Diarrhea

OpenAIRE

Warren, Ralph E.

1983-01-01

The four major mechanisms of diarrhea are osmotic forces, secretory forces, exudation from a disrupted intestinal mucosa, and disturbed intestinal motility. In many illnesses, more than one mechanism produces diarrhea. The rotaviruses and the Norwalk viruses have recently been recognized as common causes of viral gastroenteritis. Also, the major cause of antibiotic-associated colitis is now known to be an overgrowth of Clostridium difficile. Campylobacter has also been identified as a common ...

Genetisk udredning ved infantile spasmer

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Hansen, Lars Kjærsgaard; Ousager, Lilian Bomme; Møller, Rikke Steensbjerre

2012-01-01

Infantile spasms are a symptom of a severe epileptic encephalopathy. It is important to determine the aetiology for a child's disease. When a standard programme for evaluating the aetiology of the infantile spasms is unsuccessful genetic causes should be considered. We suggest array CGH as the fi......Infantile spasms are a symptom of a severe epileptic encephalopathy. It is important to determine the aetiology for a child's disease. When a standard programme for evaluating the aetiology of the infantile spasms is unsuccessful genetic causes should be considered. We suggest array CGH...

Infantilism: Theoretical Construct and Operationalization

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Sabelnikova, Y. V.; Khmeleva, N. L.

2018-01-01

The aim of this article is to define and operationalize the construct of infantilism. The methods of theoretical research involve analysis and synthesis. Age and content criteria are analyzed for childhood and adulthood. Infantile traits in an adult are described. Results: The characteristics of adult infantilism in the modern world are defined,…

Diarrhea-associated biofilm formed by enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and aggregative Citrobacter freundii: a consortium mediated by putative F pili

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Araújo Ana CG

2010-02-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC are enteropathogenic strains identified by the aggregative adhesion (AA pattern that share the capability to form biofilms. Citrobacter freundii is classically considered as an indigenous intestinal species that is sporadically associated with diarrhea. Results During an epidemiologic study focusing on infantile diarrhea, aggregative C. freundii (EACF and EAEC strains were concomitantly recovered from a severe case of mucous diarrhea. Thereby, the occurrence of synergic events involving these strains was investigated. Coinfection of HeLa cells with EACF and EAEC strains showed an 8-fold increase in the overall bacterial adhesion compared with single infections (P traA were capable of forming bacterial aggregates only in the presence of EACF. Scanning electronic microscopy analyses revealed that bacterial aggregates as well as enhanced biofilms formed by EACF and traA-positive EAEC were mediated by non-bundle forming, flexible pili. Moreover, mixed biofilms formed by EACF and traA-positive EAEC strains were significantly reduced using nonlethal concentration of zinc, a specific inhibitor of F pili. In addition, EAEC strains isolated from diarrheic children frequently produced single biofilms sensitive to zinc. Conclusions Putative F pili expressed by EAEC strains boosted mixed biofilm formation when in the presence of aggregative C. freundii.

[Chronic diarrhea: etiologies and diagnostic evaluation].

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Schoepfer, A

2008-04-30

Chronic diarrhea is defined as a decrease in fecal consistency lasting for four or more weeks. A myriad of disorders are associated with chronic diarrhea. In developed countries, chronic diarrhea is mostly caused by non-infectious diseases. There are four pathogenic mechanisms leading to chronic diarrhea: osmotic diarrhea, secretory diarrhea, inflammatory diarrhea, and dysmotility. Overlaps between these mechanisms are possible. A 72-hour fecal collection as well as the fasting test are important diagnostic tools to identify the underlying pathomechanism. The identification of the pathomechanism narrows down the possible etiologies of chronic diarrhea and allows therefore a cost-saving diagnostic workup. The endoscopy is well established in the workup of chronic diarrhea. This article gives an overview about the main causes and mechanisms leading to chronic diarrhea and proposes an algorithm for the diagnostic evalution.

Testing for Chronic Diarrhea.

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Raman, M

Chronic diarrhea is a frequently encountered symptom in clinical practice. The etiologies for chronic diarrhea are diverse and broad with varying clinical implications. A useful method of categorizing chronic diarrhea to guide a diagnostic work-up is a pathophysiology-based framework. Chronic diarrhea may be categorized as malabsorptive, secretory, osmotic, and inflammatory or motility related. Frequently, overlap between categories may exist for any given diarrhea etiology and diagnostic testing must occur with an understanding of the differential diagnosis. Investigations to achieve a diagnosis for chronic diarrhea range from screening blood and stool tests to more directed testing such as diagnostic imaging, and endoscopic and histological evaluation. The pathophysiology-based framework proposed in this chapter will allow the clinician to select screening tests followed by targeted tests to minimize cost and complications to the patient, while providing a highly effective method to achieve an accurate diagnosis. © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Drug-induced diarrhea

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... pain and arthritis, such as ibuprofen and naproxen. Metformin used to treat diabetes. Some herbal teas contain senna or other "natural" laxatives that can cause diarrhea. Other vitamins, minerals, or supplements may also cause diarrhea.

Probiotics for Infectious Diarrhea and Traveler's Diarrhea - What Do We Really Know?

Science.gov (United States)

Hibberd, Patricia L.

Worldwide, diarrhea is the sixth leading cause of premature death (Lopez et al., 2006), accounting for more than two million deaths each year. The majority of the burden is borne in lower and middle income countries, and in children under age 5 (Kosek et al., 2003). Even in the United States where there is easy access to “safe” food and water, there are an estimated 211-375 million episodes of acute diarrhea each year, resulting in 900,000 hospitalizations and 6,000 deaths (Herikstad et al., 2002; Mead et al., 1999). While mortality from diarrhea has decreased over the last 30 years, the incidence and morbidity associated with diarrhea has not improved (Kosek et al., 2003). During the same time period an ever increasing number of enteric pathogens as well as non-infectious conditions have been recognized as causes of acute diarrhea (Guerrant et al., 2001).

[Chronic diarrhea with uncommon etiology].

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Gil Borrás, R; Juan Vidal, O; Talavera Encinas, M I; Bixquert Jiménez, M

2005-03-01

Chronic diarrhea is a common syndrome. An etiological diagnosis is often reached through clinical history, physical examination and simple tests. In some cases, when the etiology is not found, the syndrome is called functional diarrhea, even though established criteria are often not fulfilled. We present the case of a patient with diarrhea for several months. The most common causes were ruled out through clinical history, physical examination, radiographic studies and laboratory tests, and the patient was diagnosed with functional diarrhea. Three months later, the patient presented a neck mass, and biopsy revealed medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. A review of recommendations for the systematic evaluation of chronic diarrhea is presented. A general approach should include careful history taking characteristics of diarrhea (onset, associated symptoms, epidemiological factors, iatrogenic causes such as laxative ingestion), a thorough physical examination with special attention to the anorectal region, and routine laboratory tests (complete blood count and serum chemistry). In addition, stool analysis including electrolytes (fecal osmotic gap), leukocytes, fecal occult blood, excess stool fat and laxative screening can yield important objective information to classify the diarrhea as: osmotic (osmotic gaps > 125 mOsm/Kg), secretory (osmotic gaps diarrhea described above. A systematic approach to the evaluation of chronic diarrhea is warranted. Medullary thyroid carcinoma and other endocrine syndromes causing chronic diarrhea are very rare. Measurement of serum peptide concentrations should only be performed when clinical presentation and findings in stool or radiographic studies suggest this etiology.

Recurrent infantile digital fibromatosis

African Journals Online (AJOL)

We present a case of an 8-year-old-boy with recurrent infantile digital fibromatosis (IDF) who presented with new ... Keywords: fibrous tumors, inclusion body fibromatosis, infantile digital fibromatosis, spindle cells, Reye tumor .... watch-and-wait strategy for patients with histologically confirmed IDF nodules that do not cause ...

Aspectos incomuns da paracoccidioidomicose infantil

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Achiléa Lisboa Bittencourt

1987-12-01

Full Text Available São relatados dois casos de paracoccidioidomicose (PCM infantil. Em um deles, a principal manifestação da doença foi tumoração abdominal, simulando linfoma maligno não Hodgkin. O outro apresentou acentuado envolvimento articular, com ruptura da cápsula. Representam o segundo e terceiro casos de PCM infantil observados na Bahia, ambos procedentes de áreas urbanas.The authors present two cases of infantil para-coccidioidomycosis. In one case the main presentation was an abdominal mass that mimicked non- Hodgkin lymphoma. In the other case the child had a joint swelling with rupture of the capsule and the clinical diagnosis was piogenic arthritis. They represent the second and third cases of infantile paracoccidioidomycosis observed in the state of Bahia, all coming from urban areas.

INFANTILISM: THEORETICAL CONSTRUCT AND OPERATIONALIZATION

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Yelena V. Sabelnikova

2016-01-01

Full Text Available The aim of the presented research is to define and operationalize theoretically the concept of infantilism and its construct. The content of theoretical construct «infantilism» is analyzed. Methods. The methods of theoretical research involve analysis and synthesis. The age and content criteria are analysed in the context of childhood and adulthood. The traits which can be interpreted as adult infantile traits are described. Results. The characteristics of adult infantilism in modern world taking into account the increasing of information flows and socio-economic changes are defined. The definition of the concept «infantilism» including its main features is given. Infantilism is defined as the personal organization including features and models of the previous age period not adequate for the real age stage with emphasis on immaturity of the emotional and volitional sphere. Scientific novelty. The main psychological characteristics of adulthood are described as the reflection, requirement to work and professional activity, existence of professional self-determination, possession of labor skills, need for selfrealization, maturity of the emotional and volitional sphere. As objective adulthood characteristics are considered the following: transition to economic and territorial independence of a parental family, and also development of new social roles, such as a worker, spouse, and parent. Two options of a possible operationalization of concept are allocated: objective (existence / absence in real human life of objective criteria of adulthood and subjective (the self-report on subjective feeling of existence / lack of psychological characteristics of adulthood. Practical significance consists in a construct operationalization of «infantilism» which at the moment has so many interpretations. That operationalization is necessary for the further analysis and carrying out various researches. 

Infantile osteopetrosis with superimposed rickets.

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Gonen, Korcan Aysun; Yazici, Zeynep; Gokalp, Gokhan; Ucar, Ayse Kalyoncu

2013-01-01

Rickets is a complication of infantile osteopetrosis and pre-treatment recognition of this complication is important. To describe four children with infantile osteopetrosis complicated by rickets (osteopetrorickets) and review the relevant literature. Retrospective chart analysis of four infants with osteopetrorickets and a systematic review of the relevant literature. We saw five children with infantile osteopetrosis, of whom four had superimposed rickets, for a period of 12 years. The review of the literature (including the current four children), yielded 20 children with infantile osteopetrorickets. The children ranged in age from 2 months to 12 months. In all children, hepatosplenomegaly was found. Sixteen (80%) children had visual impairments and eight (40%) children had hearing impairments. Serum calcium-phosphorus product was less than 30 in 18 children (90%). Twelve children (60%) were hypocalcemic and 18 (90%) were hypophosphatemic. In all children, the radiological examination demonstrated diffuse bony sclerosis and metaphyseal splaying and fraying of long bones. Five children (25%) had pathological fracture of extremities and 15 (75%) had rachitic rosary. Rickets as a complication to infantile osteopetrosis is not uncommon. Skeletal roentgenograms are of critical importance in the diagnosis of both osteopetrosis and superimposed rickets.

Diarrhea caused by circulating agents.

Science.gov (United States)

Fabian, Elisabeth; Kump, Patrizia; Krejs, Guenter J

2012-09-01

Circulating agents cause intestinal secretion or changes in motility with decreased intestinal transit time, resulting in secretory-type diarrhea. Secretory diarrhea as opposed to osmotic diarrhea is characterized by large-volume, watery stools, often more than 1 L per day; by persistence of diarrhea when patients fast; and by the fact that on analysis of stool-water, measured osmolarity is identical to that calculated from the electrolytes present. Although sodium plays the main role in water and electrolyte absorption, chloride is the major ion involved in secretion. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The pathophysiology of diarrhea.

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Sellin, J H

2001-01-01

Diarrhea is a very common event after transplantation, but its cause may be difficult to identify. The first step in determining the cause in any particular case is an understanding of the etiology of diarrhea in general. Although diarrhea often is categorized into such types as secretory versus osmotic, or electrolyte transport-related versus motility-related, a thorough understanding of the problem requires knowledge of how the paracrine, immune, nervous and endocrine systems react to each other as well as to infection, drugs or other stimuli.

El maltrato infantil

OpenAIRE

Mazo Toledo, María

2014-01-01

Se estudia el maltrato infantil desde sus antecedentes, así como su tipología, causas y consecuencias. Además de abordar el abuso sexual de forma más amplia. También se expone la evaluación psicológica junto con sus técnicas. Es fundamental la utilización de medidas para la prevención del maltrato infantil, pues una gran parte de los problemas en el niño se ven reflejados en su vida adulta

INFANTILE HAEMANGIOMA

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Maria Armanda Passas

2016-06-01

Full Text Available Infantile hemangiomas are the most common softtissue tumors of infancy, occurring in approximately 3 to 10 percent of one-year-old children, with predominance in females. Despite the frequency of these tumors, their pathogenesis is not completely understood, and the best approach to their management remains controversial. They have a well-described natural history of rapid growth during early infancy followed by gradual involution, often leading to complete regression. Because of their spontaneous involution, most infantile hemangiomas do not require therapeutic intervention. However, in 10 to 15 % of cases, treatment is necessary because of local complications, life or physiological functioning is threatened or the long-term esthetic risk is too high.

[Chronic diarrhea].

Science.gov (United States)

Stelzer, Teresa; Heuss, Ludwig Theodor

2014-09-01

Defined by lasting more than four weeks - is a common but often challenging clinical scenario. It is important to be aware that diarrhoea means different things to different patients. The evaluation of chronic diarrhoea depends on taking an excellent history and careful physical examination as well as planning investigations thoughtfully. Functional diarrhea ist the most common cause of chronic diarrhea in the developed countries and motility disorders are more common than inflammatory, osmotic or secretory causes. In some cases categorizing patients by their stool characteristics can be helpful in directing further evaluation.

Diarrhea in enterally fed patients: blame the diet?

Science.gov (United States)

Chang, Sue-Joan; Huang, Hsiu-Hua

2013-09-01

Diarrhea has great impact on enteral nutrition. The purpose of this review is to identify the factors leading to diarrhea during enteral nutrition and to provide the published updates on diarrhea prevention through nutritional intervention. Diarrhea in enteral fed patients is attributed to multiple factors, including medications (major contributor), infections, bacterial contamination, underlying disease, and enteral feeding. Diet management can alleviate diarrhea in enteral feeding. High content of fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, and monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs) in enteral formula is postulated to induce diarrhea and lower FODMAPs formula may reduce the likelihood of diarrhea in enterally fed patients. Fiber-enriched formula can reduce the incidence of diarrhea and produce short-chain fatty acids for colonocytes. Ingesting prebiotics, nonviable probiotics or probiotic derivatives, and human lactoferrin may provide alternatives for reducing/preventing diarrhea. Enteral feeding is not generally considered the primary cause of diarrhea, which is frequently linked to prescribed medications. When diarrhea is apparent, healthcare members should evaluate the possible risk factors and systematically attempt to eliminate the underlying causes of diarrhea before reducing or suspending enteral feeding. Lower FODMAPs formula, prebiotics, probiotic derivatives, and lactoferrin may be used to manage enteral feeding-related diarrhea.

Violencia y TV infantil

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Valerio Fuenzalida

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Se establece tres razones para discrepar del “criterio reduccionista” que relaciona la violencia televisiva con la violencia real, particularmente en lo atinente a la televisión infantil. A base de las motivaciones infantiles para ver televisión, propone algunas líneas de acción que superen ese reduccionismo y optimicen la relación niños-televisión.

Prevención y promoción del desarrollo infantil: una experiencia en las Escuelas Infantiles

OpenAIRE

Ángela Díaz-Herrero; María Teresa Martínez-Fuentes

2009-01-01

Este trabajo presenta un programa de prevención y promoción del desarrollo infantil dirigido a 136 niños entre 1 y 3 años de edad escolarizados en escuela infantil entre los cursos académicos 2005-2006 y 2007-2008. Se efectuaron dos valoraciones anuales del desarrollo psicomotor mediante las Escalas Bayley de Desarrollo Infantil (Bayleyayley, 1993). Tras la primera evaluación se dieron recomendaciones tanto a la familia como a los educadores para fortalecer las competencias de los niños. Los ...

Epidemiology of functional diarrhea and comparison with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a population-based survey in China.

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Yan-Fang Zhao

Full Text Available BACKGROUND: The epidemiology of functional diarrhea and its impacts on Chinese remain unclear, and there are no data on the comparative epidemiology of functional diarrhea and diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D. This study was to explore the epidemiology of functional diarrhea and its impacts, and to identify its distinction from IBS-D. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 16078 respondents, who were interviewed under a randomized stratified multi-stage sampling design in five cities of China. All respondents completed the modified Rome II questionnaire, and the 36-item Short Form health survey (SF-36 was used for assessing health-related quality of life in 20% of the sample. Overall, 248 respondents (1.54% had functional diarrhea and 277 (1.72% had IBS-D. Functional diarrhea was positively associated with increasing age and body mass index (trend test P<0.05. The three most common symptoms for at least 3 weeks in the past months were loose, mushy or watery stools (n = 203, 81.85%, more than three bowel movements a day (n = 100, 40.32% and having to rush to the toilet to have a bowel movement (n = 72, 29.03%. Meaningful impairment was observed in 5 of the 8 SF-36 domains in respondents with functional diarrhea. The demographics are mostly similar between the respondents with functional diarrhea and IBS-D; however, respondents with IBS-D had more frequent symptoms of diarrhea and even lower scores in SF-36 domains than those with functional diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of functional diarrhea in China is substantially lower than that in Western countries and relatively higher than that in other Asian countries. It impaired health-related quality of life, and respondents with IBS-D have even worse quality of life. Further population-based studies are needed to investigate the epidemiology of functional diarrhea and the differences between functional diarrhea and IBS-D.

Infantile spasms and pigmentary mosaicism

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Hansen, Lars K; Bygum, Anette; Krogh, Lotte N

2010-01-01

Summary We present a 3-year-old boy with pigmentary mosaicism and persistent intractable infantile spasms due to mosaicism of chromosome 7. Getting the diagnosis of pigmentary mosaicism in a child with infantile spasms may not be easy, as most diagnostic work-up is done in infancy, at a time when...

Acute diarrhea: evidence-based management

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Kátia Galeão Brandt

2015-11-01

ção continuam sendo as intervenções com melhor impacto sobre o curso da diarreia aguda. Keywords: Acute diarrhea, Gastroenteritis, Children, Hydration, Child nutrition, Palavras-chave: Diarreia aguda, Gastroenterite, Crianças, Hidratação, Nutrição infantil

Neonatal and infantile acne vulgaris: an update.

Science.gov (United States)

Serna-Tamayo, Cristian; Janniger, Camila K; Micali, Giuseppe; Schwartz, Robert A

2014-07-01

Acne may present in neonates, infants, and small children. Neonatal and infantile acne vulgaris are not considered to be rare. The presentation of acne in this patient population sometimes represents virilization and may portend later development of severe adolescent acne. Neonatal and infantile acne vulgaris must be distinguished from other cutaneous disorders seen in newborns and infants. Infantile acne tends to be more pleomorphic and inflammatory, thus requiring more vigorous therapy than neonatal acne.

Diarrhea (image)

Science.gov (United States)

... drinking water contaminated with organisms like bacteria and parasites. Medications can also cause diarrhea, especially antibiotics, laxatives containing magnesium, and chemotherapy for cancer treatment.

Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma : a case report

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Park, Won Kyu; Byun, Woo Mok; Kim, Dong Suk [Yeungnam Univ. School of Medicine, Kyongsan (Korea, Republic of)

1999-05-01

Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma is an uncommon variety of ganglioglioma that shows evidence of glial and ganglionic differentiation accompanied by an extreme desmoplastic reaction. A 16-month-old girl was admitted with a six-day history of left hemiparesis. MR imaging demonstrated a large multiseptated cystic mass, with a solid portion, in the white matter of the right frontotemporoparietal lobe. After contrast injections, the solid portion was clearly enhanced. The presence of desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma was confirmed by surgical resection. We describe the characteristic radiologic and pathologic features of desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma, and include a review of the literature.

Salud y mortalidad infantil en Brasil

OpenAIRE

Denisard Alves; Walter Belluzzo

2005-01-01

(Disponible en idioma inglés únicamente) La salud infantil es un aspecto fundamental del programa de políticas públicas de los países en desarrollo. A lo largo de los años se han puesto en práctica numerosas políticas destinadas al mejoramiento de la salud infantil, con diversos grados de éxito. En Brasil, dichas políticas han llevado a una disminución considerable de los niveles de mortalidad infantil durante los últimos 30 años. Sin embargo, a pesar de esa mejora, las tasas de mortalidad si...

[Spanish consensus on infantile haemangioma].

Science.gov (United States)

Baselga Torres, Eulalia; Bernabéu Wittel, José; van Esso Arbolave, Diego L; Febrer Bosch, María Isabel; Carrasco Sanz, Ángel; de Lucas Laguna, Raúl; Del Pozo Losada, Jesús; Hernández Martín, Ángela; Jiménez Montañés, Lorenzo; López Gutiérrez, Juan Carlos; Martín-Santiago, Ana; Redondo Bellón, Pedro; Ruíz-Canela Cáceres, Juan; Torrelo Fernández, Antonio; Vera Casaño, Ángel; Vicente Villa, María Asunción

2016-11-01

Infantile haemangiomas are benign tumours produced by the proliferation of endothelial cells of blood vessels, with a high incidence in children under the age of one year (4-10%). It is estimated that 12% of them require treatment. This treatment must be administered according to clinical practice guidelines, expert experience, patient characteristics and parent preferences. The consensus process was performed by using scientific evidence on the diagnosis and treatment of infantile haemangiomas, culled from a systematic review of the literature, together with specialist expert opinions. The recommendations issued were validated by the specialists, who also provided their level of agreement. This document contains recommendations on the classification, associations, complications, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of patients with infantile haemangioma. It also includes action algorithms, and addresses multidisciplinary management and referral criteria between the different specialities involved in the clinical management of this type of patient. The recommendations and the diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms of infantile haemangiomas contained in this document are a useful tool for the proper management of these patients. Copyright © 2015 Asociación Española de Pediatría. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Chronic Diarrhea: A Concern After Gallbladder Removal?

Science.gov (United States)

Chronic diarrhea: A concern after gallbladder removal? I had my gallbladder removed six months ago, and I'm still having diarrhea. Is this ... mild diarrhea after cholecystectomy is not cause for concern, but speak to your doctor if you are ...

Prevención y promoción del desarrollo infantil: una experiencia en las Escuelas Infantiles

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ángela Díaz-Herrero

2009-01-01

Full Text Available Este trabajo presenta un programa de prevención y promoción del desarrollo infantil dirigido a 136 niños entre 1 y 3 años de edad escolarizados en escuela infantil entre los cursos académicos 2005-2006 y 2007-2008. Se efectuaron dos valoraciones anuales del desarrollo psicomotor mediante las Escalas Bayley de Desarrollo Infantil (Bayleyayley, 1993. Tras la primera evaluación se dieron recomendaciones tanto a la familia como a los educadores para fortalecer las competencias de los niños. Los resultados indican, de modo global, progresos significativos tanto en el desarrollo mental como psicomotor de los niños que participaron en dicho programa.

Evaluating the Patient With Diarrhea: A Case-Based Approach

Science.gov (United States)

Sweetser, Seth

2012-01-01

The evaluation of the patient with diarrhea can be complex and the treatment challenging. In this article, the definition of diarrhea and the pathophysiologic mechanisms that lead to diarrhea are reviewed. A simplified 5-step approach to the patient with diarrhea is provided and applied in a case-oriented manner applicable to everyday clinical practice. On completion of this article, you should be able to (1) define diarrhea, (2) outline various pathophysiologic mechanisms of diarrhea, and (3) describe a simplified 5-step approach to facilitate the evaluation of diarrhea. PMID:22677080

Probiotics and Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea and Clostridium difficile Infection

Science.gov (United States)

Surawicz, Christina M.

Diarrhea is a common side effect of antibiotics. Antibiotics can cause diarrhea in 5-25% of individuals who take them but its occurrence is unpredictable. Diarrhea due to antibiotics is called antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). Diarrhea may be mild and resolve when antibiotics are discontinued, or it may be more severe. The most severe form of AAD is caused by overgrowth of Clostridium difficile which can cause severe diarrhea, colitis, pseudomembranous colitis, or even fatal toxic megacolon. Rates of diarrhea vary with the specific antibiotic as well as with the individual susceptibility.

[Lactose intolerance in neonates with non-infectious diarrhea].

Science.gov (United States)

Su, Hui-Min; Jiang, Yi; Hu, Yu-Lian; Yang, Hui; Dong, Tian-Jin

2016-04-01

To investigate the development of lactose intolerance in neonates with non-infectious diarrhea and its association with diarrhea, and to evaluate the diagnostic values of fecal pH value and urine galactose determination for neonatal lactase deficiency. Seventy hospitalized neonates who developed non-infectious diarrhea between October 2012 and June 2015 were enrolled as the diarrhea group, and 162 hospitalized neonates without non-infectious diarrhea were enrolled as the non-diarrhea group. Test paper was used to determine fecal pH value. The galactose oxidase method was used to detect urine galactose. The neonates with positive galactose oxidase were diagnosed with lactase deficiency, and those with lactase deficiency and diarrhea were diagnosed with lactose intolerance. According to the results of urine galactose detection, 69 neonates in the diarrhea group who underwent urine galactose detection were classified into lactose intolerance group (45 neonates) and lactose tolerance group (24 neonates), and their conditions after treatment were compared between the two groups. The follow-up visits were performed for neonates with diarrhea at 3 months after discharge. Fecal pH value and positive rate of urine galactose (65% vs 54%) showed no significant differences between the diarrhea and non-diarrhea groups (P>0.05). Fecal pH value showed no significant difference between the lactose intolerance and lactose tolerance groups (P>0.05), while the neonates in the lactose intolerance group had a significantly longer time to recovery of defecation than those in the lactose tolerance group (Plactose intolerance tends to occur. Determination of fecal pH value has no significance in the diagnosis of lactose intolerance in neonates with diarrhea.

Syndromic (phenotypic diarrhea in early infancy

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Bodemer Christine

2008-02-01

Full Text Available Abstract Syndromic diarrhea (SD, also known as phenotypic diarrhea (PD or tricho-hepato-enteric syndrome (THE, is a congenital enteropathy presenting with early-onset of severe diarrhea requiring parenteral nutrition (PN. To date, no epidemiological data are available. The estimated prevalence is approximately 1/300,000–400,000 live births in Western Europe. Ethnic origin does not appear to be associated with SD. Infants are born small for gestational age and present with facial dysmorphism including prominent forehead and cheeks, broad nasal root and hypertelorism. Hairs are woolly, easily removed and poorly pigmented. Severe and persistent diarrhea starts within the first 6 months of life (≤ 1 month in most cases and is accompanied by severe malabsorption leading to early and relentless protein energy malnutrition with failure to thrive. Liver disease affects about half of patients with extensive fibrosis or cirrhosis. There is currently no specific biochemical profile, though a functional T-cell immune deficiency with defective antibody production was reported. Microscopic analysis of the hair show twisted hair (pili torti, aniso- and poilkilotrichosis, and trichorrhexis nodosa. Histopathological analysis of small intestine biopsy shows non-specific villous atrophy with low or no mononuclear cell infiltration of the lamina propria, and no specific histological abnormalities involving the epithelium. The etiology remains unknown. The frequent association of the disorder with parental consanguinity and/or affected siblings suggests a genetic origin with an autosomal recessive mode of transmission. Early management consists of total PN. Some infants have a rather milder phenotype with partial PN dependency or require only enteral feeding. Prognosis of this syndrome is poor, but most patients now survive, and about half of the patients may be weaned from PN at adolescence, but experience failure to thrive and final short stature. Disease name

Diarrhea associated with typhoid fever

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Roy, S. K.; Speelman, P.; Butler, T.; Nath, S.; Rahman, H.; Stoll, B. J.

1985-01-01

To study the pathogenesis of diarrhea occurring with typhoid fever, we selected 42 patients with diarrhea and blood cultures positive for Salmonella typhi or Salmonella paratyphi A, but without diarrheal copathogens, for measurement of stool output and examination of fecal composition. The mean

Evaluating the Patient With Diarrhea: A Case-Based Approach

OpenAIRE

Sweetser, Seth

2012-01-01

The evaluation of the patient with diarrhea can be complex and the treatment challenging. In this article, the definition of diarrhea and the pathophysiologic mechanisms that lead to diarrhea are reviewed. A simplified 5-step approach to the patient with diarrhea is provided and applied in a case-oriented manner applicable to everyday clinical practice. On completion of this article, you should be able to (1) define diarrhea, (2) outline various pathophysiologic mechanisms of diarrhea, and (3...

Burden of diarrhea among children in Honduras, 2000-2004: estimates of the role of rotavirus La diarrea infantil en Honduras, 2000-2004: estimados del papel desempeñado por el rotavirus

OpenAIRE

José Orlando Solórzano Girón; Ida Berenice Molina; Reina M. Turcios-Ruiz; Claudia E. Quiroz Mejia; Luis Miguel Amendola; Lucia Helena de Oliveira; Jon K. Andrus; Paul W. Stupp; Joseph S. Bresee; Roger I. Glass

2006-01-01

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the annual burden of diarrhea and of diarrhea that is associated with rotavirus (RV) in children who are treated at public clinics and hospitals in Honduras. METHODS: Data were collected from computerized records of all children < 5 years old treated for diarrhea at clinics and hospitals operated by the Secretary of Health for the period of 2000 through 2004. A review of studies of RV in Honduras and neighboring countries provided estimates of detection rates of RV amo...

DIARRHEA IN CHILDREN: MAIN CAUSES AND WAYS OF TREATMENT

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S.V. Bel’mer

2010-01-01

Full Text Available The article discusses main questions of diagnostics of diarrhea in children. Main cause of acute diarrhea is infection, mainly viral (rotavirus, etc.. Chronic diarrhea frequently has non-infectious origin. The need of multi-aspect diagnostics of diarrhea cause in children is related to the significance of treatment of main disease. Besides, treatment of chronic and acute diarrhea include major component: adsorbents based on smectite. In total treatment of diarrhea has to be complex with the use of dietotherapy and medications: mucocytoprotectors, regulators of motoric, pre- and probiotics.Key words: children, diarrhea, treatment.(Voprosy sovremennoi pediatrii — Current Pediatrics. 2010;9(6:135-138

Neonatal hypoglycemic brain injury is a cause of infantile spasms

OpenAIRE

YANG, GUANG; ZOU, LI-PING; WANG, JING; SHI, XIUYU; TIAN, SHUPING; YANG, XIAOFAN; JU, JUN; YAO, HONGXIANG; LIU, YUJIE

2016-01-01

Neonatal hypoglycemic brain injury is one of the causes of infantile spasms. In the present study, the clinical history and auxiliary examination results of 18 patients who developed infantile spasms several months after neonatal hypoglycemia were retrospectively analyzed. Among the 666 patients with infantile spasms admitted to two pediatric centers between January 2008 and October 2012, 18 patients developed infantile spasms after being diagnosed with neonatal hypoglycemia, defined as a who...

Infantile Systemic Hyalinosis: A Case Report with a Novel Mutation

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Siham Al Sinani

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Infantile Systemic Hyalinosis (ISH (OMIM 236490 is a rare, progressive and fatal autosomal recessive disorder characterized by multiple subcutaneous skin nodules, gingival hypertrophy, osteopenia, joint contractures, failure to thrive, diarrhea with protein losing enteropathy, and frequent infections. There is diffuse deposition of hyaline material in the skin, gastrointestinal tract, muscle and endocrine glands. It is caused by mutations in the ANTXR2 (also known as CMG2 gene, which encodes a trans-membranous protein involved in endothelial development and basement membrane-extracellular matrix assembly. We describe a child with classical features of ISH presenting in infancy with severe chronic debilitating pain and progressive joint contractures. The diagnosis was confirmed by molecular DNA sequencing of ANTXR2 gene which revealed a novel homozygous mutation not previously reported; 79 bp deletion of the entire exon 11 (c.867_945del, p.E289DfsX22. Although this is the first reported case of ISH in Oman, we believe that the disease is under-diagnosed since children affected with this lethal disease pass away early in infancy prior to establishing a final diagnosis.

Diarrhea in severely burned children.

Science.gov (United States)

Thakkar, Kalpesh; Kien, C Lawrence; Rosenblatt, Judah I; Herndon, David N

2005-01-01

Diarrhea is a common problem in critically ill patients. Our patients are fed a high-carbohydrate enteral formula. We hypothesized that diarrhea in our patients may be related to the osmotic effects of unabsorbed carbohydrate in the small intestine and colon. We studied 19 patients, 3 months to 17 years, with burns >40% total body surface area. Each subject was studied weekly for up to 4 weeks postburn. Breath H2 concentration was measured. For the 24-hour period before the breath H2 measurement, the enteral carbohydrate intake, stool volume, and total enteral fluid volume were recorded. At each of several weekly intervals for each subject, the times when stool volume and enteral carbohydrate intake were each maximal were noted. Maximal stool volume ranged from 12 to 69 mL/kg/d. At the time point of maximal carbohydrate intake, diarrhea (stool volume >10 mL/kg/d) occurred in 18 of 19 patients, and maximal stool volume occurred in 10 of 19. Breath H2 concentration (ppm/5% CO2; mean +/- SEM) was 5.5 +/- 3.5 at the time of maximal carbohydrate intake, and was 25 +/- 20 at maximal stool volume. There were no correlations among breath H2 concentration, stool volume, enteral fluid intake, and enteral carbohydrate intake. Almost all the subjects had diarrhea over several weeks postburn. The lack of correlation of either carbohydrate intake or breath H2 with stool volume suggests that diarrhea in these patients may be caused by factors other than carbohydrate malabsorption. These data do not support altering nutrition support because of watery diarrhea.

Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Management of Chronic Watery Diarrhea

Science.gov (United States)

Camilleri, Michael; Sellin, Joseph H.; Barrett, Kim E.

2016-01-01

Chronic watery diarrhea poses a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge and is often a disabling condition for patients. Although acute diarrhea is likely to be caused by infection, the causes of chronic diarrhea (more than 4 weeks in duration) are more elusive. We review on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic diarrhea. Drawing on recent insights into the molecular mechanisms of intestinal epithelial transport and barrier function, we discuss how diarrhea can result from a decrease in luminal solute absorption, an increase in secretion, or both, as well as derangements in barrier properties. We also describe the various extra-epithelial factors that activate diarrheal mechanisms. Finally, clinical evaluation and tests used in assessment of patients presenting with chronic diarrhea are reviewed, and an algorithm guiding therapeutic decisions and pharmacotherapy is presented. PMID:27773805

Diarrhea - overview

Science.gov (United States)

... What to do if you are breastfeeding What danger signs to watch out for Avoid medicines for ... with diarrhea and malabsorption. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine . 25th ed. Philadelphia, PA: ...

Bile acids in radiation-induced diarrhea

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Arlow, F.L.; Dekovich, A.A.; Priest, R.J.; Beher, W.T.

1987-01-01

Radiation-induced bowel disease manifested by debilitating diarrhea is an unfortunate consequence of therapeutic irradiation for pelvic malignancies. Although the mechanism for this diarrhea is not well understood, many believe it is the result of damage to small bowel mucosa and subsequent bile acid malabsorption. Excess amounts of bile acids, especially the dihydroxy components, are known to induce water and electrolyte secretion and increase bowel motility. We have directly measured individual and total bile acids in the stool samples of 11 patients with radiation-induced diarrhea and have found bile acids elevated two to six times normal in eight of them. Our patients with diarrhea and increased bile acids in their stools had prompt improvement when given cholestyramine. They had fewer stools and returned to a more normal life-style

Variables que intervienen en el abandono físico o negligencia infantil comparativamente con otros tipos de maltrato infantil

OpenAIRE

Moreno Manso, Juan Manuel

2013-01-01

Es un trabajo de investigación en materia de protección de menores, donde se realiza un análisis comparativo entre las distintas tipologías de maltrato infantil, y más concretamente entre el abandono físico o negligencia infantil y el resto de tipos de maltrato a la infancia. La tesis Doctoral se enmarca en los servicios sociales de protección a la Infancia de la ciudad de Badajoz y es el primer estudio científico sobre el maltrato infantil que se realiza en la Comunidad Autónoma de Extr...

Biofeedback: Infant asthma Biofeedback: asma infantil

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J. J. Nombela

2010-09-01

Full Text Available

The present study is a revision of the different applications of biofeedback in infantile bronchial asthma. The technique may be used on its own (preferably in the motor area or in conjunction with other techniques such as hypnosis, relaxation, etc. However, it should be stated that previous work published in this field is difficult to interpret since results are inconclusive, it is, therefore, difficult to produce a scientific summary.

KEY WORDS: Biofeedback; infantile asthma; respiratory biofeedback.

Con este trabajo se pretende hacer una revisión sobre las distintas aplicaciones del biofeedback en el asma bronquial infantil, bien solo (preferentemente en el campo motriz o bien asociado a otras técnicas de hipnosis, relajación, etc. Aunque es necesario manifestar que la producción científica relacionada con el tema, hace que tenga una difícil valoración dado que sus resultados son no concluyentes y discutibles, lo cual dificulta la elaboración de un resumen científico.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Biofeedback; asma infantil; biofeedback respiratorio

Zinc supplementation for treating diarrhea in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis Administración de suplementos de zinc para tratar la diarrea infantil: revisión sistemática y metanálisis

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Tais Freire Galvao

2013-05-01

Full Text Available OBJECTIVE: To update the available evidence about zinc use for treating diarrhea in children and to assess its effect on the malnourished population, a subgroup that has not been fully explored in previous analyses. METHODS: A systematic review was performed of randomized clinical trials that assessed children up to 5 years old with acute diarrhea who received zinc supplementation. Controls received a placebo or oral rehydration therapy. After searching the main databases, without language restrictions, two independent reviewers selected eligible studies, extracted the data, and assessed the risk of bias of included studies. Meta-analyses were calculated using Mantel-Haenszel or inverse variance random effects. RESULTS: Eighteen of 1 041 studies retrieved were included in the review (n = 7 314 children. Zinc was beneficial for reducing the duration of diarrhea in hours (mean difference [MD] = -20.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -29.15 to -11.09, I² = 91%. The effect was greater in malnourished children (MD = -33.17, 95% CI = -33.55 to -27.79, I² = 0%. Diarrhea prevalence on days 3, 5, and 7 was lower in the zinc group. The incidence of vomiting was significantly greater in the group that received zinc than in the control group. Included randomized controlled trials were of low risk of bias in most domains assessed. CONCLUSIONS: Oral zinc supplementation significantly decreases diarrhea duration and has a greater effect on malnourished children. Zinc supplementation seems to be an appropriate public health strategy, mainly in areas of endemic deficiencies.OBJETIVO: Actualizar los datos probatorios disponibles acerca del uso del zinc en el tratamiento de la diarrea infantil y evaluar su efecto en la población malnutrida, un subgrupo no plenamente estudiado en análisis anteriores. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados que evaluaban a niños de hasta 5 años de edad con diarrea aguda y a los

Post-irradiation diarrhea

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Meerwaldt, J.H.

1984-01-01

In radiotherapy of pelvic cancers, the X-ray dose to be delivered to the tumour is limited by the tolerance of healthy surrounding tissue. In recent years, a number of serious complications of irradiation of pelvic organs were encountered. Modern radiotherapy necessitates the acceptance of a calculated risk of complications in order to achieve a better cure rate. To calculate these risks, one has to know the radiation dose-effect relationship of normal tissues. Of the normal tissues most at risk when treating pelvic tumours only the bowel is studied. In the literature regarding post-irradiation bowel complications, severe and mild complications are often mixed. In the present investigation the author concentrated on the group of patients with relatively mild symptoms. He studied the incidence and course of post-irradiation diarrhea in 196 patients treated for carcinoma of the uterine cervix or endometrium. The aims of the present study were: 1) to determine the incidence, course and prognostic significance of post-irradiation diarrhea; 2) to assess the influence of radiotherapy factors; 3) to study the relation of bile acid metabolism to post-irradiation diarrhea; 4) to investigate whether local factors (reservoir function) were primarily responsible. (Auth.)

Infantile abuse: Radiological diagnosis

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Ana Teresa Araujo Reyes

2006-08-01

Full Text Available Infantile abuse is a frequent problem, that must be suspected to bediagnosed, the children victims of infantile abuse can present anytype of injury, nevertheless there are associated injuries common toan inferred trauma that constitute radiological patterns highly specific for abuse, among them are the metafisial injuries, posterior costal fractures and first costal arc fractures, fractures of the toracolumbar region, fractures without apparent explanation, fractures in different stage of evolution, subdural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraparenquimatose contusion and diffuse axonal injury, which combined with the history of the trauma, the age, the development of mental abilities, as well as the mechanism guides the injury diagnose.

Birth Weight, Gestational Age, and Infantile Colic

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Milidou, Ioanna; Søndregaard, Charlotte; Jensen, Morten Søndergaard

Background Infantile colic is a condition of unknown origin characterized by paroxysms of crying during the first months of life. A few studies have identified low birth weight (BW) as a risk factor among infants born at term, while the association between gestational age (GA) and infantile colic...... interviews of the mother during pregnancy and post partum. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (in brackets) are presented. Infantile colic was defined as crying for more than three hours per day and for more than three days per week (modified Wessel’s criteria). Results A total of 4...... with GA gestational weeks 32-40. Finally, after adjusting for GA...

Prevalência baixa de adenovírus em crianças com diarreia em Belo Horizonte-MG Low prevalence of adenoviruses in children with acute diarrhea in Belo Horizonte-MG

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Ricardo Jenner Duarte

2012-08-01

Full Text Available INTRODUÇÃO: Diversos microrganismos são reconhecidos como agentes de diarreia aguda, entre eles, os adenovírus, cuja associação com a doença apresenta variações geográficas e é pouco conhecida no Brasil. OBJETIVOS: Investigar a presença de adenovírus em fezes de crianças com diarreia aguda e sem diarreia, em Belo Horizonte-MG, e estudar os fatores epidemiológicos associados à adenovirose intestinal. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: O teste imunocromatográfico qualitativo (kit VIKIA® Rota-Adeno, bioMérieux foi utilizado para pesquisa de antígenos de adenovírus em amostras fecais obtidas de 268 crianças com diarreia aguda e 124 sem diarreia, em 2005 e 2006, no Hospital Infantil João Paulo II, Belo Horizonte-MG. Dados laboratoriais, clínicos e epidemiológicos foram registrados em banco de dados (SPSS Statistical package, IBM. RESULTADOS: Adenovírus foi detectado nas fezes de 16 crianças (4,1%: 12 (4,5% com diarreia e quatro (3,2% sem diarreia. A virose foi mais comum em meninas e a distribuição etária da infecção foi homogênea. Entre as 16 crianças com infecção pelo vírus, 11 (68,8% tinham até 12 meses de idade. Entretanto, diferença significativa não foi observada para os parâmetros analisados. Distribuição sazonal da infecção por adenovírus não foi detectada. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos dados demonstram que a prevalência da adenovirose é baixa na população pediátrica no nosso meio.INTRODUCTION: Several microorganisms, among them enteric adenovirus, are widely recognized as etiological agents of acute diarrhea. The association between adenovirus and the disease varies among geographical regions and is poorly known in Brazil. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the presence of adenovirus in stool samples from children with and without diarrhea in Belo Horizonte-MG. To study factors associated with enteric adenovirus infection. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A qualitative immunochromatographic assay (kit VIKIA® Rota-Adeno, bio

Fluid curtailment during childhood diarrhea: a countdown analysis.

Science.gov (United States)

Perin, Jamie; Carvajal-Velez, Liliana; Carter, Emily; Bryce, Jennifer; Newby, Holly

2015-06-26

The foundation of recommended diarrhea management in young children is increased fluids and continued feeding. This increase in fluids is necessary to replace those lost during diarrhea and ultimately prevent dehydration. There may be an opportunity to prevent deaths in children under five by discouraging the practice of reducing or curtailing fluids during diarrhea episodes across different settings worldwide. We quantify and describe the extent of fluid curtailment in children with diarrhea in a selection of countries (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda) with high burden of diarrhea-related mortality with national cross sectional survey data. We examine the practice of fluid curtailment in these countries and its relationship to child and household traits and to characteristics of diarrhea management. The prevalence of fluid curtailment among children under five with diarrhea is strikingly high in these countries: 55 % in Nigeria, 49 % in Ethiopia, 44 % in Uganda, 37 % in Tanzania, 36 % in DR Congo and 32 % in Burkina Faso. Fluid curtailment is associated with giving less food, potentially worsening the impact of this harmful practice. Children who were reported to have had fluids curtailed during diarrhea episodes were also 3.51 (95 % confidence, 2.66 - 4.64) times more likely to be reported to have food withheld (α = 0.05; p water source. Children of poorer or less educated mothers and those living in rural areas are more likely to have curtailed fluids, compared to children of less poor or more educated mothers, or those living in urban areas. The harmful practice of curtailing fluids for a child with diarrhea is highly prevalent, representing an increased risk of dehydration and complications due to diarrhea, including death, especially for children in specific subgroups.

Infantile sexuality

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Zeuthen, Katrine Egede; Gammelgård, Judy

2010-01-01

When first presented, Freud´s theory of infantile sexuality was a scandal. Not only was the claim that the small child sucking at the mother´s breast experiences a kind of pleasure that Freud without hesitation named sexual, the theory also turned the common understanding of human sexuality up-si...

Update on traveler's diarrhea.

Science.gov (United States)

Strum, W B

1988-07-01

Traveler's diarrhea affects a substantial number of travelers to high-risk areas of the world. The key to controlling this troublesome disease is prevention. The most important preventive measures depend on educating patients to consume only safe foods and pure water. Physicians cannot overemphasize the importance of avoiding high-risk foods and of boiling water if a safe water supply is not available. Prophylactic medications are a secondary consideration and should be prescribed with discretion. In most cases, diarrhea is mild and self-limited, requiring only fluid and electrolyte replacement and perhaps an antidiarrheal agent. In moderate to severe cases, the addition of an antimicrobial agent may be of benefit. Until an efficacious polyvalent vaccine is developed, caution and common sense, together with discretionary dietary and hygienic practices, are the best defenses against traveler's diarrhea. The ultimate solution is greatly improved sanitation and personal hygiene, especially in high-risk countries. However, only dreamers will consider waiting for this transformation to occur.

Novel exonic mutation inducing aberrant splicing in the IL10RA gene and resulting in infantile-onset inflammatory bowel disease: a case report.

Science.gov (United States)

Yanagi, Tadahiro; Mizuochi, Tatsuki; Takaki, Yugo; Eda, Keisuke; Mitsuyama, Keiichi; Ishimura, Masataka; Takada, Hidetoshi; Shouval, Dror S; Griffith, Alexandra E; Snapper, Scott B; Yamashita, Yushiro; Yamamoto, Ken

2016-01-28

Although deleterious mutations in interleukin-10 and its receptor molecules cause severe infantile-onset inflammatory bowel disease, there are no reports of mutations affecting this signaling pathway in Japanese patients. Here we report a novel exonic mutation in the IL10RA gene that caused unique splicing aberrations in a Japanese patient with infantile-onset of inflammatory bowel disease in association with immune thrombocytopenic purpura and a transient clinical syndrome mimicking juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. A Japanese boy, who was the first child of non-consanguineous healthy parents, developed bloody diarrhea, perianal fistula, and folliculitis in early infancy and was diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease. He also developed immune thrombocytopenic purpura and transient features mimicking juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. The patient failed to respond to various treatments, including elemental diet, salazosulfapyridine, metronidazole, corticosteroid, infliximab, and adalimumab. We identified a novel mutation (c.537G > A, p.T179T) in exon 4 of the IL10RA gene causing unique splicing aberrations and resulting in lack of signaling through the interleukin-10 receptor. At 21 months of age, the patient underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and achieved clinical remission. We describe a novel exonic mutation in the IL10RA gene resulting in infantile-onset inflammatory bowel disease. This mutation might also be involved in his early-onset hematologic disorders. Physicians should be familiar with the clinical phenotype of IL-10 signaling defects in order to enable prompt diagnosis at an early age and referral for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

La red sobre trabajo infantil peligroso (Red Tip

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Walter Varillas

2003-01-01

Full Text Available En el mundo, aproximadamente 351.7 millones de niños entre 5 y 17 años realizaban algún tipo de actividad económica, de ellos 170.5 millones (48.5% realizaban algún tipo de trabajo considerado peligroso. Un alto porcentaje se encuentra en la agricultura, otros en minas, manufacturas, ladrilleras, predominantemente en la economía informal. El Convenio 138 (cobre la edad mínima de admisión en el empleo de la OIT y el Convenio 182 (sobre las peores formas de trabajo infantil, definen como trabajo infantil peligroso el que puede afectar la salud, seguridad y moralidad de los menores. Estudios específicos sobre los menores muestran su susceptibilidad particular frente a los riesgos laborales, aumentando la peligrosidad para su normal desarrollo y crecimiento: "los niños no son adultos pequeños". Los profesionales de la seguridad y salud en el trabajo pueden colaborar con los profesionales y las organizaciones especializadas en el trabajo infantil, en la definición y caracterización de lo que significa el trabajo infantil peligroso. Para ello se ha conformado la Red sobre Trabajo Infantil Peligroso (Red TIP, con la finalidad de articular estos dos espacios, orientados a eliminar el trabajo infantil peligroso y rescatar al menor y devolverle la oportunidad de sonreír ahora y en el futuro.

Intestinal coccidia in Cuban pediatric patients with diarrhea

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Núñez FA

2003-01-01

Full Text Available From May to August 1999, we evaluated 401 patients from a pediatric hospital of Havana City. One group was composed of 113 patients with diarrhea admitted to the Gastroenterology ward and a second consisted of 288 patients without diarrhea, admitted for other reasons, and hospitalized within the same time period. Three stool samples were collected from each child and were examined using three parasitological techniques. When we compared the frequency of parasite species between both groups, we found Cryptosporidium spp. and Cyclospora cayetanensis, only in the group of children with diarrhea (P 0.05. In addition, in those children infected with Cryptosporidium, the diarrhea had a more prolonged duration (P < 0.01, while those infected with Cyclospora, the abdominal cramps or pain, and acute diarrhea were more frequently detected (P < 0.01. Our results showed that emerging intestinal coccidia are pathogens strongly associated in this group of children with diarrhea.

The fecal microbiome in cats with diarrhea.

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Jan S Suchodolski

Full Text Available Recent studies have revealed that microbes play an important role in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal (GI diseases in various animal species, but only limited data is available about the microbiome in cats with GI disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fecal microbiome in cats with diarrhea. Fecal samples were obtained from healthy cats (n = 21 and cats with acute (n = 19 or chronic diarrhea (n = 29 and analyzed by sequencing of 16S rRNA genes, and PICRUSt was used to predict the functional gene content of the microbiome. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA effect size (LEfSe revealed significant differences in bacterial groups between healthy cats and cats with diarrhea. The order Burkholderiales, the families Enterobacteriaceae, and the genera Streptococcus and Collinsella were significantly increased in diarrheic cats. In contrast the order Campylobacterales, the family Bacteroidaceae, and the genera Megamonas, Helicobacter, and Roseburia were significantly increased in healthy cats. Phylum Bacteroidetes was significantly decreased in cats with chronic diarrhea (>21 days duration, while the class Erysipelotrichi and the genus Lactobacillus were significantly decreased in cats with acute diarrhea. The observed changes in bacterial groups were accompanied by significant differences in functional gene contents: metabolism of fatty acids, biosynthesis of glycosphingolipids, metabolism of biotin, metabolism of tryptophan, and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, were all significantly (p<0.001 altered in cats with diarrhea. In conclusion, significant differences in the fecal microbiomes between healthy cats and cats with diarrhea were identified. This dysbiosis was accompanied by changes in bacterial functional gene categories. Future studies are warranted to evaluate if these microbial changes correlate with changes in fecal concentrations of microbial metabolites in cats with diarrhea for the identification of potential diagnostic or

PORNOGRAFÍA INFANTIL EN INTERNET

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Laura Negredo

2016-09-01

Full Text Available La descarga, intercambio y producción de pornografía infantil es una conducta delictiva de importancia creciente. La explotación cruel de menores y su vínculo con otros problemas como el abuso sexual despiertan preocupación social y académica. El presente trabajo aborda la naturaleza del fenómeno, las características de los materiales que se etiquetan como pornografía infantil, los rasgos psicológicos de los usuarios y los programas de tratamiento existentes.

Maternal characteristics and toddler temperament in infantile anorexia.

Science.gov (United States)

Chatoor, I; Ganiban, J; Hirsch, R; Borman-Spurrell, E; Mrazek, D A

2000-06-01

To explore the association between specific maternal characteristics, maternal perceptions of toddler temperament, and infantile anorexia. Three groups of toddlers (aged 12-37 months) participated in this study: toddlers with infantile anorexia (n = 34), picky eaters (n = 34), and healthy eaters (n = 34). Mothers completed questionnaires that assessed their own eating attitudes, marital satisfaction, and their toddlers' temperament, and an interview that explored their attachment representations. Mothers and toddlers were videotaped during a feeding session, and toddlers were weighed and measured. Temperament ratings differentiated between infantile anorexics and healthy eaters (p anorexia.

Control of radiation-induced diarrhea with cholestyramine

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Heusinkveld, R.S.; Manning, M.R.; Aristizabal, S.A.

1978-01-01

Cholestyramine is a non-absorbable ion-exchange resin which specifically binds bile salts. We have treated seven patients with acute or chronic radiation-induced diarrhea that was refractory to the usual methods of control with cholestyramine. In each case, the diarrhea was controlled with cholestyramine. This observation supports previous experimental work with animals which indicated that bile salts contribute to the genesis of radiation-induced diarrhea. Cholestyramine is well-tolerated, but should not be administered with certain oral medications. The results of this small series are preliminary, but point the way toward a more extensive clinical trial to define the usefulness of cholestyramine in the treatment of refractory acute or chronic radiation-induced diarrhea

Human rotavirus genotypes causing acute watery diarrhea among ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Background: Diarrhea is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in the developing countries. Rotavirus is a major cause of acute watery diarrhea. Aim: This study aims at characterizing the prevalent rotavirus G-genotypes among under.five children presenting with acute watery diarrhea in Benin City, Nigeria.

[Diarrhea, from the gastroenterologist's point of view].

Science.gov (United States)

Bajor, Judit; Beró, Tamás

2009-08-30

Patients seeking help from gastroenterologist have frequent complaints of changes in the quality and quantity of stool as well in the frequency of bowel movements. Definition of diarrhea includes: more than three bowel movements daily, more than 200 grams of the stool daily, and its water content exceeding 75-85%. Diarrhea lowers the quality of life and can be a sign of organic disease. Its course can be acute and chronic. According to the pathomechanism, diarrheas can be divided into four different types: exudative (inflammatory), osmotic, dismotility and secretory. Acute diarrheas are usually infective, and sometimes they result in very serious conditions. Their course runs from a few days to a couple of weeks. If diarrhea persists more than four weeks, it is the chronic variant and it justifies gastroenterological examination. During the evaluation, we have to think of endocrine, autoimmune, allergic, postoperative states and the side effect of medications beside primer gastroenterological causes. To differentiate from a number of wide scale of clinical pictures and to reach the correct diagnosis, we are aided by the characteristics of diarrhea, the accompanying symptoms, laboratory values and invasive examinations. With the present summary, we would like to give a guide to the practicing physicians, mainly with a symptom-oriented approach.

COMPLEX TREATMENT OF DIARRHEA IN CHILDREN

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

E.G. Tsimbalova

2010-01-01

Full Text Available The article presents modern data on syndrome of acute diarrhea in children, its etiology and mechanisms of development of different types of this disease, its clinical symptoms, differential diagnosis, laboratory and instrumental methods of diagnostics. Author gives review of pathogenetic treatment and opportunities of therapy with enterosorbates, taking into account etiology of diarrhea. Another chapter of the article describes opportunities and methods of oral hydration depending of extent of exicosis. Key words: acute diarrhea, children, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, etiotropic therapy, enterosorbates, oral hydration.(Voprosy sovremennoi pediatrii — Current Pediatrics. 2010;9(5:111-1116

Diarrhea: Cancer-Related Causes and How to Cope

Science.gov (United States)

... soon as your diarrhea starts, switch to a diet of clear liquids, such as water, apple juice, clear broth and ice pops. Avoid milk products, as lactose intolerance may be part of your diarrhea. When you have diarrhea, you ... fiber to your diet, such as bananas, rice, applesauce and toast. Eat ...

Maternal knowledge, attitudes and practice in diarrhea.

Science.gov (United States)

Kapoor, P; Rajput, V J

1993-01-01

In developing countries where diarrhea is a major health problem, mothers are often ignorant about the cause and management of the disease and tend to restrict fluid intake instead of taking steps to prevent dehydration. 300 mothers of children hospitalized in Rewa, India, were interviewed with a pretested questionnaire on their diarrhea knowledge. 74.3% were rural and 80.6% were aged 20-30 years. 70% were illiterate and belonged to the upper lower or lower middle class. Causes of diarrhea cited by the mothers included teething (64.3%), evil eye (46%), contact with another case (36.6%), malnutrition (28.3), worm infestation (22.6%), eating mud (18.6%), mother's food habits (17.6%), eating sweets (17.3%), dirty water (15.3%), hot/cold foods (10.6%), change of food (8.3), and dirty environment (6%). During diarrhea, 266 mothers allowed breast milk, 118 pulses and rice gruel, 104 diluted cow's milk, 57 undiluted cow's milk, 25 boiled pulses water, 23 boiled rice water, 16 banana, 13 oral rehydration solution, 10 a whole diet, 8 tea, and 7 curd. Half of the mothers considered passage of liquid stools 3-5 times a day as diarrhea. Only 3% of the mothers listed dehydration as an important complication of the disease. Of the mothers using oral rehydration therapy, the fluid was often not reconstituted properly, and inadequate amounts were administered. Improved health education for mothers, with information on general hygiene, adequate diet during illness, and the use of oral rehydration solution in diarrhea would reduce diarrhea deaths.

Mechanism of diarrhea in microscopic colitis.

Science.gov (United States)

Protic, Marijana; Jojic, Njegica; Bojic, Daniela; Milutinovic, Svetlana; Necic, Dusanka; Bojic, Bozidar; Svorcan, Petar; Krstic, Miodrag; Popovic, Obren

2005-09-21

To search the pathophysiological mechanism of diarrhea based on daily stool weights, fecal electrolytes, osmotic gap and pH. Seventy-six patients were included: 51 with microscopic colitis (MC) (40 with lymphocytic colitis (LC); 11 with collagenous colitis (CC)); 7 with MC without diarrhea and 18 as a control group (CG). They collected stool for 3 d. Sodium and potassium concentration were determined by flame photometry and chloride concentration by titration method of Schales. Fecal osmotic gap was calculated from the difference of osmolarity of fecal fluid and double sum of sodium and potassium concentration. Fecal fluid sodium concentration was significantly increased in LC 58.11+/-5.38 mmol/L (Pdiarrhea compared to fecal osmotic gap. Seven (13.3%) patients had osmotic diarrhea. Diarrhea in MC mostly belongs to the secretory type. The major pathophysiological mechanism in LC could be explained by a decrease of active sodium absorption. In CC, decreased Cl/HCO3 exchange rate and increased chloride secretion are coexistent pathways.

The changing face of complicated infantile hemangioma treatment

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Menapace, Deanna [Creighton University School of Medicine, Phoenix Regional Campus, Phoenix, AZ (United States); Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education-MN, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Rochester, MN (United States); Mitkov, Mario [Creighton University School of Medicine, Phoenix Regional Campus, Phoenix, AZ (United States); Towbin, Richard [Phoenix Children' s Hospital, Department of Radiology, Phoenix, AZ (United States); Hogeling, Marcia [University of California, Los Angeles, Division of Dermatology, Santa Monica, CA (United States)

2016-10-15

Infantile hemangiomas are the most common vascular tumors of infancy. A multidisciplinary approach including dermatologists, otolaryngologists, plastic surgeons, hematologists/oncologists and interventional/diagnostic radiologists is crucial for appropriate management of children with complicated infantile hemangiomas. Since its unforeseen discovery in 2008, propranolol has become the first-line treatment for infantile hemangiomas, eclipsing systemic corticosteroids and radiologic intervention. There are still, however, uncommon indications for more aggressive interventional management. We review the 2014-updated International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) classification for vascular anomalies. Additionally, we suggest management algorithms for complicated lesions, including recommendations for radiologic and surgical intervention. (orig.)

Travelers' diarrhea.

Science.gov (United States)

Barrett-Connor, E

1973-03-01

On the average, one-fourth of North Americans visiting developing countries experience a self-limited diarrheal illness that interferes with holiday or business activities. Recent work suggests that these episodes are caused by a small inoculum of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli which are common in the country visited and rare in the country of origin. Neither antimicrobial treatment nor anti-diarrheal agents have proven benefit once the illness has begun. Despite its frequent use, iodochlorhydroxyquin has not been shown in double blind studies to be effective as a preventive agent, and may be dangerous. The status of furazolidone for prevention of tourist diarrhea is questionable. Both neomycin sulfate and phythalylsulfathiazole have demonstrated efficacy as chemoprophylactics in Mexico. However, their use should be restricted to limited types of travel and travelers. General admonitions concerning avoidance of certain ingestibles are recommended; despite questionable value in preventing travelers' diarrhea such precautions may prevent more serious gastrointestinal illness.

Clinical characteristics of rotavirus diarrhea in hospitalized Romanian infants.

Science.gov (United States)

Lesanu, Gabriela; Becheanu, Cristina Adriana; Vlad, Raluca Maria; Pacurar, Daniela; Tincu, Iulia Florentina; Smadeanu, Roxana Elena

2013-01-01

Clinical characteristics of rotavirus enteritis were evaluated by comparison with acute diarrhea of other etiologies. We reviewed the medical records of children (aged 0-12 months) admitted with acute diarrhea in our hospital between January and December 2011. Of the 839 patients, 49.3% had rotavirus diarrhea. The incidence of severe disease was significantly higher for rotavirus diarrhea (65.2%, P < 0.01) than for other types of diarrheal disease.

Breastfeeding and the risk for diarrhea morbidity and mortality

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Victora Cesar

2011-04-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Lack of exclusive breastfeeding among infants 0-5 months of age and no breastfeeding among children 6-23 months of age are associated with increased diarrhea morbidity and mortality in developing countries. We estimate the protective effects conferred by varying levels of breastfeeding exposure against diarrhea incidence, diarrhea prevalence, diarrhea mortality, all-cause mortality, and hospitalization for diarrhea illness. Methods We systematically reviewed all literature published from 1980 to 2009 assessing levels of suboptimal breastfeeding as a risk factor for selected diarrhea morbidity and mortality outcomes. We conducted random effects meta-analyses to generate pooled relative risks by outcome and age category. Results We found a large body of evidence for the protective effects of breastfeeding against diarrhea incidence, prevalence, hospitalizations, diarrhea mortality, and all-cause mortality. The results of random effects meta-analyses of eighteen included studies indicated varying degrees of protection across levels of breastfeeding exposure with the greatest protection conferred by exclusive breastfeeding among infants 0-5 months of age and by any breastfeeding among infants and young children 6-23 months of age. Specifically, not breastfeeding resulted in an excess risk of diarrhea mortality in comparison to exclusive breastfeeding among infants 0-5 months of age (RR: 10.52 and to any breastfeeding among children aged 6-23 months (RR: 2.18. Conclusions Our findings support the current WHO recommendation for exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life as a key child survival intervention. Our findings also highlight the importance of breastfeeding to protect against diarrhea-specific morbidity and mortality throughout the first 2 years of life.

Characteristics of Rotavirus Diarrhea in Hospitalized Children in Kosovo

Science.gov (United States)

Ismaili-Jaha, Vlora; Shala, Muje; Azemi, Mehmedali; Hoxha-Kamberi, Teuta; Avdiu, Muharrem; Spahiu, Shqipe; Jaha, Luan

2014-01-01

Background: Diarrhea is a leading cause of child mortality worldwide. Rotavirus is one of the most common causes of severe diarrhea and dehydration in children. Authors reviewed epidemiological and clinical data of the rotavirus diarrhea in Kosovo. Methods: This is a prospective study carried between January 1st and December 31st 2011. All data, comprising demographics, nutrition, clinical presentation, laboratory findings, management and outcome of the rotavirus diarrhea are collected on the specially designed form. Results: 116 children with rotavirus diarrhea are included in the study. The majority boys (74.4%) and children aged 0 – 12 months (82.75%). Mean age of children in the study was 16.38 months. Almost every third child in the study was hypotrophic (29.2%). More than half of the infants (55.2%) were on mixed food, somewhat more than every third was breast feeding (36.45%), and every twelfth (8.33%) was on artificial milk (animal or formula). Apart from diarrhea, present in all patients, vomiting (97.41%) and fever (43.96%) were characteristics of the clinical presentation of the diarrhea. Two thirds of the children had mild grade dehydration (70.7%). All patients recovered with no sequels. Conclusion: Rotavirus continues to be responsible for a significant portion of acute diarrhea in Kosovo. Clinical features, epidemiological data and the agglutination test are safe enough to establish the diagnosis. Treated correctly rotavirus diarrhea has a favorable outcome. PMID:25568634

El dibujo infantil /

OpenAIRE

Rada Ojer, Ángela

2012-01-01

La autora en este trabajo habla del dibujo infantil que es un lenguaje y una herramienta de alto valor comunicativo y valora cómo las situaciones vitales por las que pasa un niño pueden quedar reflejadas en sus manifestaciones gráficas

Characteristics of Rotavirus Diarrhea in Hospitalized Children in Kosovo

OpenAIRE

Ismaili-Jaha, Vlora; Shala, Muje; Azemi, Mehmedali; Hoxha-Kamberi, Teuta; Avdiu, Muharrem; Spahiu, Shqipe; Jaha, Luan

2014-01-01

Background: Diarrhea is a leading cause of child mortality worldwide. Rotavirus is one of the most common causes of severe diarrhea and dehydration in children. Authors reviewed epidemiological and clinical data of the rotavirus diarrhea in Kosovo. Methods: This is a prospective study carried between January 1st and December 31st 2011. All data, comprising demographics, nutrition, clinical presentation, laboratory findings, management and outcome of the rotavirus diarrhea are collected on the...

Similarities and differences between infantile and early childhood onset vanishing white matter disease.

Science.gov (United States)

Zhou, Ling; Zhang, Haihua; Chen, Na; Zhang, Zhongbin; Liu, Ming; Dai, Lifang; Wang, Jingmin; Jiang, Yuwu; Wu, Ye

2018-06-01

Vanishing white matter disease (VWM) is one of the most prevalent inherited leukoencephalopathies in childhood. Infantile VWM is more severe but less understood than the classic early childhood type. We performed a follow-up study on 14 infantile and 26 childhood patients to delineate the natural history and neuroimaging features of VWM. Infantile and childhood patients shared similarities in the incidence of epileptic seizure (35.7 vs. 38.5%) and episodic aggravation (92.9 vs. 84.6%). Developmental delay before disease onset was more common in infantile patients. Motor disability was earlier and more severe in infantile VWM. In survivors with disease durations of 1-3 years, the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) was classified as IV-V in 66.7% of infantile and only 29.4% of childhood patients. Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis indicated that the 5-year survival rates were 21.6 and 91.3% in infantile and childhood VWM, respectively. In terms of MRI, infantile patients showed more extensive involvement and earlier rarefaction, with more common involvement of subcortical white matter, internal capsule, brain stem and dentate nuclei of the cerebellum. Restricted diffusion was more diffuse or extensive in infantile patients. In addition, four novel mutations were identified. In conclusion, we identified some similarities and differences in the natural history and neuroimaging features between infantile and early childhood VWM.

Looking for evidence that personal hygiene precautions prevent traveler's diarrhea.

Science.gov (United States)

Shlim, David R

2005-12-01

In the 50 years during which traveler's diarrhea has been studied, it has always been assumed that personal hygiene precautions can prevent or reduce the likelihood of developing traveler's diarrhea. However, 7 of 8 studies that specifically addressed this issue showed no correlation between the types of food selected and the risk of acquiring traveler's diarrhea. The eighth study showed a correlation between a few dietary mistakes and a decreased risk of acquiring traveler's diarrhea. A further increase in the number of dietary mistakes, however, did not continue to increase the risk of acquiring traveler's diarrhea. Personal hygiene precautions, when performed under the direct supervision of an expatriate operating his or her own kitchen, can prevent traveler's diarrhea, but poor restaurant hygiene in most developing countries continues to create an insurmountable risk of acquiring traveler's diarrhea.

Effectiveness and safety of Saccharomyces boulardii for acute infectious diarrhea.

Science.gov (United States)

Dinleyici, Ener Cagri; Eren, Makbule; Ozen, Metehan; Yargic, Zeynel Abidin; Vandenplas, Yvan

2012-04-01

Acute diarrhea continues to be a leading cause of morbidity, hospitalization and mortality worldwide and probiotics have been proposed as a complementary therapy in the treatment of acute diarrhea. Regarding the treatment of acute diarrhea, a few probiotics including Saccharomyces boulardii seem to be promising therapeutic agents. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis regarding the use of S. boulardii in the treatment of acute infectious diarrhea with relevant studies that searched with the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Google Scholar, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Library, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews through October 2011. This review describes the effects of S. boulardii on the duration of diarrhea, the risk of diarrhea during the treatment (especially at the third day) and duration of hospitalization in patients with acute infectious diarrhea. This review also focused on the potential effects of S. boulardii for acute infectious diarrhea due to different etiological causes. S. boulardii significantly reduced the duration of diarrhea approximately 24 h and that of hospitalization approximately 20 h. S. boulardii shortened the initial phase of watery stools; mean number of stools started to decrease at day 2; moreover, a significant reduction was reported at days 3 and 4. This systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of S. boulardii in the treatment of acute infectious diarrhea show that there is strong evidence that this probiotic has a clinically significant benefit, whatever the cause, including in developing countries. Therefore, with S. boulardii, the shortened duration of diarrhea and the reduction in hospital stay result in social and economic benefits.

Digestive Disorders in Children with Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

O.A. Radutna

2016-08-01

Full Text Available Introduction. The most notable problem of the widespread use of antibiotics is the changes in microbial ecology, imbalance of intestinal biocenosis, the appearance of antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms with pathogenic properties and due to this the pathological changes in the intestine that cause symptoms of digestive disorders in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Objective. To identify the symptoms of malabsorption in order to improve early diagnosis of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children. Materials and methods. The object of the study were 116 patients treated with antibiotics, aged 6 months to 18 years. The examination of children included clinical, biochemical, bacteriological, immunoenzyme, immunochromatographic, instrumental, mathematical methods. Results. In the development of diarrhea in patients with negative test on clostridial toxins, such cases were qualified as idiopathic antibiotic-associated diarrhea, with positive — like intestinal Clostridium difficile infection. The study revealed significant differences in scatological indices between the children with acute idiopathic and antibiotic-associated diarrhea caused by clostridial infection. During microscopic and biochemical studies of feces, we have revealed symptomatic signs of impaired digestion and absorption of fats and carbohydrates, which manifested by clinical symptoms of malabsorption. All children with antibiotic-associated diarrhea are characterized by increased concentrations of carbohydrates in feces. Signs of digestive disorders with the development of malabsorption of lipids were detected n children with antibiotic-associated diarrhea, primarily caused by Clostridium difficile infection. Conclusions. Maldigestion and lipid and carbohydrate absorption, as well as symptoms of inflammation in the intestines (leukocytes, occult blood, mucus are the markers of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and can be used for its early diagnosis

Brainstem evoked potentials in infantile spasms

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Miyazaki, Masahito; Hashimoto, Toshiaki; Murakawa, Kazuyoshi; Tayama, Masanobu; Kuroda, Yasuhiro

1992-01-01

In ten patients with infantile spasms, brainstem evoked potentials and MRI examinations were performed to evaluate the brainstem involvement. The result of short latency somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) following the right median nerve stimulation revealed abnormal findings including the absence or low amplitudes of the waves below wave P3 and delayed central conduction time in 7 of the ten patients. The result of auditory brainstem responses (ABR) revealed abnormal findings including low amplitudes of wave V, prolonged interpeak latency of waves I-V and absence of the waves below wave IV in 5 of the ten patients. The result of the MRI examinations revealed various degrees of the brainstem atrophy in 6 of the ten patients, all of whom showed abnormal brainstem evoked potentials. The result of this study demonstrates that patients with infantile spasms are frequently associated with brainstem dysfunction and raises the possibility that brainstem atrophy might be a cause of infantile spasms. (author)

CT findings in patients with infantile epilepsy on ACTH therapy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Watanabe, Kazunari; Hara, Kimiko; Hakamada, Akira; Miyazaki, Shuji.

1981-01-01

A case of infantile spasms in which subdural hematoma developed after ACTH-Z therapy was reported. The results of CT evaluated before and after the therapy in 17 cases of infantile epilepsy including infantile spasms. Cerebral atrophy due to ACTH-Z therapy was remarkable, especially in the infants under one year old. We should vary careful in employing ACTH-Z therapy for infants of this age. (Ueda, J.)

Diarrhea in infants

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... Rare diseases such as cystic fibrosis . Diarrhea Causes Dehydration Infants and young children under age 3 can ... as: Apple juice Milk Fried foods Full-strength fruit juice Preventing Diaper Rash Your baby might get ...

Treatment of acute diarrhea with Saccharomyces boulardii in infants.

Science.gov (United States)

Corrêa, Naflesia B O; Penna, Francisco J; Lima, Fátima M L S; Nicoli, Jacques R; Filho, Luciano A P

2011-11-01

The aim of the study was to determine whether an oral treatment with a commercial pharmaceutical product containing Saccharomyces boulardii would reduce the duration of diarrhea in infants with acute diarrhea. In the present double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 186 infants, 6 to 48 months old and hospitalized within 72 hours after the onset of acute diarrhea in 2 hospitals in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil, were randomly assigned to receive twice per day for 5 days 200 mg of a commercial pharmaceutical product containing 4 × 10 viable cells of S boulardii or a placebo. Stool samples were submitted to search for rotavirus. Among the 176 infants who completed the trial, those treated with S boulardii (90) showed a reduction in diarrhea duration (P boulardii was given to children within 72 hours after the onset of acute diarrhea. The present study suggests a complementary treatment of acute diarrhea in infants with daily oral doses of S boulardii.

Efficacy and safety of Saccharomyces boulardii for acute diarrhea.

Science.gov (United States)

Feizizadeh, Sahar; Salehi-Abargouei, Amin; Akbari, Vajihe

2014-07-01

The efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii for treatment of childhood diarrhea remains unclear. Our objective was to systematically review data on the effect of S. boulardii on acute childhood diarrhea. Our data sources included Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, and The Cochrane Library up to September 2013 without language restrictions. Randomized controlled trials and non-randomized trials that evaluated effectiveness of S. boulardii for treatment of acute diarrhea in children were included. Two reviewers independently evaluated studies for eligibility and quality and extracted the data. In total, 1248 articles were identified, of which 22 met the inclusion criteria. Pooling data from trials showed that S. boulardii significantly reduced the duration of diarrhea (mean difference [MD], -19.7 hours; 95% confidence interval [CI], -26.05 to -13.34), stool frequency on day 2 (MD, -0.74; 95% CI, -1.38 to -0.10) and day 3 (MD, -1.24; 95% CI, -2.13 to -0.35), the risk for diarrhea on day 3 (risk ratio [RR], 0.41; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.60) and day 4 (RR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.59) after intervention compared with control. The studies included in this review were varied in the definition of diarrhea, the termination of diarrhea, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and their methodological quality. This review and meta-analysis show that S. boulardii is safe and has clear beneficial effects in children who have acute diarrhea. However, additional studies using head-to-head comparisons are needed to define the best dosage of S. boulardii for diarrhea with different causes. Copyright © 2014 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.

Diarrhea due to Cryptosporidium parvum in immunocompromised ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Objective: The objective of this study is to search for Cryptosporidium parvum in Sudanese immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients presenting with diarrhea. Methods: Two hundred and thirteen stool specimens were collected from different groups of patients presenting with diarrhea and healthy control ...

[Effects of secretory and osmotic diarrhea on rats intestinal function and morphology].

Science.gov (United States)

de Lima de Mon, Margarita; Cioccia, Anna M; González, Eduardo; Hevia, Patricio

2002-03-01

In order to compare intestinal morphology and function, diarrhea was produced in rats using laxatives in the diet. The 14 day study included two groups of rats with diarrhea (osmotic or secretory), two groups without diarrhea but with a degree of malnutrition which was similar to that seen in the rats with diarrhea (malnourished without diarrhea) and a well-nourished group (control). The inclusion of laxatives(lactose or bisoxatin acetate) cause a reduction in food intake, diarrhea an malnutrition. It also caused a reduction in dietary protein and fat digestibility which was proportional to the severity of diarrhea and more pronounced in secretory diarrhea. In the malnourished rats without diarrhea, malnutrition did not affect their absorptive function. Both in the rats with secretory and osmotic diarrhea an intestinal hypertrophy was observed. This hypertrophy was proportional to the severity of diarrhea and independent of its aetiology. In the intestines of the rats with both types of diarrhea there was inflammation, a greater number of mitotic figures but the flattening of the villi seen in the malnourished rats without diarrhea was not seen. In osmotic diarrhea there was, in addition, a patchy damage of the surface of the jejunal mucosa and an increment in the number of goblet cells, indicating a more severe intestinal deterioration. Since despite this greater deterioration, these rats absorbed more protein and fat we concluded that the alterations in intestinal morphology seen in this study was not predictive of intestinal function. The study also showed that diarrhea had a trophic effect on the intestine which did not occur in malnourished rats without diarrhea.

Zinc treatment ameliorates diarrhea and intestinal inflammation in undernourished rats.

Science.gov (United States)

de Queiroz, Camila A A; Fonseca, Said Gonçalves C; Frota, Priscila B; Figueiredo, Italo L; Aragão, Karoline S; Magalhães, Carlos Emanuel C; de Carvalho, Cibele B M; Lima, Aldo Ângelo M; Ribeiro, Ronaldo A; Guerrant, Richard L; Moore, Sean R; Oriá, Reinaldo B

2014-08-05

WHO guidelines recommend zinc supplementation as a key adjunct therapy for childhood diarrhea in developing countries, however zinc's anti-diarrheal effects remain only partially understood. Recently, it has been recognized that low-grade inflammation may influence stunting. In this study, we examined whether oral zinc supplementation could improve weight, intestinal inflammation, and diarrhea in undernourished weanling rats. Rats were undernourished using a northeastern Brazil regional diet (RBD) for two weeks, followed by oral gavage with a saturated lactose solution (30 g/kg) in the last 7 days to induce osmotic diarrhea. Animals were checked for diarrhea daily after lactose intake. Blood was drawn in order to measure serum zinc levels by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Rats were euthanized to harvest jejunal tissue for histology and cytokine profiles by ELISA. In a subset of animals, spleen samples were harvested under aseptic conditions to quantify bacterial translocation. Oral zinc supplementation increased serum zinc levels following lactose-induced osmotic diarrhea. In undernourished rats, zinc improved weight gain following osmotic diarrhea and significantly reduced diarrheal scores by the third day of lactose intake (p diarrhea and undernutrition and support the use of zinc to prevent the vicious cycle of malnutrition and diarrhea.

Nutritional Management of Acute Diarrhea in Infants and Children.

Science.gov (United States)

National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Washington, DC. Food and Nutrition Board.

Written primarily for health professionals advising on programs and policy related to nutrition and diarrhea therapy, this report is aimed at management of diarrhea in less-developed countries, but its information and technical insights are relevant to an understanding of diarrhea and its management throughout the world. Technical in orientation…

Clinical results of galantase for diarrhea due to gynecological radiotherapy

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Tokunaga, A [Niigata Univ. (Japan). School of Medicine; Higuchi, A

1977-10-01

Galantase, a preparation of lactose-decomposing enzyme, was used for 20 radiotherapeutic patients for prevention and treatment of diarrhea. The results were compared with those of 58 control cases without administration. In the 58 cases, the timing of onset of diarrhea during irradiation was examined, and the mechanism of onset of radioinjury in the digestive tract was discussed. Galantase 6 g/day was administered to 13 of the 20 patients simultaneously with institution of irradiation and to 7 patients simultaneously with the onset of diarrhea during irradiation. As radiotherapy, the patients were given remote cobalt irradiation 5 times a week, each consisting of 200 rad, a total dose of 5,000 rad, in a field of 14 - 16 x 14 - 16 cm by way of 2 ports (anterior and posterior). Diarrhea and soft stool both appeared by irradiation of less than 300 rad, and diarrhea was observed in 84%. Temporal diarrhea occurred in 3 of the 13 patients given galantase simultaneously with irradiation. Diarrhea continued for 6 days in one of the 6 cases in which galantase was administered simultaneously with the onset of diarrhea or watery stool. In the other 5, the stool recovered to be soft or normal 2-3 days after administration. Diarrhea during irradiaion appeared in 21.4% of the cases given galantase and 42.1% of those without it. The clinical value of galantase was recognized.

Catch-Up Growth Occurs after Diarrhea in Early Childhood123

Science.gov (United States)

Richard, Stephanie A.; Black, Robert E.; Gilman, Robert H.; Guerrant, Richard L.; Kang, Gagandeep; Lanata, Claudio F.; Mølbak, Kåre; Rasmussen, Zeba A.; Sack, R. Bradley; Valentiner-Branth, Palle; Checkley, William

2014-01-01

Diarrhea and linear growth faltering continue to burden low-income countries and are among the most important contributors to poor health during early childhood. Diarrhea is thought to adversely affect linear growth, but catch-up growth can occur if no additional insults are experienced. We sought to characterize catch-up growth in relation to diarrhea burden in a multisite dataset of 1007 children. Using longitudinal anthropometry and diarrheal surveillance data from 7 cohort studies in 4 countries, we examined the relation between diarrhea prevalence and growth in 3- to 6-mo periods using linear mixed-effect models. Growth during each period was calculated as a function of age using linear splines. We incorporated the longitudinal prevalence of diarrhea in both current and previous periods into the model. Diarrhea during the current period was associated with slower linear and ponderal growth. Faster (catch-up) growth in length was observed in children with no diarrhea in age groups immediately after an age group in which diarrhea was experienced [age group >6–12 mo: 0.03 mm/mo for each percentage diarrhea prevalence in the previous period (95% CI: 0.007, 0.06) relative to 11.3 mm/mo mean growth rate; age group >12–18 mo: 0.04 mm/mo (95% CI: 0.02, 0.06) relative to 8.9 mm/mo mean growth rate; age group >18–24 mo: 0.04 mm/mo (95% CI: 0.003, 0.09) relative to 7.9 mm/mo mean growth rate]. The associations were stronger in boys than in girls when separate models were run. Similar results were observed when weight was the outcome variable. When diarrheal episodes are followed by diarrhea-free periods in the first 2 y of life, catch-up growth is observed that may allow children to regain their original trajectories. The finding of a greater effect of diarrhea on linear growth in boys than in girls was unexpected and requires additional study. Diarrhea burdens are high throughout the first 2 y of life in these study sites, therefore reducing the likelihood of

A five-week-old girl with inspiratory stridor due to infantile hemangiopericytoma

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Hansen, Jonas K; Sørensen, Flemming Brandt; Christensen, Mogens Fjord

2006-01-01

UNLABELLED: A 5-week-old girl with inspiratory stridor is presented. No immediate cause of the stridor was found, but eventually a diagnosis of infantile hemangiopericytoma located in the rhinopharynx was made. After surgery all respiratory symptoms disappeared.CONCLUSION: Infantile hemangioperic......UNLABELLED: A 5-week-old girl with inspiratory stridor is presented. No immediate cause of the stridor was found, but eventually a diagnosis of infantile hemangiopericytoma located in the rhinopharynx was made. After surgery all respiratory symptoms disappeared.CONCLUSION: Infantile...

Predictors of under-five childhood diarrhea: Mecha District, West ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

admin

Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were undertaken to identify predictors of childhood diarrhea. Results: The prevalence of diarrhea among mothers and under-five children was 8.2% and 18.0%, respectively. Maternal education (AOR=5.6, 95% CI: 1.5 - 19.4), maternal history of recent diarrhea (AOR, 5.5 ...

Diarrhea - what to ask your doctor - child

Science.gov (United States)

What to ask your doctor about diarrhea - child; Loose stools - what to ask your doctor - child ... FOODS What foods can make my child's diarrhea worse? How should I prepare the foods for my child? If my child is still breastfeeding or bottle feeding, do I ...

Intractable diarrhea in hyperthyroidism: management with beta-adrenergic blockade.

Science.gov (United States)

Bricker, L A; Such, F; Loehrke, M E; Kavanaugh, K

2001-01-01

To describe a patient with intractable diarrhea and thyrotoxic Graves' disease, for whom b-adrenergic blockade ultimately proved to be effective therapy for the diarrhea, and to review the types of hyperthyroidism-associated diarrhea. We present the clinical course of a young man with a prolonged siege of diarrhea that proved elusive to diagnostic inquiries and resistant to all means of management until its endocrine basis was discovered. Control of such cases with b-adrenergic blockade is discussed, as are the pathophysiologic bases of intestinal hypermotility in hyperthyroidism. A 26-year-old man with Down syndrome, and no prior gastrointestinal disorder, had insidious, chronic, constant diarrhea, which was associated with loss of 14 kg during a 5-month period. Numerous laboratory and imaging studies and endoscopic examinations failed to disclose the cause of the diarrhea. Furthermore, a broad range of antibiotics and other empiric remedies failed to control the problem. No other symptoms of hyperthyroidism were reported, but when the endocrinopathy was suspected and identified, the diarrhea was promptly controlled by treatment with propranolol. In patients with hyperthyroidism, two types of diarrheal disorders have been described-secretory diarrhea and steatorrhea; bile acid malabsorption may have a role in either of these settings. In addition to its capacity for blocking the peripheral effects of thyroid hormone on the heart and central nervous system, b-adrenergic blockade is effective in slowing intestinal transit time and ameliorating the uncommon diarrhea associated with hyperthyroidism. Thyroid hormone in excess, among its other possible effects on the gastrointestinal tract, may exert a stimulatory effect by means of intermediary sympathetic activation, as it does with the heart. Thus, sympathetic blockade can mimic the salutary effects on the gastrointestinal tract conventionally brought about by direct antithyroid therapy, and well before the

CRESCIMENTO INFANTIL: ANÁLISE DO CONCEITO

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Flávia Paula Magalhães Monteiro

2016-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo fue analizar el concepto de crecimiento infantil mediante identificación de elementos atributos y consecuencias que componen el fenómeno. Para análisis de concepto que fue basado en 41 estudios, se utilizaron el modelo de análisis evolutivo y la revisión integradora de la literatura. Para selección de las producciones, se buscaron las bases de datos Scopus, Cinahl y Lilacs, el portal de PubMed e la biblioteca Cochrane. El crecimiento se ha presentado diferentes connotaciones, incluyendo aspectos sociales y fisiológicos como parte del dominio físico del desarrollo del niño. Atributos y consecuencias identificadas traen amplia percepción acerca del fenómeno analizado, teniendo en cuenta que vinculan diversos aspectos relacionados con otros estudios sobre crecimiento infantil. La comprensión teórica del desarrollo infantil puede proporcionar a enfermeros conocimiento en profundidad sobre los factores que implican este proceso, facilitando decisiones a través de medidas de intervención.

Clinical results of galantase for diarrhea due to gynecological radiotherapy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tokunaga, Akiteru; Higuchi, Akira.

1977-01-01

Galantase, a preparation of lactose-decomposing enzyme, was used for 20 radiotherapeutic patients for prevention and treatment of diarrhea. The results were compared with those of 58 control cases without administration. In the 58 cases, the timing of onset of diarrhea during irradiation was examined, and the mechanism of onset of radioinjury in the digestive tract was discussed. Galantase 6 g/day was administered to 13 of the 20 patients simultaneously with institution of irradiation and to 7 patients simultaneously with the onset of diarrhea during irradiation. As radiotherapy, the patients were given remote cobalt irradiation 5 times a week, each consisting of 200 rad, a total dose of 5,000 rad, in a field of 14 - 16 x 14 - 16 cm by way of 2 ports (anterior and posterior). Diarrhea and soft stool both appeared by irradiation of less than 300 rad, and diarrhea was observed in 84%. Temporal diarrhea occurred in 3 of the 13 patients given galantase simultaneously with irradiation. Diarrhea continued for 6 days in one of the 6 cases in which galantase was administered simultaneously with the onset of diarrhea or watery stool. In the other 5, the stool recovered to be soft or normal 2-3 days after administration. Diarrhea during irradiaion appeared in 21.4% of the cases given galantase and 42.1% of those without it. The clinical value of galantase was recognized. (Chiba, N.)

Optimal control of diarrhea transmission in a flood evacuation zone

Science.gov (United States)

Erwina, N.; Aldila, D.; Soewono, E.

2014-03-01

Evacuation of residents and diarrhea disease outbreak in evacuation zone have become serious problem that frequently happened during flood periods. Limited clean water supply and infrastructure in evacuation zone contribute to a critical spread of diarrhea. Transmission of diarrhea disease can be reduced by controlling clean water supply and treating diarrhea patients properly. These treatments require significant amount of budget, which may not be fulfilled in the fields. In his paper, transmission of diarrhea disease in evacuation zone using SIRS model is presented as control optimum problem with clean water supply and rate of treated patients as input controls. Existence and stability of equilibrium points and sensitivity analysis are investigated analytically for constant input controls. Optimum clean water supply and rate of treatment are found using optimum control technique. Optimal results for transmission of diarrhea and the corresponding controls during the period of observation are simulated numerically. The optimum result shows that transmission of diarrhea disease can be controlled with proper combination of water supply and rate of treatment within allowable budget.

Diagnóstico genético e clínico do autismo infantil Genetic and clinical diagnosis of infantile autism

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

MARIA IONE FERREIRA DA COSTA

1998-03-01

Full Text Available Os principais objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar variáveis selecionadas para um melhor entendimento e diagnóstico do autismo infantil, tais como: achados clínicos e de imagem, critérios diagnósticos, frequência de distúrbios neuropsiquiátricos nos familiares dos propósitos, recorrência familiar e a ocorrência de consanguinidade entre os pais dos propósitos e entre outros casais da família. A amostra foi constituída de 36 propósitos, de ambos os sexos e na faixa etária de 1 a 20 anos, pertencentes a 35 famílias distintas, todos com diagnóstico clínico de autismo infantil. Os resultados foram os seguintes: a deficiência mental foi observada clinicamente em todos os pacientes da amostra e convulsão em 27,8%; distúrbios neuropsiquiátricos foram referidos em pelo menos um familiar dos propósitos (97,14 % das famílias, autismo recorrente em 11,42 % e consanguinidade nos pais (11,42 %, avós e bisavós (2,86 %; achados anormais de tomografia computadorizada de crânio foram verificados em três propósitos. O conjunto destes resultados reforça a sugestão do modelo de herança multifatorial com limiar diferencial para sexo no autismo infantil. A avaliação clínica de todo caso de autismo infantil deverá contemplar sempre os aspectos neurológicos, psiquiátricos e genéticos.The main objectives of this study were to characterize the selected variables for a better understanding and diagnosis of infantile autism such as clinical and image findings, diagnostic criteria, frequency of neuropsychiatric disorders in the subjects' families, familial recurrence and occurrence of consanguinity between the subjetcs' parents and between other couples in the family. The sample was composed of 36 subjects of both sexes, in the age group from 1 through 20 years old, members of 35 distinctive families, all of which presenting clinical diagnosis for infantile autism. Mental retardation was clinically observed in all subjects of the

Realidad aumentada en Educación Infantil

OpenAIRE

Sánchez Rodríguez, José; Ruiz Palmero, Julio; Sánchez Vega, Elena

2016-01-01

Comenzamos por un resumen del marco normativo de la etapa Educación Infantil en el que se indica la necesidad de incluir las tecnologías en la misma. Posteriormente comentamos posibilidades de materiales y recursos tecnológicos para la enseñanza. Por último, detallamos algunas experiencias de uso de la realidad aumentada (RA) con alumnado del segundo ciclo de Educación Infantil. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech.

COMPLEX TREATMENT OF DIARRHEA IN CHILDREN

OpenAIRE

E.G. Tsimbalova

2010-01-01

The article presents modern data on syndrome of acute diarrhea in children, its etiology and mechanisms of development of different types of this disease, its clinical symptoms, differential diagnosis, laboratory and instrumental methods of diagnostics. Author gives review of pathogenetic treatment and opportunities of therapy with enterosorbates, taking into account etiology of diarrhea. Another chapter of the article describes opportunities and methods of oral hydration depending of extent ...

Renal abnormalities in congenital chloride diarrhea

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Al-Hamad, Nadia M.; Al-Eisa, Amal A.

2004-01-01

Congenital chloride diarrhea CLD is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by a defect in the chloride/ bicarbonate exchange in the ileum and colon. It is characterized by watery diarrhea, abdominal distension, hypochloremic hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis with high fecal content of chloride >90 mmol/l. We report 3 patients with CLD associated with various renal abnormalities including chronic renal failure secondary to renal hypoplasia, nephrocalcinosis and congenital nephrotic syndrome. (author)

Campylobacter jejuni diarrhea model in infant chickens

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Sanyal, S. C.; Islam, K. M.; Neogy, P. K.; Islam, M.; Speelman, P.; Huq, M. I.

1984-01-01

To study the pathogenic mechanisms of Campylobacter jejuni infection, 36- to 72-h-old chickens were fed 10(3) to 10(6) live cells, using strains isolated from 40 patients with watery diarrhea and 6 with bloody mucoid diarrhea from whom no other known enteropathogen was detected. Chickens of Starbro

Hand activities in infantile masturbation: a video analysis of 13 cases.

Science.gov (United States)

Hansen, Jonas Kjeldbjerg; Balslev, Thomas

2009-11-01

Infantile masturbation is considered a variant of normal behaviour. The abrupt and spontaneous onset, altered sensorium and autonomic phenomena during episodes may suggest an epileptic fit. Therefore, children with infantile masturbation are often admitted to hospital and undergo unnecessary tests. The purpose of the present study was to provide a detailed description of hand activities in infantile masturbation. The authors reviewed video recordings of 2 boys and 11 girls with infantile masturbation. Position, movements and activities of hands and fingers during episodes were registered. Five patterns of hand activities were registered: Fisting (four infants), grasping of toys, furniture or clothing (ten infants), chorea-like "piano playing" hand movements (two infants), pressure over the diaper/genital region (one infant) and bimanual manipulation of items (four infants). Fisting was primarily observed in the younger infants, and bimanual manipulation was primarily seen in the older infants. Recognizing one or more of the five distinct patterns of hand activities in infantile masturbation may help establishing the diagnosis.

Incidence of Diarrhea in Hospitalized Patients with Standard Enteral Formula

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Shabbu Ahmadi bonakdar

2014-10-01

Conclusion: Evaluation of patients receiving Milatech standard formula showed that diarrhea wasn’t seen in hospitalized patients. Diarrhea was reported by the nurses may refer to other diarrhea genic causes including of long length of stay, entral duration or medical side effects or infections.

Salud infantil, expresión corporal, enfoque globalizador en educación infantil : programa preventivo de la obesidad infantil

OpenAIRE

Torres Soltero, Fátima

2012-01-01

La obesidad infantil, es mucho más que un problema simplemente estético, pues su presencia, como hemos podido observar, conlleva una serie de riesgos para los niños/as, en este caso, afectados. Y lo más importante es que estos niños/as cuando sean adultos sepan prevenirla

Rota virus Diarrhea in Hospitalized Children

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Habib, M. I.; Khan, K. M. A.; Zia, N.; Kazi, S. G.

2014-01-01

Objective: To determine the frequency and clinical features of Rota virus diarrhea in children presenting in a tertiary care hospital. Study Design: A cross-sectional, observational study. Place and Duration of Study: National Institute of Child Health, Karachi, from January to June 2007. Methodology: A total of three hundred children of either gender aged 1 month to 5 years, who presented with diarrhea of < 7 days as a primary illness were enrolled. Children with bloody diarrhea or nosocomial gastroenteritis acquired during hospitalization for other disease were not included. Detection of Rota virus in stool was done by enzyme linked immunoassay. Results: Out of 300 children, 188 (63%) tested positive and 112 (37%) tested negative for Rota virus. Positive Rota virus cases in 7 - 12 months of age was (n = 34, 18.08%). Overall, 151 (80.3%) children with Rota virus were less than 3 years old. 182 (60.7%) had fever, 118 (39.3%) had vomiting and 156 (82.9%) children had both fever and vomiting. Conclusion: This study shows that Rota virus is a common organism causing diarrhea in children less than 3 years of age. There is a need to incorporate Rota virus vaccine in the national EPI program to decrease the disease burden as highlighted in this study. (author)

Infantile masturbation and paroxysmal disorders.

Science.gov (United States)

Omran, Mohammadreza Salehi; Ghofrani, Mohammad; Juibary, Ali Ghabeli

2008-02-01

A recurrent paroxysmal presentation in children leads to different diagnoses and among them are neurologic and cardiac etiologies. Infantile masturbation is not a well known entity and cannot be differentiated easily from other disorders. Aim of this study is to elucidate and differentiate this condition from epileptic seizures. We report 3 cases of 10 to 30 mth old girls of infantile masturbation that their symptoms initiated at 2, 3 and 8 mth of age. These present with contraction and extension of lower extremities, scissoring of legs, perspiration, changing face color. In 2 cases body rocking and legs rubbing initiated then there after. Masturbation is one of the paroxysmal non-epileptic conditions of early infancy and is in differential diagnosis of epileptic seizures.

An overview of calf diarrhea - infectious etiology, diagnosis, and intervention

Science.gov (United States)

Cho, Yong-il

2014-01-01

Calf diarrhea is a commonly reported disease in young animals, and still a major cause of productivity and economic loss to cattle producers worldwide. In the report of the 2007 National Animal Health Monitoring System for U.S. dairy, half of the deaths among unweaned calves was attributed to diarrhea. Multiple pathogens are known or postulated to cause or contribute to calf diarrhea development. Other factors including both the environment and management practices influence disease severity or outcomes. The multifactorial nature of calf diarrhea makes this disease hard to control effectively in modern cow-calf operations. The purpose of this review is to provide a better understanding of a) the ecology and pathogenesis of well-known and potential bovine enteric pathogens implicated in calf diarrhea, b) describe diagnostic tests used to detect various enteric pathogens along with their pros and cons, and c) propose improved intervention strategies for treating calf diarrhea. PMID:24378583

Behandling af infantile spasmer

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kjærsgård, Lars; Rasmussen, Niels

2006-01-01

Infantile spasms (IS) are characterised by neurodevelopmental regression, a unique type of seizures and a hypsarrhythmic EEG pattern. Studies recommend the medical treatment of IS as a positive short-term outcome with respect to the spasms and in the resolution of the hypsarrhythmia. However...

Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Pedersen, Rikke Neess; Garne, Ester; Loane, Maria

2008-01-01

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to present epidemiologic data on infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) from seven well-defined European regions, and to compare incidence and changes in incidence over time between these regions. METHODS: This was a population-based study using ...

Rotavirus mortality confirmed by etiologic identification in Venezuelan children with diarrhea.

Science.gov (United States)

Pérez-Schael, Irene; Salinas, Belén; González, Rosabel; Salas, Hans; Ludert, Juan Ernesto; Escalona, Marisol; Alcalá, Ana; Rosas, María Alejandra; Materán, Mercedes

2007-05-01

Hospital-based studies to determine the etiology of deaths from diarrhea are scarce. In this study, we specifically analyzed deaths due to rotavirus to assess the rotavirus impact on diarrhea mortality. To determine the rotavirus proportion contributing to mortality due to diarrhea, we analyzed data obtained from a hospital-based mortality surveillance, conducted over 7 years, in the Ciudad Hospitalaria Dr. Enrique Tejera, Valencia, Venezuela. Rotavirus was identified in stool samples collected from children who died of diarrhea, by a confirmatory ELISA and/or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Our results show that rotavirus (21%; 21/100) is the leading cause of death due to diarrhea among children causes in this age group. Shigella spp. (19%; 13/69) was the second most important cause of death, followed by calicivirus (6%; 3/53). Furthermore, this study documents a seasonal pattern in the deaths due to rotavirus (odds ratio 3.28; 95% confidence interval 1.13-9.76). For Venezuela, it is estimated that approximately 300 children cause of death due to diarrhea, which supports previous estimations. This is the first study to present data of cause-specific mortality due to diarrhea based on hospital surveillance of diarrhea etiologies.

Creatividad y Educación Artística en la etapa de infantil

OpenAIRE

Hernando Martín, Carmen

2013-01-01

En el TFG propuesto se desarrolla la creatividad y la educación artística en la etapa de infantil. Para ello, haré hincapié en el dibujo infantil y la representación de la figura humana. Grado en Educación Infantil

Fecal osmotic gap and pH in experimental diarrhea of various causes.

Science.gov (United States)

Eherer, A J; Fordtran, J S

1992-08-01

Although the osmotic gap of fecal fluid is often used to distinguish osmotic diarrhea from secretory diarrhea, there has never been a scientific evaluation of the validity of this concept. Similarly, although a low fecal fluid pH value is used to indicate that diarrhea is mediated by carbohydrate malabsorption, the validity of this method is unproven. Therefore, in the present study, diarrhea was induced in normal subjects by different mechanisms and fecal fluid osmotic gap (using an assumed fecal fluid osmolality of 290 mOsm/kg) and pH were measured. In secretory diarrhea caused by phenolphthalein, the osmotic gap was always less than 50 mOsm/kg, whereas in osmotic diarrhea caused by polyethylene glycol, magnesium hydroxide, lactulose, and sorbitol, the osmotic gap always exceeded 50 mOsm/kg. In osmotic diarrhea caused by sodium sulfate, the fecal fluid osmotic gap was less than 50 mOsm/kg, but phenolphthalein-induced secretory diarrhea could be distinguished from sodium sulfate-induced osmotic diarrhea by the fecal chloride concentration. When diarrhea was caused by carbohydrate malabsorption (lactulose or sorbitol), the fecal fluid pH was always less than 5.6 and usually less than 5.3; by contrast, other causes of diarrhea rarely caused a fecal pH as low as 5.6 and never caused a pH less than 5.3. It is concluded that measurement of fecal fluid osmotic gap and pH can distinguish various mechanisms of experimental diarrhea in normal subjects. The concepts on which these tests are based are therefore verified experimentally.

Body mass index in male and female children with infantile autism

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Mouridsen, Svend Erik; Rich, Bente; Isager, Torben

2002-01-01

was to evaluate body mass index (BMI) of children with infantile autism, by comparing the BMI of 117 children with infantile autism with the corresponding BMI percentiles in an age- and sex-matched reference population. The BMI distribution of the male, but not female, children with infantile autism...... was significantly lower than that of the age-matched reference population. There was no evidence that BMI was associated with intelligence or socioeconomic status among children with infantile autism.......Morphometry, the measurement of forms, is an ancient practice. Recently, evidence has grown to support the notion that aberrant neurodevelopment may play a role in the pathophysiology of autism. Is the body, like the brain, affected by abnormal development in these patients? The aim of this study...

Alterations in the colonic microbiota in response to osmotic diarrhea.

Science.gov (United States)

Gorkiewicz, Gregor; Thallinger, Gerhard G; Trajanoski, Slave; Lackner, Stefan; Stocker, Gernot; Hinterleitner, Thomas; Gülly, Christian; Högenauer, Christoph

2013-01-01

Diseases of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract are often accompanied by diarrhea with profound alterations in the GI microbiota termed dysbiosis. Whether dysbiosis is due to the disease itself or to the accompanying diarrhea remains elusive. With this study we characterized the net effects of osmotic diarrhea on the composition of the GI microbiota in the absence of disease. We induced osmotic diarrhea in four healthy adults by oral administration of polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG). Stool as well as mucosa specimens were collected before, during and after diarrhea and 16S rDNA-based microbial community profiling was used to assess the microbial community structure. Stool and mucosal microbiotas were strikingly different, with Firmicutes dominating the mucosa and Bacteroidetes the stools. Osmotic diarrhea decreased phylotype richness and showed a strong tendency to equalize the otherwise individualized microbiotas on the mucosa. Moreover, diarrhea led to significant relative shifts in the phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and to a relative increase in the abundance of Proteobacteria on the mucosa, a phenomenon also noted in several inflammatory and diarrheal GI diseases. Changes in microbial community structure induced by osmotic diarrhea are profound and show similarities to changes observed in other GI diseases including IBD. These effects so must be considered when specimens from diarrheal diseases (i.e. obtained by stratification of samples according to diarrheal status) or conditions wherein bowel preparations like PEG (i.e. specimens obtained during endoscopy) are used.

Alterations in the colonic microbiota in response to osmotic diarrhea.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Gregor Gorkiewicz

Full Text Available BACKGROUND & AIMS: Diseases of the human gastrointestinal (GI tract are often accompanied by diarrhea with profound alterations in the GI microbiota termed dysbiosis. Whether dysbiosis is due to the disease itself or to the accompanying diarrhea remains elusive. With this study we characterized the net effects of osmotic diarrhea on the composition of the GI microbiota in the absence of disease. METHODS: We induced osmotic diarrhea in four healthy adults by oral administration of polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG. Stool as well as mucosa specimens were collected before, during and after diarrhea and 16S rDNA-based microbial community profiling was used to assess the microbial community structure. RESULTS: Stool and mucosal microbiotas were strikingly different, with Firmicutes dominating the mucosa and Bacteroidetes the stools. Osmotic diarrhea decreased phylotype richness and showed a strong tendency to equalize the otherwise individualized microbiotas on the mucosa. Moreover, diarrhea led to significant relative shifts in the phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and to a relative increase in the abundance of Proteobacteria on the mucosa, a phenomenon also noted in several inflammatory and diarrheal GI diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in microbial community structure induced by osmotic diarrhea are profound and show similarities to changes observed in other GI diseases including IBD. These effects so must be considered when specimens from diarrheal diseases (i.e. obtained by stratification of samples according to diarrheal status or conditions wherein bowel preparations like PEG (i.e. specimens obtained during endoscopy are used.

The Early vs. Late Infantile Strabismus Surgery Study: Monitoring Report

NARCIS (Netherlands)

H.J. Simonsz (Huib)

1995-01-01

textabstractAbstract: The Early vs. Late Infantile Strabismus Surgery Study Group is a group of strabismologists and orthoptists who investigate whether early or late surgery is preferable in infantile strabismus, in a non-randomized, prospective, multi-center trial. Infants between six and 18

A case of infantile osteopetrosis: The radioclinical features with literature update.

Science.gov (United States)

El-Sobky, Tamer Ahmed; Elsobky, Ezzat; Sadek, Ismaiel; Elsayed, Solaf M; Khattab, Mohamed Fawzy

2016-06-01

Osteopetrosis is a rare hereditary metabolic bone disorder characterized by generalized skeletal sclerosis caused by a defect in bone resorption and remodelling. Infantile autosomal recessive osteopetrosis is one of three subtypes of osteopetrosis and the most severe form. The correct and early diagnosis of infantile osteopetrosis is important for management of complications and for future genetic counselling. Diagnosis is largely based on clinical and radiographic evaluation, confirmed by gene testing where applicable. Therefore, in this case study the classical clinical and radiological signs of a boy with infantile osteopetrosis will be presented with a comprehensive literature update. The differentiating signs from other causes of hereditary osteosclerosing dysplasias are discussed. This case study and review of available literature show that there tends to be a highly unique clinical and skeletal radiographic pattern of affection in infantile osteopetrosis. Although tremendous advances have been made in the elucidation of the genetic defect of osteopetrosis over the past years, the role of accurate clinical and radiological assessment remains an important contributor to the diagnosis of infantile osteopetrosis.

Mortalidad infantil y migración en Chiapas, México

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Olga Lidia Lópes-Gonzáles

2010-01-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar, en términos causales, la relación entre mortalidad infantil y migración en cuatro zonas socioeconómicas de la región Soconusco en Chiapas, México. El análisis de este estudio se basó en los resultados de una encuesta socio demográfica y de salud con base poblacional (probabilística que se llevó a cabo en el Soconusco, Chiapas en 1996-97. Se contrastan zonas con distinta condición socioeconómica, cultural y productiva. Se realizó análisis de regresión lineal y logística para identificar el efecto de la migración y la mortalidad infantil, así como de la migración y la zona geográfica sobre la tasa de mortalidad infantil. Los datos muestran que aunque más del 70% de la varianza de la mortalidad infantil se explica por la migración, no existe evidencia de una relación causal concluyente. La relación identificada entre mortalidad infantil, migración y zonas geográficas orientan a una explicación alternativa. Planteamos la hipótesis de que en la región estudiada, la magnitud y características de la emigración, así como de las tasas de mortalidad infantil, son consecuencia de las condiciones de vulnerabilidad económica y social de las poblaciones.

Mortalidad infantil y migración en Chiapas, México

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Olga Lidia Lópes-Gonzáles

2010-07-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar, en términos causales, la relación entre mortalidad infantil y migración en cuatro zonas socioeconómicas de la región Soconusco en Chiapas, México. El análisis de este estudio se basó en los resultados de una encuesta socio demográfica y de salud con base poblacional (probabilística que se llevó a cabo en el Soconusco, Chiapas en 1996-97. Se contrastan zonas con distinta condición socioeconómica, cultural y productiva. Se realizó análisis de regresión lineal y logística para identificar el efecto de la migración y la mortalidad infantil, así como de la migración y la zona geográfica sobre la tasa de mortalidad infantil. Los datos muestran que aunque más del 70% de la varianza de la mortalidad infantil se explica por la migración, no existe evidencia de una relación causal concluyente. La relación identificada entre mortalidad infantil, migración y zonas geográficas orientan a una explicación alternativa. Planteamos la hipótesis de que en la región estudiada, la magnitud y características de la emigración, así como de las tasas de mortalidad infantil, son consecuencia de las condiciones de vulnerabilidad económica y social de las poblaciones.

El timerosal y las enfermedades del neurodesarrollo infantil

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Luis Maya

2006-09-01

Full Text Available Se evalúa la relación causal entre el timerosal (etilmercurio, como preservante en las vacunas pediátricas, y el incremento de casos de enfermedades del neurodesarrollo infantil, como consecuencia de la ampliación de los esquemas de inmunización. Se revisó la información científica, relacionando el timerosal y las evidencias que permitan evaluar una posible asociación causal, con estudios epidemiológicos, ecológicos, biomoleculares y toxicológicos, de bioseguridad, toxicológicos fetales y sobre salud reproductiva. Se encontró múltiples asociaciones entre la exposición a timerosal y las enfermedades del neurodesarrollo infantil. Tal neurotoxicidad ocurre en los infantes y fetos de gestantes vacunadas por dosis acumulativa de mercurio. Las diversas evidencias implican al timerosal como el agente causante, agravante o disparador de las enfermedades del neurodesarrollo infantil. La toxicidad del mercurio obligó al retiro progresivo del timerosal de los medicamentos. Lamentablemente, en las vacunas, ha habido una sustancial demora en la demostración de su impacto negativo. Actualmente, existen vacunas sin timerosal, cuyo uso está ocasionando la disminución de la incidencia de las enfermedades del neurodesarrollo infantil.

¿Igualdad en educación infantil?

OpenAIRE

Vélez Sales, Paula

2016-01-01

Treball final de Grau en Mestre o Mestra d'Educació Infantil. Codi: MI1040. Curs acadèmic 2015-2016 Este trabajo tiene como objeto realizar una revisión teórica sobre las desigualdades en la etapa de infantil, sus causas y consecuencias. Para ello, estudiaremos las aportaciones teóricas más relevantes sobre las desigualdades sociales, culturales, económicas y políticas que influyen en la escuela. La metodología se ha basado en las búsquedas bibliográficas relacionadas con el tema de la ...

Gastrointestinal Infections and Diarrhea

Science.gov (United States)

... parasite, Cryptosporidium , is a common culprit behind diarrhea epidemics in childcare centers and other public places. Cryptosporidium ... take prescription antibiotics to prevent the infection from spreading throughout the body. What Can I Do to ...

epidemiology of rotavirus and astrovirus infections in children

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Emmanuel Ameh

Abstract. Background: Recent estimates attribute 527 000 deaths in children less than five years of age to rotavirus diarrhea annually, with 145 000 occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. Human astroviruses have been identified as one of the most frequent causes of infantile diarrhea, second in incidence only to rotavirus.

Solitary infantile choriocarcinoma of the liver: MRI findings

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hoef, Marianne van der; Willi, Ulrich V.; Huisman, Thierry A.G.M. [University Children' s Hospital Zurich, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Zurich (Switzerland); Niggli, Felix K. [University Children' s Hospital Zurich, Department of Paediatrics, Zurich (Switzerland)

2004-10-01

Infantile hepatic choriocarcinoma is a rare, highly malignant germ-cell tumour believed to result from a choriocarcinoma of the placenta that spreads to the child. Most infants present with a characteristic clinical picture of anaemia, hepatomegaly and precocious puberty. Imaging findings, including conventional MRI, may be non-specific. To improve the accuracy of diagnosis, we present the imaging findings of contrast-enhanced dynamic MRI in a 4.5-month-old boy with infantile hepatic choriocarcinoma. (orig.)

Exploring spatial patterns and hotspots of diarrhea in Chiang Mai, Thailand

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Tripathi Nitin K

2009-06-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Diarrhea is a major public health problem in Thailand. The Ministry of Public Health, Thailand, has been trying to monitor and control this disease for many years. The methodology and the results from this study could be useful for public health officers to develop a system to monitor and prevent diarrhea outbreaks. Methods The objective of this study was to analyse the epidemic outbreak patterns of diarrhea in Chiang Mai province, Northern Thailand, in terms of their geographical distributions and hotspot identification. The data of patients with diarrhea at village level and the 2001–2006 population censuses were collected to achieve the objective. Spatial analysis, using geographic information systems (GIS and other methods, was used to uncover the hidden phenomena from the data. In the data analysis section, spatial statistics such as quadrant analysis (QA, nearest neighbour analysis (NNA, and spatial autocorrelation analysis (SAA, were used to identify the spatial patterns of diarrhea in Chiang Mai province. In addition, local indicators of spatial association (LISA and kernel density (KD estimation were used to detect diarrhea hotspots using data at village level. Results The hotspot maps produced by the LISA and KD techniques showed spatial trend patterns of diarrhea diffusion. Villages in the middle and northern regions revealed higher incidences. Also, the spatial patterns of diarrhea during the years 2001 and 2006 were found to represent spatially clustered patterns, both at global and local scales. Conclusion Spatial analysis methods in GIS revealed the spatial patterns and hotspots of diarrhea in Chiang Mai province from the year 2001 to 2006. To implement specific and geographically appropriate public health risk-reduction programs, the use of such spatial analysis tools may become an integral component in the epidemiologic description, analysis, and risk assessment of diarrhea.

Diarrhea - what to ask your health care provider - adult

Science.gov (United States)

What to ask your health care provider about diarrhea - adult; Loose stools - what to ask your health ... medicines, vitamins, herbs, or supplements I take cause diarrhea? Should I stop taking any of them? What ...

Probiotics in antibiotic associated diarrhea in children

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Matjaž Homan

2013-10-01

Full Text Available The use of antibiotics that disturb the gastrointestinal microbiota is associated with diarrhea, which occurs in up to half of treated children. Symptoms are usually mild and children do not need hospitalization. Probiotics are live microorganisms, which restore intestinal microbiota during antibiotic therapy through different mechanisms such as stimulation of immunity, secretion of anti-inflammatory factors, and production of antimicrobial substances. The use of different strains of probiotics in antibiotic-associated diarrhea was evaluated in several studies in adults but less frequently in pediatric population. They also confirmed the value of probiotics in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children, particularly Lactobacillus strain GG and Saccharomyces boulardii. The use of probiotics in childhood is safe. A proper strain must be introduced at the beginning of antibiotic treatment in a sufficient concentration.

Syndromic diarrhea/Tricho-hepato-enteric syndrome

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Fabre Alexandre

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Abstract Syndromic diarrhea/Tricho-hepato-enteric syndrome (SD/THE is a rare and severe bowel disorder caused by mutation in SKIV2L or in TTC37, 2 genes encoding subunits of the putative human SKI complex. The estimated prevalence is 1/1,000,000 births and the transmission is autosomal recessive. The classical form is characterized by 5 clinical signs: intractable diarrhea of infancy beginning in the first month of life, usually leading to failure to thrive and requiring parenteral nutrition; facial dysmorphism characterised by prominent forehead and cheeks, broad nasal root and hypertelorism; hair abnormalities described as woolly and easily removable; immune disorders resulting from defective antibody production; intrauterine growth restriction. The aetiology is a defect in TTC37, a TPR containing protein, or in the RNA helicase SKIV2L, both constituting the putative human ski complex. The ski complex is a heterotetrameric cofactor of the cytoplasmic RNA exosome which ensures aberrants mRNAs decay. The diagnosis SD/THE is initially based on clinical findings and confirmed by direct sequencing of TTC37 and SKIV2L. Differential diagnosis with the other causes of intractable diarrhea is easily performed by pathologic investigations. During their clinical course, most of the children require parenteral nutrition and often immunoglobulin supplementation. With time, some of them can be weaned off parenteral nutrition and immunoglobulin supplementation. The prognosis depends on the management and is largely related to the occurrence of parenteral nutrition complications or infections. Even with optimal management, most of the children seem to experience failure to thrive and final short stature. Mild mental retardation is observed in half of the cases. Abstract in French Les diarrhées syndromiques ou syndrome tricho-hepato-enterique (SD/THE sont un syndrome rare et sévère dont l’incidence est estimée à 1 cas pour 1 million de naissances et la

Chronic unexplained diarrhea: what to do when the initial workup is negative?

Science.gov (United States)

Talley, Nicholas J

2008-01-01

Diagnosing the patient with chronic diarrhea can still be a major challenge despite modern testing. It is useful initially to consider what may be the likely underlying pathophysiologic explanation for diarrhea from the history (osmotic, secretory, inflammatory, or motility related) and let this information drive the management algorithm. However, gastroenterologists frequently ask how far the workup should go and when a confident diagnosis of functional diarrhea can be made. In contrast to diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, the evidence that functional diarrhea exists as a real diagnostic entity is actually remarkably unconvincing.

The Anti-Diarrhea Properties Of Zingibier Offcinale | Nwoko ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Introduction: The crude extract of the plant Zingiber officinale has a high folkloric reputation for anti-diarrhea activity. This study investigated the scientific basis of this folkloric claim. Materials and Methods: Diarrhea was induced in albino mice and albino wistar rats using Castor-oil. The animals (mice) were offered the ...

Diversidad y educación: el caso del trabajo infantil

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

María Alejandra Silva

2017-12-01

Full Text Available Objetivo: conocer los determinantes sociales del trabajo infantil y las políticas para la diversidad en trabajo y educación en Corrientes,  ubicada en el nordeste de Argentina (NEA desde un punto existencial. Método: Se acude al análisis de documentos y estadísticas, además de la consulta a informantes calificados en trabajo y educación. Resultados: El análisis estadístico muestra que las enormes desigualdades regionales persistentes y los problemas de extrema pobreza infantil proporcionan condiciones para que el trabajo infantil aumente. En cuanto a la naturaleza y perfil del trabajo infantil en Corrientes, se observa que hay diversidad de sexo, edad, cultura, tipo de trabajo, duración del día, etc. Conclusiones: El trabajo infantil constituye una flagrante violación de los derechos humanos, que necesita erradicarse a partir de numerosas políticas interministeriales e intersectoriales, siendo necesario políticas de y para la diversidad en educación a fin de incorporar al sistema educativo. Existen informaciones parciales y limitadas, faltando datos oficiales de toda la Provincia, lo que impide pensar en las políticas en y para la diversidad en la escuela que los incluya a través de nuevas metodologías, contenidos, recursos, docentes y gestores proactivos.

Acute Rotavirus-Induced Diarrhea in Children: Clinical Picture, Diagnosis, Treatment

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S.L. Niankovskyi

2015-09-01

Full Text Available The paper considers the current aspects of epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical picture and treatment of acute rotavirus-induced diarrhea in children. There are presented the basic thesis of ESPGHAN consensus (2014 about acute diarrheas. There was analyzed the effectiveness of probiotic Subalin producing interferon for the treatment of acute rotavirus-induced diarrhea. It was demonstrated its effectiveness according to the literature review and own data.

THERAPY OF DIARRHEA AND DEHYDRATION IN CHILDREN

OpenAIRE

E.G. Tsymbalova; R.F. Tepaev

2011-01-01

Dehydration is one of the leading causes of mortality in children. The most frequent cause of dehydration in children is diarrhea syndrome. Timely differential diagnostics of etiological causes, assessment of severity, dehydration type are critical conditions of successful therapy of diarrhea syndrome. The article provides modern recommendations on diagnostics and treatment of dehydration depending on the type and severity, on correction of electrolyte abnormalities. The authors also highligh...

Endemic characteristics of infantile visceral leishmaniasis in the People's Republic of China.

Science.gov (United States)

Fu, Qing; Li, Shi-Zhu; Wu, Wei-Ping; Hou, Yan-Yan; Zhang, Song; Feng, Yu; Zhang, Li-Ping; Tang, Lin-Hua

2013-05-17

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was once a severe parasitic disease in China. Thanks to the great efforts of integrated control, VL was eliminated in most epidemic areas, except for certain western provinces (autonomous region) at the end of 1950s. From then on, VL gained less attention and has seemed to spread, especially in the last 15 years. Infants are the most important population threatened by VL. However, there have been few studies on the endemic characteristics of infantile VL in China. Infantile VL cases were collected from the online National Infectious Diseases Reporting System (NIDRS). Statistical description and inference was used to reveal the endemic characteristics in gender, age group, time and regionalism. Spatial analysis was carried out to explore the high risk area for infantile VL in China. A total of 1093 infantile VL cases were reported from 2006 to 2012. There was no statistically significant difference in gender over time. The minimum, maximum and mean age of these cases was 1.1, 35.9 and 13.8 months, respectively. Among them 86.92% were under 2 years of age, and there was a statistically significant difference among age groups over time. An incidence peak appeared in 2008-2009, most cases were distributed in the months September to December, and there was a tail-raising effect in the coming two months of the next year. More than 98% of cases were reported in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Gansu Province and Sichuan Province, accounting for 61.02%, 32.75% and 4.57%, respectively. A total of 56 counties reported infantile VL cases, with the cumulative incidence ranging from 0.02 to 24.57%. There were two main zones of high endemicity for infantile VL in China. The monthly incidence clearly coincides with the number of towns where infantile VL cases were reported. Three fatalities were reported during the study period, the case fatality rate was 2.75‰. The endemic situation of infantile VL is serious, and there are several active foci of

Post-infectious sequelae of travelers' diarrhea.

Science.gov (United States)

Connor, Bradley A; Riddle, Mark S

2013-01-01

Travelers' diarrhea (TD) has generally been considered a self-limited disorder which resolves more quickly with expeditious and appropriate antibiotic therapy given bacteria are the most frequently identified cause. However, epidemiological, clinical, and basic science evidence identifying a number of chronic health conditions related to these infections has recently emerged which challenges this current paradigm. These include serious and potentially disabling enteric and extra-intestinal long-term complications. Among these are rheumatologic, neurologic, gastrointestinal, renal, and endocrine disorders. This review aims to examine and summarize the current literature pertaining to three of these post-infectious disorders: reactive arthritis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome and the relationship of these conditions to diarrhea associated with travel as well as to diarrhea associated with gastroenteritis which may not be specifically travel related but relevant by shared microbial pathogens. It is hoped this review will allow clinicians who see travelers to be aware of these post-infectious sequelae thus adding to our body of knowledge in travel medicine. Data for this article were identified by searches of PubMed and MEDLINE, and references from relevant articles using search terms "travelers' diarrhea" "reactive arthritis" "Guillain-Barré syndrome" "Post-Infectious Irritable Bowel Syndrome." Abstracts were included when related to previously published work. A review of the published literature reveals that potential consequences of travelers' diarrhea may extend beyond the acute illness and these post-infectious complications may be more common than currently recognized. In addition since TD is such a common occurrence it would be helpful to be able to identify those who might be at greater risk of post-infectious sequelae in order to target more aggressive prophylactic or therapeutic approaches to such individuals. It is

Diarrhea following whole pelvis irradiation in female pelvic cancer

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sakurai, Tomoyasu; Moriya, Hiroshi; Hareyama, Masato; Nishio, Masamichi

1975-01-01

Investigations were made on the following points which were possible factors in the appearance of diarrhea during irradiation of the whole pelvis for uterine cancer: (a) daily dose of 200 and 180 rads, (b) age, (c) radical operation for uterine cancer, (d) previous history of abdominal operation, (e) disease stage of II or III, and (f) grade of infiltration of the rectum with cancer cells. Results thereby obtained are summarized as follows: 1) A significant difference between the dose of 200 and 180 rads in causing diarrhea was found only in patients receiving radiation therapy alone, without a previous history of abdominal operation. 2) Patients who underwent a radical operation for uterine cancer showed a significantly higher incidence of diarrhea than those without such an operation. 3) The age of patients, previous history of abdominal operation, and grade of infiltration of cancer cells into the rectum had almost no effect on the incidence of diarrhea. 4) There was no significant difference in the frequency of diarrhea between stage II and III, although the higher incidence recorded for the latter group was between a 10 and 20% level of significance. (auth.)

Surveillance of Rotavirus Diarrhea in Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung

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Dwi Prasetyo

2010-12-01

Full Text Available The diarrhea morbidity in Indonesia has increased, however, all the reports had not been done carefully, so that accurate surveillance are essential for improving quality of morbidity data. To determine the prevalence and clinical manifestations of rotavirus diarrhea and to characterize the circulating rotavirus strains, children below 5 years old who were admitted to Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung because of diarrhea, from January 2006 through March 2007 were enrolled in a surveillance study and had stool specimens tested for the presence of rotavirus using enzyme immunoassay (EIA. The strains of rotavirus were determined using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR. Rotavirus were detected in 47.8% analyzed samples (87/184, G and P-genotype of rotavirus were G[1] (37.5% and P[6] (53.5%. Most subjects were males (56%, 6–11 months of age (35%. Most common clinical manifestations besides diarrhea were dehydration (72.7% and vomiting (50%. Subjects with positive rotavirus more common had dehydration (72% vs 28% and vomiting (61% vs 39%. In conclusion, vomiting and dehydration are the prominent clinical manifestations of diarrhea with positive rotavirus infection. G1 and P6 are the most common genotype of rotavirus.

Intrauterine nicotine exposure, birth weight, gestational age and the risk of infantile colic

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Milidou, Ioanna; Søndergaard, Charlotte; Jensen, Morten Søndergaard

Background and aim: Infantile colic is characterised by crying bouts in a healthy infant during the first months. Smoking in pregnancy and low birth weight (BW) have been previously identified as risk factors for infantile colic. Nicotine acts as a neurotransmitter and is known to affect the intr......Background and aim: Infantile colic is characterised by crying bouts in a healthy infant during the first months. Smoking in pregnancy and low birth weight (BW) have been previously identified as risk factors for infantile colic. Nicotine acts as a neurotransmitter and is known to affect...... the intrauterine central nervous system development, while low BW and premature birth have both been related to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. We investigated the association between intrauterine nicotine exposure, BW, gestational age (GA) and infantile colic in a large cohort study. Materials and methods......: We used data from the Danish National Birth Cohort. The study on nicotine exposure included 63,128 infants and the study on BW and GA included 62, 785 infants with complete data. Infantile colic was defined according to the modified Wessel’s criteria based on maternal interview 6 months postpartum...

Location of food consumption and travelers' diarrhea.

Science.gov (United States)

Tjoa, W S; DuPont, H L; Sullivan, P; Pickering, L K; Holguin, A H; Olarte, J; Evans, D G; Evans, D J

1977-07-01

Daily food histories for one month were obtained in summer, 1975, from students attending a Mexican university to determine the influence of food consumption on the development and etiology of diarrhea. In newly-arrived students from the U.S. who ate half or more of their meals in the school cafeteria and public restaurants there were significant increases in diarrhea (p less than 0.005); shigella infection (p less than 0.05) and toxigenic E. coli infection (p less than 0.025) compared to the students eating a comparable number of meals in private homes. In the summer U.S. students there was also an association of diarrhea and eating from street vendors (p less than 0.05). In full-time U.S. students who had lived in Mexico a year or longer as well as in Latin American students a relationship between location of meals and occurrence of enteric disease was not apparent. High numbers of enteric bacteria were recovered from food from the school's cafeteria, public restaurants, street vendors and small grocery stores. Shigella were isolated from cooked and uncooked hamburger patties from the school cafeteria. Four shigella carriers were found among kitchen personnel at the school. This study demonstrates that food serves as a major vehicle through which travelers' diarrhea occurs.

Role of octreotide in chemo and radiotherapy induced diarrhea

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Farooqi, J.I.; Farooqi, R. J.

2000-01-01

An international, quasi-experimental, clinical trial of 'before-and-after type' was conducted to find out the role of octreotide in chemo and radiotherapy-induced diarrhea on thirty patients. Among these 19 patients had advanced cancer and 11 with acute leukemia. All patients were given IV fluids and Loperamide for 5 days. The patients who did not respond during this period were administered with octreotide subcutaneously for another 5 days and response against diarrhea was noted. We found that only 10% patients responded to loperamide therapy whereas in the remaining 90% patients an excellent response was noted as 96.29% of these patients responded to octreotide therapy which stopped their diarrhea (P<0.005) leading us to the conclusion that, octreotide is a safe and effective drug in the management of chemo and radiotherapy-induced diarrhea. (author)

Diarréia por parasitas Parasites induced diarrheas

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Maria Eugênia Farias Almeida Motta

2002-08-01

Full Text Available A diarréia é uma causa importante de morbimortalidade nos países em desenvolvimento. Os agentes etiológicos mais comuns são os vírus e as bactérias. Este artigo tem o objetivo de analisar a ocorrência de diarréia como manifestação clínica de parasitose. Discute-se quais os protozoários e os helmintos que podem causar diarréia, as bases científicas atuais que explicam os mecanismos fisiopatológicos que desencadeiam a diarréia, bem como os exames complementares e o tratamento adequado para cada parasita implicado.Diarrhea is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. The most common etiological agents are viruses and bacteria. This article has the objective of analyzing diarrhea as a clinical symptom of parasitosis. Protozoa and helminthes that may cause diarrhea are discussed, current scientific basis clarifying the pathological and physiological mechanisms causing diarrhea as well as supplementary tests and adequate treatment for each parasite involved are focused.

Neural mechanisms of oculomotor abnormalities in the infantile strabismus syndrome.

Science.gov (United States)

Walton, Mark M G; Pallus, Adam; Fleuriet, Jérome; Mustari, Michael J; Tarczy-Hornoch, Kristina

2017-07-01

Infantile strabismus is characterized by numerous visual and oculomotor abnormalities. Recently nonhuman primate models of infantile strabismus have been established, with characteristics that closely match those observed in human patients. This has made it possible to study the neural basis for visual and oculomotor symptoms in infantile strabismus. In this review, we consider the available evidence for neural abnormalities in structures related to oculomotor pathways ranging from visual cortex to oculomotor nuclei. These studies provide compelling evidence that a disturbance of binocular vision during a sensitive period early in life, whatever the cause, results in a cascade of abnormalities through numerous brain areas involved in visual functions and eye movements. Copyright © 2017 the American Physiological Society.

Monitoramento do desenvolvimento infantil realizado no Brasil La monitoración del desarrollo infantil realizada en Brasil Monitoring of child development held in Brazil

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Silvio Cesar Zeppone

2012-12-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Revisar a literatura científica para verificar como a vigilância do desenvolvimento infantil vem sendo realizada no Brasil. FONTES DE DADOS: Pesquisa em bases de dados (PubMed, Medline, SciELO e Banco de Teses da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior sobre estudos das práticas médicas em relação à vigilância e ao monitoramento do desenvolvimento infantil no Brasil, de 2000 a 2011. Os termos usados para pesquisa foram: vigilância de desenvolvimento infantil, intervenção precoce, triagem de desenvolvimento e testes de triagem de desenvolvimento. Foram encontrados dez textos referentes ao tema em estudo. Artigos originais, de revisão e teses foram revisados, bem como as listas de referências das publicações sobre o assunto. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Os estudos sobre a prática do monitoramento do desenvolvimento infantil no Brasil apontam uma importante falha, desde a formação do médico pediatra até a prática clínica, em relação a este tema. CONCLUSÕES: Há necessidade urgente, principalmente frente a uma população emergente de prematuros, que os pediatras façam uma reciclagem do conhecimento sobre o desenvolvimento infantil.OBJETIVO: Revisar la literatura científica para verificar cómo la vigilancia del desarrollo infantil viene siendo realizada en Brasil. FUENTES DE DATOS: Investigación en las bases de datos (Pubmed, Medline, SciELO y Base de Tesis CAPES sobre estudios de las prácticas médicas respecto a la vigilancia y monitoración del desarrollo infantil en Brasil de 2000 a 2011. Los términos usados para la investigación fueron: vigilancia de desarrollo infantil, intervención temprana, screening de desarrollo y pruebas de screening de desarrollo. Se encontraron 10 textos relativos al tema en estudio. Artículos originales, de revisión y tesis fueron revisados, así como las listas de referencias de las publicaciones sobre el tema. SÍNTESIS DE LOS DATOS: Los estudios sobre la pr

Chronic diarrhea. Diagnosis and clinical evaluation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Pineda O, Luis F; Otero R, William; Arbelaez M, Victor

2004-01-01

Chronic diarrhea is a syndrome of great clinical complexity, which is frequently encountered by general physicians, internists and gastroenterologists. Differential diagnosis is very broad and sometime finding the precise cause can be difficult, expensive and frustration. Literature published about this topic lack, in general, adequate controlled studies and for this reason recommendations for diagnostic evaluation and treatment are based upon series of cases, experience of the institutions or expert opinion and not on reasonable evidence. On the other hand, many of the classical diagnostic tests that have survived until now were designed over physiologic foundations and have not been validated extensively with the precision of a clinical test. This limits its acceptance, application and standardization in the daily practice. There is not a general agreement about diagnosis and treatment of chronic diarrhea and many of the experts divert recommendation about their recommendations. The purpose of this paper is to define some general guidelines about the clinical evaluation of patients with chronic diarrhea that lead us to a rational approach based upon clinical trials and the appropriate use of the many different tests

The Protocol for the Early vs. Late Infantile Strabismus Surgery Study

NARCIS (Netherlands)

H.J. Simonsz (Huib)

1993-01-01

textabstractAbstract. The Early vs. Late Infantile Strabismus SurgerY Study Group is a group of strabismologists and orthoptists who investigate whether early or late surgery is preferable in infantile strabismus, in a non-randomized, prospective, multi-centre trial. Infants between 6 and 18 months

Imaging feature of infratentorial desmoplastic infantile and non-infantile tumors

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kim, Hyun Gi; Lee, Seung Koo [Dept. of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Children' s Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul (Korea, Republic of); Kim, Se Hoon [Dept. of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul (Korea, Republic of)

2016-07-15

To describe imaging features of infratentorial desmoplastic infantile or non-infantile tumors (DIT/DNIT). Four cases with infratentorial DIT/DNIT from our hospital and 5 cases from literature review were analyzed. Clinical data and MR imaging features were evaluated including location, size, shape, margin, composition, dural attachment, perilesional edema, and metastasis or multiplicity. The mean age was 9.2 years (range, 1-18 years). Most of the patients presented with headache or vomiting (4/9, 44.4%) and had no underlying disease (8/9, 88.9%). The major pathologic subtype was astrocytoma (6/9, 66.7%). On MR, majority of the tumors involved cerebellum and/or spinal cord (8/9, 88.9%) and the mean size of the tumors was 4.2 cm (range, 3.2-5 cm). The tumors were mainly solid (4/9, 44.4%) or mixed (4/9, 44.4%) in composition with lobulated shape (7/9, 77.8%) and well-defined margin (7/9, 77.8%). Two cases (2/7, 28.6%) showed dural attachment and all the cases had no or minimal perilesional edema (100%). Metastasis or multiplicity was frequently seen in 44.4% (4/9). Infratentorial DIT/DNIT occurred in relatively older children and the major tumor type was astrocytoma. They also had atypical imaging features showing mainly solid or mixed in composition with frequent metastasis or multiplicity.

El maltrato infantil y la credibilidad del testimonio en menores

OpenAIRE

Fagúndez Gómez, Raquel

2015-01-01

En los últimos años ha aumentado de forma exponencial la investigación acerca del maltrato infantil, ya que se considera un acto reprobable y completamente perjudicial para el menor. Este estudio tiene como finalidad dar a conocer los tipos de maltrato infantil existentes y la metodología que se puede utilizar para detectarlos.

Diarrhea associated with myenteric ganglionitis in a dog

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Willard, M.D.; Mullaney, T.; Karasek, S.; Yamini, B.

1988-01-01

Diarrhea in a Border Terrier was associated with inflammatory lesions of the myenteric plexus. This lesion has been documented rarely in dogs. It is speculated that the myenteric plexus lesions were responsible for an autonomic nervous system dysfunction, which resulted in extreme intestinal hypermotility and subsequent diarrhea. Suggested tests for dogs suspected to have autonomic dysfunction are given

Diarrhea and parasitosis in Salta, Argentina.

Science.gov (United States)

Aramayo, Cristian F; Gil, José F; Cruz, Mercedes C; Poma, Hugo R; Last, Michael S; Rajal, Verónica B

2009-03-01

Salta city is the capital of the province with the same name located in the northwest of Argentina. Its great growth over the last decade was not organized and the population expanded to occupy places where water and sanitation were not yet available. Although the Arenales River, crossing the city, receives the impact of point and non-point source pollution, the water is used for many purposes, including domestic in the poorest areas, industrial, and recreational with children as the main users. According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 24% of the global disease burden and 23% of all deaths can be attributed to environmental factors. In particular, an estimated 94% of the diarrheal burden of disease is attributable to environment, and is associated with risk factors such as unsafe drinking water and poor sanitation and hygiene. Chronic diarrhea can be caused by an infection or other etiologies; however, most of the times the etiological agent is not identified. All the cases of diarrhea and parasitosis reported during 2005 in four public health centers of the city of Salta were classified by gender and age, analyzed, and represented geographically to show areas of higher morbidity rates, which were probably related to environmental factors. Water, poor sanitation, and pollution are candidate risk factors. Diarrhea cases showed seasonality, with the highest incidence during late spring and summer, while parasitosis was persistent throughout the year. Our spatial analysis permitted us to detect the regions of higher incidence of diarrhea and parasitosis during 2005 in the area of study.

Infantile spasms: A prognostic evaluation

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Mary Iype

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Background: Few papers address the comprehensive prognosis in infantile spasms and look into the seizure profile and psychomotor outcome. Objective: We aimed to follow up children with infantile spasms to study: a the etiology, demographics, semiology, electroencephalogram (EEG, and radiological pattern; b seizure control, psychomotor development, and EEG resolution with treatment; c the effects of various factors on the control of spasms, resolution of EEG changes, and psychomotor development at 3-year follow-up. Materials and Methods: Fifty newly diagnosed cases with a 1-12 month age of onset and who had hypsarrhythmia in their EEG were recruited and 43 were followed up for 3 years. Results: Of the children followed up, 51% were seizure-free and 37% had a normal EEG at the 3-year follow-up. Autistic features were seen in 74% of the children. Only 22.7% among the seizure-free (11.6% of the total children had normal vision and hearing, speech with narration, writing skills, gross and fine motor development, and no autism or hyperactivity. On multivariate analysis, two factors could predict bad seizure outcome — the occurrence of other seizures in addition to infantile spasms and no response to 28 days of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH. No predictor could be identified for abnormal psychomotor development. Discussion and Conclusion: In our study, we could demonstrate two factors that predict seizure freedom. The cognitive outcome and seizure control in this group of children are comparable to the existing literature. However, the cognitive outcome revealed by our study and the survey of the literature are discouraging.

Association of Atypical Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli with Diarrhea and Related Mortality in Kittens.

Science.gov (United States)

Watson, Victoria E; Jacob, Megan E; Flowers, James R; Strong, Sandra J; DebRoy, Chitrita; Gookin, Jody L

2017-09-01

Diarrhea is responsible for the death of approximately 900,000 children per year worldwide. In children, typical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a common cause of diarrhea and is associated with a higher hazard of death. Typical EPEC infection is rare in animals and poorly reproduced in experimental animal models. In contrast, atypical EPEC (aEPEC) infection is common in both children and animals, but its role in diarrhea is uncertain. Mortality in kittens is often attributed to diarrhea, and we previously identified enteroadherent EPEC in the intestines of deceased kittens. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and type of EPEC in kittens and whether infection was associated with diarrhea, diarrhea-related mortality, gastrointestinal pathology, or other risk factors. Kittens with and without diarrhea were obtained from two shelter facilities and determined to shed atypical EPEC at a culture-based prevalence of 18%. In contrast, quantitative PCR detected the presence of the gene for intimin ( eae ) in feces from 42% of kittens. aEPEC was isolated from kittens with and without diarrhea. However, kittens with diarrhea harbored significantly larger quantities of aEPEC than kittens without diarrhea. Kittens with aEPEC had a significantly greater severity of small intestinal and colonic lesions and were significantly more likely to have required subcutaneous fluid administration. These findings identify aEPEC to be prevalent in kittens and a significant primary or contributing cause of intestinal inflammation, diarrhea, dehydration, and associated mortality in kittens. Copyright © 2017 American Society for Microbiology.

Management of children with prolonged diarrhea [version 1; referees: 3 approved

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Antonietta Giannattasio

2016-02-01

Full Text Available Prolonged diarrhea is usually defined as acute-onset diarrhea lasting 7 days or more, but less than 14 days. Its trend has been declining in recent years because of improvement in the management of acute diarrhea, which represents the ideal strategy to prevent prolonged diarrhea. The pathogenesis of prolonged diarrhea is multifactorial and essentially based on persistent mucosal damage due to specific infections or sequential infections with different pathogens, host-related factors including micronutrient and/or vitamin deficiency, undernutrition and immunodeficiency, high mucosal permeability due to previous infectious processes and nutrient deficiency with consequential malabsorption, and microbiota disruption. Infections seem to play a major role in causing prolonged diarrhea in both developing and developed areas. However, single etiologic pathogens have not been identified, and the pattern of agents varies according to settings, host risk factors, and previous use of antibiotics and other drugs. The management of prolonged diarrhea is complex. Because of the wide etiologic spectrum, diagnostic algorithms should take into consideration the age of the patient, clinical and epidemiological factors, and the nutritional status and should always include a search for enteric pathogens. Often, expensive laboratory evaluations are of little benefit in guiding therapy, and an empirical approach may be effective in the majority of cases. The presence or absence of weight loss is crucial for driving the initial management of prolonged diarrhea. If there is no weight loss, generally there is no need for further evaluation. If weight loss is present, empiric anti-infectious therapy or elimination diet may be considered once specific etiologies have been excluded.

Infantile nystagmus and visual deprivation

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Fledelius, Hans C; Jensen, Hanne

2014-01-01

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether effects of early foveal motor instability due to infantile nystagmus might compare to those of experimental visual deprivation on refraction in a childhood series. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of data from the Danish Register for Blind and Weaksighted Ch...

Pornografia infantil na Internet: violência sexual ou pornografia?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Tatiana Savoia Landini

2000-01-01

Full Text Available O artigo versa sobre a proliferação da pornografia infantil na internet. Argumento que uma possível explicação para o aumento dessa troca seja o não entendimento, por parte dos internautas, de que a pornografia infantil é uma forma de violência sexual contra a criança. Essa visão é engendrada pela especificidades da troca desse tipo de material na rede.

Pornografia infantil na Internet: violência sexual ou pornografia?

OpenAIRE

Tatiana Savoia Landini

2000-01-01

O artigo versa sobre a proliferação da pornografia infantil na internet. Argumento que uma possível explicação para o aumento dessa troca seja o não entendimento, por parte dos internautas, de que a pornografia infantil é uma forma de violência sexual contra a criança. Essa visão é engendrada pela especificidades da troca desse tipo de material na rede.

Estudio sobre las consecuencias del maltrato infantil en el desarrollo del lenguaje

OpenAIRE

Moreno Manso, Juan Manuel

2005-01-01

Con el estudio sobre las consecuencias del maltrato infantil en el desarrollo del lenguaje, intentamos determinar si los malos tratos a la infancia ocasionan repercusiones en dicha área y si existen repercusiones lingüísticas diferenciales según el tipo de maltrato infantil que sufre el niño. Para ello, analizamos muestras de maltrato infantil tales como el abandono físico, abandono emocional, maltrato físico y maltrato emocional. Reflejamos los resultados de la aplicación de las Escalas McCa...

Factores de riesgo del maltrato y abandono infantil desde una perspectiva multicausal

OpenAIRE

González-Muriel López, Cristina

1996-01-01

RESUMEN: En este artículo se expone la evolución de los diferentes modelos que han tratado de ofrecer una explicación del maltrato y abandono infantil, modelos que en un principio se basaban en una perspectiva unicausal. Actualmente, el maltrato infantil se encuadra en un marco teórico multicausal; desde este enfoque, se proporciona un análisis de aquellos factores ambientales, familiares e individuales, que se consideran importantes en la explicación del maltrato y abandono infantil intrafam...

Home Management Of Diarrhea Among Underfives In A Rural ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Main outcome measures: Perceived causes of childhood diarrhoea, action taken during diarrhea, fluid intake, recognition of signs of dehydration, feeding during convalescence, adherence to treatment and advice. Results: Majority of the respondents 807(87.1%) reported that their children had suffered from diarrhea within ...

Infantile colic

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Aleksandra Rurarz

2016-12-01

Full Text Available Infantile colic is one of the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders in infants, usually occurring between 2 weeks to 4 months of age. According to the definition, infantile colic is characterised by episodes of inconsolable crying, generally observed in the evening. Although these symptoms usually resolve spontaneously in the first six months of life, they often cause parental anxiety, leading to repeated medical appointments in search for help. Despite 40 years of research, the causes of this disorder are still unclear; hypersensitivity to cow’s milk protein, lactose intolerance, impaired gut microbiota, immaturity of the nervous system, the negative impact of tobacco smoke, inappropriate childcare techniques and psychosocial factors are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis. The treatment involves behavioural methods, i.e. reducing infant exposure to external stimuli. Breastfeeding mothers are advised to eliminate caffeine and hot spices from their diet and, in some cases, switch to a dairy-free diet. For formula-fed infants, it is recommended to use hydrolysates with a high degree of hydrolysis. Simethicone is commonly used in the pharmacological treatment as it reduces the surface tension of intestinal gases, enabling their easier elimination. The Rome III Diagnostic Criteria recommend to appropriately continue any method if considered effective by the parents, provided that there are no harmful consequences.

TFG-MET fusion in an infantile spindle cell sarcoma with neural features

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Flucke, U.E.; Noesel, M.M. van; Wijnen, M.; Zhang, L.; Chen, C.L.; Sung, Y.S.; Antonescu, C.R.

2017-01-01

An increasing number of congenital and infantile sarcomas displaying a primitive, monomorphic spindle cell phenotype have been characterized to harbor recurrent gene fusions, including infantile fibrosarcoma and congenital spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma. Here, we report an unusual spindle cell

Malaria parasitemia and childhood diarrhea in a peri-urban area of Guinea-Bissau

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Sodemann, Morten; Jakobsen, M S; Mølbak, Kare

1999-01-01

To examine the association between diarrhea in early childhood and malaria parasitemia, we conducted a nested case-control study in Guinea-Bissau of 297 children with diarrhea and a similar number of children without diarrhea matched for age, season, and residential area. There were no associations...... between diarrhea and parasite rate, parasite density, or clinical malaria. However, anti-malarials were easily available and frequently used, which was reflected by a 0.7% prevalence of children with a parasite density > 100/200 leukocytes. Thus, the findings do not preclude that diarrhea may be a sign...

The Prevalence of Norovirus in returning international travelers with diarrhea

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Löscher Thomas

2010-05-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background There is a high incidence of diarrhea in traveling populations. Norovirus (NV infection is a common cause of diarrhea and is associated with 7% of all diarrhea related deaths in the US. However, data on the overall prevalence of NV infection in traveling populations is limited. Furthermore, the prevalence of NV amongst travelers returning to Europe has not been reported. This study determined the prevalence of NV among international travelers returning to Germany from over 50 destinations in and outside Europe. Methods Stool samples of a total of 104 patients with a recent ( Results In our cohort, NV infection was detected in 15.7% of returning travelers with diarrhea. The closer to the date of return symptoms appeared, the higher the incidence of NV, ranging as high as 21.2% within the first four days after return. Conclusions In our cohort, NV infection was shown to be frequent among returning travelers especially in those with diarrhea, with over 1/5 of diarrhea patients tested positive for NV within the first four days after their return to Germany. Due to this prevalence, routine testing for NV infection and hygienic precautions may be warranted in this group. This is especially applicable to patients at an increased risk of spreading the disease, such as healthcare workers, teachers or food-handlers.

El maltrato y el abuso infantil: una propuesta de intervención

OpenAIRE

Martín-Jimeno, Arantzazu

2014-01-01

El presente trabajo de fin de grado versa sobre el maltrato infantil y el abuso sexual en especial, realizando una propuesta de intervención para su prevención en segundo ciclo de Educación Infantil. En la primera parte se realiza un recorrido teórico por los conceptos más significativos, como la definición, tipología, factores de riesgo y protectores, efectos y situación del maltrato infantil y del abuso sexual en particular. En la segunda parte se presenta una propuesta de in...

La Muerte en la Lírica Infantil Colonial Mexicana

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Elsa Malvido

2008-06-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo presentaremos la importancia que la lírica infantil tuvo en la implantación de la cultura occidental en la Nueva España, rastrearemos sus orígenes, intenciones y permanencia en México, destacando uno de sus elementos más constantes: la muerte, así como el papel que desempeñó en las mentes infantiles que la cantaron y representaron. Podrán preguntarse ¿por qué la muerte? y responderemos que después de la conquista castellana de estas tierras, la muerte fue constante, masiva, cotidiana y permanente, todo lo cual se reflejó en las coplas populares; por ejemplo, en el material que hemos consultado compuesto de 193 canciones infantiles, en más de la mitad de ellas se hace referencia, se le menciona, nombra o es el título de las mismas.

LA MUERTE EN LA LÍRICA INFANTIL COLONIAL MEXICANA

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Elsa Malvido

2008-06-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo presentaremos la importancia que la lírica infantil tuvo en la implantación de la cultura occidental en la Nueva España, rastrearemos sus orígenes, intenciones y permanencia en México, destacando uno de sus elementos más constantes: la muerte, así como el papel que desempeñó en las mentes infantiles que la cantaron y representaron. Podrán preguntarse ¿por qué la muerte? y responderemos que después de la conquista castellana de estastierras, la muerte fue constante, masiva, cotidiana y permanente, todo lo cual se reflejó en las coplas populares; por ejemplo, en el material que hemos consultado compuesto de 193 canciones infantiles, en más de la mitad de ellas se hace referencia, se le menciona, nombra o es el título delas mismas

Rotavirus vaccine and diarrhea mortality: quantifying regional variation in effect size

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Black Robert E

2011-04-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Diarrhea mortality remains a leading cause of child death and rotavirus vaccine an effective tool for preventing severe rotavirus diarrhea. New data suggest vaccine efficacy may vary by region. Methods We reviewed published vaccine efficacy trials to estimate a regional-specific effect of vaccine efficacy on severe rotavirus diarrhea and hospitalizations. We assessed the quality of evidence using a standard protocol and conducted meta-analyses where more than 1 data point was available. Results Rotavirus vaccine prevented severe rotavirus episodes in all regions; 81% of episodes in Latin America, 42.7% of episodes in high-mortality Asia, 50% of episodes in sub-Saharan Africa, 88% of episodes low-mortality Asia and North Africa, and 91% of episodes in developed countries. The effect sizes observed for preventing severe rotavirus diarrhea will be used in LiST as the effect size for rotavirus vaccine on rotavirus-specific diarrhea mortality. Conclusions Vaccine trials have not measured the effect of vaccine on diarrhea mortality. The overall quality of the evidence and consistency observed across studies suggests that estimating mortality based on a severe morbidity reduction is highly plausible.

Diagnosis and Management of AIDS-related Diarrhea

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John F Johanson

1996-01-01

Full Text Available The spectrum of illness associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS has been increasing since the initial description in 1981. While virtually all organ systems may be affected, the gastrointestinal tract appears to be a major target. Diarrhea is the most common symptom, affecting up to half of all AIDS patients during the course of their disease. Although diarrhea occurs frequently, its optimal management remains controversial. An extensive evaluation including stool studies and endoscopic biopsies of both the colon and small intestine has been widely recommended to identify all potential pathogenic organisms. An alternative approach is a more limited evaluation consisting of stool and blood cultures followed by symptomatic treatment with antidiarrheal agents if no specific organisms are identified. The clinical presentation of the most common opportunistic pathogens are reviewed, including several recently discovered organisms. Recommendations for treatment are followed by a brief discussion of management strategies used to care for patients with AIDS-related diarrhea.

Endemic characteristics of infantile visceral leishmaniasis in the People’s Republic of China

Science.gov (United States)

2013-01-01

Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was once a severe parasitic disease in China. Thanks to the great efforts of integrated control, VL was eliminated in most epidemic areas, except for certain western provinces (autonomous region) at the end of 1950s. From then on, VL gained less attention and has seemed to spread, especially in the last 15 years. Infants are the most important population threatened by VL. However, there have been few studies on the endemic characteristics of infantile VL in China. Methods Infantile VL cases were collected from the online National Infectious Diseases Reporting System (NIDRS). Statistical description and inference was used to reveal the endemic characteristics in gender, age group, time and regionalism. Spatial analysis was carried out to explore the high risk area for infantile VL in China. Results A total of 1093 infantile VL cases were reported from 2006 to 2012. There was no statistically significant difference in gender over time. The minimum, maximum and mean age of these cases was 1.1, 35.9 and 13.8 months, respectively. Among them 86.92% were under 2 years of age, and there was a statistically significant difference among age groups over time. An incidence peak appeared in 2008-2009, most cases were distributed in the months September to December, and there was a tail-raising effect in the coming two months of the next year. More than 98% of cases were reported in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Gansu Province and Sichuan Province, accounting for 61.02%, 32.75% and 4.57%, respectively. A total of 56 counties reported infantile VL cases, with the cumulative incidence ranging from 0.02 to 24.57%. There were two main zones of high endemicity for infantile VL in China. The monthly incidence clearly coincides with the number of towns where infantile VL cases were reported. Three fatalities were reported during the study period, the case fatality rate was 2.75‰. Conclusions The endemic situation of infantile VL is

Role of FODMAP content in enteral nutrition-associated diarrhea.

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Halmos, Emma P

2013-12-01

Gastrointestinal symptoms including diarrhea are common complications of enteral nutrition (EN); however, the cause is unclear. Mode of EN delivery that alters digestion and possibly absorption is suggested to contribute to the high incidence of diarrhea; however, enteral formula is frequently blamed. Most research has focused on fiber-supplemented EN, with a meta-analysis showing that fiber reduces the incidence of diarrhea in non-intensive care unit studies. Other hypotheses include formula osmolality and FODMAP (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols) content. FODMAPs are poorly absorbed short-chain carbohydrates that exert an osmotic effect. Dietary FODMAPs have been shown to reduce gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea, in those with irritable bowel syndrome and, given a high-enough dose, will induce a laxative effect in most people. As FODMAPs are commonly added to enteral formula and EN is frequently used as the main source of nutrition, it is reasonable to hypothesize that EN provides more FODMAPs than usual dietary intake and increases risk for developing diarrhea. This hypothesis was assessed through a retrospective study showing that the standard-use enteral formula Isosource 1.5 had a protective effect of developing diarrhea. The only characteristic unique to Isosource 1.5 was the lower FODMAP content as determined through methodologies previously validated for food analysis. Methodologies for application to enteral formulas are currently undergoing formal validation. Once confirmed for application in enteral formula, future directions include FODMAP analysis of specific ingredients to increase understanding of potential problems associated with enteral formula and a randomized, controlled trial investigating the role of formula FODMAP content. © 2013 Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Foundation and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.

Computer assisted analysis of hand radiographs in infantile hypophosphatasia carriers

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chodirker, B.N.; Greenberg, C.R.; Manitoba Univ., Winnipeg, MB; Roy, D.; Cheang, M.; Evans, J.A.; Manitoba Univ., Winnipeg, MB; Manitoba Univ., Winnipeg, MB; Reed, M.H.; Manitoba Univ., Winnipeg, MB

1991-01-01

Hand radiographs of 49 carriers of infantile hypophosphatasia and 67 non-carriers were evaluated using two Apple IIe Computer Programs and Apple Graphics Tablet. CAMPS was used to determine the bone lengths and calculate the metacarpophalangeal profiles. A newly developed program (ADAM) was used to determine bone density based on percent cortical area of the second metacarpal. Carriers of infantile hypophosphatasia had significantly less dense bones. (orig.)

Observational Study of Travelers' Diarrhea.

Science.gov (United States)

Meuris

1995-03-01

Background: European air travelers returning from Algeria, Egypt, Mexico, Morocco, and Tunisia were interviewed about their experience of travelers' diseases upon arrival in Brussels. Diarrhea was mentioned by 37% of the adults and 27% of the children. These subjects were questioned about the types of measures taken, type and duration of drug treatment (if any), and about duration of diarrhea and side effects experienced. Methods: Final analysis was performed based on 2160 interviews. The largest proportion of diarrhea was reported in the age group 15-24 years (46%). Results: The majority of the 2160 subjects had opted for drug treatment (81%): 927 subjects for loperamide alone, 235 for loperamide in combination with nifuroxazide, and 178 for nifuroxazide alone. Other drugs had been used less frequently. The median time to recovery was 2.4 days with loperamide compared to 3.2 days with nifuroxazide and to 3.4 days for the no-treatment group. Conclusions: A stratification of the results by severity of the diarrhea suggests a rank of antidiarrheal potency as follows: loperamide > nifuroxazide > no-drug treatment. The side effect with the highest incidence was constipation (2.4% with loperamide). (J Travel Med 2:11-15, 1995) Travelers' diarrhea is usually defined as the passage of at least three unformed stools per day or any number of such stools when accompanied by fever, abdominal cramping, or vomiting. The definition may be broadened to include more trivial bowel disturbance.1,2 The duration of this self-limited disease generally is 3 to 5 days. Medical intervention aims at shortening the duration of disease, thus allowing the sufferer to resume his or her usual activities at an early stage. A shortened period of recovery to physical well-being has obvious favorable economic implications if the traveler is on business and may help the maintenance of a desired level of quality of life while a traveler is on holiday. An observational study of various medical

Effect of Zinc Sulfate Use on Acute Diarrhea in Children (A Clinical Trial

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Z. Movahedi, MD*; , MD*; , MSc**;

2008-07-01

Full Text Available Background and ObjectivesDiarrhea which leads to zinc wasting from body is one of the major causes of mortality in children around the world. Zinc is one of the elements that facilitate the repair of stomach and intestinal mucosa, stimulation of immune system, control and transfer of water and electrolytes in our body. World Health Organization (WHO recommends use of zinc sulfate in all cases of diarrhea in addition to replacement of fluids and continuation of feeding in treatment of children with diarrhea. The objective of this study is evaluation of the effect of zinc sulfate (ZnSo4 on the recovery duration and appetite in children with diarrhea. This study evaluates the effect of ZnSo4 in prevention of respiratory infection and diarrhea for two months after taking the ZnSo4.MethodsTwo groups of children (total n=153 with non dysenteric acute diarrhea who were hospitalized in Qom’s children hospital in 2007 were used in this clinical trials. Sixty four of these children (n=64 were randomized to the study group and eighty nine (n=89 to the control group. The children in the control group received the standard therapy (fluid & electrolyte therapy &continuation of feeding for treatment of diarrhea and the children in the study group received standard treatment, and 5 mg of zinc sulfate twice daily for two weeks. Neither of these two groups received any anti diarrhea therapy and/or antibiotics. Both groups were monitored for occurrence of new episodes of diarrhea and/or respiratory tract infection for two months after the end of their hospitalization. T-score and Fisher tools were used for statistical analysis of the gathered data.ResultsChildren in two groups had several similarities such as gender, decrease in appetite, nausea and vomiting. There was not a significant difference between two groups with respect to the length of recovery, new incidence of diarrhea, and respiratory tract infection within two months after hospitalization. However

Systems Approach to Climate, Water, and Diarrhea in Hubli-Dharwad, India.

Science.gov (United States)

Mellor, Jonathan; Kumpel, Emily; Ercumen, Ayse; Zimmerman, Julie

2016-12-06

Anthropogenic climate change will likely increase diarrhea rates for communities with inadequate water, sanitation, or hygiene facilities including those with intermittent water supplies. Current approaches to study these impacts typically focus on the effect of temperature on all-cause diarrhea while excluding precipitation and diarrhea etiology while not providing actionable adaptation strategies. We develop a partially mechanistic, systems approach to estimate future diarrhea prevalence and design adaptation strategies. The model incorporates downscaled global climate models, water quality data, quantitative microbial risk assessment, and pathogen prevalence in an agent-based modeling framework incorporating precipitation and diarrhea etiology. It is informed using water quality and diarrhea data from Hubli-Dharwad, India-a city with an intermittent piped water supply exhibiting seasonal water quality variability vulnerable to climate change. We predict all-cause diarrhea prevalence to increase by 4.9% (Range: 1.5-9.0%) by 2011-2030, 11.9% (Range: 7.1-18.2%) by 2046-2065, and 18.2% (Range: 9.1-26.2%) by 2080-2099. Rainfall is an important modifying factor. Rotavirus prevalence is estimated to decline by 10.5% with Cryptosporidium and E. coli prevalence increasing by 9.9% and 6.3%, respectively, by 2080-2099 in this setting. These results suggest that ceramic water filters would be recommended as a climate adaptation strategy over chlorination. This work highlights the vulnerability of intermittent water supplies to climate change and the urgent need for improvements.

Diarrea funcional como causa de diarrea crónica Functional diarrhea as cause of chronic diarrhea

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Trini Fragoso Arbelo

2010-12-01

Full Text Available La diarrea funcional se presenta con frecuencia en la práctica pediátrica, y generalmente no se asocia a alteraciones nutricionales, pero sí a esquemas dietéticos incorrectos. Se actualiza su importancia clínica, se hace énfasis en la patogenia, diagnóstico y en los métodos de tratamiento. Consideramos que es la causa más frecuente de diarrea crónica inespecífica, y que el interrogatorio dirigido según los criterios de Roma es útil para su diagnóstico. La mayoría de los pacientes con esta enfermedad en la infancia deben ser tratados en la atención primaria.The functional diarrhea is frequent in the pediatric practice and in general it is not associated with nutritional alterations, but to incorrect dietary schemes. Its clinical significance is updated and its pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment methods are emphasized. Authors considered that the functional diarrhea is the more frequent cause of unspecific chronic diarrhea and the questioning directed according the Rome criteria is very useful for its diagnosis. Most of patients presenting with this disease during childhood must to be treated in primary care services.

Zinc supplementation for treating diarrhea in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis Administración de suplementos de zinc para tratar la diarrea infantil: revisión sistemática y metanálisis

OpenAIRE

Tais Freire Galvao; Maria Fernanda Reis e Silva Thees; Rossana Ferreira Pontes; Marcus Tolentino Silva; Mauricio Gomes Pereira

2013-01-01

OBJECTIVE: To update the available evidence about zinc use for treating diarrhea in children and to assess its effect on the malnourished population, a subgroup that has not been fully explored in previous analyses. METHODS: A systematic review was performed of randomized clinical trials that assessed children up to 5 years old with acute diarrhea who received zinc supplementation. Controls received a placebo or oral rehydration therapy. After searching the main databases, without language re...

Las inteligencias múltiples en Educación Infantil

OpenAIRE

Ceballos González, Eric

2015-01-01

El objetivo del presente trabajo fin de grado es dar una visión de la posibilidades que nos ofrece las inteligencias múltiples para trabajarlas en la educación infantil. Apoyándose en la base de la las teorías de la inteligencia y los avances de la misma hasta llegar a la teoría de las Inteligencias múltiples. Tomando como mayor representante de dicha teoría a Howard Gadner Grado en Educación Infantil

El diagnóstico positivo de autismo infantil

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Velázquez Argota, Juana; Lozano Pérez, Teresa

1996-01-01

Se revisan los límites del síndrome autístico y la evolución del concepto de autismo infantil desde Kanner hasta las clasificaciones psiquiátricas más recientes. Se informan los resultados de nuestras investigaciones en el diagnóstico positivo del autismo infantil. La anamnesis remota es de poco valor, más relevantes para el diagnóstico constituyen el examen del paciente en el presente y las escalas de cuantificación del autismo (las cuales son de utilidad en el diagnóstico diferencial entre ...

EL JUEGO SIMBÓLICO, EN EL APRENDIZAJE INFANTIL

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Mirás-Puente, Tania

2013-01-01

El presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado, en la especialidad Maestro en Educación Infantil, está centrado en la presentación de una propuesta de intervención, fundamentalmente lúdica, cuyo fin es aportar un recurso a los docentes atendiendo a diferentes tipos de aprendizajes. El carácter lúdico es considerado, ya que el juego es uno de los enfoques metodológicos en la etapa infantil. Esta metodología, sostenida en una motivación de aprendizaje, promoverá un ambiente adecuado para la construcción d...

A Rare Case of Chronic Diarrhea in an Elderly Male

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Ming-Jong Bair

2009-06-01

Full Text Available Chronic diarrhea is a common condition in older age groups, and many patients do not seek medical attention unless their diarrhea is associated with other symptoms, such as weight loss, gastrointestinal bleeding or abdominal pain. It is a critical condition in the elderly, especially with systemic disease. We report the case of an elderly patient with chronic diarrhea secondary to intestinal capillariasis. Human intestinal capillariasis is a rare parasitosis of the gastrointestinal tract, which may be a fatal disease if early treatment is not given. The clinical hallmarks of capillariasis include chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, borborygmi, marked weight loss, protein and electrolyte loss, and cachexia. Most patients die from electrolyte loss resulting in heart failure and/or septicemia. Taiwan, particularly in Taitung County, is a Capillaria-prevalent area. Thus, parasitosis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with debilitating chronic diarrhea, especially in the elderly aboriginal population of Taitung County. A careful dietary and travel history is important in any such case; but even in the absence of clear-cut exposure, a parasitic infection should be considered and carefully investigated.

Treatment of children with Helicobacter pylori infection and malabsorption syndrome with probiotics: Comparison with conventional methods

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Brunser, O; Gotteland, M; Cruchet, S; Poliak, L [Gastroenterology Unit, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile (Chile)

2004-07-01

From the perspective of public health, one of the main characteristics of the less developed countries is their high levels of microbiological contamination of the environment and foodstuffs which manifests itself by repeated episodes of diarrhea; these affect all age groups but mainly infants and children, whose immune system is nor mature and makes them more susceptible. Food, water, flies, fomites and the hands of many individuals carry enteropathogenic bacteria which are transmitted via the fecal-oral cycle. In this way repeated infections become an important factor in the pathogenesis of the cycle of infantile diarrhea - malnutrition which in these countries explains a high proportion of the infantile and preschool morbidity and mortality.

Cultura, self e autonomia: bases para o protagonismo infantil

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Sergio Fernandes Senna Pires

Full Text Available Neste artigo são discutidas as bases do protagonismo (ou participação infantil na sociedade: cultura, construção do self e autonomia. São apresentados os principais fundamentos teóricos da abordagem sociocultural construtivista ao se discutir o self como sistema complexo e dinâmico, co-construído mediante a interação entre sujeito ativo e canalizações culturais. Diante das práticas culturais relacionadas à institucionalização da infância, analisam-se como crenças e valores podem contribuir para a participação infantil nos processos decisórios e para a superação das limitações atuais. Conclui-se que a abordagem co-construtivista, efetivamente, pode contribuir para a promoção do protagonismo infantil, visto que destaca as dimensões da cultura e do sujeito construtivo, aí implicadas.

Management of infantile hemangiomas: Current trends

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Gomathy Sethuraman

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Infantile hemangiomas (IH are common vascular tumours. IH have a characteristic natural course. They proliferate rapidly during the early infantile period followed by a period of gradual regression over several years. Most of the uncomplicated IH undergo spontaneous involution, with a small proportion of cases requiring intervention. These are children with IH in life-threatening locations, local complications like haemorrhage, ulceration and necrosis and functional or cosmetic disfigurements. Systemic corticosteroids have been the first line of treatment for many years. Recently, non-selective beta-blockers, such as oral propranalol and topical timolol, have emerged as promising and safer therapies. Other treatment options include interferon α and vincristine which are reserved for life-threatening haemangiomas that are unresponsive to conventional therapy. This review mainly focuses on the current trends and evidence-based approach in the management of IH.

Lógico matemática y psicomotricidad en Educación Infantil

OpenAIRE

Carrera Alonso, Ana

2015-01-01

El presente trabajo tiene dos partes diferenciadas: una primera, sobre la investigación entre los nexos o solapamientos que unen la psicomotricidad y la lógico-matemática en educación infantil y, otra fase, es una propuesta de intervención en el aula para desarrollar la lógica-matemática y la psicomotricidad en el tercer curso del segundo ciclo de la Educación Infantil. Además se añaden una serie de conclusiones y reflexiones sobre lo anteriormente señalado. Grado en Educación Infantil...

Fonoaudiologia e educação infantil: uma parceria necessária Speech therapy and infantile education: a necessary partnership

OpenAIRE

Poliana Carla Santos Maranhão; Sabrina Maria Pimentel da Cunha Pinto; Cristiane Monteiro Pedruzzi

2009-01-01

OBJETIVO: investigar as informações que os professores de educação infantil possuem em relação a Fonoaudiologia na escola, bem como sobre temas ligados à área de linguagem. MÉTODOS: foi aplicado um questionário, contendo 17 questões objetivas em uma amostra com 73 professores de educação infantil da rede municipal de ensino da cidade de Maceió-AL. RESULTADOS: os participantes relacionaram a atuação fonoaudiológica na escola à presença de alterações no desenvolvimento da criança. O índice de p...

CEREN: un centro enfocado en la calidad de vida de la población infantil

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Centeno, Analía

2016-01-01

El Centro de Estudios en Nutrición y Desarrollo Infantil (CEREN) aborda e interviene en problemáticas de alimentación, nutrición, cuidados, crecimiento y desarrollo infantil. Fue creado con un claro enfoque social, integral y multidisciplinario con el fin de mejorar la calidad de vida de la población infantil de la Provincia.

Spruelike Enteropathy Associated with Olmesartan: An Unusual Case of Severe Diarrhea

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Stephanie E. Dreifuss

2013-01-01

Full Text Available A 64-year-old male with a history of hypertension presented with worsening diarrhea and 25-pound weight loss over the preceding three months. Prior screening colonoscopy was unremarkable, and the patient failed conservative management. On presentation, the patient had orthostatic hypotension associated with prerenal azotemia for which olmesartan (40 mg/day was held. Initial workup for chronic diarrhea was essentially unremarkable. Then, EGD was performed with small bowel biopsy, which showed a moderate villous blunting and an intraepithelial lymphocyte infiltration. Celiac disease was excluded by negative conventional serology tests and the absence of clinical response to a gluten-free diet. In the interim, diarrhea became resolving without any other interventions, and clinical response was achieved even with gluten-containing diet. Two months later, he achieved a complete resolution of diarrhea and regained 20-pound weight. Spruelike enteropathy is a clinical entity manifested by chronic diarrhea and intestinal villous atrophy. Spruelike enteropathy associated with olmesartan as a cause of drug-induced diarrhea is rare, and it has been reported only in a case series to date. This case highlighted the importance for clinicians to maintain a high index of suspicion for olmesartan as a precipitant of spruelike enteropathy.

Enteral Formula Containing Egg Yolk Lecithin Improves Diarrhea.

Science.gov (United States)

Akashi, Tetsuro; Muto, Ayano; Takahashi, Yayoi; Nishiyama, Hiroshi

2017-09-01

Diarrhea often occurs during enteral nutrition. Recently, several reports showed that diarrhea improves by adding egg yolk lecithin, an emulsifier, in an enteral formula. Therefore, we evaluated if this combination could improve diarrhea outcomes. We retrospectively investigated the inhibitory effects on watery stools by replacing a polymeric fomula with that containing egg yolk lecithin. Then, we investigated the emulsion stability in vitro. Next, we examined the lipid absorption using different emulsifiers among bile duct-ligated rats and assessed whether egg yolk lecithin, medium-chain triglyceride, and dietary fiber can improve diarrhea outcomes in a rat model of short bowel syndrome. Stool consistency or frequency improved on the day after using the aforementioned combination in 13/14 patients. Average particle size of the egg yolk lecithin emulsifier did not change by adding artificial gastric juice, whereas that of soy lecithin and synthetic emulsifiers increased. Serum triglyceride concentrations were significantly higher in the egg yolk lecithin group compared with the soybean lecithin and synthetic emulsifier groups in bile duct-ligated rats. In rats with short bowels, the fecal consistency was a significant looser the dietary fiber (+) group than the egg yolk lecithin (+) groups from day 6 of test meal feedings. The fecal consistency was also a significant looser the egg yolk lecithin (-) group than the egg yolk lecithin (+) groups from day 4 of test meal feeding. The fecal consistency was no significant difference between the medium-chain triglycerides (-) and egg yolk lecithin (+) groups. Enteral formula emulsified with egg yolk lecithin promotes lipid absorption by preventing the destruction of emulsified substances by gastric acid. This enteral formula improved diarrhea and should reduce the burden on patients and healthcare workers.

Rotavirus vaccine and diarrhea mortality: quantifying regional variation in effect size

OpenAIRE

Fischer Walker, Christa L; Black, Robert E

2011-01-01

Abstract Background Diarrhea mortality remains a leading cause of child death and rotavirus vaccine an effective tool for preventing severe rotavirus diarrhea. New data suggest vaccine efficacy may vary by region. Methods We reviewed published vaccine efficacy trials to estimate a regional-specific effect of vaccine efficacy on severe rotavirus diarrhea and hospitalizations. We assessed the quality of evidence using a standard protocol and conducted meta-analyses where more than 1 data point ...

Manipulative therapies for infantile colic

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Dobson, D.; Lucassen, P.L.; Miller, J.J.; Vlieger, A.M.; Prescott, P.; Lewith, G.

2012-01-01

BACKGROUND: Infantile colic is a common disorder, affecting around one in six families, and in 2001 was reported to cost the UK National Health Service in excess of pound65 million per year (Morris 2001). Although it usually remits by six months of age, there is some evidence of longer-term sequelae

Is there a relationship between low vitamin D and rotaviral diarrhea?

Science.gov (United States)

Bucak, Ibrahim Hakan; Ozturk, Agah Bahadır; Almis, Habip; Cevik, Muhammer Özgür; Tekin, Mehmet; Konca, Çapan; Turgut, Mehmet; Bulbul, Mehmet

2016-04-01

For children under 5 years of age, 1700 000 000 episodes of diarrhea are seen worldwide, and death occurs in 700 000 of these cases due to diarrhea. Rotavirus is an important cause of diarrhea in this age group, and many studies have shown that vitamin D plays a pivotal role in the immune system, as well as in antimicrobial peptide gene expression. In addition, lower vitamin D has been correlated with higher rates of infectious diseases such as respiratory tract infection, tuberculosis, and viral infection. Seventy patients with rotaviral diarrhea and 67 healthy patients were enrolled in this study. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D(3) (25(OH)D(3)), parathormone, calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, complete blood count parameters, and C-reactive protein were compared between pre-school children hospitalized due to rotaviral diarrhea and healthy children. Additionally, birthweight, feeding habits in the first 6 months of life, vitamin D and multivitamin supplements, and rotaviral vaccinations were also evaluated in each group. There were no differences between the groups with regard to gender and age, but 25(OH)D(3) was significantly different: 14.6 ± 8.7 ng/mL in the rotaviral diarrhea patients versus 29.06 ± 6.51 ng/mL in the health controls (P vitamin D is associated with rotaviral diarrhea. This is the first study in the literature to show this, and this result needs to be repeated in larger controlled clinical studies. © 2015 Japan Pediatric Society.

Incidence of diarrhea in children living in urban slums in Salvador, Brazil

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Maria Clotildes N. de Melo

Full Text Available Diarrhea remains a major health issue in developing countries, with high morbidity and mortality rates. Determining the incidence of acute diarrhea in children and its associated factors is crucial to the planning of preventive approaches. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of diarrhea and to assess some relevant associated factors to it in children younger than 40 months living in two slums of Salvador, Brazil. This is the first prospective cohort, community-based study that was performed in two periurban slums of Salvador, Brazil. Eighty-four children younger than 40 months were randomly selected and visited every other day for one year. The chi-square test was used to evaluate the occurrence of diarrhea and its associated factors. During the surveillance period, 232 diarrhea episodes were identified, resulting in an incidence rate of 2.8 episodes/child/year. In average (mean value of 84 children,each child suffered 11.1 days of diarrhea per year, yielding an average duration of 3.9 days per episode. The highest incidence rates were found among children under one year old. Early weaning, male sex, malnutrition, having a mother younger than 25 years or who considered her child malnourished, missed immunizations and previous pneumonia were associated factors for suffering diarrheal episodes. The rates of incidence and duration of diarrhea that we found are in accordance to those reported by others. Additionally, our results reinforce the importance of environmental and health-related associated factors to the onset of diarrhea.

Effect of Zinc Sulfate Use on Acute Diarrhea in Children (A Clinical Trial

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M Movahedi

2012-05-01

Full Text Available

Background and Objectives

Diarrhea which leads to zinc wasting from body is one of the major causes of mortality in children around the world. Zinc is one of the elements that facilitate the repair of stomach and intestinal mucosa, stimulation of immune system, control and transfer of water and electrolytes in our body. World Health Organization (WHO recommends use of zinc sulfate in all cases of diarrhea in addition to replacement of fluids and continuation of feeding in treatment of children with diarrhea. The objective of this study is evaluation of the effect of zinc sulfate (ZnSo4 on the recovery duration and appetite in children with diarrhea. This study evaluates the effect of ZnSo4 in prevention of respiratory infection and diarrhea for two months after taking the ZnSo4.

Methods

Two groups of children (total n=153 with non dysenteric acute diarrhea who were hospitalized in Qom’s children hospital in 2007 were used in this clinical trials. Sixty four of these children (n=64 were randomized to the study group and eighty nine (n=89 to the control group. The children in the control group received the standard therapy (fluid & electrolyte therapy &continuation of feeding  for treatment of diarrhea and the children in the study group received standard treatment, and 5 mg of zinc sulfate twice daily for two weeks. Neither of these two groups received any anti diarrhea therapy and/or antibiotics. Both groups were monitored for occurrence of new episodes of diarrhea and/or respiratory tract infection for two months after the end of their hospitalization. T-score and Fisher tools were used for statistical analysis of the gathered data.

Results

Children in two groups had several similarities such as gender, decrease in appetite, nausea and vomiting. There was not a significant difference between two groups with respect to the length of recovery, new incidence of

The Efficacy of Probiotic in Adults with Acute Infectious Diarrhea

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Mawin Mahen

2017-04-01

Full Text Available Diarrhea is a global health problem with high morbidity and mortality. In developing countries, acute diarrhea is most commonly caused by infectious pathogens. Regardless of the cause, diarrhea is primarily treated by fluid replacement therapy to decrease the risk of dehydration and death, although it does not affect the duration of diarrhea. Probiotics are able to shorten the duration of diarrhea in children, but its efficacy in adults is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the benefit of probiotic in reducing the duration of acute diarrhea in adults as compared to placebo. Systematic search was done using four databases: PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, and Embase, without limit on the year of publication. Randomized clinical trials were selected as the appropriate study design to answer the clinical question and two studies were considered relevant for appraisal. In conclusion, probiotics could improve the recovery of acute infectious diarrhea in adults (level of evidence 1b however more studies should be carried out since only very few strains of probiotics have been investigated. Keywords: probiotics, treatment efficacy, acute diarrhea, adults.     Efektivitas Probiotik pada Orang Dewasa dengan Diare:  Sebuah Laporan Kasus Berbasis Bukti   Abstrak Diare merupakan masalah kesehatan global dengan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi. Di negara berkembang, diare akut biasanya disebabkan oleh infeksi. Terlepas dari penyebabnya, tata laksana utama diare adalah terapi rehidrasi untuk mengurangi dehidrasi dan kematian walaupun hal tersebut tidak memengaruhi durasi diare. Probiotik dapat memperpendek durasi diare pada anak-anak, namun efektivitasnya pada orang dewasa masih belum jelas. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi efek probiotik dalam mengurangi durasi diare akut pada orang dewasa dibandingkan plasebo. Pencarian sistematik dilakukan pada empat database: PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, dan Embase, tanpa membatasi tahun publikasi

Anti-diarrhea activity of the aqueous root bark extract of Byrsocarpus coccineus on castor oil-induced diarrhea in Wistar rats.

Science.gov (United States)

Ejeh, Sunday A; Onyeyili, Patrick; Abalaka, Samson E

2017-07-01

The use of traditional medicine as an alternative source of cure for many ailments has played an important role in health care delivery in both developing and developed countries. Byrsocarpus coccineus Schum and Thonn ( Connaraceae ) is used in traditional medicine for treatment of various disease conditions, including diarrhea. The anti-diarrhea activity of the root bark aqueous extract of B. coccineus was investigated in this study. Acute toxicity evaluation of the aqueous extract of B. coccineus root bark was performed in exposed rats. Diarrhea was induced in exposed rats with castor oil, and the effect of the extract on castor oil-induced gastrointestinal motility and enteropooling was consequently investigated. In the acute toxicity study, the extract caused no death in treated rats nor produced signs of delayed toxicity, even at 5000 mg/kg. The aqueous root bark extract of B. coccineus also decreased the distance travelled by activated charcoal in the gastrointestinal tract of treated rats when compared to control rats. Results of castor oil-induced enteropooling revealed slight reduction in the weight of intestinal contents of treated rats compared to control rats. There was significant (pcastor oil-induced diarrhea at 100 mg/kg dose with 74.96% inhibition of defecation. The study demonstrated the anti-diarrheic property of the aqueous extract of B. coccineus root bark as currently exploited in our traditional herbal therapy.

Managing Chemotherapy Side Effects: Diarrhea

Science.gov (United States)

... have dairy products, such as milk, cheese, and sour cream. You may want to try “lactose-free” ... drinks can make diarrhea worse. ● ● Don’t have beer, wine, and other drinks with alcohol in them. ● ● ...

Impact of antibiotics on necrotizing enterocolitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea

Science.gov (United States)

Silverman, Michael A.; Konnikova, Liza; Gerber, Jeffrey S.

2017-01-01

Summary Antibiotics induce changes or dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiome. These antibiotic-induce changes may contribute to the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). Studies are beginning to unravel the contribution of specific groups of microbes to these diseases—most notably Gammaproteobacteria for NEC and bile acid- and carbohydrate-metabolizing microbes for AAD. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea occurs when antibiotic treatment induces diarrhea by altering the metabolic function of the patient’s intestinal microbiota leading to either an osmotic or infectious diarrhea, most notably Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Antibiotic therapy impairs the host microbiota’s ability to resist colonization or expansion of pathogenic bacteria. In the case of CDI, there is growing evidence that microbiota-mediated bile acid metabolism is critical in the pathogenesis of this infection. Probiotics or other microbiota-targeted therapies may provide effective strategies to prevent and treat NEC and AAD. PMID:28164853

ATENCIÓN INFANTIL TEMPRANA EN ESPAÑA

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María Auxiliadora Robles-Bello

2013-05-01

Full Text Available Este artículo pretende destacar un ámbito de trabajo de la Psicología Clínica que se ha convertido en una disciplina propia de actuación en la población infantil, para ello se trata de esclarecer el concepto actual de atención temprana y su estructuración territorial vigente en nuestro país. Comenzamos por una definición general de la atención infantil temprana, se continúa especificando los inicios de la atención temprana en España y sus pioneros para finalizar planteando como se estructura este servicio en las diversas Comunidades Autónomas, y en particular en la Comunidad Autónoma de Andalucía.

Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 shortens acute infectious diarrhea in a pediatric outpatient setting

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Ener Cagri Dinleyici

2015-08-01

Full Text Available OBJECTIVE: Two randomized controlled clinical trials have shown thatLactobacillus (L reuteri DSM 17938 reduces the duration of diarrhea in children hospitalized due to acute infectious diarrhea. This was the first trial evaluating the efficacy of L. reuteri DSM 17938 in outpatient children with acute infectious diarrhea.METHODS: This was a multicenter, randomized, single-blinded, case control clinical trial in children with acute watery diarrhea. A total of 64 children who presented at outpatient clinics were enrolled. The probiotic group received 1 × 108 CFU L. reuteri DSM 17938 for five days in addition to oral rehydration solution (ORS and the second group was treated with ORS only. The primary endpoint was the duration of diarrhea (in hours. The secondary endpoint was the number of children with diarrhea at each day of the five days of intervention. Adverse events were also recorded.RESULTS: The mean duration of diarrhea was significantly reduced in the L. reuteri group compared to the control group (approximately 15 h, 60.4 ± 24.5 h [95% CI: 51.0-69.7 h] vs. 74.3 ± 15.3 h [95% CI: 68.7-79.9 h], p < 0.05. The percentage of children with diarrhea was lower in the L. reuteri group (13/29; 44.8% after 48 h than the control group (27/31; 87%; RR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.34-0.79,p < 0.01. From the 72nd hour of intervention onwards, there was no difference between the two groups in the percentage of children with diarrhea. No adverse effects related to L. reuteri were noted.CONCLUSION:L. reuteri DSM 17938 is effective, safe, and well-tolerated in outpatient children with acute infectious diarrhea.

El manejo de la diabetes en educación infantil

OpenAIRE

Espinosa Fernández, Lucía

2013-01-01

Los objetivos principales de este trabajo son dar a conocer la diabetes Tipo 1 en la escuela a toda la comunidad educativa e integrar al alumno que padece esta enfermedad en el aula. Por ello, se ha diseña un plan de actuación para que puedan llevarlo a cabo en las aulas de Educación Infantil e implicar alumnos, maestros y padres con esta enfermedad Grado en Educación Infantil

Ciencias Experimentales en el aula de Educación Infantil

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Zamalloa Echevarría, Teresa

2013-01-01

Duración (en horas): Más de 50 horas, Destinatario: Estudiante Mediante la metodología de ABP el alumnado de tercer curso del grado de Educación infantil elaborará propuestas didácticas en grupos para el estudio de los contenidos de ciencias experimentales empleando diferentes estrategias y recursos didácticos para la enseñanza/aprendizaje del medio físico y natural en Educación Infantil.

Acute diarrhea in children

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Radlović Nedeljko

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Acute diarrhea (AD is the most frequent gastroenterological disorder, and the main cause of dehydration in childhood. It is manifested by a sudden occurrence of three or more watery or loose stools per day lasting for seven to 10 days, 14 days at most. It mainly occurs in children until five years of age and particularly in neonates in the second half-year and children until the age of three years. Its primary causes are gastrointestinal infections, viral and bacterial, and more rarely alimentary intoxications and other factors. As dehydration and negative nutritive balance are the main complications of AD, it is clear that the compensation of lost body fluids and adequate diet form the basis of the child’s treatment. Other therapeutic measures, except antipyretics in high febrility, antiparasitic drugs for intestinal lambliasis, anti-amebiasis and probiotics are rarely necessary. This primarily regards uncritical use of antibiotics and intestinal antiseptics in the therapy of bacterial diarrhea. The use of antiemetics, antidiarrhetics and spasmolytics is unnecessary and potentially risky, so that it is not recommended for children with AD.

Mortalidad infantil: Análisis de un decenio

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Rogelio León López

1998-12-01

Full Text Available Se efectúo un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo con la finalidad de conocer el comportamiento de la mortalidad infantil en el policlínico docente "30 de Noviembre" durante el decenio 1985-1994. El universo de estudio estuvo conformado por los 29 fallecidos menores de un año ocurridos en el período referido en dicha área de salud. Se calculó la tasa de mortalidad infantil en sus diferentes componentes en cada año motivo de estudio. Se encontró que la tasa de mortalidad infantil en nuestra área tiene un comportamiento cíclico, que la mortalidad neonatal precoz fue la que más fallecidos aportó y que las principales causas de muerte fueron la sepsis, el bajo peso al nacer y la hipoxia. Se enfatiza en la importancia de establecer un Plan de Medidas encaminado a disminuir la mortalidad infantil del áreaA descriptive and retrospective study was conducted aimed at knowing the behavior of infant mortality rate at the "30 de Noviembre" Teaching Polyclinic from 1985 to 1994. The 29 infants under one year who died in that health area during that period were studied. Infant mortality rate in its different components was calculated by every year under study. It was found that infant mortality rates in our area had a cyclical behavior, that early neonatal mortality had the highest number of deaths, and that the main cause of death were sepsis, low birth weight and hypoxia. Emphasis is made on the need of implementing a plan of measures to reduce infant mortality rate in the area

Prophylaxis of radiotherapy induced diarrhea after irradiation of the pelvis or the abdomen

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hombrink, J.; Voss, A.C.; Froehlich, D.; Glatzel, M.; Krauss, A.; Glaser, F.H.

1995-01-01

Radiotherapy induced diarrhea and convulsive pain are severe side-effects of irradiation of the pelvis and the abdomen leading often to an interruption of the treatment. Up to now these side-effects were only treated symptomatically, prophylactic therapies are not known. During the years 1992 and 1993 174 patients who obtained radiotherapy in the pelvis or the abdomen because of different malignancies were observed referring to the diarrhea-prophylactic effect of Smectite (=Skilpin R ). 80 patients received Smectite at the beginning of radiotherapy, 94 patients of the controlgroup were treated with motility modifying drugs when diarrhea appeared. The following parameters were compared: Frequency, consistence and incontinence of stool, tenesmus and the onset of diarrhea. 67,0% (n=63) of the patients in the controlgroup developed diarrhea, whereas in the pretreated Smectite-group only 37,5% of the cases (n=30) developed diarrhea. The first appearance of diarrhea was at day 17 in the pretreated group and averagely at day 11 in the controlgroup. 44% of the patients in the controlgroup suffered from tenesmus versus 25% in the Smectite-group. In comparison to the symptomatic treatment of radiation enteritis the prophylactic application of Smectite is able to reduce the diarrhea from the beginning of raditherapy or at least to reduce the pathological frequency of stool and therefore to increase the quality of life. (orig.) [de

Intervención de educación intercultural en educación infantil

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López Pastor, Claudia

2012-01-01

Este trabajo abarca el tema de la interculturalidad, y más concretamente la interculturalidad en infantil. Para llevar a cabo esta propuesta he realizado una serie de actividades relacionadas con el juego para que sean trabajadas con los niños y las niñas de educación infantil de cinco y seis años. Todo ello ha sido diseñado basándome en un marco teórico que recoge ideas y conocimientos de diferentes autores. Grado en Educación Infantil

VIOLENCIA FAMILIAR Y MALTRATO INFANTIL

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María Inés Bringiotti

2005-01-01

Full Text Available Este trabajo analiza las implicaciones del concepto "familia" señalando la multiplicidad de fenómenos y situaciones incluidos en el mismo. Su elucidación permitirá determinar los diversos tipos de familia y de riesgo que podemos encontrar en nuestro trabajo cotidiano. La evolución de ese concepto está directamente influida por las determinantes socioestructurales y culturales que en cada momento histórico contextualizan a los sujetos, así como las posibles situaciones de riesgo que deben enfrentar y los recursos con los que cuentan. Se analiza la influencia de las representaciones acerca de cómo debe ser una familia, en la actualidad las familias presentan diferentes formas o estructuras y ello no implica el cumplimiento o no de sus funciones. Esto permitirá establecer adecuadamente las diferentes estrategias de prevención y abordaje aplicables a cada situación. Se ejemplificará concretamente con situaciones problemáticas relacionados a los casos de violencia familiar y maltrato infantil, concretamente con la negligencia y el abuso sexual infantil.

Fonoaudiologia e educação infantil: uma parceria necessária Speech therapy and infantile education: a necessary partnership

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Poliana Carla Santos Maranhão

2009-03-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: investigar as informações que os professores de educação infantil possuem em relação a Fonoaudiologia na escola, bem como sobre temas ligados à área de linguagem. MÉTODOS: foi aplicado um questionário, contendo 17 questões objetivas em uma amostra com 73 professores de educação infantil da rede municipal de ensino da cidade de Maceió-AL. RESULTADOS: os participantes relacionaram a atuação fonoaudiológica na escola à presença de alterações no desenvolvimento da criança. O índice de professores da amostra que obtiveram contato com o fonoaudiólogo na escola é de 4,1%. Estes educadores relatam que apenas 57,5% receberam informações sobre a aquisição de linguagem e o desenvolvimento da escrita. CONCLUSãO: com a realização da presente pesquisa foi possível confirmar a necessidade de reforçar as ações fonoaudiológicas na escola, bem como a parceria entre fonoaudiólogos e professores.PURPOSE: to investigate the knowledge of infantile education teachers about the speech therapy at school, as well as on subjects regarding language area. METHODS: 73 infantile education teachers in public schools of Maceió-AL answered a questionnaire containing 17 objective questions. RESULTS: the participants related the performance of speech therapy staff at schools to the presence of alterations in children development. Only 4.1% of the teachers have had contact with some speech therapist at school. These educators report that only 57.5% received information about language acquisition and development of writing. CONCLUSION: upon accomplishing this research it was possible to confirm the necessity for reinforcing speech therapy related actions in school, as well as the partnership among speech therapists and teachers.

Lectura e Inteligencias Múltiples en Educación Infantil

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Carretero-Delgado, Susana

2013-01-01

El fracaso escolar tiene consecuencias negativas importantes tanto a nivel individual como social. Los problemas de lectura son unas de las principales causas de este fracaso. En este trabajo de investigación se ha hecho una exploración sobre el rendimiento lector con alumnos de Educación Infantil para establecer su posible relación con las inteligencias múltiples. Se evaluaron 30 alumnos de Educación Infantil de entre 5 y 6 años con el cuestionario de inteligencias múltiples y una prueba de ...

Assessment of chronic diarrhea in early infancy in Tehran Tertiary Care Center; Tehran-Iran

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Farzaneh Motamed

2015-03-01

Full Text Available Introduction Chronic diarrhea of infancy is a heterogeneous syndrome that includes several diseases with different etiologies. The aim of this study was investigating chronic diarrhea, its etiologies, clinical features and outcomes in infancy.Materials and Methods Retrospective study investigating infants hospitalized in the gastroenterology department of Tehran tertiary care center.The main demographic data, etiology, characteristics of diarrhea, and outcome were evaluated. Data were analyzed by SPSS software,version 16.Results In this study, 63/9% of cases were female and 36/1% were male. 24 cases (66/7% had osmotic diarrhea and 11 (30/6% had secretory diarrhea. In this study there was no significant statistical correlation between type of diarrhea and sex, gestational Age, severity of dehydration, birth weight and nutrition. The majority of patients with osmotic (58/3% and secretory diarrhea (63/6%, had weight percentile below 3%, which showed a significant statistical difference (p value

Linear Nevus Sebaceum Syndrome and Infantile Spasms

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J Gordon Millichap

2008-03-01

Full Text Available Two infants with linear nevus sebaceum syndrome and infantile spasms are reported from Safra Childrens Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.

Clinical Investigation Program.

Science.gov (United States)

1985-10-01

Tracheoesophageal Fistula: Diagnosis with CT. Pediatr Radiol 15:134-135, 1985 Sueoka BL, Johnson JF, Enzenauer RW, Kolina JS: Infantile Infectious Sacroiliitis...C) Stokes WS: Spontaneous Diabetes Mellitus in a Baboon (Papio anubis). 35th Annual Session, American Association for Laboratory Animal Science...Summary Sheet Prot No: 21H/85 Status: Ongoing TITLE: Efficacy of Cholestyramine in Acute Infantile Diarrhea Principal Investigator: CPT George M. Maher

O desenvolvimento corporal na educação infantil

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Adriana Pacheco da Silva Santos

2011-12-01

Full Text Available Este artigo é resultado de um estudo realizado em uma creche pública pertencente à rede municipal de educação de Sinop - MT. Objetivamos compreender o movimento corporal das crianças como parte do desenvolvimento integral das crianças. E também entender como os profissionais trabalham a especificidade do corpo infantil, dos movimentos das crianças durante a rotina da instituição de uma turma de crianças de dois a três anos de idade. Optamos em focalizar a pesquisa na área da Educação Infantil por entender que as crianças desta faixa etária apresentam características importantes no desenvolvimento corporal, visto que muitas vezes na educação infantil o movimento é considerado como ‘indisciplina’, fazendo com que a criança, na maioria das vezes permanece quietas e sentadas em suas cadeiras. Diante de tal propósito, buscamos uma metodologia que nos possibilitasse apreender o movimento corporal da criança e encontramos na pesquisa qualitativa, através da ‘observação participante’, trilhas que nos conduziram à construção de conhecimentos. Como pesquisadora, permanecemos na instituição investigada por quase três meses, em horários intercalados, utilizando o caderno de campo, no qual registramos as observações realizadas, bem como as entrevistas com as professoras da referida turma. Os principais referenciais utilizados para o estudo foram: Vygotsky, Piaget, Vitor Fonseca e Henri Wallon. De acordo com o observado em campo e leituras teóricas, ressaltamos com este estudo a importância do movimento para as crianças e sua contribuição no desenvolvimento infantil pleno.Palavras-chave: educação; educação infantil; maternal II; movimento; sociointeracionismo.

Strategic control of acute diarrhea of newborn calves

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Siti Chotiah

2012-10-01

Full Text Available Economic performance of beef cattle operations can be severely hampered by acute calfhood diarrhea. Accordingly, a study was conducted at Bbalitvet to identify the causal agents, reduce clinical incidence, and increase body weight gain of newborn calves. One potential control is application of suitable vaccines to pregnant cows. The study was begun by identifying cases of diarrhea followed by isolation and identification of the causal agents in 12 beef cattle farms in West Java. A field trial was then designed for controlling calf diarrhea in such farms. Inactive vaccines Ecoli-Closvak polivalen were administered to pregnant cows to increase specific resistance of the newborn calves. At 2 months prepartum, 12 pregnant cows were assigned either to a vaccination or a placebo group, with a booster vaccination 3 weeks prior to parturition. Strict hygenic management was provided to both groups, and all calves were provided adequately with colostrum. Subjects were observed for 5 months, starting from the time of initial vaccination until the calves were 3 months of age. In the initial farm surveys, entero-pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli serotype K99 and Clostridium perfringens type A and C were isolated and identified in fecal samples from 4 beef cattle farms in 3 districts (Garut, Tasikmalaya, Ciamis and 2 beef cattle farms in 2 districts (Tasikmalaya and Ciamis of West Java. In the vaccination trial, good immune responses to E. coli and C. perfringens alpha toxin measured by ELISA were observed. Application of effective control of calf diarrhea including vaccination and good livestock management showed good results. No death or signs of diarrhea were found in the new born calves up to 3 months of age. The rate of body weight gain was significantly higher in calves of vaccinated dams than in calves of non-vaccinated dams.

Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Facilitating Surgical Resection of Infantile Massive Intracranial Immature Teratoma.

Science.gov (United States)

Kitahara, Takahiro; Tsuji, Yoshihito; Shirase, Tomoyuki; Yukawa, Hiroyuki; Takeichi, Yasuhiro; Yamazoe, Naohiro

2016-04-01

Immature teratoma (IMT) is the most frequent histological subtype of infantile intracranial teratoma, the most common congenital brain tumor. IMT contains incompletely differentiated components resembling fetal tissues. Infantile intracranial IMT has a dismal prognosis, because it is often inoperable due to its massive size and high vascularity. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been shown to be effective in decreasing tumor volume and vascularity to facilitate surgical resection in other types of infantile brain tumors. However, only one recent case report described the effectiveness of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for infantile intracranial IMT in the literature, even though it is common entity with a poor prognosis in infants. Here, we describe the case of a 2-month-old male infant with a very large intracranial IMT. Maximal surgical resection was first attempted but was unsuccessful because of severe intraoperative hemorrhage. Neoadjuvant carboplatin and etoposide (CARE) chemotherapy was then administered with the aim of shrinking and devascularizing the tumor. After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, tumor size did not decrease, but intraoperative blood loss significantly decreased and near-total resection was achieved by the second and third surgery. The patient underwent adjuvant CARE chemotherapy and has been alive for 3 years after surgery without tumor regrowth. Even when neoadjuvant chemotherapy does not decrease tumor volume of infantile intracranial IMT, surgical resection should be tried because chemotherapy can facilitate surgical resection and improve clinical outcome by reducing tumor vascularity.

Existing and emerging therapies for managing constipation and diarrhea.

Science.gov (United States)

Bharucha, Adil E; Wouters, Mira M; Tack, Jan

2017-12-01

Functional bowel disorders (i.e., constipation and diarrhea) are characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, distention, and/or bowel habit abnormalities in the absence of obvious anatomic or physiologic abnormalities on routine diagnostic tests. These symptoms are attributable to gastrointestinal sensorimotor dysfunctions resulting from peripheral and/or central mechanisms. Available drugs target the underlying bowel disturbance (i.e., constipation, diarrhea, or both), supplemented when necessary by management of pain. Osmotic and stimulant laxatives, secretagogues, and serotonin 5-HT 4 receptor agonists are approved for treating constipation. Loperamide, anticholinergic agents, rifaximin, bile-acid binding agents, eluxadoline, and clonidine are used to treat diarrhea. Several exciting new compounds, some of which have been evaluated in humans, are currently under development. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Infantile pyoderma gangrenosum.

LENUS (Irish Health Repository)

McAleer, Maeve A

2008-02-01

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is rare in infants. There have been 12 cases of PG in infants (<12 months old) reported in the past 25 years, to our knowledge. Six of these cases have been successfully controlled with systemic steroids, and one case with topical steroids alone. We report a case of an 8-month-old infant whose PG was aggressive and unresponsive to systemic steroids. Adjuvant treatment with cyclosporine was required to achieve healing. We review the previous cases of infantile PG and the therapeutic options in this age group.

Hipoacusia neurosensorial infantil

OpenAIRE

Santos Santos, Saturnino

2004-01-01

En nuestro medio existe un déficit de información acerca de la importancia de los factores de riesgo implicados en la aparición de hipoacusia neurosensorial infantil y de las etiologías encontradas. Se estudió retrospectivamente una población de 2.656 niños enviados a nuestro centro para valoración auditiva por presentar factores de riesgo. 481 niños fueron diagnosticados de hipoacusia neurosensorial uni o bilateral de cualquier grado. La edad media al diagnóstico de hipoacusia neurosensorial...

SKIV2L Mutations Cause Syndromic Diarrhea, or Trichohepatoenteric Syndrome

Science.gov (United States)

Fabre, Alexandre; Charroux, Bernard; Martinez-Vinson, Christine; Roquelaure, Bertrand; Odul, Egritas; Sayar, Ersin; Smith, Hilary; Colomb, Virginie; Andre, Nicolas; Hugot, Jean-Pierre; Goulet, Olivier; Lacoste, Caroline; Sarles, Jacques; Royet, Julien; Levy, Nicolas; Badens, Catherine

2012-01-01

Syndromic diarrhea (or trichohepatoenteric syndrome) is a rare congenital bowel disorder characterized by intractable diarrhea and woolly hair, and it has recently been associated with mutations in TTC37. Although databases report TTC37 as being the human ortholog of Ski3p, one of the yeast Ski-complex cofactors, this lead was not investigated in initial studies. The Ski complex is a multiprotein complex required for exosome-mediated RNA surveillance, including the regulation of normal mRNA and the decay of nonfunctional mRNA. Considering the fact that TTC37 is homologous to Ski3p, we explored a gene encoding another Ski-complex cofactor, SKIV2L, in six individuals presenting with typical syndromic diarrhea without variation in TTC37. We identified mutations in all six individuals. Our results show that mutations in genes encoding cofactors of the human Ski complex cause syndromic diarrhea, establishing a link between defects of the human exosome complex and a Mendelian disease. PMID:22444670

Failure to thrive and cognitive development in toddlers with infantile anorexia.

Science.gov (United States)

Chatoor, Irene; Surles, Jaclyn; Ganiban, Jody; Beker, Leila; Paez, Laura McWade; Kerzner, Benny

2004-05-01

The goal of this study was to examine the relative contributions of growth deficiency and psychosocial factors to cognitive development in toddlers with infantile anorexia. Eighty-eight toddlers, ranging in age from 12 to 33 months, were enrolled in this study. Toddlers were evaluated by 2 child psychiatrists and placed into 1 of 3 groups: infantile anorexia, picky eater, and healthy eater. All 3 groups were matched for age, race, gender, and socioeconomic status (SES). Toddlers underwent nutritional evaluations and cognitive assessments with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Toddlers and their mothers were also videotaped during feeding and play interactions, which later were rated independently by 2 observers. On average, toddlers with infantile anorexia performed within the normal range of cognitive development. However, the Mental Developmental Index (MDI) scores of the healthy eater group (MDI = 110) were significantly higher than those of the infantile anorexia (MDI = 99) and picky eater (MDI = 96) groups. Within the infantile anorexia group, correlations between MDI scores and the toddlers' percentage of ideal body weight approached statistical significance (r =.32). Across all groups, the toddlers' MDI scores were associated with the quality of mother-child interactions, SES level, and maternal education level. Collectively, these variables explained 22% of the variance in MDI scores. This study demonstrated that psychosocial factors, such as mother-toddler interactions, maternal education level, and SES level, are related to the cognitive development of toddlers with feeding problems and explain more unique variance in MDI scores than nutritional status.

Reduction in Diarrhea- and Rotavirus-related Healthcare Visits Among Children Introduction in Zimbabwe.

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Mujuru, Hilda A; Yen, Catherine; Nathoo, Kusum J; Gonah, Nhamo A; Ticklay, Ismail; Mukaratirwa, Arnold; Berejena, Chipo; Tapfumanei, Ottias; Chindedza, Kenneth; Rupfutse, Maxwell; Weldegebriel, Goitom; Mwenda, Jason M; Burnett, Eleanor; Tate, Jacqueline E; Parashar, Umesh D; Manangazira, Portia

2017-10-01

In Zimbabwe, rotavirus accounted for 41%-56% of acute diarrhea hospitalizations before rotavirus vaccine introduction in 2014. We evaluated rotavirus vaccination impact on acute diarrhea- and rotavirus-related healthcare visits in children. We examined monthly and annual acute diarrhea and rotavirus test-positive hospitalizations and Accident and Emergency Department visits among children introduction (2012-2013) with postvaccine introduction (2015 and 2016) data for 2 of the hospitals. We examined monthly acute diarrhea hospitalizations by year and age group for 2013-2016 from surveillance hospital registers and monthly acute diarrhea outpatient visits reported to the Ministry of Health and Child Care during 2012-2016. Active surveillance data showed winter seasonal peaks in diarrhea- and rotavirus-related visits among children introduction; the percentage of rotavirus test-positive visits followed a similar seasonal pattern and decrease. Hospital register data showed similar pre-introduction seasonal variation and post-introduction declines in diarrhea hospitalizations among children 0-11 and 12-23 months of age. Monthly variation in outpatient diarrhea-related visits mirrored active surveillance data patterns. At 2 surveillance hospitals, the percentage of rotavirus-positive visits declined by 40% and 43% among children 0-11 months of age and by 21% and 33% among children 12-23 months of age in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Initial reductions in diarrheal illness among children introduction are encouraging. These early results provide evidence to support continued rotavirus vaccination and rotavirus surveillance in Zimbabwe.

Quantitative analysis of infantile ureteropelvic junction obstruction by diuretic renography

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ueno, Shigeru; Suzuki, Yutaka; Murakami, Takeshi; Yokoyama, Seishichi; Hirakawa, Hitoshi; Tajima, Tomoo; Makuuchi, Hiroyasu [Tokai Univ., Isehara, Kanagawa (Japan). School of Medicine

2001-04-01

Infantile hydronephrosis detected by ultrasonography poses a clinical dilemma on how to treat the condition. This article reports a retrospective study to evaluate infantile hydronephrosis due to suspected ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction by means of standardized diuretic renography and to speculate its usefulness for quantitative assessment and management of this condition. Between November 1992 and July 1999, 43 patients who had the disease detected in their fetal or infantile period were submitted to this study. Standardized diuretic renograms were obtained with {sup 99m}Tc-labeled diethylene-triaminepenta-acetate (Tc-99m-DTPA) or {sup 99m}Tc-labeled mercaptoacetyl triglycine (Tc-99m-MAG3) as radiopharmaceuticals. Drainage half-time clearance (T 1/2) of the activity at each region of interest set to encompass the entire kidney and the dilated pelvis was used as an index of quantitative analysis of UPJ obstruction. Initial T 1/2s of 32 kidneys with suspected UPJ obstruction were significantly longer than those of 37 without obstruction. T 1/2s of kidneys which had undergone pyeloplasty decreased promptly after surgery whereas those of units followed up without surgery decreased more sluggishly. These findings demonstrate that a standardized diuretic renographic analysis with T 1/2 can reliably assess infantile hydronephrosis with UPJ obstruction and be helpful in making a decision on surgical intervention. (author)

Quantitative analysis of infantile ureteropelvic junction obstruction by diuretic renography

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ueno, Shigeru; Suzuki, Yutaka; Murakami, Takeshi; Yokoyama, Seishichi; Hirakawa, Hitoshi; Tajima, Tomoo; Makuuchi, Hiroyasu

2001-01-01

Infantile hydronephrosis detected by ultrasonography poses a clinical dilemma on how to treat the condition. This article reports a retrospective study to evaluate infantile hydronephrosis due to suspected ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction by means of standardized diuretic renography and to speculate its usefulness for quantitative assessment and management of this condition. Between November 1992 and July 1999, 43 patients who had the disease detected in their fetal or infantile period were submitted to this study. Standardized diuretic renograms were obtained with 99m Tc-labeled diethylene-triaminepenta-acetate (Tc-99m-DTPA) or 99m Tc-labeled mercaptoacetyl triglycine (Tc-99m-MAG3) as radiopharmaceuticals. Drainage half-time clearance (T 1/2) of the activity at each region of interest set to encompass the entire kidney and the dilated pelvis was used as an index of quantitative analysis of UPJ obstruction. Initial T 1/2s of 32 kidneys with suspected UPJ obstruction were significantly longer than those of 37 without obstruction. T 1/2s of kidneys which had undergone pyeloplasty decreased promptly after surgery whereas those of units followed up without surgery decreased more sluggishly. These findings demonstrate that a standardized diuretic renographic analysis with T 1/2 can reliably assess infantile hydronephrosis with UPJ obstruction and be helpful in making a decision on surgical intervention. (author)

Characterization of the human gut microbiome during travelers' diarrhea.

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Youmans, Bonnie P; Ajami, Nadim J; Jiang, Zhi-Dong; Campbell, Frederick; Wadsworth, W Duncan; Petrosino, Joseph F; DuPont, Herbert L; Highlander, Sarah K

2015-01-01

Alterations in the gut microbiota are correlated with ailments such as obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, and diarrhea. Up to 60% of individuals traveling from industrialized to developing countries acquire a form of secretory diarrhea known as travelers' diarrhea (TD), and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and norovirus (NoV) are the leading causative pathogens. Presumably, TD alters the gut microbiome, however the effect of TD on gut communities has not been studied. We report the first analysis of bacterial gut populations associated with TD. We examined and compared the gut microbiomes of individuals who developed TD associated with ETEC, NoV, or mixed pathogens, and TD with no pathogen identified, to healthy travelers. We observed a signature dysbiotic gut microbiome profile of high Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratios in the travelers who developed diarrhea, regardless of etiologic agent or presence of a pathogen. There was no significant difference in α-diversity among travelers. The bacterial composition of the microbiota of the healthy travelers was similar to the diarrheal groups, however the β-diversity of the healthy travelers was significantly different than any pathogen-associated TD group. Further comparison of the healthy traveler microbiota to those from healthy subjects who were part of the Human Microbiome Project also revealed a significantly higher Firmicutes:Bacteriodetes ratio in the healthy travelers and significantly different β-diversity. Thus, the composition of the gut microbiome in healthy, diarrhea-free travelers has characteristics of a dysbiotic gut, suggesting that these alterations could be associated with factors such as travel.

Neural stem cells for disease modeling and evaluation of therapeutics for infantile (CLN1/PPT1) and late infantile (CLN2/TPP1) neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses.

Science.gov (United States)

Sima, Ni; Li, Rong; Huang, Wei; Xu, Miao; Beers, Jeanette; Zou, Jizhong; Titus, Steven; Ottinger, Elizabeth A; Marugan, Juan J; Xie, Xing; Zheng, Wei

2018-04-10

Infantile and late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are lysosomal storage diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS). The infantile NCL (INCL) is caused by mutations in the PPT1 gene and late-infantile NCL (LINCL) is due to mutations in the TPP1 gene. Deficiency in PPT1 or TPP1 enzyme function results in lysosomal accumulation of pathological lipofuscin-like material in the patient cells. There is currently no small-molecular drug treatment for NCLs. We have generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from three patient dermal fibroblast lines and further differentiated them into neural stem cells (NSCs). Using these new disease models, we evaluated the effect of δ-tocopherol (DT) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) with the enzyme replacement therapy as the control. Treatment with the relevant recombinant enzyme or DT significantly ameliorated the lipid accumulation and lysosomal enlargement in the disease cells. A combination therapy of δ-tocopherol and HPBCD further improved the effect compared to that of either drug used as a single therapy. The results demonstrate that these patient iPSC derived NCL NSCs are valid cell- based disease models with characteristic disease phenotypes that can be used for study of disease pathophysiology and drug development.

The role of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of childhood infectious diarrhea

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Maria Maragkoudaki

2013-10-01

Full Text Available Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that colonize and replicate in the human intestinal tract providing a positive benefit to the host. Several clinical trials support the efficacy of certain probiotics in the prevention and treatment of various diarrheal illnesses. This paper reviews published clinical trials assessing the efficacy of various probiotic species and strains in preventing and treating acute diarrhea in children. The available evidence shows that few probiotic species (mostly Lactobacillus GG and Saccharomyces boulardii are efficacious in decreasing the duration and the severity of acute gastroenteritis, with the most prominent of the reported benefits, the reduction of the duration of diarrhea by approximately 1 day. With regard to the prevention of acute diarrhea in the community and the hospital, there is modest evidence that some probiotic species may be efficacious in preventing community acquired diarrhea (Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus GG, nosocomial acquired diarrhea (Lactobacillus GG and Clostridium difficile diarrhea (Lactobacillus GG and Saccharomyces boulardii. In conclusion, the available evidence suggests that probiotics are safe when used in healthy children and effective in reducing the duration of acute infectious diarrhea. Further studies are required to assess the efficacy of selected probiotic species and strains at different dosages for different clinical indications and patient groups.

Ontogeny of memory: An update on 40 years of work on infantile amnesia.

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Madsen, Heather Bronwyn; Kim, Jee Hyun

2016-02-01

Given the profound influence that early life experiences can have upon psychosocial functioning later in life, it is intriguing that most adults fail to recall autobiographical events from their early childhood years. Infantile amnesia is the term used to describe this phenomenon of accelerated forgetting during infancy, and it is not unique to humans. Over the years, information garnered from animal studies has provided clues as to the neurobiological basis of infantile amnesia. The purpose of this review is to provide a neurobiological update on what we now know about infantile amnesia since the publication of Campbell and Spear's seminal review on the topic more than 40 years ago. We present evidence that infantile amnesia is unlikely to be explained by a unitary theory, with the protracted development of multiple brain regions and neurotransmitter systems important for learning and memory likely to be involved. The recent discovery that exposure to early life stress can alleviate infantile amnesia offers a potential explanation as to how early adversity can so profoundly affect mental health in adulthood, and understanding the neurobiological basis for this early transition may lead to the development of effective therapeutic interventions. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The controversial role of food allergy in infantile colic: evidence and clinical management.

Science.gov (United States)

Nocerino, Rita; Pezzella, Vincenza; Cosenza, Linda; Amoroso, Antonio; Di Scala, Carmen; Amato, Francesco; Iacono, Giuseppe; Canani, Roberto Berni

2015-03-19

Food allergies (FAs) are an increasing problem in Western countries, affecting up to 10% of young children. FAs are frequently associated with gastrointestinal manifestations. The role of FAs as a potential causative factor for infantile colic (IC) is still controversial. We report the most recent evidence on the pathogenesis, clinical and diagnostic aspects of FA-induced infantile colic (IC) and suggest a stepwise diagnostic approach. We selected articles on clinical and immunologic features, pathogenesis and management of FAs and IC from of 1981 to 2015. Original and review articles were identified through selective searches performed on PubMed, using the following terms: colic, infantile colic, food allergy and infantile colic, infantile colic treatment. The possible relationship between FAs and IC derives from the presence of dysmotility with visceral hypersensitivity and dysbiosis, demonstrated in both conditions, and the clinical response to dietary interventions. Unfortunately, the design of the studies, poor characterization of atopy and different dietary approaches limit the understanding of the importance of FAs in subjects with IC. The role of FAs in IC subjects without other symptoms of atopy remains controversial. However, where there is a suspicion of FAs, a short trial with an extensively hydrolyzed cow's proteins formula or, if breast fed, with maternal elimination diet may be considered a reasonable option.

Colestipol hydrochloride prophylaxis of diarrhea during pelvic radiotherapy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Stryker, J.A.; Chung, C.K.; Layser, J.D.

1983-01-01

Thirty-three patients were randomized prior to pelvic radiotherapy to receive the bile acid-sequestering resin colestipol hydrochloride, 5 grams qid, during the entire time of their therapy or diphenoxylate hydrochloride and atropine sulfate 2.5-20 mg per day (control) if they experienced diarrhea. The colestipol patients also took diphenoxylate if they had diarrhea. The patients in the colestipol group often experienced nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps and 8 were forced to discontinue the drug. There was no difference in the weekly stool frequency between the colestipol and the control patients but the colestipol patients who took at least 50% of the prescribed dose required fewer diphenoxylate tablets than the controls. The data suggest that colestipol hydrochloride is not of value in preventing radiation-induced diarrhea because of the side effects associated with the drug, but the theory on which the use of bile acid-sequestering agents is based may be correct

Transumbilical laparoscopic treatment of Congenital Infantile Fibrosarcoma of the Ileum

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G. Scirè

2014-08-01

Full Text Available Congenital-Infantile Fibrosarcoma (CIF is a malignant mesenchymal tumor representing 10-20% of soft-tissue tumors. Complete surgical resection is generally the treatment of choice. The most recurrent cytogenetic abnormality was identified as the traslocation t(12;15(p13:q25, which bears the fusion of Tel gene EVT6 with TrkC gene. This study describes a case of infantile fibrosarcoma of the ileum in a female newborn examined for intestinal occlusion and its laparoscopic treatment.

Frequency of allergy to cow’s milk proteins and its association to other allergic diseases in patients of Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez

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María Teresa Robles-Vargas

2014-09-01

Full Text Available Background: The cow’s milk protein allergy is the most common food allergy among children under two years and is associated with other atopic diseases. Objective: To evaluate cow’s milk protein allergy frequency in patients sensitized to them, attended at the consultation of Immunology and Allergy in the Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, and its association with other atopic diseases. Material and method: A cross-sectional, analytical and descriptive study that reviewed medical records of patients aged 0-19 years, attended at the consultation of Immunology and Allergy in the Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, from January 2010 to January 2013, sensitized to the cow’s milk protein by in vitro or in vivo studies, mediated or not by IgE, to determine its association with other atopic diseases during the course of their clinical evolution. Results: We included 252 patients with symptoms suggestive of cow’s milk protein allergy, which was diagnosed only in 15.1% by oral challenge. In relation to respiratory symptoms, about two-thirds of patients had rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction and nasal itching. Regarding gastrointestinal symptoms, about a third had abdominal pain, diarrhea and abdominal distension, being statistically significant. The most common dermatologic symptom, statistically significant, was xerosis. The most frequently associated atopic diseases were food allergy (76.3%, allergic rhinitis (65.8%, asthma (47.4% and atopic dermatitis (23%. Conclusions: The cow’s milk protein allergy can be associated with other atopic diseases, such as allergy to other foods, allergic rhinitis, asthma and atopic dermatitis.

Role of zinc supplementation in acute diarrhea in pre-school children

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rao, M.Y.; Malik, B.; Raza, A.

2017-01-01

Objective: To monitor the therapeutic impact of zinc supplementation on clinical course of acute diarrhea i.e. frequency of stool, on stool amount and duration of acute diarrhea. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial. Place and Duration of Study: Family medicine department, PAF Hospital, Islamabad Pakistan from Jul to Dec 2009. Material and Methods: One hundred and twenty eight children aged 6 months to 60 months in an Outpatient pediatric department of PAF Hospital, E-9 Sector Islamabad with acute diarrhea of less than 14 days were included in this randomized controlled trial. They were further divided into two groups zinc supplemented group (n=65) and non-zinc supplemented group (n=65). Results: Baseline characteristics were similar in both the groups. Mean age in zinc supplemented group was 33.67 +- 16.45 months and in non-zinc supplemented group 33.63 +- 16.44 months. Reduction in stool frequency per day was found 62 percent in zinc supplemented group and 26 percent reduction was found in non-zinc supplemented group with obvious difference of 36 percent between these two groups from day 3 to day 5, which was found statistically significant (p=0.01). Similarly, significant difference (p=0.01) was observed for reduction in amount of stool per day from day 3 and day 5 with obvious difference of 45 percent between the study groups. Conclusions: Oral zinc administration in acute diarrhea reduces the frequency of diarrhea, output of stool and decreases total duration of diarrhea. (author)

[Characterisation of viral agents with potential to cause diarrhea in Djibouti].

Science.gov (United States)

Maslin, J; Kohli, E; Leveque, N; Chomel, J J; Nicand, E; Fouet, C; Haus, R; Depina, J J; Mathecowitsch, P; Dampierre, H

2007-06-01

Due to limited laboratory facilities in the tropics, the exact role of enteric viruses in causing diarrhea among adults in the tropics is unknown. The purpose of this report is to describe a multicenter study undertaken in Djibouti to determine the prevalence of a large panel of enteric viruses using immunochromatography; antigenic detection by ELISA, RT-PCR cellular inoculation, sequence analysis; and indirect serology. Study samples were collected from 108 patients presenting acute and sporadic diarrhea. Although they are well known causes of diarrhea in children, rotavirus and adenovirus were identified in only 2 and 5% of adults respectively. In contrast human caliciviruses (HuCVs) and enterovirus were identified in 25 and 42% of adult cases respectively. Uncommon genotypes of HuCVs and recombinant forms (junction pol/l cap) as well as a significant number of sapovirus (30%) were identified. Further study is needed to clarify the role of enterovirus (echovirus) in the etiology of acute diarrhea in adults. No polivirus was identified. These new data from the Horn of Africa increase our knowledge about the epidemiology of acute infectious diarrhea that is a major public health problem and potential danger for travelers.

Psychiatric disorders in the parents of individuals with infantile autism: a case-control study

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Mouridsen, Svend Erik; Rich, Bente; Isager, Torben

2007-01-01

The rates and types of psychiatric disorders were studied in the parents of individuals with infantile autism (IA).......The rates and types of psychiatric disorders were studied in the parents of individuals with infantile autism (IA)....

Vecu de la grossesse et maladies infantiles chez les Mahou de la ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Il ressort que les femmes mahou de la ville de Bouaké associent les connaissances scientifiques et culturelles pour déterminer l'étiologie des maladies infantiles. Le non-respect des consultations prénatales, la mauvaise alimentation de la mère et l'insuffisance de repos favorisent les maladies infantiles. Dans la culture ...

Infantile choriocarcinoma: a case report with MRI, angiography and bone scintigraphy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sashi, R.; Sato, K.; Hirano, H.; Tomura, N.; Watarai, J.; Ishida, A.; Morita, M.

1996-01-01

Infantile and maternal choriocarcinoma is a very rare disease. We report a case with the characteristic clinical features of infantile choriocarcinoma: developing anemia, hemorrhagic liver tumors, rapid progression to death and maternal choriocarcinoma. Bone scintigraphy showed increased uptake by the liver tumors. In this case there were two possible primary sites: the placenta of this pregnancy and a hydatidiform mole that had been present 2 years previously. (orig.). With 1 fig

Maternal Education and Diarrhea among Children aged 0-24 Months in Nigeria.

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Desmennu, Adeyimika T; Oluwasanu, Mojisola M; John-Akinola, Yetunde O; Oladunni, Opeyemi; Adebowale, Ayo S

2017-09-01

Childhood diarrhea remains a problem in countries like Nigeria where access to potable water, good hygiene and sanitation are lacking. Maternal education is an important determinant of health status of under-five children. Very few studies have investigated the relationship between maternal education and diarrhea in children in Nigeria. Therefore, this study was implemented to fill the gap. The study design was cross-sectional and 2013 National Survey was used. Children aged 0-24 months were investigated and the dependent variable was diarrhea status of the index child in the last two weeks prior the survey. The main independent variable was maternal education. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and Logistic regression models (α=0.05). Diarrhea prevalence was 13.7% and higher (15.5%) among children of women who have no formal education, and mothers living in the North East region of Nigeria experienced the highest prevalence (26.4%). Children whose mothers had no formal education were 2.69(CI= 1.800-4.015, p education. Maternal education is an important predictor of diarrhea among children aged 0-24 months in Nigeria. Policies to reduce diarrhea among children in Nigeria should target children of the illiterate, less educated mothers and those living in the North-West.

Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea in children under 5 years in ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Background: Rotavirus still remains the major cause of diarrhea in children below 5 years. No data on rotavirus epidemiology is available in the Northern regions of Cameroon. We aimed to determine the prevalence of group A rotavirus (RVA) in children below 5 years with diarrhea in two regions of Northern Cameroon ...

Dietary management of childhood diarrhea in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review

Science.gov (United States)

2013-01-01

Background Current WHO guidelines on the management and treatment of diarrhea in children strongly recommend continued feeding alongside the administration of oral rehydration solution and zinc therapy, but there remains some debate regarding the optimal diet or dietary ingredients for feeding children with diarrhea. Methods We conducted a systematic search for all published randomized controlled trials evaluating food-based interventions among children under five years old with diarrhea in low- and middle-income countries. We classified 29 eligible studies into one or more comparisons: reduced versus regular lactose liquid feeds, lactose-free versus lactose-containing liquid feeds, lactose-free liquid feeds versus lactose-containing mixed diets, and commercial/specialized ingredients versus home-available ingredients. We used all available outcome data to conduct random-effects meta-analyses to estimate the average effect of each intervention on diarrhea duration, stool output, weight gain and treatment failure risk for studies on acute and persistent diarrhea separately. Results Evidence of low-to-moderate quality suggests that among children with acute diarrhea, diluting or fermenting lactose-containing liquid feeds does not affect any outcome when compared with an ordinary lactose-containing liquid feeds. In contrast, moderate quality evidence suggests that lactose-free liquid feeds reduce duration and the risk of treatment failure compared to lactose-containing liquid feeds in acute diarrhea. Only limited evidence of low quality was available to assess either of these two approaches in persistent diarrhea, or to assess lactose-free liquid feeds compared to lactose-containing mixed diets in either acute or persistent diarrhea. For commercially prepared or specialized ingredients compared to home-available ingredients, we found low-to-moderate quality evidence of no effect on any outcome in either acute or persistent diarrhea, though when we restricted these

Zinc and copper supplementation in acute diarrhea in children: a double-blind randomized controlled trial

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Mamtani Manju

2009-05-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Diarrhea causes an estimated 2.5 million child deaths in developing countries each year, 35% of which are due to acute diarrhea. Zinc and copper stores in the body are known to be depleted during acute diarrhea. Our objectives were to evaluate the efficacy of zinc and copper supplementation when given with standard treatment to children with acute watery or bloody diarrhea. Methods We conducted a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial in the Department of Pediatrics at Indira Gandhi Government Medical College Nagpur, India. Eight hundred and eight children aged 6 months to 59 months with acute diarrhea were individually randomized to placebo (Pl, zinc (Zn only, and zinc and copper (Zn+Cu together with standard treatment for acute diarrhea. Results The mean duration of diarrhea from enrolment and the mean stool weight during hospital stay were 63.7 hours and 940 grams, respectively, and there were no significant differences in the adjusted means across treatment groups. Similarly, the adjusted means of the amount of oral rehydration solution or intravenous fluids used, the proportion of participants with diarrhea more than 7 days from onset, and the severity of diarrhea indicated by more than three episodes of some dehydration or any episode of severe dehydration after enrolment, did not differ across the three groups. Conclusion The expected beneficial effects of zinc supplementation for acute diarrhea were not observed. Therapeutic Zn or Zn and Cu supplementation may not have a universal beneficial impact on the duration of acute diarrhea in children. Trial registration The study was registered as an International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial (ISRCTN85071383.

La territorialidad de los cuerpos en el abuso sexual infantil intrafamiliar

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Saldarriaga Pérez, Jorge Eduardo

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Durante los últimos años se ha dado una expansión del interés investigativo, además de acciones legales, en torno al abuso sexual infantil, considerado un delito que viola los derechos humanos y una constricción al desarrollo infantil. Esta problemática atraviesa diversos escenarios sociales, especialmente la familia, pensada como nicho de protección, seguridad y formación para los niños y niñas. Por lo tanto, desde el tema y el campo del abuso sexual infantil, se pretende en esta investigación comprender las prácticas culturales que sustentan esta problemática al interior de algunas familias en la ciudad de Pereira. Además, y desde este nudo problémico, planteamos una investigación cualitativa, con un marco epistémico desde el construccionismo social, como referente conceptual en el enfoque de la seguridad humana, con claves analíticas en la teoría de la estructuración y metodológicas desde la hermenéutica doble. El objetivo de la investigación fue comprender las prácticas culturales que sustentan el abuso sexual infantil al interior de algunas familias en la Ciudad de Pereira.

Effect of diet and tylosin on chronic diarrhea in beagles.

Science.gov (United States)

Westermarck, Elias; Frias, Rafael; Skrzypczak, Teresa

2005-01-01

Seven beagles in a colony of dogs had chronic diarrhea for at least 30 days. The dogs were subsequently treated with tylosin 20 mg/kg BW q24h PO for 10 days. During the treatment period, the feces became firmer but remained loose. When the treatment was discontinued, the diarrhea reappeared in 3 weeks. The feces remained abnormally loose in all dogs treated with metronidazole, trimethoprim-sulfadiazine, or doxycycline and prednisone. The diet was then changed for 10 days from a highly digestible moist pet food to a dry food developed for normal adult dogs. The feces again became firmer, although still loose in some dogs. The period was then extended to 3 month, but the fecal consistency continued to fluctuate from ideal to diarrhea. The dogs were treated a 2nd time with tylosin 20 mg/kg BW q24h PO for 10 days. The feces then became significantly firmer and remained so throughout a 3-month follow-up. We conclude that the combination of diet and tylosin was more effective than either agent alone in control of chronic diarrhea.

Straight Poop on Kids and Diarrhea

Science.gov (United States)

... coma, organ failure, and, in rare circumstances, death. Rehydration “Mild diarrhea is a discomfort, but not dangerous ... a change in diet and treatment with oral rehydration solutions may be necessary. Oral rehydration solutions, also ...

Oral diosmectite reduces stool output and diarrhea duration in children with acute watery diarrhea.

Science.gov (United States)

Dupont, Christophe; Foo, Jimmy Lee Kok; Garnier, Philippe; Moore, Nicholas; Mathiex-Fortunet, Hèlène; Salazar-Lindo, Eduardo

2009-04-01

Diosmectite is a clay used to treat children with acute watery diarrhea. However, its effects on stool output reduction, the key outcome for pediatric antidiarrheal drugs, have not been shown. Two parallel, double-blind studies of diosmectite efficacy on stool reduction were conducted in children 1 to 36 months old in Peru (n = 300) and Malaysia (n = 302). Inclusion criteria included 3 or more watery stools per day for less than 72 hours and weight/height ratios of 0.8 or greater. Exclusion criteria were the need for intravenous rehydration, gross blood in stools, fever higher than 39 degrees C, or current treatment with antidiarrheal or antibiotic medications. Rotavirus status was determined. Diosmectite dosage was 6 g/day (children 1-12 months old) or 12 g/day (children 13-36 months old), given for at least 3 days, followed by half doses until complete recovery. Patients were assigned randomly to groups given diosmectite or placebo, in addition to oral rehydration solution (World Health Organization). Children in each study had comparable average ages and weights. The frequencies of rotavirus infection were 22% in Peru and 12% in Malaysia. Similar amounts of oral rehydration solution were given to children in the diosmectite and placebo groups. Stool output was decreased significantly by diosmectite in both studies, especially among rotavirus-positive children. In pooled data, children had a mean stool output of 94.5 +/- 74.4 g/kg of body weight in the diosmectite group versus 104.1 +/- 94.2 g/kg in the placebo group (P = .002). Diarrhea duration was reduced by diosmectite, which was well tolerated. These results show that diosmectite significantly decreased stool output in children with acute watery diarrhea, especially those who were rotavirus-positive.

Acute treatment-related diarrhea during postoperative adjuvant therapy for high-risk rectal carcinoma

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Miller, Robert C.; Martenson, James A.; Sargent, Daniel J.; Kahn, Michael J.; Krook, James E.

1998-01-01

Purpose: The combination of pelvic radiotherapy and 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy is associated with an increase in acute gastrointestinal toxicity during rectal adjuvant therapy, most notably an increased incidence of diarrhea. Previous randomized, prospective studies have limited their analysis to presenting rates of severe and life-threatening diarrhea (Grade 3 or greater), and few data are available detailing the extent of mild to moderate diarrhea. To provide baseline data for future studies, we conducted a detailed analysis of diarrhea from a prior clinical trial of adjuvant therapy for rectal cancer. Methods and Materials: In a multiinstitutional clinical trial, 204 eligible patients with rectal carcinoma that either was deeply invasive (T3-T4) or involved regional lymph nodes were randomized to receive either postoperative pelvic radiotherapy alone (45 to 50.4 Gy) or pelvic radiotherapy and bolus 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. Toxicity was assessed prospectively. Results: For the 99 eligible patients who received pelvic radiotherapy alone, rates of Grades 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 diarrhea during treatment were 59, 20, 17, 4, and 0%, respectively. For the 96 eligible patients who received radiotherapy and 5-fluorouracil, the overall rates of grades 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 diarrhea were 21, 34, 23, 20, and 2%, respectively. The increased rates of diarrhea during adjuvant rectal therapy were manifested across all toxicity levels for patients receiving chemotherapy and pelvic radiotherapy. Of primary clinical importance is the substantial increase in severe or life-threatening diarrhea (Grade 3 or more) (22 vs. 4%, p = 0.001) Additionally, increased rates of any diarrhea and also severe or life-threatening diarrhea were observed in patients who had a low anterior resection compared with those who had an abdominoperineal resection (p < 0.001 and p = 0.006, respectively). Conclusion: These results will be of value as a baseline for investigators who want to use

Infantile holocord cellular ependymoma with communicating hydrocephalus: unusual presentation of a rare case.

Science.gov (United States)

Aryan, Saritha; Ghosal, Nandita; Aziz, Zarina A; Hegde, A S; Dadlani, Ravi

2014-01-01

We present a case of infantile holocord ependymoma in a 4-month-old boy who presented with infection of ventriculoperitoneal shunt done elsewhere for a communicating hydrocephalus. On magnetic resonance imaging, a diffuse holocord T2-hyperintense, T1-hypointense intramedullary bulky lesion with syringomyelia in the cervical level was seen. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of infantile holocord ependymoma. As the extent of morbidity associated with a spinal cord tumor is high, an increased level of suspicion and the need for a complete spinal cord screening in a case of infantile hydrocephalus without obvious clinical and radiological evidence of intracranial abnormality is emphasized.

Un acercamiento al cuento infantil desde la perspectiva de género. Estereotipos en el cuento infantil

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Nuria Méndez-Garita

2004-12-01

Full Text Available ¿Cuáles son los papeles que desempeñan cada una de las mujeres que son parte de la sociedad? ¿Cómo exige un hombre que se comporte una mujer? ¿Habrán cambiado los estereotipos femeninos y masculinos que muy claramente nos presentan los cuentos? ¿Seguimos propiciando como personas los estereotipos? ¿Se está dando la inversión tanto en los cuentos como en nuestras vidas? A partir de mito griego de la Medusa, se introduce el tema del género y la literatura, sobre todo en aquella que se reconoce como literatura infantil. Desde la perspectiva de género, se pueden tratar diferentes tópicos, en este caso, el artículo se centra en los estereotipos y confrontan los que se derivan de la mujer ángel y la mujer demonio. A lo largo de la historia, la elaboración del mundo simbólico, del significado y del sentido han estado en las mentes de los varones, los que han configurado una representación del mundo a su imagen y semejanza. Son ellos el prototipo, patrón y medida de lo existente. En los cuentos infantiles podemos ver claramente los estereotipos impuestos por la cultura patriarcal; pero también, cómo algunos de ellos son capaces de subvertir el orden establecido. Lo más importante es que la lectura de cuentos infantiles y de la literatura en general, sirve para movernos y conmovernos como lectores; para que nos marque, porque nos interpela.

Compliance of zinc supplementation by care givers of children suffering from diarrhea

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Smita S Valekar

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Background: Over 2 million children die as a result of diarrhea and dehydration every year. A new ORS formula and introduction of Zinc supplementation offers much improved outcomes for the treatment of childhood diarrhea. Aims: To assess the compliance of Zinc supplementation by caregivers Objectives: 1. To assess the compliance of Zinc supplementation by caregivers, 2. To find out the reason for non-compliance 3. To study the association of socio-demographic variables and non-compliance of children suffering from diarrhea Materials & Method:  Study Design: Cross-sectional survey Study Period: from 1st Sept. 2014 to 31st Oct. 2014 Study Area: Pediatric Outpatient department of Tertiary Care Hospital Inclusion Criteria: Under five children suffering from diarrhea attending Pediatric OPD Study Tool: Questionnaire was administered to care givers and follow up was done on 3rd, 7th & 14th day of Zinc supplementation. Result: 84% of non-compliance was seen in this study. Conclusion: The compliance of Zinc supplementation is poor among caretakers of children suffering from diarrhea.

Diarrhea and related factors among passengers on world cruises departing from Japan.

Science.gov (United States)

Yamakawa, Michiyo; Sasai, Megumi; Kasai, Yosuke; Tsuda, Toshihide; Suzuki, Etsuji

2018-01-25

Despite growth in the number of cruises worldwide, evidence about diarrhea experienced by cruise ship passengers remains sparse. We investigated rates of diarrhea and related factors among passengers on world cruises departing from Japan. Targeting passengers on five world cruises (n = 4180) from 2012 to 2013 (85-103 travel days), we calculated rates of health seeking behavior for diarrhea by sex, age group, and number of roommates for each cruise. We estimated rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals, using the group aged 20-39 years, women, and 2-4 roommates as referent categories. We found 5.04-6.00 cases per 10,000 person-days in the five cruises, with an elevated number after calling at ports. Older passengers (>60 years) and passengers with fewer roommates had an elevated risk of health seeking behavior for diarrhea, although passengers aged 60 years and without roommates. Older passengers and passengers with fewer roommates may be more likely to seek medical treatment for diarrhea during travel on a world cruise, and should take preventive measures. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Influence of Zinc Supplementation in Acute Diarrhea Differs by the Isolated Organism

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Archana B. Patel

2010-01-01

Full Text Available Zinc supplementation is recommended in all acute diarrheas in children from developing countries. We aimed to assess whether zinc supplementation would be equally effective against all the common organisms associated with acute diarrheas. We used data on 801 children with acute diarrhea recruited in a randomized, double blind controlled trial (ISRCTN85071383 of zinc and copper supplementation. Using prespecified subgroup analyses, multidimensionality reduction analyses, tests of heterogeneity, and stepwise logistic regression for tests of interactions, we found that the influence of zinc on the risk of diarrhea for more than 3 days depended on the isolated organism—beneficial in Klebsiella, neutral in Esherichia coli and parasitic infections, and detrimental in rotavirus coinfections. Although we found similar results for the outcome of high stool volume, the results did not reach statistical significance. Our findings suggest that the current strategy of zinc supplementation in all cases of acute diarrheas in children may need appropriate fine tuning to optimize the therapeutic benefit based on the causative organism, but further studies need to confirm and extend our findings.

Traveler’s Diarrhea Market: Evolving market trends and dynamics

OpenAIRE

Smita Deshmukh

2016-01-01

Traveler’s Diarrhea Market: Overview Traveler’s diarrhea refers to intestinal and stomach infection and occurs due to unsanitary conditions during handling of food. This disorder is characterized by frequent abdominal cramps resulting in loose stools and is usually caused by consumption of contaminated water or food. Travelling from one place to another where the sanitary conditions, social conditions, climate and other factors are different and hence presents high risk of developin...

Abuso sexual infantil, trastornos de la conducta alimentaria y su tratamiento.

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Denise Saboya

2013-11-01

Full Text Available Este trabajo aborda las modalidades de tratamientos sistémicos y cognitivos en sujetos que padecieron Abuso Sexual Infantil (ASI y posteriormente desarrollaron trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, específicamente anorexia y bulimia. Summit (1983 agrupa las acciones familiares y/o judiciales en relación al abuso bajo el nombre de Síndrome de Acomodación al Abuso Sexual Infantil (SAASI. Este incluye cinco etapas: el secreto, el desamparo, el entrampamiento y la acomodación, la revelación tardía y no convincente y por último la retracción. En aquellos casos de desconfianza y negación por parte de la figura materna u otros miembros significativos del grupo familiar ante la develación del abuso, se observa el desarrollo de los trastornos de la alimentación (Losada, 2011. En los niños que presentan trastornos de la conducta alimentaria se observa que hicieron la tentativa de contar el ASI y no fueron escuchados, dando lugar al SAASI y pidiendo ayuda nuevamente pero con su cuerpo portando un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria. Se considera imprescindible el desarrollo de un programa de tratamiento para la comorbilidad entre el abuso sexual infantil y los trastornos de la alimentación, siguiendo el concepto de eclecticismo técnico, inspirado en Lazarus (1992. Se considera relevante que el profesional este abierto a la posibilidad de emplear lo mejor de cada enfoque y escuela para así atender mejor a las diversas necesidades de los pacientes. This work approaches the modalities of systemic and cognitive fastened treatments that suffered sexual infantile abuse and later they developed disorders of the food conduct, specifically anorexia and bulimia. Summit (1983 it groups these familiar or judicial actions under the name of Syndrome of Accommodation to the Sexual Infantile Abuse (SAASI. This one includes five stages: the secret, the abandonment, the entrampamiento and the accommodation, the late and not convincing revelation and

Interdisciplinary management of infantile colic

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Luis Miguel Becerra-Granados

2017-07-01

This article presents a structural review of evidence on the fundamentals and progress in the treatment of infantile colic, and compiles the characteristics of this pathology, the medical and nutritional therapeutic measures, the clinical approach and the techniques to help the patient and his family. This study seeks to provide technical tools to health professionals whose target population is children younger than 2 years of age.

Knowledge of the mothers of hospitalized children in a university hospital regarding diarrhea

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Ana Paula do Rego

2014-04-01

Full Text Available This qualitative research aimed at identifying the knowledge of the mothers regarding diarrhea. It was conducted with eight mothers of hospitalized children in a university hospital located in Santa Cruz, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, in 2012. Data were collected through open interviews and the analysis was based on Bardin. The categories emerging from the analysis were: understanding diarrhea and preventing/treating diarrhea. Regarding the understanding of diarrhea, mothers conceptualize and understand it from the symptoms, habits/eating mistakes and/or cultural beliefs. Concerning the prevention and treatment of the disease, the mothers highlight hygiene and home cleaning as preventive measures, as well the importance of home and hospital care measures. The interviewees have basic knowledge of pathology, further studies are necessary in order to define the current gap between the knowledge of mothers and recurrence of diarrhea cases, resulting in hospitalization and expenses with unnecessary treatment.

Espacio infantil y ludoteca

OpenAIRE

Lejarraga Molinero, Nekane

2009-01-01

Este proyecto desarrolla el estudio y análisis de un cambio de uso de un proyecto de uso administrativo en la ciudad de Pamplona. La realización de un cambio de uso de un edificio administrativo a un ESPACIO INFANTIL Y LUDOTECA en el barrio de la Rochapea. Se trata fundamentalmente de un centro lúdico junto al río Arga en el que puedan jugar y desarrollarse de una forma controlada los niños de este nuevo barrio.

Selvadministreret ventrikelsondeernaering hos et barn med infantil autisme

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Dyrborg, J

1991-01-01

An example of self-administered gastric tube nutrition in a boy aged 15 years with infantile autism is presented. The boy would neither eat nor drink in the normal manner since the age of eight years and has gradually administered tube-feeding himself. This patient does not fulfill the internatio......An example of self-administered gastric tube nutrition in a boy aged 15 years with infantile autism is presented. The boy would neither eat nor drink in the normal manner since the age of eight years and has gradually administered tube-feeding himself. This patient does not fulfill...... the international criteria for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa. A possible etiological factor and the education/psychological attitudes to the compulsive symptom are discussed. Udgivelsesdato: 1991-Oct-14...

Determinantes sociais e psicológicos do comportamento alimentar infantil

OpenAIRE

Andrade, Maria da Graça Massano de Amorim de Mavigné, 1961-

2014-01-01

Tese de doutoramento, Psicologia (Psicologia da Saúde), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia, 2014 A redução da taxa de crescimento da obesidade infantil é um dos principais objetivos de saúde, a nível nacional e internacional, o que reforça a importância da aquisição de hábitos alimentares saudáveis nos primeiros anos da infância. Uma vasta evidência empírica aponta para a influência de uma multiplicidade de determinantes do comportamento alimentar infantil, sendo contudo neces...

Aproximación al discurso referido en el habla infantil

OpenAIRE

María José Gallucci; Yanira Pinto

2017-01-01

En aquest treball estudiem l’ús del discurs referit en la parla infantil. Descrivim l’estil directe, l’estil indirecte i les cites onomatopeiques des d’una perspectiva sintacticopragmàtica en una mostra de 28 parlants pertanyents al Corpus de habla infantil (Shiro, 1996) tenint en compte el tipus de cita, els marcs introductors, els verbs més freqüents que emmarquen les cites i l’atribució de la paraula. També indaguem, en funció del tipus de l’entrevista analitzada i de les ta...

Presentación Monográfico Educación Infantil

OpenAIRE

Fernández Martínez, Pilar; Ríos García, Isabel; Fernández Martínez, María del Pilar; Ramos Xavier, Gelta Terezinha

2016-01-01

En este Monográfico de la RIE hemos abordado aspectos teóricos y prácticos en distintos escenarios del quehacer educativo en la Educación Infantil que contribuyen al desarrollo social, afectivo, cognitivo y organizativo. En los trabajos que aparecen en él, de una alta calidad investigadora pero muy arraigados a las aulas y a las realidades cotidianas de la escuela infantil, encontramos un punto de unión bajo el enfoque sociocultural de los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje, que establece qu...

Risk Factors of Diarrhea in Children Under Five Years in Urban Slums

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Balakrishna Kalakheti

2016-12-01

Full Text Available Introduction: Diarrhea is a leading cause of mortality in children in developing countries and the condition is worse in slums. In order to provide effective preventive and management strategies, it is important to identify factors associated with the disease. This study was carried out to investigate the risk factors of diarrhea in  children under five years of age in urban slums. Methods: Parents of all children under five years from the urban slums of Tansen municipality, Palpa, Nepal were interviewed using a standardized pretested questionnaire and proforma. Parental variables, environmental factors, and presence of diarrhea in those children in past three months were collected by trained enumerators and the data were analyzed with statistical software SPSS-10. Results: A total of 450 under five years children were enrolled in the study. There were 216 (48% male and 234 (52% female children with F:M ratio of 1.08:1. Occurrence of diarrhea was lower if the children were breast-fed for more than six months, well-nourished, used fountain water for drinking, or used boiled or treated water. Similarly, diarrhea prevalence was lower if father had a regular job, daily income in the family was more than one US dollar, there was a toilet in the house, practice of hand washing was followed before feeding or preparing food, or there was no child suffering from diarrhea in the neighborhood. Conclusion: There are a few variables that are significantly related to diarrhea in children under five years of age. In order to decrease the diarrheal episodes in children in the slums of the developing countries, priority could be given in the improvement of those variables.

Significados culturais da asma infantil Cultural meanings of the infantile asthma

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Mirna Albuquerque Frota

2008-06-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Analisar os significados culturais da asma infantil com origem na mãe-cuidadora. PROCEDIMENTOS METODOLÓGICOS: Pesquisa qualitativa realizada em 2004, no município de Fortaleza, CE. Foi utilizada a observação participante com abordagem etnográfica e entrevistas com sete mães acompanhantes de seus filhos em unidade de emergência hospitalar. Os significados das falas das mães foram identificados utilizando-se a técnica de análise temática. ANÁLISE DOS RESULTADOS: Foram identificadas duas categorias de discussão; na primeira, "desinformação sobre a doença", foi possível perceber que as mães não são informadas sobre a doença do filho. Na segunda categoria, "cuidado cultural", as mães referem informações sobre os cuidados e utilizam recursos do saber popular para prevenir a asma dos filhos, como o cuidado ambiental e a utilização de remédios caseiros à base de plantas medicinais. CONCLUSÕES: As características de desinformação e desconhecimento materno em relação à asma do filho mostram a necessidade de haver um trabalho educativo intenso, dialógico e problematizador em estreita colaboração com o tratamento, visando à melhoria do prognóstico da doença.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the cultural meanings of infantile asthma from the perspective of the mother/carer of the child. METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES: Qualitative research conducted in 2004, in the city of Fortaleza (Northeastern Brazil. An ethnographic approach was utilized, consisting of participant observation and interviews with seven mothers, accompanying their children in a hospital emergency ward. Thematic analysis was the technique employed when identifying the meanings of mothers' discourse. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS: Two discussion categories were identified: "disinformation on illness" in which it was possible to perceive that the mothers were not informed with respect to their children's illness; and "cultural care" in which they relate information on

Management of chemotherapy induced diarrhea (abstract)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Qureshi, A.M.

1998-01-01

Diarrhoea is seen with many tumors and following several chemotherapy regimen esp. those containing 5-fluorouracil and high dose folinic acid it causes debility even death, delays cancer treatment, reduces compliance increases cost. It causes dehydration, renal failure volume depletion. Quality of life is worsened and hospitalization may be needed in multifactorial, with secretion; absorption imbalance due to mucosal damage, necrosis or inflammation. Local infection is set up by opportunistic organism and cell necrosis. The large volume of fluid and electrolytes overwhelms colonic absorptive capacity. Agent usually used for treatment is opioids (such as Diphenoxylate / Loperamide]. Bismuth (for inflammatory diarrhea). NSAIDs or alpha 2-agonists. For optimal management, the cause and severity should be assessed and treatment planned. Advice is given about certain dietary restraints and avoidance of some drugs. Fever, infection, dehydration and electrolyte losses are treated, pain relieved. Diphenoxylate / Loperamide (later is more effective; 4 mg, STAT, then 2mg every 4 hours or even 2 hourly) may be used. It is moderately effective in CID. Octreotide is useful in carcinoid. VIPoma, AIDS idiopathic secretary diarrhea, ileostomy, dumping syndrome. It acts directly on epithelial cells to reduce secretin, motilin pancreatic polypeptide. It slows transit time, reduces fluid and electrolyte secretin, increases absorption of electrolytes. It is effective in 5 FU and high dose chemotherapy with a 90% response rates seen after 3 days treatment. High Dose Chemotherapy and total body irradiation - induced diarrhea usually resolves within 72 hours. (author)

Educación sobre sexualidad en círculos infantiles

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Arelys Martín Pérez

1998-04-01

Full Text Available Se evalúa la eficacia de un proyecto de educación sexual para niños asistentes a círculos infantiles, mediante un diseño cuasi-experimental. Se aplica un sistema de influencias educativas a un grupo estudio compuesto por preescolares del Círculo Infantil "Sonrisas Infantiles". Se evalúan los conocimientos iniciales y finales de éste y del grupo control perteneciente al Círculo Infantil "Sueños de Rosas", ambos del municipio Sancti Spíritus, pero de distintas áreas de salud. Se indica que la muestra total fue de 71 niños de ambos sexos; se realizan en total 22 actividades y se elabora una batería de 10 pruebas para medir de forma cualitativa los conocimientos de los preescolares sobre: conocimientos del propio cuerpo, identificación sexual y reproducción. Se demuestra la eficacia del proyecto por la diferencia significativa en las proporciones de respuestas correctas del grupo experimental con respecto al grupo control al final del experimentoSUMMARY: The effectiveness of a quasi-experimental design-based sex educational program for day-care center children is evaluated. An educational influence system is applied to an experimental group comprised of "Sonrisas Infantiles" day-care center pre-school children. The initial and final knowledge of the above-mentioned group and the control group from "Sueños de Rosa" day care center are assessed. Both day care centers are located in Sancti Spiritus municipality but in different health areas. The total sample covered 71 children of both sexes, 22 activities were carried out and a set of 10 tests for qualitatively measuring the pre-school children's knowledge on human body, sexual identification and reproduction was prepared. The project effectiveness is proved by the significant differences in correct answers between the experimental group and the control group at the end of the experiment

Diseases of the small bowel in chronic diarrhea: diagnosis and treatment

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M. Simadibrata

2002-09-01

Full Text Available The incidence of chronic diarrhea in Asia is between 0.8-1.0%. The diseases and abnormalities according to the location, which can cause chronic diarrhea, are divided into three locations: the small bowel, the large bowel and extraintestinal. The small bowel diseases include infectious and non-infectious diseases. The infectious diseases are bacterial infections, parasitic infections etc. The non-infectious diseases include of Crohn’s disease, Celiac sprue, NSAID enteropathy, lactose intolerance, benign tumor, carcinoid tumor, carcinoma, post surgery complications, laxative etc. The approaches to diagnosis include good anamnesis, careful physical examination, supporting laboratory tests, more specialized supporting examinations including X-ray of the colon, esophagogastroduodenum follow-through, enteroclysis, ileo-colonoscopy and endoscopy on the upper portion of the digestive tract including the small intestine with biopsy for histopathology examinations. The treatment for chronic diarrhea is divided into supportive and causal therapy. (Med J Indones 2002; 11: 179-89 Keywords: small bowel, chronic diarrhea, approaches to diagnosis, treatment

RISK FACTORS AND PECULIARITIES OF NUTRITION OF INFANTS WITH CHRONIC DIARRHEA

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T.S. Lazareva

2008-01-01

Full Text Available Results of observation of children from 2,5 months to 4 years old, treated in hospital with diagnosis chronic diarrhea are analyzed in this article. Diarrhea debuted in first year of living in most cases. The reason of onset of diarrhea often was alimentary factor. Hereditary predisposition, pathologic pregnancy, and diseases in women at the time of pregnancy played an important role in development of disease. Nutrition of children in early age was characterized by low duration of breast feeding and early conversion of children to the mixed and artificial feeding. Main food stuffs in children's nutrition on mixed and artificial feeding was adapted milk formulas, and rarely non adapted milk food (cow's and goat's milk, kefir. Only 30% of mothers had a definite knowledge of proper child's feeding and advantages of breast feeding. This fact indicates necessity of more active educational work by medical staff.Key words: children, chronic diarrhea, nutrition.

Diarrhea & Child Care: Controlling Diarrhea in Out-of-Home Child Care. NCEDL Spotlights, No. 4.

Science.gov (United States)

Churchill, Robin B.; Pickering, Larry K.

This report, the fourth in the National Center for Early Development and Learning's (NCEDL) "Spotlights" series, is based on excerpts from a paper presented during a "Research into Practice in Infant/Toddler Care" synthesis conference in fall 1997. The report addresses controlling diarrhea in out-of-home child care. The report…

Clinical Correlates of Diarrhea and Gut Parasites among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Seropositive Patients

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Elvis Bisong

2017-09-01

Full Text Available Cluster differentiation 4 (CD4 count estimation, which is not readily available in most resource poor settings in Nigeria, is an important indexdetermining commencement of antiretroviral therapy (ART. It is imperative for physicians who come in contact with these patients in such settings to recognize other parameters to evaluate these patients. The clinical correlates of diarrhea and gut parasites among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-seropositive patients attending our special treatment clinic were studied. Three hundred and forty consenting HIV-positive adult subjects were enrolled. Their stool and blood specimens were collected for a period of three months. Stool samples were analyzed for the presence of diarrhea and gut parasites. The patients were clinically evaluated by physical examination for the presence of pallor, dehydration, oral thrush, wasting lymphadenopathy, dermatitis, skin hyperpigmentation, and finger clubbing. Participants with diarrhea represented 14.1% of the population, while 21.5% harbored one or more parasites. In the subjects with diarrhea, 14.6% harbored gut parasites. The presence of diarrhea was associated with a low CD4 count. Clinically, oral thrush, wasting, and rashes were more reliable predictors of low CD4 count levels; whereas, the presence of pallor, dehydration, wasting, and rashes correlated with the presence of diarrhea. HIV patients presenting with pallor, dehydration, wasting, and rashes should be evaluated for the presence of diarrhea. The clinical variables associated with low CD4 count in this study may guide commencing antiretroviral therapy in resource poor settings.

Sensitivity and Specificity of Procalcitonin to Determine Etiology of Diarrhea in Children Younger Than 5 Years

Science.gov (United States)

Ismaili-Jaha, Vlora; Shala, Mujë; Azemi, Mehmedali; Spahiu, Shqipe; Hoxha, Teuta; Avdiu, Muharrem; Spahiu, Lidvana

2014-01-01

Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the sensitivity and specificity of procalcitonin to determine bacterial etiology of diarrhea. The examinees and methods: For this purpose we conducted the study comprising 115 children aged 1 to 60 months admitted at the Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Pediatric Clinic, divided in three groups based on etiology of the diarrhea that has been confirmed with respective tests during the hospitalization. Each group has equal number of patients – 35. The first group was confirmed to have bacterial diarrhea, the second viral diarrhea and the third extra intestinal diarrhea. The determination of procalcitonin has been established with the ELFA methods of producer B.R.A.H.M.S Diagnostica GmbH, Berlin, (Germany). Results: From the total number of 1130 patient with acute diarrhea procalcitonin was assessed in 105. 67 (63.8%) of these patient were male. More than one third (38.14%) of the children in our study were younger then 12 months. Approximately the same was the number of children 13-24 months (33 patients or 31.43%) and 25-60 months (32 patients or 30.43%). The mean value of PRC in children with viral diarrhea was 0.13±0.5 ng/mL in children with bacterial diarrhea was 5.3±4.9 ng/m Land in children with extra intestinal diarrhea was 1.7±2.8 ng/mL. When measured using ANOVA and Turkey HSD tests, results have shown the statistical significance when comparing viral with bacterial and extra intestinal diarrhea but were statistically insignificant when comparing bacterial and extra intestinal diarrhea. Conclusion: Procalcitonin is an important but not conclusive marker of bacterial etiology of acute diarrhea in children younger than 5 years. PMID:24944526

Sensitivity and specificity of procalcitonin to determine etiology of diarrhea in children younger than 5 years.

Science.gov (United States)

Ismaili-Jaha, Vlora; Shala, Mujë; Azemi, Mehmedali; Spahiu, Shqipe; Hoxha, Teuta; Avdiu, Muharrem; Spahiu, Lidvana

2014-04-01

The aim of this study is to assess the sensitivity and specificity of procalcitonin to determine bacterial etiology of diarrhea. For this purpose we conducted the study comprising 115 children aged 1 to 60 months admitted at the Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Pediatric Clinic, divided in three groups based on etiology of the diarrhea that has been confirmed with respective tests during the hospitalization. Each group has equal number of patients - 35. The first group was confirmed to have bacterial diarrhea, the second viral diarrhea and the third extra intestinal diarrhea. The determination of procalcitonin has been established with the ELFA methods of producer B.R.A.H.M.S Diagnostica GmbH, Berlin, (Germany). From the total number of 1130 patient with acute diarrhea procalcitonin was assessed in 105. 67 (63.8%) of these patient were male. More than one third (38.14%) of the children in our study were younger then 12 months. Approximately the same was the number of children 13-24 months (33 patients or 31.43%) and 25-60 months (32 patients or 30.43%). The mean value of PRC in children with viral diarrhea was 0.13±0.5 ng/mL in children with bacterial diarrhea was 5.3±4.9 ng/m Land in children with extra intestinal diarrhea was 1.7±2.8 ng/mL. When measured using ANOVA and Turkey HSD tests, results have shown the statistical significance when comparing viral with bacterial and extra intestinal diarrhea but were statistically insignificant when comparing bacterial and extra intestinal diarrhea. Procalcitonin is an important but not conclusive marker of bacterial etiology of acute diarrhea in children younger than 5 years.

Rapid intestinal transit as a primary cause of severe chronic diarrhea in patients with amyloidosis.

Science.gov (United States)

Guirl, Michael J; Högenauer, Christoph; Santa Ana, Carol A; Porter, Jack L; Little, Katherine H; Stone, Marvin J; Fordtran, John S

2003-10-01

The cause of severe diarrhea in patients with systemic amyloidosis is obscure. We therefore performed pathophysiological studies in three such patients in an effort to determine the mechanism of amyloid diarrhea. Epithelial cell absorption rate of electrolytes was measured during steady state GI perfusion of a saline-mannitol solution. GI transit time of PEG and absorption of radiolabeled bile acid were measured simultaneously while subjects ingested three meals per day. To obtain a diarrhea control group for transit time and bile acid absorption, normal subjects were studied when they had diarrhea caused by ingestion of Milk of Magnesia (MOM). Diarrhea could not be explained by malabsorption of ingested nutrients, bacterial overgrowth, bile acid malabsorption, or epithelial cell malabsorption of electrolytes. However, 25% of polyethylene glycol (PEG) ingested with a standard meal was recovered in stool in 45 min, which is 10 times faster than in normal subjects with equally severe diarrhea caused by ingestion of MOM. All of the patients had autonomic neuropathy that remained unrecognized for 15-36 months after onset of chronic diarrhea; it seems likely that this was the cause of rapid transit. Severe chronic diarrhea in three patients with systemic amyloidosis was mediated by extremely rapid transit of chyme and digestive secretions through the intestine.

Early Infantile Leigh-like Gene Defects Have a Poor Prognosis: Report and Review

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Majid Alfadhel

2017-10-01

Full Text Available Solute carrier family 19 (thiamine transporter, member 3 ( SCL19A3 gene defect produces an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder associated with different phenotypes and acronyms. One of the common presentations is early infantile lethal Leigh-like syndrome. We report a case of early infantile Leigh-like SLC19A3 gene defects of patients who died at 4 months of age with no response to a high dose of biotin and thiamine. In addition, we report a novel mutation that was not reported previously. Finally, we review the literature regarding early infantile Leigh-like SLC19A3 gene defects and compare the literature with our patient.

Socioeconomic, hygienic, and sanitation factors in reducing diarrhea in the Amazon

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Katiuscia Shirota Imada

Full Text Available ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the contributions of the socioeconomic, hygienic, and sanitation improvements in reducing the prevalence of diarrhea in a city of the Amazon. METHODS In this population-based cross-sectional study, we analyzed data from surveys conducted in the city of Jordão, Acre. In 2005 and 2012, these surveys evaluated, respectively, 466 and 826 children under five years old. Questionnaires were applied on the socioeconomic conditions, construction of houses, food and hygienic habits, and environmental sanitation. We applied Pearson’s Chi-squared test and Poisson regression to verify the relationship between origin of water, construction of homes, age of introduction of cow’s milk in the diet, place of birth and the prevalence of diarrhea. RESULTS The prevalence of diarrhea was reduced from 45.1% to 35.4%. We identified higher probability of diarrhea in children who did not use water from the public network, in those receiving cow’s milk in the first month after birth, and in those living in houses made of paxiúba. Children born at home presented lower risk of diarrhea when compared to those who were born in hospital, with this difference reversing for the 2012 survey. CONCLUSIONS Sanitation conditions improved with the increase of bathrooms with toilets, implementation of the Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF – Family Health Program, and water treatment in the city. The multivariate regression model identified a statistically significant association between use of water from the public network, construction of houses, late introduction of cow’s milk, and access to health service with occurrence of diarrhea.

Disease: H00148 [KEGG MEDICUS

Lifescience Database Archive (English)

Full Text Available is the infantile form presenting in early infancy with diarrhea, massive hepatosplenomegaly, failure to thri...ve, and calcification of adrenal glands. Without treatment, hepatic failure and death occur within the first

Cranial computed tomography in infantile spasms

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Howitz, P.; Neergaard, K.; Pedersen, H.

1990-01-01

Out of 109 children with infantile spasms (IS), prospectively tested during the years 1976 to 1979 in Denmark, 52 children were examined by cranial computed tomography (CT). The classification of IS into cryptogenic (CR), symptomatic (SY) and doubtful (DO) was done clinically without considering the CT-finding. Sixty per cent of the scannings were abnormal. Only 6/30 (20%) of the children in ACTH treatment were found to develop cerebral atrophy which means that this finding is not an obligatory side-effect of ACTH treatment of children with IS. Normal CT-findings were found in 50% of the CR and 50% of the SY + DO-groups, and could not be used as a prognostic tool for estimating the mental development. This was also the case for children with cerebral atrophy. Abnormal CT-findings (minus atrophy) were highly correlated to the group with clinical symptoms and indicate an extremely unsatisfying long-term mental prognosis. CT-scanning is a valuable tool for the examination of clearing children with infantile spasms. (authors)

Competencias desde la perspectiva intercultural para el grado de educación infantil

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Fernando GONZÁLEZ ALONSO

2005-01-01

adecuar sus titulaciones hacia el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior, a través de la planificación de los grados en Educación Infantil y Educación Primaria. La propuesta de competencias específicas desde la perspectiva intercultural para Educación infantil, puede resultar un interesante punto de partida.

Diarrhea and the social marketing of oral rehydration salts in Bangladesh.

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Green, E C

1986-01-01

An anthropological study of knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to child diarrhea and specifically to ORS was carried out in Bangladesh. The purpose of the study was to help design a culturally-sensitive social marketing program. Information was gathered on indigenous classification of diarrheas, patterns of therapy recourse and diarrhea management, and understanding of dehydration symptoms as well as use and attitudes regarding ORS. Among the findings were that 58% of households sampled had tried ORS at least once; ORS was perceived as a medicine with several positive attributes; literacy was positively related to ORS use; and there were no significant cultural barriers to ORS adoption.

Is microscopic colitis a missed diagnosis in diarrhea-predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome?

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Hamid Tavakoli

2008-08-01

Full Text Available

• BACKGROUND: There are controversies about the importance of biopsies of normal colon mucosa in the investigation of patients with diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS. On the other hand, microscopic colitis may bemissed based on normal colonoscopy and laboratory examination in this group of patients
• METHODS: The study took place in Alzahra and Noor hospitals and Poursina Hakim Research Institute, from 2002 to 2004. Eligible patients were those suffering from diarrhea for at least 4 weeks. A total of 138 patients were included in the study after meeting Rome criteria (II with normal CBC, ESR, stool examination and no endoscopic abnormality.
• RESULTS: The histologic findings in 138 patients with diarrhea predominant IBS with mean age of 34.7 years (female 55.1% and male 44.9% were as follows: 10 patients (7.2% had collagenous colitis and 3 patients (2.2% were compatible with lymphocytic colitis. No significant diagnostic histologic findings were seen in the rest of patients. Collagenouscolitis was detected in 13% of right colon biopsies and in 10% of sigmoid and transverse colon biopsies. Nocturnal diarrhea was found in 30% of collagenous colitis patients.
• CONCLUSIONS: Total colonoscopy and multiple biopsies in diarrhea predominant IBS patients are necessary for earlydiagnosis of microscopic colitis.
• KEY WORDS: Irritable bowel syndrome, microscopic colitis, colonoscopy, biopsy, diarrhea.

Zinc treatment ameliorates diarrhea and intestinal inflammation in undernourished rats

OpenAIRE

de Queiroz, Camila AA; Fonseca, Said Gonçalves C; Frota, Priscila B; Figueiredo, Ítalo L; Aragão, Karoline S; Magalhães, Carlos Emanuel C; de Carvalho, Cibele BM; Lima, Aldo Ângelo M; Ribeiro, Ronaldo A; Guerrant, Richard L; Moore, Sean R; Oriá, Reinaldo B

2014-01-01

Background WHO guidelines recommend zinc supplementation as a key adjunct therapy for childhood diarrhea in developing countries, however zinc’s anti-diarrheal effects remain only partially understood. Recently, it has been recognized that low-grade inflammation may influence stunting. In this study, we examined whether oral zinc supplementation could improve weight, intestinal inflammation, and diarrhea in undernourished weanling rats. Methods Rats were undernourished using a northeastern Br...

Studies of osmotic diarrhea induced in normal subjects by ingestion of polyethylene glycol and lactulose.

OpenAIRE

Hammer, H F; Santa Ana, C A; Schiller, L R; Fordtran, J S

1989-01-01

The purpose of these studies was to gain insight into the pathophysiology of pure osmotic diarrhea and the osmotic diarrhea caused by carbohydrate malabsorption. Diarrhea was induced in normal volunteers by ingestion of polyethylene glycol (PEG), which is nonabsorbable, not metabolized by colonic bacteria, and carries no electrical charge. In PEG-induced diarrhea, (a) stool weight was directly correlated with the total mass of PEG ingested; (b) PEG contributed 40-60% of the osmolality of the ...

La obesidad infantil /

OpenAIRE

Galea Barquero, Irene

2013-01-01

La obesidad infantil es la enfermedad de tipo nutricional que se da con más frecuencia en los niños de los países desarrollados, conlleva riesgos físicos y psicológicos y determinados estudios señalan que puede acortar la esperanza de vida en 13 años. En Castilla y León, la tasa de obesidad entre los niños en edad escolar es del 0,8%. La autora va a recoger datos y a realizar un estudio del desayuno que realizan estos niños por considerarlo la primera comida del día y la más importa...

Comparison of endogenous and radiolabeled bile acid excretion in patients with idiopathic chronic diarrhea

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Schiller, L.R.; Bilhartz, L.E.; Santa Ana, C.A.

1990-01-01

Fecal recovery of radioactivity after ingestion of a bolus of radiolabeled bile acid is abnormally high in most patients with idiopathic chronic diarrhea. To evaluate the significance of this malabsorption, concurrent fecal excretion of both exogenous radiolabeled bile acid and endogenous (unlabeled) bile acid were measured in patients with idiopathic chronic diarrhea. Subjects received a 2.5-microCi oral dose of taurocholic acid labeled with 14C in the 24th position of the steroid moiety. Endogenous bile acid excretion was measured by a hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase assay on a concurrent 72-h stool collection. Both radiolabeled and endogenous bile acid excretion were abnormally high in most patients with chronic diarrhea compared with normal subjects, even when equivoluminous diarrhea was induced in normal subjects by ingestion of osmotically active solutions. The correlation between radiolabeled and endogenous bile acid excretion was good. However, neither radiolabeled nor endogenous bile acid excretion was as abnormal as is typically seen in patients with ileal resection, and none of these diarrhea patients responded to treatment with cholestyramine with stool weights less than 200 g. These results suggest (a) that this radiolabeled bile acid excretion test accurately reflects excess endogenous bile acid excretion; (b) that excess endogenous bile acid excretion is not caused by diarrhea per se; (c) that spontaneously occurring idiopathic chronic diarrhea is often associated with increased endogenous bile acid excretion; and (d) that bile acid malabsorption is not likely to be the primary cause of diarrhea in most of these patients

Infantile Onset Myasthenia Gravis with MuSK Antibodies

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J Gordon Millichap

2006-08-01

Full Text Available A late infantile case of myasthenia gravis (MG with anti-muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK high antibody (Ab titer is reported from Kyushu University, Fukuoka; and Nagasaki University, Japan.

Rotavirus I in feces of a cat with diarrhea.

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Phan, Tung G; Leutenegger, Christian M; Chan, Roxanne; Delwart, Eric

2017-06-01

A divergent rotavirus I was detected using viral metagenomics in the feces of a cat with diarrhea. The eleven segments of rotavirus I strain Felis catus encoded non-structural and structural proteins with amino acid identities ranging from 25 to 79% to the only two currently sequenced members of that viral species both derived from canine feces. No other eukaryotic viral sequences nor bacterial and protozoan pathogens were detected in this fecal sample suggesting the involvement of rotavirus I in feline diarrhea.

Estilos de apego padres-hijo y obesidad infantil

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Corina Alba-Alba

2014-12-01

Full Text Available El apego es una conducta de búsqueda de cercanía con el otro significativo para obtener seguridad, confianza y afecto la cual se lleva a cabo a través de distintas estrategias que determinan un estilo de apego. El estilo de apego puede clasificarse en dos grandes categorías: seguro e inseguro. La incidencia de obesidad infantil continúa en aumento en México, siendo uno de los países más afectados por lo que es prioritario explorar nuevos aportes de conocimiento respecto al tema. El presente artículo ofrece información teórica y empírica como referente para plantear la pertinencia de estudiar la relación entre estilos de apego padres-hijo y obesidad infantil.

Antidiarrheal Medicines: OTC Relief for Diarrhea

Science.gov (United States)

... types of OTC medicines treat diarrhea? You can buy over-the-counter (OTC) medicines without a prescription from your doctor. Some OTC ... short for "over-the-counter." OTC drugs are medicines you can buy without a prescription from your doctor. About Support ...

Abuso sexual infantil, trastornos de la conducta alimentaria y su tratamiento.

OpenAIRE

Denise Saboya; Analia Verónica Losada

2013-01-01

Este trabajo aborda las modalidades de tratamientos sistémicos y cognitivos en sujetos que padecieron Abuso Sexual Infantil (ASI) y posteriormente desarrollaron trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, específicamente anorexia y bulimia. Summit (1983) agrupa las acciones familiares y/o judiciales en relación al abuso bajo el nombre de Síndrome de Acomodación al Abuso Sexual Infantil (SAASI). Este incluye cinco etapas: el secreto, el desamparo, el entrampamiento y la acomodación, la revelación t...

Genetics Home Reference: early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 1

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... Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 1 (EIEE1) is a seizure disorder characterized by a type of seizure known as ... 2 links) Health Topic: Developmental Disabilities Health Topic: Epilepsy Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (1 link) ...

Therapeutic Targeting of CPT-11 Induced Diarrhea: A Case for Prophylaxis

Science.gov (United States)

Swami, Umang; Goel, Sanjay; Mani, Sridhar

2014-01-01

CPT-11 (irinotecan), a DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor is one of the main treatments for colorectal cancer. The main dose limiting toxicities are neutropenia and late onset diarrhea. Though neutropenia is manageable, CPT-11 induced diarrhea is frequently severe, resulting in hospitalizations, dose reductions or omissions leading to ineffective treatment administration. Many potential agents have been tested in preclinical and clinical studies to prevent or ameliorate CPT-11 induced late onset diarrhea. It is predicted that prophylaxis of CPT-11 induced diarrhea will reduce sub-therapeutic dosing as well as hospitalizations and will eventually lead to dose escalations resulting in better response rates. This article reviews various experimental agents and strategies employed to prevent this debilitating toxicity. Covered topics include schedule/dose modification, intestinal alkalization, structural/chemical modification, genetic testing, anti-diarrheal therapies, transporter (ABCB1, ABCC2, BCRP2) inhibitors, enzyme (β-glucuronidase, UGT1A1, CYP3A4, carboxylesterase, COX-2) inducers and inhibitors, probiotics, antibiotics, adsorbing agents, cytokine and growth factor activators and inhibitors and other miscellaneous agents. PMID:23597015

Solanum paniculatum root extract reduces diarrhea in rats

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Jonh A.B. Tenório

Full Text Available Abstract Solanum paniculatum L., Solanaceae, locally known as "jurubeba", is widely used in Brazil for culinary purposes, and in folk medicine to treat of diverse disorder including gastric dysfunctions. In this study we investigated the antidiarrheal activity of S. paniculatum roots extract in rats at different concentrations (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o using different experimental models such as castor oil-induced diarrhea, enteropooling and gastrointestinal motility, determined by in vivo experimental models. The major compound of root extract was characterized as chlorogenic acid based in the IR, 1D and 2D NMR analysis. All the extract doses achieved antidiarrheal potency, as indicated by reduced weight of feces in castor oil-induced diarrhea, decreased intestinal motility and significantly inhibited castor oil-induced enteropooling compared to the vehicle group. The highest dose (500 mg/kg produced greater anti-motility effect and better reduction of enteropooling, similar to the reference drug Loperamide (5 mg/kg. Extract from S. paniculatum L. roots had antidiarrheal activity, as shown by the lower weight of the feces as well as decrease in the accumulation of intestinal fluid and slower transit, justifying the traditional use of plant for diarrhea.

Congenital chloride diarrhea misdiagnosed as pseudo-Bartter syndrome.

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Saneian, Hossein; Bahraminia, Emad

2013-09-01

Congenital chloride diarrhea (CCD) is a rare autosomal recessive disease which is characterized by intractable diarrhea of infancy, failure to thrive, high fecal chloride, hypochloremia, hypokalemia, hyponatremia and metabolic alkalosis. In this case report, we present the first female and the second official case of CCD in Iran. A 15-month-old girl referred to our hospital due to failure to thrive and poor feeding. She had normal kidneys, liver and spleen. Treating her with Shohl's solution, thiazide and zinc sulfate did not result in weight gain. Consequently, pseudo-Bartter syndrome was suspected, she was treated with intravenous (IV) therapy to which she responded dramatically. In addition, hypokalemia resolved quickly. Since this does not usually happen in patients with the pseudo-Bartter syndrome, stool tests were performed. Abnormal level of chloride in stool suggested CCD and she was thus treated with IV fluid replacement, Total parentral nutrition and high dose of oral omeprazole (3 mg/kg/day). She gained 1 kg of weight and is doing fine until present. CCD is a rare hereditary cause of intractable diarrhea of infancy. It should be considered in infants with unknown severe electrolyte disturbances.

Chronic diarrhea caused by Blastocystis hominis and Cryptosporidium sp. in immunocompetent patient-a case report

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Andriyani, Y.; Rozi, M. F.; Saragih, R. H.; Darlan, D. M.

2018-03-01

Blastocystis hominis and Cryptosporidium sp. are commonly associated with immunocompromised patients. Severe clinical manifestation can be produced by this organism. It varies according to immune status, and subtype of this organism. Unfortunately, we found an immunocompetent patient with chronic diarrhea caused by this organism. A 38- year old male was admitted to Adam Malik General Hospital because of watery diarrhea since four days ago. Administration of fluid replacement was done to this patient, but the frequency of diarrhea did not decrease. Loperamide as anti-spasmodic was also given in each episode of diarrhea. Surprisingly, fecal smear examination revealed that this patient positive for Blastocystis hominis and Cryptosporidium sp. Thus, diarrhea was resolved for four days without giving any anti-parasitic drugs to the patient.

Meta-analysis of staphylococcal diarrhea in some developing African countries

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George P. Einstein

2017-06-01

Full Text Available Staphylococcal diarrhea is a common gastro-intestinal illness caused by poor water supply and unhygienic food preparation. Although, about 70% of diarrheal cases per year have been attributed to the consumption of contaminated foods, in Africa, few studies have reported the incidence of Staphylococcus-related diarrhea and the implicated virulence factors. We investigated the implications of common factors such as age of children, age of mothers, maternal level of education, gender of children, overall bacteria isolated, sanitary condition status and feeding type of mothers on the burden of staphylococcal diarrhea. A literature search was performed using Pubmed, Googlescholar, American society for microbiology (ASM journals and other sources. The quality of studies was assessed. Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI for the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus amongst other causes were extracted. For each study, a multivariate logistic regression analysis of the adjusted odds ratio was performed to identify the risk factors on the burden of staphylococcal diarrhea. Six case-control studies were included in the meta–analysis. Quality of individual studies rages from 0.57–0.84 (median, 0.69. meta-analysis gave pooled odds ratios 3.27 (95% CI; 2.88–4.17. The results identified inadequate sanitary conditions and type of feeding as major risk factors.

Assessment of chronic diarrhea in early infancy in Tehran Tertiary Care Center; Tehran-Iran

OpenAIRE

Farzaneh Motamed; Naheid Kazemi; Raheleh Nabavizadeh

2015-01-01

Introduction Chronic diarrhea of infancy is a heterogeneous syndrome that includes several diseases with different etiologies. The aim of this study was investigating chronic diarrhea, its etiologies, clinical features and outcomes in infancy.Materials and Methods Retrospective study investigating infants hospitalized in the gastroenterology department of Tehran tertiary care center.The main demographic data, etiology, characteristics of diarrhea, and outcome were evaluated. Data were analyze...

Acute Infantile Hemiplegia Associated with Ipsilateral Retinal ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

An 18-month-old patient with acute infantile hemiplegia, aphasia and ipsilateral retinal vascular occlusion, is described. The opthalmic findings suggest that the lesion was due to emboli originating from both internal carotid arteries, probably as a result of upper respiratory tract infection and otitis media. This report ...

Celiac Disease Presenting as Profound Diarrhea and Weight Loss - A Celiac Crisis.

Science.gov (United States)

Bul, Vadim; Sleesman, Brett; Boulay, Brian

2016-08-05

BACKGROUND Celiac disease is a hypersensitivity enteropathy that can have various presentations in adults. Rarely, patients can present with severe lab abnormalities, dehydration and weight loss caused by celiac disease - a celiac crisis. CASE REPORT A 46-year-old male with a past medical history significant for diabetes mellitus, type 2 (DM2) and recently treated Bell's Palsy presented to the emergency room complaining of weakness, diarrhea and lightheadedness. On presentation, the patient had a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 60 mm Hg and a lactic acidosis with pH of 7.28. Infectious etiologies of diarrhea were ruled out. The patient had an EGD which showed erythema of the duodenal bulb. Serum anti-gliadin and anti-TTG IgA were both elevated suggesting Celiac disease. Biopsies showed histopathology consistent with celiac disease. The patient's diarrhea resolved after initiation of a gluten free diet. He gained 25 kilograms after discharge and did not require further hospitalizations for diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS Celiac crisis is a very rare presentation of celiac disease in adults but nonetheless should be considered in patients with marked metabolic derangements in the setting of osmotic diarrhea. Treatment consists of a gluten free diet and may require management with steroids and total parenteral nutrition (TPN).

Infantile autism in children of immigrant parents. A population-based study from Göteborg, Sweden.

Science.gov (United States)

Gillberg, C; Steffenburg, S; Börjesson, B; Andersson, L

1987-06-01

A population-based study of infantile autism from western Sweden has been completed. Urban children with autism more often than age-matched children in the general population had immigrant parents from 'exotic' countries. No such trend was seen in rural children with infantile autism.

Mothers’ beliefs and barriers about childhood diarrhea and its management in Morang district, Nepal

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Ansari Mukhtar

2012-10-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background In developing countries, mothers usually manage diarrhea at home with the pattern of management depending on perceived disease severity and beliefs. The study was carried out with the objective of determining mothers’ beliefs and barriers about diarrhea and its management. Methods Qualitative methods involving two focus group discussions and eight in-depth interviews were used to collect the data. The study was conducted at the following places: Tankisinuwari, Kanchanbari and Pokhariya of Morang district, Nepal during the months of February and March 2010. Purposive sampling method was adopted to recruit twenty mothers based on the inclusion criteria. A semi-structured interview guide was used to conduct the interviews. Written informed consent was obtained from all of the participants before conducting the interviews. The interviews were moderated by the main researcher with the support of an expert observer from Nobel Medical College. The interviews were recorded with the permission of the participants and notes were written by a pre trained note-taker. The recordings were transcribed verbatim. All the transcribed data was categorized and analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results Twenty mothers participated in the interviews and most (80% of them were not educated. About 75% of the mothers had a monthly income of up to 5000 Nepalese rupees (US$ 60.92. Although a majority of mothers believed diarrhea to be due to natural causes, there were also beliefs about supernatural origin of diarrhea. Thin watery diarrhea was considered as the most serious. There was diversity in mothers’ beliefs about foods/fluids and diarrhea management approaches. Similarly, several barriers were noted regarding diarrhea prevention and/or management such as financial weakness, lack of awareness, absence of education, distance from healthcare facilities and senior family members at home. The elderly compelled the mothers to visit

[Effect of glutamine on small intestinal repair in weanling rats after chronic diarrhea].

Science.gov (United States)

Huang, Zu-xiong; Ye, Li-yan; Zheng, Zhi-yong; Chen, Xin-min; Ren, Rong-na; Tong, Guo-yuan

2005-05-01

To investigate the nutrient effect of glutamine on small intestinal repair in weanling rats after chronic diarrhea. Forty 21-day-old wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (8 in each). Animal model of chronic diarrhea was induced by a lactose enriched diet in the weanling Wistar rat, normal control group was fed with a standard semipurified diet, and after 14 days the rats in both groups were killed to test the establishment of the model. After the establishment of the model, the other groups were fed with the standard semipurified diet to recover for 7 days, and were randomly divided into three groups: non-intervention group, glutamine (Gln)-intervention group and control group. Glutamine concentrations in blood was detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Morphological changes including villus height and villus surface area of the jejunum were measured under a light microscope and electron microscope, expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) as an index of cell proliferation was observed using immunohistochemical staining and image analysis. The diarrhea rate in model group was 100 percent, average diarrhea index was 1.16 +/- 0.06, but both diarrhea rate and average diarrhea index in control group were 0 (P body weight, plasma Gln concentration, villus height, villus surface area and expression of PCNA in non-intervened group compared with the control group (P body weight, villus height and villus surface area in Gln-intervened group compared with control group (P 0.05). And compared with non-intervened group, except for body weight (P > 0.05), plasma glutamine, villus height, villus surface area and expression of PCNA were all significantly increased in Gln-intervened group. Chronic diarrhea can induce malnutrition and reduce the villus height, villus surface area, expression of PCNA and plasm glutamine concentration. Oral glutamine could improve the proliferation of crypt cell and promote repair of intestinal mucosa

Enteric bacterial pathogens in children with diarrhea in Niger: diversity and antimicrobial resistance.

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Céline Langendorf

Full Text Available Although rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea among children in sub-Saharan Africa, better knowledge of circulating enteric pathogenic bacteria and their antimicrobial resistance is crucial for prevention and treatment strategies.As a part of rotavirus gastroenteritis surveillance in Maradi, Niger, we performed stool culture on a sub-population of children under 5 with moderate-to-severe diarrhea between April 2010 and March 2012. Campylobacter, Shigella and Salmonella were sought with conventional culture and biochemical methods. Shigella and Salmonella were serotyped by slide agglutination. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC were screened by slide agglutination with EPEC O-typing antisera and confirmed by detection of virulence genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion. We enrolled 4020 children, including 230 with bloody diarrhea. At least one pathogenic bacterium was found in 28.0% of children with watery diarrhea and 42.2% with bloody diarrhea. Mixed infections were found in 10.3% of children. EPEC, Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. were similarly frequent in children with watery diarrhea (11.1%, 9.2% and 11.4% respectively and Shigella spp. were the most frequent among children with bloody diarrhea (22.1%. The most frequent Shigella serogroup was S. flexneri (69/122, 56.5%. The most frequent Salmonella serotypes were Typhimurimum (71/355, 20.0%, Enteritidis (56/355, 15.8% and Corvallis (46/355, 13.0%. The majority of putative EPEC isolates was confirmed to be EPEC (90/111, 81.1%. More than half of all Enterobacteriaceae were resistant to amoxicillin and co-trimoxazole. Around 13% (46/360 Salmonella exhibited an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase phenotype.This study provides updated information on enteric bacteria diversity and antibiotic resistance in the Sahel region, where such data are scarce. Whether they are or not the causative agent of diarrhea, bacterial infections and their antibiotic

Natural History of Infantile GM2 Gangliosidosis

Science.gov (United States)

Bley, Annette E.; Giannikopoulos, Ourania A.; Hayden, Doug; Kubilus, Kim; Tifft, Cynthia J.

2011-01-01

OBJECTIVE: GM2 gangliosidoses are caused by an inherited deficiency of lysosomal β-hexosaminidase and result in ganglioside accumulation in the brain. Onset during infancy leads to rapid neurodegeneration and death before 4 years of age. We set out to quantify the rate of functional decline in infantile GM2 gangliosidosis on the basis of patient surveys and a comprehensive review of existing literature. METHODS: Patients with infantile GM2 gangliosidosis (N = 237) were surveyed via questionnaire by the National Tay Sachs & Allied Diseases Association (NTSAD). These data were supplemented by survival data from the NTSAD database and a literature survey. Detailed retrospective surveys from 97 patients were available. Five patients who had received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were evaluated separately. The mortality rate of the remaining 92 patients was comparable to that of the 103 patients from the NTSAD database and 121 patients reported in the literature. RESULTS: Common symptoms at onset were developmental arrest (83%), startling (65%), and hypotonia (60%). All 55 patients who had learned to sit without support lost that ability within 1 year. Individual functional measures correlated with each other but not with survival. Gastric tube placement was associated with prolonged survival. Tay Sachs and Sandhoff variants did not differ. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was not associated with prolonged survival. CONCLUSIONS: We studied the timing of regression in 97 cases of infantile GM2 gangliosidosis and conclude that clinical disease progression does not correlate with survival, likely because of the impact of improved supportive care over time. However, functional measures are quantifiable and can inform power calculations and study design of future interventions. PMID:22025593

El conducto de Serres: alta prevalencia en mandíbulas infantiles

OpenAIRE

Hernández Huaripaucar, Edgar; Hernández, Liliana Gisela

2011-01-01

Objetivo. Conocer algunas características anátomo-topográficas del conducto de Serres y su prevalencia en mandíbulas infantiles, adultas y seniles. Material y método. La muestra estuvo constituida por 45 mandíbulas infantiles, adultas y seniles que presentaron o no el conducto de Serres, provenientes del anfiteatro de Anatomía de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad San Luís Gonzaga de Ica. La hipótesis operativa plantea que las características del conducto de Serres estudiad...

La mortalidad infantil y la mortalidad materna en el siglo XXI

OpenAIRE

Aguirre, Alejandro

2009-01-01

La mortalidad infantil y la mortalidad materna han sido reducidas de manera sustancial en los países desarrollados, por lo cual en esas naciones la mortalidad tiende a concentrarse en las edades avanzadas de las poblaciones. Sin embargo, en países como México no está ocurriendo un avance relevante en la disminución de la mortalidad infantil y materna, pues a pesar de los notables progresos conseguidos en ese sentido durante las décadas recientes, para seguir avanzando se requieren fuertes inv...

Instrumentos para avaliação de apraxia de fala infantil

OpenAIRE

Gubiani, Marileda Barichello; Pagliarin, Karina Carlesso; Keske-Soares, Marcia

2015-01-01

RESUMO Objetivo: Revisar sistematicamente na literatura os principais instrumentos utilizados para avaliação da apraxia de fala infantil. Estratégia de pesquisa: Realizou-se busca nas bases Scopus, PubMed e Embase Critérios de seleção: Foram selecionados estudos empíricos que utilizaram instrumentos de avaliação da apraxia de fala infantil. Análise dos dados: A seleção dos artigos foi realizada por dois pesquisadores independentes. Resultados: Foram encontrados 695 resumos. Após a l...

Caracterización neuropsicológica de una población infantil urbana a través de la Evaluación Neuropsicológica Infantil Puebla-Sevilla

OpenAIRE

Yulia Solovieva; Deyanira Loredo; Luis Quintanar; Emelia Lázaro

2013-01-01

Objetivo. Recientemente se han desarrollado instrumentos de evaluación en la Neuropsicología infantil, sin embargo, se requiere continuar las investigaciones intentando combinar las posibilidades del análisis observacional y cuantitativo de los resultados. Es necesario precisar las características de ejecución con base en parámetros como edad, escolaridad, procedencia de las poblaciones infantiles. El objetivo del artículo es caracterizar los tipos de ejecuciones de niños mexicanos preescolar...

Author Details

African Journals Online (AJOL)

2009) - Articles Asthme Infantile: Les facteurs de risque modifiables. Abstract PDF · Vol 7, No 1 (2010) - Articles Current approach in the management of diarrhea in children: from theory and research to practice and pragmatism. Abstract PDF.

The Effect of Probiotics on Diarrhea in Children with Severe Acute Malnutrition

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Grenov, Benedikte

with diarrhea and dehydration during hospitalization. In addition the association between days with diarrhea as well as dehydration and mortality during hospitalization were assessed. Results The study children had a mean age of 17.0 months, 58% were boys, 66% had edematous malnutrition and 14% were HIV...

Democratic Administration and Family Participation in the Extent of the Infantile Education

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Bianca Cristina Côrrea

2007-06-01

Full Text Available The present work presents reflections concerning democratic administration and family participation in the infantile education that were part of my Dissertation of Master's degree. The main objective of the research was to observe existent practices or potentials of participation of the families in the infantile education. The work incuded as the bibliographical research as field research, this last one accomplished along one year in municipal school of infantile education (EMEI in the city of São Paulo that assists children from 4 to 6 years. The results of the research indicated that, although there was effort on the part of the professionals of the school in accomplishing a quality work to involve the participation of the families, also counted with institutionalized mechanisms of participation and adopted other actions to promote it, it lacked speakers to discuss its practice heading to the wanted objectives.

Preventive Effect of Residential Green Space on Infantile Atopic Dermatitis Associated with Prenatal Air Pollution Exposure.

Science.gov (United States)

Lee, Ji-Young; Lamichhane, Dirga Kumar; Lee, Myeongjee; Ye, Shinhee; Kwon, Jung-Hyun; Park, Myung-Sook; Kim, Hwan-Cheol; Leem, Jong-Han; Hong, Yun-Chul; Kim, Yangho; Ha, Mina; Ha, Eunhee

2018-01-09

Few birth cohort studies have examined the role of traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) in the development of infantile atopic dermatitis (AD), but none have investigated the role of preventive factors such as green spaces. The aim of this study was to investigate whether exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of Health study. Subjects were geocoded to their residential addresses and matched with air pollution data modeled using land-use regression. Information on infantile AD was obtained by using a questionnaire administered to the parents or guardians of the children. The association between infantile AD and exposure to NO₂ and PM 10 was determined using logistic regression models. We assessed the effects of residential green spaces using stratified analyses and by entering product terms into the logistic regression models. The risk of infantile AD significantly increased with an increase in air pollution exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were 1.219 (1.023-1.452) per 10 μg/m³ increase in PM 10 and 1.353 (1.027-1.782) per 10 ppb increase in NO₂. An increase in the green space within 200 m of residence was associated with a decreased risk of AD (OR = 0.996, 95% CI: 0.993-0.999). The stratified analysis of residential green space revealed stronger associations between infantile AD and PM 10 and NO₂ exposure during the first trimester in the areas in the lower tertiles of green space. This study indicated that exposure to TRAP during the first trimester of pregnancy is associated with infantile AD. Less residential green space may intensify the association between TRAP exposure and infantile AD.

Development and validation of a patient-reported questionnaire assessing systemic therapy induced diarrhea in oncology patients.

Science.gov (United States)

Lui, Michelle; Gallo-Hershberg, Daniela; DeAngelis, Carlo

2017-12-22

Systemic therapy-induced diarrhea (STID) is a common side effect experienced by more than half of cancer patients. Despite STID-associated complications and poorer quality of life (QoL), no validated assessment tools exist to accurately assess STID occurrence and severity to guide clinical management. Therefore, we developed and validated a patient-reported questionnaire (STIDAT). The STIDAT was developed using the FDA iterative process for patient-reported outcomes. A literature search uncovered potential items and questions for questionnaire construction used by oncology clinicians to develop questions for the preliminary instrument. The instrument was evaluated on its face validity and content validity by patient interviews. Repetitive, similar and different themes uncovered from patient interviews were implemented to revise the instrument to the version used for validation. Patients starting high-risk STID treatments were monitored using the STIDAT, bowel diaries and EORTC QLQ-C30. The STIDAT was evaluated for construct validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using minimal residual method with Promax rotation, reliability and consistency. A weighted scoring system was developed and a receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve evaluated the tool's ability to detect STID occurrence. Median scores and variability were analysed to determine how well it differentiates between diarrhea severities. A post-hoc analysis determined how diarrhea severity impacted QoL of cancer patients. Patients defined diarrhea based on presence of watery stool. The STIDAT assessed patient's perception of having diarrhea, daily number of bowel movements, daily number of diarrhea episodes, antidiarrheal medication use, the presence of urgency, abdominal pain, abdominal spasms or fecal incontinence, patient's perception of diarrhea severity, and QoL. These dimensions were sorted into four clusters using EFA - patient's perception of diarrhea, frequency of diarrhea, fecal

Evaluation of home-made teas efficiency from medicinal plants used on childish diarrhea treatment; Avaliacao da eficacia de chas caseiros de plantas medicinais utilizados no tratamento da diarreia infantil

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pinto, Magda Moreira; Silva, Maria Jose de Sousa Ferreira da [Minas Gerais Univ., Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil). Dept. de Quimica; Vilhena Schayer Sabino, Claudia de; Amaral, Angela Maria [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil)

1996-03-01

The objective of this work is to verify whether the home-made teas form Brazilian plants, used for control of childish diarrhea have been efficient reaching the composition recommended by World Health Organizations (WHO). This work has been carried out using the neutron activation analysis and the TRIGA MARK I reactor, the IPR-R1, in the Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear - CDTN. (author). 4 refs., 2 tabs.

A reliable, practical, and economical protocol for inducing diarrhea and severe dehydration in the neonatal calf.

Science.gov (United States)

Walker, P G; Constable, P D; Morin, D E; Drackley, J K; Foreman, J H; Thurmon, J C

1998-07-01

Fifteen healthy, colostrum-fed, male dairy calves, aged 2 to 7 d were used in a study to develop a diarrhea protocol for neonatal calves that is reliable, practical, and economical. After instrumentation and recording baseline data, diarrhea and dehydration were induced by administering milk replacer [16.5 mL/kg of body weight (BW), PO], sucrose (2 g/kg in a 20% aqueous solution, p.o.), spironolactone and hydrochlorothiazide (1 mg/kg, PO) every 8 h, and furosemide (2 mg/kg, i.m., q6h). Calves were administered sucrose and diuretic agents for 48 h to induce diarrhea and severe dehydration. Clinical changes after 48 h were severe watery diarrhea, severe depression, and marked dehydration (mean, 14% BW loss). Cardiac output, stroke volume, mean central venous pressure, plasma volume, thiocyanate space, blood pH and bicarbonate concentration, base excess, serum chloride concentration, and fetlock temperature were decreased. Plasma lactate concentration, hematocrit, and serum potassium, creatinine, phosphorus, total protein and albumin concentrations were increased. This non-infectious calf diarrhea protocol has a 100% response rate, while providing a consistent and predictable hypovolemic state with diarrhea that reflects most of the clinicopathologic changes observed in osmotic/maldigestive diarrhea caused by infection with rotavirus, coronavirus or cryptosporidia. Limitations of the protocol, when compared to infectious diarrhea models, include failure to induce a severe metabolic acidosis, absence of hyponatremia, renal instead of enteric loss of chloride, renal as well as enteric loss of free water, absence of profound clinical depression and suspected differences in the morphologic and functional effect on intestinal epithelium. Despite these differences, the sucrose/diuretic protocol should be useful in the initial screening of new treatment modalities for calf diarrhea. To confirm their efficacy, the most effective treatment methods should then be examined in

Effect of gum arabic in an oral rehydration solution on recovery from diarrhea in rats.

Science.gov (United States)

Teichberg, S; Wingertzahn, M A; Moyse, J; Wapnir, R A

1999-10-01

It has been shown that gum arabic, a soluble fiber, enhances water, electrolyte, and glucose absorption from oral rehydration solutions in jejunal perfusion of healthy rats and in animals with theophylline-induced secretion or chronic osmotic-secretory diarrhea. This report concerns a study of the effectiveness of an oral rehydration solution supplemented with gum arabic, during recovery from chronic osmotic secretory diarrhea in free-living rats. Chronic diarrhea was induced in 60- to 80-g juvenile rats by providing a magnesium citrate-phenolphthalein solution as the sole fluid source for 7 days. This led to diarrhea characterized by dehydration, soft stools, increased cecal volume, decreased food and fluid intake and failure to gain weight. After 7 days of diarrhea, rats recovered for 24 hours with either tap water or an oral rehydration solution (90 mM Na, 111 mM glucose, 20 mM K, 80 mM chloride, 20 mM citrate) with or without 2.5 g/l gum arabic. Although all three solutions improved the diarrhea, optimal recovery from diarrhea was achieved with the gum arabic-supplemented oral rehydration solution. After 4 hours and 24 hours, rats drinking the gum arabic-supplemented solution gained more weight and had lower fecal output than rats receiving water or the rehydration solution without gum arabic. All three solutions normalized plasma osmolality after 24 hours. The positive effects of the gum arabic-supplemented rehydration solution on fluid and electrolyte absorption seen during jejunal perfusion also occurred during recovery from chronic osmotic secretory diarrhea, when free-living animals drank the solution ad libitum.

[A prospective control study of Saccharomyces boulardii in prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in the older inpatients].

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, D M; Xu, B B; Yu, L; Zheng, L F; Chen, L P; Wang, W

2017-06-01

Objective: To study the value of Saccharomyces boulardii for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in older inpatients. Methods: A total of 163 older patients who were treated with wide-spectrum antibiotics at least three days during January 2014 to December 2015 were randomly divided into control and study group. In study group, 81 patients were administrated with oral Saccharomyces boulardii 500 mg twice a day for 21 days. The control group was of no intervention. Morbidity rate of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile -associated diarrhea, frequency and duration of diarrhea were recorded. Results: The incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in study group was significantly lower than that in control group [14.8%(12/81) vs 28.0%(23/82), P 0.05] in two groups. The frequency and duration of diarrhea in the study group were significantly lower and shorter than those in control group[(4.3±1.7) times/day vs (6.9±2.0) times/day; (3.0±1.1) days vs (5.7±1.8) days, both P Saccharomyces boulardii may reduce the incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea therefore improving the symptom of diarrhea in older inpatients.

Epidemiology and vaccine of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in China: a mini-review.

Science.gov (United States)

Sun, Dongbo; Wang, Xinyu; Wei, Shan; Chen, Jianfei; Feng, Li

2016-03-01

Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is an intestinal infectious disease caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV); manifestations of the disease are diarrhea, vomiting and dehydration. Starting from the end of 2010, a PED outbreak occurred in several pig-producing provinces in southern China. Subsequently, the disease spread throughout the country and caused enormous economic losses to the pork industry. Accumulating studies demonstrated that new PEDV variants that appeared in China were responsible for the PED outbreak. In the current mini-review, we summarize PEDV epidemiology and vaccination in China.

An uncommon cause of unexplained nonbloody diarrhea: When mind knows eyes may see

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Hemanta Kumar Nayak

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Collagenous colitis (CC is characterized by chronic secretory diarrhea with the apparently normal gross appearance of the colonic mucosa. A biopsy is usually diagnostic. The symptoms of CC appear most commonly in the elderly. In CC, the major microscopic characteristic is a thickened collagen layer beneath the colonic mucosa. The reported case represents unexplained nonbloody diarrhea of a systemic lupus erythematosus patient, on extensive evaluation found to have CC. This case highlights the importance of considering a rare possibility of CC as a differential in a patient of unexplained nonbloody diarrhea.

Trabajo infantil, pobreza y desarrollo local en el municipio de Buenaventura. Un estudio de caso

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Oscar Jehiny Larrahondo Ramos

2010-01-01

Full Text Available El presente texto es el resultado del estudio denominado “Trabajo infantil y factores de vulnerabilidad en Buenaventura”, el cual describe y perfila algunas consideraciones sobre el trabajo infantil y su relación con la pobreza y el Desarrollo Local en el municipio de Buenaventura en el año 2010, a partir de cinco espacios de interrelación laboral en los que se presenta la problemática. Aquí, se muestran algunas definiciones conceptuales pertinentes sobre el Trabajo Infantil y la Pobreza, al igual que una serie de hallazgos, al mismo tiempo que un conjunto de recomendaciones o conclusiones al respecto.

Análisis de hábitos de alimentación y actividad física en educación infantil. Propuesta educativa para prevenir la obesidad infantil en alumnos de 5-6 años

OpenAIRE

Reverte-García, Soledad

2013-01-01

La obesidad infantil está considerada una grave epidemia que atenta contra la salud de los niños en países desarrollados. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es prevenir la obesidad infantil desde el ámbito educativo en el segundo ciclo de educación infantil. Para ello hemos analizado el estado nutricional y el grado de actividad física de una muestra de alumnos de 5-6 años mediante la elaboración de un cuestionario específico, y a partir de los resultados obtenidos se ha desarrollado...

A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Association Between Giardia lamblia and Endemic Pediatric Diarrhea in Developing Countries

Science.gov (United States)

Muhsen, Khitam; Levine, Myron M.

2012-01-01

We performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis examining the association between diarrhea in young children in nonindustrialized settings and Giardia lamblia infection. Eligible were case/control and longitudinal studies that defined the outcome as acute or persistent (>14 days) diarrhea, adjusted for confounders and lasting for at least 1 year. Data on G. lamblia detection (mainly in stools) from diarrhea patients and controls without diarrhea were abstracted. Random effects model meta-analysis obtained pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Twelve nonindustrialized-setting acute pediatric diarrhea studies met the meta-analysis inclusion criteria. Random-effects model meta-analysis of combined results (9774 acute diarrhea cases and 8766 controls) yielded a pooled OR of 0.60 (95% CI, .38–.94; P = .03), indicating that G. lamblia was not associated with acute diarrhea. However, limited data suggest that initial Giardia infections in early infancy may be positively associated with diarrhea. Meta-analysis of 5 persistent diarrhea studies showed a pooled OR of 3.18 (95% CI, 1.50–6.76; P diarrhea in children in developing countries. PMID:23169940

The early electroclinical manifestations of infantile spasms: A video EEG study

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Mary Iype

2016-01-01

Full Text Available Purpose: Infantile spasms are described as flexor extensor and mixed; but more features of their semiology and ictal electroencephalography (EEG changes are sparse in the literature. The purpose of the study was to describe the clinical and ictal video-EEG characteristics of consecutive cases with infantile spasms and to try to find an association with the etiology. Materials and Methods: The clinical phenomenology and EEG characteristics on video-EEG were analyzed in 16 babies with infantile spasms. Results: A total of 869 spasms were reviewed. Nine (56.3% showed focal seizures at least once during the recording and 1 (6.3% had multifocal myoclonus in addition to the spasms. The duration of the cluster and interval between spasms was totally variable in all patients. Lateralizing phenomena were present in at least some of the spasms in all patients. Unilateral manual automatism in the form of holding the pinna was noted in three patients following the spasm. The ictal EEG activity in the majority (75% was the slow wave. Four (25% showed fast generalized spindle-like ictal discharges. Spikes, spike and wave activity, or electrodecremental pattern alone during the ictus was seen in none. On bivariate analysis, no factor noted on the video EEG had association with the etiology. Conclusion: Infantile spasms could be associated with focal and other seizures, has unique, non-uniform and variable semiology from patient to patient. The ictal EEG manifestation in the majority (75% of our patients was the slow wave transient with 25% showing generalized fast spindle-like activity.

Factores de riesgo del maltrato y abandono infantil desde una perspectiva multicausal

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Cristina GONZÁLEZ-MURIEL LÓPEZ

2009-11-01

Full Text Available RESUMEN: En este artículo se expone la evolución de los diferentes modelos que han tratado de ofrecer una explicación del maltrato y abandono infantil, modelos que en un principio se basaban en una perspectiva unicausal. Actualmente, el maltrato infantil se encuadra en un marco teórico multicausal; desde este enfoque, se proporciona un análisis de aquellos factores ambientales, familiares e individuales, que se consideran importantes en la explicación del maltrato y abandono infantil intrafamiliar.SUMMARY: In this report is exposed the evolution of the different models which have tried to offer an explanation to the phenomenon of the abuse and children's neglect, models that at first were based in an unicausal perspective. Nowadays, the children's abuse is inserted in a theorical multicausal setting; from this aproach, it is provided an analysis of those familiar, individual and surrounding factors which are considered important in the explanation of abuse and intrafamiliar children's neglect.

CT study of infantile cerebral vitamin B1 deficiency (analysis of 22 cases)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Liu Bin; Xi Meifang; Wang Mengding; Wang Chaoxiu

1998-01-01

Purpose: To study the CT features of infantile cerebral vitamin B 1 deficiency. Methods: The authors retrospectively reviewed the clinical manifestations and CT findings of 22 cases of infantile vitamin B 1 deficiency. Results: The main clinical signs were seizure malaise dullness and vomiting. CT scans showed bilateral symmetrical hypodense foci in lenticular nucleus (20/22), head of caudate nucleus (15/22), thalamus (3/22), anterior limb of internal capsule (4/22), external capsule (1/22) and para-ventricle white matter (2/22), and in many cases, signs of cerebral atrophy. 22 cases received thiamine treatment and were fully recovered. Conclusion: The authors concluded that bilateral symmetric hypodense foci in lenticular nucleus thalamus, head of caudate nucleus, anterior limb of internal capsule, external capsule and para-ventricle white matter were important CT signs suggestive of infantile cerebral vitamin B 1 deficiency

Prevalence and risk factors for infantile colic in District Mansehra

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fazil, M.

2011-01-01

Objective: Infantile colic is a common problem among infants age 3 days to 3 months. It may affect parental feelings negatively and the parents may undertake all kinds of actions to stop excessive crying. The objective of this study was to assess the incidence of infantile colic and its risk factors in infants born in District Mansehra. Methods: In this prospective study, all those newborn babies were included who were born at King Abdullah Teaching Hospital Mansehra between January 1 2008 and March 31, 2008, and those newborn babies who were brought to children OPD for routine check-up and EPI centre for vaccination of this hospital during this time period. For every infant, gender, mode of delivery, gestational age at birth, birth weight, birth order, and mother's reproductive history were collected. These babies were seen at least once in a week up to 12 weeks and history from the mothers about the duration of crying and fussiness behaviour was recorded. At the end of 3 months the infants were again assessed and additional information on infant nutritional source was obtained and any medication used for colic relief was identified. Cases of colic were identified by applying Wessel criteria to recorded data. Chi-square tests were used. Results: From total 512 infants, follow-up was completed for 426 infants. In total, 90 infants (21.77%) satisfied the Wessel criteria for infantile colic. No statistical significance was found between colicky and non-colicky infants according to sex, gestational age at birth, birth weight, type of delivery, and, infant's feeding pattern. However, firstborn infants had higher rate for developing colic (p=0.03). Conclusion: Prevalence of colic was 21.77% in this infant population of District Mansehra. Except for birth order, no other variable was significantly associated with infantile colic. (author)

Prevalencia de depresión infantil en colegios oficiales de Barranquilla

OpenAIRE

Daniella Abello Luque; Omar Fernando Cortés Peña; Ornella Barros Vanegas; Silvia Mercado Osorio; Dadiana Solano Lamadrid

2014-01-01

El presente artículo tiene como finalidad descri- bir la prevalencia de sintomatología de depresión Infantil en niños y niñas. Para esto se llevó a cabo un muestreo aleatorio simple, en el que se empleó como muestra un total de 178 estudiantes de 4° a 6° pertenecientes a colegios oficiales de la ciudad de Barranquilla. Además como instrumento se empleó el Inventario de Depresión Infantil CDI de Kovacks (1992) en su versión en español. Los resultados arrojaron un 15.73...

El testimonio infantil ante el abuso sexual

OpenAIRE

Vera Temiño, Alba

2012-01-01

Se aborda la problemática de la evaluación del testimonio infantil en los casos de abuso sexual. Se hace un recorrido por las dificultades que plantea este tipo de análisis y se profundiza en las herramientas forenses que la psicología ha creado para su investigación

Estimativas da prevalencia de desnutricao infantil nos municipios brasileiros em 2006

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Maria Helena D'Aquino Benicio

2013-06-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência da desnutrição infantil para os municípios brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se modelo de regressão logística multinível para estimar a probabilidade individual de desnutrição em 5.507 municípios brasileiros em 2006, em função de fatores preditivos agrupados segundo níveis hierárquicos. A variável resposta foi a desnutrição infantil (crianças de seis a 59 meses com estatura para idade e sexo inferior a -2 escores Z, segundo o padrão da Organização Mundial da Saúde. As variáveis preditivas foram determinantes da desnutrição aferidos de forma semelhante pela Pesquisa Nacional sobre Demografia e Saúde-2006 e pela Amostra do Censo de 2000. No nível 1 (individual: sexo e idade; no nível 2 (domiciliar: variáveis socioeconômicas, água com canalização interna, área urbana ou rural; e no nível 3 (municipal: localização do município e cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família em 2006. RESULTADOS: Detectou-se elevação estatisticamente significativa da chance de desnutrição nas crianças do sexo masculino, que moravam em domicílios com duas ou mais pessoas por cômodo, pertencentes aos quintos inferiores do escore socioeconômico, com três ou mais crianças 70% mostrou redução de 45% na chance de desnutrição infantil. Estimativas da prevalência de desnutrição infantil mostraram que a maioria dos municípios estudados apresentou risco de desnutrição sob controle, muito baixo ou baixo. Riscos de maior magnitude foram encontrados em 158 dos municípios, na Região Norte. CONCLUSÕES: A desnutrição infantil como problema de saúde pública concentra-se nos municípios da Região Norte do País, onde a cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família é mais baixa. Detectou-se efeito de proteção da Estratégia Saúde da Família em relação à desnutrição infantil no País como um todo, independentemente de outros determinantes do problema.

La literatura infantil como medio de prevención del abuso sexual infantil

OpenAIRE

San Emeterio Herrería, Paula

2016-01-01

RESUMEN: El maltrato infantil y, especialmente, el abuso sexual a menores, es un fenómeno que siempre ha estado presente y, quizás, hoy en día se detecta en mayor medida, aunque no lo suficiente. La trascendencia de tratar este tema y formular métodos de prevención no solo recae en el número de niños y adolescentes que pueden verse afectados, si no, también, en la dificultad de su detección, así como, en la gravedad de sus consecuencias. Existen abundantes recursos y programas para prevenir e...

Disposal of children's stools and its association with childhood diarrhea in India.

Science.gov (United States)

Bawankule, Rahul; Singh, Abhishek; Kumar, Kaushalendra; Pedgaonkar, Sarang

2017-01-05

Children's stool disposal is often overlooked in sanitation programs of any country. Unsafe disposal of children's stool makes children susceptible to many diseases that transmit through faecal-oral route. Therefore, the study aims to examine the magnitude of unsafe disposal of children's stools in India, the factors associated with it and finally its association with childhood diarrhea. Data from the third round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) conducted in 2005-06 is used to carry out the analysis. The binary logistic regression model is used to examine the factors associated with unsafe disposal of children's stool. Binary logistic regression is also used to examine the association between unsafe disposal of children's stool and childhood diarrhea. Overall, stools of 79% of children in India were disposed of unsafely. The urban-rural gap in the unsafe disposal of children's stool was wide. Mother's illiteracy and lack of exposure to media, the age of the child, religion and caste/tribe of the household head, wealth index, access to toilet facility and urban-rural residence were statistically associated with unsafe disposal of stool. The odds of diarrhea in children whose stools were disposed of unsafely was estimated to be 11% higher (95% CI: 1.01-1.21) than that of children whose stools were disposed of safely. An increase in the unsafe disposal of children's stool in the community also increased the risk of diarrhea in children. We found significant statistical association between children's stool disposal and diarrhea. Therefore, gains in reduction of childhood diarrhea can be achieved in India through the complete elimination of unsafe disposal of children's stools. The sanitation programmes currently being run in India must also focus on safe disposal of children's stool.

Role of colonic short-chain fatty acid transport in diarrhea.

Science.gov (United States)

Binder, Henry J

2010-01-01

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are the major anion in stool and are synthesized from nonabsorbed carbohydrate by the colonic microbiota. Nonabsorbed carbohydrate are not absorbed in the colon and induce an osmotically mediated diarrhea; in contrast, SCFA are absorbed by colonic epithelial cells and stimulate Na-dependent fluid absorption via a cyclic AMP-independent process involving apical membrane Na-H, SCFA-HCO(3), and Cl-SCFA exchanges. SCFA production represents an adaptive process to conserve calories, fluid, and electrolytes. Inhibition of SCFA synthesis by antibiotics and administration of PEG, a substance that is not metabolized by colonic microbiota, both result in diarrhea. In contrast, increased production of SCFA as a result of providing starch that is relatively resistant to amylase digestion [so-called resistant starch (RS)] to oral rehydration solution (RS-ORS) improves the efficacy of ORS and represents an important approach to improve the effectiveness of ORS in the treatment of acute diarrhea in children under five years of age.

Congenital (infantile) pseudarthrosis of the fibula associated with osteofibrous dysplasia

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hisaoka, Masanori; Hashimoto, Hiroshi; Ohguri, Takayuki; Aoki, Takatoshi; Okamoto, Sumika; Ishida, Tsuyoshi; Tanaka, Hidetoshi; Okimoto, Nobukazu; Nakamura, Toshitaka

2004-01-01

We describe a recently noted association of congenital (infantile) pseudarthrosis of the lower leg with osteofibrous dysplasia. The patient was a 2-year-old boy who presented with a deformed left ankle joint and three cutaneous cafe-au-lait spots. Radiography demonstrated pseudarthrosis of the left distal fibula and a round lucent lesion adjacent to the proximal part of the pseudarthrosis. Histologically, the surgically removed fibula with pseudarthrosis showed a fibromatosis-like fibrovascular proliferation and nonspecific reparative changes. The focal lucent area demonstrated a fibro-osseous lesion, which was histologically identical to osteofibrous dysplasia. This case provides further evidence that osteofibrous dysplasia may be associated with congenital (infantile) pseudarthrosis of the lower leg. (orig.)

First trimester nicotine exposure and the risk of infantile colic

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Milidou, Ioanna; Henriksen, Tine Brink; Jensen, Morten Søndergaard

Background: Although prenatal exposure to maternal smoking has been associated with infantile colic (IC), to date no published studies have reported on the relationship between the prenatal use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and IC. Aim: We aimed to assess the relationship between fetal...... exposure to nicotine, coming from both cigarette smoking and use of NRT early in pregnancy, and IC. Methods: The study population consisted of 63,883 pregnancies that resulted in live born singletons enrolled in the Danish National Birth Cohort between 1997 and 2002. Mother’s smoking habits and use of NRT......: The results indicate that prenatal exposure to nicotine from any source during the first trimester of the pregnancy increases the risk of infantile colic....

Gestão da educação infantil nas políticas municipais

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Sonia Kramer

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Este artículo presenta una investigación sobre políticas públicas y gestión de Educación Infantil. Se centra en las encuestas con profesionales responsables por la educación para niños en veinticuatro departamentos municipales de educación. Después de presentar el referencial teórico-metodólogico, la concepción de entrevista y como se há desarrollado, el artículo describe el contexto de la investigación, el perfil de los encuestados y analiza los principales resultados en cuanto a: gestión y extensión de atención; condiciones (recursos financieros, materiales y espacio; continuidad política; organización y operación de los departamentos municipales de educación; relaciones entre departamentos e instituciones; gestión de la propuesta pedagógica; acceso a la educación infantil; lugar social da educación infantil; profesionales de educación infantil, condiciones de trabajo y formación. En la última parte, sistematiza conclusiones y prioridades para políticas públicas.

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea and the older dental patient: how do dentists respond?

Science.gov (United States)

Zwetchkenbaum, Samuel R; Overbeck, Kevin J; Pomerantz, Sherry C

2015-01-01

Gastrointestinal complications from antibiotic use, including Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), can have significant morbidity, especially among older patients. This descriptive study surveyed dentists to find out how they would respond to a patient with signs indicating potential CDI. A survey on prescribing medications for older patients was mailed to 1,000 dentists in New Jersey. Questions were asked regarding antibiotic selection, probiotic use, and approach to a patient scenario of diarrhea after antibiotic use. Respondents chose amoxicillin most frequently as an antibiotic, and clindamycin if penicillin allergy. When informed their patients had diarrhea, 64.5% advised them to stop the antibiotic. If the patient continued to have diarrhea on follow-up, 75.5% contacted the patient's physician. Most (61.6%) do not prescribe probiotics prophylactically. Most dentists respond appropriately to antibiotic-associated diarrhea in advising to stop the antibiotic, and seeking physician involvement if no improvement, but there are still many who make recommendations that could delay appropriate care. Dentists may wish to learn more about benefits of probiotics. © 2015 Special Care Dentistry Association and Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Suppressive effect of cellulose on osmotic diarrhea caused by maltitol in healthy female subjects.

Science.gov (United States)

Oku, Tsuneyuki; Hongo, Ryoko; Nakamura, Sadako

2008-08-01

Using a single-group time-series design, we determined that osmotic diarrhea caused by maltitol ingestion was suppressed by the addition of not only soluble but also insoluble dietary fiber in healthy humans. We then clarified that cellulose delayed gastric emptying in rats. Twenty-seven healthy volunteers ingested maltitol step-wise at doses of 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 g from small to large amounts. Within that range of ingested amounts, 22 out of 27 subjects experienced osmotic diarrhea from maltitol ingestion, and the minimal dose level of maltitol that induced osmotic diarrhea (MMD) was established for each subject. When 5 g of cellulose was added to the MMD, osmotic diarrhea was suppressed in 13 out of 19 subjects (68.4%), while partially hydrolyzed alginate-Na (PHA-Na), a soluble dietary fiber, suppressed osmotic diarrhea in 10 out of 20 subjects (50.0%). When a mixed solution of cellulose and maltitol was administered to rats, the gastric emptying of maltitol was significantly delayed at 30 and 60 min after administration (p=0.019, p=0.013), respectively. PHA-Na also significantly delayed gastric emptying at 30 min (p=0.013). In conclusion, cellulose can suppress the osmotic diarrhea caused by maltitol ingestion in humans and delay the gastric emptying of maltitol in rats. A new physiological property of cellulose was clarified in this study.

Relatório do estágio curricular supervisionado na Educação Infantil I: Centro Municipal de Educação Infantil Monteiro Lobato

OpenAIRE

Ribeiro, Eva Aparecida dos Santos

2011-01-01

Este presente artigo é um relato de observação e regência na Educação Infantil, realizado no Centro Municipal de Educação Infantil Monteiro Lobato, localizado na Avenida dos jacarandás s/n, no Jardim das Primaveras, Sinop-MT. As observações e as regências foram realizadas no período vespertino, entre os dias 14 de junho à 05 de julho do ano de 2011, totalizando 60 horas de Estágio. Dias antes de iniciar o trabalho no CMEI, foi realizada uma visita para conhecer o ambiente onde iria fazer o es...

Extracellular Calcium Dictates Onset, Severity, and Recovery of Diarrhea in a Child with Immune-Mediated Enteropathy

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Johnathan Fraebel

2018-01-01

Full Text Available Diarrhea causes monovalent and divalent ion losses that can influence clinical outcome. Unlike the losses of monovalent ions, such as Na+, K+, Cl−, and HCO3−, which are generally large in quantity (osmoles and therefore determine the severity of diarrhea, the losses of divalent ions are relatively small in osmoles and are often overlooked during diarrheal treatment. Studies now suggest that despite divalent ions being small in osmoles, their effects are large due to the presence of divalent ion-sensing receptors and their amplifying effects in the gut. As a result, losses of these divalent ions without prompt replacement could also significantly affect the onset, severity, and/or recovery of diarrheal disease. Herein, we report a case of a malnourished child with an immune-mediated enteropathy who developed episodes of “breakthrough” diarrhea with concurrent hypocalcemia while on appropriate immunotherapy. Interestingly, during these periods of diarrhea, stool volume fluctuated with levels of blood Ca2+. When Ca2+ was low, diarrhea occurred; when Ca2+ levels normalized with replacement, diarrhea stopped. Based on this and other observations, a broader question arises as to whether the Ca2+ lost in diarrhea should be replaced promptly in these patients.

Magnetic resonance imaging findings of solitary infantile myofibromatosis of the skull: A case report

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lee, Seung Eun; Cho, Kil Ho; Suh, Jang Ho; Choi, Joon Hyuk [College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu (Korea, Republic of)

2016-11-15

Infantile myofibromatosis is a rare, benign mesenchymal disorder of early childhood characterized by solitary or multiple benign myofibroblastic tumors. The tumors may involve the skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle, bone and visceral organs. We report magnetic resonance imaging findings of solitary infantile myofibromatosis arising in the temporal bone of a ten-month-old boy, and the diagnosis was confirmed by surgical excision and histopathological examination.

Probiotic or Conventional Yogurt for Treating Antibiotic-associated Diarrhea: A Clinical Trial Study

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Majid Khademian

2018-03-01

Full Text Available Background The popularity of probiotics is on the rise. Despite the beneficial effects of antibiotics, gastrointestinal health is at risk of diarrhea. This study aimed to investigate whether probiotic yogurt is of capability to prevent the incidence of diarrhea versus conventional yogurt. Materials and Methods This controlled, randomized, double-blind trial was designed to recruit 48 hospitalized children, whose treatments included different types of antibiotics. They were subsequently assigned into a 1:1 ratio into groups A and B at random. The first group was instructed to consume probiotic yogurt (Bifidobacterium strains and Lactobacillus acidophilus, while the second were on conventional yogurt (placebo containing Streptococcus thermophiles and Lactobacillus bulgaricus at least for 7 days. The incidence of diarrhea, its onset and duration were compared between the two groups. Results The findings indicated that there was no statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups (p > 0.05. No significant decrease was observed in the incidence of diarrhea between the groups following adjustment for negative C-reactive protein (CRP (p > 0.05. Conclusion According to the results, the consumption of yogurt, either probiotic or conventional, reduced the incidence, duration, and onset of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in pediatric population. This study showed no significantly better performance for probiotic yogurt than conventional yogurt.

Cost-effectiveness of enzyme replacement therapy with alglucosidase alfa in classic-infantile patients with Pompe disease

NARCIS (Netherlands)

T.A. Kanters (Tim A.); I Hoogenboom-Plug (Iris); M.P.M.H. Rutten-van Mölken (Maureen); W.K. Redekop (Ken); A.T. van der Ploeg (Ans); L. van Hakkaart-van Roijen (Leona)

2014-01-01

textabstractBackground: Infantile Pompe disease is a rare metabolic disease. Patients generally do not survive the first year of life. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has proven to have substantial effects on survival in infantile Pompe disease. However, the costs of therapy are very high. In this

Bovine Virus Diarrhea (BVD)

OpenAIRE

Hoar, Bruce R.

2004-01-01

Bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) is a complicated disease to discuss as it can result in a wide variety of disease problems from very mild to very severe. BVD can be one of the most devastating diseases cattle encounter and one of the hardest to get rid of when it attacks a herd. The viruses that cause BVD have been grouped into two genotypes, Type I and Type II. The disease syndrome caused by the two genotypes is basically the same, however disease caused by Type II infection is often more severe...

Cryptosporidiosis and other intestinal parasitic infections in patients with chronic diarrhea.

Science.gov (United States)

Mahdi, Nadham K; Ali, Naeel H

2004-09-01

To consider the relationship of the parasitic infections including cryptosporidium with chronic diarrhea. Also the effect of chronic disease as pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and nosocomial infection on the occurrence rate of parasites in cases of chronic diarrhea. Stool samples were collected from 205 patients in teaching, general, child and maternity hospitals in Basrah, Iraq, suffering from chronic diarrhea during 2000. Out of these patients, there were 40 patients with pulmonary TB and 50 inpatients with nosocomial infection. Also 175 apparently healthy individuals who have no episodes of diarrhea for at least 2-months were served as a control group. Direct smear method and then formalin ether sedimentation method were carried out for stool samples to detect intestinal parasites. Fecal smears were prepared from the sediment and stained by the modified Ziehl Neelsen stain for the recovery of red pink oocysts of cryptosporidium. Out of the 205 examined patients, cryptosporidium oocysts were found to be excreted in 20 (9.7%) patients in comparing to 1.1% of the control group. The difference is statistically significant. There were 109 (53.2%) patients found to be positive for intestinal parasitic infections compared to 26 (14.8%) of the control group. The difference is also statistically significant. Out of the 40 TB patients, 2 (5%) were found to excrete cryptosporidium oocysts and also 27 (67.3%) were positive for intestinal parasites. In addition, there were 4 (8%) excreting cryptosporidium oocysts and 23 (46%) infecting by intestinal parasites among the in patients with nosocomial infection. Both acid and non-acid fast parasites should be considered in the differential diagnosis of undiagnosed chronic diarrhea especially among patients with pulmonary TB or nosocomial infection.

Association between child-care and acute diarrhea: a study in Portuguese children

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Barros Henrique

2003-01-01

Full Text Available OBJECTIVE: To quantify the influence of the type of child-care on the occurrence of acute diarrhea with special emphasis on the effect of children grouping during care. METHODS: From October 1998 to January 1999 292 children, aged 24 to 36 months, recruited using a previously assembled cohort of newborns, were evaluated. Information on the type of care and occurrence of diarrhea in the previous year was obtained from parents by telephone interview. The X² and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare proportions and quantitative variables, respectively. The risk of diarrhea was estimated through the calculation of incident odds ratios (OR and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI, crude and adjusted by unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS: Using as reference category children cared individually at home, the adjusted ORs for diarrhea occurrence were 3.18, 95% CI [1.49, 6.77] for children cared in group at home, 2.28, 95% CI [0.92, 5.67] for children cared in group in day-care homes and 2.54, 95% CI [1.21, 5.33] for children cared in day-care centers. Children that changed from any other type of child-care setting to child-care centers in the year preceding the study showed a risk even higher (OR 7.65, 95% CI [3.25, 18.02]. CONCLUSIONS: Group care increases the risk of acute diarrhea whatsoever the specific setting.

Significado cultural dos bens de consumo em um concurso de beleza infantil

OpenAIRE

Netto, Carla Freitas Silveira

2010-01-01

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo ampliar o conhecimento sobre o significado cultural dos bens de consumo, tendo como objeto o fenômeno dos concursos de beleza infantil e suas candidatas. Primeiramente, descrevo os concursos de beleza (adulto e infantil) expondo as principais discussões já geradas sobre o assunto, a fim de apresentar o contexto da pesquisa. Depois, realizo uma revisão teórica da temática dos significados culturais dos bens de consumo, do modelo de movimentação destes s...

Programa de promoción de salud para infantes preescolares de círculos infantiles Santa Clara

OpenAIRE

Quintero Fleites, Eva Josefina

2011-01-01

Con el objetivo de desarrollar un Programa de promoción de salud para infantes preescolares, se realizó una investigación de desarrollo en el área de promoción de salud, con el universo de 34 círculos infantiles del municipio Santa Clara. Las muestras fueron de dos círculos infantiles, tanto para el diagnóstico como para el estudio piloto, y de ocho círculos infantiles para la extensión de la experiencia (cinco experimentales y tres controles). Las etapas investigativas fueron: diagnóst...

ALGLUCOSIDASE ALFA — A NEW STAGE IN THE THERAPY OF INFANTILE POMPE DISEASE

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E. N. Basargina

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Pompe disease is a rare severe hereditary disease caused by excessive glycogen storage in organs and target tissues due to the acid α-glucosidase gene mutation. Infantile and adult Pompe disease is characterized by involvement of cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems in the pathological process. The only specific method of treating Pompe disease is enzyme replacement therapy (intravenous administration of recombinant human acid glucosidase, the effectiveness whereof depends on the time the therapy started. Since such a therapy was introduced into practice, Pompe disease mortality decreased by 79%. 6 children with infantile Pompe disease were observed and treated at the cardiovascular care unit of the Scientific Center of Children’s Health in 2011‑2014. The article presents a clinical case demonstrating capabilities of diagnosing infantile Pompe disease in Russia and effective application of alglucosidase alfa in 4-month-old child. 

Fructus mume Extracts Alleviate Diarrhea in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving the Combination Therapy of Lapatinib and Capecitabine

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Hua Xing

2018-05-01

Full Text Available Lapatinib and capecitabine have been widely used in the therapy of breast cancer. However, long-term use of lapatinib and capecitabine often causes the most common side effect diarrhea, which limit the medicine use. Fructus mume (F. mume has been proved to be effective to treat chronic diarrhea with few side effects. The compounds from F. mume were extracted by using an ethanol method. Extracts of F. mume (EFM were analyzed by HPLC. We investigated the protective effects of EFM on the diarrhea caused by lapatinib and capecitabine. From March 1st, 2016 to June 1st, 2017, 208 breast cancer patients with diarrhea caused by lapatinib and capecitabine were recruited. The patients were evenly assigned into two groups: EG group (the patients took 100 mg EFM daily and CG group (the patients took placebo daily. The effects of EFM on diarrhea and gastrointestinal symptoms were measured by a semiquantitative method seven-point Likert scale. Overall quality of life was measured by SF-36 questionnaire and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS. The HPLC analysis showed that there were three components in EFM, including citric acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF, and chlorogenic acid. Breast cancer types were observed by using Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E stain. The breast cancer can be divided into leaflet, gland and fibroblast types. Patient age, skin metastases, treatment, and grade 1 diarrhea were significant risk factors associated with for grade 2 diarrhea. EFM reduced diarrhea and gastrointestinal symptoms by reducing the average scores of the diarrhea symptom and seven-point Likert scale, and improved life quality of patients significantly by improving SF-36 scores and reducing HADS scores when compared to that in the CG group after 6-week therapy and further 4-week follow-up (P < 0.05. EFM may be a potential choice for the diarrhea therapy in breast cancer patients.

Etiologies, Risk Factors and Impact of Severe Diarrhea in the Under-Fives in Moramanga and Antananarivo, Madagascar.

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Rindra Vatosoa Randremanana

Full Text Available Diarrheal disease remains a leading cause of death in children in low-income countries. We investigated the etiology, risk factors and effects on nutritional status of severe diarrhea in children from two districts in Madagascar.We performed a matched case-control study in 2011 to 2014, on children under the age of five years from Moramanga and Antananarivo. The cases were children hospitalized for severe diarrhea and the controls were children without diarrhea selected at random from the community. Stool samples were collected from both groups. Anthropometric measurements were made during follow-up visits about one and two months after enrolment.We enrolled 199 cases and 199 controls. Rotavirus infection was the most frequently detected cause of diarrhea. It was strongly associated with severe diarrhea (OR: 58.3; 95% CI: 7.7-439.9, accounting for 42.4% (95% CI: 37.6-43.1 of severe diarrhea cases. At the household level, possession of cattle (OR = 0.3; 95% CI: 0.1-0.6 and living in a house with electricity (OR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2-0.8 were protective factors. The presence of garbage around the house was a risk factor for severe diarrhea (OR = 3.2; 95% CI: 1.9-5.4. We found no significant association between severe diarrhea and the nutritional status of the children at follow-up visits, but evident wasting at enrolment was associated with a higher risk of severe diarrhea (OR = 9; 95% CI: 4.5-17.9.Severe childhood diarrhea is mostly caused by rotavirus infection. An anti-rotavirus vaccine has already been introduced in Madagascar and should be promoted more widely. However, post-licensing surveillance is required. Interventions to improve the nutritional status of children, preventive measures focused on household and personal hygiene and nutritional rehabilitation during severe diarrheal disease should be reinforced.

Temperature as a predictor of fouling and diarrhea in Slaughter pigs

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Jensen, Dan Børge; Toft, Nils; Kristensen, Anders Ringgaard

2015-01-01

The PigIT Project aims at improving welfare and production of slaughter pigs by integration of various sensor systems for alarm purposes. Here we present an exploratory analysis to assess the predictive value of temperature sensor data with respect to pen fouling and diarrhea. We recorded...... the temperature at four locations in two double-pens (by the drinking nipples and by the corridor) between November 2013 and December 2014. Logistic regression models were made to express the probability of fouling and diarrhea per day, and were reduced via backwards elimination. Furthermore, fitting the models...... was attempted with the raw temperature data as well as data averaged over 10, 15, 30 and 60 minutes. The predictive performances were evaluated with Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC). For diarrhea, the minimal and maximal temperatures at the water nipple and the corridor, as well as the maximal rate...

Literatura infantil e pedagogia: tendências e enfoques na produção acadêmica contemporânea

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Edgar Roberto Roberto Kirchof

Full Text Available Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma revisão do campo de estudos que articula literatura infantil e pedagogia, com base na análise de 69 artigos publicados em três revistas que focalizam a literatura infantil no Brasil: Leitura: Teoria & Prática; Tigre Albino; Revista Emília. As análises buscam evidenciar as principais questões levantadas, nesses periódicos, no que tange às dimensões pedagógicas da literatura infantil. Antes dos resultados das análises, contudo, o artigo apresenta uma breve retrospectiva histórica das principais questões envolvendo literatura infantil e pedagogia. Os resultados das análises permitiram concluir que a maior parte dos artigos enfatiza a importância da literatura para a formação do sujeito, trazendo propostas e sugestões para que sejam salvaguardadas as dimensões lúdica e artístico-literária da literatura infantil na escola e em outros espaços de formação.

Studies of osmotic diarrhea induced in normal subjects by ingestion of polyethylene glycol and lactulose.

Science.gov (United States)

Hammer, H F; Santa Ana, C A; Schiller, L R; Fordtran, J S

1989-10-01

The purpose of these studies was to gain insight into the pathophysiology of pure osmotic diarrhea and the osmotic diarrhea caused by carbohydrate malabsorption. Diarrhea was induced in normal volunteers by ingestion of polyethylene glycol (PEG), which is nonabsorbable, not metabolized by colonic bacteria, and carries no electrical charge. In PEG-induced diarrhea, (a) stool weight was directly correlated with the total mass of PEG ingested; (b) PEG contributed 40-60% of the osmolality of the fecal fluid, the remainder being contributed by other solutes either of dietary, endogenous, or bacterial origin; and (c) fecal sodium, potassium, and chloride were avidly conserved by the intestine, in spite of stool water losses exceeding 1,200 g/d. Diarrhea was also induced in normal subjects by ingestion of lactulose, a disaccharide that is not absorbed by the small intestine but is metabolized by colonic bacteria. In lactulose-induced diarrhea, (a) a maximum of approximate 80 g/d of lactulose was metabolized by colonic bacteria to noncarbohydrate moieties such as organic acids; (b) the organic acids were partially absorbed in the colon; (c) unabsorbed organic acids obligated the accumulation of inorganic cations (Na greater than Ca greater than K greater than Mg) in the diarrheal fluid; (d) diarrhea associated with low doses of lactulose was mainly due to unabsorbed organic acids and associated cations, whereas with larger doses of lactulose unmetabolized carbohydrates also played a major role; and (e) the net effect of bacterial metabolism of lactulose and partial absorption of organic acids on stool water output was done dependent. With low or moderate doses of lactulose, stool water losses were reduced by as much as 600 g/d (compared with equimolar osmotic loads of PEG); with large dose, the increment in osmotically active solutes within the lumen exceeded the increment of the ingested osmotic load, and the severity of diarrhea was augmented.

Interacciones vinculares en el sistema de cuidado infantil

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María Teresa Moreno - Zavaleta

2014-01-01

Full Text Available El estudio identifica y analiza las interacciones vinculares existentes en el sistema de cuidado infantil de niños con y sin desnutrición crónica en un mismo contexto de pobreza. Este es un estudio multimétodo, basado en información de campo recopilada y en una construcción teórica que emergió a partir de los resultados obtenidos, ampliando el marco conceptual de la desnutrición infantil. La constelación y gestión del cuidado son dos categorías emergentes, que contribuyen a comprender que en los diferentes escenarios donde transitan los niños hay diversos cuidadores que varían en calidad, permanencia y coherencia repercutiendo esta situación en su estado nutricional. Si bien las mujeres se constituyen en las gestoras principales del cuidado, no son ellas las únicas responsables del cuidado y por ello se recomienda fortalecer las redes de apoyo familiar y comunitario.

Infantile Refsum's disease: biochemical findings suggesting multiple peroxisomal dysfunction

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Poll-The, B. T.; Saudubray, J. M.; Ogier, H.; Schutgens, R. B.; Wanders, R. J.; Schrakamp, G.; van den Bosch, H.; Trijbels, J. M.; Poulos, A.; Moser, H. W.

1986-01-01

Infantile Refsum's disease was diagnosed in three male patients, presenting with facial dysmorphia, retinitis pigmentosa, neurosensory hearing loss, hepatomegaly, osteopenia and delayed growth and psychomotor development. An elevated plasma phytanic acid concentration and a deficient phytanic acid

Gratification disorder ("infantile masturbation"): a review.

Science.gov (United States)

Nechay, A; Ross, L M; Stephenson, J B P; O'Regan, M

2004-03-01

Little has been published on gratification disorder ("infantile masturbation") in early childhood. To expand on the profile of patients diagnosed with this condition. Retrospective case note review; Fraser of Allander Neurosciences Unit paediatric neurology outpatient department 1972-2002. Thirty one patients were diagnosed (11 males and 20 females). Twenty one were referred for evaluation of possible epileptic seizures or epilepsy. The median age at first symptoms was 10.5 months (range 3 months to 5 years 5 months). The median age at diagnosis was 24.5 months (range 5 months to 8 years). The median frequency of events was seven times per week, and the median length 2.5 minutes. Events occurred in any situation in 10 children, and in a car seat in 11. Types of behaviour manifested were dystonic posturing in 19, grunting in 10, rocking in 9, eidetic imagery in 7, and sweating in 6. Two children had been previously diagnosed as having definite epilepsy. In nine cases home video was invaluable in allowing confident diagnosis. Gratification disorder, otherwise called infantile masturbation, is an important consideration in the differential diagnosis of epilepsy and other paroxysmal events in early childhood. Home video recording of events often prevents unnecessary investigations and treatments.

Role of serotonin in the intestinal mucosal epithelium barrier in weaning mice undergoing stress-induced diarrhea.

Science.gov (United States)

Dong, Yulan; Wang, Zixu; Qin, Zhuoming; Cao, Jing; Chen, Yaoxing

2018-02-01

Stress-induced diarrhea is a frequent and challenging threat to humans and domestic animals. Serotonin (5-HT) has been shown to be involved in the pathological process of stress-induced diarrhea. However, the role of 5-HT in stress-induced diarrhea remains unclear. A stress-induced diarrhea model was established in 21-day-old ICR weaning mice through an intragastric administration of 0.25 mL of 0.4 g/mL folium sennae and restraint of the hind legs with adhesive tape for 4 h to determine whether 5-HT regulates the mucosal barrier to cause diarrhea. Mice with decreased levels of 5-HT were pretreated with an intraperitoneal injection of 300 mg/kg p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), a 5-HT synthesis inhibitor. After 5 days of treatment, the stress level, body weight and intestinal mucosal morphology indexes were measured. Compared to the controls, the mice with stress-induced diarrhea displayed a stress reaction, with increased corticosterone levels, as well as increased 5-HT-positive cells. However, the mice with stress-induced diarrhea exhibited decreased body weights, villus height to crypt depth ratios (V/C), and Occludin and Claudin1 expression. The PCPA injection reversed these effects in mice with different degrees of stress-induced diarrhea. Based on these findings, inhibition of 5-HT synthesis relieved the stress response and improved the health of the intestinal tract, including both the intestinal absorption capacity, as determined by the villus height and crypt depth, and the mucosal barrier function, as determined by the tight junction proteins of epithelial cell.

Association between floods and infectious diarrhea and their effect modifiers in Hunan province, China: A two-stage model.

Science.gov (United States)

Liu, Zhidong; Zhang, Feifei; Zhang, Ying; Li, Jing; Liu, Xuena; Ding, Guoyong; Zhang, Caixia; Liu, Qiyong; Jiang, Baofa

2018-06-01

Understanding the potential links between floods and infectious diarrhea is important under the context of climate change. However, little is known about the risk of infectious diarrhea after floods and what factors could modify these effects in China. This study aims to quantitatively examine the relationship between floods and infectious diarrhea and their effect modifiers. Weekly number of infectious diarrhea cases from 2004 to 2011 during flood season in Hunan province were supplied by the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System. Flood and meteorological data over the same period were obtained. A two-stage model was used to estimate a provincial average association and their effect modifiers between floods and infectious diarrhea, accounting for other confounders. A total of 134,571 cases of infectious diarrhea were notified from 2004 to 2011. After controlling for seasonality, long-term trends, and meteorological factors, floods were significantly associated with infectious diarrhea in the provincial level with a cumulative RR of 1.22 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.43) with a lagged effect of 0-1 week. Geographic locations and economic levels were identified as effect modifiers, with a higher impact of floods on infectious diarrhea in the western and regions with a low economic level of Hunan. Our study provides strong evidence of a positive association between floods and infectious diarrhea in the study area. Local control strategies for public health should be taken in time to prevent and reduce the risk of infectious diarrhea after floods, especially for the vulnerable regions identified. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A Rare Cause of Diarrhea in a Kidney Transplant Recipient: Dipylidium caninum.

Science.gov (United States)

Sahin, I; Köz, S; Atambay, M; Kayabas, U; Piskin, T; Unal, B

2015-09-01

We report the first case of dipylidiasis in a kidney transplant recipient. Watery diarrhea due to Dipylidium caninum was observed in a male patient who had been undergone kidney transplantation 2 years before. The patient was successfully treated with niclosamide. D. caninum should be considered as an agent of diarrhea in transplant patients. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Diarrhea Management Training in Early Childhood Settings.

Science.gov (United States)

Winnail, Scott D.; Artz, Lynn M.; Geiger, Brian F.; Petri, Cynthia J.; Bailey, Rebecca; Mason, J.W.

2001-01-01

Addresses the health of young children and how to safely and effectively care for children with diarrhea in the home and in early child care settings. Discusses specific intervention and program activities, including specially designed materials for mixing homemade oral rehydration usage. (Author/SD)

Leucodistrofia metacromática infantil em gêmeos

OpenAIRE

Wittig,Ehrenfried Othmar; Marçallo,Francisco Antonio; Pilotto,Rui Fernando; Mello,Luiz Renato

1985-01-01

Os autores descrevem um par de gêmeas monozigóticas, filhas de pais consanguíneos em segundo grau (f=1/32), com leucodistrofia metacromática, forma infantil. A zigosidade foi determinada pelos achados obstétricos e por marcadores genéticos eritrocitários.

Efecto a corto plazo de la vigabatrina en los espasmos infantiles Short term effect of vigabatrin in infantile spasms

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Albia J. Pozo Alonso

2007-03-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo fue valorar el efecto a corto plazo de la vigabatrina en 18 pacientes con el diagnóstico de espasmos infantiles. Trece pacientes fueron tratados en monoterapia, y 6 de ellos de primera intención. La dosis máxima promedio utilizada de vigabatrina fue de 130 mg/ (kg∙día (rango de 75 a 170 mg/ [kg∙día]. Los espasmos epilépticos cesaron en el 44,4 % de los casos a los 18,4 días como promedio tras el inicio del tratamiento con vigabatrina (rango de 3 a 43 días. La dosis promedio de respuesta a la vigabatrina fue de 103 mg/ (kg∙día (rango de 50 a 156 mg/ [kg∙día]. En el 16,7 % de los niños se logró la disminución de las crisis en más del 90 % y en el 5,6 % se redujeron los espasmos epilépticos en más del 50 %. Los espasmos epilépticos persistieron en el 33,3 %. Se obtuvo mejoría electroencefalográfica en el 55,6 % de los casos y en el 5,6 % desaparecieron las descargas. La hipsarritmia desapareció en el 75 % de los pacientes. Se debe continuar empleando la vigabatrina en monoterapia o como terapia adjunta en pacientes con espasmos infantiles.The purpose of this paper was to assess the short term effect of vigabatrin in 18 patients that were diagnosed infantile spasms. Thirteen of them were treated with monotherapy, and six of them were treated of first intention. The average maximum dose of vigabatrin was 130 mg/(kg∙day (range 75-170 mg/[kg∙day]. The epileptic spasms ceased in 44.4 % of the cases at 18.4 days as an average after the beginning of the treatment with vigabatrin (range 3 to 43 days. The average dose of response to vigabatrin was 103 mg/(kg∙day (range 50 to 156 mg/[kg∙day]. In 16.7 % of the children it was possible to reduce the crises more than 90 % , whereas in 5.6 % the epileptic spasms decreased more than 50 %. The epileptic spasms persisted in 33.3 %. An electroencephalographic improvement was observed in 55.6 % of the cases, and in 5.6 % the discharges vanished

Mothers’ Hand washing Practice and Diarrhea Cases in Children under Five in Baleendah, Bandung

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M Syafril Firdaus

2015-06-01

Full Text Available ackground: Diarrhea is a disease, especially in children, with high mortality and morbidity rate in developing countries, including Indonesia. Diarrhea can be prevented if people can apply clean and healthy behaviors, especially hand washing. Hand washing is the cheapest, simplest, and the most effective methods for prevention of diarrhea. The objective of this study is to identify the knowledge, attitude, and practice of mothers’ hand washing and diarrhea cases in children under five in Baleendah District, Bandung. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted during September−November 2012 to 210 mothers who had children (ages 12−59 months in Baleendah using rapid survey technique. The time allocated for each village was adjusted to the population proportion for each region. The data were analyzed using computer and was represented using frequency distribution. Results: This study showed that the respondents had good level of knowledge and attitude of hand washing (83.8% and 61%, respectively, but only 21% of the respondents’ practices of hand washing was in good level. Most of the respondents did not wash their hands according to the 7 steps of correct hand washing. Moreover the percentage of children with diarrhea in Baleendah was 43.8% (92 cases during the study. Conclusions: There should be dissemination of information about the benefit of washing hands with 7 steps of correct hands washing so that families can practice it and can prevent diarrhea in children under five.

Role of ARX Gene in Infantile Spasms and Dystonia

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J Gordon Millichap

2007-08-01

Full Text Available The role of ARX gene in a syndrome of infantile spasms with generalized dystonia was investigated in 6 boys from 4 families at the University of Florence, Italy, and other centers in Italy, Japan, and USA.

Las funciones ejecutivas en la clínica neuropsicológica infantil

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Vanessa Arán Filippetti

2013-01-01

Full Text Available En los últimos años, el estudio de las funciones ejecutivas (FE aso- ciado a diferentes trastornos del neurodesarrollo ha experimentado un notable auge en el ámbito de la neuropsicología infantil. En el presente artículo revisamos los principales modelos teóricos del funcionamiento ejecutivo en niños atendiendo a sus implicancias tanto para la valoración clínica como para la praxis educativa. En relación con sus bases neuroanatómicas se destacan los modelos neu- rofuncionales que ponen el acento en la fluida relación entre la corteza prefrontal (CPF y las FE así como en la riqueza de conexiones entre la CPF y diferentes regiones corticales y estructuras subcorticales. Finalmen- te, examinamos los perfiles de funcionamiento ejecutivo en diferentes trastornos de la clínica neuropsicológica infantil. La integración de estos aportes permite comprender la heterogeneidad del déficit ejecutivo en trastornos infantiles que no necesariamente cursan con patología primaria de los lóbulos frontales.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practice of travelers' diarrhea management among frontline providers.

Science.gov (United States)

Hayat, Aatif M; Tribble, David R; Sanders, John W; Faix, Dennis J; Shiau, Danny; Armstrong, Adam W; Riddle, Mark S

2011-01-01

Many studies have found acute gastrointestinal infections to be among the most likely reason for clinic visits among forward deployed soldiers and are considered a significant contributor to morbidity in this population. This occurs despite the controlled food and water distribution systems under which military populations operate. Furthermore, recent studies have indicated that providers often fail to appropriately identify and treat the typical causes of these infections. To adequately address this issue, an assessment of gaps in knowledge, practice, and management of acute diarrhea in deployed troops was conducted. A multiple-choice survey was developed by clinical researchers with expertise in travelers' diarrhea (TD) and provided to a convenience sample of clinical providers with a broad range of training and operational experience. The survey evaluated provider's knowledge of TD along with their ability to identify etiologies of various syndromic categories of acute gastrointestinal infections. Providers were also queried on selection of treatment approaches to a variety of clinical-based scenarios. A total of 117 respondents completed the survey. Most were aware of the standard definition of TD (77%); however, their knowledge about the epidemiology was lower, with less than 24% correctly answering questions on etiology of diarrhea, and 31% believing that a viral pathogen was the primary cause of watery diarrhea during deployment. Evaluation of scenario-based responses showed that 64% of providers chose not to use antibiotics to treat moderate TD. Furthermore, 19% of providers felt that severe inflammatory diarrhea was best treated with hydration only while 25% felt hydration was the therapy of choice for dysentery. Across all provider types, three practitioner characteristics appeared to be related to better scores on responses to the nine management scenarios: having a Doctor of Medicine or Doctor of Osteopathy degree, greater knowledge of TD epidemiology

Protective Benefits of Deep Tube Wells Against Childhood Diarrhea in Matlab, Bangladesh

Science.gov (United States)

Winston, Jennifer Jane; Escamilla, Veronica; Perez-Heydrich, Carolina; Carrel, Margaret; Yunus, Mohammad; Streatfield, Peter Kim

2013-01-01

Objectives. We investigated whether deep tube wells installed to provide arsenic-free groundwater in rural Bangladesh have the added benefit of reducing childhood diarrheal disease incidence. Methods. We recorded cases of diarrhea in children younger than 5 years in 142 villages of Matlab, Bangladesh, during monthly community health surveys in 2005 and 2006. We surveyed the location and depth of 12 018 tube wells and integrated these data with diarrhea data and other data in a geographic information system. We fit a longitudinal logistic regression model to measure the relationship between childhood diarrhea and deep tube well use. We controlled for maternal education, family wealth, year, and distance to a deep tube well. Results. Household clusters assumed to be using deep tube wells were 48.7% (95% confidence interval = 27.8%, 63.5%) less likely to have a case of childhood diarrhea than were other household clusters. Conclusions. Increased access to deep tube wells may provide dual benefits to vulnerable populations in Matlab, Bangladesh, by reducing the risk of childhood diarrheal disease and decreasing exposure to naturally occurring arsenic in groundwater. PMID:23409905

El diagnóstico positivo de autismo infantil

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Juana Velázquez Argota

1996-08-01

Full Text Available Se revisan los límites del síndrome autístico y la evolución del concepto de autismo infantil desde Kanner hasta las clasificaciones psiquiátricas más recientes. Se informan los resultados de nuestras investigaciones en el diagnóstico positivo del autismo infantil. La anamnesis remota es de poco valor, más relevantes para el diagnóstico constituyen el examen del paciente en el presente y las escalas de cuantificación del autismo (las cuales son de utilidad en el diagnóstico diferencial entre el trastorno autístico tipo Kanner y los trastornos autísticos atípicos. Las pruebas de inteligencia standard se deben aplicar según el nivel de funcionamiento del paciente y si no clasificara es más bien por el bajo cociente de inteligencia que por su comportamiento autístico. El clínico debería tener presente la posibilidad del diagnóstico de autismo cuando examina niños pequeños con problemas de desarrollo y utilizar escalas de síntomas autísticos adecuados a los primeros años de vida. Se recomienda el uso de la prueba de Bo Olsson en el diagnóstico diferencial de autismo de Kanner, síndrome de Rett y daño cerebral temprano en la etapa preescolar.The limits of the austistic syndrome as well as the evolution of the infantile autism concept since Kanner to the latest psychiatric classifications are reviewed. The results of our research on the positive diagnosis of infantile autism are reported. The patient's medical examination and the autism quantification scales (useful for the diferential diagnosis between the Kanner type autistic disorder and the atypical autistic disorders are more important for the diagnosis than the remote anamnesis, which is of little value. The standard intelligence test should be applied according to the patients functioning level and if he would not classify it would be because of his low intelligence quotient and not because of his autistic behaviour. The clinician should take into account the

Cognitive Development in Infantile-Onset Pompe Disease Under Very Early Enzyme Replacement Therapy.

Science.gov (United States)

Lai, Chih-Jou; Hsu, Ting-Rong; Yang, Chia-Feng; Chen, Shyi-Jou; Chuang, Ya-Chin; Niu, Dau-Ming

2016-12-01

Most patients with infantile-onset Pompe disease die in early infancy before beginning enzyme replacement therapy, which has made it difficult to evaluate the impact of Pompe disease on cognitive development. Patients with infantile-onset Pompe disease can survive with enzyme replacement therapy, and physicians can evaluate cognitive development in these patients. We established an effective newborn screening program with quick clinical diagnostic criteria. Cognitive and motor development were evaluated using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition at 6, 12, and 24 months of age. The patients who were treated very early demonstrate normal cognitive development with no significant change in cognition during this period (P = .18 > .05). The cognitive development was positively correlated with motor development (r = 0.533, P = .011). The results indicated that very early enzyme replacement therapy could protect cognitive development in patients with infantile-onset Pompe disease up to 24 months of age. © The Author(s) 2016.

Pedagogia de Projetos como metodologia no trabalho com a educação infantil

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Patricia Frageri

2016-12-01

Full Text Available Este artigo teve como tema a Pedagogia de Projetos como metodologia no trabalho com a Educação Infantil e a pesquisa foi realizada na escola Gente Feliz de Sinop. A investigação teve como objetivo conhecer em que consiste a metodologia de trabalho pautada na pedagogia de projetos, e suas interfaces, no contexto da educação infantil. Os instrumentos de pesquisa foram entrevista e questionário com duas professoras. Os resultados mostram que a instituição prioriza a metodologia de trabalho por projetos e que as professoras estão familiarizadas com essa metodologia buscando construir junto com as crianças as práticas pedagógicas diárias. Palavra-chave: educação infantil; Pedagogia de Projetos; metodologia de trabalho.

Genotyping and clinical factors in pediatric diarrhea caused by rotaviruses: one-year surveillance in Surabaya, Indonesia.

Science.gov (United States)

Sudarmo, Subijanto Marto; Shigemura, Katsumi; Athiyyah, Alpha Fardah; Osawa, Kayo; Wardana, Oktavian Prasetia; Darma, Andy; Ranuh, Reza; Raharjo, Dadik; Arakawa, Soichi; Fujisawa, Masato; Shirakawa, Toshiro

2015-01-01

Rotavirus infections are a major cause of diarrhea in children in both developed and developing countries. Rotavirus genetics, patient immunity, and environmental factors are thought to be related to the severity of acute diarrhea due to rotavirus in infants and young children. The objective of this study was to provide a correlation between rotavirus genotypes, clinical factors and degree of severity of acute diarrhea in children under 5 years old in Surabaya, Indonesia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in children aged 1-60 months with acute diarrhea hospitalized in Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia from April to December 2013. Rotavirus in stool specimens was identified by ELISA and genotyping (G-type and P-type) using multiplex reverse transcription PCR. Severity was measured using the Ruuska and Vesikari scoring system. The clinical factors were investigated included patient's age (months), hydration, antibiotic administration, nutritional state, co-bacterial infection and co-viral infection. A total of 88 children met the criteria; 80.7% were aged 6-24 months, watery diarrhea was the most common type (77.3%) and 73.6% of the subjects were co-infected with bacteria, of which pathogenic Escherichia coli was the most common (42.5%). The predominant VP7 genotyping (G-type) was G2 (31.8%) and that of VP4 genotyping (P-type) was P[4] (31.8%). The predominant rotavirus genotype was G2P[4] (19.3%); G1P[4] and G9P[4] were uncommon with a prevalence of 4.5%. There were significant differences between the common genotype and uncommon genotype with respect to the total severity score of diarrhea (p 10 times a day) (p = 0.045) in univariate analyses, but there was no significant correlation between P typing and severity of diarrhea. For combination genotyping of G and P, G2P[4] was significantly correlated with severe diarrhea in multivariate analyses (p = 0.029). There is a correlation between rotavirus genotype and severity of acute diarrhea in

Leucodistrofia metacromática infantil em gêmeos

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ehrenfried Othmar Wittig

1985-09-01

Full Text Available Os autores descrevem um par de gêmeas monozigóticas, filhas de pais consanguíneos em segundo grau (f=1/32, com leucodistrofia metacromática, forma infantil. A zigosidade foi determinada pelos achados obstétricos e por marcadores genéticos eritrocitários.

The natural course of infantile Pompe's disease : 20 original cases compared with 133 cases from the literature

NARCIS (Netherlands)

van den Hout, HMP; Hop, W; van Diggelen, OP; Smeitink, JAM; Smit, GPA; Poll-The, BTT; Bakker, HD; Loonen, MCB; de Klerk, JBC; Reuser, AJJ; van der Ploeg, AT

Objective. Infantile Pompe's disease is a lethal cardiac and muscular disorder. Current developments toward enzyme replacement therapy are promising. The aim of our study is to delineate the natural course of the disease to verify endpoints of clinical studies. Methods. A total of 20 infantile

Diseño y desarrollo de recursos on-line aplicaciones virtuales de arte infantil en contextos hospitalarios

OpenAIRE

Ávila Valdés, Noemí

2005-01-01

La presente tesis doctoral se enmarca en el ámbito del estudio del Arte Infantil y la Creatividad, y vinculada a las investigaciones del Museo Pedagógico de Arte Infantil (MUPAI) del Departamento de Didáctica de la Expresión Plástica de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Abierto un nuevo espacio, la hospitalización infantil, en la investigación en torno a la creatividad y educación artística del niño, surge la posibilidad, por todos los condicionantes que se analizarán en esta tesis, de tr...

El desarrollo de la creatividad en la Educación Infantil a través de los microrrelatos

OpenAIRE

Díaz Molinero, María

2014-01-01

Con mi Trabajo de Fin de Grado pretendo ofrecer una propuesta para trabajar en las aulas de educación infantil, congenieando un triple concepto: creatividad, imaginación y lenguaje. [...] Grado en Educación Infantil

A Systems Approach to Climate, Water and Diarrhea in Hubli-Dharward, India

Science.gov (United States)

Mellor, J. E.; Zimmerman, J.

2014-12-01

Although evidence suggests that climate change will negatively impact water resources and hence diarrheal disease rates in the developing world, there is uncertainty surrounding prior studies. This is due to the complexity of the pathways by which climate impacts diarrhea rates making it difficult to develop interventions. Therefore, our goal was to develop a mechanistic systems approach that incorporates the complex climate, human, engineered and water systems to relate climate change to diarrhea rates under future climate scenarios.To do this, we developed an agent-based model (ABM). Our agents are households and children living in Hubli-Dharward, India. The model was informed with 15 months of weather, water quality, ethnographic and diarrhea incidence data. The model's front end is a stochastic weather simulator incorporating 15 global climate models to simulate rainfall and temperature. The water quality available to agents (residents) on a model "day" is a function of the simulated day's weather and is fully validated with field data. As with the field data, as the ambient temperature increases or it rains, the quality of water available to residents in the model deteriorates. The propensity for an resident to get diarrhea is calculated with an integrated Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment model with uncertainty simulated with a bootstrap method. Other factors include hand-washing, improved water sources, household water treatment and improved sanitation.The benefits of our approach are as follows: Our mechanistic method allows us to develop scientifically derived adaptation strategies. We can quantitatively link climate scenarios with diarrhea incidence over long time periods. We can explore the complex climate and water system dynamics, rank risk factor importance, examine a broad range of scenarios and identify tipping points. Our approach is modular and expandable such that new datasets can be integrated to study climate impacts on a larger scale. Our

Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults.

Science.gov (United States)

Nelson, R

2007-07-18

Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is recognized as a frequent cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. The aim of this review is to establish the efficacy of antibiotic therapy for C. difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD), to identify the most effective antibiotic treatment for CDAD in adults and to determine the need for stopping the causative antibiotic during therapy. MEDLINE (1966 to 2006), EMBASE (1980 to 2006), Cochrane Central Database of Controlled Trials and the Cochrane IBD Review Group Specialized Trials Register were searched using the following search terms: "pseudomembranous colitis and randomized trial"; "Clostridium difficile and randomized trial"; "antibiotic associated diarrhea and randomized trial". Only randomized, controlled trials assessing antibiotic treatment for CDAD were included in the review. Probiotic trials are excluded. The following outcomes were sought: initial resolution of diarrhea; initial conversion of stool to C. difficile cytotoxin and/or stool culture negative; recurrence of diarrhea; recurrence of fecal C. difficile cytotoxin and/or positive stool culture; patient response to cessation of prior antibiotic therapy; sepsis; emergent surgery: fecal diversion or colectomy; and death. Data were analyzed using the MetaView statistical package in Review Manager. For dichotomous outcomes, relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were derived from each study. When appropriate, the results of included studies were combined for each outcome. For dichotomous outcomes, pooled RR and 95% CI were calculated using a fixed effect model, except where significant heterogeneity was detected, at which time the random effects model was used. Data heterogeneity was calculated using MetaView. Twelve studies (total of 1157 participants) involving patients with diarrhea who recently received antibiotics for an infection other than C. difficile were included. The definition of diarrhea ranged from at least two loose stools

Carácter axiológico del cuento infantil en las prácticas educativas

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Dra. C. María Cristina Tamayo Valdés

2016-06-01

Full Text Available El objetivo de este artículo es demostrar el carácter axiológico del cuento infantil en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la narración oral. Para cumplir este propósito se analiza cómo el texto y los textos cumplen determinadas funciones en el proceso en que se enseña la oralidad narrativa; por eso, el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la narración oral está guiado por la diversidad de textos que han de estar presentes en el aula; en particular, interesa el cuento infantil por sus valores en la educación moral y estética de los escolares. Importa atender los valores a partir de las influencias educativas y formativas de los cuentos infantiles, en función del desarrollo integral de la personalidad de los niños y jóvenes. En función de entender la integridad y posición del cuento infantil oral se considera, en principio, el desarrollo de la situación lingüístico-comunicativa a mejorar.

Efficacy of dioctahedral smectite in acute watery diarrhea in Indian children: a randomized clinical trial.

Science.gov (United States)

Mujawar, Quais Mohammad; Naganoor, Ravi; Ali, Mir Dilshad; Malagi, Naushad; Thobbi, Achyut Narayan

2012-02-01

To determine the effects and safety of dioctahedral smectite (DS) on the duration of acute watery diarrhea in children. A Randomized, open labeled, clinical controlled trial in a tertiary care hospital outpatient department (OPD) and emergency department. Participants were one hundred and seventeen children without any chronic illness between 2 and 5 years presenting to OPD, having acute watery diarrhea for <48 h with mild to moderate dehydration, not on antibiotics and requiring oral rehydration therapy. Intervention done was DS with a dose of 1.5 g thrice daily. Freshly dissolved DS in a dose of 1.5 g thrice daily for 5 days significantly shortened the duration of acute watery diarrhea in children aged 2-5 years. There were no adverse effects on the use of DS. DS was acceptable to the children, and its administration was not accompanied with any side effects. DS reduces the duration of diarrhea in Indian children and prevents a prolonged course, and therefore, may consistently reduce the costs in treatment of acute watery diarrhea.

Adenovirus Infection in Children with Diarrhea Disease in ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Ad40) and type 41(Ad41), can cause acute and severe diarrhea in young children worldwide. This study was conducted to delineate the epidemiological features of adenoviruses identified in children with gastroenteritis in Northwestern Nigeria.

Infantile encephalitic beriberi: magnetic resonance imaging findings

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wani, Nisar A. [Government Medical College Srinagar, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Jammu and Kashmir, Pin (India); Qureshi, Umar A.; Ahmad, Kaiser; Ahmad, Waseem [Government Medical College Srinagar, Department of Pediatrics, Jammu and Kashmir (India); Jehangir, Majid [Government Medical College Srinagar, Department of Radiology, Jammu and Kashmir (India)

2016-01-15

Thiamine deficiency in infants is still encountered in developing countries. It may present with acute neurological manifestations of infantile encephalitic beriberi. To review brain MRI findings in infantile encephalitic beriberi from a single institution. A retrospective review of MRI scans in 22 infants with acute-onset beriberi encephalopathy was carried out. Hyperintense lesions on T2-weighted images were seen symmetrically in the putamen in all patients, in the caudate nuclei in 16/22 (73%), the thalami in 7/22 (32%) and the globi pallidi in 3/22 (14%) of the infants. Altered signal intensity lesions in the cerebral cortex were seen in 7/22 (32%). The mammillary bodies were seen in one infant and the periaqueductal gray matter in two. There was restricted diffusion in 14/22 (64%), and 6/8 children with no evidence of restriction had been imaged ≥10 days after presentation. MR spectroscopy showed increased lactate peak in 6/8 infants (75%). Recognition of symmetrical T2-W hyperintense lesions in the basal ganglia with restricted diffusion and prominent lactate peak may allow early diagnosis of encephalitic beriberi in at-risk infants. (orig.)

¿Ludistas o convencidos? Una aproximación a la realidad televisiva infantil

OpenAIRE

Francés Barceló, María Teresa

2005-01-01

Las aproximaciones teóricas a la realidad televisiva infantil siguen mostrando un horizonte desolador, sembrado de alusiones constantes a la violencia, la vacuidad de los mensajes, la pobreza de su lenguaje o la carga ideológica que arrastran consigo los contenidos y, la influencia de todo ello, claro está, en las mentes inmaduras de los más pequeños. Si bien es cierto que el panorama de la programación infantil encuentra en estas apreciaciones parte de su verdad, muchas encierran...

La co-creatividad en las marcas transmedia infantiles desde la perspectiva del productor

OpenAIRE

Urbano, Rosalía; Aguaded Gómez, José Ignacio; Bernal-Bravo, César

2018-01-01

La creatividad es imprescindible en las producciones transmedia, se sitúa en la base para generar una buena franquicia de entretenimiento infantil. En el estudio se detallan las acciones y competencias del productor en su propio modelo creativo, investigación interpretativa de dos estudios de casos sobre marcas transmedia infantiles de animación. Observaciones, entrevistas y análisis de documentos siguiendo la teoría fundamentada, perfecta para la interpretación de información en el área de c...

Relationship of Renal Function Tests and Electrolyte Levels with Severity of Dehydration in Acute Diarrhea.

Science.gov (United States)

Gauchan, E; Malla, K K

2015-01-01

Acute diarrheal illness constitutes a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children in developing countries. Most of the complications of diarrhea occur due to excessive fluid and electrolyte loss; adverse complications are seen more with increasing severity of dehydration. This study was conducted to identify the relation of renal function and electrolyte abnormalities in children with varying severity of dehydration. This study was carried out in Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal over duration of one year. The aims were to find out the association of renal function and electrolyte disturbances with type of diarrhea, severity of dehydration and their relation to outcome. All children more than one month and less than 15 years with acute diarrhea were included in the study. Data were entered and analyzed by SPSS version 19. Statistical analysis applied was Chi-square test. A p-value of Dehydration was associated more with Acute Watery Diarrhea than with Invasive Diarrhea. Renal function and electrolyte abnormalities were seen more in Acute Watery Diarrhea with increasing levels of blood urea, serum creatinine and abnormal levels of serum sodium seen with increased severity of dehydration. Abnormalities in renal function and electrolytes correlated significantly with severity of dehydration. The outcome of patients correlated with severity of dehydration with mortality occurring in 18.1% of patients with Severe dehydration, 0.8% of Some dehydration with no mortality in the No dehydration group.

Maternal behavior and experience, care access, and agency as determinants of child diarrhea in Bolivia Comportamiento y experiencia, acceso a la atención de salud y capacidad de acción de la madre como determinantes de la diarrea infantil en Bolivia

OpenAIRE

Bethany Caruso; Rob Stephenson; Juan S Leon

2010-01-01

OBJECTIVE: In Latin America and the Caribbean, Bolivia has the third highest rate of mortality among children under five years of age (57 per 1 000), with 14.0% of under-five deaths attributable to diarrhea. Because a child's world is predominantly controlled by and experienced through his or her mother, this investigation aims to understand what maternal dimensions may determine child diarrhea. METHODS: Variables were selected from the 2003 Bolivia Demographic and Health Survey to create ind...

Use of rifaxamin in patients of irritable bowel syndrome with pre dominant diarrhea

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rathor, R.; Butt, N.F.; Iqbal, A.; Alam, I.

2013-01-01

To find out the effect of Rifixamin in patients of irritable bowel syndrome with predominant diarrhea. Material and methods.: This study was carried out from January 2012 to September 2012 on patients presenting to medical OPD of Mayo Hospital, Lahore. Study design: It is descriptive type of study. Result: Out of 30 patients presenting to medical OPD with diagnosis of diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome 18 (60%) were females and 12 (40 %) were males. The age of the patients were between 13-38 years. All the patients were prescribed Tab. Rifaximin 550 mg three times a day for 14 days and were assessed for their complaints like diarrhea its frequency and consistency using 5 point scale for stool consistency, abdominal pain and abdominal bloating using Li Kert scoring. The patients were assessed for their complaints on day 15 and again after 2 months. It was found out that out of 30 patients 18 (60%), patients showed improvement in their global symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome at 15 day of follow up, but at 2 months of follow up out of 18 (60%) patients who responded to Rifaximin treatment at 15 day only 12 (40%) patients reported to have consistent improvement in symptoms while 6 (20%) patients again developed, diarrhea abdominal pain and bloating 2 (6%) patients left the study at 3rd day of treatment due to increase in frequency of diarrhea. It was observed that drug was more effective in females and older individuals. Out of 18 patients who responded 11 (61%)were females and the patients were of relatively of older age. Conclusion: It was found out that treatment with Rifaximin provided significant relief of IBS symptoms, bloating abdominal pain and diarrhea. (author)

El trabajo infantil y la recesión económica de 1999 en Colombia.

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Claudia Marcela Umaña Aponte

2010-05-01

Full Text Available El artículo examina la relación entre crecimiento económico, ingresos de las familias, empleo infantil y asistencia escolar en Colombia. También analiza el impacto de la recesión económica de 1999 en la educación y empleo infantil. Una importante contribución del artículo es el uso de datos microeconómicos y macroeconómicos en la estimación de los modelos empíricos, ya que nos permiten analizar los determinantes micro y macroeconómicos del empleo infantil. Los resultados muestran que el ingreso de las familias y el crecimiento económico son relevantes para el proceso de decisión de las familias sobre educación y empleo de los niños. Encontramos que en Colombia el empleo infantil es contra cíclico y la educación es pro cíclica respecto al crecimiento económico. En consecuencia, mayores niveles de ingreso social aumentan el bienestar de los niños ofreciéndoles mayor educación y menores responsabilidades económicas. Esto implica que la principal razón por la cual los niños trabajan en Colombia es la pobreza. El impacto de la crisis de finales de los años 90 sobre el empleo infantil y la educación fue un incremento fuerte de niños en la fuerza laboral y una leve reducción en la asistencia escolar.

Infantile Short Bowel Syndrome: short and long term evaluation

NARCIS (Netherlands)

J.F. Olieman (Joanne)

2009-01-01

textabstractInfantile short bowel syndrome is a condition which is characterized by malabsorption of nutrients, as a result of congenital intestinal shortening or massive small bowel resection. Survival rates have improved over the years, but morbidity remains high and clinical management of these

Crecimiento y estado nutricional infantil en San Salvador de Jujuy

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Bejarano, Ignacio

2001-01-01

Full Text Available La recolección de datos antropométricos dentro de un programa de asistencia sanitaria y alimentaria permite definir el estado nutricional y de salud de los individuos y en base a esta información planificar, ejecutar y valorar la incidencia de dicho programa en la población. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el crecimiento y estado nutricional de una población infantil (1-5 años residente en barrios periféricos de San Salvador de Jujuy y comprendida en el Programa Materno Infantil (PROMIN. Los datos procedieron de mediciones de peso (kg y talla (cm realizadas en 4616 niños, los que se agruparon por sexo y edad decimal. Los indicadores utilizados fueron: peso, talla, puntuación z (Pz, índice de masa corporal (IMC. Los resultados indicaron que: 1 la mayoría de la población se encontró entre 2z: 98,9% para talla/edad (T/E y 96.6% para peso/edad (P/E (estándar nacional; 99.4% para T/E y 97.7% para P/E (estándar internacional; 2 los valores promedios del IMC en todos los grupos de edad y en ambos sexos, fueron superiores a los de referencia, resultando estas diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0.01. Se concluye que el crecimiento y el estado nutricional de esta población se ajusta al de las poblaciones de referencia nacional e internacional y que, probablemente este comportamiento, el cual no refleja la situación general del resto de las poblaciones infantiles de la Provincia de Jujuy, responda al efecto de la asistencia alimentaria, médica y sanitaria ofrecida por el PROMIN y a las características socioeconómicas, demográficas y culturales propias de esta población infantil.

Spoiled breast milk and bad water; local understandings of diarrhea causes and prevention in rural Sierra Leone.

Science.gov (United States)

McMahon, Shannon A; George, Asha S; Yumkella, Fatu; Diaz, Theresa

2013-12-13

Globally, diarrhea remains a leading killer of young children. In Sierra Leone, one in seven children die before their fifth birthday and diarrhea is a leading cause. Studies that emphasize the demand-side of health interventions -- how caregivers understand causation and prevention of diarrhea -- have been neglected in research and programming. We undertook applied qualitative research including 68 in-depth interviews and 36 focus group discussions with mothers, fathers and older female caretakers to examine the causes and prevention of childhood diarrhea in villages near and far from health facilities across four rural districts. Verbal consent was obtained. Respondents reported multiple, co-existing descriptions of causation including: contaminated water and difficulties accessing clean water; exposure to an unclean environment and poor food hygiene; contaminated breast milk due to sexual intercourse, overheated breast milk or bodily maternal conditions such as menstruation or pregnancy; and dietary imbalances and curses. Respondents rarely discussed the role of open defecation or the importance of handwashing with soap in preventing diarrhea. Categorizing behaviors as beneficial, harmful, non-existent or benign enables tailored programmatic recommendations. For example, respondents recognized the value of clean water and we correspondingly recommend interventions that reinforce consumption of and access to clean water. Second, respondents report denying "contaminated" breast milk to breastfeeding children. This is a harmful practice that merits attention. Third, the role of open defecation and poor hygiene in causing diarrhea is less understood and warrants introduction or clarification. Finally, the role of exposed feet or curses in causing diarrhea is relatively benign and does not necessitate programmatic attention. Further research supportive of communication and social mobilization strategies building on these findings is required to ensure that improved

Mortality, diarrhea and respiratory disease in Danish dairy heifer calves

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Reiten, M.; Rousing, T.; Thomsen, P. T.

2018-01-01

system (conventional/organic), season (summer/winter) and calf mortality risk, diarrhea, signs of respiratory disease and ocular discharge, respectively, for dairy heifer calves aged 0–180 days. Sixty Danish dairy herds, 30 conventional and 30 organic, were visited once during summer and once during......Diarrhea and respiratory disease are major health problems for dairy calves, often causing calf mortality. Previous studies have found calf mortality to be higher in organic dairy herds compared to conventional herds. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between production...... variables and in certain age groups, dependent on production system and season....

Community unit performance: factors associated with childhood diarrhea and appropriate treatment in Nyanza Province, Kenya

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Yoshito Kawakatsu

2017-02-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background The government of Kenya launched its community health strategy in 2006 to improve certain aspects of its community health program. Under the strategy, community units (CUs were established as level one of the Kenyan health system. A core member at this level is the community health worker (CHW. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship among the performance of the CUs, the prevalence of childhood diarrhea and appropriate treatment for it by controlling individual and community-level factors. Methods The main dataset used in this study was the 2011 Nyanza Province county-based Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS. In addition, based on the list of community units in Nyanza Province, Kenya, we identified the area’s CUs and their performance. MICS data and data on CUs were merged using sub-location names. There were 17 individual and two community-level independent variables in this study. Bivariate analysis and a multilevel logistic regression were performed. Results Factors significantly associated with a lower prevalence of diarrhea among children under five were the child’s increasing age, middle-aged household heads, children who received more attention, water treatment and rural versus urban area residence, while male children and highly performing CUs were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of diarrhea. In addition, middle wealth index, severity of diarrhea and middle- and high-CU performance were significantly associated with appropriate treatment for childhood diarrhea. Conclusions Although this study found that children living in areas of high CU performance were more likely to have diarrhea, these areas would have been identified as being more at risk for diarrhea prevalence and other health concerns, prioritized for the establishment of a CU and allocated more resources to improve the performance of CUs. A higher CU performance was significantly associated with the appropriate

Community unit performance: factors associated with childhood diarrhea and appropriate treatment in Nyanza Province, Kenya.

Science.gov (United States)

Kawakatsu, Yoshito; Tanaka, Junichi; Ogawa, Kazuya; Ogendo, Kenneth; Honda, Sumihisa

2017-02-16

The government of Kenya launched its community health strategy in 2006 to improve certain aspects of its community health program. Under the strategy, community units (CUs) were established as level one of the Kenyan health system. A core member at this level is the community health worker (CHW). The objective of this study was to assess the relationship among the performance of the CUs, the prevalence of childhood diarrhea and appropriate treatment for it by controlling individual and community-level factors. The main dataset used in this study was the 2011 Nyanza Province county-based Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS). In addition, based on the list of community units in Nyanza Province, Kenya, we identified the area's CUs and their performance. MICS data and data on CUs were merged using sub-location names. There were 17 individual and two community-level independent variables in this study. Bivariate analysis and a multilevel logistic regression were performed. Factors significantly associated with a lower prevalence of diarrhea among children under five were the child's increasing age, middle-aged household heads, children who received more attention, water treatment and rural versus urban area residence, while male children and highly performing CUs were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of diarrhea. In addition, middle wealth index, severity of diarrhea and middle- and high-CU performance were significantly associated with appropriate treatment for childhood diarrhea. Although this study found that children living in areas of high CU performance were more likely to have diarrhea, these areas would have been identified as being more at risk for diarrhea prevalence and other health concerns, prioritized for the establishment of a CU and allocated more resources to improve the performance of CUs. A higher CU performance was significantly associated with the appropriate treatment. It was suggested that CHWs could have a positive effect on

Clinical, epidemiological, and spatial characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus diarrhea and cholera in the urban slums of Kolkata, India

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Kanungo Suman

2012-09-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background There is not much information on the differences in clinical, epidemiological and spatial characteristics of diarrhea due to V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus from non-coastal areas. We investigated the differences in clinical, epidemiological and spatial characteristics of the two Vibrio species in the urban slums of Kolkata, India. Methods The data of a cluster randomized cholera vaccine trial were used. We restricted the analysis to clusters assigned to placebo. Survival analysis of the time to the first episode was used to analyze risk factors for V. parahaemolyticus diarrhea or cholera. A spatial scan test was used to identify high risk areas for cholera and for V. parahaemolyticus diarrhea. Results In total, 54,519 people from the placebo clusters were assembled. The incidence of cholera (1.30/1000/year was significantly higher than that of V. parahaemolyticus diarrhea (0.63/1000/year. Cholera incidence was inversely related to age, whereas the risk of V. parahaemolyticus diarrhea was age-independent. The seasonality of diarrhea due to the two Vibrio species was similar. Cholera was distinguished by a higher frequency of severe dehydration, and V. parahaemolyticus diarrhea was by abdominal pain. Hindus and those who live in household not using boiled or treated water were more likely to have V. parahaemolyticus diarrhea. Young age, low socioeconomic status, and living closer to a project healthcare facility were associated with an increased risk for cholera. The high risk area for cholera differed from the high risk area for V. parahaemolyticus diarrhea. Conclusion We report coexistence of the two vibrios in the slums of Kolkata. The two etiologies of diarrhea had a similar seasonality but had distinguishing clinical features. The risk factors and the high risk areas for the two diseases differ from one another suggesting different modes of transmission of these two pathogens.

Recurrent floods and prevalence of diarrhea among under five children: observations from Bahraich district, Uttar Pradesh, India.

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Joshi, Pooran C; Kaushal, Sonia; Aribam, Bijaya S; Khattri, Prashant; D'Aoust, Olivia; Singh, Mongjam M; Marx, Michael; Guha-Sapir, Debarati

2011-01-01

Diarrhea is an important problem among the under-five children in India. The paper examines long-term impacts of recurrent floods on diarrhea among under-five children in Uttar Pradesh, India. A two stage stratified cluster survey was conducted in flood affected (exposed) and non-flood affected areas (unexposed). The long-term impact of the floods was not clearly marked in the overall prevalence of diarrhea with the exposed group having prevalence of 55.1% as against 56.2% in the unexposed group of children under five. Economic condition of the household is associated with the prevalence of diarrhea in both exposed and unexposed strata. Anemia was found to be a significant risk factor for diarrhea among children in both the flood exposed and non-flood exposed populations. The recurrent floods did not have any significant effect on the prevalence of diarrhea in relation to gender, religion, caste, and household size. The study indicates that the long-term impacts of floods are very differently manifested than the immediate impacts.

Epidemiologic Observations on Diarrhea Developing in U.S. and Mexican Students Living in Guadalajara, Mexico.

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Ericsson; DuPont; Mathewson

1995-03-01

Background: A previous study suggested that U.S. students who lived in Mexico for 1 year had a risk of diarrhea intermediate between the rate for newly arrived U.S. students and Mexican students; however, the study was not controlled for changes of risky behavior over time. Methods: An analysis of acute diarrhea occurring among U.S. and Mexican student groups living in Guadalajara, Mexico was conducted to explore the association of diarrhea developing during selected 28-day periods with length of residence, season, and risk factors such as locations of food consumption, consumption of tap water, unsafe ice, alcohol, and antibiotics. Results: Compared to U.S. and Mexican student groups, newly arrived U.S. college students in July had the highest rate of diarrhea (55%), highest enteropathogen isolation rate (46%), and most consumption of alcohol and antibiotics; they also ate most frequently at restaurants and in Mexican family homes. Compared to a 34% rate of diarrhea among newly arrived U.S. medical students in August, the rate was only 6% among established medical students in January. This drop in attack rate was attended by less tap water and unsafe ice consumption by established students in January compared to the habits of newly arrived students in January or August when risky behavior was otherwise similar among these groups. The role of tap water and unsafe ice in the acquisition of wintertime diarrhea is further supported by the relatively high 29% rate of diarrhea among U.S. medical students newly arrived in January, who also consumed more tap water and ice than established students in January. Enterotoxigenic E. coli disease was observed only during the summer months; whereas, Campylobacter jejuni disease and disease associated with no detected pathogen were more common in winter. Conclusions: These data imply that wintertime diarrhea in Guadalajara is more likely than summertime diarrhea to be waterborne and to be caused by agents such as viruses or

Oral Administration of Astrovirus Capsid Protein Is Sufficient To Induce Acute Diarrhea In Vivo

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Victoria A. Meliopoulos

2016-11-01

Full Text Available The disease mechanisms associated with the onset of astrovirus diarrhea are unknown. Unlike other enteric virus infections, astrovirus infection is not associated with an inflammatory response or cellular damage. In vitro studies in differentiated Caco-2 cells demonstrated that human astrovirus serotype 1 (HAstV-1 capsid protein alone disrupts the actin cytoskeleton and tight junction complex, leading to increased epithelial barrier permeability. In this study, we show that oral administration of purified recombinant turkey astrovirus 2 (TAstV-2 capsid protein results in acute diarrhea in a dose- and time-dependent manner in turkey poults. Similarly to that induced by infectious virus, TAstV-2 capsid-induced diarrhea was independent of inflammation or histological changes but was associated with increased intestinal barrier permeability, as well as redistribution of sodium hydrogen exchanger 3 (NHE3 from the membrane to the cytoplasm of the intestinal epithelium. Unlike other viral enterotoxins that have been identified, astrovirus capsid induces diarrhea after oral administration, reproducing the natural route of infection and demonstrating that ingestion of intact noninfectious capsid protein may be sufficient to provoke acute diarrhea. Based on these data, we hypothesize that the astrovirus capsid acts like an enterotoxin and induces intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction.

Acute diarrhea during adjuvant therapy for rectal cancer: a detailed analysis from a randomized intergroup trial

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Miller, Robert C.; Sargent, Daniel J.; Martenson, James A.; Macdonald, John S.; Haller, Daniel; Mayer, Robert J.; Gunderson, Leonard L.; Rich, Tyvin A.; Cha, Stephen S.; O'Connell, Michael J.

2002-01-01

Purpose: During adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) for rectal cancer, patients receiving 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) by protracted venous infusion have a higher risk of diarrhea than have patients receiving bolus 5-FU. Toxicity from a previously reported randomized clinical trial was analyzed to quantify the difference in this risk. Additionally, the persistence of diarrhea after RT was analyzed. Methods and Materials: A total of 656 patients were eligible. Patients with T3-4 N0-2 M0 or T1-2 N1-2 M0 resected, high-risk rectal cancer were randomly allocated to receive 5-FU by either protracted venous infusion or bolus during RT (50.4-54.0 Gy). Two cycles of bolus 5-FU were given before and after RT. One-half of the first 445 patients were also randomly allocated to receive lomustine in conjunction with the bolus 5-FU. The incidence and severity of diarrhea in relation to patient and treatment characteristics were evaluated. Results: The rate of diarrhea was significantly greater in patients receiving 5-FU by protracted venous infusion than in patients receiving bolus 5-FU; the difference was most pronounced for Grade 3 (severe) diarrhea (21% versus 13%, p=0.007). The incidence and magnitude of diarrhea before and after RT were similar. Patients treated with an anterior resection had a higher rate of severe or life-threatening diarrhea than did patients treated with an abdominoperineal resection (31% vs. 12%, p<0.001). Conclusions: During pelvic RT, patients who receive 5-FU by protracted venous infusion rather than by bolus have a higher risk of severe or life-threatening diarrhea during RT. This risk does not appear to persist during chemotherapy after completion of pelvic RT

What is the Best Way to Treat Diarrhea?

Science.gov (United States)

... diarrhea. They are extremely helpful for the home management of mild to moderately severe illness. Do not try to prepare these special fluids yourself. Use only commercially available fluids—brand-name and generic brands are equally effective. Your ...

Infantile sexuality: Its place in the conceptual developments of Anna Freud and Donald W. Winnicott.

Science.gov (United States)

Joyce, Angela

2016-06-01

This essay explores the place of infantile sexuality in the theories of Anna Freud and Donald W Winnicott. Both Anna Freud and D.W. Winnicott incorporated and at the same time changed the classical psychoanalytic account of infantile sexuality and the instinctual drives. Whilst Anna Freud remained closer to her father's original conceptualization, she developed a multidimensional model of development which gave the drives a foundational status whist also maintaining their significance in giving meaning and texture to children's subjective experience. Winnicott also retained much of S. Freud's original theorizing except that in a fundamental way he turned it on its head when considering earliest development. For him the establishment of the self was paramount, and the drives and infantile sexuality merely served to give substance to that self. Copyright © 2016 Institute of Psychoanalysis.

de nutrición infantil 2001-2002.

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Lucía Díez-Gañán

2007-01-01

Full Text Available Fundamento: Para conocer la situación alimentaria y nutricional en la población infantil, sobre la que no existía información actualizada, el Instituto de Salud Pública desarrolló la Encuesta de Nutrición Infantil de la Comunidad de Madrid 2001/2002 (ENICM. En este trabajo se analiza la ENICM para describir y evaluar la ingesta de alimentos, energía y nutrientes en esta población. Métodos: Estudio transversal sobre una muestra representativa de la población de 5-12 años de la Comunidad de Madrid. La información alimentaria se recogió en 2001 y 2002 mediante dos recuerdos de 24 horas. Se ha estudiado la ingesta total diaria de alimentos, energía y nutrientes. Los análisis incluyen los 1.852 niños con información completa en los dos recuerdos (90,8% de las entrevistas realizadas. Resultados: La ingesta media total diaria de alimentos es 1.460,7 gramos/persona/día. Salvo para los lácteos, huevos y aceites, la ingesta en los grupos alimentarios básicos es inadecuada, particularmente baja en las frutas frescas, verduras y hortalizas. La ingesta media energética y nutricional resultante es 1.905,9 kcal/persona/día; 43,6% hidratos de carbono; 17,4% proteínas, 39,0% lípidos (13,3% grasas saturadas, 16,8% monoinsaturadas, 5,0% poliinsaturadas; 363,8 mg de colesterol; 13,6 g de fibra e ingestas por debajo de las recomendadas de zinc, ácido fólico, vitaminas D y E (ambos sexos y hierro y vitamina B6 (niñas. Conclusiones: La dieta de la población infantil de la Comunidad de Madrid presenta desequilibrios que es necesario mejorar: ingesta inadecuada de alimentos básicos, exceso de proteínas, grasas saturadas y colesterol y déficit de hidratos de carbono, fibra y algunos micronutrientes.

Country characteristics and acute diarrhea in children from developing nations: a multilevel study.

Science.gov (United States)

Pinzón-Rondón, Ángela María; Zárate-Ardila, Carol; Hoyos-Martínez, Alfonso; Ruiz-Sternberg, Ángela María; Vélez-van-Meerbeke, Alberto

2015-08-21

Each year 2.5 billion cases of diarrheal disease are reported in children under five years, and over 1,000 die. Country characteristics could play a role on this situation. We explored associations between country characteristics and diarrheal disease in children under 5 years of age, adjusting by child, mother and household attributes in developing countries. This study included 348,706 children from 40 nations. We conducted a multilevel analysis of data from the Demographic and Health Surveys and the World Bank. The prevalence of acute diarrhea was 14 %. Country inequalities (OR = 1.335; 95 % CI 1.117-1.663) and country's low income (OR = 1.488; 95 % CI 1.024-2.163) were associated with diarrhea, and these country characteristics changed the associations of well-known determinants of diarrhea. Specifically, living in poor countries strengthens the association of poor household wealth and mother's lack of education with the disease. Other factors associated with diarrhea were female sex of the child (OR = 0.922; 95 % CI 0.900-0.944), age of the child (OR = 0.978; 95 % CI 0.978-0.979), immunization status (OR = 0.821; 95 % CI 0.799-0.843), normal birthweight (OR = 0.879; 95 % CI 0.834-0.926), maternal age (OR = 0.987; 95 % CI 0.985-0.989), lack of maternal education (OR = 1.416; 95 % CI 1.283-1.564), working status of the mother (OR = 1.136; 95 % CI 1.106-1.167), planned pregnancy (OR = 0.774; 95 % CI 0.753-0.795), a nuclear family structure (OR = 0.949; 95 % CI 0.923-0.975), and household wealth (OR = 0.948; 95 % CI 0.921-0.977). Inequalities and lack of resources at the country level in developing countries -but not health expenditure- were associated with acute diarrhea, independently of child, family and household features. The broad environment considerably modifies well-known social determinants of acute diarrhea and public health campaigns designed to target diarrhea should consider macro characteristics of the

The Lives Saved Tool (LiST) as a model for diarrhea mortality reduction

Science.gov (United States)

2014-01-01

Background Diarrhea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five years of age. The Lives Saved Tool (LiST) is a model used to calculate deaths averted or lives saved by past interventions and for the purposes of program planning when costly and time consuming impact studies are not possible. Discussion LiST models the relationship between coverage of interventions and outputs, such as stunting, diarrhea incidence and diarrhea mortality. Each intervention directly prevents a proportion of diarrhea deaths such that the effect size of the intervention is multiplied by coverage to calculate lives saved. That is, the maximum effect size could be achieved at 100% coverage, but at 50% coverage only 50% of possible deaths are prevented. Diarrhea mortality is one of the most complex causes of death to be modeled. The complexity is driven by the combination of direct prevention and treatment interventions as well as interventions that operate indirectly via the reduction in risk factors, such as stunting and wasting. Published evidence is used to quantify the effect sizes for each direct and indirect relationship. Several studies have compared measured changes in mortality to LiST estimates of mortality change looking at different sets of interventions in different countries. While comparison work has generally found good agreement between the LiST estimates and measured mortality reduction, where data availability is weak, the model is less likely to produce accurate results. LiST can be used as a component of program evaluation, but should be coupled with more complete information on inputs, processes and outputs, not just outcomes and impact. Summary LiST is an effective tool for modeling diarrhea mortality and can be a useful alternative to large and expensive mortality impact studies. Predicting the impact of interventions or comparing the impact of more than one intervention without having to wait for the results of large and expensive

La música en los juegos de patio en educación infantil

OpenAIRE

Escorial Blázquez, Sandra María

2012-01-01

Los cambios socioeconómicos y culturales que hemos vivido en las últimas décadas han afectado a todas las estructuras de la sociedad, cambiando las formas de jugar y divertirse de los niños y niñas de infantil. Trataremos de analizar la situación actual que se desarrolla en el patio de recreo infantil. Centrándonos en la música y el juego, como elementos fundamentales que participan en el desarrollo integral de la persona. El recreo es un espacio-tiempo para jugar libremente y todos los utili...

Infantile malignant osteopetrosis: A case report of three siblings

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Sahil Jain

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Infantile malignant osteopetrosis, a rare hereditary, generalized disorder of bone characterized by a significant increase in the density of the skeletal tissues is described in three siblings. The incidence, genetic etiology, clinical, laboratory, radiological features, management and prognosis have been discussed.

Hacia una educación infantil de calidad

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Ana Lupita Chaves Salas

2004-01-01

Full Text Available El artículo analiza las funciones que cumple la educación infantil dentro de la sociedad y da a conocer algunos criterios de calidad para valorar los programas dirigidos a la educación del niño y la niña menor de seis años

[Epidemiological characteristics of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli among diarrhea outpatients in China, 2012-2015].

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Z K; Lai, S J; Yu, J X; Yang, W Q; Wang, X; Jing, H Q; Li, Z J; Yang, W Z

2017-04-10

Objective: To understand the epidemiological characteristics of diarrheagenic Escherichia (E.) coli (DEC) among diarrhea outpatients in China. Methods: Diarrhea surveillance program was conducted in outpatient and emergency departments from 170 hospitals that under the sentinel programs in 27 provinces, from 2012-2015. Clinical and epidemiological data regarding diarrhea patients were collected, with fecal specimens sampled and tested for DEC in 92 network-connected laboratories. Results: Among all the 46 721 diarrhea cases, 7.7 % of them appeared DEC positive in those with geographic heterogeneity. In 2 982 cases (6.4 % ) with available data on PCR subtypes of DEC, enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC, 1 205 cases, 40.4 % ) appeared the most commonly seen pathogens, followed by enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC, 815 cases, 27.3 % ), and enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC, 653 cases, 21.9 % ). The highest positive rate of DEC was observed in outpatients of 25-34 years old (10.1 % ), living in the warm temperate zones (11.1 % ), and with mucous-like stool (9.4 % ). The positive rate of DEC showed a strong seasonal pattern, with peaks in summer, for all the subtypes. Conclusions: DEC seemed easy to be detected among diarrhea outpatients in China, with EAEC, EPEC and ETEC the most commonly identified subtypes. Epidemiological characteristics regarding the heterogeneities of DEC appeared different, in regions, age groups and seasons. Long-term surveillance programs should be strengthened to better understand the epidemiology of DEC, in China.

Loperamide plus azithromycin more effectively treats travelers' diarrhea in Mexico than azithromycin alone.

Science.gov (United States)

Ericsson, Charles D; DuPont, Herbert L; Okhuysen, Pablo C; Jiang, Zhi-Dong; DuPont, Margaret W

2007-01-01

Because the combination of loperamide and some antimicrobials has proven to be more efficacious than the antimicrobial agent alone in the treatment of travelers' diarrhea, we set out to prove loperamide plus azithromycin was more efficacious than azithromycin alone. During the summers of 2002 to 2003, 176 US adults recently arrived in Guadalajara, Mexico were enrolled in a prospective, double-blinded, randomized trial of the treatment of acute diarrhea. Subjects received single doses (1,000 or 500 mg) of azithromycin or a single 500 mg dose of azithromycin plus loperamide. Subjects gave a pre- and post-treatment stool sample for analysis and maintained daily diaries of symptoms and passage of stools. The duration of diarrhea was significantly (p=0.0002) shorter following treatment with azithromycin plus loperamide (11 h) than with either dose of azithromycin alone (34 h). In the first 24 hours, the average number of unformed stools passed was 3.4 (azithromycin alone) and 1.2 (combination) for a significant (ptravelers' diarrhea in an Escherichia coli predominant region of the world, a single 500 mg dose of azithromycin appeared as effective as a 1,000 mg dose. Loperamide plus 500 mg of azithromycin was safe and more effective than either dose of azithromycin. To realize the substantial clinical benefit that accrues to a subset of subjects, we feel loperamide should routinely be used in combination with an antimicrobial agent to treat travelers' diarrhea.

Spatial pattern of diarrhea based on regional economic and environment by spatial autoregressive model

Science.gov (United States)

Bekti, Rokhana Dwi; Nurhadiyanti, Gita; Irwansyah, Edy

2014-10-01

The diarrhea case pattern information, especially for toddler, is very important. It is used to show the distribution of diarrhea in every region, relationship among that locations, and regional economic characteristic or environmental behavior. So, this research uses spatial pattern to perform them. This method includes: Moran's I, Spatial Autoregressive Models (SAR), and Local Indicator of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA). It uses sample from 23 sub districts of Bekasi Regency, West Java, Indonesia. Diarrhea case, regional economic, and environmental behavior of households have a spatial relationship among sub district. SAR shows that the percentage of Regional Gross Domestic Product is significantly effect on diarrhea at α = 10%. Therefore illiteracy and health center facilities are significant at α = 5%. With LISA test, sub districts in southern Bekasi have high dependencies with Cikarang Selatan, Serang Baru, and Setu. This research also builds development application that is based on java and R to support data analysis.

Pathological studies on bovine viral diarrhea

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Elkady, A.A.M.A.

2002-01-01

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is classified as an RNA virus in the family flavin viride and is a member of the genus pest virus (Collet et al 1989). BVDV has a worldwide distribution and infections in cattle populations (Kahrs et al 1970). It was recognized since 50 years ago, the initial description of an acute enteric disease of cattle in North America, which was characterized by outbreaks of diarrhea and erosive of digestive tract (Olafsonp et al 1946). The disease and causative agent were named bovine viral diarrhea (B V D ) and (B V DV), respectively. This virus was subsequently associated with a sporadically occurring and highly fatal enteric disease that was termed mucosal disease (M D), (Ramsey and Chivers 1953). The initial isolate of BVDV did not produce cytopathic effect in cell culture, whereas an isolate from MD did produce cytopathic effects (Lee et al 1957). In vitro characteristic of non cytopathic or sytopathic effects of BVDV is referred to as the biotype of the virus. It has now been established that MD occurs only when xattle that are born immuno tolerant to and persistently infected with a noncyropathic BVDV become super infected with a cytopathic BVDV. The knowledge of the molecular biology. Pathogenesis and epidemiology of BVDV has greatly evolved in the past 10-15 years and has provided a better understanding of this complex infectious agent. Infection with BVDV can result in a wide spectrum of diseases ranging from subclinical infection s to a highly fatal from known as mucosal disease (ND). The clinical response to infection depends on multiple interactive factors. Host factors that influence the clinical outcome of BVDV infection include whether the host is immunocompetent or immuno tolerant to BVDV, pregnancy status, gestational age of the fetus, immune status (passively derived or actively derived from previous infection or vaccination) and concurrent level of environmental stress

Identification and Characterization of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus from Indonesian Cattle (IDENTIFIKASI DAN KARAKTERISASI VIRUS BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA DARI SAPI INDONESIA

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Muharam Saepulloh

2015-05-01

Full Text Available Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV is an important viral disease, which a ubiquitous pathogen ofcattle with worldwide economic importance and due to its misdiagnose with other viruses. The goal of thecurrent study was to identify and characterize of BVDV by reverse transcriptase polymerase chainreaction (RT-PCR and followed by sequence genome analyses. Blood, feces, and semen samples werecollected from 588 selected cattle from animals suffering from diarrhea and respiratory manifestation. RTPCRresults showed that the 69 (11.74% samples were positive to BVDV. Further molecularcharacterization was conducted only with 17 PCR positive samples. The results indicated the 17 IndonesianBVD virus isolates were belonging to the genotype-1 of BVDV (BVDV-1 based on sequence analysis anda phylogenetic relationship between Indonesian BVDV isolates and BVDV in the world. This finding is thefirst report of BVD-1 circulated in Indonesian cattle.

La neuropsicología infantil desde la perspectiva histórico-cultural.

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Luis Alberto Taype-Huarca

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Cada vez se tienen mas avances dentro de laneuropsicologfa infantil en su interes por los problemascomportamentales y cognitivos del desarrollo, eneste artfculo se presenta una revisi6n de la propuestaneuropsicol6gica hist6rico-cultural,Uno de los puntos principales def desarroOo delaneuropsicologfa contemporanea es la conceptualizaci6nde la neuropsicologfa de las diferencias individualeso neuropsicologfa de la normal|dad que permite lafundamentaci6n de la neuropsicologia infantil, trazandoseUna Clara diferencia con la neuropsicologfa clSsica. Seanalizan las consideraciones te6ricas, neuropsicol6gicasy psicol6gicas, de estudio como son: el analisis de losfactores neuropsicol6gicos, los componentes del sistemafuncional complejo, las nuevas formaciones psicol6gicasde la edad, la formaci6n par etapas de las acciones y losconceptos; y las actfvidades fundamentales de la edad.Finalmente resaltamos la importancia de la propuestaestudiada par su consistencia te6rica y su Clara direcci6nhacia la complementaci6n de la evaluaci6n, el diagn6sticoy la correcci6n en la neuropsicologia infantil; asimismo seVa|Oran las ventajas y diffcultades para la consolidaci6n deeste modelo a nivel clinico e investigativo.

Nutrigym Kids Center "Club Integral Infantil en el Sector Ceibos de Guayaquil

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Espol; Orellana Vélez, María Verónica; Vargas Pino, Jonathan Roberto

2016-01-01

Nutrigym Kids Center Club infantil en el sector ceibos de Guayaquil ha sido desarrollado para un segmento de mercado específico con un problema actual de salud que está predominado en el país que es la obesidad infantil. El segmento de mercado son los niños entre los 5 y 11 años de edad que padecen sobrepeso u obesidad y ademas que no estén interesados en actividades deportiva comunes la ubicación es estratégica puesto que estará en un sector donde la mayoría de los posibles clientes es cla...

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors of the lung carrying a chimeric A2M-ALK gene: report of 2 infantile cases and review of the differential diagnosis of infantile pulmonary lesions.

Science.gov (United States)

Tanaka, Mio; Kohashi, Kenichi; Kushitani, Kei; Yoshida, Misa; Kurihara, Sho; Kawashima, Masumi; Ueda, Yuka; Souzaki, Ryota; Kinoshita, Yoshiaki; Oda, Yoshinao; Takeshima, Yukio; Hiyama, Eiso; Taguchi, Tomoaki; Tanaka, Yukichi

2017-08-01

We report 2 infantile cases of pulmonary tumor carrying a chimeric A2M-ALK gene. A2M-ALK is a newly identified anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-related chimeric gene from a tumor diagnosed as fetal lung interstitial tumor (FLIT). FLIT is a recently recognized infantile pulmonary lesion defined as a mass-like lesion that morphologically resembles the fetal lung. Grossly, FLIT characteristically appears as a well-circumscribed spongy mass, whereas the tumors in these patients were solid and firm. Histologically, the tumors showed intrapulmonary lesions composed of densely proliferating polygonal or spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells with diffuse and dense infiltrations of inflammatory cells forming microcystic or micropapillary structures lined by thyroid transcription factor 1-positive pneumocytes, favoring inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor rather than FLIT. The proliferating cells were immunoreactive for ALK, and A2M-ALK was identified in both tumors with reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The dense infiltration of inflammatory cells, immunoreactivity for ALK, and identification of an ALK-related chimeric gene suggested a diagnosis of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. Histologically, most reported FLITs show sparse inflammatory infiltrates and a relatively low density of interstitial cells in the septa, although prominent infiltration of inflammatory cells and high cellularity of interstitial cells are seen in some FLITs. The present cases suggest that ALK rearrangements, including the chimeric A2M-ALK gene, may be present in these infantile pulmonary lesions, especially those with inflammatory cell infiltration. We propose that these infantile pulmonary lesions containing a chimeric A2M-ALK gene be categorized as a specific type of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor that develops exclusively in neonates and infants. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Determinantes del trabajo infantil y la escolaridad: el caso del Valle del Cauca en Colombia

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Sebastián Urueña Abadía

2009-10-01

Full Text Available Colombia, al igual que la mayoría de países latinoamericanos, consciente de las repercusiones sociales y económicas negativas del trabajo infantil, se ha comprometido en la lucha por la erradicación de este fenómeno. Prueba de ello es la ratificación por parte del gobierno colombiano en el año 2007, del Convenio 182 de la OIT sobre la Prohibición de las Peores Formas de Trabajo Infantil y la Acción Inmediata para su Eliminación. En el plano regional, como parte del Plan de Desarrollo del Departamento del Valle del Cauca 2008-2011, se está implementando actualmente una estrategia territorial de erradicación del trabajo infantil en sus 42 municipios. Considerando este panorama, este trabajo indaga cuáles son los determinantes del trabajo infantil y la escolaridad en el departamento del Valle a partir de los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Calidad de Vida del año 2003. Para el análisis se emplea un modelo econométrico Probit Bivariado, que permite el estudio conjunto e interrelacionado de decisiones diferentes, en este caso la asistencia escolar y el trabajo.

Serial elongation derotation flexion (EDF) casting for patients with infantile and juvenile scoliosis.

Science.gov (United States)

Canavese, Federico; Rousset, Marie; Mansour, Mounira; Samba, Antoine; Dimeglio, Alain

2016-02-01

Infantile and juvenile scoliosis, among different types of spinal deformity, is still a challenge for pediatric orthopedic surgeons. The ideal treatment of infantile and juvenile scoliosis has not yet been identified as both clinicians and surgeons still face multiple challenges, including preservation of the thoracic spine, thoracic cage, lung growth and cardiac function without reducing spinal motion. Elongation, derotation, flexion (EDF) casting technique is a custom-made thoracolumbar cast based on a three dimensional correction concept. This cast offers three-dimensional correction and can control the evolution of the deformity in some cases. Spinal growth can be guided by EDF casting as it can influence the initially curved spine to grow straighter. This article aimed to provide a comprehensive review of how infantile and juvenile scoliosis can affect normal spine and thorax and how these deformities can be treated with serial EDF casting technique. A current literature review is mandatory in order to understand the principles of the serial EDF casting technique and the effectiveness of conservative treatment in young and very young patients.

Cases of Trichohepatoenteric Syndrome (Syndromic Diarrhea with Underlying Crohn’s Disease

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Е. А. Roslavtseva

2015-01-01

Full Text Available Tricho-hepato-enteric syndrome (syndromic, phenotypic diarrhea, SD/THES is a rare inborn disease, which affects bowels. It is caused by the mutation of genes SKIV2L or TTC37. Manifestations include intrauterine hypotrophy, severe chronic diarrhea, which starts in infancy, characteristic facial features and hair growth abnormalities, immune disorders. There are data on two patients dealing with tricho-hepato-enteric syndrome with underlying Crohn’s disease. This is the first description of cases of aggravated tricho-hepatoenteric syndrome ever found in Russian medical literature. 

Atuação do psicólogo frente aos transtornos globais do desenvolvimento infantil

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José Carlos Souza

Full Text Available Os autores fazem uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a atuação do psicólogo frente aos transtornos globais do desenvolvimento infantil, especificamente sobre: autismo infantil, síndrome de Asperger e síndrome de Rett. Inicialmente, apresenta-se uma noção do desenvolvimento infantil, e, então, abordam-se os possíveis transtornos, com suas respectivas definições, etiologias, critérios diagnósticos, diagnóstico diferencial e tratamento. Durante o processo de intervenção e prevenção junto à criança, destacam-se a importância do psicólogo no tratamento e a eficácia dos recursos psicoterápicos para a melhora de qualidade de vida da criança com a síndrome.

Atuação do psicólogo frente aos transtornos globais do desenvolvimento infantil

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José Carlos Souza

Full Text Available O artigo apresenta revisão bibliográfica sobre a atuação do psicólogo frente aos transtornos globais do desenvolvimento infantil, especificamente sobre autismo infantil, síndrome de Asperger e síndrome de Rett. Inicialmente, apresenta-se uma noção do desenvolvimento infantil, e, então, abordam-se possíveis transtornos, com suas respectivas definições, etiologias, critérios diagnósticos, diagnóstico diferencial e tratamento. Durante o processo de intervenção e prevenção junto à criança, destacam-se a importância do psicólogo no tratamento e a eficácia dos recursos psicoterápicos para a melhora de qualidade de vida da criança com a síndrome.

Three solutions to a single problem: alternative casting frames for treating infantile idiopathic scoliosis.

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Halanski, Matthew A; Harper, Benjamin L; Cassidy, Jeffry A; Crawford, Haemish A

2013-07-01

This is a technique article discussing 3 alternative frames for casting children with infantile scoliosis. To provide surgeons with alternatives to expensive specialized casting tables to allow local treatment of these children utilizing readily available materials present at most institutions. Casting for infantile scoliosis has become more popular as reports have shown promising results with this technique without the morbidity and complications associated with more invasive procedures. However, without a specialized casting table, treating these patients has been limited to a few centers throughout the country often causing patients to travel large distances to receive care. Three different alternatives to commercially available casting frames are presented. Requirements, setup, and techniques are discussed. Each surgeon has had success with each of these frames. These provide adequate support and traction while allowing enough access to the trunk to apply a well-molded cast. Cotrel/Metha casting for infantile scoliosis can be accomplished without a specialized table using commonly available equipment.

Significaciones del abuso sexual infantil intrafamiliar en contexto mapuche rural

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Lilian Sanhueza Díaz

2010-07-01

Full Text Available presente trabajo muestra los resultados de un estudio de caso realizado en la Región de La Araucanía, con actores sociales relevantes para el mundo mapuche y familias afectadas por situaciones de abuso sexual. Se plantean los principales hallazgos, en torno a las visiones que estos actores sociales tienen respecto del abuso sexual infantil intrafamiliar, en el complejo contexto de relaciones interétnicas característicode esta región. Destaca la pérdida de mecanismos de protección propios de la cultura, el potencial rol de las autoridades tradicionales, la vulnerabilidad de la fi gura materna, las condiciones sociofamiliares que constituirían factores de riesgo ante situaciones de abuso sexual infantil y la valorización del rol de facilitador intercultural y de la lengua materna como dispositivo terapéutico.

Health care seeking behavior for diarrhea in children under 5 in rural Niger: results of a cross-sectional survey

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Djibo Ali

2011-05-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Diarrhea remains the second leading cause of death in children under 5 years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. Health care seeking behavior for diarrhea varies by context and has important implications for developing appropriate care strategies and estimating burden of disease. The objective of this study was to determine the proportion of children under five with diarrhea who consulted at a health structure in order to identify the appropriate health care levels to set up surveillance of severe diarrheal diseases. Methods A cluster survey was done on 35 clusters of 21 children under 5 years of age in each of four districts of the Maradi Region, Niger. Caretakers were asked about diarrhea of the child during the recall period and their health seeking behavior in case of diarrhea. A weighted cluster analysis was conducted to determine the prevalence of diarrhea, as well as the proportion of consultations and types of health structures consulted. Results In total, the period prevalence of diarrhea and severe diarrhea between April 24th and May 21st 2009 were 36.8% (95% CI: 33.7 - 40.0 and 3.4% (95% CI: 2.2-4.6, respectively. Of those reporting an episode of diarrhea during the recall period, 70.4% (95% CI: 66.6-74.1 reported seeking care at a health structure. The main health structures visited were health centers, followed by health posts both for simple or severe diarrhea. Less than 10% of the children were brought to the hospital. The proportion of consultations was not associated with the level of education of the caretaker, but increased with the number of children in the household. Conclusions The proportion of consultations for diarrhea cases in children under 5 years old was higher than those reported in previous surveys in Niger and elsewhere. Free health care for under 5 years old might have participated in this improvement. In this type of decentralized health systems, the WHO recommended hospital-based surveillance of

Niveles de vida y salud en la España del primer franquismo: las desigualdades en la mortalidad infantil

OpenAIRE

Bernabeu Mestre, Josep; Caballero Pérez, Pablo; Galiana Sánchez, María Eugenia; Nolasco Bonmatí, Andreu

2005-01-01

A partir del estudio de las relaciones entre la mortalidad infantil y el desarrollo socioeconómico y sanitario de las provincias españolas, se analizan las desigualdades en salud que mostraban las diferentes regiones en las décadas centrales del siglo XX. Junto a los trabajos sobre mortalidad infantil y políticas de salud materno infantil llevados a cabo por la Dirección General de Sanidad, para los datos relativos a las condiciones y los niveles de vida, además de las informaciones socioecon...

A infância em Piaget e o infantil em Freud: temporalidades e moralidades em questão

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Maria Regina Maciel

Full Text Available Resumo O presente artigo propõe uma abordagem comparativa entre as noções de infância em Jean Piaget e de infantil em Sigmund Freud, tomando como conceitos básicos a noção de tempo e de moral em ambos os autores. Sustenta-se ser possível afirmar, a partir de uma leitura da epistemologia genética, que a infância vai-se transformando à medida que agimos e conhecemos de acordo com estruturas cognitivas operatórias. No entanto, segundo a psicanálise, é possível nos remeter ao infantil, presente também na vida adulta. O infantil escapa à racionalidade que subjaz àquela noção de estrutura piagetiana. A permanência do infantil é fonte das experiências criativas e da instauração de um movimento permanente de subjetivação.

Imipenem-induced clostridium difficile diarrhea in a patient with chronic renal failure

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R Enríquez

2011-01-01

Full Text Available An 80-year-old man was diagnosed to have pneumonia and advanced chronic kidney disease. He presented with anuria and hemodialysis, by temporary femoral catheter, was initiated. He was empirically treated with imipenem/cilastatin 500 mg/24 h after hemodialysis. After 10 days of antibiotic intake, he developed severe diarrhea. Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile (CD-associated diarrhea was confirmed by detection of the toxins A and B in his stool. Imipenem therapy was discontinued; Vancomycin 500 mg orally every 6 h and 1000 mg per rectum every day was added. After two weeks of this treatment, the patient reported complete resolution of the diarrhea and stool samples were negative for Clostridium toxin. In this case, the most possible cause of CD colitis was considered to be imipenem because of the temporal relationship between exposure to the drug and onset of symptoms.

Rainfall variation and child health: effect of rainfall on diarrhea among under 5 children in Rwanda, 2010.

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Mukabutera, Assumpta; Thomson, Dana; Murray, Megan; Basinga, Paulin; Nyirazinyoye, Laetitia; Atwood, Sidney; Savage, Kevin P; Ngirimana, Aimable; Hedt-Gauthier, Bethany L

2016-08-05

Diarrhea among children under 5 years of age has long been a major public health concern. Previous studies have suggested an association between rainfall and diarrhea. Here, we examined the association between Rwandan rainfall patterns and childhood diarrhea and the impact of household sanitation variables on this relationship. We derived a series of rain-related variables in Rwanda based on daily rainfall measurements and hydrological models built from daily precipitation measurements collected between 2009 and 2011. Using these data and the 2010 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey database, we measured the association between total monthly rainfall, monthly rainfall intensity, runoff water and anomalous rainfall and the occurrence of diarrhea in children under 5 years of age. Among the 8601 children under 5 years of age included in the survey, 13.2 % reported having diarrhea within the 2 weeks prior to the survey. We found that higher levels of runoff were protective against diarrhea compared to low levels among children who lived in households with unimproved toilet facilities (OR = 0.54, 95 % CI: [0.34, 0.87] for moderate runoff and OR = 0.50, 95 % CI: [0.29, 0.86] for high runoff) but had no impact among children in household with improved toilets. Our finding that children in households with unimproved toilets were less likely to report diarrhea during periods of high runoff highlights the vulnerabilities of those living without adequate sanitation to the negative health impacts of environmental events.

Dibujo infantil como medio de diagnostico

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González Hernando, Elisa

2015-01-01

Con este documento se pretende demostrar la importancia que tiene el dibujo infantil en el correcto desarrollo integral de las personas. Se estudia la importancia del dibujo y su valor a la hora de utilizarlo como método de diagnóstico ante determinados aspectos que pueden determinar la vida de una persona. En definitiva lo que se desarrolla en este trabajo de Fin de Grado es el papel que juega el dibujo como herramienta para el seguimiento del desarrollo de los individuos centrándonos ...

Clinical trial evaluating cholestyramine to prevent diarrhea in patients maintained on low-fat diets during pelvic radiation therapy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chary, S.; Thomson, D.H.

1984-01-01

A prospective randomized trial to determine the value of a low fat diet with or without cholestyramine in the treatment of acute intestinal complications of pelvic irradiation is presented. A total of 35 patients receiving pelvic irradiation were entered in the study and all patients had received a 40 gm fat diet. The group was then randomized to receive either placebo (17 patients) or cholestyramine (18 patients). Diarrhea occurred in six out of 16 evaluable patients in the control group and only one of the 17 evaluable patients in the cholestyramine group. The frequency of diarrhea and the diarrhea scale remained high in the placebo group in the entire observation period. Statistical analysis had revealed better diarrhea control in the cholestyramine group. In this report mechanism by which diarrhea occurs following pelvic irradiation is discussed. The adverse effects associated with the use of cholestyramine have been presented. It was concluded that cholestyramine is effective in preventing acute diarrhea induced by pelvic irradiation in patients receiving a low fat diet but is associated with side effects

Estratificación socioeconómica y salud materno infantil en México

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Carlos Javier Echarri Cánovas

2004-01-01

El objetivo del artículo es el estudio de la salud de los niños en México, mediante un análisis que tenga como eje la diferenciación social, la atención a la salud materno infantil y la estructura familiar. Se argumenta la necesidad de prestar mas atención al análisis de los determinantes que de los indicadores de salud, en virtud de las características de información disponible y de los niveles de mortalidad infantil. Un aspecto metodológico importante es que lo...

Mothers' Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Diarrhea and ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Purpose: To assess diarrhea-related knowledge, attitude and practice through successive educational interventions. Methods: This was an interventional study conducted at nine different locations of Morang district, Nepal from March 2010 to January 2011. Multistage random sampling approach was adopted to sample 630 ...

Recurrent diarrhea as a manifestation of temporal lobe epilepsy

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Tomohiko Murai

2014-01-01

Full Text Available A woman with temporal lobe epilepsy manifesting with repeated episodes of sudden diarrhea and loss of consciousness is reported. A 63-year-old, right-handed female presented with chief complaints of sudden diarrhea and loss of consciousness for almost three decades. The first attack occurred in her 30s, and similar attacks repeated several times in a year. Her attacks comprised abrupt abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, sudden emergence of old memories relating to when she had played with her brother in her childhood, and loss of consciousness during defecation. She had no convulsion or automatism and fully recovered in a few minutes. Every time she was transferred to emergency hospital by ambulance, she had examinations such as blood test, head computed tomography, electrocardiogram, abdominal ultrasound, and electroencephalography (EEG, but no specific diagnosis was made. On admission to our hospital, vital signs, neurological examination, and blood tests did not show abnormal findings. During long-term video-EEG monitoring for 40 h, she had no habitual event. Interictal EEG showed intermittent irregular delta waves and sharp regional transients in the left anterio-midtemporal area. Sharp transients were not as outstanding from background activities as to be defined as epileptiform discharges, but they were reproducible in morphology and distribution and appeared not only in sleep but also in wakefulness. Brain magnetic resonance imaging was unremarkable. Single-photon emission computed tomography showed a decrease of blood flow in the left frontal and temporal lobes. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—III showed a decline of verbal comprehension. We concluded that the patient was suffering from partial epilepsy originating from the left temporal lobe. Carbamazepine markedly improved her seizures. Temporal lobe epilepsy can manifest with diverse autonomic symptoms and signs. Abdominal sensations often herald the onset of epileptic seizures

W/M serrated osteotomy for infantile Blount's disease in Ghana ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

2015-10-30

Oct 30, 2015 ... surgical treatment is well suited for developing countries. This study describes .... with infantile Blount's are included for analysis. In this study, we are ... To increase the stability of the osteotomy, the teeth had to be pointed (at ...

Rotavirus diarrhea disease burden in Peru: the need for a rotavirus vaccine and its potential cost savings.

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Ehrenkranz, P; Lanata, C F; Penny, M E; Salazar-Lindo, E; Glass, R I

2001-10-01

To assess the disease burden of rotavirus diarrhea in Peru as well the need for and the potential cost savings with a rotavirus vaccine in that country. To assess the burden of rotavirus diarrhea in Peru, we reviewed published and unpublished reports where rotavirus was sought as the etiologic agent of diarrhea in children. Rotavirus detection rates obtained from these studies were combined with diarrhea incidence rates from a number of national surveys in order to estimate both the burden of rotavirus diarrhea in the country and its associated medical costs. Rotavirus is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Peruvian children. In their first 5 years of life, an estimated 1 in 1.6 children will experience an episode of rotavirus diarrhea, 1 in 9.4 will seek medical care, 1 in 19.7 will require hospitalization, and 1 in 375 will die of the disease. Per year, this represents approximately 384,000 cases, 64,000 clinic visits, 30,000 hospitalizations, and 1,600 deaths. The annual cost of medical care alone for these children is approximately US$ 2.6 million--and that does not take into account the indirect or societal costs of the illness and the deaths. Rotavirus immunization provides the prospect of decreasing the morbidity and mortality from diarrhea in Peru, but a vaccine regimen would have to be relatively inexpensive, a few dollars or less per child. Future cost-effectiveness analyses should explore the total costs (medical as well as indirect or societal) associated with rotavirus diarrhea. Newly licensed vaccines should be tested according to both their ability to avert deaths and their efficacy with fewer than three doses. All three of these factors could increase the cost savings associated with a rotavirus vaccine.

Rotavirus diarrhea disease burden in Peru: the need for a rotavirus vaccine and its potential cost savings

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Peter Ehrenkranz

2001-10-01

Full Text Available Objective. To assess the disease burden of rotavirus diarrhea in Peru as well the need for and the potential cost savings with a rotavirus vaccine in that country. Methods. To assess the burden of rotavirus diarrhea in Peru, we reviewed published and unpublished reports where rotavirus was sought as the etiologic agent of diarrhea in children. Rotavirus detection rates obtained from these studies were combined with diarrhea incidence rates from a number of national surveys in order to estimate both the burden of rotavirus diarrhea in the country and its associated medical costs. Results. Rotavirus is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Peruvian children. In their first 5 years of life, an estimated 1 in 1.6 children will experience an episode of rotavirus diarrhea, 1 in 9.4 will seek medical care, 1 in 19.7 will require hospitalization, and 1 in 375 will die of the disease. Per year, this represents approximately 384 000 cases, 64 000 clinic visits, 30 000 hospitalizations, and 1 600 deaths. The annual cost of medical care alone for these children is approximately US$ 2.6 million--and that does not take into account the indirect or societal costs of the illness and the deaths. Conclusions. Rotavirus immunization provides the prospect of decreasing the morbidity and mortality from diarrhea in Peru, but a vaccine regimen would have to be relatively inexpensive, a few dollars or less per child. Future cost-effectiveness analyses should explore the total costs (medical as well as indirect or societal associated with rotavirus diarrhea. Newly licensed vaccines should be tested according to both their ability to avert deaths and their efficacy with fewer than three doses. All three of these factors could increase the cost savings associated with a rotavirus vaccine.

IL-22 Upregulates Epithelial Claudin-2 to Drive Diarrhea and Enteric Pathogen Clearance.

Science.gov (United States)

Tsai, Pei-Yun; Zhang, Bingkun; He, Wei-Qi; Zha, Juan-Min; Odenwald, Matthew A; Singh, Gurminder; Tamura, Atsushi; Shen, Le; Sailer, Anne; Yeruva, Sunil; Kuo, Wei-Ting; Fu, Yang-Xin; Tsukita, Sachiko; Turner, Jerrold R

2017-06-14

Diarrhea is a host response to enteric pathogens, but its impact on pathogenesis remains poorly defined. By infecting mice with the attaching and effacing bacteria Citrobacter rodentium, we defined the mechanisms and contributions of diarrhea and intestinal barrier loss to host defense. Increased permeability occurred within 2 days of infection and coincided with IL-22-dependent upregulation of the epithelial tight junction protein claudin-2. Permeability increases were limited to small molecules, as expected for the paracellular water and Na + channel formed by claudin-2. Relative to wild-type, claudin-2-deficient mice experienced severe disease, including increased mucosal colonization by C. rodentium, prolonged pathogen shedding, exaggerated cytokine responses, and greater tissue injury. Conversely, transgenic claudin-2 overexpression reduced disease severity. Chemically induced osmotic diarrhea reduced colitis severity and C. rodentium burden in claudin-2-deficient, but not transgenic, mice, demonstrating that claudin-2-mediated protection is the result of enhanced water efflux. Thus, IL-22-induced claudin-2 upregulation drives diarrhea and pathogen clearance. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

La geometría a través del arte en Educación Infantil

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Álvaro ANTÓN SANCHO

2016-06-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo comprobamos que la expresión artística como recurso didáctico, concretamente la obra de un pintor del entorno próximo al alumnado, permite un aprendizaje significativo y motivador de los contenidos de geometría en la etapa infantil, adquirido además de modo globalizado junto a otras áreas de conocimiento. Para ello, hemos analizado el contenido del currículo de geometría de Educación Infantil, hemos descrito cómo ocurre el aprendizaje infantil de la geometría y aportado unas líneas metodológicas generales para trabajarla. Finalmente, hemos realizado una intervención educativa en el área de geometría sobre un grupo de alumnos de tercer curso de Educación Infantil utilizando la obra pictórica de Julio de Pablo como recurso. Los objetivos principales de la propuesta son presentar de modo lúdico y significativo a través de la obra de nuestro autor los diversos contenidos geométricos (topológicos, proyectivos y métricos, favorecer la observación y exploración del entorno con perspectiva geométrica y el desarrollo de la creatividad, la memoria, la reflexión y el juicio crítico. Hemos evaluado inicialmente las habilidades geométricas, artísticas y de capacidad reflexiva e interpretativa, y, tras realizar la intervención, hemos vuelto a evaluar para comparar los datos. El núcleo de este trabajo consiste en describir la intervención, extraer resultados y analizarlos. De ellos colegimos que el recurso a la expresión artística, concretamente a la obra pictórica de un autor del entorno local, permite presentar de modo globalizado, significativo y motivador la totalidad de los contenidos de geometría de Educación Infantil con excelente aprovechamiento por parte del alumnado y de una manera flexible y adaptable a sus necesidades e intereses. Por eso estimamos que una propuesta como la que hacemos es fácilmente adaptable a otros cursos y grupos de Educación Infantil y aprovechable en sus l

Políticas efectivas para reducir la mortalidad infantil en el Perú: ¿Cómo reducir la mortalidad infantil en las zonas más pobres del país?

OpenAIRE

Beltrán, Arlette; Grippa Zárate, Ana Rosa

2014-01-01

El propósito del presente trabajo es hallar aquellos determinantes más efectivos para reducir la mortalidad neonatal e infantil, para que sean utilizados como variables de política por el «policymaker» y se pueda alcanzar el Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio # 4: reducir para el año 2015 la tasa de mortalidad infantil a un tercio de su valor inicial de 1992. El trabajo hace uso de dos bases de datos: la IV Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (Endes, 2000) y el II Censo de Infraestructur...

La creatividad y la educación artística en educación infantil: Una propuesta educativa

OpenAIRE

Tejedor Valbuena, Lara

2016-01-01

Este documento, refleja la importancia de la creatividad y la Educación Artística en la etapa de Educación Infantil. Este trabajo plantea una revisión de la literatura alrededor de la temática de cómo la creatividad puede fomentarse desde el área de la Educación Artística en Educación Infantil. A su vez, se detalla una propuesta curricular orientada a niños/as de segundo de Educación Infantil con énfasis en la experimentación y la exploración. Las principales conclusiones extraídas tras la pu...

A pedagogia no combate ao trabalho infantil no município de Boa Vista

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Lysne Nôzenir Camelo de Lima

2013-09-01

Full Text Available O trabalho infantil expõe as crianças a vários riscos, prejudicando seu desenvolvimento e configura-se como violação de direito. O trabalho apresenta a pedagogia utilizada pelo PETI em Boa Vista; o procedimento foi aplicado através de entrevista semi-estruturada e questionários, aos gestores e as crianças do programa, com enfoque qualitativo e quantitativo, avaliando a participação e satisfação dos integrantes e seus familiares. O PETI tem a finalidade de erradicar as diversas formas de trabalho infantil, assim como retirar das ruas crianças e/ou adolescentes. Sendo o seu público alvo crianças e/ou adolescentes na faixa etária de 07 (sete a 15 (quinze anos de idade. Dentre as ações desenvolvidas estão a de caráter protetivo e sócioeducativo, que compreendem: atividades ludopedagógicas, palestras preventivas e educativas, esportes, artesanatos, músicas e etc. Nesse contexto, cabe ao PETI, como programa estratégico, contribuindo para erradicação do trabalho infantil no Município de Boa Vista. Oportunizando assim as crianças e adolescentes assim como suas famílias a terem uma vida melhor. No resultado final, constatou-se o compromisso em erradicar o trabalho infantil em Boa Vista, priorizando o atendimento as famílias, através da educação social.

Estudio sobre las variables que intervienen en el abandono físico o negligencia infantil

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Moreno Manso, Juan Manuel

2002-01-01

La escasez de estudios en materia de abandono físico o negligencia determinan un desconocimiento bastante importante de la tipología de maltrato infantil, considerada hoy por hoy como la de mayor incidencia, tanto a través de estudios nacionales como internacionales. Por ello, a través del análisis de diecinueve variables individuales, sociales, relacionales y familiares, pretendemos aportar un mayor conocimiento sobre una práctica de desprotección infantil con...

Epidemiology of bacterial pathogens associated with infectious diarrhea in Djibouti.

Science.gov (United States)

Mikhail, I A; Fox, E; Haberberger, R L; Ahmed, M H; Abbatte, E A

1990-01-01

During a survey examining the causes of diarrhea in the East African country of Djibouti, 140 bacterial pathogens were recovered from 209 diarrheal and 100 control stools. The following pathogens were isolated at comparable frequencies from both diarrheal and control stools: enteroadherent Escherichia coli (EAEC) (10.6 versus 13%), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) (11 versus 10%), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) (7.7 versus 12%), Salmonella spp. (2.9 versus 3%), and Campylobacter jejuni-C. coli (3.3 versus 5%). Surprisingly, the EAEC strains isolated did not correspond to well-recognized EPEC serogroups. No Yersinia spp., enteroinvasive E. coli, or enterohemorrhagic E. coli were isolated during the course of this study. Only the following two genera were recovered from diarrheal stools exclusively: Shigella spp. (7.7%) and Aeromonas hydrophila group organisms (3.3%). Shigella flexneri was the most common Shigella species isolated. Patients with Shigella species were of a higher average age than were controls (27 versus 13 years), while subjects with Campylobacter or Salmonella species belonged to younger age groups (2.6 and 1.6 years, respectively). Salmonella cases were more often in females. Shigella diarrhea was associated with fecal blood or mucus and leukocytes. ETEC was not associated with nausea or vomiting. Anorexia, weight loss, and fever were associated with the isolation of Salmonella and Aeromonas species. EAEC, ETEC, EPEC, and Shigella species were resistant to most drugs used for treating diarrhea in Africa, while the antibiotic most active against all bacteria tested was norfloxacin. We conclude that in Djibouti in 1989, Shigella and Aeromonas species must be considered as potential pathogens whenever they are isolated from diarrheal stools and that norfloxacin should be considered the drug of choice in adults for treating severe shigellosis and for diarrhea prophylaxis in travelers. PMID:2351738

A obesidade infantil: um olhar sobre o contexto familiar, escolar e da mídia

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Micheli Luttjohann Duré

2015-10-01

Full Text Available Justificativa e Objetivos: O crescente aumento da obesidade em nível mundial aloca este problema como uma epidemia global, enfatizando a mesma como um problema de saúde pública. A obesidade também se coloca como uma doença infantil, exigindo dos profissionais da saúde, ações preventivas que atinjam todo o contexto em que crianças e adultos estejam inseridos. A partir desta temática, objetivou-se discutir a problemática da obesidade infantil e a sua relação com três agentes que influenciam o estilo de vida de escolares com sobrepeso e obesidade: mídia audiovisual, relações familiares e instituições acadêmicas. Conteúdo: Artigo de revisão de literatura onde foram consultados em sites de busca (Scielo e PubMed artigos que tivessem no seu contexto no mínimo dois dos seguintes descritores: instituições acadêmicas, relações familiares, mídia audiovisual e obesidade infantil. Considerou-se como recorte temporal o período de 2009 a 2013. Conclusão: verificou-se a necessidade de políticas públicas que normatizem propagandas destinadas ao público infantil, adequando-as ao perfil educativo preventivo. Além disso, constatou-se que a escola exerce papel fundamental na prática de hábitos alimentares saudáveis. Percebe se, assim, a necessidade de adaptação a essa realidade, tendo a família o papel de mediar e controlar tais ações. DESCRITORES: Mídia audiovisual. Relações familiares. Instituições acadêmicas. Obesidade infantil.

Casting for infantile scoliosis: the pitfall of increased peak inspiratory pressure.

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Dhawale, Arjun A; Shah, Suken A; Reichard, Samantha; Holmes, Laurens; Brislin, Robert; Rogers, Kenneth; Mackenzie, William G

2013-01-01

Serial cast correction is a popular treatment option for progressive infantile scoliosis. Body casting can lead to chest and abdominal expansion restriction and result in decreased chest wall compliance. There are no studies evaluating the effects of casting on ventilation in infantile scoliosis. This study examines changes in peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) during serial casting for infantile scoliosis. We retrospectively reviewed data obtained from 37 serial Cotrel elongation, derotation, and flexion cast corrections in patients with infantile scoliosis. Patient demographics, radiographic measurements, and anesthesia data were recorded. Anesthesia technique was standardized: children were intubated with rigid endotracheal tubes (ETTs); tidal volume was held constant at 8 to 10 cm(3)/kg using volume control ventilation; and PIP was recorded at baseline, after cast application before window cutout, and after window cutout before extubation. Any complications were documented. We assessed the PIP changes with a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The mean age at first casting was 21.8 months (range, 12 to 42 mo) and mean follow-up since first casting was 22.4 months (range, 13 to 40 mo) with mean major Cobb angle of 53±15 degrees. The mean PIP was 15.5±4.9 cm H(2)O before casting, 31.9±7.9 cm H(2)O after cast application, and 20.4±5.6 cm H2O after making windows. There was a 106% increase after casting and 32% increase after window cutout from the baseline PIP levels. There was a significant difference in PIP on repeated measures ANOVA (Pcasting and another had delayed difficulty in breathing. Casting resulted in an increased PIP due to transient restrictive pulmonary process; after windows were cut out, the PIP reduced but not to baseline. In patients with underlying pulmonary disease, the casting process may induce respiratory complications, and a proper period of observation after casting is necessary. Case series, level 4.

molecular identification of rotavirus strains associated with diarrhea

African Journals Online (AJOL)

DR. AMINU

ABSTRACT. The study was carried out to determine the molecular characteristics of the rotavirus strains associated with diarrhea among children in Kwara state, Nigeria. A total of 150 stool samples were collected from diarrheic children. The stool samples were screened for rotavirus,using Enzyme linked Immunosorbent ...

Molecular identification of rotavirus strains associated with diarrhea ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

The study was carried out to determine the molecular characteristics of the rotavirus strains associated with diarrhea among children in Kwara state, Nigeria. A total of 150 stool samples were collected from diarrheic children. The stool samples were screened for rotavirus,using Enzyme linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Campylobacter spp among Children with acute diarrhea attending ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Isolation rate in developing countries is between 5-35%. This study aimed at finding prevalence of children with campylobacter infection among children with acute diarrhea attending Mulago hospital. Objective: The objective was to establish the proportion of children infected with Campylobacter spp among children with ...

[Perspective applications of multi-species probiotics in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea].

Science.gov (United States)

Uspenskiĭ, Iu P; Zakharenko, S M; Fominykh, Iu A

2013-01-01

The problem of antibiotic-associated conditions is one of the most actual problems of clinical practice. The antibiotic-associated diarrhea is a multidisciplinary problem. Investigations of the small intestine microecological status and assessment of microflora at the patients receiving antibiotics testifies to dysbiosis existence. In article results of open-label investigation of a multispecies probiotic RioFlora Balance using for antibiotic-associated diarrhea prophylaxis in patients used antibacterial therapy are presented.

Las competencias básicas en Educación Infantil. Propuestas prácticas

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Autrán Mac-Kinlay, Patricia

2014-01-01

Las competencias básicas actualmente solo están reflejadas en la ley a partir de la educación primaria, pero con la realización de este trabajo se destaca la necesidad de ponerlas en funcionamiento en la etapa de Educación Infantil. Para poder desarrollar estas capacidades y habilidades que les ayuden a enfrentarse en los conflictos que se les puedan presentar a lo largo de la vida, por ello hay que aprender desde Educación Infantil, aunque no esté presente para esta etapa en la normativa ...

Tratamiento de la psicomotricidad en el segundo ciclo de la educación infantil

OpenAIRE

Lasaga Rodríguez, María José; Campos Mesa, María del Carmen; Ries, Francis

2013-01-01

Con nuestra investigación pretendemos conocer el tratamiento que recibe la psicomotricidad en el segundo ciclo de la Educación Infantil, desde la opinión de los maestros que se encuentran desarrollando esta profesión. Para ello hemos pasado un cuestionario desde el año 2005 al 2011 a una muestra de 76 sujetos. Tras los resultados obtenidos podemos concluir que los maestros que imparten docencia en el grado de Educación Infantil consideran importante el trabajo de psicomotricidad en sus clase...

Creatividad y matemáticas en educación infantil: Perspectiva Didáctica

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Fernández Ruiz, Cristina

2013-01-01

En el presente Trabajo Fin de Grado se pretende ahondar en el conocimiento sobre la creatividad y las matemáticas en Educación Infantil desde una perspectiva didáctica. Tras entender la creatividad y las matemáticas como aspectos importantes para el desarrollo integral de los/as alumnos/as y desde la necesidad actual de formar personas “creativas”, nos centramos en una propuesta didáctica para segundo ciclo de Educación Infantil, basada en la teoría de las Inteligencias Múltiples de Howard Ga...

Pedagogia de Projetos como metodologia no trabalho com a educação infantil

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Patricia Frageri

2016-01-01

Este artigo teve como tema a Pedagogia de Projetos como metodologia no trabalho com a Educação Infantil e a pesquisa foi realizada na escola Gente Feliz de Sinop. A investigação teve como objetivo conhecer em que consiste a metodologia de trabalho pautada na pedagogia de projetos, e suas interfaces, no contexto da educação infantil. Os instrumentos de pesquisa foram entrevista e questionário com duas professoras. Os resultados mostram que a instituição prioriza a metodologia de trabalho por p...

Water privatization, water source, and pediatric diarrhea in Bolivia: epidemiologic analysis of a social experiment.

Science.gov (United States)

Tornheim, Jeffrey A; Morland, Kimberly B; Landrigan, Philip J; Cifuentes, Enrique

2009-01-01

Water and sanitation services are fundamental to the prevention of pediatric diarrhea. To enhance both access to water and investment, some argue for the privatization of municipal water networks. Water networks in multiple Bolivian cities were privatized in the 1990s, but contracts ended following popular protests citing poor access. A population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted in two Bolivian cities. Data were collected on family water utilization and sanitation practices and on the prevalence of diarrhea among 596 children. Drinking from an outdoor water source (OR, 2.08; 95%CI, 1.25-3.44) and shorter in-home water boiling times (OR, 1.99; 95%CI, 1.19-3.34) were associated with prevalence of diarrhea. Increased prevalence was also observed for children from families using private versus public water services, using off-network water from cistern trucks, or not treating their water in-home. Results suggest that water source, water provider, and in-home water treatment are important predictors of pediatric diarrhea.

Investigation of an outbreak of bloody diarrhea complicated with hemolytic uremic syndrome

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Otar Chokoshvili

2014-12-01

Full Text Available In July–August 2009, eight patients with bloody diarrhea complicated by hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS were admitted to hospitals in Tbilisi, Georgia. We started active surveillance in two regions for bloody diarrhea and post-diarrheal HUS. Of 25 case-patients who developed HUS, including the initial 8 cases, half were ⩾15 years old, 67% were female and seven (28% died. No common exposures were identified. Among 20 HUS case-patients tested, Shiga toxin was detected in the stools of 2 patients (one with elevated serum IgG titers to several Escherichia coli serogroups, including O111 and O104. Among 56 persons with only bloody diarrhea, we isolated Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC O104:H4 from 2 and Shigella from 10; 2 had serologic evidence of E. coli O26 infection. These cases may indicate a previously unrecognized burden of HUS in Georgia. We recommend national reporting of HUS and improving STEC detection capacity.

current approach in the management of diarrhea in children

African Journals Online (AJOL)

KEY WORDS: Low osmolarity oral rehydration salts – Zinc – Diarrhea – Children. PRISE EN .... three-dimensional configurations stimulating growth in- utero ..... Oral rehydration salts. Production of the new ORS. WHO/FCH/CAH/06.1. 17.

A obesidade infantil: um problema emergente

OpenAIRE

Sousa, Joana; Loureiro, Isabel; Carmo, Isabel do

2008-01-01

A obesidade é um dos problemas de saúde mais graves que afecta crianças e adolescentes a nível mundial. As evidências sugerem que o problema está a agravar-se rapidamente. O aumento da prevalência de obesidade infantil pode fazer com que a próxima geração apresente indicadores de obesidade no adulto superiores aos indicadores actuais. Pelo facto de a obesidade estar intimamente associada a diferentes patologias crónicas faz com que estejamos perante um enorme desafio para o sistema de cuidado...

Increases in guanylin and uroguanylin in a mouse model of osmotic diarrhea are guanylate cyclase C-independent.

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Steinbrecher, K A; Mann, E A; Giannella, R A; Cohen, M B

2001-11-01

Guanylin and uroguanylin are peptide hormones that are homologous to the diarrhea-causing Escherichia coli enterotoxins. These secretagogues are released from the intestinal epithelia into the intestinal lumen and systemic circulation and bind to the receptor guanylate cyclase C (GC-C). We hypothesized that a hypertonic diet would result in osmotic diarrhea and cause a compensatory down-regulation of guanylin/uroguanylin. Gut-to-carcass weights were used to measure fluid accumulation in the intestine. Northern and/or Western analysis was used to determine the levels of guanylin, uroguanylin, and GC-C in mice with osmotic diarrhea. Wild-type mice fed a polyethylene glycol or lactose-based diet developed weight loss, diarrhea, and an increased gut-to-carcass ratio. Unexpectedly, 2 days on either diet resulted in increased guanylin/uroguanylin RNA and prohormone throughout the intestine, elevated uroguanylin RNA, and prohormone levels in the kidney and increased levels of circulating prouroguanylin. GC-C-deficient mice given the lactose diet reacted with higher gut-to-carcass ratios. Although they did not develop diarrhea, GC-C-sufficient and -deficient mice on the lactose diet responded with elevated levels of guanylin and uroguanylin RNA and protein. A polyethylene glycol drinking water solution resulted in diarrhea, higher gut-to-carcass ratios, and induction of guanylin and uroguanylin in both GC-C heterozygous and null animals. We conclude that this model of osmotic diarrhea results in a GC-C-independent increase in intestinal fluid accumulation, in levels of these peptide ligands in the epithelia of the intestine, and in prouroguanylin in the kidney and blood.

Rainfall variation and child health: effect of rainfall on diarrhea among under 5 children in Rwanda, 2010

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Assumpta Mukabutera

2016-08-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Diarrhea among children under 5 years of age has long been a major public health concern. Previous studies have suggested an association between rainfall and diarrhea. Here, we examined the association between Rwandan rainfall patterns and childhood diarrhea and the impact of household sanitation variables on this relationship. Methods We derived a series of rain-related variables in Rwanda based on daily rainfall measurements and hydrological models built from daily precipitation measurements collected between 2009 and 2011. Using these data and the 2010 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey database, we measured the association between total monthly rainfall, monthly rainfall intensity, runoff water and anomalous rainfall and the occurrence of diarrhea in children under 5 years of age. Results Among the 8601 children under 5 years of age included in the survey, 13.2 % reported having diarrhea within the 2 weeks prior to the survey. We found that higher levels of runoff were protective against diarrhea compared to low levels among children who lived in households with unimproved toilet facilities (OR = 0.54, 95 % CI: [0.34, 0.87] for moderate runoff and OR = 0.50, 95 % CI: [0.29, 0.86] for high runoff but had no impact among children in household with improved toilets. Conclusion Our finding that children in households with unimproved toilets were less likely to report diarrhea during periods of high runoff highlights the vulnerabilities of those living without adequate sanitation to the negative health impacts of environmental events.

Association of food-hygiene practices and diarrhea prevalence among Indonesian young children from low socioeconomic urban areas.

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Agustina, Rina; Sari, Tirta P; Satroamidjojo, Soemilah; Bovee-Oudenhoven, Ingeborg M J; Feskens, Edith J M; Kok, Frans J

2013-10-19

Information on the part that poor food-hygiene practices play a role in the development of diarrhea in low socioeconomic urban communities is lacking. This study was therefore aimed at assessing the contribution of food-hygiene practice to the prevalence of diarrhea among Indonesian children. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 274 randomly selected children aged 12-59 months in selected low socioeconomic urban areas of East Jakarta. The prevalence of diarrhea was assessed from 7-day records on frequency and consistency of the child's defecation pattern. Food-hygiene practices including mother's and child's hand washing, food preparation, cleanliness of utensils, water source and safe drinking water, habits of buying cooked food, child's bottle feeding hygiene, and housing and environmental condition were collected through home visit interviews and observations by fieldworkers. Thirty-six practices were scored and classified into poor (median and below) and better (above median) food-hygiene practices. Nutritional status of children, defined anthropometrically, was measured through height and weight. Among the individual food-hygiene practices, children living in a house with less dirty sewage had a significantly lower diarrhea prevalence compared to those who did not [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.03-0.73]. The overall food-hygiene practice score was not significantly associated with diarrhea in the total group, but it was in children aged hygiene practices did not contribute to the occurrence of diarrhea in Indonesian children. However, among children < 2 years from low socioeconomic urban areas they were associated with more diarrhea.

TFG-MET fusion in an infantile spindle cell sarcoma with neural features.

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Flucke, Uta; van Noesel, Max M; Wijnen, Marc; Zhang, Lei; Chen, Chun-Liang; Sung, Yun-Shao; Antonescu, Cristina R

2017-09-01

An increasing number of congenital and infantile sarcomas displaying a primitive, monomorphic spindle cell phenotype have been characterized to harbor recurrent gene fusions, including infantile fibrosarcoma and congenital spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma. Here, we report an unusual spindle cell sarcoma presenting as a large and infiltrative pelvic soft tissue mass in a 4-month-old girl, which revealed a novel TFG-MET gene fusion by whole transcriptome RNA sequencing. The tumor resembled the morphology of an infantile fibrosarcoma with both fascicular and patternless growth, however, it expressed strong S100 protein immunoreactivity, while lacking SOX10 staining and retaining H3K27me3 expression. Although this immunoprofile suggested partial neural/neuroectodermal differentiation, overall features were unusual and did not fit into any known tumor types (cellular schwannoma, MPNST), raising the possibility of a novel pathologic entity. The TFG-MET gene fusion expands the genetic spectrum implicated in the pathogenesis of congenital spindle cell sarcomas, with yet another example of kinase oncogenic activation through chromosomal translocation. The discovery of this new fusion is significant since the resulting MET activation can potentially be inhibited by targeted therapy, as MET inhibitors are presently available in clinical trials. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Maternal Education and Diarrhea among Children aged 0-24 ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

USER

safe drinking-water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene11. ..... errors were minimized at the time of the study. Also, diarrhea reported for ... future intervention studies which could inform ... sheet with a special focus on human needs and.

Synbiotic for Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea in Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial

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Seyed Ali Jafari

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Introduction Antibiotic- associated diarrhea is a common problem in pediatric population. There is growing interest in probiotics, probiotics and synbiotics for prevention of this complication because of their worldwide availability as dietary supplements. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a synbiotic mixture in prevention of antibiotic- associated diarrhea.   Materials and Methods:  In this randomized controlled  trial,  218 patients ( 111 in the synbiotic and 107 in the placebo group aged 6 months to 14 years with respiratory tract infection and/ or otitis media who needed antibiotic treatment in outpatient setting, were enrolled. They received 1 billion Colony Forming Unit of seven probiotics species plus Fructooligosaccharide in form of powder  or placebo ( matched for size, shape, and volume for 7 days. Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin-clavalanic acid, cefixim and Azithromicin were the most common drugs used by physcicians Mothers recorded stool frequency and consistency daily for 7 days.   Results: We found no significant difference (P>0.05 in occurrence of diarrhea between synbiotic and placebo groups.   Conclusion: This synbiotic mixture did not appear to reduce antibiotic- associated diarrhea in children. Further studies are needed to investigate the potential benefits of Synbiotics in prevention of this disease.  

Tuberculose infantil: estudo retrospectivo

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Boaventura Antonio dos Santos

2011-10-01

Full Text Available Introdução: A tuberculose (TB infantil permanece como uma das doenças mais prevalentes e preocupantes no mundo, sobretudo em nações em desenvolvimento, onde as taxas são ainda mais elevadas e os casos descritos subestimados pela dificuldade em se estabelecer um diagnóstico definitivo. Dessa forma, este estudo tem como objetivo descrever o perfil clínico e epidemiológico dos pacientes com TB infantil pulmonar e extrapulmonar. Métodos: Foram avaliados retrospectivamente, através de questionário, pacientes com idade de até 15 anos, internados no Serviço de Pediatria do HCPA, no período de janeiro de 2002 a setembro de 2007.   Resultados: Dos 52 pacientes incluídos, 63% apresentavam TB pulmonar. Das formas extra-pulmonares, a meningoencefalite foi a mais prevalente (22%. Comorbidades foram dectadas em 31 (60% pacientes, dos quais 15 (29% apresentavam desnutrição grave, 9 (18% HIV positivo e 7 (13% pneumopatia crônica. Das manifestações clínicas, febre e tosse estavam presentes na maioria dos pacientes. O padrão radiológico predominante foi o de consolidação pulmonar (51%. A maioria dos pacientes referia história de contato com paciente bacilífero (64%. Conclusão: A TB pulmonar representa a principal forma de apresentação clínica da TB, sendo o diagnóstico feito de forma presuntiva na maioria dos casos. O diagnóstico baseado na comprovação bacteriológica foi obtido numa minoria de pacientes, demonstrando a importância dos achados clínico-laboratoriais, história epidemiológica e vacinal para o diagnóstico. Nesse sentido, a criação de escores tem se tornado uma ferramenta de fácil acesso e com razoável acurácia para auxiliar o diagnóstico de TB em serviços de baixa complexidade, especialmente o ambulatorial.

Health care seeking practices of caregivers of children under 5 with diarrhea in two informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya.

Science.gov (United States)

Mukiira, Carol; Ibisomi, Latifat

2015-06-01

In Kenya, as in other developing countries, diarrhea is among the leading causes of child mortality. Despite being easy to prevent and treat, care seeking for major child illnesses including diarrhea remains poor in the country. Mortality due to diarrhea is even worse in informal settlements that are characterized by poor sanitary conditions and largely unregulated health care system among other issues. The study aims to examine the health care seeking practices of caregivers of children under 5 with diarrhea in two informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. The article used data from a maternal and child health (MCH) prospective study conducted between 2006 and 2010. Results show that more than half (55%) of the caregivers sought inappropriate health care in the treatment of diarrhea of their child. Of the 55%, about 35% sought no care at all. Use of oral rehydration solution and zinc supplements, which are widely recommended for management of diarrhea, was very low. The critical predictors of health care seeking identified in the study are duration of illness, informal settlement of residence, and the child's age. The study showed that appropriate health care seeking practices for childhood diarrhea remain a great challenge among the urban poor in Kenya. © The Author(s) 2013.

Políticas públicas para a educação infantil em Porto Velho/RO (1999/2008

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Juracy Machado Pacífico

2014-02-01

Full Text Available Este estudo trata das políticas públicas educacionais de modo geral e analisa especificamente as políticas públicas de Educação Infantil desenvolvidas pela Secretaria Municipal de Educação (SEMED de Porto Velho/RO, no período de 1999 a 2008. Caracteriza-se como estudo de abordagem qualitativa, com análise de dados qualitativos e quantitativos. Nos resultados observa que aspectos fundamentais para a garantia de educação infantil de qualidade e que priorize o desenvolvimento integral da criança não foram suficientemente considerados, o que demonstra a pouca atenção por parte do Município de Porto Velho a ela dispensada. O estudo concluiu que embora as políticas nacionais atuais tenham contemplado a Educação Infantil com financiamento, este ainda é insuficiente para a garantia das condições mínimas adequadas à manutenção e desenvolvimento do ensino dessa etapa. Considera o acesso à Educação Infantil como fundamental para a garantia do desenvolvimento pleno da criança e defende a proposta de que para a consolidação da Educação Infantil de qualidade serão necessários, no mínimo, três aspectos: a priorização dessa etapa no rol das ações da SEMED, a definição de metas e a ampliação dos recursos financeiros, tanto para a expansão e aparelhagem de escolas, como para a manutenção e desenvolvimento da Educação Infantil.

Dosimetric predictors of diarrhea during radiotherapy for prostate cancer

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sanguineti, Giuseppe; Endres, Eugene J.; Parker, Brent C.; Sormani, Maria Pia

2009-01-01

Purpose: to investigate dosimetric predictors of diarrhea during radiotherapy (RT) for prostate cancer. Patients and methods: all patients who underwent external-beam radiotherapy as part of treatment for localized prostate cancer at the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA, from May 2002 to November 2006 were extracted from the own database. From the cumulative dose-volume histogram (DVH), the absolute volumes (V-value) of intestinal cavity (IC) receiving 15, 30, and 45 Gy were extracted for each patient. Acute gastrointestinal toxicity was prospectively scored at each weekly treatment visit according to CTC (common toxicity criteria) v2.0. The endpoint was the development of peak grade ≥ 2 diarrhea during RT. Various patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics were evaluated using logistic regression. Results: 149 patients were included in the analysis, 112 (75.2%) treated with whole-pelvis intensity-modulated radiotherapy (WP-IMRT) and 37 (24.8%) with prostate-only RT, including or not including, the seminal vesicles (PORT ± SV). 45 patients (30.2%) developed peak grade ≥ 2 diarrhea during treatment. At univariate analysis, IC-V 15 and IC-V 30 , but not IC-V 45 , were correlated to the endpoint; at multivariate analysis, only IC-V 15 (p = 0.047) along with peak acute proctitis (p = 0.041) was independently correlated with the endpoint. Conclusion: these data provide a novel and prostate treatment-specific ''upper limit'' DVH for IC. (orig.)

Asthme Infantile: Les facteurs de risque modifiables | Monebenimp ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Cette étude transversale avait pour objectif de déterminer les facteurs de risque modifiables de l'asthme infantile. En d'autres termes, il s'agit des facteurs pour lesquels l'on pourrait ... La période de recrutement s'étendait du 1er Août au 31 Décembre 1999. L'enfant devrait avoir une difficulté respiratoire avec sifflement ...

Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 shortens acute infectious diarrhea in a pediatric outpatient setting

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Ener Cagri Dinleyici

2015-07-01

Full Text Available Objective: Two randomized controlled clinical trials have shown that Lactobacillus (L reuteri DSM 17938 reduces the duration of diarrhea in children hospitalized due to acute infectious diarrhea. This was the first trial evaluating the efficacy of L. reuteri DSM 17938 in outpatient children with acute infectious diarrhea. Methods: This was a multicenter, randomized, single-blinded, case control clinical trial in children with acute watery diarrhea. A total of 64 children who presented at outpatient clinics were enrolled. The probiotic group received 1 × 108 CFU L. reuteri DSM 17938 for five days in addition to oral rehydration solution (ORS and the second group was treated with ORS only. The primary endpoint was the duration of diarrhea (in hours. The secondary endpoint was the number of children with diarrhea at each day of the five days of intervention. Adverse events were also recorded. Results: The mean duration of diarrhea was significantly reduced in the L. reuteri group compared to the control group (approximately 15 h, 60.4 ± 24.5 h [95% CI: 51.0–69.7 h] vs. 74.3 ± 15.3 h [95% CI: 68.7–79.9 h], p < 0.05. The percentage of children with diarrhea was lower in the L. reuteri group (13/29; 44.8% after 48 h than the control group (27/31; 87%; RR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.34–0.79, p < 0.01. From the 72nd hour of intervention onwards, there was no difference between the two groups in the percentage of children with diarrhea. No adverse effects related to L. reuteri were noted. Conclusion: L. reuteri DSM 17938 is effective, safe, and well-tolerated in outpatient children with acute infectious diarrhea. Resumo: Objetivo: Dois ensaios clínicos randomizados controlados demonstraram que o Lactobacillus (L reuteri DSM 17938 reduz a duração de diarreia em crianças hospitalizadas devido a diarreia infecciosa aguda. Este é o primeiro ensaio que avalia a eficácia do L. reuteri DSM 17938 em crianças com diarreia infecciosa aguda no

Repertorio tradicional infantil de Cádiz: texto, rito, gesto y símbolo

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María Jesús Ruiz

2009-01-01

Full Text Available El repertorio infantil de tradición oral recogido en la provincia de Cádiz en los últimos veinte años reúne un corpus frondoso de retahílas y canciones. El trabajo propone, en una primera parte, una clasificación del repertorio atendiendo a la organización poética de los textos. En una segunda parte, se intentan descifrar los ritos, motivos y símbolos que pertenecieron al mundo folklórico adulto y que -refugiándose en el grado cero de la transmisión tradicional- han quedado confiscados por el folklore infantil.

Toy Library: space research on the play of children in school of infantile education

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Aline Sommerhalder

2011-06-01

Full Text Available This article deals with the toy library as an area of research on child's play and on the child. In dialogue with psychoanalysis, the article aims to address aspects that characterize the children play in an environment of toy library. The study presents a reflection from the results of six sessions of observation of the ‘house play’ among children of the school of infantile education. The observation of the play activity was accompanied by the daily record in the field of actions and words of the thirteen children participating in the study. The study shows that the child is playing in a subjective space and is a preferred vehicle for achieving symbolic of desires and fantasies, the reality of transformation and creation of new knowledge. Therefore, it emphasizes the importance of valuing the toy library at school as a way of redemption and make of play in school of infantile education and highlights the value of play for learning and development of children in school of infantile education.

Exploring geographic distributions of high-risk water, sanitation, and hygiene practices and their association with child diarrhea in Uganda

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Mitsuaki Hirai

2016-10-01

Full Text Available Background: High-risk water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH practices are still prevalent in most low-income countries. Because of limited access to WASH, children may be put at an increased risk of diarrheal diseases. Objectives: This study aims to 1 develop a new measure of WASH-induced burden, the WASH Resource Index (WRI, and estimate its correlation with child diarrhea and an additive index of high-risk WASH practices; 2 explore the geographic distribution of high-risk WASH practices, child diarrhea, and summary indices at the cluster level; and 3 examine the association between the WRI and child diarrhea at the individual level. Design: A sample of 7,019 children from the Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2011 were included in this study. Principal component analysis was used to develop a WRI, and households were classified as WASH poorest, poorer, middle, richer, and richest. A hot spot analysis was conducted to assess whether and how high-risk WASH practices and child diarrhea were geographically clustered. A potential association between the WRI and child diarrhea was examined through a nested regression analysis. Results: High-risk WASH practices were clustered at geographically distant regions from Kampala. The 2-week prevalence of child diarrhea, however, was concentrated in Eastern and East Central regions where high-risk WASH practices were not prevalent. At the individual level, none of the high-risk WASH practices were significantly associated with child diarrhea. Being in the highest WASH quintile was, however, significantly associated with 24.9% lower prevalence of child diarrhea compared to being in the lowest quintile (p<0.05. Conclusions: Only a weak association was found between the WRI and child diarrhea in this study. Future research should explore the potential utility of the WRI to examine WASH-induced burden.

Etiology of Diarrhea in Young Children in Denmark: a Case-Control Study

Science.gov (United States)

Olesen, Bente; Neimann, Jacob; Böttiger, Blenda; Ethelberg, Steen; Schiellerup, Peter; Jensen, Charlotte; Helms, Morten; Scheutz, Flemming; Olsen, Katharina E. P.; Krogfelt, Karen; Petersen, Eskild; Mølbak, Kåre; Gerner-Smidt, Peter

2005-01-01

Infectious gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases in young children. To clarify the infectious etiology of diarrhea in Danish children less than 5 years of age, we conducted a 2-year prospective case-control study. Stools from 424 children with diarrhea and 870 asymptomatic age-matched controls were examined, and their parents were interviewed concerning symptoms. Rotavirus, adenovirus, and astrovirus were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and norovirus and sapovirus were detected by PCR. Salmonella, thermotolerant Campylobacter, Yersinia, Shigella, and Vibrio spp. were detected by standard methods. Shiga toxin-producing (STEC), attaching-and-effacing (A/EEC), enteropathogenic (EPEC), enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive, and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli were detected by using colony hybridization with virulence gene probes and serotyping. Parasites were detected by microscopy. Overall, a potential pathogen was found in 54% of cases. More cases than controls were infected with rotavirus, Salmonella, norovirus, adenovirus, Campylobacter, sapovirus, STEC, classical EPEC, Yersinia, and Cryptosporidium strains, whereas A/EEC, although common, was not associated with illness. The single most important cause of diarrhea was rotavirus, which points toward the need for a childhood vaccine for this pathogen, but norovirus, adenovirus, and sapovirus were also major etiologies. Salmonella sp. was the most common bacterial pathogen, followed by Campylobacter, STEC, Yersinia, and classical EPEC strains. A/EEC not belonging to the classical EPEC serotypes was not associated with diarrhea, underscoring the importance of serotyping for the definition of EPEC. PMID:16081890

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus among Farmed Pigs, Ukraine.

Science.gov (United States)

Dastjerdi, Akbar; Carr, John; Ellis, Richard J; Steinbach, Falko; Williamson, Susanna

2015-12-01

An outbreak of porcine epidemic diarrhea occurred in the summer of 2014 in Ukraine, severely affecting piglets <10 days of age; the mortality rate approached 100%. Full genome sequencing showed the virus to be closely related to strains reported from North America, showing a sequence identity of up to 99.8%.

La TDT: El gran contenedor infantil del futuro

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María Dolores MORENO RODRÍGUEZ

2009-08-01

Full Text Available RESUMEN: Los expertos en edu-comunicación apuestan por la tematización que favorece la proliferación de canales infantiles al amparo de las nuevas frecuencias disponibles a través de la TDT. Reconocen, asimismo, la interactividad como un valor añadido aplicable a la producción televisiva infantil en tanto que elemento clave en la estimulación de la creatividad y recepción participativa por parte del niño. En cambio, los especialistas rechazan los sistemas de control parental por resultar ineficaces y evidenciar la insuficiente implicación de las familias en la educación televisiva de sus hijos. Así lo revela la investigación de la que damos cuenta en este artículo y que ha sido desarrollada mediante la configuración de un panel de treinta expertos que se han pronunciado sobre la TDT, sus nuevos usos y servicios de aplicación en la programación infantil. La obtención de información se ha llevado a cabo mediante la aplicación del Método Delphi lo que ha permitido la aportación deslocalizada y asincrónica de expertos procedentes de distintas áreas geográficas y científicas. Siendo de este modo que hemos reunido la opinión de especialistas en pedagogía, didáctica, periodismo, televisión educativa y televisión infantil, así como de representantes de observatorios audiovisuales, consejos, revistas especializadas, y asociaciones de consumidores.ABSTRACT: Experts in edu-communication are in favour of the thematic specialization that encourages the proliferation of children’s channels under the protection of the new frequencies available through DTTV. They also recognize the interactivity available as a value added applicable to children’s television production as a key element in the stimulation of children’s creativity and participatory reception. However, the specialists reject the systems of parental control because they are ineffective and demonstrate the insufficient involvement of the families in the televised

Haemolytic Escherichia coli isolated from dogs with diarrhea have characteristics of both uropathogenic and necrotoxigenic strains

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Starxix, M.; Johnson, J.R.; Stell, A.L.; Goot, van der J.A.; Hendriks, H.G.; Vorstenbosch, van C.; Dijk, van L.; Gaastra, W.

2002-01-01

Twenty-four haemolytic Escherichia coli strains were isolated from dogs with diarrhea. The strains were serotyped and analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for genes encoding virulence factors associated with E. coli that cause diarrhea in animals. Adhesion antigen production was deduced from

Association of food-hygiene practices and diarrhea prevalence among Indonesian young children from low socioeconomic urban areas

Science.gov (United States)

2013-01-01

Background Information on the part that poor food-hygiene practices play a role in the development of diarrhea in low socioeconomic urban communities is lacking. This study was therefore aimed at assessing the contribution of food-hygiene practice to the prevalence of diarrhea among Indonesian children. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 274 randomly selected children aged 12–59 months in selected low socioeconomic urban areas of East Jakarta. The prevalence of diarrhea was assessed from 7-day records on frequency and consistency of the child’s defecation pattern. Food-hygiene practices including mother’s and child’s hand washing, food preparation, cleanliness of utensils, water source and safe drinking water, habits of buying cooked food, child’s bottle feeding hygiene, and housing and environmental condition were collected through home visit interviews and observations by fieldworkers. Thirty-six practices were scored and classified into poor (median and below) and better (above median) food-hygiene practices. Nutritional status of children, defined anthropometrically, was measured through height and weight. Results Among the individual food-hygiene practices, children living in a house with less dirty sewage had a significantly lower diarrhea prevalence compared to those who did not [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.03-0.73]. The overall food-hygiene practice score was not significantly associated with diarrhea in the total group, but it was in children aged practices did not contribute to the occurrence of diarrhea in Indonesian children. However, among children < 2 years from low socioeconomic urban areas they were associated with more diarrhea. PMID:24138899

Literatura y juego: Las canciones escenificadas infantiles

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Cerrillo Torremocha, Pedro C.

2004-12-01

Full Text Available The main goal of this paper is to analyze the content and structure of stagey children songs (skipping, rows, swing, playing a game standing in a ring.... These songs are considered to be orally-transmitted compositions, necessarily accompanied by an action that requires either staging or specific body language. I focus on those songs that contain popular and traditional ballads, or parts thereof. Reference is also made to the gradual disappearance of these compositions and the impact of this fact on the way children learn them nowadays, before they are put into writing.

El autor analiza los contenidos y la estructura organizativa de las canciones escenificadas infantiles (corro, comba, filas, columpio..., que son composiciones que van necesariamente acompañadas de una acción que se representa o, cuando menos, de una serie de gestos muy concretos, deteniéndose expresamente en aquellas canciones infantiles en las que sobreviven romances, o partes de romances, de amplia difusión popular en otros tiempos. En el último apartado, el trabajo se refiere al proceso de desaparición que sufren estas composiciones, lo que provoca un aprendizaje diferente de las mismas (previo paso de la oralidad a la escritura por los niños y niñas de hoy.

Impacto psicológico del maltrato infantil en la sociedad

OpenAIRE

Prieto Valderrábano, Lorena

2015-01-01

La autora presenta en este trabajo el maltrato infantil, los tipos de maltrato y sus múltiples consecuencias, el impacto psicosocial que acarrea este acto y el proceso de detección y la evaluación que realiza el psicólogo en estos casos