and non-living systems.

An electric-eel-inspired soft power source from stacked hydrogels.

Science.gov (United States)

Schroeder, Thomas B H; Guha, Anirvan; Lamoureux, Aaron; VanRenterghem, Gloria; Sept, David; Shtein, Max; Yang, Jerry; Mayer, Michael

2017-12-13

Progress towards the integration of technology into living organisms requires electrical power sources that are biocompatible, mechanically flexible, and able to harness the chemical energy available inside biological systems. Conventional batteries were not designed with these criteria in mind. The electric organ of the knifefish Electrophorus electricus (commonly known as the electric eel) is, however, an example of an electrical power source that operates within biological constraints while featuring power characteristics that include peak potential differences of 600 volts and currents of 1 ampere. Here we introduce an electric-eel-inspired power concept that uses gradients of ions between miniature polyacrylamide hydrogel compartments bounded by a repeating sequence of cation- and anion-selective hydrogel membranes. The system uses a scalable stacking or folding geometry that generates 110 volts at open circuit or 27 milliwatts per square metre per gel cell upon simultaneous, self-registered mechanical contact activation of thousands of gel compartments in series while circumventing power dissipation before contact. Unlike typical batteries, these systems are soft, flexible, transparent, and potentially biocompatible. These characteristics suggest that artificial electric organs could be used to power next-generation implant materials such as pacemakers, implantable sensors, or prosthetic devices in hybrids of living and non-living systems.

Spin-dependent tunneling transport into CrO2 nanorod devices with nonmagnetic contacts.

Science.gov (United States)

Song, Yipu; Schmitt, Andrew L; Jin, Song

2008-08-01

Single-crystal nanorods of half-metallic chromium dioxide (CrO2) were synthesized and structurally characterized. Spin-dependent electrical transport was investigated in individual CrO2 nanorod devices contacted with nonmagnetic metallic electrodes. Negative magnetoresistance (MR) was observed at low temperatures due to the spin-dependent direct tunneling through the contact barrier and the high spin polarization in the half-metallic nanorods. The magnitude of this negative magnetoresistance decreases with increasing bias voltage and temperature due to spin-independent inelastic hopping through the barrier, and a small positive magnetoresistance was found at room temperature. It is believed that the contact barrier and the surface state of the nanorods have great influence on the spin-dependent transport limiting the magnitude of MR effect in this first attempt at spin filter devices of CrO2 nanorods with nonmagnetic contacts.