The Use Of {sup 15}N in the Study of Nitrogen Uptake and Metabolism in Plants; Primenenie azota-15 pri izuchenii vzaimodejstviya azotnykh udobrenij s pochvoj i usvoeniya ikh rasteniyami

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gyrbuchev, I.; Dinchev, D. [Institut Pochvovedenija Im.N. Pushkarova, Sofija (Bulgaria)

1968-07-01

Some forty years ago Mattson attempted to represent soil solutions as ionic states. Later on, he further developed his theory with the aid of the latest achievements in physical chemistry. In 1955 Schoffield applied chemical thermodynamics to make the interrelations between the solid and liquid phases of the soil even more precise. Nitrogen occupies a special position among the plant nutrients. The greatest success in nitrogen uptake and metabolism studies, however, has been achieved only recently after the development of isotope techniques. The study of nitrogen metabolism using isotope techniques has been carried out for some years at the N. Poushkarov Institute of Soil Science using optical methods of isotope detection. Certain of the results obtained recently point to the great opportunities offered by the use of the optical method. Greenhouse and field experiments were carried out with wheat, oats and lucerne. Ammonium sulphate with 11.50 at.%, {sup 15}N,andurea 5.55 at % were used as sources of nitrogen. Depending on the conditions, the nitrogen introduced with fertilizers was utilized by the plants in amounts ranging from 47 to 56% in the greenhouses, and from 38 to 45% m the field. It was established that the soil was the source of nearly half the nitrogen of the plants. Fertilized plants took up more of the soil nitrogen than the unfertilized plants. The nitrogen introduced into the soil was found in all fractions of the plants after 24 h and was in the non-protein organic nitrogen, constitution proteins, chlorophyll and reserve proteins of the plants. The highest amounts of {sup 15}N were found in the following free amino acids: arginine, histidine, lysine and the amide aspargine. In the bound amino acids, alanine, threonine, serine and glycine were highest in {sup 15}N. Phosphorus application increased the amounts of nitrogen in the amino acids. It was established that nitrogen turnover was greatest in chlorophyll and the constitution proteins. In the study of the quality of wheat grains, it has been shown that the highest amounts of nitrogen were found in the glutenins, followed by the fractions of residual nitrogen, prolamins and the water-soluble nitrogen compounds. The least amounts were found in the albumins and globulins. (author) [Russian] 40 let nazad Mattson pytalsja predstavit' pochvennye rastvory kak ionnye sostojanija. Pozdnee on razvil svoju teoriju, osnovyvajas' na poslednih dostizhenijah v oblasti fizicheskoj himii. V 1955 godu Shhoffild primenil himicheskuju termodinamiku dlja togo, chtoby eshhe bol'she utochnit' vzaimootnoshenija mezhdu tverdymi i zhidkimi fazami pochvy. Azot zanimaet osoboe mesto sredi pitatel'nyh veshhestv rastenij. Odnako naibol'shij uspeh v issledovanijah azotistogo pogloshhenija i metabolizma byl dostignut lish' nedavno posle razrabotki izotopnyh metodov. Issledovanie azotistogo metabolizma s pomoshh'ju izotopnyh metodov provodilos' v techenie neskol'kih let v Institute pochvovedenija im. N.Pushkarova s ispol'zovaniem opticheskih metodov obnaruzhenija izotopov. Nekotorye iz poluchennyh nedavno rezul'tatov ukazyvajut na ogromnye vozmozhnosti, kotorye otkryvajutsja v rezul'tate ispol'zovanija opticheskogo metoda. Jeksperimenty v teplichnyh i polevyh uslovijah provodilis' na pshenice, ovse i ljucerne. V kachestve istochnikov azota ispol'zovalis' sul'fat ammonija s 11,50 i mochevina s 5,55 atomnyh procentov {sup 15}N. V zavisimosti ot uslovij azot, vvodimyj s udobrenijami, ispol'zovalsja rastenijami v kolichestve ot 47 do 56% v teplicah i ot 38 do 45% - v polevyh uslovijah. Ustanovleno, chto pochva javljalas' istochnikom pochti poloviny azota v rastenijah. Udobrennye rastenija pogloshhali bol'she pochvennogo azota, chem neudobrennye. Azot, vvedennyj v pochvu, byl obnaruzhen vo vseh frakcijah rastenij spustja 24 chasa i soderzhalsja v nebelkovom organicheskom azote, konstitutivnyh belkah, hlorofille i rezervnyh belkah rastenij. Naibol'shee kolichestvo 15N bylo obnaruzheno v sledujushhih svobodnyh aminokislotah: arginine, gistidine, lizine i amidoasparagine. V svjazannyh aminokislotah - alanine, treonine, serine i glicine - soderzhalos' naibol'shee kolichestvo 15N. Primenenie fosfora uvelichivalo kolichestvo azota v aminokislotah. Ustanovleno, chto oborot azota byl samym bol'shim v hlorofille i konstitutivnyh belkah. Pri issledovanii kachestva pshenichnyh zeren bylo ustanovleno, chto naibol'shee kolichestvo azota bylo obnaruzheno v gljutenine, zatem vo frakcijah ostatochnogo azota, prolamina i vodorastvorimyh azotnyh soedinenijah. Naimen'shee kolichestvo bylo obnaruzheno v albumine i globuline.

Distribution of Aerially Applied Malathion-S{sup 35} in a Forest Ecosystem; Distribution du malathion- {sup 35}S pulverise par avion dans un ensemble ecologique forestier; Raspredelenie malationa, mechennogo S35 i raspylyaemogo s vozdukha dlya izucheniya ehkologicheskoj sistemy lesnykh massivov; Distribucion en un sistema ecologico forestal de malation- 35S pulverizado desde el aire

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Giles, Jr., R. H.; Peterle, T. J. [Ohio Co-Operative Wildlife Research Unit, Columbus, OH (United States)

1963-09-15

insecticida pulverizado. Por toma de muestras de tierra y recuento de zonas delimitadas se estudio la distribucion bajo la superficie del suelo. Las muestras de agua tomadas en arroyos intermitentes y los ensayos realizados con insectos, mamiferos, reptiles y aves indicaron la distribucion inicial y subsiguiente del insecticida y sus metabolitos en el sistema ecologico. Los estudios de la poblacion animal siguieron durante los veranos de 1961 y 1962; en el verano de 1963 se reuniran todavia algunos datos. Los resultados preliminares indican que la poblacion de insectos vuelve a la normalidad unas tres semanas despues del tratamiento; no se observo efecto alguno en los animales vertebrados de la zona tratada. (author) [Russian] Raspredelenie malationa (0,0-dimetilditiofosfat diehtilmerkaptoyantarnoj kisloty) v lesnom massive vostochnoj chasti Tsentral'nogo Ogajo, SSHA, izuchalos' vesnoj 1962 goda. Ehtot insektitsid shirokogo dejstviya byl vybran dlya izucheniya v svyazi s ego vozrastayushchej rol'yu v bor'be s mnogimi vazhnymi nasekokymi-vreditelyami listvennykh i khvojnykh lesov Soedinennykh Shtatov. Dlya rasshireniya znanij po ehkologii lesnykh massivov, a takzhe bolee polnogo ponimaniya vliyaniya insektitsidov na faunu byla ispol'zovana svoeobraznaya vozmozhnost' izucheniya ehtikh problem odnovremenno posredstvom primeneniya mechennykh izotopami insektitsidov. S{sup 35} byla vybrana vvidu nizkoj ehnergii beta-izlucheniya (0,167 Mehv) i dostatochno korotkogo perioda poluraspada (87,1 dnya). Predvaritel'noe issledovanie uchastka zemli 0,1 akra letom 1961 goda pokazalo stepen' vozmozhnogo' primeneniya v usloviyakh obshchej radiatsii, a takzhe vozmozhnost' razrabotat' podgotovitel'nye metody dlya vzyatiya prob. Letom 1961 goda byl proveden obzor fauny dvukh bassejnov reki ploshchad'yu v 20 akrov kazhdyj. V mae 1962 goda odin iz nikh byl obrabotan tekhnicheski-chistym malationom v kolichestve 2 funtov na 1 akr v smesi s ksilolom, tritonom X-155 (ehmul'gator) i vodoj. Malation

New equipment for mechanization of warehouse operations and its use in Donbass timber yards and material stores. Novoe oborudovanie dlya mekhanizatsii skladskikh rabot i opyt ego primeneniya na lesnykh i materialinykh skladakh Donbassa

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

1985-01-01

Constructional features and characteristics of new warehouse equipment are described which were developed by Donetsk Scientific Research Coal Institute in cooperation with other establishments. Experience is reviewed in the use of: turning platforms (PPG3); lifting-hoisting units (PTU); motor-hydraulic grab (MGK3M); fork-lift racks ZOD; complex KLT for mechanization of operations in timber yards; chain conveyors (T2Ts); cyclone bunkers; preparation of support timber (sawing units PRK, SRT); devices for packing and conveying timber, concrete and other materials; equipment for warehouses (racks UN, UP, KB) and others. The equipment is widely used in UkSSR Minugleprom stores and provides safer working conditions.

Use of Radioactive Tracers in the Study of Insect-Plant Relationships; Emploi des radioindicateurs dans l'etude des relations insecte-plante; Ispol'zovanie radioaktivnykh indikatorov dlya izucheniya vzaimnoj svyazi mezhdu nasekomymi ch rasteniyami; Empleo de marcadores radiactivos para estudiar las relaciones insecto-planta

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Crossley, Jr., D. A. [Radiation Ecology Section, Health Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

1963-09-15

In early uses of radioactive tracers in ecological investigations of pests insect, dispersion and migration phenomena were studied with radioisotopes as markers for individual insects. A more recent development is the use of radioisotopes to evaluate insect-plant and predator-prey associations through estimates of food utilization. Biological elimination of radioisotopes, a nuisance in dispersion studies, is being utilized as a measure of feeding rates. In both field and laboratory experimentation, insects are allowed to reach steady-state concentrations of radioisotopes through feeding. Then the rate of intake is equal to the rate of elimination of the radioisotope: (rate of ingestion) = (steady-state amount) x (fractional rate of loss). Measurements of elimination rates (biological half-lives) permit the steady-state concentrations to be ttanslated into intake rate functions. Food consumption studies have been performed for single-insect-species populations and for multiple- species populations. In a single-species investigation, radiocaesium in a tagged field site was used to estimate the consumption of willow leaves by populations of the beetle Chrysomela knabi. Direct measurements of food consumption made in the laboratory showed good agreement with field estimates of feeding rates based on the radioisotope techniques. Biological half-lives differed for the larval stages and these had to be considered separately. Radioisotopes provided a means of separating overwintering adults from newly emerged ones, through the more rapid elimination of caesium from overwintering adults. In multiple-species work, the relationship between size of insect and elimination rate was used to derive an average biological half-life for radiocaesium elimination from herbivorous insects in a field site tagged with caesium-137. This average rate, used in conjunction with data on plant and insect biomasses and concentrations of radiocaesium, permitted an evaluation of plant consumption by an entire insect community. Similarly, the utilization of insects as food by predaceous arthropods was estimated from steady-state concentrations of radiocaesium in predators and prey, biomasses, and an average elimination rate. (author) [French] Dans les premiers travaux ecologiques sur les insectes nuisibles effectues a l'aide de radioindicateurs, les chercheurs ont etudie les phenomenes de dispersion et de migration en utilisant les radioisotopes pour le marquage d'individus. Plus recemment, ils s'en sont servis pour etudier les relations insecte-plante et predateur-proie, en procedant a des evaluations de l'utilisation des aliments. L'elimination biologique des radioisotopes, qui constitue un inconvenient dans les etudes sur la dispersion, est utilisee dans ce cas comme mesure des taux d'alimentation. Dans les experiences en plein champ ou en laboratoire, on attend que la concentration des radioisotopes ingeres par les insectes parvienne a l'equilibre. Le taux d'absorption des radiosotopes est alors egal a leur taux d'elimination: (taux d'ingestion) = (quantite a l'equilibre) x (taux de pertes fractionnaire). Les mesures des taux d'elimination (periode biologique) permettent de traduire les concentrations a l'equilibre en fonctions exprimant les taux d'ingestion. Les auteurs ont procede a des etudes sur la consommation d'aliments dans des populations composees d'une seule espece d'insectes et dans des populations composees de plusieurs especes. Dans une etude en plein champ sur une seule espece, ils ont procede au marquage par le radiocesium afin d'evaluer la consommation de feuilles de saule par des populations de chrysomeles (Chrysomela knabi). Les mesures directes de la consommation d'aliments faites en laboratoire ont bien concorde avec les evaluations des taux d'alimentation faites en plein champ au moyen des methodes radioisotopiques. Les periodes biologiques ont ete differentes pour les stades larvaires, qu'il a fallu etudier separement. Les radioisotopes om permis de distinguer les adultes ayant survecu a l'hiver de ceux qui venaient d'apparaltre; en effet, le cesium est elimine plus rapidement par les premiers. [Spanish] Las primeras aplicaciones de los indicadores radiactivos en los estudios ecologicos sobre las plagas de insectos y sobre los fenomenos de dispersion y migracion insectiles consistieron en marcar con radioisotopos a algunos insectos. Mas recientemente se han llegado a utilizar los radioisotopos para estudiar las relaciones insecto- planta y depredador-victima a traves del consumo de sustancias nutritivas. La eliminacion biologica de los radioisotopos, elemento perturbador en los estudios sobre la dispersion, sirve para medir los indices de alimentacion. Tanto en las campanas experimentales como en los estudios de laboratorio se logra una concentracion estacionaria de radioisotopos en los insectos por ingestion. El indice de ingestion de radioisotopos es entonces igual al de eliminacion; la formula aplicada es la siguiente (indice de ingestion) = (cantidad estacionaria) x (indice fraccional de perdida). La medida del indice de eliminacion (periodo biologico) permite determinar el indice de ingestion a partir de los datos relativos a la concentracion estacionaria. Se han estudiado el consumo de alimentos en poblaciones insectiles formadas por una sola especie y formadas por varias especies. En el estudio de una de las primeras, se utilizo el radiocesio aplicandolo en una zona determinada para calcular el consumo de hojas de sauce por poblaciones del escarabajo Chrysomela knabi. Las medicas directas del consumo de alimentos; realizadas en laboratorio, dieron resultados que coincidian con los obtenidos en las campanas experimentales emprendidas paia calcular los indices de alimentacion mediante el uso de radioisotopos. En la fase larval, el periodo biologico de los insectos es diferente, por lo que hubj de ser objeto de un estudio aparte. Los radioisotopos permitieron distinguir a los adultos que habian pasaco la hibernacion de los adultos nuevos, porque la eliminacion del cesio en los primeros era mas rapida. En los estudios sobre poblaciones formadas por varias especies, la relacion entre el tamano del insecto y el indice de eliminacion sirvio para calcular el periodo medio biologico para la eliminacion del radiocesio por insectos harbivoros en una zona tratada con {sup 137}Ce. Este periodo medio y los datos sobre las masas biologicas vegetales e insectiles y sobre las concentraciones de radiocesio han permitido calcular el consumo de vegetales de una poblacion entera de insectos. Del mismo modo, se ha podido calcular el consumo de insectos de los artropodos depredadores basandose en las concentraciones estacionarias de radiocesio en los depredadores y en las victimas, las masas biologicas y el indice medio de eliminacion. (author) [Russian] Pri bolee rannem ispol'zovanii radioaktivnykh indikatorov v ehkologicheskikh issledovaniyakh nasekomykh-vreditelej ikh rasseyaniya i migratsii izuchalis' pri pomoshchi radioizotopov, kotorymi markirovalis' otdel'nye nasekomye. V poslednee vremya poluchilo rasprostranenie ispol'zovanie radioizotopov dlya izucheniya biologicheskoj assotsiatsii nasekomykh i rastenij, a takkhe khishchnykh nasekomykh i ikh dobychi, iskhodya iz opredeleniya potrebleniya imi pishchi. Biologicheskoe vydelenie radioizotopov, kotoroe meshaet izucheniyu rasseyaniya nasekomykh, ispol'zuetsya v nastoyashchee vremya dlya izmereniya kolichestva potrebleniya pishchi. Kak v polevykh issledovaniyakh, tak i v laboratornykh ehksperimentakh nasekomym daetsya vozmozhnost' dostich' v protsesse pitaniya sostoyaniya ustojchivoj kontsentratsii radioizotopov. V ehtikh usloviyakh temp pogloshcheniya dannogo radioizotopa raven tempu ego vydeleniya: (temp pogloshcheniya) = (velichine ustojchivogo sostoyaniya) x (skorost' poteri); Izmereniya tempov vydeleniya (biologicheskogo poluraspada) pozvolyayut perevodit' sostoyaniya ustojchivoj kontsentratsii v funktsii tempov pogloshcheniya. Izuchenie potrebleniya pishchi bylo provedeno kak dlya populyatsij nasekomykh odnogo tol'ko vida, tak i dlya populyatsij smeshannogo tipa. Pri izuchenii nasekomykh odnogo vida na mechenom pole ispol'zovalsya radioaktivnyj tsezij dlya opredeleniya potrebleniya ivovykh list'ev populyatsiyami khuka Chrysomela knabl. Provedennye v laboratorii neposredstvennye izmereniya potrebleniya pishchi pokazali khoroshee sovpadenie s rezul'tatami izucheniya tempov pitaniya, poluchennymi na opytnom pole na osnovanii radioizotopnogo metoda. Odnako dlya lichinok biologicheskij period poluraspada okazalsya inym, tak chto ehti rezul'taty dolkhny rassmatrivat'sya razdel'no. S pomoshch'yu radioizotopov udalos' razdelit' perezimovavshikh vzroslykh osobej ot vnov' poyavivshikhsya na svet, blagodarya bolee bystromu vydeleniyu tseziya perezimovavshjmi vzroslymi osobyami. Pri rabote so smeshannymi populyatsiyami bylo ispol'zovano sootnoshenie mekhdu razmerom nasekomogo i tempami vydeleniya radioizotopov dlya opredeleniya srednego biologicheskogo perioda poluraspada pri vydelenii radioaktivnogo tseziya travoyadnymi nasekomymi, mechennymi tseziem-137. EHti srednie tempy sovmestno s dannymi o biomassakh rastenij i nasekomykh, a takkhe o kontsentratsiyakh radioaktivnogo tseziya pozvolili opredelit' razmery potrebleniya rastenij vsej populyatsiej nasekomykh. Analogichnym obrazom, kolichestvo nasekomykh, s{sup e}daemykh khishchnymi chlenistonogimi, bylo opredeleno na osnovanii sostoyaniya ustojchivoj kontsentratsii radioaktivnogo tseziya u khishchnikov i u ikh dobychi, ikh biomass i srednikh tempov vydeleniya. (author)

Tracer Experiments on Food Exchange in Ants and Termites; Emploi des radioindicateurs dans l'etude de la trophallaxis chez les fourmis et les termites; Izuchenie s pomoshch'yu indikatorov obmena pishchej u murav'ev i termitov; Empleo de indicadores radiactivos para estudiar la trofalaxia en las hormigas y los termites

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gosswald, K.; Kloft, W. [Institute of Applied Zoology, University of Wurzburg, Federal Republic of Germany (Germany)

1963-09-15

murav'i, medonosnye pchely i termity yavlyaetsya ikh stremlenie k trofollakticheskomu obmenu pishchej, kotoryj mokhet byt' khorosho izuchen s pomoshch'yu mechennoj radioaktivnymi veshchestvami pishchi. Pri sravnitel'nom izuchenii samaya vysokaya skorost' obmena byla obnaruzhena u medonosnykh pchel, v to vremya kak u razlichnykh podsemejstv murav'ev ona byla chrezvychajno raznoobraznoj, chto dolkhvo byt' uchteno pri provedenii polevykh ehksperimentov s primeneniem indikatorov. Samoe sil'noe stremlenie k trofollakticheskomu obmenu my obnaruzhili u podsemejstva Camponotlnae. Usilenno izuchalis' murav'i Genus Formica.osobenno Formica polyctena (Forst.), i rodstvennye poligennye i polycalous vidy, kotorye igrayut vakhnuyu rol' v predupreditel'noj biologicheskoj bor'be s nasekomymi-vreditelyami lesa. Ustanovleno, chto skorost' obmena pishchej v odnom muravejnike obuslovlena temperaturoj, vremenem, kolichestvom osobej i nasyshcheniem. Drugoj problemoj yavlyaetsya vopros o tom, sushchestvuet li obmen pishchej mekhdu razlichnymi muravejnikami kolonii murav'ev odnogo vida. Pometiv otdel'nye muravejniki s pomoshch'yu vneseniya radioaktivnoj pishchi, my smogli obnaruzhit' intensivnyj obmen pishchej mekhdu razlichnymi muravejnikami kolonii, otstoyashchimi drug ot druga na rasstoyanie do 200 m. Analogichnye rezul'taty my poluchili dlya trekh razlichnykh kolonij v razlichnye gody. Sushchestvovanie takogo dal'nego obmena pishchej yavlyaetsya ochen' vakhnym dlya otsenki reguliruptsego dejstviya poleznykh vidov murav'ev v otnoshenii nasekomykhvreditelej. Lelo v tom, chto obmen prepyatstvuet bystromu nasyshcheniyu populyatsii lyubogo muravejnika vsledstvie mestnoj massovoj invazii nasekomykh v ikh predydushchem gnezde. Kak pokazali ehksperimenty s primeneniem indikatorov, sobrannaya pishcha popadaet v bol'shinstvo okruzhayushchikh muravejnikov kolonii murav'ev. Poehtomu kolonii ehtikh poleznykh lesnykh murav'ev dejstvuyut kak slokhnaya sistema s vysokoj ehkologicheskoj ehffektivnost'yu. S