Swiss Photovoltaics Programme, 2004 Edition - Overview (German) for 2003; Programm Photovoltaik, Ausgabe 2004

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nowak, S

2004-07-01

This publication issued by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy's Photovoltaics (PV) Programme presents an overview (in German) of activities and projects in the photovoltaics research and pilot and demonstration area in Switzerland for the year 2003. Progress in the area of future solar cell technologies, modules, building integration and system technologies is summarised. Also, national and international co-operation and multi-national pilot and demonstration projects are commented on. Associated projects such as eco-balances for PV systems, forecasting and modelling tools as well as system monitoring tools are discussed. In the area of pilot and demonstration projects, component development, PV integration in sloping roofs, on flat roofs and on facades as well as further PV plant are looked at. Also, measurement campaigns, studies, statistics and other PV-related topics are summarised. This volume also presents a list of 92 projects in the PV area including the appropriate Internet links.

The multicriteria method for environmentally oriented business decision-making

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Čančer Vesna

2004-01-01

Full Text Available Stimulated by the expressed managers’ need for some completed methods for environmental management in enterprises, we present the method for environmentally oriented business decision-making. It is based on simulations where optimization models of business processes are used as scenarios. The possibilities for an integrated approach to environmental protection are introduced and – decomposed according to the type of the considered element by using zero-one variables – included in the optimization models. The method is completed for multicriteria decision-making where in the simulations obtained optimal values are included. In a real-life case where the Analytic Hierarchy Process technique is used to evaluate environmentally oriented business processes, special attention is given to criteria and weights: we consider preferences and survey findings on the environmental impact of business processes in the enterprise, survey findings on environmental management in the processing industry, and ecobalances.

Swiss Photovoltaics Programme, 2004 Edition - Overview (French) for 2003; Programme photovoltaique, edition 2004

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nowak, S.

2004-07-01

This publication issued by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy's Photovoltaics (PV) Programme presents an overview (in French) of activities and projects in the photovoltaics research and pilot and demonstration area in Switzerland for the year 2003. Progress in future solar cell technologies and in the area of modules, building integration and system technologies is summarised. Also, national and international co-operation and multi-national pilot and demonstration projects are commented on. Associated projects such as eco-balances for PV systems, forecasting and modelling tools as well as system monitoring tools are discussed. In the area of pilot and demonstration projects, component development, PV integration in sloping roofs, on flat roofs and on facades as well as further PV plant are looked at. Also, measurement campaigns, studies, statistics and other PV-related topics are summarised. This volume also presents a list of 92 projects in the PV area including the appropriate Internet links.

Swiss Photovoltaics Programme, 2004 Edition - Overview (French) for 2003; Programme photovoltaique, edition 2004

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nowak, S

2004-07-01

This publication issued by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy's Photovoltaics (PV) Programme presents an overview (in French) of activities and projects in the photovoltaics research and pilot and demonstration area in Switzerland for the year 2003. Progress in future solar cell technologies and in the area of modules, building integration and system technologies is summarised. Also, national and international co-operation and multi-national pilot and demonstration projects are commented on. Associated projects such as eco-balances for PV systems, forecasting and modelling tools as well as system monitoring tools are discussed. In the area of pilot and demonstration projects, component development, PV integration in sloping roofs, on flat roofs and on facades as well as further PV plant are looked at. Also, measurement campaigns, studies, statistics and other PV-related topics are summarised. This volume also presents a list of 92 projects in the PV area including the appropriate Internet links.

Photovoltaic programme, edition 2004

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2004-07-01

This comprehensive publication issued by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy's Photovoltaics (PV) Programme presents an overview (in English) of activities and projects in the photovoltaics research and pilot and demonstration areas in Switzerland for the year 2003. Progress in future solar cell technologies as well as in the area of modules, building integration and system technologies is summarised. Also, national and international co-operation and multi-national pilot and demonstration projects are commented on. Associated projects such as eco-balances for PV systems, forecasting and modelling tools as well as system monitoring tools are discussed. In the area of pilot and demonstration projects, component development, PV integration in sloping roofs, on flat roofs and on facades as well as further PV plant are looked at. Also, measurement campaigns, studies, statistics and other PV-related topics are summarised. This volume presents a list of 92 projects in the PV area including the appropriate Internet links and is completed with a collection of project abstracts.

Photovoltaic programme, edition 2004

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2004-07-01

This comprehensive publication issued by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy's Photovoltaics (PV) Programme presents an overview (in English) of activities and projects in the photovoltaics research and pilot and demonstration areas in Switzerland for the year 2003. Progress in future solar cell technologies as well as in the area of modules, building integration and system technologies is summarised. Also, national and international co-operation and multi-national pilot and demonstration projects are commented on. Associated projects such as eco-balances for PV systems, forecasting and modelling tools as well as system monitoring tools are discussed. In the area of pilot and demonstration projects, component development, PV integration in sloping roofs, on flat roofs and on facades as well as further PV plant are looked at. Also, measurement campaigns, studies, statistics and other PV-related topics are summarised. This volume presents a list of 92 projects in the PV area including the appropriate Internet links and is completed with a collection of project abstracts.

Swiss Photovoltaics Programme, 2004 Edition - Overview (German) for 2003; Programm Photovoltaik, Ausgabe 2004

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nowak, S.

2004-07-01

This publication issued by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy's Photovoltaics (PV) Programme presents an overview (in German) of activities and projects in the photovoltaics research and pilot and demonstration area in Switzerland for the year 2003. Progress in the area of future solar cell technologies, modules, building integration and system technologies is summarised. Also, national and international co-operation and multi-national pilot and demonstration projects are commented on. Associated projects such as eco-balances for PV systems, forecasting and modelling tools as well as system monitoring tools are discussed. In the area of pilot and demonstration projects, component development, PV integration in sloping roofs, on flat roofs and on facades as well as further PV plant are looked at. Also, measurement campaigns, studies, statistics and other PV-related topics are summarised. This volume also presents a list of 92 projects in the PV area including the appropriate Internet links.

Ecological balancing of used oil utilization methods. Final report; Oekologische Bilanzierung von Altoel-Verwertungswegen. Oekologischer Vergleich von vier wichtigen Altoelverwertungsverfahren. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kolshorn, K.U. [ARCADIS Trischler und Partner GmbH (AT und P), Darmstadt (Germany); Fehrenbach, H. [ifeu-Institut fuer Energie- und Umweltforschung GmbH, Heidelberg (Germany)

2000-01-01

In Germany, about 480.000 tons of used oil that are collected each year have to be disposed of and utilized. Four used oil utilization processes (re-processing to base oils; re-processing for fuels; thermal utilization in cement works; pressure gasification for the production of synthesis gas or methanol) were evaluated using an eco-balance. The balance boundary comprises on the one hand the utilization processes and their system-related side-processes (provision of energy, production of auxiliaries, waste disposal, transport) and on the other the processes that are substituted by the products recovered from the utilization processes. The impact assessment covers the indicator list of DIN/NAGUS. Furthermore, the accumulation of pollutants in the products is discussed. On the impact assessment level, no clear ranking of options can be derived since each option has its advantages resp. disadvantages in relation to the other. The reduced impacts of the substituted processes are decisive for the ranking of the option. The final ranking of the options is carried out by the Umweltbundesamt (UBA) based on the interpretation logic of the UBA evaluation method for eco-balances. The present study concludes with the processing and preparation of the balance results for such an interpretation (especially the standardization of the results of the impact assessment based on the total impact assessment based on the total impact in Germany). (orig.) [German] In Deutschland sind jaehrlich ca. 480.000 t Altoel, die im Rahmen der gesetzlich geregelten Altoelsammlung anfallen, zu entsorgen und zu verwerten. Vier Verwertungsverfahren fuer Altoel (Aufarbeitung zu Grundoelen; Aufarbeitung zu Brennstoffen; thermische Nutzung in Zementwerken; Druckvergasung zur Herstellung von Synthesegas bzw. Methanol) wurden anhand einer Oekobilanz bewertet. Der Bilanzraum umfasst einerseits die jeweiligen Verwertungsprozesse incl. der systembedingten Nebenprozesse (Energiebereitstellung

Biomass - Overview of Swiss Research Programme 2003; Biomasse

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Binggeli, D.; Guggisberg, B.

2003-07-01

This overview for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) discusses the results obtained in 2003 in various research projects worked on in Switzerland on the subject of biomass. In the biomass combustion area, subjects discussed include system optimisation for automatic firing, combustion particles, low-particle pellet furnaces, design and optimisation of wood-fired storage ovens, efficiency of filtering techniques and methane generation from wood. Also, an accredited testing centre for wood furnaces is mentioned and measurements made on an installation are presented. As far as the fermentation of biogenic wastes is concerned, biogas production from dairy-product wastes is described. Other projects discussed include a study on eco-balances of energy products, certification and marketing of biogas, evaluation of membranes, a measurement campaign for solar sludge-drying, the operation of a percolator installation for the treatment of bio-wastes, the effects of compost on the environment and the fermentation of coffee wastes. Also, statistics on biogas production in 2002 is looked at. Finally, a preliminary study on biofuels is presented.

Life-cycle assessment for power generation from agricultural biogas; Oekobilanz der Stromgewinnung aus landwirtschaftlichem Biogas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Edelmann, W.; Schleiss, K.; Engeli, H.; Baier, U.

2001-07-01

This final report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) presents the results of life-cycle assessments (LCA) made of two types of digester construction - concrete and steel - with the goal of analysing the possibilities of labelling such plants with the Swiss 'Naturemade Star' eco-label. In the study, different combinations of parameters were calculated for different substrates and combinations of them. The calculation of sensitivities allows, according to the authors, an accurate discussion of those parameters important in the context of this LCA. They conclude that the production of electricity from biogas is environmentally safer than electricity generated by conventional means. The report describes the plants and discusses the various input materials, infrastructure elements, transport and disposal questions as well as the emissions produced from the eco-balance point of view. The results of the LCA and the consequences for certification and labelling of the electricity produced in such plant are discussed. An appendix provides details on energy measurements, examples of energy balances and the damage that can be caused by ammonia emissions.

Nuclear energy in the European energy mix operation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Gueldner, R.

2009-01-01

The world nuclear energy is on the upswing. This is shown by lifetime extensions up to 60 years and the construction of new nuclear power plants. Especially, the progressive climate change requires new, definitive, fast and decisive solutions. Europe has to find the right energy mix for the future having the magic triangle of environmental sustainability, security of supply and economic affordability in mind. At the centre of all the efforts made by many countries all over the world, nuclear is one vital key technology to face and combat global warming. Nuclear has a positive eco-balance, nuclear gives security of supply and nuclear power generation is competitive. Beside this the most important fact is and will be the high safety to run a nuclear power plant. The energy mix in the EU of the next decades will be defined today. It is vital to consider every option, which can contribute to a sustainable energy mix. Nuclear alone is not the solution for all problems but there will be no sustainable solution without nuclear. (author)

Biomass - Overview of Swiss Research Programme 2003

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Binggeli, D.; Guggisberg, B.

2003-01-01

This overview for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) discusses the results obtained in 2003 in various research projects worked on in Switzerland on the subject of biomass. In the biomass combustion area, subjects discussed include system optimisation for automatic firing, combustion particles, low-particle pellet furnaces, design and optimisation of wood-fired storage ovens, efficiency of filtering techniques and methane generation from wood. Also, an accredited testing centre for wood furnaces is mentioned and measurements made on an installation are presented. As far as the fermentation of biogenic wastes is concerned, biogas production from dairy-product wastes is described. Other projects discussed include a study on eco-balances of energy products, certification and marketing of biogas, evaluation of membranes, a measurement campaign for solar sludge-drying, the operation of a percolator installation for the treatment of bio-wastes, the effects of compost on the environment and the fermentation of coffee wastes. Also, statistics on biogas production in 2002 is looked at. Finally, a preliminary study on biofuels is presented

Ecobalances of technical options for the supply and utilization of bioenergy; Oekobilanzen technischer Optionen zur Bioenergiebereitstellung und -nutzung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Dunkelberg, Elisa; Aretz, Astrid

2013-05-15

In Germany bioenergy production and consumption are promoted and encouraged by means of the Renewable Energy Law, which has as its objectives transforming the energy system and preventing climate change. In recent years several forms of bioenergy have been criticized as leading to ecological and socioeconomic risks. This study presents life cycle assessments (LCA) for existing bioenergy processes. The LCAs were conducted as a part of the Project ''Renewable Energy Regions: Socio-Ecology of Self-Sufficiency''; the objective was to assess the ecological impact of the selected bioenergy processes in order to calculate the overall ecological impact of existing bioenergy plants. The results prove that the usage of agricultural biomass such as corn and wheat for biogas production leads to negative ecological impacts such as eutrophication and acidification. If greenhouse gas emissions from land-use change are included, the net effect in comparison to the usage of fossil energies will only be small or even negative; however, when residues such as manure or materials from landscape management are used as substrates for biogas production they lead to several positive ecological impacts. Residual forest wood or wood from short-rotation coppices used in co-generation show the highest greenhouse gas reduction potential among the investigated processes. It must, however, be assumed that the potential of residual forest wood in Germany is already largely being tapped. Regions that have made bioenergy a priority thus should limit the usage of agricultural biomass for energy production to specific crops such as short-rotation coppices and floral and herbaceous perennials. Additionally, future challenges will require strategies to improve cascade utilization and gathering and efficient usage of residues.

Eco-balance of co-treatment of residues in digestion tanks; Oekobilanzielle Bewertung der Mitbehandlung von Abfaellen in Faulbehaeltern

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fehrenbach, H.; Knappe, F.; Vogt, R. [ifeu - Inst. fuer Energie- und Umweltforschung gGmbH, Heidelberg (Germany)

2000-07-01

The activities of the regional government of Northrhine-Westfalia concerning a regulating framework for the co-fermentation of several types of biological waste in sewage plants comprise a LCA-type valuation. This shall illuminate the ecological pros and cons of this way of treatment related to the casual alternatives (e.g. composting or waste fermentation). The LCA has been adopted to waste management belongings. The results show an ecological equivalency between the co-fermentation and its alternative ways of recovery for most of the investigated types of waste. Especially those which arose by food production. A co-fermentation of municipal biowaste turns out to be relatively disadvantageous. Strong influence is due to the single case frame conditions like the content of pollutants, the way of sewage sludge disposal, technical conditions of the sewage plant, even also distances of delivery. (orig.) [German] Die Aktivitaeten des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen zur Regelung der Mitbehandlung diverser biogener Abfaelle in Faulbehaeltern von Klaeranlagen wurden durch eine umfassende oekobilanzielle Bewertung begleitet. Dabei galt es, die oekologische Sinnhaftigkeit dieser Art der Verwertung im Vergleich zu den ueblichen Entsorgungsalternativen je nach Abfall zu bestaetigen bzw. zu widerlegen. Als Bewertungsmethode wurde der Oekobilanzansatz mit Anpassung an abfallwirtschaftliche Fragestellungen herangezogen. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich die Co-Fermentation bei vielen Abfaellen - insbesondere solchen aus der Nahrungsmittelproduktion - den Alternativen gegenueber (z.B. der Kompostierung oder der Nassvergaerung) als oekologisch gleichwertig. Vergleichsweise unguenstig ist die Situation dagegen bei haeuslichem Bioabfall. Die Randbedingungen der Verwertung sind im Einzelfall vielfach von entscheidendem Einfluss auf das Oekobilanzergebnis, wie z.B. der konkrete Schadstoffgehalt, die Art der Klaerschlammentsorgung, technische Randbedingungen auf den Klaeranlagen, aber auch Transportdistanzen. (orig.)

Use of plastics in blast furnace processes: A contribution to ecologically and economically acceptable recycling of plastic waste; Kunststoffverwertung im Hochofen - ein Beitrag zum oekologischen und oekonomischen Recycling von Altkunststoffen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Janz, J [Stahlwerke Bremen GmbH (Germany)

1997-12-31

The use of plastics in blast furnace processes has a number of advantages. For one thing, existing facilities can be used with only slight reconstruction measures. Next, the blast furnace process does not necessarily require plastics and therefore is independent of the available plastics volume. Further, it has a high utilisation potential. For example, the Bremen blast furnace No. II has only 8 nozzles out of 32 which are suited for plastics, but it can utilize 70,000 t/a, which is more than 13 percent of the total plastics volume collected by DSD. Indepenent eco-balances have shown that there is no better technology on the market at the moment. (orig) [Deutsch] Mit der Kunststoffverwertung im Hochofen steht ein Verfahren zur Verfuegung, das sich gleich in mehrfacher Hinsicht vor der Konkurrenz auszeichnet. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Verwertungen wird eine bereits vorhandene Anlage genutzt, an der lediglich zusatzeinrichtungen benoetigt werden. Gleichzeitig wird abfallpolitische Flexibilitaet dadurch erreicht, dass der Hochofen nicht auf das Reduktionsmittel Kunststoff angewiesen ist. Von wesentlicher Bedeutung ist auch die hohe Verwertungskapazitaet eines Hochofens. Unabhaengige Oekobilanzen und eigene Messungen haben zweifelsfrei gezeigt, dass ein besseres Verfahren zur Zeit nicht auf dem Markt ist. (orig)

Use of plastics in blast furnace processes: A contribution to ecologically and economically acceptable recycling of plastic waste; Kunststoffverwertung im Hochofen - ein Beitrag zum oekologischen und oekonomischen Recycling von Altkunststoffen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Janz, J. [Stahlwerke Bremen GmbH (Germany)

1996-12-31

The use of plastics in blast furnace processes has a number of advantages. For one thing, existing facilities can be used with only slight reconstruction measures. Next, the blast furnace process does not necessarily require plastics and therefore is independent of the available plastics volume. Further, it has a high utilisation potential. For example, the Bremen blast furnace No. II has only 8 nozzles out of 32 which are suited for plastics, but it can utilize 70,000 t/a, which is more than 13 percent of the total plastics volume collected by DSD. Indepenent eco-balances have shown that there is no better technology on the market at the moment. (orig) [Deutsch] Mit der Kunststoffverwertung im Hochofen steht ein Verfahren zur Verfuegung, das sich gleich in mehrfacher Hinsicht vor der Konkurrenz auszeichnet. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Verwertungen wird eine bereits vorhandene Anlage genutzt, an der lediglich zusatzeinrichtungen benoetigt werden. Gleichzeitig wird abfallpolitische Flexibilitaet dadurch erreicht, dass der Hochofen nicht auf das Reduktionsmittel Kunststoff angewiesen ist. Von wesentlicher Bedeutung ist auch die hohe Verwertungskapazitaet eines Hochofens. Unabhaengige Oekobilanzen und eigene Messungen haben zweifelsfrei gezeigt, dass ein besseres Verfahren zur Zeit nicht auf dem Markt ist. (orig)

Apollo II - Thermal use of chicken droppings - Phase II

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Salerno, B.; Hersener, J.L.; Dinkel, F.

2001-01-01

This report made for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) discusses the conception, planning and construction of an easy-to-operate pilot heating plant that uses chicken litter as its fuel. The plant, which is installed at a chicken farm in Boesingen, Switzerland, produces 250 - 350 kW and not only supplies heat for two chicken sheds and two households, but also provides energy for a drying plant in summer. The results of measurements made on emissions are discussed and, within the framework of an eco-balance analysis, comparisons are made between the direct use of the droppings as manure or as a fuel. The cost-effectiveness of the plant is examined and the influence of plant size and other factors discussed. Further, legal questions concerning the use of chicken litter as a fuel for heating installations are discussed; the use of the droppings as a fuel is not foreseen in the legislation concerning water protection and airborne emissions of pollutants. Although normally this type of plant is built at the same location as the chicken farms, questions on logistics are also looked at

Environmental sustainability: plastic's evolving role in the automotive life cycle

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jekel, L.; Tam, E.K.L.

2002-01-01

One method of assessing the sustainability of manufactured products involves performing a life cycle analysis for a product and comparing it to alternative ones, or else examining if individual stages of the product can be modified. LCA applications are being used more extensively, especially in the automotive and related industries. Automotive plastics in particular are being scrutinized with much greater care. Plastic components have replaced metal ones in vehicle manufacturing to improve vehicle fuel efficiency and aesthetics. However, at the end of a vehicle's life, recycling rates for plastic are negligible when compared to those of steel. In order to gain the full environmental benefits of using plastic as a vehicle material, plastics must be recycled at the end of a vehicle's life, especially given their increasing use. While a variety of processes have been developed for the recycling of automotive plastics, the challenges of sorting, processing, and finally recycling a heterogeneous mixture of used plastics have yet to be effectively solved. A preliminary life cycle assessment of a plastic automotive fascia demonstrates the usefulness of this eco-balance technique in evaluating potential improvements to manufacturing and end-of-life processes. Improving the manufacturing process may reduce environmental burdens to a larger extent than just recycling the plastic. (author)

Biomass programme: Overview of the 2006 Swiss research programme; Programm Biomasse. Ueberblicksbericht zum Forschungsprogramm 2006

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Binggeli, D.; Guggisberg, B.

2007-07-01

This report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) reviews work done within the framework of the Swiss biomass research programme in 2006. The programme concentrates on the efficient conversion of biomass into heat, electrical power and motor fuels. Projects concerned with the optimisation of processes are reported on, including low-particle-emission systems, control systems for bivalent heating installations, use of demanding biomass fuels, combined pellets and solar heating systems and the elimination of ammonia emissions. In the material flow area, measurement campaigns, organic pollutants in compost, the effects of fermented wastes in agriculture and methane losses in biogas conditioning are reported on. New conversion technologies are reviewed, including hydro-thermal gasification, plant-oil fuelled combined heat and power units, flameless burners and catalytic direct liquefaction. In the area of basics, studies and concepts, eco-balances and life-cycle analyses are reported on; the production of synthetic natural gas and the influence of combustion particles are discussed and decentralised power generation from solid biomass is reported on. National and international co-operation is reviewed. The report is concluded with a review of eight pilot and demonstration projects, a review of work to be done in 2007 and a list of research and demonstration projects.

Development of Fruška Gora and some open questions of sustainability

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Bajić-Brković Milica

2010-01-01

Full Text Available Future development of Fruška Gora triggers numerous questions from the domain of sustainability. The solutions defined in the spatial plan-PPPPN Fruška Gora 2022, can be carried out only on condition that the current course of spatial planning and space related decision making change, so that the respective procedures become more sensitive to the specific requirements of sustainability. Sustainability by itself affects the way planning is being performed, while the specifics of a concrete case, like the case explored in this paper, set up a particular input relevant for both the conceptual and methodological aspects of planning. The proposals of implementing the specific sustainability-based techniques along with the practical implications of their use throughout the planning process are examined in this paper. Normally, most of them are not part of a standard planning procedure, however, they become highly relevant in cases like Fruška Gora, or similar. A sequence of innovations and possible modifications of/within the existing paradigm proposed here include: the prevention techniques, carrying capacity assessment as it relates to the eco-balance, risk assessment, impact analysis, eco-sensitive zoning, GIS based monitoring, etc. Special attention is given to the issues of physical and environmental quality, as they relate to sustainability.

Eco-balance of sewage sludge disposal: Agricultural uses, monocombustion or co-combustion; Oekobilanz der Klaerschlammentsorgung: Landwirtschaftliche Verwertung, Mono- oder Co-Verbrennung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fehrenbach, H. [ifeu-Institut fuer Energie- und Umweltforschung GmbH, Heidelberg (Germany)

2001-07-01

fhe German state of Nordrhein-Westfalen envisages a state-wide strategy for sewage sludge utilization. The ifeu-Institute, Heidelberg, was commissioned to provide the planning fundamentals. About 530,000 t of dried sewage sludge are produced in NRW every year. Utilization concepts included the use as an agricultural fertilizer, in landscaping, and several variants of incineration. The methodology and results are presented here. [German] Das Land Nordrhein-Westfalen strebt eine landesweite Abfallwirtschaftsplanung fuer Klaerschlamm an, die sich an den genannten Grundsaetzen orientieren soll. Das ifeu-Institut, Heidelberg, wurde vom Ministerium fuer Umwelt und Naturschutz, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz (MUNLV) beauftragt, die abfallwirtschaftlichen und oekobilanziellen Grundlagen fuer die Planung zu erstellen. Fuer die Entsorgung des in NRW mit 530.000 t Trockenmasse im Jahr anfallenden Klaerschlamms wurden dabei die Verwertung in der Landwirtschaft, der Einsatz im Landschaftsbau und die Verbrennung, mit jeweils allen wesentlichen in NRW realisierten technischen Varianten bewertet. Die Vorgehensweise sowie die wesentlichen Ergebnisse der oekobilanziellen Bewertung der Optionen der Klaerschlammentsorgung werden hier zusammengefasst. (orig.)

Life-cycle assessment of biodiesel versus petroleum diesel fuel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Coulon, R.; Camobreco, V.; Sheehan, J.; Duffield, J.

1995-01-01

The US Department of Energy's Office of Transportation Technologies, DOE's National Renewable Energy Laboratory, the US Department of Agriculture's Office of Energy, and Ecobalance are carrying out a comprehensive Life-Cycle Assessment of soy-based diesel fuel (biodiesel) to quantify the environmental aspects of the cradle-to-grave production and use of biodiesel. The purpose of the project is to produce an analytical tool and database for use by industry and government decision makers involved in alternative fuel use and production. The study also includes a parallel effort to develop a life-cycle model for petroleum diesel fuel. The two models are used to compare the life-cycle energy and environmental implications of petroleum diesel and biodiesel derived from soybean. Several scenarios are studied, analyzing the influence of transportation distances, agricultural practice and allocation rules used. The project also includes effort to integrate spatial data into the inventory analysis and probabilistic uncertainty considerations into the impact assessment stage. Traditional life-cycle inventory analysis includes an aggregation process that eliminates spatial, temporal, and threshold information. This project will demonstrate an approach to life-cycle inventory analysis that retains spatial data for use in impact assessment. Explicit probabilistic treatment of uncertainty in impact assessment will take account of scientific uncertainties, and will attempt to identify the level of spatial detail that most efficiently reduces impact assessment uncertainties

Carbon footprint of forest and tree utilization technologies in life cycle approach

Science.gov (United States)

Polgár, András; Pécsinger, Judit

2017-04-01

In our research project a suitable method has been developed related the technological aspect of the environmental assessment of land use changes caused by climate change. We have prepared an eco-balance (environmental inventory) to the environmental effects classification in life-cycle approach in connection with the typical agricultural / forest and tree utilization technologies. The use of balances and environmental classification makes possible to compare land-use technologies and their environmental effects per common functional unit. In order to test our environmental analysis model, we carried out surveys in sample of forest stands. We set up an eco-balance of the working systems of intermediate cutting and final harvest in the stands of beech, oak, spruce, acacia, poplar and short rotation energy plantations (willow, poplar). We set up the life-cycle plan of the surveyed working systems by using the GaBi 6.0 Professional software and carried out midpoint and endpoint impact assessment. Out of the results, we applied the values of CML 2001 - Global Warming Potential (GWP 100 years) [kg CO2-Equiv.] and Eco-Indicator 99 - Human health, Climate Change [DALY]. On the basis of the values we set up a ranking of technology. By this, we received the environmental impact classification of the technologies based on carbon footprint. The working systems had the greatest impact on global warming (GWP 100 years) throughout their whole life cycle. This is explained by the amount of carbon dioxide releasing to the atmosphere resulting from the fuel of the technologies. Abiotic depletion (ADP foss) and marine aquatic ecotoxicity (MAETP) emerged also as significant impact categories. These impact categories can be explained by the share of input of fuel and lube. On the basis of the most significant environmental impact category (carbon footprint), we perform the relative life cycle contribution and ranking of each technologies. The technological life cycle stages examined

Continuous high-temperature recycling of waste by the Thermoselect process; Unterbrechungsloses Hochtemperaturrecycling - Abfallveredelung durch Thermoselect

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Stahlberg, R [Thermoselect Engineering S.r.l., Verbania (Italy)

1998-09-01

Based on the experience with the Thermoselect plant at Fondotoce, Italy (100 Mg/d), which was commissioned in 1992, a 225,000 Mg/a plant with three units (720 Mg/d) is being constructed at Karlsruhe, Germany. The plant is scheduled for commissioning in 1998. The contribution presents the product balance, the approved emission levels, and the energy uses envisaged for the Karlsruhe project. Final product quality data and energy yields illustrate the differences from conventional thermal processes. An ecobalance comparing the Thermoselect process with grate furnaces shows that water, soil and air pollution is much reduced by the new Termoselect process. Apart from high product quality, the plant also has the advantage of reduced dumping cost and no long-term ecological hazards. (orig./SR) [Deutsch] Auf Basis der grosstechnischen Erfahrung mit einer seit 1992 in Fondotoce (Italien) betriebenen THERMOSELECT-Anlage (Kapazitaet 100 Mg/d), Restmuell umweltgerecht zu behandeln, wird 1998 der Aufbau einer 225.000 Mg/a-Anlage mit 3 Linien (720 Mg/d) in Karlsruhe (Deutschland) abgeschlossen. Die Produktebilanz und die genehmigten Emissionswerte sind in dem Artikel belegt. Gezeigt wird die fuer das Projekt Karlsruhe vorgesehene Energienutzung. Die Endprodduktqualitaeten und die Energieausbeute verdeutlichen die Unterschiede zu bisherigen konventionellen thermischen Verfahren. Eine erarbeitete Oekobilanz mit einem Vergleich von THERMOSELECT und Rostfeuerung zeigt die deutlich geringe Belastung der Umweltkompartimente Wasser, Boden und Luft durch das neue THERMOSELECT-Verfahren. Neben hohen Produktqualitaeten wird - verglichen mit traditionellen Techniken - ein deutlich verringerter Entsorgungspreis erreicht, wobei gleichzeitig oekologische Belastungen auszuschliessen sind. (orig./SR)

Biochar in mind. Production, use and evaluation; Biokohle im Blick. Herstellung, Einsatz und Bewertung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fricke, Klaus [Technische Univ. Braunschweig (Germany). Lehrstuhl fuer Abfall- und Ressourcenwirtschaft; Bergs, Claus-Gerhard [Bundesministerium fuer Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit, Bonn (Germany); Kammann, Claudia [Giessen Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Pflanzenoekologie; Quicker, Peter [Technische Hochschule Aachen (Germany). Lehr- und Forschungsgebiet Technologie der Energierohstoffe; Wallmann, Rainer (eds.) [Umweltdezernat Werra-Meissner-Kreis, Eschwege (Germany)

2012-07-01

Within the 2nd INTERREG NSR Biochar Conference from 19th to 20th September, 2012, in Berlin (Federal Republic of Germany), the following lectures were held: (1) Biochar research and technology in Europe - State of the art (B. Glaser); (2) Thermochemical processes to produce biochar (P. Quicker); (3) Hydrothermal processes (HTC and VTC) in energetic exploitation chains (A. Funke); (4) Technical potentials to impact the properties of coal (H. Gerber); (5) Application possibilities of biochar in metallurgical processes (M. Schulten); (6) Framework conditions and criteria for the use of biochar in cement works (G. Hartmann); (7) Implementation of the HTC into the commercial scale using AVA-CO2 as an example (T.M. Klaeusli); (8) Anaerobic utilization of HTC process waters (D. Bloehse); (9) Energetic utilization of biochar (K. Serfass); (10) Emissions of greenhouse gases and nitrogen transformation processes in vegetable coal soils (C. Kammann); (10) A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis (S. Jeffery); (11) HTC, biogas and agriculture - the APECS concepts (J. Mumme); (12) Vegetable coal, a key technology for the closing of material loops (H.-P. Schmidt); (13) Utilization of vegetable coal substrates in order to accelerate the degradation of organic contaminants (K. Terzyte); (14) Eco-balance in line with the EU Interreg project: 'Biochar: Climate saving soils' (J.-M. Roedger); (15) Biochar: Contaminant source or sink? (I. Hilber); (16) HTC process water: Recycling or disposal? State of knowledge and methods of resolution (B. Weiner); (17) Application of vegetable char in the eco-region Kaindorf (Austria) (G. Dunst); (18) Business cases for biochar production and utilization (R. van Haren); (19) Post-combustion strategies for the carbon cycle: Visions for the future (G. Kreysa).

Eco-Balancing as a Guideline for Environmentally Sound Regional Planning Supported by GIS Applications

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

ROMAN J. M. LENZ

2005-01-01

Full Text Available During the last several years, environmental impact assessment, regional or spatial planning, and environmental balancing seem to develop similarities, e.g. joint basic methodological approaches such as the use of environmental indicators, the focus on same environmental goods such air, water, soil, flora/fauna, etc. (Lenz 1999. Especially GIS-based software systems show their multiple applications in these fields.After a short introduction about the central role of indicators in transdisciplinary problem solving processes, experiences from a set of regional environmental (or eco balances show a wide range of advantages as well as disadvantages in the context of the widespread use of GIS-based planning tools. Relying on concepts and examples for the spatial eco-balances in the district of Pfaffenhofen (Upper Bavaria, Germany; cf. Lenz 1997 and the municipality of Mulfingen (Hohenlohe, Germany - both of them related to the concept of environmental indicators of the Advisory Board of Environmental Affairs of the Federal Republic of Germany (SRU 1994 and the Federal Environmental Agency (UBA 1995 - we can show GIS-based information systems of a high practical relevancy. On the basis of the GIS software ArcView, the data base management system Access, and html scripts, we developed environmental information systems to balance environmental effects in a map scale of 1:5,000 - 1:50,000, in order to provide the administration with tools for an environmentally sound and sustainable development of their area (Lenz 1997, 1999, Beuttler et al. 1999. The spatial distribution of land use types, solar energy potential, area consumption and drinking water consumption for the municipality of Mulfingen are highlighted in this paper. Still, the practical use of the systems seems to be limited due to the lack of computer skills among the administrators – even after programming graphical user interfaces for the indicator “drinking water consumption”-, as well

Energy and Environmental Research in the Building Area; Forschen und Bauen im Kontext von Energie und Umwelt

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Binz, A. [Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz (HABG-IEB), Muttenz (Switzerland); Chianese, D. [Scuola Universitaria Professionale della Svizzera Italiana, Dipartimento Ambiente Costruzioni e Design, Instituto di Sostenibilita Applicata all' Ambiente Costruito (SUPSI-DACD-ISAAC), Canobbio (Switzerland); Filleux, Ch. [Basler und Hofmann, Zuerich (Switzerland); Gaegauf, Ch. [Oekozentrum Langenbruck, Langenbruck (Switzerland); Gugerli, H. [Amt fuer Hochbauten der Stadt Zuerich, Zuerich (Switzerland); Menti, U.-P. [Hochschule Luzern, Technik und Architektur, Horw (Switzerland); Rommel, M. [Hochschule fuer Technik, Institut fuer Solartechnik (SPF), Rapperswil (Switzerland); Schwehr, P. [brenet, building and renewable energies network of technology, HTA Luzern, Horw (Switzerland); Zimmermann, M. [Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (EMPA), Duebendorf (Switzerland)

2010-07-01

These proceedings of the 16{sup th} Swiss Status Seminar held in September 2010 at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH in Zurich, Switzerland, present a comprehensive overview of the two-day event on Swiss energy and environmental topics in the building area. A total of 55 lectures in ten sessions covered architectural and building topics. The main lectures at the beginning of the seminar covered models for sustainable city development, building for the 2000-watt society and design principles. Also the 'Tropical House' project, the 'Self' autonomous house, the new Monte Rosa mountaineers hut and the Swiss Village project in Masdar were presented. The presentations were divided into nine thematic areas: The house as a 'power station', building renewal, energy management, heat pumps, processes, innovative building and renovation, city districts, building technologies, ventilation and the building as a system. Twenty poster contributions completed the seminar. Themes addressed in the 'house as a power station' set looked at the local generation of power, buildings that generate or even export energy and low-energy consumption buildings. Building renewal topics discussed included grey energy and legal topics, energy management contributions dealt with control, hot water preparation and energy efficiency. The heat pump section dealt with theory and practice of heating and cooling, multi-functional and low-exergy systems and related calculation aids. The processes section included contributions on infra-red analysis, solar-assisted systems, modelling, eco-balances and the City of Zurich's resource strategy for mineral building materials. Innovative building and renovation topics included renovation with prefabricated elements, integrated photovoltaic modules, retrofits as well as financing topics. The topics covered in the district development set included contributions on sustainable (re-)development, the 2000-watt

EDUCATION IN EMERGENCY: A CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AGENDUM TOWARDS THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROPAGATION OF BANGLADESH

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Muhammad SHOEB-UR-RAHMAN

2013-06-01

consternation and vulnerability. Propitious and admissible approaches can ensure eco-balance and sustainable socio-economic development in a vulnerable country like Bangladesh with a proper accentuation on education in emergency. This paper will be highly helpful for policy makers both in private and public sectors to ensure sound education opportunity in the highly disaster prone i.e., coastal areas. However, this piece of effort might also cut attention of the human rights workers.

Present evaluation of the use of rape oil/RME compared to diesel fuel. Appendix 1: Resources and emission balances: rape oil and RME compared to diesel fuel. Appendix 2: Economic evaluation of the use of rape oil and RME compared to diesel fuel; Aktuelle Bewertung des Einsatzes von Rapsoel/RME im Vergleich zu Dieselkraftstoff. Anhang 1: Ressourcen- und Emissionsbilanzen: Rapsoel und RME im Vergleich zu Dieselkraftstoff. Anhang 2: Oekonomische Bewertung des Einsatzes von Rapsoel und RME gegenueber Dieselkraftstoff

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kraus, K.; Niklas, G.; Tappe, M.; Reinhardt, G.A. [ifeu-Institut fuer Energie- und Umweltforschung GmbH, Heidelberg (Germany); Folkers, C. [Bochum Univ. (Germany). Lehrstuhl fuer Finanzwissenschaft

1999-12-01

New recognitions in the sectors of research, development in the processing industry, motor vehicle technology, ecological balance methodics, the high interest in environmental policy and some other points of criticism have motivated the Umweltbundesamt to update the corresponding parts of the '1993 eco-balance rape oil'. Balancing of the particularly critically discussed sectors of resource consumption and airborne environmental impacts over the entire life cycle of rape oil based fuels as compared to diesel fuel was taken care of by the ifeu Institute. That balances were only made up for these two sectors is due to the fact that it is here where the particular environmental advantages of vegetable fuel oils are supposedly brought to bear. Moreover, on the basis of the report 'renewable energy sources - fundamentals, methods, ecological balancing' published recently and sponsored by the Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt, topical essential factors such as the redefinition of the reference system (short-rotation cultivation instead of permanent fallowness) could be taken into account by the expertise. A particular benefit attributed to rape oil and RME is the conservation of fossil energy sources and associated abatement of the greenhouse effect (especially carbon dioxide). Cutting down greenhouse gas emissions is one of the predominant aims of national and international environmental policy with a view to preventing a dangerous man-made disturbance of climate. (orig.) [German] Neue Erkenntnisse im Bereich der Forschung, der Entwicklungen der verarbeitenden Industrie, der Fahrzeugtechnik, der Oekobilanzmethodik, das hohe umweltpolitische Interesse sowie die zuvor genannten Kritikpunkte haben das Umweltbundesamt veranlasst, die entsprechenden Teile der 'Oekobilanz Rapsoel' von 1993 auf den neuesten Stand zu bringen. Das ifeu-Institut hat die besonders kritisch diskutierten Bereiche des Ressourcenverbrauchs und der luftgetragenen

Materials and energy balance of a university - development of an environmental management concept for universities based on the example of Osnabrueck university. Final report; Stoff- und Energieflussanalyse einer Universitaet - Erstellung eines Umweltmanagementkonzepts fuer Hochschulen am Beispiel der Universitaet Osnabrueck. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Matthies, M.; Viebahn, P.

1999-04-01

A material and energy analysis of Osnabrueck university was established with the goal of drawing up an environmental management concept for universities in general. The eco-balance was established in accordance with environmental specifications for energy, traffic, water, waste water, materials, waste and terrain. An environmental protection programme was developed on this basis, as well as an environmental information system for the university. The final stage comprised networking activities (eco-campus.net). A bibliography is presented. [German] In Abschnitt I wird zunaechst eine Zusammenfassung der Projektergebnisse gegeben (Kapitel 2). Die ausfuehrliche Darstellung des Projektes beginnt in Kapitel 3 mit einem Ueberblick ueber das Projekt und seine Entstehung. In Kapitel 4 wird ein Ueberblick ueber die Universitaet Osnabrueck gegeben; in Kapitel 5 wird die Notwendigkeit eines UMS' fuer Hochschulen begruendet und als eines der moeglichen Instrumente die EG-Oeko-Audit-Verordnung beschrieben. In Abschnitt II beginnt die Beschreibung der einzelnen Bausteine des Osnabruecker Umweltmanagement-Modells. In Kapitel 6 wird dargestellt, wie die umweltrelevanten Taetigkeiten in den Organisationsstrukturen der Universitaet verankert werden sollten (Baustein UM 1). In den Kapiteln 7 und 8 werden die Umweltleitlinien der Universitaet Osnabrueck (Baustein UM 2) sowie die externen Umweltvorschriften (Baustein UM 3) wiedergegeben. In Abschnitt III erfolgt die Erstellung der Oekobilanz der Universitaet Osnabrueck (Baustein UM 4), der Schwerpunkt des Projektes. In Kapitel 9 wird zunaechst eine Einfuehrung in die Oekobilanzierung gegeben. In Kapitel 10 folgt die Zieldefinition und die Beschreibung der Sachbilanz. Hier wird auch auf die verwendete Software UMBERTO naeher eingegangen. In den Kapiteln 11-16 werden die Teilbilanzen Energie, Verkehr, Wasser und Abwasser, Materialien, Abfaelle und Flaechen beschrieben. In Kapitel 17 erfolgt schliesslich die Zusammenfuehrung der

Energy Research in Switzerland in 2009; Energieforschung 2009. Ueberblicksberichte/Recherche energetique 2009. Rapports de synthese

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2010-06-15

stations and efficient gas turbines. Increasing efficiency and the use of CO{sub 2}-neutral fuels are discussed, as is CO{sub 2} sequestration. Hydrogen production and storage and associated safety aspects are looked at, as are developments in the fuel cell and the industrial processes areas. Renewable energy topics noted include solar collectors and the storage of solar heat, building integration, thin-film photovoltaics, dye-based and organic solar cells and electrical system technology. High-temperature industrial applications are noted. Biomass and wood-fuel topics are covered, including particle emissions, eco-balances and the anaerobic digestion of biomass. In the hydropower area, pump-storage schemes and the classification of streams and rivers are dealt with, as is the development of a diagonal-turbine. The uses of shallow geothermal energy and deep-heat mining are reported on, as is three-dimensional modelling. Research and component development in the wind-energy area and the social acceptance and modelling of such installations are presented. In the nuclear energy area, work done at various laboratories and human factors in safety issues are covered, as are waste disposal and future reactor concepts. A new 'hot-laboratory' is introduced and nuclear fusion research work is noted. Within the framework of the 'Energy-Economy-Society' programme, building renovation, traffic and mobility topics, energy efficiency and rebound-effects, energy politics, technology transfer and innovation, decentralised power production and the risks of nuclear energy are dealt with.

Energy Research in Switzerland in 1997; Energieforschung 1997. Ueberblicksberichte/Recherche energetique 1997. Rapports de synthese

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

1998-03-15

listed in the geothermal area, increasing the economic efficiency of drilling, life-expectancy of heat probes, use of aquifers, geological aspects and deep heat mining are noted. Small hydropower issues reported on include direct and indirect support for projects, public relations and the Internet. Wind topics reported on include measurement and documentation, information centres and various wind park projects. In the solar chemistry area work concerning process heat, chemical energy storage, photo-electric processes as well as the storage and transport of hydrogen are reported on. As far as combustion technology is concerned, work done at various Swiss institutions is noted, including optical measurement methods and numerical simulation. Also, pollutant reduction is commented on. In the energy storage area, long-term and short-term underground heat-storage systems and their modelling are discussed. Nuclear energy topics include probabilistic safety analysis, human reliability, stress-corrosion cracking and other corrosion effects as well as accident management, waste disposal and future reactor concepts. A further report deals with regulatory safety research in the nuclear area. Nuclear fusion is reviewed at an international level and work done in Switzerland is reviewed. The fuel cells and accumulators report takes a look at current work on natural gas and hydrogen-powered fuel cells with polymer and ceramic electrolytes and work done on various types of accumulators and super-condensers is mentioned. Traffic topics reported on include modular body technologies, drive systems, hybrid drive technologies, safety aspects and eco-balances. Experience gained in fleet trials is reviewed. Finally, the report on the fundamentals of Swiss energy economics reports on perspectives for energy consumption, cantonal energy policies, cost and economic viability of energy systems, solar energy and steering taxes and the opening of energy markets.

Energy Research in Switzerland in 2009; Energieforschung 2009. Ueberblicksberichte/Recherche energetique 2009. Rapports de synthese

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2010-06-15

program reports on combined heat and power stations and efficient gas turbines. Increasing efficiency and the use of CO{sub 2}-neutral fuels are discussed, as is CO{sub 2} sequestration. Hydrogen production and storage and associated safety aspects are looked at, as are developments in the fuel cell and the industrial processes areas. Renewable energy topics noted include solar collectors and the storage of solar heat, building integration, thin-film photovoltaics, dye-based and organic solar cells and electrical system technology. High-temperature industrial applications are noted. Biomass and wood-fuel topics are covered, including particle emissions, eco-balances and the anaerobic digestion of biomass. In the hydropower area, pump-storage schemes and the classification of streams and rivers are dealt with, as is the development of a diagonal-turbine. The uses of shallow geothermal energy and deep-heat mining are reported on, as is three-dimensional modelling. Research and component development in the wind-energy area and the social acceptance and modelling of such installations are presented. In the nuclear energy area, work done at various laboratories and human factors in safety issues are covered, as are waste disposal and future reactor concepts. A new 'hot-laboratory' is introduced and nuclear fusion research work is noted. Within the framework of the 'Energy-Economy-Society' programme, building renovation, traffic and mobility topics, energy efficiency and rebound-effects, energy politics, technology transfer and innovation, decentralised power production and the risks of nuclear energy are dealt with.

The Backnang-Neuschoental biofermentation plant; Biovergaerungsanlage Backnang-Neuschoental

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Balthasar, Gerald [Abfallwirtschaftsgesellschaft des Rems-Murr-Kreises mbH, Waiblingen (Germany)

2012-11-01

During the past few years, the waste industry changed from waste disposal to a waste recycling and power industry. As global resources are being depleted, the potential of waste materials must be realized more fully. The new biofermentation plant at Backnang-Neuschoental is an example. Since October 2011, all biowastes of the Rems-Murr district have been processed in the plant, with optimum utilization of the energetic potential. The biogas produced during fermentation generates about 8.6 million kW of electric power that is supplied to the public power grid. The waste heat of the power generation process is utilized in the nearby sewage sludge drying plant of the town of Backnang. This near-ideal concept saves more than 7000,000 l of heating oil per annum formerly used for drying up to 15,000 tonnes of sewage sludge. Together with the eco-power generation process, this results in a CO{sub 2} reduction potential of up to 8,000 tonnes per annum, which is a big step for climate protection in the Rems-Murr district. The eco-balance of the plant is made even more favourable by a PV system of about 197 kW{sub peak} on the roofs of the industrial halls. The organic waste collected in the 'brown bio-bin' is treated by qualified biological processes, and high-grade organic fertilizers and humus are obtained to close the natural cycle of materials. More than 15,000 tonnes of liquid fertilizer and about 10,000 tonnes of biocompost are produced every year; these are subject to constant independent quality control and are sold to agricultural and horticultural buyers. (orig.) [German] Die Anforderungen an die Abfallwirtschaft haben sich in den letzten Jahren vom reinen Entsorgen fortentwickelt zu einer Kreislauf- und Energiewirtschaft. Kuenftig gilt es auch immer mehr im Abfallbereich, die global knapper werdenden Ressourcen zu schonen und durch Nutzung energetischer Potenziale aus Abfaellen einen Beitrag zum Klimaschutz zu leisten. Mustergueltig verwirklicht wird

18{sup th} bioenergy symposium. Solid fuels, biofuels, biogas; 18. Symposium Bioenergie. Festbrennstoffe, Biokraftstoffe, Biogas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2009-07-01

) Applied concepts of processing fermentation residues: Evaluation, comparison as well as material flows and nutrient flows (R. Kirchmayr); (20) Climate protection and lifestyle (P. Weish); (21) Exploration of new fuels for small power ranges by means of vortex firing (E. Hamatschek); (22) The biomass gasification project BLAUER TURM H2Herten (E. Greiler); (23) Success factors for bio energy plants with a local district heating network using evaluated biomass heating plants as an example (C. Leuchtweis); (24) Climate protection program Eco Plus: Reduction of CO{sub 2} emissions - Generation of yields (S. Sanders); (25) Significance of bio energy for an ecologic model district (T. Jenssen); (26) State of the art and perspectives of flexi-fuel vehicles (U. Kramer); (27) Biofuels - Challenges for the engines from tomorrow (B. Gehringer); (28) In-situ variable ethanol-diesel blends for the improvement of the emissions at serial diesel motors (W. Kangler); (29) Aftertreatment of exhaust gases by means of rapeseed fuels in diesel engines (V. Wichmann); (30) Towards the industrial production (O. Schulze); (31) State of the art of the realization of the bioliq procedure (E. Dinjus); (32) Biogas distribution systems as an economic alternative to the utilization of biogas (W. Urban); (33) Feed-in of biogas into the natural gas distribution system: Newest developments of the market in the area of biogas conditioning in Germany and Europe (S. Rostek); (34) Repowering of biogas plants - From sub-standard to the engine for progress (M. Paproth); (35) Biogas production in Switzerland: State of the art, organisation of the branche and economic efficiency (A. Maerki); (36) Ecobalance biogas - Success factors for the sustainable utilization of the biogas technology by means of selected biogas plants as an example (J. Pucker); (37) What role does the bio energy play in the sustainable energy supply? Bio energy in the context to climatic change, energy systems and utilization of land - Results

Photovoltaic solar energy; Photovoltaische Solarenergie

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2012-07-01

for a renewable power supply? (G. Bopp); (17) Electrochemical energy storage for a stationary intermediate storage - Concepts and perspectives (M. Wohlfahrt-Mehrens); (18) Decentral photovoltaics: Autonomy, own consumption and grid relief by means of local power and heat storage systems (J. Binder); (19) Maximization of the lifetime of electric batteries in PV systems by means of battery hybrid storage systems (V. Spaeth); (20) Possibilities for grid integration of a high amount of photovoltaic power plants in the area of low performance (G. Wirth); (21) Change of load of grid components at the implementation of photovoltaic power into the power distribution system (G. Herold); (22) Feeding management and limitation of the supply of the active power to 70 % according to the new EEG 2012 (A. Umland); (23) Power quality and dynamic grid support: Do the medium voltage regulations correspond to the properties of PV inverters? (G. Doetter); (24) Perspectives of wafer based solar modules, technology and costs (R. Brendel); (25) Why is solar power not climate neutral but still environmentally friendly? Actual ecobalances to photovoltaics (M. Stucki); (26) Are photovoltaic power plants ''highly dangerous''? (H. Laukamp); (27) Power-to-Gas - Storage of renewable energies in the natural gas distribution system (M. Specht); (28) Utilization of own photovoltaic power - Fluctuation of radiation and load (B. Wille-Haussmann); (29) Arc detection in photovoltaic power plants - A system comparison between USA and Europe (A. Haeing); (30) 20 years 1,000 roofs program - Long-term experiences from Saxonia (M. Reiner); (31) Quality assurance of PV inverters - 20 years of field experiences with photovoltaic power plants in grid interconnection (J. Laschinski); (32) Experiences with the installation and operation of photovoltaic storage systems: Field tests of Sol-ion systems in southern Germany, Guadeloupe, Martinique and at research institutes (H.-D. Mohring); (33) Do

Improvement of the energy balances, material balances and emission balances in the production of bioethanol from renewable raw materials; Verbesserung der Energie-, Stoff- und Emissionsbilanzen bei der Bioethanolproduktion aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fleischer, Sven

2010-07-01

In this thesis, a process was realized that uses starchy raw material (triticale) as well as lignocellulosic biomass (corn silage) in one ethanol production process. In contrast to other so called 2{sup nd} generation ethanol processes, which only use lignocellulosic material, the problem of the very low potential ethanol concentration (< max 6%mas) in such mashes is avoided. By the addition of starchy material to the pre-treated and pre-hydrolysed lignocellulosic biomass, it is possible to produce up to 96g ethanol/l in the mash within 144h of fermentation at ethanol yields of at least 84%. If such a process would be performed longer, the ethanol yield should approach the yields of current starch only processes. This process not only produces ethanol concentrations that can be distilled profitably, it also has an ecobalance very positive. If the resulting stillage is used to produce biogas and part of the biogas is then used in a combined heat and power plant to supply the distillery process with heat and electricity, a self-sustaining distillery process can be realised. Using such self-sustaining ethanol production process about 83% of CO{sub 2}-emissions (CO{sub 2}-equipollents) can be avoided associated with the production of surplus energy via the energy products ethanol [ca. 65,14GJ/(ha . a)] and surplus non-purified biogas [ca. 88,49GJ/(ha . a)]. Even if such a process would be run using fossil fuels to produce heat and electricity (''Deutscher-Strommix'') about 48% of the CO{sub 2}-emissions (CO{sub 2}-equipollents) could be avoided. Such a process already fulfils the demands of the ''Biomasse-Nachhaltigkeitsverordnung'' (BioNachV) [30% CO{sub 2} reduction potential; and from 1st of January 2011 minimum 40% CO{sub 2} reduction potential] that finally will be enacted in 2010. In this thesis, also the basic so-called 1st generation process using only starchy material for ethanol production is eco-balanced. Such a