Zircaloy-sheathed element rods fitted with thermo-couples; Barre combustible a thermocouple gainee de zircaloy

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bernardy de Sigoyer, B; Jacques, F; Thome, P [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1963-07-01

In order to carry out thermal conductivity measurements on UO{sub 2} in conditions similar to those under which fuel rods are used, it was necessary to measure the temperature at the interior of a fuel element sheathed in zircaloy. The temperatures are taken with Thermocoax type thermocouples, that is to say fitted with a very thin sheath of stainless steel or Inconel. It is known also that fusion welding of zircaloy onto stainless steel is impossible and that high temperature welded joints are very difficult because of their aggressiveness. The technique used consists in brazing the thermocouples to relatively large stainless steel parts and then joining these plugs by electron bombardment welding to diffused stainless steel-zircaloy couplings. The properties of these diffused couplings and of the brazed joints were studied; the various stages in the fabrication of the containers are also described. (authors) [French] Pour des mesures de conductivite thermique de l'UO{sub 2} dans des conditions voisines du fonctionnement des barres combustibles, il s'agissait de mesurer la temperature a l'interieur d'un element combustible gaine de zircaloy. Les prises de temperature sont faites par thermocouples du type Thermocoax, c'est-a-dire pourvu d'une gaine tres mince en inox ou inconel. Par ailleurs on sait que le soudage par fusion du zircaloy sur l'inox est impossible et que les brasures a haute temperature sont difficiles car tres agressives. La technique utilisee consiste a braser les thermocouples sur des pieces en inox relativement massives et de rapporter par soudage au bombardement electronique ces bouchons sur des raccords diffuses zircaloy-inox. Les proprietes de ces raccords diffuses et celles de joints brases ont ete etudiees; on expose egalement les diverses etapes de fabrication des containers. (auteurs)

The Application of Various Nondestructive Testing Methods to Fuel Elements of the Orgel Type; Application des Differentes Methodes d'Essais Non Destructifs aux Elements Combustibles du Type Orgel; Primenenie razlichnykh nedestruktivnykh metodov ispytanij k toplivnym ehlementam tipa ''orgel''; Aplicacion de Distintos Metodos de Ensayo No Destructivo a los Elementos Combustibles de Tipo Orgel

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bonnet, P.; Jansen, J. [EURATOM, C.C.R., Ispra (Italy)

1965-09-15

. There is a device making it possible to examine four or six fuel elements simultaneously, or two or three separately. Standard radiographic tests. Particular stress is laid on the study of welds, and the limits of the experimental conditions in order to obtain good definition are given. In conclusion, the authors present a plan for a semi-industrial inspection system, describing the various possibilities for treatment, and try to define a general policy of non-destructive tests applied to fuel elements. (author) [French] Le memoire presente les differentes methodes employees pour la detection des defauts dans les tubes de gaine des elements combustibles (defauts de type dimensionnel ou defauts structuraux). Les auteurs evoquent egalement les tests finaux sur elements combustibles complets, en particulier: radiographie des soudures et tests d'etanchete. Ce sujet a deja ete partiellement traite. La recherche des caracteristiques dimensionnelles sur tube de gaine lisse en poudre d'aluminium frittee (SAP) a fait l'objet de recherches assez poussees. En particulier: 1. Mesures des diametres internes et externes par utilisation de capteurs pneumatiques et enregistrement des resultats; 2. Mesures des epaisseurs par utilisation, soit des ultrasons en methode de resonance, soit des rayons y (contrat EURATOM - Istituto Sperimentale Metalli Leggeri); 3. Controle de la fleche; 4. Tests sur tubes a ailettes. La detection des defauts sur tube de gaine lisse a egalement fait l'objet de travaux et un critere de rejet a ete adopte suivant l'utilisation future des tubes de gaines. a) La creation de defauts artificiels en fonction de la nocivite des defauts reels dans la poudre d'aluminium frittee est expliquee dans le memoire. Cette etude a montre, en effet, une grande sensibilite aux defauts du type longitudinal crees generalement lors de la transformation par de grosses inclusions. b) Tests par ultrasons. Defauts longitudinaux: Une comparaison entre la methode a deux capteurs et la

Magnox Fuel Cycles; Cycles des combustibles gaines de magnox; Toplivnye tsikly magnoks; Ciclos de combustible magnox

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Johnson, A. [United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Risley, Warrington, Lancs (United Kingdom)

1963-10-15

The interaction between reactivity flux and temperature distributions and irradiation patterns caused by different refuelling policies is considered and present calculation methods outlined. Various refuelling schemes for both batch and continuous discharge systems are compared. The problem of the efficient irradiation of the first charge is considered together with delayed onset refuelling and shuffling schemes. The economic advantages and problems of using non-natural uranium in flattened reactors are discussed. The practical consideration of on-load refuelling schemes on new reactors are considered and reference is made to the experience gained on Bradwell and Berkeley. The effect of the variation of fuel cost and endurance on fuel-cycle economics is outlined. (author) [French] L'auteur etudie en premier lieu l'interaction entre les distributions de la temperature du flux et de la reactivite, d'une part, et le regime de l'irradiation, d'autre part, dans le cas de differents programmes de rechargement du combustible et il decrit brievement les methodes de calcul actuelles. Il compare ensuite differents programmes de rechargement du combustible pour le dechargement par lots et le dechargement continu. Il etudie le probleme de l'irradiation effica ce de la premiere charge dans le cadre de programmes de remplacement et de deplacement des cartouches a action retardee. Il analyse les avantages economiques de l'utilisatio n d'uranium non naturel dans les reacteurs a flux aplati et les problemes qu'elle pose. Il examine les aspects pratiques des programmes de rechargement en marche pour les nouveaux reacteurs, en se referant a l'experience acquise au moyen des reacteurs de Bradwell et de Berkeley. Enfin, il decrit brievement les effets des variations du cout et de la resistance du combustible sur l'economie des cycles de combustible. (author) [Spanish] La memoria estudia la interaccion entre el flujo de reactividad y la distribucion de temperaturas, asi como los

Ultrasonic Water-Gap Measurements in MTR Fuel Elements; Mesure par Ultrasons des Espaces Intercalaires dans les Elements Combustibles des Reacteurs d'Essai de Materiaux; Izmereniya vodyanogo zazora v teplovydelyayushchikh ehlementakh dlya materialovedcheskogo reaktora s pomoshch'yu ul'trazvuka; Medicion Ultrasonica de la Capa de Agua en Elementos Combustibles para Reactores de Ensayo de Materiales

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Deknock, R. [Metallurgy Department, S.C.K./C.E.N., Mol (Belgium)

1965-10-15

generalement eleves, il est indispensable de prevoir un transfert de chaleur uniforme et un refroidissement regulier empechant toute formation massive de vapeur. En outre, pour determiner le gonflement et le comportement general du combustible dans le reacteur, il faudra mesurer les espaces intercalaires dans les elements combustibles au cours de controles apres irradiation. A cette fin, on a mis au point une sonde fondee sur le principe des ultrasons, qui permet de mesurer les espaces intercalaires de 3 mm sur 1 m de long dans les elements combustibles du reacteur BR-2. Lorsqu'on procede a des experiences apres irradiation, la sonde doit pouvoir fonctionner dans un element combustible immerge dans un reservoir d'eau a une profondeur de 6 m au minimum. La sonde peut resister a une immersion prolongee dans l'eau et n'est pas endommagee par une irradiation gamma a des doses normales. Bien que le systeme soit fonde sur la methode classique de la reflexion des impulsions, il permet de separer les impulsions emises des impulsions reflechies au moyen d'un cristal ferroelectrique de 10 MHz a pouvoir eleve de dispersion de l'energie. Les resultats des mesures peuvent etre lus directement sur un oscilloscope: le temps est indique sur l'axe horizontal et la vitesse d'exploration est reglee de maniere a se trouver en relation directe avec la vitesse de propagation de l'onde, c'est-a-dire avec la distance intercalaire. Ce mode de lecture est satisfaisant lorsqu'on procede a un nombre limite de mesures, mais il est evidemment preferable d'enregistrer les resultats sur un graphique. Dans ce cas, les impulsions incidentes et les impulsions reflechies sont transmises a un convertisseur temps-tension au moyen d'un circuit logique transistorise. Cet appareil permet un ajustement continu du zero de sortie pour toute distance intercalaire choisie arbitrairement entre 2 et 4 mm, grace a quoi on peut obtenir un enregistrement autour d'un axe zero. En outre, toute variation de 100 {mu}m de la

L'évolution des combustibles pour moteurs thermiques Evolution of Fuels for Thermal Engines

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Balaceanu J. C.

2006-11-01

Full Text Available Depuis la crise pétrolière, l'accroissement des prix et les craintes de pénurie ont conduit à adapter les moteurs aux combustibles disponibles. Si la situation apparaît comme moins tendue, l'industrie des machines thermiques, qui pendant longtemps a eu comme partenaire une industrie du pétrole très sûre, se trouve cependant confrontée à un marché des combustibles incertain dans son ravitaillement et surtout dans ses prix. Les progrès des moteurs diesel et des turbines à gaz, dûs à une meilleure adaptation à leur usage et aussi à l'évolution de la technologie, supposent que les combustibles n'apporteront aucune contrainte majeure en quantité ou en qualité. La modification des usages dévolus désormais au pétrole entraînera une réduction de la coupe lourde et un raffinage plus profond des bruts avec en particulier un développement du craquage catalytique et de la viscoréduction. Or, ces différentes opérations de conversion peuvent conduire à une détérioration de la qualité des combustibles moins grave pour le gazole que pour le fuel lourd. Dans les différents domaines impliqués, les parades technologiques sont en cours de développement. L'industrie des machines thermiques, qui poursuit l'amélioration des engins, et l'industrie du pétrole, qui recherche une réduction des prix des combustibles, sont donc conduites à un compromis optimal auquel elles ne peuvent accéder efficacement qu'en définissant les règles du jeu c'est-à-dire des spécifications internationales rigoureuses des combustibles. Since the oil crisis, the increase in prices and fears of a shortage have led to the adapting of engines to what fuels are available. Whereas the situation now seems somewhat less tense, the thermal machinery industry, which for a long time had a very reliable petroleum industry as its partner, nonetheless finds itself confronted with an uncertain fuel market with regard to supplies and especially to prices. Progress

Results of the irradiation of mixed UO{sub 2} - PuO{sub 2} oxide fuel elements; Resultats d'irradiation d'elements combustibles en oxyde mixte UO{sub 2} - PuO{sub 2}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mikailoff, H; Mustelier, J P; Bloch, J; Ezran, L; Hayet, L [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1966-07-01

In order to study the behaviour of fuel elements used for the first charge of the reactor Rapsodie, a first batch of eleven needles was irradiated in the reactor EL3 and then examined. These needles (having a shape very similar lo that of the actual needles to be used) were made up of a stack of sintered mixed-oxide pellets: UO{sub 2} containing about 10 per cent of PuO{sub 2}. The density was 85 to 97 per cent of the theoretical, value. The diametral gap between the oxide and the stainless steel can was between 0,06 and 0,27 mm. The specific powers varied from 1230 to 2700 W/cm{sup 3} and the can temperature was between 450 and 630 C. The maximum burn-up attained was 22000 MW days/tonne. Examination of the needles (metrology, radiography and {gamma}-spectrography) revealed certain macroscopic changes, and the evolution of the fuel was shown by micrographic studies. These observations were used, together with flux measurements results, to calculate the temperature distribution inside the fuel. The volume of the fission gas produced was measured in some of the samples; the results are interpreted taking into account the temperature distribution in the oxide and the burn-up attained. Finally a study was made both of the behaviour of a fuel element whose central part was molten during irradiation, and of the effect of sodium which had penetrated into some of the samples following can rupture. (author) [French] Afin d'etudier le comportement des elements combustibles destines a la premiere charge du reacteur Rapsodie, une premiere serie de onze aiguilles a ete irradiee dans le reacteur EL3 et examinee apres irradiation. Ces aiguilles (aux caracteristiques geometriques tres proches de celles des aiguilles definitives) etaient constituees d'un empilement de pastilles frittees en oxyde mixte UO{sub 2} a 10 pour cent environ de PuO{sub 2}, dont la densite etait comprise entre 85 et 97 pour cent de la densite theorique. Le jeu diametral entre l'oxyde et la gaine en acier

Cost of transporting irradiated fuels and maintenance costs of a chemical treatment plant for irradiated fuels; Cout de transport des combustibles irradies et cout d'entretien d'une usine de traitement chimique des combustibles irradies

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sousselier, Y [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1964-07-01

other plants, an attempt has been made to express the maintenance costs as a percentage of the investments corresponding to each of the sections considered. The unequal aspect of maintenance in a plant of this type is demonstrated, this being due particularly to the inaccessibility of most of the equipment during operation. Finally some conclusions are drawn on what the maintenance costs could be and the means of reducing them in future plants. (author) [French] Le cout du cycle des combustibles a fait l'objet de nombreuses etudes mais beaucoup d'entre elles sont basees sur des etudes a priori et sont donc plus ou moins sujettes a caution. C'est ainsi que dans la partie ayant trait au traitement des combustibles irradies, des elements importants du cout n'ont que rarement ete precises a la suite d'experiences pratiques: le cout du transport des combustibles eux-memes et le cout d'entretien de l'usine. Les etudes relatives au cout du transport sont generalement basees sur des calculs faits a partir de donnees un peu arbitraires. Les etudes qui ont ete faites en France pour le transport d'uranium irradie entre les reacteurs EdF de Chinon et l'usine de retraitement de La Hague et l'uranium irradie des reacteurs de recherches jusqu'aux usines de retraitement etrangeres sont exposees et montrent qu'il a ete possible d'arriver a des types de chateaux de transport et des modalites d'expedition qui permettent de diminuer les couts dans des proportions tres importantes. Ceci a pu etre obtenu soit en combinant les transports par rail et par route soit par l'augmentation des capacites unitaires des chateaux de transport: on cite le cas d'un chateau de transport pour element des piles piscines qui est capable de transporter un coeur complet d'une pile a la fois entrainant une reduction substantielle du cout. Les etudes concernant les couts d'entretien d'usines de retraitement sont encore plus rares, or, dans les usines a entretien direct, ces couts sont une fraction non negligeable

Results of the irradiation of mixed UO{sub 2} - PuO{sub 2} oxide fuel elements; Resultats d'irradiation d'elements combustibles en oxyde mixte UO{sub 2} - PuO{sub 2}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mikailoff, H.; Mustelier, J.P.; Bloch, J.; Ezran, L.; Hayet, L. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1966-07-01

In order to study the behaviour of fuel elements used for the first charge of the reactor Rapsodie, a first batch of eleven needles was irradiated in the reactor EL3 and then examined. These needles (having a shape very similar lo that of the actual needles to be used) were made up of a stack of sintered mixed-oxide pellets: UO{sub 2} containing about 10 per cent of PuO{sub 2}. The density was 85 to 97 per cent of the theoretical, value. The diametral gap between the oxide and the stainless steel can was between 0,06 and 0,27 mm. The specific powers varied from 1230 to 2700 W/cm{sup 3} and the can temperature was between 450 and 630 C. The maximum burn-up attained was 22000 MW days/tonne. Examination of the needles (metrology, radiography and {gamma}-spectrography) revealed certain macroscopic changes, and the evolution of the fuel was shown by micrographic studies. These observations were used, together with flux measurements results, to calculate the temperature distribution inside the fuel. The volume of the fission gas produced was measured in some of the samples; the results are interpreted taking into account the temperature distribution in the oxide and the burn-up attained. Finally a study was made both of the behaviour of a fuel element whose central part was molten during irradiation, and of the effect of sodium which had penetrated into some of the samples following can rupture. (author) [French] Afin d'etudier le comportement des elements combustibles destines a la premiere charge du reacteur Rapsodie, une premiere serie de onze aiguilles a ete irradiee dans le reacteur EL3 et examinee apres irradiation. Ces aiguilles (aux caracteristiques geometriques tres proches de celles des aiguilles definitives) etaient constituees d'un empilement de pastilles frittees en oxyde mixte UO{sub 2} a 10 pour cent environ de PuO{sub 2}, dont la densite etait comprise entre 85 et 97 pour cent de la densite theorique. Le jeu diametral entre l'oxyde et la

Optical Engines as Representative Tools in the Development of New Combustion Engine Concepts Moteurs transparents comme outils représentatifs dans le développement de nouveaux concepts des moteurs à combustion interne

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Kashdan J.

2011-11-01

(EGR. A comparison has been made between simulated EGR (using pure nitrogen with real EGR under Diesel LTC conditions. Finally, “pure”, single component fuels are often employed in optical Diesel engines due to laser diagnostic constraints. However, these fuels generally differ from standard Diesel fuel in terms of cetane number and fuel volatility which can significantly influence the combustion and emissions characteristics in optical engines. These aspects have also been investigated within the present study. An improved understanding of the differences between optical and all-metal engines has allowed us to develop appropriate strategies to compensate for these differences on the optical engine. It is shown here that combustion phasing (and engine-out emissions matching between optical and all-metal engines can be achieved even for advanced LTC Diesel combustion strategies. The ability to ensure fully representative combustion and emissions behaviour of optical engines ultimately increases the value of optical engine data, highlighting the importance of using such engines as research tools for the further development of innovative, low emission combustion concepts. Les moteurs monocylindres transparents sont employés comme outils de recherche et de développement des moteurs à combustion interne. Ils permettent l’utilisation de techniques de diagnostics non-intrusifs (qualitatifs et quantitatifs pour étudier des phénomènes comme l’aérodynamique interne, la préparation du mélange, la combustion et la formation de polluants. Ces données expérimentales sont importantes pour la validation des modèles numériques et permettent également d’obtenir une compréhension détaillée des phénomènes physiques se déroulant dans la chambre. Les données recueillies aident au développement des nouvelles stratégies de combustion telles que la combustion homogène (HCCI et la combustion Diesel à basse température (LTC. Dans ce contexte, il est important

Les méthodes thermiques de production des hydrocarbures. Chapitre 5 : Combustion "in situ". Pricipes et études de laboratoire Thermal Methods of Hydrocarbon Production. Chapter 5 : "In Situ" Combustion. Principles and Laboratory Research

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Burger J.

2006-11-01

Full Text Available II existe plusieurs variantes de la combustion in situ, suivant le sens de déplacement du front de combustion, à co-courant ou à contre-courant, et suivant la nature des fluides injectés, air seul ou injection combinée d'air et d'eau. Les réactions de pyrolyse, d'oxydation et de combustion mises en jeu par ces techniques sont discutées, en particulier la cinétique des principaux mécanismes réactionnels, l'importance du dépôt de coke et l'exothermicité des réactions d'oxydation et de combustion. Les résultats d'essais de déplacement unidirectionnel du front de combustion dans des cellules de laboratoire sont présentés et discutés. Enfin on indique les conditions pratiques d'application des méthodes de combustion in situ sur champ. Possible variations of in situ combustion technique ore as follows : forward or reverse combustion depending on the relative directions of the air flow and the combustion front, dry combustion if air is the only fluid injected into the oil-bearing formation, or fixe/woter flooding if water is injected along with air. The chemical reactions of pyrolysis, oxidation and combustion involved in these processes are described. The kinetics of these reactions is discussed as well as fuel availability in forward combustion and the exothermicity of the oxidation and combustion reactions. The results obtained in the laboratory when a combustion front propagates in unidirectional adiabatic tells are described and discussed. This type of experimentation provides extensive information on the characteristics of the processes. Screening criteria for the practical application of in situ combustion techniques are presented.

Techniques de combustion Combustin Techniques

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Perthuis E.

2006-11-01

Full Text Available L'efficacité d'un processus de chauffage par flamme est étroitement liée à la maîtrise des techniques de combustion. Le brûleur, organe essentiel de l'équipement de chauffe, doit d'une part assurer une combustion complète pour utiliser au mieux l'énergie potentielle du combustible et, d'autre part, provoquer dans le foyer les conditions aérodynamiques les plus propices oux transferts de chaleur. En s'appuyant sur les études expérimentales effectuées à la Fondation de Recherches Internationales sur les Flammes (FRIF, au Groupe d'Étude des Flammes de Gaz Naturel (GEFGN et à l'Institut Français du Pétrole (IFP et sur des réalisations industrielles, on présente les propriétés essentielles des flammes de diffusion aux combustibles liquides et gazeux obtenues avec ou sans mise en rotation des fluides, et leurs répercussions sur les transferts thermiques. La recherche des températures de combustion élevées conduit à envisager la marche à excès d'air réduit, le réchauffage de l'air ou son enrichissement à l'oxygène. Par quelques exemples, on évoque l'influence de ces paramètres d'exploitation sur l'économie possible en combustible. The efficiency of a flame heating process is closely linked ta the mastery of, combustion techniques. The burner, an essential element in any heating equipment, must provide complete combustion sa as to make optimum use of the potential energy in the fuel while, at the same time, creating the most suitable conditions for heat transfers in the combustion chamber. On the basis of experimental research performed by FRIF, GEFGN and IFP and of industrial achievements, this article describesthe essential properties of diffusion flames fed by liquid and gaseous fuels and produced with or without fluid swirling, and the effects of such flames on heat transfers. The search for high combustion temperatures means that consideration must be given to operating with reduced excess air, heating the air or

Low content uranium alloys for nuclear fuels; Alliages d'uranium a faible teneur pour elements combustibles

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Aubert, H; Laniesse, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1964-07-01

A description is given of the structure and the properties of low content alloys containing from 0.1 to 0.5 per cent by weight of Al, Fe, Cr, Si, Mo or a combination of these elements. A study of the kinetics and of the mode of transformation has made it possible to choose the most satisfactory thermal treatment. An attempt has been made to prepare alloys suitable for an economical industrial development having a small {alpha} grain structure without marked preferential orientation, with very fine and stable precipitates as well as a high creep-resistance. The physical properties and the mechanical strength of these alloys are given for temperatures of 20 to 600 deg C. These alloys proved very satisfactory when irradiated in the form of normal size fuel elements. (authors) [French] Sont decrits la structure et les proprietes d'alliages a faible teneur, contenant de 0,1 a 0,5 pour cent en poids de Al, Fe, Cr, Si, Mo ou une combinaison de ces elements. L'etude des cinetiques et du mode de transformation permet de choisir le traitement thermique le plus favorable. On a cherche a mettre, au point des alliages se pretant a une mise en oeuvre industrielle economique et presentant une structure a petits grains {alpha}, sans orientation preferentielle marquee, avec des precipites tres fins et stables ainsi qu'une bonne resistance au fluage. Les proprietes physiques et la resistance mecanique de ces alliages sont decrites entre la temperature ambiante et 600 deg C. Irradies sous forme d'elements combustibles de dimensions normales, ces alliages ont montre un bon comportement. (auteurs)

Elemental analysis of Kuwaiti petroleum and combustion products

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Reid, J.S.; Cahill, T.A.; Gearhart, E.A.; Flocchini, R.G. (California Univ., Davis, CA (United States). Crocker Nuclear Lab.); Schweitzer, J.S.; Peterson, C.A. (Schlumberger-Doll Research Center, Ridgefield, CT (United States))

1993-03-01

Crude oil from eight Kuwaiti fields and aerosols generated by their combustion in the laboratory have been analyzed by composition and particulate size. Liquid petroleum and petroleum combustion products were subjected to elemental analysis by proton induced x-ray techniques and by x-ray fluorescence techniques. The mean sulfur content of the burning wells was weighted by their production rates to obtain the mean sulfur content of the burning oil, 2.66%. The liquid samples were also analyzed by neutron activation analyses. Results show that Kuwaiti oil and smoke aerosols from laboratory combustion generally contain very low amounts of chlorine, contrary to what is found in airborne samples above Kuwait. Trace element signatures were developed to aid in tracing smoke from the oil fires. (Author).

Aerodynamic and thermal studies of cans of gas cooled fuel elements; Etudes aerodynamiques et thermiques de gaines d'elements combustibles refroidis par gaz

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gelin, P [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires; Milliat, J P [Electricite de France (EDF), 75 - Paris (France)

1964-07-01

l'amelioration des grappes et s'est ensuite poursuivie dans les deux Laboratoires pour le refroidissement interne des elements combustibles annulaires. Au fur et a mesure de l'avancement de ces etudes, les moyens d'essais se sont amplifies tandis que les methodes experimentales n'ont cesse de s'ameliorer. Actuellement, les deux Laboratoires, qui travaillent en pleine collaboration, disposent de moyens puissants. Pour les grappes, l'effort a surtout porte sur les pertes de charge dues aux pieces d'assemblage et sur les variations de temperature autour des elements de la grappe. On est arrive ainsi a determiner d'une facon satisfaisante les points chauds de gaine, les deformations des crayons et les conditions de stabilite de ces deformations. Pour les gaines a chevrons, les etudes ont porte, d'une part sur l'evolution des performances en fonction des parametres geometriques, et, d'autre part sur les singularites aerodynamiques et thermiques creees tant par les ailettes que par les interruptions de cartouche. Ces etudes ont abouti a une connaissance tres complete des cartouches choisies pour les reacteurs EDF2 et EDF3, et ouvrent maintenant des perspectives tres encourageantes pour les reacteurs a venir, en particulier les reacteurs equipes d'elements annulaires; parmi les solutions convenant a la gaine interne de l'element annulaire, les corrugations et les ailettes longitudinales ont fait l'objet d'essais assez etendus dans une large plage de nombre de Reynolds. (auteurs)

Low content uranium alloys for nuclear fuels; Alliages d'uranium a faible teneur pour elements combustibles

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Aubert, H.; Laniesse, J. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1964-07-01

A description is given of the structure and the properties of low content alloys containing from 0.1 to 0.5 per cent by weight of Al, Fe, Cr, Si, Mo or a combination of these elements. A study of the kinetics and of the mode of transformation has made it possible to choose the most satisfactory thermal treatment. An attempt has been made to prepare alloys suitable for an economical industrial development having a small {alpha} grain structure without marked preferential orientation, with very fine and stable precipitates as well as a high creep-resistance. The physical properties and the mechanical strength of these alloys are given for temperatures of 20 to 600 deg C. These alloys proved very satisfactory when irradiated in the form of normal size fuel elements. (authors) [French] Sont decrits la structure et les proprietes d'alliages a faible teneur, contenant de 0,1 a 0,5 pour cent en poids de Al, Fe, Cr, Si, Mo ou une combinaison de ces elements. L'etude des cinetiques et du mode de transformation permet de choisir le traitement thermique le plus favorable. On a cherche a mettre, au point des alliages se pretant a une mise en oeuvre industrielle economique et presentant une structure a petits grains {alpha}, sans orientation preferentielle marquee, avec des precipites tres fins et stables ainsi qu'une bonne resistance au fluage. Les proprietes physiques et la resistance mecanique de ces alliages sont decrites entre la temperature ambiante et 600 deg C. Irradies sous forme d'elements combustibles de dimensions normales, ces alliages ont montre un bon comportement. (auteurs)

Ignition et oxydation des particules de combustible solide pulvérisé Ignition and Oxidation of Pulverized Solid Fuel

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De Soete G. G.

2006-11-01

Full Text Available On présente dans cet article, en utilisant la méthode du ruban chauffé, une étude de la compétition entre (1 la dévolatilisation et l'oxydation consécutive des produits de pyrolyse et (2 l'ignition de la matrice solide et sa combustion rapide. La comparaison entre le moment de l'ignition et le début de la pyrolyse permet de déterminer en fonction de la température, de la taille des particules et de la concentration en oxygène, le domaine dans lequel l'ignition d'un combustible solide pyrolysable est du type whole coal ignition (c'est-à-dire lorsque l'ignition intervient avant que la pyrolyse devienne mesurable. Les résultats suggèrent que ce type d'ignition doit s'effectuer en règle générale dans les conditions de mise en oeuvre des combustibles solides pulvérisés dans les flammes industrielles. Dans le cas de l'ignition whole coal , la vitesse de combustion de la matrice solide est inhibée dans la période qui suit l'ignition. Cette inhibition est due d'une part à la difficulté pour l'oxygène de diffuser dans les pores pendant la sortie des produits de pyrolyse, et d'autre part à la consommation préférentielle de l'oxygène dans l'oxydation des produits de pyrolyse, principalement dans le cas où cette oxydation se développe sous forme de flamme. Ce n'est que lorsque la pyrolyse s'achève que la vitesse de combustion hétérogène peut atteindre sa valeur stationnaire normale, qui est alors pratiquement identique à celle du coke. Aux températures situées entre la température d'ignition du combustible solide et la température d'extinction du coke résiduel, la combustion est incomplète, une extinction intervenant à un degré de dévolatilisation d'autant plus grande que la température est élevée. Ce phénomène s'explique qualitativement par la théorie classique d'ignition thermique lorsqu'on l'applique au cas particulier des combustibles solides pyrolysables. Les températures d'ignition ainsi que les d

Design of the Small Rods Forming the Fuel Element of the First Charge of the EL4 Reactor. Cladding Problems; Etude des crayons constituant l'element combustible du premier jeu d'EL4 - probleme de la gaine; Problema pokrytiya nebol'shikh steeknej, obrazushchikh toplivnyj ehlement pervoj zagruzki reaktora EL.4; Estudio de las barras que constituyen los elementos combustibles de la primera carga del reactor EL4 - el problema de las vainas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bailly, H.; Ringot, C.; Weisz, M. [Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires de Saclay (France)

1963-11-15

The fuel element for the first charge of EL4 makes use of stainless steel cans. The grade of steel chosen and the can thickness depend on the corrosion resistance and mechanical strength required. The operating stresses and temperatures are such that fabrication of a can lasting throughout the life of the fuel element calls for a highly resistant grade of steel, of thickness greater than 0.5 mm. When the can bears on the fuel as a result of creep, deformation in diametrical clearance may lead to ovalization and folding, while deformation in longitudinal clearance may cause buckling of the can. Numerous tests have been carried out on cans of thickness 0.3 and 0.4 mm to determine type of deformation as a function of clearance. To be certain of avoiding ovalization with the thicknesses proposed and to keep the internal temperature of the fuel as low as possible, the clearance must be reduced to zero in fabrication. (author) [French] L'element combustible du premier jeu EL4 utilise des gaines en acier inoxydable. Le choix de la nuance et de l'epaisseur de la gaine est lie a des considerations de tenue a la corrosion et de tenue mecanique. Les contraintes et les temperatures d'utilisation ne permettent pas de concevoir une gaine resistante pendant toute la vie de l'element combustible a moins d'utiliser une nuance tres resistante et d'epaisseur superieure a 0,5 mm. On admet que la gaine s'applique par fluage sur le combustible: la deformation dans les jeux diametraux peut conduire a la formation d'une ovalisation et d'un pli; la deformation dans les jeux longitudinaux peut conduire a des flambages de la gaine. De nombreux essais ont ete realises sur des gaines d'epaisseurs 0,3 et 0,4 mm pour connaitre le mode de deformation en fonction des jeux. Pour etre certain de ne jamais avoir d'ovalisation avec les epaisseurs envisagees, et pour avoir la temperature a coeur du combustible la plus basse possible, on est conduit a reduire a zero le jeu en fabrication. (author

Kinetics of transuranium element oxidation-reduction reactions in solution; Cinetique des reactions d'oxydo-reduction des elements transuraniens en solution

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gourisse, D [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1966-09-01

A review of the kinetics of U, Np, Pu, Am oxidation-reduction reactions is proposed. The relations between the different activation thermodynamic functions (compensatory effect, formal entropy of the activated complex, magnitude of reactions velocities) are considered. The effects of acidity, ionic strength deuterium and mixed solvents polarity on reactions rates are described. The effect of different anions on reactions rates are explained by variations of the reaction standard free energy and variations of the activation free energy (coulombic interactions) resulting from the complexation of dissolved species by these anions. (author) [French] Une revue systematique de la cinetique des reactions d'oxydo-reduction des elements U, Np, Pu, Am, en solution perchlorique est proposee. Des considerations relatives aux grandeurs thermodynamiques d'activation associees aux actes elementaires (effet de compensation, entropie standard des complexes actives, rapidite des reactions) sont developpees. L'influence de l'acidite, de la force ionique, de l'eau lourde et de la polarite des solvants mixtes sur la vitesse des reactions est decrite. Enfin l'influence des differents anions sur la vitesse des reactions est expliquee par les variations de l'enthalpie libre standard de la reaction et de l'enthalpie libre d'activation (travail des forces electrostatiques) resultant de la complexation des especes dissoutes dans la solution. (auteur)

Study of the strength of the internal can for internally and externally cooled fuel elements intended for gas graphite reactors; Etude de la tenue de la gaine interne pour-element combustible a refroidissement interne et externe d'un reacteur graphite-gaz

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Boudouresque, B; Courcon, P; Lestiboubois, G [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1964-07-01

The cartridge of an internally and externally cooled annular fuel element used in gas-graphite reactors is made up of an uranium fuel tube, an external can and an internal can made of magnesium alloy. For the thermal exchange between the internal can and the fuel to be satisfactory, it is necessary for the can to stay in contact with the uranium under all temperature conditions. This report, based on a theoretical study, shows how the internal can fuel gap varies during the processes of canning, charging into the reactor and thermal cycling. The following parameters are considered: tube diameter, pressure of the heat carrying gas, gas entry temperature, plasticity of the can alloy. It is shown that for all operating conditions the internal can of a 77 x 95 element, planned for a gas-graphite reactor with a 40 kg/cm{sup 2} gas pressure, should remain in contact with the fuel. (authors) [French] La cartouche d'un element combustible annulaire, a refroidissement interne et externe pour reacteur graphite-gaz, est composee d'un tube combustible en uranium, d'une gaine externe et d'une gaine interne en alliage de magnesium. Pour que l'echange thermique entre la gaine interne et le combustible soit bon, il faut que la gaine reste appliquee sur l'uranium quel que soit le regime de temperature. Cette note a pour but de montrer comment, d'apres une etude theorique, le jeu combustible-gaine interne varie au cours des operations de gainage, de chargement dans le reacteur, et des cyclages thermiques. Les parametres suivants sont etudies: diametres de tube, pression du gaz caloporteur, temperature d'entree du gaz, plasticite de l'alliage de gaine. Il est montre que, quel que soit le regime de fonctionnement, la gaine interne d'un element 77 x 95, en projet pour un reacteur graphite-gaz sous pression de 40 kg/cm{sup 2}, doit rester appliquee sur le combustible. (auteurs)

Recent developments in the field of refractory fuels; Developpements recents dans le domaine des combustibles refractaires

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Accary, A; Delmas, R [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1964-07-01

or arc fusion). This latter method is based on fusion by electronic bombardment associated with the continuous casting. (authors) [French] L'effort des recentes annees au Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique dans le domaine des combustibles ceramiques a surtout porte sur le bi-oxyde d'uranium et les alliages uranium-carbone. Le bi-oxyde d'uranium est etudie dans l'optique de son utilisation comme combustible de la premiere charge d'EL 4, dans laquelle on impose au point le plus charge une conductibilite thermique integree de 29 W/cm pour une temperature de surface de 750 C environ. On s'est specialement preoccupe de mettre en place un procede de preparation d'une poudre de bi-oxyde de bonnes caracteristiques et le frittage industriel de cette poudre, et d'evaluer les principales proprietes des corps obtenus en relation avec les conditions des corps obtenus en relation avec les conditions prevues de leur utilisation: - aspect de micro-structure et distribution des pores, - comportement mecanique et thermique en geometrie cylindrique, - controle de l'oxygene excedentaire dans les produits industriels, - compatibilite aux hautes temperatures avec les oxydes utilisables comme isolants thermiques, - comportement des produits de fission gazeux a haute temperature apres irradiation ou au cours de l'irradiation. Dans le cas des carbures d'uranium, notre but a ete de determiner les conditions de fabrication industrielle d'un combustible satisfaisant de composition voisine de UC. Ceci nous a conduits a entreprendre un certain nombre d'etudes fondamentales Sur le domaine d'existence de UC non stoechiometrique, - l'influence, sur les proprietes de UC, des elements O et N dissous dans ce materiau, - la compatibilite des alliages uranium-carbone avec differents materiaux de gaine metalliques ou ceramiques, - la corrosion des alliages uranium-carbone par H{sub 2}O et CO{sub 2}, - les methodes de preparation d'echantillons de haute purete, - les dispositifs d'irradiation en pile

Fuel location, homogeneity and amount in flat and tubular configurations; Repartition, Homogeneite et Quantite du Combustible dans les Elements a Configuration Plate ou Tubulaire; Polozhenie, gomogennost' i kolichestvo topliva v ploskikh i trubchatykh konfiguratsiyakh; Disposicion, Homogeneidad y Cantidad de Combustibles en Configuraciones Planas y Tubulares

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Meester, P. de [Studiecentrum voor Kernenergie, Mol (Belgium)

1965-10-15

standards are considered. Accuracy and elimination of errors are discussed. Some possible future improvements in the tests are proposed. (author) [French] Les elements combustibles pour le reacteur d'essai de materiaux BR-2 peuvent etre-realises, soit avec des plaques obtenues par cadrages, soit avec des tubes obtenus par coextrusion. Au cours de la fabrication et avant le chargement dans le reacteur, il faut verifier ou mesurer la repartition, l'homogeneite et la quantite du combustible. Il faut connaitre la repartition du combustible pour le positionnement de l'ame dans les plaques et tubes ainsi que pour une premiere evaluation qualitative du produit du point de vue des specifications geometriques. On a procede a des radiographies 3 80-90 keV, ainsi qu'a des autoradiographies et gammagraphies avec une source au thulium-170. Pour l'examen radiographique des tubes de combustible, on a introduit dans le tube un mandrin en plomb auquel etait fixe un film sensible aux rayons X , puis on a fait des radiographies sous divers angles. En utilisant une source radioactive se deplacant le long de l'axe du tube et un film place autour du tube, on a obtenu des enregistrements avec un tres bon contraste. Il faut controler l'homogeneite du combustible pour assurer la securite du fonctionnement du reacteur, c'est-a-dire pour eviter toute concentration excessive de combustible pouvant donner lieu a des formations de vapeur pendant le fonctionnement du reacteur et pour garantir que le chargement de combustible est suffisant et regulierement reparti. On peut faire appel a des radiographies en vue d'une verification visuelle. Cependant, s'il est necessaire de faire une analyse quantitative, il est preferable d'utiliser un spectrometre g a m m a a scintillation permettant de mesurer le rayonnement propre emis par l'uranium-235. Le memoire contient une' analyse des resultats obtenus pour quelque 400 plaques de combustible et pour un premier lot de tubes de combustible. Il est possible de

Application of a powder sintering-extrusion process to the fabrication of U-Al and UO{sub 2}-stainless steel dispersed fuel elements; Application de frittage-filage de poudres a la fabrication d'elements combustibles disperses U-Al et UO{sub 2} inox

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Meny, L.; Buffet, J.; Sauve, Ch.

1962-07-01

Within the scope of an investigation of dispersion-type fuel elements, the fabrication by extrusion and sintering of cladded bars and tubes with core of either uranium-aluminum or uranium oxide-stainless steel fuel was investigated. The powder mixtures are first pre-densified in a 'pot', whereupon the sheathed compact is degassed and sealed in a vacuum by electron-beam welding. The subsequent co-extrusion is performed at low temperature and with slow pressure application in the case of U-Al dispersions; and at high temperature with rapid pressure application, using the Ugine-Sejournet process, in the case of UO{sub 2}-stainless steel dispersions. The procedure permits the production of practically fully dense bars and tubes more than 1 m. in length and 10-30 mm in diameter, the wall thickness of the tubes ranging from 2-5 mm. The physical and mechanical characteristics of the dispersion, as well as the mechanical characteristics of the cladded elements, were investigated as a function of the uranium content and the temperature. (authors) [French] Dans le cadre de l'etude des elements combustibles disperses, nous avons etudie la fabrication par frittage-filage de barreaux et de tubes gaines renfermant un noyau combustible soit en uranium-aluminium, soit en UO{sub 2}-inox. Les melanges de poudres sont comprimes dans un 'pot'. La billette composite ainsi obtenue est degazee, fermee et soudee sous vide par bombardement electronique. Le cofilage est ensuite effectue, a basse temperature et sur presse lente pour les disperses U-Al, a haute temperature et sur presse rapide par le procede Ugine-Sejournet pour les disperses UO{sub 2}-inox. Nous avons ainsi obtenu des barres et des tubes de porosite pratiquement nulle de plus de 1 metre de longueur et de 10 a 30 mm de diametre; les epaisseurs des tubes sont comprises entre 2 et 5 mm. Les proprietes physiques et mecaniques des disperses ainsi que les proprietes mecaniques des ensembles gaines, ont ete etudiees en fonction de

The life of some metallic uranium based fuel elements; Duree de vie de quelques combustibles a base d'uranium metal

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Stohr, J A; Englander, M [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1958-07-01

Description of some theoretical and experimental data concerning the design and most economic preparation of metallic uranium based fuel elements, which are intended to produce an energy of 3 kW days/g of uranium in a thermal reactor, at a sufficiently high mean temperature. Experimental results obtained by testing by analogy or by actually trying out fuel elements obtained by alloying uranium with other metals in proportions such that the resistance to deformation of the alloy produced is much higher than that of pure metallic uranium and that the thermal utilisation factor is only slightly different from that of the uranium. (author) [French] Description de quelques donnees theoriques et experimentales concernant la conception et la preparation la plus economique d'elements combustibles a base d'uranium metallique naturel, destines a degager dans un reacteur thermique une energie de l'ordre de 3 kWj/g d'uranium a une temperature moyenne suffisamment elevee. Resultats experimentaux acquis par tests analogiques ou reels sur combustibles obtenus par alliage de l'uranium avec des elements metalliques en proportions telles que la resistance a la deformation soit bien superieure a celle de l'uranium metal pur et que le facteur propre d'utilisation thermique n ne soit que peu affecte. (auteur)

Kinetics of transuranium element oxidation-reduction reactions in solution; Cinetique des reactions d'oxydo-reduction des elements transuraniens en solution

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gourisse, D. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1966-09-01

A review of the kinetics of U, Np, Pu, Am oxidation-reduction reactions is proposed. The relations between the different activation thermodynamic functions (compensatory effect, formal entropy of the activated complex, magnitude of reactions velocities) are considered. The effects of acidity, ionic strength deuterium and mixed solvents polarity on reactions rates are described. The effect of different anions on reactions rates are explained by variations of the reaction standard free energy and variations of the activation free energy (coulombic interactions) resulting from the complexation of dissolved species by these anions. (author) [French] Une revue systematique de la cinetique des reactions d'oxydo-reduction des elements U, Np, Pu, Am, en solution perchlorique est proposee. Des considerations relatives aux grandeurs thermodynamiques d'activation associees aux actes elementaires (effet de compensation, entropie standard des complexes actives, rapidite des reactions) sont developpees. L'influence de l'acidite, de la force ionique, de l'eau lourde et de la polarite des solvants mixtes sur la vitesse des reactions est decrite. Enfin l'influence des differents anions sur la vitesse des reactions est expliquee par les variations de l'enthalpie libre standard de la reaction et de l'enthalpie libre d'activation (travail des forces electrostatiques) resultant de la complexation des especes dissoutes dans la solution. (auteur)

Partitioning of elements during coal combustion and leaching experiments

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wang Wen-feng; Qin Yong; Song Dang-yu; Wang Jun-yi [China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou (China). School of Resources and Earth Science

2009-04-15

The mineral component and content of sulfur and 42 major and trace elements of the feed coal, fly and bottom ashes collected from Shizuishan coal-fired power plant, Ningxia, China were analyzed using AFS, INAA, ICP-MS, ICP-AES, XRD. Based on the coal combustion and leaching experiments, the partitioning of these elements during coal combustion and the leaching behavior of the 11 potentially hazardous elements, including As, Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Th and U were investigated. The results show that the distribution of elements in the fly and bottom ashes is controlled by their volatilities and modes of occurrence in the coal. The degree of volatilization of elements may be mainly associated with boiling/melting points of these elements and their compounds. The elements easily volatilized, organically bound or associated with sub-micrometer and nano minerals (e.g. Al and Na) tend to be enriched in the fine fractions of fly ash, and most elements do not vaporize which are approximately equally partitioned in the fly and bottom ashes. The emission rates of As, Cr, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb, and Zn are notably influenced by the temperature ranging from 877 to 1300{sup o}C. The leaching behavior of elements depend significantly on their geochemical properties and modes of occurrence. The elements with a low degree of volatilization are not easily leached, while volatile elements easily leached under the acid conditions. Arsenic, B Br, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, S, Sb and Se show a higher emission rate during coal combustion, and the leached concentrations of Cd, Co, Mo, Ni and U in the acid media exceed their limited concentrations recommended in relevant environment quality standards for water, which will harm the environment. 32 refs., 4 figs., 4 tabs.

Development of Non-Metallic Fuel Elements for a High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor; Mise au point d'elements combustibles non metalliques pour un reacteur a haute temperature, refroidi par un gaz; Razrabotka nemetallicheskikh teplovydelyashchikh ehlementov dlya vysokotemperaturnogo reaktora s gazovym okhlazhdeniem; Elementos combustibles no metalicos para un reactor de temperatura elevada refrigerado por gas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Liebmann, B.; Schafer, L.; Spener, G. [NUKEM, Nuklear-Chemie und -Metallurgie G.m.b.H., Wolfgang bei Hanau, Federal Republic of Germany (Germany)

1963-11-15

In connection with fuel element development work for the high-temperature gas-coolcd reactor of the Brown-Boveri/Krupp Reaktorbau G.m.b.H., two different fuel element concepts were considered and developed. In both cases the fuel element consists of a graphite ball of 6 cm in diam. which contains the fuel insert, a cylindrical pellet of about 20 mm in diam. and 16 mm in height. The two concepts differ in the type of the.fuel insert as well as in the preparation of the graphite ball. In the first concept the fuel insert consists of a mixture of UC{sub 2} and graphite which is prepared by blending U{sub 3}O{sub 8} and graphite, pressing them into pellets and reacting the two components in a vacuum furnace at 1800{sup o}C. The atomic ratio of U : C is 1:45. Since this type of fuel pellet does not retain the fission products completely the surrounding graphite sphere had to be made impervious to fission products by impregnation in order to obtain a fission-product retaining element. Permeabilities of the order of 10{sup -6}cm{sup 2}/s could be achieved. In the second concept the fuel insert consists of a solid solution of UC in ZrC and is coated with a layer of ZrC. The molar ratio of UC to ZrC is 1 : 20. The fuel pellet preparation was accomplished by the following procedure: UO{sub 2}, ZrO{sub 2}, and graphite were mixed and pressed into pellets. The pellets were reacted to the carbides. Ball milling of the carbides was followed by hot pressing at temperatures o f 2000{sup o}C. Densities of more than 95% of the theoretical density could be achieved. A full description of the preparation and of some physical properties of the fuel pellets is given in the paper. A sufficient fission gas retention behaviour of this type of fuel insert which allows it to be put into unimpregnated graphite balls is expected. Other advantages of this kind of fuel are discussed. (author) [French] Dans le cadre des etudes de combustibles destines au reacteur a haute temperature, refroidi par

Evolution des modèles mathématiques directs appliqués aux moteurs à combustion interne Evolution of Direct Mathematical Models Applied to Internal-Combustion Engines

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Rumiano N.

2006-11-01

Full Text Available Cet article rend compte de l'évolution présente et future des modèles mathématiques directs de simulation dans les moteurs. Ceux-ci sont basés sur la résolution des équations de Navier-Stokes, et deviennent peu à peu une nécessité surtout en ce qui concerne la combustion hétérogène. Après un aperçu sur l'état actuel des algorithmes de calcul et des sous-modèles physiques utilisés, on présente une revue des principaux codes de calcul appliqués au moteur, avec quelques-uns de leurs résultats. Après avoir évoqué les obstacles rencontrés lors de leur mise en oeuvre, on aborde l'évolution prévisible lors des prochaines années, tant pour les techniques de calcul que pour les codes eux-mêmes. This article describes the present and future evolution of direct mathematical models used for engine simulation. These models are based on the solving of Navier-Stokes equations and are gradually becoming an absolute necessity, especially with regard to heterogeneous combustion. Alter briefly describing the present state of the computing algorithms and physical submodels used, the leading computing codes applied to engines are reviewed, with some of their results. Then the stumbling blocks encountered during the implementation of these codes are described, followed by the foresable evolution in the next few years, for both computing techniques and the codes themselves.

Effect of Ash on Oxygen Carriers for the Application of Chemical Looping Combustion to a High Carbon Char Effet des cendres sur l’activité des porteurs d’oxygène dans la combustion du charbon en boucle chimique

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Rubel A.

2011-02-01

activity of the OCs and both OCs performed well. The results were promising for the application of CLC directly to solid fuels. L’application de la combustion en boucle chimique (CLC aux combustibles solides est actuellement étudiée à l’Université du Kentucky, au Centre de Recherche de l’Energie Appliquée (CAER dans le but de développer un procédé de gazéification/combustion en boucle chimique pressurisé (PCLC/G afin de générer de l’électricité à partir de charbon. Un des principaux aspects de la combustion en boucle chimique de combustibles solides est la compréhension de l’effet des cendres sur la réactivité des porteurs d’oxygène (OCs. L’effet des cendres sur la capacité de transfert d’oxygène et sur l’aptitude à oxyder le charbon est étudié avec deux porteurs d’oxygène à base d’oxydes de fer. Les cendres utilisées sont des cendres volantes provenant d’une centrale thermique au charbon. Les expériences sont réalisées dans un système composé d’une thermo-balance couplée à un spectrographe de masse (TGMS dans lequel on utilise d’abord 500 mg d’un mélange de cendres/porteurs d’oxygène à différentes concentrations de cendres allant jusqu’à 75 %. Le gaz réducteur est composé de 10 % de H2, 15 % de CO, 20 % de CO2 et de 55 % de Ar; et le gaz oxydant est composé de 20 % de O2 dans Ar. Les réactions d’oxydation/réduction sont quasi totales. D’après ces expériences, les cendres ont une activité propre de porteur d’oxygène, liée à la présence de fer dans les cendres, confirmée par les analyses DRX. Cela génère une augmentation du gain ou de la perte de masse du mélange pendant l’oxydation/réduction. Les vitesses d’oxydation/réduction augmentent avec la concentration des cendres à cause de l’augmentation de la porosité du mélange de porteurs d’oxygène avec les cendres, ce qui permet un meilleur accès des gaz réactifs sur les sites actifs des porteurs d’oxygène. Dans un

The Non-Destructive Testing of Fuel Elements and Their Components for the United Kingdom Power-Reactor Development Programme; Controle Non Destructif des Elements Combustibles et de Leurs Parties Constitutives dans le Cadre du Programme de Developpement des Reacteurs de Puissance au Royaume-Uni; Nedestruktivnoe ispytanie teplovydelyayushchikh ehlementov i ikh komponentov dlya osushchestvleniya programmy soedinennogo korolevstva po razrabotke ehnergeticheskikh reaktorov; Ensayo No Destructivo de Elementos Combustibles y sus Componentes, en el Marco del Programa de Reactores de Potencia del Reino Unido

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mann, C. A.; Campsie, I. C. [U.K.A.E.A., Reactor Fuel Element Laboratories, Springfields, Salwick, Preston, Lancs. (United Kingdom)

1965-10-15

and the ends closed. In addition, the integrity of end closures is established, by radiography. Multiple exposures are commonly made to examine the whole of circumferential weld adequately. The disposition of the fuel can also be recorded accurately by using a panoramic technique. The use of colour radiography is also discussed. Pins are normally tested for leakage after filling with helium, using a mass-spectrometer leak detector. Pins not filled with helium may be tested using a ''back-pressurizing'' technique. Conventional ''probing'' and ''sniffing'' methods are used when it is desirable to locate the sites of leaks. The bubble test in liquids is also used, as a cheap and simple test. The use of krypton-85 as a tracer gas is discussed. (author) [French] Les auteurs decrivent les methodes d'essai que les laboratoires charges des elements combustibles ont elaborees dans le cadre du programme etabli par le des reacteurs> en vue de mettre au point des aiguilles de combustible pour diverses filieres de reacteurs. Ces aiguilles sont contenues dans des gaines de 5 a 15 mm de diametre, les materiaux utilises etant des aciers inoxydables et des alliages de zirconium, a) Detection de defauts dans les gaines. Examen par ultrasons a l'aide de deux traducteurs immerges. Les tubes sont animes d'un mouvement helicoidal rapide dans un reservoir fixe. Chaque signal de defaut est verifie et enregistre. Pour regler le dispositif et verifier sa stabilite, on utilise comme temoins des fentes'pratiquees a l'arc a la surface des tubes. Dans certains cas, on a egalement recours au controle par courants de Foucault. Les auteurs decrivent deux procedes: l'un, a debit rapide, est fonde sur un systeme de bobines encerclant le tube; l'autre, a exploration heliccfldale, utilise une bobine se deplacant le long du tube. Les signaux fournis par un circuit a pont sont selectionnes selon la phase et filtres, pour des frequences de 30 a 60 kHz. b) Controle des dimensions de tubes et de

Elemental analysis of combustion products by neutron activation

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Heft, R.E.; Koszykowski, R.F.

1980-01-01

This paper gives a brief description of the neutron activation analysis method, which is being used to determine the elemental profile of combustion products from coal-fired power plants, oil shale retorting, and underground coal gasification

Contribution to the study of the fission-gas release in metallic nuclear fuels; Contribution a l'etude du degagement des gaz de fission dans les combustibles nucleaires metalliques

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kryger, B [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1969-10-01

In order to study the effect of an external pressure on the limitation of swelling due to fission-gas precipitation, some irradiations have been carried out at burn-ups of about 35.000 MWd/ton, and at average sample temperatures of 575 Celsius degrees, of non-alloyed uranium and uranium 8 per cent molybdenum gained in a thick stainless steel can. A cylindrical central hole allows a fuel swelling from 20 to 33 per cent according to the experiment. After irradiation, the uranium samples showed two types of can rupture: one is due to the fuel swelling, and the other, to the pressure of the fission gases, released through a network of microcracks. The cans of the uranium-molybdenum samples are all undamaged and it is shown that the gas release occurs by interconnection of the bubbles for swelling values higher than those obtained in the case of uranium. For each type of fuel, a swelling-fission gas release relationship is established. The results suggest that good performances with a metallic fuel intended for use in fast reactor conditions can be obtained. (author) [French] Afin d'etudier l'effet d'une pression exterieure sur la limitation du gonflement due a la precipitation des gaz de fission, on a irradie a des taux de combustion d'environ 35.000 MWj/t et a des temperatures moyennes de 575 degres des echantillons d'uranium non allie et d'uranium-molybdene 8 pour cent contenus dans une gaine en acier inoxydable epaisse. Un trou cylindrique central permet au combustible de gonfler librement de 20 a 33 pour cent suivant les cas. Apres irradiation les echantillons d'uranium presentent deux types de ruptures de gaine: l'une due au gonflement du combustible, l'autre a la pression des gaz degages, ce degagement des gaz etant provoque par un reseau de micro-fissures. Les gaines des echantillons d'alliage uranium-molybdene sont toutes intactes et l'on montre que le relachement des gaz opere par interconnexion des bulles pour des valeurs de gonflement plus elevees que dans

Cfd Based Shape Optimization of Ic Engine Optimisation de l'admission et des chambres de combustion des moteurs avec la modélisation 3D

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Griaznov V.

2006-12-01

Full Text Available Intense competition and global regulations in the automotive industry has placed unprecedented demands on the performance, efficiency, and emissions of today's IC engines. The success or failure of a new engine design to meet these often-conflicting requirements is primarily dictated by its capability to provide minimal restriction for the inducted and exhausted flow and by its capability to generate strong large-scale in-cylinder motion. The first criterion is directly linked to power performance of the engine, while the latter has been shown to control the burn rate in IC engines. Enhanced burn rates are favorable to engine efficiency and partial load performance. CFD based numerical simulations have recently made it possible to study the development of such engine flows in great details. However, they offer little guidance for modifying the ports and chamber geometry controlling the flow to meet the desired performance. This paper presents a methodology which combines 3D, steady state CFD techniques with robust numerical optimization tools to design, rather than just evaluate the performance, of IC engine ports and chambers. La forte concurrence et les réglementations dans l'industrie automobile entraînent aujourd'hui une exigence sans précédent de performance, de rendement et d'émissions pour les moteurs à combustion interne. Le succès ou l'échec de la conception d'un nouveau moteur satisfaisant à ces propriétés, souvent contradictoires, est dicté, dans un premier temps, par l'obtention d'une restriction minimale des débits d'admission et d'échappement, ensuite, par la nécessité de générer des écoulements forts de grande amplitude. Le premier critère est directement lié à la performance du moteur, tandis que le second est reconnu comme contrôlant la combustion. Des dégagements de chaleur accélérés améliorent le rendement et les performances à faible charge. La simulation 3D rend possible depuis peu d

Fabrication and Testing of Prototype APM-Clad UO{sub 2} Fuel Elements; Fabrication et essai de prototypes de cartouches de combustible en bioxyde d'uranium gaine d'aluminium (APM); Izgotovlenie i ispytanie prototipa toplivnykh ehlementov na osnove UO{sub 2} s obolochkoj iz alyuminiya metodom poroshkovoj metallurgii; Elaboracion y ensayo de elementos combustibles prototipo de UO{sub 2} con revestimiento de aluminio sinterizado

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ballif, III, J. L.; Friske, W. H.; Gordon, R. B. [Atomics International, Canoga Park, California (United States)

1963-11-15

elements had been removed from the reactor as a result of problems encountered with instrumentation associated with their tests. The other three elements were still in the reactor. The results of the experimental work to date give every indication that the APM-UO{sub 2} fuel system will achieve the goals set for the POPR programme. (author) [French] Dans le cadre du programme execute avec le ''Prototype Organic Power Reactor'' (POPR) de 50 MWe, des travaux importants ont ete entrepris en vue de mettre au point des produits de la metallurgie des poudres d'aluminium (APM) utilisables comme gaines d'elements combustibles en bioxyde d'uranium. Dans le cadre de ces travaux on a etudie des procedes d'emploi de melanges eutectiques, de soudure directe a Tare et de soudure par pression a froid (Kolweld) pour obturer l'extiemite des gaines. On a etudie l'emploi des vibrations pour le remplissage des gaines d'APM en combustible UO{sub 2}. Des essais hors pile ont ete faits pour recueillir des renseignements sur la compatibilite entre les produits APM et le bioxyde d'uranium. Les etudes ont revele que, dans les conditions actuelles, le recours aux melanges eutectiques etait la meilleure methode d'obturation des extremites; le remplissage par vibration a permis d'atteindre des densites de combustible de l'ordre de 80 a 88% de la valeur theorique et aucune reaction n'a ete observee entre les produits APM et UO{sub 2} dans la gamme des temperatures de fonctionnement de POPR (temperature maximum a l'interface combustible/gaine-455{sup o}C). A la suite de ces travaux preliminaires, on a fabrique cinq prototypes de cartouches de combustibles en UO{sub 2} gaine d'APM, que Gop a essayes dans le reacteur experimental a ralentisseur organique (OMRE). Chaque cartouche consistait en 24 ou 25 barreaux gaines d'APM, disposes en 5 rangees de 5 dans un recipient en acier nickele ou en aluminium APM. Pour ameliorer les echanges thermiques, les gaines d'APM extrudees etaient munies de 8 ailettes

Study of the thermal drop at the uranium-can interface for fuel elements in gas-graphite reactors; Etude de la chute thermique au contact uranium-gaine pour des elements combustibles de reacteur de la filiere graphite-gaz

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Faussat, A [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires; Levenes, G; Michel, M [Societe Industrielle de Combustible Nucleaire (France)

1964-07-01

The report reviews the tests now under way at the CEA, for determining the thermal contact resistance at the uranium-can interface for fuel elements used in gas-graphite type reactors. These are laboratory tests carried out with equipment based on the principle of a heat flow across a stack of test pieces having planar contact surfaces. The following points emerge from this work: - for a metallic uranium element canned in magnesium, of the type G-2 or EDF-2, a value of 0.2 deg C/W/cm{sup 2} seems reasonable for can temperatures of 400 deg C and above. - this value is independent of the micro-geometric state of the uranium surface in a range of roughness which easily includes those observed on tubes and rods produced industrially. - for the internal cans of elements cooled internally and externally, the value of the contact resistance for temperatures of under 400 deg C as a function of the stresses in the can has not yet been measured exactly. (authors) [French] Le rapport fait le point des essais actuellement en cours au CEA pour determiner la resistance thermique de contact uranium-gaine pour des reacteurs de la filiere graphite-gaz. Ces essais sont effectues en laboratoire sur des appareils bases sur le principe d'une circulation de flux de chaleur a travers un empilement d'eprouvettes dont les faces en contact sont planes. De l'etude, il ressort essentiellement que: - pour un element a uranium metallique et gaine de magnesium type G-2 ou EdF-2, on peut admettre la valeur de 0,2 deg C/W/cm{sup 2} pour des temperatures de gaines de 400 deg C et plus. - cette valeur ne depend pas de l'etat de surface microgeometrique de l'uranium pour un domaine de rugosites couvrant largement celles que l'on observe sur des tubes et barreaux fabriques en serie. - pour les gaines internes d'elements a refroidissement interne et externe la valeur de la resistance de contact reste a preciser pour les temperatures inferieures a 400 deg C, en fonction des contraintes existant dans les

Les piles à combustible. Bilan des travaux de recherches. Perspectives Fuel Cells. Review of Research. Outlook

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Breelle Y.

2006-11-01

Full Text Available Cet article fait le point, sous forme résumée, des travaux de recherches et de développement menés par l'Institut Français du Pétrole (IFP depuis vingt ans dans le domaine des piles à combustible : sélection des filières directes conduisant au choix de la pile hydrogène-air basse température à électrolyte basique, mise au point des générateurs à hydrogène alimentés en méthanol. On présente les résultats obtenus et les conclusions des enquêtes effectués dans le domaine des groupes électrogènes et des applications spéciales, dans celui de la traction automobile et dans celui de la production massive d'électricité. This article reviews and sums up the research and development done by Institut Français du Pétrole (IFP in the last 20 years in the field of fuel cells, including the selection of direct methods leading to the choice of low-temperature basic-electrolyte hydrogen/air cells and the development of methanol-powered hydrogen generators. The results obtained are desceibed along with the conclusions of surveys made in the field of electric generators and special applications in the fields of automotive traction and massive electricity production.

Optimization of Gas Turbine Cogeneration Systemfor Various Heat Exchanger Configurations Optimisation des systèmes de turbine à combustion en cogénération pour différentes configurations des échangeurs de chaleur

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Costea M.

2011-11-01

Full Text Available The present paper investigates and compares the performance of three configurations of Gas Turbine systems allowing cogeneration of heat and electricity, on the basis of an irreversible regenerative Brayton-Joule cycle. The proposed model is developed for two different cycle constraints, namely, an imposed heat transfer rate released by the fuel combustion, or an imposed maximum cycle temperature. The model also includes the irreversibility due to the friction in the compressor and turbine, and due to the heat losses in the combustion chamber and heat exchangers. Energy efficiency for the system without and with cogeneration, and the exergetic efficiency are used in order to emphasize the cogeneration advantages, but also to help the designer to choose the best configuration of the Gas Turbine system that suits to his needs. Experimental data from a real operating microturbine were used to validate the model. The power output and the energy and exergetic efficiencies are optimized with respect to a set of operating parameters. The optimum values of the Gas Turbine engine parameters corresponding to maximum power output and respectively to maximum thermodynamic efficiency are discussed. The results show same optimal values of the compression ratio corresponding to almost all maximum performances for an imposed heat transfer rate released by the fuel combustion, excepting the maximum exergetic efficiency that requires higher optimal values of the compression ratio than the maximum exergy rate one. A performance comparison of the three configurations is done and future perspectives of the work are proposed. Cet article explore et compare les performances des trois configurations de systèmes de turbine à combustion permettant la production combinée de chaleur et d’électricité, sur la base du cycle irréversible régénératif de Brayton-Joule. Le modèle proposé est développé pour deux contraintes différentes sur le cycle, notamment le

Release of Inorganic Elements during Wood Combustion. Release to the Gas Phase of Inorganic Elements during: Wood Combustion. Part 1: Development and Evaluation of Quantification Methods

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

van Lith, Simone Cornelia; Alonso-Ramírez, Violeta; Jensen, Peter Arendt

2006-01-01

During wood combustion, inorganic elements such as alkali metals, sulfur, chlorine, and some heavy metals are partly released to the gas phase, which may cause problems in combustion facilities because of deposit formation and corrosion. Furthermore, it may cause harmful emissions of gases......) in this reactor, whereas methods B and C involved initial pyrolysis and combustion, respectively, of a large fuel sample (~5 kg) in a bench-scale fixed-bed reactor at 500 C. The methods were evaluated by comparing the data on the release of Cl, S, K, Na, Zn, and Pb from fiber board obtained by the three methods...

Trace elements in co-combustion of solid recovered fuel and coal

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Wu, Hao; Glarborg, Peter; Jappe Frandsen, Flemming

2013-01-01

Trace element partitioning in co-combustion of a bituminous coal and a solid recovered fuel (SRF) was studied in an entrained flow reactor. The experiments were carried out at conditions similar to pulverized coal combustion, with SRF shares of 7.9 wt.% (wet basis), 14.8 wt.% and 25.0 wt.......%. In addition, the effect of additives such as NaCl, PVC, ammonium sulphate, and kaolinite on trace element partitioning was investigated. The trace elements studied were As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Sb and Zn, since these elements were significantly enriched in SRF as compared to coal. During the experiments, bottom ash...... was collected in a chamber, large fly ash particles were collected by a cyclone with a cut-off diameter of ~2.5 μm, and the remaining fly ash particles were gathered in a filter. It was found that when coal was co-fired with SRF, the As, Cd, Pb, Sb and Zn content in filter ash/cyclone ash increased almost...

Long term developments in irradiated natural uranium processing costs. Optimal size and siting of plants; Perspectives a long terme des couts de traitement de l'uranium naturel irradie. Tailles et localisations optimales des usines

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Thiriet, L [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires; Oger, C; Vaumas, P de [Saint-Gobain Nucleaire, 92 - Courbevoie (France)

1964-07-01

processing plants are shown, different from those in part two. The indirect effect of these reprocessing programmes on the availability of plutonium, and therefore on the possibility.of undertaking plutonium burning reactor programmes, must be taken into account. (authors) [French] L'objet de cette communication est d'apporter une contribution a la solution du probleme du choix des tailles et des localisations optimales des usines de traitement des combustibles nucleaires irradies, associees a des programmes de puissance electrique installee. Dans une premiere partie, on etudie la structure des couts d'investissements et d'exploitation des usines de traitement de l'uranium naturel irradie, l'influence de la taille des usines sur ces couts et ces structures de couts. Au cout de traitement de l'uranium naturel irradie s'ajoute d'autre part le cout du transport des combustibles irradies des lieux de production aux sites des usines de traitement. La recherche du cout minimum pour la production d'un pays ou d'un ensemble de pays fait donc intervenir a la fois la taille et la localisation des usines. On indique les couts de transport previsibles pour l'uranium naturel irradie et la structure de ces couts (transport, assurance, couts et amortissement des containers). Dans une deuxieme partie, et pour differents echeanciers de combustibles irradies a traiter chaque annee, on determine les tailles et les localisations optimales des usines de traitement et la sensibilite de ces resultats, aux hypotheses de base concernant le cout du traitement, le cout du transport, l'annee de demarrage du programme d'usines, l'horizon choisi. - le probleme de nature combinatoire, assez complexe, est resolu par l'application des methodes de la programmation dynamique. - on montre que les methodes sont egalement applicables au probleme du choix des tailles et des localisations optimales des usines de traitement des elements du type MTR, associees aux programmes de reacteurs de recherche ainsi qu

Dispersions of Oxides in Oxide Matrices as High-Temperature Reactor Fuels; Dispersions d'oxyde dans des matrices d'oxyde, utilisees comme combustibles dans des reacteurs a haute temperature; Dispersiya okisej v okislovykh matritsakh v kachestve topliva dlya vysokotemperaturnogo reaktora; Empleo de dispersiones de oxidos en matrices de oxidos, como combustibles para reactores de elevada temperatura

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Williams, J. [Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell (United Kingdom)

1963-11-15

et l'aptitude a retenir les produits de fission sont les deux caracteristiques les plus importantes de l'integrite du combustible. La compatibilite des elements constitutifs des combustibles les uns avec les autres et avec le refroidisseur exerce une influence sur la stabilite dimensionnelle, mais les combustibles sous forme d'oxydes presentent beaucoup d'avantages a cet egard. Les variations de dimension sous irradiation ont trois composantes: les dommages causes a la matrice par les neutrons et les produits de fission, les dommages causes par les rayonnements a la phase produit fissile/produit fertile, les effets d'une accumulation de produits de fission gazeux. Les contraintes thermiques peuvent egalement etre a l'origine de modifications de forme. Cependant, les renseignements dont on dispose sur les mecanismes de la relaxation des contraintes sont trop limites pour qu'il soit possible de formuler des appreciations theoriques sur le comportement du materiau. Les etudes sur le degagement des produits de fission provenant d'un melange d'oxydes fissiles et fertiles sous faible irradiation ou pour un taux de combustion eleve, ont porte principalement sur les produits gazeux, notamment le xenon. Les donnees sur le degagement d'autres produits de fission sont tres limitees comme le sont d'ailleurs celles qui ont trait aux mouvements des produits de fission en general a travers les materiaux que l'on peut utiliser pour les matrices. Des etudes relatives a l'etancheite des oxydes purs frittes indiquent qu'il faut atteindre des densites egales a 95% au moins et peut-etre meme a 98% de la densite theorique pour supprimer la porosite ouverte dans de telles matrices. On peut recourir a diverses methodes pour preparer des particules de produits fissiles et fertiles, pour les revetir et pour les incorporer dans des matrices de densite elevee. Les travaux sur les procedes de transformation a l'echelle du laboratoire sont assez avances. (author) [Spanish] El autor examina la

Design and Fabrication of Oxygen/RP-2 Multi-Element Oxidizer-Rich Staged Combustion Thrust Chamber Injectors

Science.gov (United States)

Garcia, C. P.; Medina, C. R.; Protz, C. S.; Kenny, R. J.; Kelly, G. W.; Casiano, M. J.; Hulka, J. R.; Richardson, B. R.

2016-01-01

As part of the Combustion Stability Tool Development project funded by the Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center, the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center was contracted to assemble and hot-fire test a multi-element integrated test article demonstrating combustion characteristics of an oxygen/hydrocarbon propellant oxidizer-rich staged-combustion engine thrust chamber. Such a test article simulates flow through the main injectors of oxygen/kerosene oxidizer-rich staged combustion engines such as the Russian RD-180 or NK-33 engines, or future U.S.-built engine systems such as the Aerojet-Rocketdyne AR-1 engine or the Hydrocarbon Boost program demonstration engine. On the current project, several configurations of new main injectors were considered for the thrust chamber assembly of the integrated test article. All the injector elements were of the gas-centered swirl coaxial type, similar to those used on the Russian oxidizer-rich staged-combustion rocket engines. In such elements, oxidizer-rich combustion products from the preburner/turbine exhaust flow through a straight tube, and fuel exiting from the combustion chamber and nozzle regenerative cooling circuits is injected near the exit of the oxidizer tube through tangentially oriented orifices that impart a swirl motion such that the fuel flows along the wall of the oxidizer tube in a thin film. In some elements there is an orifice at the inlet to the oxidizer tube, and in some elements there is a sleeve or "shield" inside the oxidizer tube where the fuel enters. In the current project, several variations of element geometries were created, including element size (i.e., number of elements or pattern density), the distance from the exit of the sleeve to the injector face, the width of the gap between the oxidizer tube inner wall and the outer wall of the sleeve, and excluding the sleeve entirely. This paper discusses the design rationale for each of these element variations, including hydraulic, structural

Modélisation de la combustion de fuels lourds prenant en compte la dispersion des asphaltènes Modeling Heavy Fuel-Oil Combustion (While Considering Or Including Asphaltene Dispersion

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Audibert F.

2006-11-01

Full Text Available Divers modèles, ayant pour but de prédire le taux d'imbrûlés solides lors de la combustion du fuel lourd, ont été mis au point dans le passé. Les paramètres entrant en ligne de compte sont le plus souvent les teneurs en résidus lourds hydrocarbonés (asphaltènes précipités au pentane ou à l'heptane et carbone Conradson et en métaux : c'est le cas des modèles Exxon et Shell développés respectivement en 1979 et 1981. D'autres modèles tiennent compte, en plus de la composition du fuel, de son mode d'atomisation, de son mode de diffusion dans le foyer et de la cinétique de combustion : on peut citer les travaux du Laboratoire Energie du MIT publiés en 1986. Néanmoins, ces facteurs ne sont pas les seuls à intervenir : l'expérience a montré que l'état de dispersion des asphaltènes peut jouer également un grand rôle, notamment dans le cas d'installations de combustion à injection mécanique, pour lesquelles la dispersion des gouttelettes n'est pas aussi fine que pour des installations munies d'une injection assistée par la vapeur. Cette influence de la dispersion des asphaltènes sur la combustion a été mise en évidence dans le passé par l'utilisation d'additifs dispersants et également par la combustion de fuels lourds constitués par dilution d'asphaltes précipités au pentane avec un gas-oil de cracking catalytique de raffinerie (LCO. Ce sont ces fuels que l'on a considérés dans la présente étude. L'effet de ce facteur dispersion n'a pas été quantifié jusqu'alors, la difficulté étant de définir une grandeur mesurable représentant la répartition des agglomérats d'asphaltènes. Dans cette étude, on a essayé en un premier temps de faire une approche fractale de la répartition des asphaltènes à partir de clichés (préparés par la société Total, cette méthode ayant déjà été utilisée avec succès pour décrire des structures d'aspects comparables. Malheureusement, on s'est heurté à des

Une installation expérimentale pour l'étude du traitement par combustion des fumées industrielles An Experimental Plant for Processing Industrial Fumes by Combustion

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Morillon R.

2006-11-01

Full Text Available Le rejet à l'atmosphère d'effluents gazeux d'origine industrielle entraîne un accroissement sensible de la pollution atmosphérique ; en outre, il s'accompagne souvent d'une perte d'énergie lorsque l'élément polluant est un hydrocarbure. Dans ce cas, l'utilisation du gaz naturel pour le traitement par combustion des fumées industrielles apporte une solution élégante et souvent peu coûteuse grâce à la récupération d'énergie qu'il est possible de faire. La première partie de l'article rappelle les aspects théoriques de ce traitement ; en particulier, l'influence des divers éléments sur son efficacité y est discutée (composition de l'atmosphère polluée, température, temps de séjour, etc.. II apparaît ainsi que diverses conditions doivent être remplies simultanément pour obtenir une efficacité satisfaisante. Afin de disposer d'éléments d'ingénierie permettant de construire les unités de traitement les plus efficaces et les plus sûres possible, au coût le plus bas possible, la Direction des études et techniques nouvelles du Gaz de France a réalisé une installation expérimentale qui est présentée dans la deuxième partie de l'article. Enfin, quelques examples d'utilisation de cette installation expérimentale, qui constitue un nouvel outil de travail mis à la disposition des utisitateurs et des constructeurs, sont décrits dans la troisième partie de l'article. The discharge into the atmosphere of industrial waste gases causes substantially increased air pollution. Moreover, it is often accompanied by loss of energy when the polluting element is a hydrocarbon. In such cases, the use of natural gas for processing industrial fumes by combustion provides an elegant solution, which moy often prove economical too becouse of the recovery of energy it makes possible. The first part of this article reviews the theoretical aspects of such processing. The way in which its effectiveness is affected by various parameters

Critical experiments in AQUILON with fuels slightly enriched in uranium 235 or in plutonium; Experiences critiques dans aquilon portant sur des combustibles legerement enrichis en uranium 235 et en plutonium

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Chabrillac, M; Ledanois, G; Lourme, P; Naudet, R [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1964-07-01

Reactivity comparisons have been, made in Aquilon II between geometrically identical lattices differing only by the composition of the fuel. The fuel elements consist in metallic uranium single rods with either slight differences of the isotopic composition (0.69 - 0.71 - 0.83 - 0.86 per cent of uranium 235) or slight additions of plutonium (0.043 per cent). Five lattices pitches have bean used, in order to produce a large variation of spectrum. Two additional sets of plutonium fuels are prepared to be used in the same conditions. The double comparisons: natural enriched 235 versus natural-enriched plutonium are made in such a way that a very precise interpretation is permitted. The results are perfectly consistent which seems to prove that the calculation methods are convenient. Further it can been inferred that the usual data, namely for the ratio of the {eta} of {sup 235}U and {sup 239}Pu seem reliable. (authors) [French] On a compare neutroniquement dans Aquilon II des reseaux geometriquement identiques mais comportant de petites differences de composition du combustible. EL s'agit de barres d'uranium metallique, les unes avec des teneurs differentes en isotopes 235 (0,69 - 0,71 - 0,83 - 0,86 pour cent) les autres comportant une legere addition de plutonium (0,043 pour cent). Les comparaisons ont ete faites a cinq pas differents, de maniere a mettre en jeu une assez large variation de spectre. Deux autres jeux de combustible au plutonium seront utilises ulterieurement dans les memes conditions. Les resultats des mesures se presentent sous forme de doubles comparaisons: naturel-enrichi 235/naturel-enrichi plutonium. On s'est place dans des conditions qui permettent des interpretations tres precises. Les resultats sont remarquablement coherents, ce qui semble montrer que les methodes de calcul sont bien adaptees, Ils tendent d'autre part a prouver que les valeurs numeriques admises dans la litterature, notamment pour le rapport des {eta} de l'U 235 et de Pu 239

Hydraulic modelling of the CARA Fuel element; Desarrollo hidraulico del combustible CARA

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Brasnarof, Daniel O; Juanico, Luis [Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica, San Carlos de Bariloche (Argentina). Disenios Avanzados y Evaluacion Economica; Giorgi, M [Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica, General San Martin (Argentina). Dept. de Materiales; Ghiselli, Alberto M; Zampach, Ruben; Fiori, Jose M; Yedros, Pablo A [Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica, General San Martin (Argentina). Dept. de Ensayos no Destructivos

2004-07-01

The CARA fuel element is been developing by the National Atomic Energy Commission for both Argentinean PHWRs. In order to keep the hydraulic restriction in their fuel channels, one of CARA's goals is to keep its similarity with both present fuel elements. In this paper is presented pressure drop test performed at a low-pressure facility (Reynolds numbers between 5x10{sup 4} and 1,5x10{sup 5}) and rational base models for their spacer grid and rod assembly. Using these models, we could estimate the CARA hydraulic performance in reactor conditions that have shown to be satisfactory. (author) [Spanish] Con el objeto de validar la similitud hidraulica del elemento combustible CARA con los actuales combustibles de Atucha y Embalse, se realizaron ensayos de perdida de carga en el circuito CBP del CAC con un nuevo diseno de separador de mejor desempeno hidraulico. Se presenta aqui el analisis de los mismos, de los cuales se validaron modelos de base racional para estimar las restricciones hidraulicas de los distintos componentes estructurales (separadores, grillas y barras combustibles) en funcion del flujo refrigerante. Se estimo asi la caida de presion del CARA dentro del canal combustible Embalse en condiciones nominales de reactor, siendo la misma similar al del combustible actual de 37 barras. (autor)

Influence de la nature des fuels lourds sur la qualité de leur combustion Influence of Heavy Fuel Oil Composition on Particulate Emissions

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Feugier A.

2006-11-01

Full Text Available A partir d'études de combustion de fuels lourds numéro 2 effectuées dans une chaudière de 1 MW et dans un foyer de 0,1 MW, on conclut que le résidu de Carbone Conradson (CCR des fuels est un bon indicateur de leur combustibilité, mais qu'il n'est pas suffisant dans tous les cas, c'est-à-dire que pour un même CCR, on peut mesurer des valeurs différentes en indice pondéral. Plusieurs interpréta. tions possibles ont été proposées et vérifiées : a Le résidu de Carbone Conradson, résultat d'une pyrolyse lente, est une procédure qui n'est pas suffisamment représentative des conditions réelles. Or, en soumettant un certain nombre de fuels à une pyrolyse flash (technique de la grille chauffée, on observe une bonne corrélation entre la quantité de résidu résultant et le CCR. Donc, ce dernier reste un bon indicateur de combustibilité. b Pour les fuels ex résidu atmosphérique, ex résidu sous-vide et ex désasphaltage, on détermine de satisfaisantes corrélations entre le CCR et certaines caractéristiques physico-chimiques de la fraction lourde des fuels (point de coupe choisi 450°C : polyaromaticité (mesurée par RMN du Carbone 13, C/H, masse moléculaire. Cependant, les fuels de visco-réduction satisfont à d'autres corrélations, de même que les résidus de vapocraquage. Donc, pour ces classes de fuels, on peut prévoir des anomalies entre indice pondéral et CCR, ce qui est observé dans certains équipements. c On observe que pour une même valeur de CCR, la proportion relative entre fractions légères et fractions lourdes des fuels peut parfois varier très sensiblement avec pour conséquence des modifications dans les cartes de richesse et de température des flammes résultantes, et donc des variations dans les émissions particulaires. L'importance de telles variations dépendra des types de brûleurs et de chambres de combustion dans lesquelles la flamme se développera. On the basis of combustion runs of

Trace element emissions from spontaneous combustion of gob piles in coal mines, Shanxi, China

Science.gov (United States)

Zhao, Y.; Zhang, Jiahua; Chou, C.-L.; Li, Y.; Wang, Z.; Ge, Y.; Zheng, C.

2008-01-01

The emissions of potentially hazardous trace elements from spontaneous combustion of gob piles from coal mining in Shanxi Province, China, have been studied. More than ninety samples of solid waste from gob piles in Shanxi were collected and the contents of twenty potentially hazardous trace elements (Be, F, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, Sn, Sb, Hg, Tl, Pb, Th, and U) in these samples were determined. Trace element contents in solid waste samples showed wide ranges. As compared with the upper continental crust, the solid waste samples are significantly enriched in Se (20x) and Tl (12x) and are moderately enriched in F, As, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hg, Th, and U (2-5x). The solid waste samples are depleted in V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn. The solid waste samples are enriched in F, V, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sb, Th, and U as compared with the Shanxi coals. Most trace elements are higher in the clinker than in the unburnt solid waste except F, Sn, and Hg. Trace element abundances are related to the ash content and composition of the samples. The content of F is negatively correlated with the ash content, while Pb is positively correlated with the ash. The concentrations of As, Mn, Zn, and Cd are highly positively correlated with Fe2O3 in the solid waste. The As content increases with increasing sulfur content in the solid waste. The trace element emissions are calculated for mass balance. The emission factors of trace elements during the spontaneous combustion of the gobs are determined and the trace element concentrations in the flue gas from the spontaneous combustion of solid waste are calculated. More than a half of F, Se, Hg and Pb are released to the atmosphere during spontaneous combustion. Some trace element concentrations in flue gas are higher than the national emission standards. Thus, gob piles from coal mining pose a serious environmental problem. ?? 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Use of tri-laurylamine during the retreatment of irradiated fuels; Utilisation de la trilaurylamine au retraitement des combustibles irradies

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bathellier, A; Koehly, G; Perez, J J; Chesne, A [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1964-07-01

The purification of aqueous solutions of plutonium can be made by extraction of the Pu (IV) nitrate complex using trilaurylamine in dodecane. The principal physical properties of this solution are considered along with its extractive properties and the influence of foreign ions on the extraction. The application of this method of extraction in a processing cycle for irradiated material is proposed: either for a final purification process or for auxiliary cycles for recovering plutonium from metal production wastes, oxalate precipitation supernatants, or any general aqueous plutonium waste solution. Also proposed are clean-up procedures for regeneration of an extractive solution which has undergone chemical or radiolytic degradation. (authors) [French] La purification du plutonium contenu dans des solutions aqueuses peut etre effectuee par extraction du nitrate de l'ion tetravalent par la trilaurylamine diluee dans du dodecane. Les principales proprietes physiques de ce solvant sont passees en revue ainsi que ses proprietes extractives et l'influence des ions etrangers sur celles-ci. L'application de cette methode d'extraction dans le cycle de traitement des combustibles irradies est envisagee: soit dans le traitement de purification finale, soit dans les cycles annexes ayant trait a la recuperation de plutonium a partir des scories d'elaboration du metal, des eaux-meres oxaliques et d'une facon generale des solutions aqueuses contenant du plutonium. Des traitements de regeneration du solvant ayant subi des degradations chimique ou radiolytique, sont proposes. (auteurs)

Use of tri-laurylamine during the retreatment of irradiated fuels; Utilisation de la trilaurylamine au retraitement des combustibles irradies

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bathellier, A.; Koehly, G.; Perez, J.J.; Chesne, A. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1964-07-01

The purification of aqueous solutions of plutonium can be made by extraction of the Pu (IV) nitrate complex using trilaurylamine in dodecane. The principal physical properties of this solution are considered along with its extractive properties and the influence of foreign ions on the extraction. The application of this method of extraction in a processing cycle for irradiated material is proposed: either for a final purification process or for auxiliary cycles for recovering plutonium from metal production wastes, oxalate precipitation supernatants, or any general aqueous plutonium waste solution. Also proposed are clean-up procedures for regeneration of an extractive solution which has undergone chemical or radiolytic degradation. (authors) [French] La purification du plutonium contenu dans des solutions aqueuses peut etre effectuee par extraction du nitrate de l'ion tetravalent par la trilaurylamine diluee dans du dodecane. Les principales proprietes physiques de ce solvant sont passees en revue ainsi que ses proprietes extractives et l'influence des ions etrangers sur celles-ci. L'application de cette methode d'extraction dans le cycle de traitement des combustibles irradies est envisagee: soit dans le traitement de purification finale, soit dans les cycles annexes ayant trait a la recuperation de plutonium a partir des scories d'elaboration du metal, des eaux-meres oxaliques et d'une facon generale des solutions aqueuses contenant du plutonium. Des traitements de regeneration du solvant ayant subi des degradations chimique ou radiolytique, sont proposes. (auteurs)

Professional Nuclear Materials Management; Gestion Industrielle des Matieres Nucleaires; Obrashchenie s yadernymi materialami na professional'nom urovne; Administracion Eficiente de Materiales Nucleares

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Forcella, A. A.; O' Leary, W. J. [Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company, Bethesda, MD (United States)

1966-02-15

. (author) [French] Le memoire expose en quoi consiste la gestion des matieres nucleaires dans une centrale nucleaire type, aux Etats-Unis. Comme le reacteur en question est partiellement finance a l'aide de capitaux prives, l'une des principales obligations de l'exploitant est d'assurer la protection et la rentabilite des investissements. Etant donne que les matieres nucleaires sont d'une valeur intrinseque elevee, il faut constamment proceder a des controles appropries allant au-dela des mesures de securite et de la comptabilite interessant les matieresnucleaires proprement dites afin de reduire les pertes au minimum. Il faut faire preuve de clairvoyance et planifier judicieusement pour prevenir toute perte supplementaire de capital provenant de frais inutiles ou d'un manque a gagner dans divers secteurs de l'exploitation. C'est ainsi que le gestionnaire de matieres nucleaires doit prendre des dispositions pour garantir la bonne marche des operations et assurer le respect des plans d'execution par une liaison et un controle constants, dans les domaines suivants? a) acquisition du combustible et des elements combustibles, b) utilisation des elements combustibles dans le reacteur et c) recuperation, dans le combustible irradie, des produits et matieres presentant de l'interet. Pendant la periode qui precede l'utilisation du reacteur, il faut faire une place importante dans la planification et les travaux preparatoires aux considerations d'economie dans la conception des elements combustibles, en ce qui concerne leur fabrication, leur manutention, leur transport et leur remplacement. Les differentes etapes de la fabrication doivent etre planifiees de facon a reduire au minimum le manque a gagner du a des periodes improductives d'entreposage de matieres tres couteuses. Pendant la marche du reacteur, il faut assurer une combustion maximale de la matiere fissile par des redistributions appropriees du combustible dans le coeur du reacteur. Parallelement, les temps morts dus a

The reprocessing of irradiated fuels by halides and their compounds; Le traitement des combustibles irradies par les halogenes et leurs composes

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bourgeois, M; Faugeras, P [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1964-07-01

A brief description is given of the experiments leading to the choice of the process volatilization of fluorides by gas phase attack. The chemical process is described for certain current types of clad Fuels: the aluminium or the zirconium cladding is first volatilized as chloride by attack with gaseous hydrogen chloride. The uranium is then transformed into volatile hexafluoride by attack with fluorine. These reactions are carried out consecutively in the same reactor in the presence of a fluidized bed of alumina which facilitates heat exchange. The experiments have been carried out in quantities from 100 gms to several kilograms of fuel, first without activity, and then with tracers. A description is given of the laboratory research which was carried out simultaneously on the separation of uranium and plutonium fluorides. Finally, an apparatus is described which is intended to test the process on irradiated fuel at an activity level of several thousands of curies of fission products. (authors) [French] On rappelle brievement les experimentations qui nous ont permis de decider du procede adopte volatilisation des fluorures par attaque en phase gazeuse. On decrit le processus chimique pour certains types courants de combustibles Gaines: dans un premier stade, l'aluminium ou le zirconium est volatilise sous forme de chlorure par action de l'acide chlorhydrique. Ensuite, l'uranium est transforme en hexafluorure volatil par action du fluor. Ces operations se font successivement dans un meme reacteur, en presence d'un lit fluidise d'alumine qui a pour but de faciliter les echanges thermiques. L'experimentation a ete conduite sur des quantites allant de 100 g a plusieurs kg de combustibles, en inactif, puis avec des traceurs. On decrit les etudes de laboratoire menees parallelement sur la separation des fluorures d'uranium et de plutonium. Enfin, on decrit une installation en construction destinee a experimenter le procede sur combustible irradie, a l'echelle de

Detection and location of can rupture in reactors cooled by a flow of water; Detection et localisation des ruptures de gaines sur les reacteurs refroidis par circulation d'eau

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Le Meur, R [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1968-07-01

This report brings together the principal methods of fission-product detection used for water reactors. The position, type and method of adjustment is given for each detector. The methods for localizing the defective elements are explained, in particular those using water sampling or decreases in the flux. A few installations are briefly described. They correspond to particular types of reactors using boiling, pressurized or cold water. Amongst the many methods used, it can be noted that when the fuel is resistant, the installations are fairly compact. In nuclear super-heated reactors on the other hand, the study of fuel behaviour calls for larger installations. An identification of defective elements exists when the reactor structure allows it. If this is not possible, a localization in a group of elements is obtained by a flux depression. (author) [French] Ce rapport rassemble les principales methodes de detection de produits de fission utilisees pour des reacteurs a eau. On indique pour les detecteurs leurs emplacements, leurs types, leurs reglages. On explique quelles sont les methodes de localisation des elements defectueux, en particulier celles utilisant des prelevements d'eau ou des depressions de flux. Quelques installations sont decrites sommairement. Elles correspondent a des types particuliers de reacteurs a eau bouillante, pressurisee ou froide. Parmi les nombreuses methodes utilisees, on constate que les installations sont peu importantes, lorsque le combustible est resistant. Par contre dans les reacteurs a surchauffe nucleaire l'etude du comportement du combustible necessite des installations plus importantes. Une identification d'elements defectueux existe lorsque la structure du reacteur le permet. A defaut une localisation dans un groupe d'elements est obtenue par depression de flux. (auteur)

Testing on air cleaning systems: Testing of the components in-place tests; Controle des installations d'epuration de l'air essais de conformite des elements: Tests in situ

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Billard, F; Brion, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1967-07-01

The reliability of air cleaning systems is dependent on testing they are submitted to. Although in-place tests are the most important as they act as final tests upon achieved plants, component tests are necessary too. They allow detection of defective units before they are installed, partition of unit defects from mounting defects and they are more sensitive. For similar reasons, material teats are most useful. The various tests are described, about aerosol filters for one part, iodine trap for the other. The checked features are: materials nature, units sizes, efficiency, air resistance, flammability, humidity resistance, temperature resistance, adsorbent friability, etc... On iodine trapping systems, small check traps, working by-pass with the main trap are periodically subjected to efficiency test. This control allow to cut down the in-place tests frequency, particularly when poisoning from organic vapours is to be feared. (authors) [French] La surete de fonctionnement des installations d'epuratition de l'air esf fonction des controles auxquels ces installations sont soumises. Si les tests in situ sont les plus importants puisqu'ils constituent le controle final de l'installation terminee, les essais de conformite des elements constitutifs sont egalement necessaires. Ils permettent l'elimination d'elements defectueux avant leur mise en place, la discrimination des defauts du montage de ceux de l'element et sont en outre plus sensibles. De meme, le controle des materiaux constitutifs de l'element s'avere fort utile. On decrit les differents controles, d'une part, pour les fittres a aerosols, d'autre part, pour les pieges a iode. Les caracteristiques verifiees sont: nature des materiaux, dimenesions des elements, efficacite, perte de charge, resistance mecanique, inflammabilite, tenue a l'humidite, tenue a la temperature, resistance au detassement des pieges a iode, friabilite du materiau adsorbant, etc... En ce qui concerne les installations de piegeage d

Major and trace elements in coal bottom ash at different oxy coal combustion conditions

CSIR Research Space (South Africa)

Oboirien, BO

2014-09-01

Full Text Available This paper presents a detailed study on the effect of temperature on the concentration of 27 major and trace elements in bottom ash generated from oxy fuel-combustion. The major elements are Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca and Fe and the minor and trace elements...

Presence de Carbone-13 dans les elements combustibles de type (U,Pu)O 2 irradies en reacteur rapide

Science.gov (United States)

Kryger, Bernard; Hagemann, Robert

1982-06-01

Du carbone-13 produit par la réaction de capture neutronique 168O + 10n → 136C + 42He se forme dans les combustibles de type oxyde irradiés en neutrons rapides. Cette réaction, dont le seuil d'énergie se situe à 2.35 MeV, conduit à la formation d'une quantité de carbone-13 qui peut varier notablement suivant le spectre neutronique du réacteur (entre 20 et 40 × 10 -6g 13C/g (U,Pu)O 2 pour une fluence de 2 × 10 23 n/cm 2). DES mesures effectuées sur le combustible et la gaine par spectrométrie de masse après irradiation montrent qu'une fraction égale ou supérieure à la moitié du carbone-13 produit dans l'oxyde peut être transférée dans la gaine. Un tel comportement nous fait considérer le carbone-13 comme un véritable marqueur du carbone plus généralement contenu dans l'oxyde et, à ce titre, la détection de cet isotope devrait contribuer à élucider tout particulièrement les mécanismes de carburation de la gaine par les combustibles (U,Pu)O 2 des réacteurs surgénérateurs.

Contribution to the analysis of light elements using x fluorescence excited by radio-elements; Contribution a l'analyse des elements legers par fluorescence x excitee au moyen de radioelements

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Robert, A [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1964-07-01

In order to study the possibilities of using radioactive sources for the X-fluorescence analysis of light elements, the principle is given, after a brief description of X-fluorescence, of the excitation of this phenomenon by X, {beta} and {alpha} emission from radio-elements. The operation and use of the proportional gas counter for X-ray detection is described. A device has been studied for analysing the elements of the 2. and 3. periods of the Mendeleev table. It makes it possible to excite the fluorescence with a radioactive source emitting X-rays or a particles; the X-ray fluorescence penetrates into a window-less proportional counter, this being made possible by the use of an auxiliary electric field in the neighbourhood of the sample. The gas detection pressure leading to the maximum detection yield is given. The spectra are given for the K{sub {alpha}} lines of 3. period elements excited by {sup 55}Fe, {sup 3}H/Zr and {sup 210}Po sources; for the 2. period the K{sub {alpha}} spectra of carbon and of fluorine excited by the {alpha} particles of {sup 210}Po. (author) [French] Afin d'etudier les possibilites d'emploi de sources radioactives a l'analyse par fluorescence X des elements legers, on presente apres rappel de notions generales sur la fluorescence X, le principe de l'excitation de ce phenomene par emission X, {beta}, {alpha} de radioelements. Le fonctionnement et l'utilisation du compteur proportionnel a gaz a la detection du rayonnement X est developpe. Un dispositif permettant l'analyse des elements des 2eme et 3eme periodes de la classification de Mendeleev est etudie. Il permet l'excitation de la fluorescence par source radioactive emettrice de rayons X ou de particules {alpha}; le rayonnement X de fluorescence penetre dans un compteur proportionnel depourvu de fenetre, ceci est rendu possible en creant un champ electrique auxiliaire au voisinage de l'echantillon. On definit une pression du gaz de detection pour un rendement de detection maximal

Results of the project 'combustion modelling' (BKM II); Ergebnisse des Projekts 'Brennkammermodellierung' (BKM II)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Noll, B.; Rachner, M.; Frank, P.; Schmitz, G.; Geigle, K.P.; Meier, W.; Schuetz, H.; Aigner, M. [DLR Deutsches Zentrum fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Stuttgart (Germany). Inst. fuer Verbrennungstechnik; Kessler, R. [DLR Deutsches Zentrum fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Goettingen (Germany). Inst. fuer Aerodynamik und Stroemungstechnik; Lehmann, B. [DLR Deutsches Zentrum fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Koeln (Germany). Inst. fuer Antriebstechnik; Forkert, T. [DLR Deutsches Zentrum fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Koeln (Germany). Simulation und Softwaretechnik

2002-07-01

In the year 1996 the spheres of competence of several DLR-Institutes working in the areas of fluid dynamics, reaction kinetics, combustion, numerical methods and laser measuring techniques have been brought together while contributing to the internal DLR project 'combustion chamber modelling (BKM)', in order to proceed with the computational simulation of combustion processes in combustion chambers of gas turbines. The main issue was the development of a research code for numerical simulation of fluid flow in real combustion chambers. Here the development of computational models of physical and chemical processes was emphasized, among other processes the formation of soot was treated. Moreover, a worldwide outstanding database of measured data for the purpose of code validation has been created within the framework of the BKM project using the laboratory facilities of the DLR, which are in Germany unique for the experimental investigation of the various processes in combustion chambers of gas turbines. The project BKM is part of the specific DLR-programme 'energy'. With the successful completion of the first phase of the project in 1998, a second project phase of three years (BKM II) has been launched at the beginning of 1999. Here the work of the first phase continued and new topics were tackled. The second phase of the project was partly founded by the DLR-programme 'aeronautics'. (orig.) [German] Im Jahr 1996 wurden die Faehigkeiten mehrerer DLR-Institute auf den Gebieten Stroemungsmechanik, Reaktionskinetik, Verbrennung sowie Numerische Verfahren und Laser-Messverfahren in dem DLR-internen Projekt 'Brennkammermodellierung' (BKM) zusammengefuehrt, um die rechnerische Simulation der Verbrennungsvorgaenge in Gasturbinen-Brennkammern voranzutreiben. Dabei war die Entwicklung eines Forschungscodes zur numerischen Simulation von realen Brennkammerstroemungen das vorrangige Ziel der Arbeiten. Ein besonderes Schwergewicht lag

Energetic study of combustion instabilities and genetic optimisation of chemical kinetics; Etude energetique des instabilites thermo-acoustiques et optimisation genetique des cinetiques reduites

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Martin, Ch.E.

2005-12-15

Gas turbine burners are now widely operated in lean premixed combustion mode. This technology has been introduced in order to limit pollutants emissions (especially the NO{sub x}), and thus comply with environment norms. Nevertheless, the use of lean premixed combustion decreases the stability margin of the flames. The flames are then more prone to be disturbed by flow disturbances. Combustion instabilities are then a major problem of concern for modern gas turbine conception. Some active control systems have been used to ensure stability of gas turbines retro-fitted to lean premixed combustion. The current generation of gas turbines aims to get rid of these control devices getting stability by a proper design. To do so, precise and adapted numerical tools are needed even it is impossible at the moment to guarantee the absolute stability of a combustion chamber at the design stage. Simulation tools for unsteady combustion are now able to compute the whole combustion chamber. Its intrinsic precision, allows the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) to take into account numerous phenomena involved in combustion instabilities. Chemical modelling is an important element for the precision of reactive LES. This study includes the description of an optimisation tools for the reduced chemical kinetics. The capacity of the LES to capture combustion instabilities in gas turbine chamber is also demonstrated. The acoustic energy analysis points out that the boundary impedances of the combustion systems are of prime importance for their stability. (author)

Optimal sizes and siting of nuclear fuel reprocessing plants; Tailles et localisations optimales des usines de retraitement des combustibles nucleaires

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Thiriet, L; Deledicq, A [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Siege (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1967-07-01

The expansion of a nuclear economy entails the development of fuel process and reprocessing plant programmes. The model proposed makes it possible to select the size, the site and the start-up schedule of the plants in such a way as to minimize the total freight and reprocessing costs. As an illustration, we have approached the problem of burnt natural uranium processing plants related to natural uranium-graphite as nuclear power stations. The sites and annual output of the reactors, the possible plant sites and cost functions (freight and reprocessing) are supposed to be known. The method consists in first approaching the process plant problem as a Dynamic Programming problem, increasing programme slices (total reactor output) being explored sequentially. When the quantities of burnt natural uranium to be reprocessed are fixed, the minimization of the transport cost is then also carried out as a dynamic programming problem. The neighbourhood of the optimum process cost is explored in order to find the minimum summation of a suboptimal processing cost and corresponding optimal transport cost. As the reprocessing problem can be represented on a sequential graph, in order to compute the sub-optima, we developed and used a 'reflexion algorithm'. The method can be interpreted as a general mechanism for determining the optimum when to a sequential dynamic problem (for example an equipment programme) is added a complementary problem (transport, for instance). It also makes it possible to estimate the economic losses which result from the choice of a non optimal policy for other than economic reasons. (author) [French] L'expansion de l'economie nucleaire se traduit par un developpement des programmes d'usines d'elaboration et de retraitement des combustibles. Le modele propose permet de choisir la taille, la localisation et la cadence de mise en service des usines de maniere a minimiser le total des frais de transport et de retraitement. A titre d'exemple nous avons

Enrichment of trace elements in bottom ash from coal oxy-combustion: Effect of coal types

CSIR Research Space (South Africa)

Oboirien, BO

2016-09-01

Full Text Available In this study, the enrichment of trace elements in two coals under air and oxy-combustion conditions was studied. Twenty-one trace elements were evaluated. The two coal samples had a different concentration for the 21 trace elements, which was due...

Contribution to the analysis of light elements using x fluorescence excited by radio-elements; Contribution a l'analyse des elements legers par fluorescence x excitee au moyen de radioelements

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Robert, A. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1964-07-01

In order to study the possibilities of using radioactive sources for the X-fluorescence analysis of light elements, the principle is given, after a brief description of X-fluorescence, of the excitation of this phenomenon by X, {beta} and {alpha} emission from radio-elements. The operation and use of the proportional gas counter for X-ray detection is described. A device has been studied for analysing the elements of the 2. and 3. periods of the Mendeleev table. It makes it possible to excite the fluorescence with a radioactive source emitting X-rays or a particles; the X-ray fluorescence penetrates into a window-less proportional counter, this being made possible by the use of an auxiliary electric field in the neighbourhood of the sample. The gas detection pressure leading to the maximum detection yield is given. The spectra are given for the K{sub {alpha}} lines of 3. period elements excited by {sup 55}Fe, {sup 3}H/Zr and {sup 210}Po sources; for the 2. period the K{sub {alpha}} spectra of carbon and of fluorine excited by the {alpha} particles of {sup 210}Po. (author) [French] Afin d'etudier les possibilites d'emploi de sources radioactives a l'analyse par fluorescence X des elements legers, on presente apres rappel de notions generales sur la fluorescence X, le principe de l'excitation de ce phenomene par emission X, {beta}, {alpha} de radioelements. Le fonctionnement et l'utilisation du compteur proportionnel a gaz a la detection du rayonnement X est developpe. Un dispositif permettant l'analyse des elements des 2eme et 3eme periodes de la classification de Mendeleev est etudie. Il permet l'excitation de la fluorescence par source radioactive emettrice de rayons X ou de particules {alpha}; le rayonnement X de fluorescence penetre dans un compteur proportionnel depourvu de fenetre, ceci est rendu possible en creant un champ electrique auxiliaire au voisinage de l'echantillon. On definit une pression du gaz de detection

Control Methods Used in the Department of Metallurgy for Structure and Fuel Elements; Methodes de Controle Utilisees au Departement de Metallurgie pour les Elements de Structure et les Elements Combustibles; Metody kontrolya struktury toplivnykh ehlementov v departamente metallurgii; Metodos de Control Utilizados en el Departamento de Metalurgia para los Elementos Estructurales y Combustibles

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Destribats, Marie-Therese; Allain, C.; Prot, A.; Thome, P. [Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires de Saclay (France)

1965-09-15

nombreuses methodes de controle non destructif pour les differents materiaux entrant dans leur realisation, en particulier: radiographie et gammagraphie, methodes ultrasonores et courants de Foucault. Le memoire decrit les controles effectues au cours de la fabrication des reacteurs des filieres EDF (graphite- gaz) et EL4 (eau lourde) et des elements colamines. Les auteurs insistent sur quelques points caracteristiques de ces diverses methodes, dont certaines sont bien connues. Filiere EDF: mesure des epaisseurs des parois des tubes en uranium ou uranium allie, par ultrasons; recherche des cavites de ces tubes, par gammagraphie; controle des traitements thermiques de ces tubes, par ultrasons; recherche des defauts (inclusions, criques), par ultrasons dans les billettes et ebauches des gaines en MgZr; controle de l'etancheite des cartouches, par ressuage d'helium. Filiere EL 4: mesure des epaisseurs des parois des tubes de force, et de guidage en Zircaloy, par ultrasons et courants de Foucault; examen des tubes de force en Zircaloy et tube de gaine en acier inoxydable par ultrasons; radiographie sous vide des gaines en Be; controle d'etancheite des crayons, par ressuage d'helium. Elements colamines : mesure de l'epaisseur des gaines, par courants de Foucault puises; recherche de la position de l'ame sur tubes et plaques, par radiographie, comptage gamma et courants de Foucault puises; controle de l'homogeneite.du combustible, par comptage gamma; detection des defauts dans les billettes en ZrU, par ultrasons et gammagraphie; recherche des zones decollees des plaques, par ultrasons, courants de Foucault puises et mesure de resistivite. Ces mises au point ont ete faites en vue de leur utilisation industrielle. Plusieurs de ces controles sont effectues couramment en cours de fabrication, d'autres le seront prochainement et certains sont susceptibles de l'etre a plus longue echeance. (author) [Spanish] Los estudios del Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique sobre diversos tipos de

Combustion chemistry and formation of pollutants; Chimie de la combustion et formation des polluants

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

1996-12-31

This book of proceedings reports on 7 papers on combustion chemistry and formation of pollutants presented during the workshop organized by the `Combustion and Flames` section of the French society of thermal engineers. The chemistry of combustion is analyzed in various situations such as: turbojet engines, spark ignition engines, industrial burners, gas turbines etc... Numerical simulation is used to understand the physico-chemical processes involved in combustion, to describe the kinetics of oxidation, combustion and flame propagation, and to predict the formation of pollutants. (J.S.)

Fuel slugs considered for use in the high flux reactor EL3; Elements combustibles envisages pour la pile a haut flux EL 3

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Stohr, J A; Caillat, R; Gauthron, M; Montagne, R [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1958-07-01

EL3 was designed essentially for the study, under irradiation conditions, of materials used in the construction of atomic reactors. The study schedule allocates considerable time and effort to new types of fuel slugs. The present report described the various types of slug being tested or scheduled for tests. After laboratory study, each slug is tested in an experimental cell in the pile. The best are retained and used to charge the reactor (the present charge is purely provisional to permit first criticality and power rise tests)ren. [French] La pile EL3 est essentiellement destinee a l'etude sous irradiation des materiaux utilises dans la construction des reacteurs atomiques. Dans ce programme, une tres large part est reservee a l'etude de nouveaux elements combustibles. Le present rapport decrit les differentes solutions de cartouches dont l'essai est envisage ou en cours. Apres etude en laboratoire, chacune de ces solutions est testee dans une cellule experimentale en pile. Les meilleures seront retenues pour constituer le chargement normal de la pile (le chargement actuel etant essentiellement une solution provisoire qui a permis la divergence de la pile et les premiers essais de montee en puissance). (auteur)

Developments in natural uranium - graphite reactors; Developpement des reacteurs a graphite et uranium naturel

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bourgeois, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires; Saitcevsky, B [Electricite de France (EDF), 75 - Paris (France)

1964-07-01

in order to show the advantages resulting from such developments in gas-graphite natural metallic uranium reactor systems; these are: a doubling of the specific and volume powers, and a three-fold reduction in the number of channels. The research now under way will make it possible to calculate the reduction in capital costs which will result from these important technical advances. (authors) [French] Le programme francais de centrales a graphite et uranium naturel s'est developpe, d'EDF 1 a EDF 4 - dans la voie d'un accroissement de la puissance unitaire des installations, de la puissance specifique et de la puissance volumique, et d'une amelioration des conditions de securite de fonctionnement. La puissance elevee d'EDF 4 (500 MWe) et l'integration du circuit primaire dans le caisson, lui-meme en beton precontraint, permettent ainsi de tirer le meilleur parti des elements combustibles tubulaires utilises des EDF 1, et d'arriver ainsi a une solution tres satisfaisante. L'emploi d'un element combustible refroidi interieurement (element annulaire) permet de faire un nouveau pas en avant: il devient alors possible d'augmenter la pression du gaz de refroidissement sans craindre le fluage du tube d'uranium. L'emploi d'un caisson en beton precontraint permet une telle augmentation de pression, et l'integration du circuit primaire elimine les risques d'une depressurisation rapide qui aurait presente dans ce cas un risque majeur. On aborde dans ce rapport les principaux problemes poses par ce nouveau type de centrale et on indique les grandes lignes des recherches et etudes effectuees en France: - Les etudes de neutronique et thermique ont permis d'envisager l'emploi d'elements combustibles de grandes dimensions (diametre interne = 77 mm, diametre externe = 95 mm), tout en conservant l'uranium naturel. - Les problemes de fabrication de ces elements, et de leur comportement en pile, font l'objet d'un programme important, tant hors pile que dans les piles de puissance (EDF 2

Cells for the examination of irradiated plutonium fuel elements - two years operation - may 1961/may 1963 (1963); Cellules pour examen d'elements combustibles au plutonium irradies - deux ans d'exploitation - mai 1961/mai 1963 (1963)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Valentin, A [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1963-07-01

Within the framework of the 'Rapsodie' fast reactor program, prototype plutonium fuel elements are irradiated and then examined in an {alpha} {beta} {gamma} laboratory at Saclay. This laboratory consists of five in line cells and a lead enclosure microscope. Each cell contains an {alpha} sealed removable box 4 ft 3 in. high, 4 ft 11 in. wide and 5 ft 1 in. deep, fitted with one or two magnetic transmission indirect manipulators. The boxes are contained in an {beta} {gamma} shielded enclosure whose front face is constructed of cast iron panels 21-2/3 in. thick. Nitrogen circulating in a closed loop forms the atmosphere of the boxes. This laboratory is essentially intended for metallurgical research. The functions of the various cells are as follows: transferring and packing, cutting, density measurement and cathodic etching, storage and metallography. Work on radioactive materials began in April 1961. Operational incidents have always been of a material nature only. (author) [French] Dans le cadre du projet de reacteur rapide Rapsodie, des elements combustibles prototypes au plutonium sont, apres irradiation, examines a Saclay dans un laboratoire {alpha} {beta} {gamma}. Celui-ci comprend cinq cellules en ligne et une enceinte en plomb contenant un microscope telecommande. Chaque cellule est constituee d'un caisson etanche (1, 3 m x 1, 5 m x 1, 56m) equipee d'un ou deux manipulateurs indirects a transmissions magnetiques. Les caissons sont places, dans une enceinte {beta} {gamma} dont la face avant est formee de blocs en fonte ayant 55 cm d'epaisseur. L'atmosphere des caissons est de l'azote, circulant en circuit ferme. Ce laboratoire est destine essentiellement a des recherches metallurgiques. Les fonctions des differentes cellules sont: conditionnement et transferts, tronconnage, mesure de densite et polissage ionique, stockage, metallographie. Le travail sur materiaux radioactifs a commence en avril 1961. Les incidents d'exploitation ont toujours ete d

A Contribution to Turbulent Combustion: Premixed Flames and Material Surfaces Une contribution à la combustion turbulente : flammes prémélangées et surfaces des matériaux

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Nicolleau F.

2006-11-01

from each other. The turbulent diffusion process is very active to create new burning zones. This diffusion process is closely related to both the intensity and the length scale of the turbulent field. That explains the dominant role of turbulence and the adaptation of the burning rate to the rotation speed in combustion engines. Additional information useful for the reader is reported in Appendices I and II. Le comportement des flammes de prémélange a été examiné par de nombreux auteurs. En fait, le problème de la combustion en milieu turbulent repose pour beaucoup sur des comparaisons d'échelles. Dans le présent article, une première étude porte sur l'évolution d'une surface matérielle (qui peut être assimilée sous certaines conditions à une surface de flamme. On utilise successivement une démarche analytique et une démarche numérique. On constate alors la rapidité d'extension de la surface et le rôle prépondérant des petites échelles ce que confirme l'étude analytique. Les risques d'extinction sont prédits en général par comparaison d'échelles. D'une simulation directe conduite sur un cas spécifique, Poinsot confirme l'idée que ce ne sont pas les structures ayant les échelles caractéristiques de la flamme qui sont les plus redoutables, mais des structures de taille quelque peu plus grande. Dans un précédent article, le rôle cumulé des gradients locaux avait été signalé. Nous donnons à ce concept une forme quantitative en utilisant le ß modèle lequel définit un taux d'occupation de l'espace en fonction du rang (et donc de la dimension de structures. Un calcul de gradient cumulé redonne la prédiction de Poinsot. Enfin, le même ß modèle est utilisé pour définir une nouvelle zone dans la région de combustion distribuée. Des balles fluides brûlent isolément tandis qu'un processus de diffusion lié très étroitement au champ turbulent et à son intensité crée d'autres points d'allumage. Le mécanisme explique l

Use of INAA for investigation of emission of elements in combustion of Polish lignite

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Janczyszyn, J.; Loska, L.; Pohorecki, W.; Wagner, M.

2002-01-01

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) has been applied for the determination of trace elements content in samples of Polish lignite and its ash. Pairs of results, for lignite and ash, and respective ash contents were used for calculation of the percentage of element remaining in ash after the lignite combustion. (author)

Study of cis- and trans-uranium elements by paper chromatography and electrophoresis; Contribution a l'etude des elements cis- et trans-uraniens par chromatographie sur papier et electrophorese

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Clanet, F [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, 92 - Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1968-01-01

'electrophorese, en chimie minerale, a ete etendu aux elements 90 a 96 en milieux HCl et HNO{sub 3}. Les resultats obtenus portent sur les points suivants: 1) - Caracterisation des etats de valence de Np et de Pu a l'aide de reactions colorees sur les chromatogrammes et les electrophoregrammes. L'alizarine, l'arsenazo-I et le thorin-I permettent de caracteriser la valence IV, tandis que le diphenylcarbazide est specifique de l'etat hexavalent. 2) - Chromatographie sur papier: en utilisant comme eluants des melanges a parts egales de solutions aqueuses de HCl ou de HNO{sub 3} et d'alcools (methanol, ethanol, n-butanol), les R{sub f} des elements 90 a 96 ont ete determines. Certaines conclusions relatives a leur complexation par les ions Cl{sup -} et NO{sub 3}{sup -} ont pu en etre deduites. 3) - Nous avons elabore une technique d'electrophorese sur membrane d'acetate de cellulose afin de separer les especes chargees formees par les elements 90 a 96 dans des solutions HCl et HNO{sub 3} 1 a 12 M. Les courbes de mobilite ont ete tracees. Il decoule de nos resultats que la tendance des elements consideres a former des complexes anioniques s'etablit dans l'ordre des potentiels ioniques, lorsqu'ils sont a l'etat tetravalent; cet ordre est inverse lorsqu'ils sont a la valence III. Les ions Cl{sup -} sont moins complexants que les ions NO{sub 3}{sup -} vis-a-vis de ces elements dans leur etat d'oxydation III et IV, mais on observe le phenomene inverse pour U{sup VI} et Pu{sup VI}. Enfin, la complexation des cations Pu{sup 4+} et PuO{sub 2}{sup 2+} par NO{sub 3}{sup -} suit l'ordre des potentiels ioniques mais a lieu dans l'ordre inverse s'il s'agit d'ions Cl{sup -}. 4) - Diverses applications analytiques sont envisagees: separation les uns des autres des divers elements consideres et separation des etats de valence de Np et de Pu. (auteur)

The reprocessing of irradiated fuels improvement and extension of the solvent extraction process; Le traitement des combustibles irradies amelioration et extension du procede utilisant les solvants

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Faugeras, P; Chesne, A [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1964-07-01

. Le traitement au solvant est egalement utilise pour les combustibles de la pile convertisseuse du plutonium (Rapsodie). On expose et commente le schema du traitement, les premiers resultats experimentaux et le projet d'une installation pilote de 1 kg/jour. L'utilisation de la tn-laurylamine dans le cycle de purification du plutonium est envisagee dans l'usine de traitement de La Hague. On presente le schema adopte et les performances du procede. On envisage la vitrification comme traitement definitif des dechets radioactifs concentres des Centres de Marcoule (uranium-irradie) et La Hague (uranium-molybdene irradie). Trois procedes possibles sont decrits et commentes, ainsi que les resultats d'exploitation des installations correspondantes sur elements traceurs. (auteurs)

Les impacts des énergies fossiles sur l'environnement

OpenAIRE

Landrieu , Guy

1994-01-01

La satisfaction de leurs besoins en énergie est l'un des principaux facteurs de la transformation de leur environnement par les sociétés industrielles. Les combustibles carbonés fossiles, qui représentent environ 90% de la production commerciale d'énergie dans le monde, ont un rôle important dans ce processus de transformation. Une première donnée qui explique l'ampleur des impacts sur l'environnement liés aux combustibles fossiles est l'importance des flux de matières en circulation. On extr...

Checking the sealing of fuel elements by helium sweating - case of the reactors G2 (1960); Controle de l'etancheite des elements combustibles par ressuage d'helium - cas du reacteur G2 (1960)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Blanc, B; D' Orival, M [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires; Choumoff, S [Compagnie Francaise Thomson-Houston, 75 - Paris (France)

1960-07-01

The G2 slug is a welded, hermetically sealed unit; the seal is checked by placing the fuel element in a helium atmosphere under pressure, then measuring the quantity of helium it releases in a vessel under vacuum. The theoretical aspect and the conditions of industrial application are reviewed, and the installations described. (author) [French] La cartouche G2 se presente comme un ensemble soude, hermetique; le controle d'etancheite s'effectue en immergeant l'element combustible dans une atmosphere d'helium sous pression puis en mesurant la quantite d'helium qu'il restitue dans une enceinte sous vide. L'aspect theorique et les conditions d'exploitation industrielle sont evoques et les installations decrites. (auteur)

Study of cis- and trans-uranium elements by paper chromatography and electrophoresis; Contribution a l'etude des elements cis- et trans-uraniens par chromatographie sur papier et electrophorese

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Clanet, F. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, 92 - Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1968-01-01

'electrophorese, en chimie minerale, a ete etendu aux elements 90 a 96 en milieux HCl et HNO{sub 3}. Les resultats obtenus portent sur les points suivants: 1) - Caracterisation des etats de valence de Np et de Pu a l'aide de reactions colorees sur les chromatogrammes et les electrophoregrammes. L'alizarine, l'arsenazo-I et le thorin-I permettent de caracteriser la valence IV, tandis que le diphenylcarbazide est specifique de l'etat hexavalent. 2) - Chromatographie sur papier: en utilisant comme eluants des melanges a parts egales de solutions aqueuses de HCl ou de HNO{sub 3} et d'alcools (methanol, ethanol, n-butanol), les R{sub f} des elements 90 a 96 ont ete determines. Certaines conclusions relatives a leur complexation par les ions Cl{sup -} et NO{sub 3}{sup -} ont pu en etre deduites. 3) - Nous avons elabore une technique d'electrophorese sur membrane d'acetate de cellulose afin de separer les especes chargees formees par les elements 90 a 96 dans des solutions HCl et HNO{sub 3} 1 a 12 M. Les courbes de mobilite ont ete tracees. Il decoule de nos resultats que la tendance des elements consideres a former des complexes anioniques s'etablit dans l'ordre des potentiels ioniques, lorsqu'ils sont a l'etat tetravalent; cet ordre est inverse lorsqu'ils sont a la valence III. Les ions Cl{sup -} sont moins complexants que les ions NO{sub 3}{sup -} vis-a-vis de ces elements dans leur etat d'oxydation III et IV, mais on observe le phenomene inverse pour U{sup VI} et Pu{sup VI}. Enfin, la complexation des cations Pu{sup 4+} et PuO{sub 2}{sup 2+} par NO{sub 3}{sup -} suit l'ordre des potentiels ioniques mais a lieu dans l'ordre inverse s'il s'agit d'ions Cl{sup -}. 4) - Diverses applications analytiques sont envisagees: separation les uns des autres des divers elements consideres et separation des etats de valence de Np et de Pu. (auteur)

The synergistic effect in coal/biomass blend briquettes combustion on elements behavior in bottom ash using ICP-OES

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lazaroiu, G.; Frentiu, T.; Maescu, L.; Mihaltan, A.; Ponta, M.; Frentiu, M.; Cordos, E. [Universitatea Politehnica din Bucuresti, Bucharest (Romania)

2009-05-15

This paper focuses on the study of the synergistic effect in coal/biomass blend briquettes combustion on behavior of Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co. Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, K, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, Si, V, W, Zn, Zr and characterization of raw materials and bottom ashes. The manufacturing of coal/biomass briquettes although not commonly used is an attractive approach, as briquettes combustion is more technologically advantageous than the fluidized bed combustion. In the same time this technology is a way to render valuable materials of low calorific power and results in diminishing polluting emission. Raw materials and briquettes from different blends of pitcoal/sawdust were subjected to combustion in a 55 kW-boiler. The total content of elements after digestion in the HNO{sub 3} - HF mixture and the content in water leachate at a solid/liquid ratio of 1:2 were determined both in raw materials and bottom ash by ICP-OES. The total content of elements was higher in pitcoal than in sawdust. The synergistic effect depends both on coal/biomass ratio in blend and element nature. The water leachable fraction of elements from ash decreased along with the increase of sawdust weight excepting macronutrients (K, P) and Si.

Cells for the examination of irradiated plutonium fuel elements - two years operation - may 1961/may 1963 (1963); Cellules pour examen d'elements combustibles au plutonium irradies - deux ans d'exploitation - mai 1961/mai 1963 (1963)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Valentin, A. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1963-07-01

Within the framework of the 'Rapsodie' fast reactor program, prototype plutonium fuel elements are irradiated and then examined in an {alpha} {beta} {gamma} laboratory at Saclay. This laboratory consists of five in line cells and a lead enclosure microscope. Each cell contains an {alpha} sealed removable box 4 ft 3 in. high, 4 ft 11 in. wide and 5 ft 1 in. deep, fitted with one or two magnetic transmission indirect manipulators. The boxes are contained in an {beta} {gamma} shielded enclosure whose front face is constructed of cast iron panels 21-2/3 in. thick. Nitrogen circulating in a closed loop forms the atmosphere of the boxes. This laboratory is essentially intended for metallurgical research. The functions of the various cells are as follows: transferring and packing, cutting, density measurement and cathodic etching, storage and metallography. Work on radioactive materials began in April 1961. Operational incidents have always been of a material nature only. (author) [French] Dans le cadre du projet de reacteur rapide Rapsodie, des elements combustibles prototypes au plutonium sont, apres irradiation, examines a Saclay dans un laboratoire {alpha} {beta} {gamma}. Celui-ci comprend cinq cellules en ligne et une enceinte en plomb contenant un microscope telecommande. Chaque cellule est constituee d'un caisson etanche (1, 3 m x 1, 5 m x 1, 56m) equipee d'un ou deux manipulateurs indirects a transmissions magnetiques. Les caissons sont places, dans une enceinte {beta} {gamma} dont la face avant est formee de blocs en fonte ayant 55 cm d'epaisseur. L'atmosphere des caissons est de l'azote, circulant en circuit ferme. Ce laboratoire est destine essentiellement a des recherches metallurgiques. Les fonctions des differentes cellules sont: conditionnement et transferts, tronconnage, mesure de densite et polissage ionique, stockage, metallographie. Le travail sur materiaux radioactifs a commence en avril 1961. Les incidents d

Large eddy simulation and combustion instabilities; Simulation des grandes echelles et instabilites de combustion

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lartigue, G.

2004-11-15

The new european laws on pollutants emission impose more and more constraints to motorists. This is particularly true for gas turbines manufacturers, that must design motors operating with very fuel-lean mixtures. Doing so, pollutants formation is significantly reduced but the problem of combustion stability arises. Actually, combustion regimes that have a large excess of air are naturally more sensitive to combustion instabilities. Numerical predictions of these instabilities is thus a key issue for many industrial involved in energy production. This thesis work tries to show that recent numerical tools are now able to predict these combustion instabilities. Particularly, the Large Eddy Simulation method, when implemented in a compressible CFD code, is able to take into account the main processes involved in combustion instabilities, such as acoustics and flame/vortex interaction. This work describes a new formulation of a Large Eddy Simulation numerical code that enables to take into account very precisely thermodynamics and chemistry, that are essential in combustion phenomena. A validation of this work will be presented in a complex geometry (the PRECCINSTA burner). Our numerical results will be successfully compared with experimental data gathered at DLR Stuttgart (Germany). Moreover, a detailed analysis of the acoustics in this configuration will be presented, as well as its interaction with the combustion. For this acoustics analysis, another CERFACS code has been extensively used, the Helmholtz solver AVSP. (author)

Partitioning behaviour of trace elements in a stoker-fired combustion unit : An example using bituminous coals from the Greymouth coalfield (Cretaceous), New Zealand

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Li, Z.; Moore, T.A.; Weaver, S.D. [University of Canterbury, Department of Geological Science, Christchurch (New Zealand); Clemens, A.H.; Gong, D. [CRL Energy Ltd, PO Box 31 244, Lower Hutt (New Zealand); Eby, N. [Department of Environmental, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854 (United States)

2005-07-20

In order to understand trace element behaviour during combustion of coals from the Greymouth coalfield, combustion tests were performed on three seam composite samples. The major and trace elements from sub-samples of feed coal, bottom ash, fly ash, and flue gas were analysed by different techniques including inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analyser (SEM-EDXA). To help better understand trace element partitioning in combustion ash, float-sink and sequential leaching experiments were also employed to determine the association of trace elements with mineral matter or organic matter. Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) was also employed to determine trace element content in float and sink fractions of fly ash as well as in three major phases in the bottom ash. The partitioning behaviour of trace elements, including some that are environmentally sensitive, was also investigated through the use of float-sink tests and direct determination of trace elements in different combustion ash types and phases. Mass balance and partitioning of major and trace elements have been studied to determine the fate of trace elements after combustion. The partitioning of trace elements, especially hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), in different combustion ashes can be summarised as follows:1.Most trace elements, especially As, Ba, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, are partitioned in the glassy and refractory bottom ash fractions. 2.A significant proportion of trace elements of As, Se, and Pb are partitioned into fly ash fractions. 3.Some volatile elements (e.g. > 90% of S and Hg and up to 64% of Cl) and, to a lesser extent, B (up to 44%) and Cd (up to 50%) are partitioned in the flue gas fraction. 4.Although the low ash yield of Greymouth coal seams have the advantage of generating less solid

Toward the modeling of combustion reactions through discrete element method (DEM) simulations

Science.gov (United States)

Reis, Martina Costa; Alobaid, Falah; Wang, Yongqi

2018-03-01

In this work, the process of combustion of coal particles under turbulent regime in a high-temperature reaction chamber is modeled through 3D discrete element method (DEM) simulations. By assuming the occurrence of interfacial transport phenomena between the gas and solid phases, one investigates the influence of the physicochemical properties of particles on the rates of heterogeneous chemical reactions, as well as the influence of eddies present in the gas phase on the mass transport of reactants toward the coal particles surface. Moreover, by considering a simplistic chemical mechanism for the combustion process, thermochemical and kinetic parameters obtained from the simulations are employed to discuss some phenomenological aspects of the combustion process. In particular, the observed changes in the mass and volume of coal particles during the gasification and combustion steps are discussed by emphasizing the changes in the chemical structure of the coal. In addition to illustrate how DEM simulations can be used in the modeling of consecutive and parallel chemical reactions, this work also shows how heterogeneous and homogeneous chemical reactions become a source of mass and energy for the gas phase.

Developments in natural uranium - graphite reactors; Developpement des reacteurs a graphite et uranium naturel

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bourgeois, J. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires; Saitcevsky, B. [Electricite de France (EDF), 75 - Paris (France)

1964-07-01

in order to show the advantages resulting from such developments in gas-graphite natural metallic uranium reactor systems; these are: a doubling of the specific and volume powers, and a three-fold reduction in the number of channels. The research now under way will make it possible to calculate the reduction in capital costs which will result from these important technical advances. (authors) [French] Le programme francais de centrales a graphite et uranium naturel s'est developpe, d'EDF 1 a EDF 4 - dans la voie d'un accroissement de la puissance unitaire des installations, de la puissance specifique et de la puissance volumique, et d'une amelioration des conditions de securite de fonctionnement. La puissance elevee d'EDF 4 (500 MWe) et l'integration du circuit primaire dans le caisson, lui-meme en beton precontraint, permettent ainsi de tirer le meilleur parti des elements combustibles tubulaires utilises des EDF 1, et d'arriver ainsi a une solution tres satisfaisante. L'emploi d'un element combustible refroidi interieurement (element annulaire) permet de faire un nouveau pas en avant: il devient alors possible d'augmenter la pression du gaz de refroidissement sans craindre le fluage du tube d'uranium. L'emploi d'un caisson en beton precontraint permet une telle augmentation de pression, et l'integration du circuit primaire elimine les risques d'une depressurisation rapide qui aurait presente dans ce cas un risque majeur. On aborde dans ce rapport les principaux problemes poses par ce nouveau type de centrale et on indique les grandes lignes des recherches et etudes effectuees en France: - Les etudes de neutronique et thermique ont permis d'envisager l'emploi d'elements combustibles de grandes dimensions (diametre interne = 77 mm, diametre externe = 95 mm), tout en conservant l'uranium naturel. - Les problemes de fabrication de ces elements, et de leur comportement en pile

Variability of total and mobile element contents in ash derived from biomass combustion

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

Száková, J.; Ochecová, P.; Hanzlíček, Tomáš; Perná, Ivana; Tlustoš, P.

2013-01-01

Roč. 67, č. 11 (2013), s. 1376-1385 ISSN 0366-6352 R&D Projects: GA MZe QI102A207 Institutional support: RVO:67985891 Keywords : biomass combustion * fly ash * bottom ash * element contents Subject RIV: CB - Analytical Chemistry, Separation Impact factor: 1.193, year: 2013

Study of a Slightly Enriched R Reactor Fuel by Means of a Pulsed Neutron Source; Etude d'un reacteur a combustible legerement enrichi (rubeole) a l'aide de sources pulsees de neutrons

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sagot, M; Tellier, H [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique. Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires de Saclay, 91 - Gif-sur-Yvette (France)

1962-04-01

A Be O moderated reactor using slightly enriched uranium oxide as fuel was studied by the pulsed neutron source technique. The neutron lifetime was measured in two different cores without reflector, then attempts were made at the measurement of great negative reactivities introduced into the reactor under the following forms: decrease of the volume of the un reflected core, introduction of absorbing cadmium rods, removal of fuel at the periphery of the critical core while maintaining a constant height, and substitution of fuel elements by less reactive elements. In all cases, the results are compared with the data obtained by another type of experiment or by computation. (author) [French] Nous avons applique la methode des sources pulsees de neutrons a un reacteur utilisant de l'oxyde d'uranium legerement enrichi, modere a l'oxyde de beryllium et, apres avoir mesure le temps de vie des neutrons dans deux coeurs differents non reflechis, nous avons porte notre effort, sur la mesure de reactivites negatives importantes introduites dans le reacteur sous differentes formes: - diminution du volume du coeur non reflechi, - introduction de barres absorbantes en cadmium, - enlevement de combustible a la peripherie du coeur critique, tout en conservant une hauteur constante, - substitution d'elements de combustible par des elements moins reactifs. Dans tous les cas, les resultats sont compares aux valeurs obtenues par un autre type d'experience ou par le calcul. (auteur)

Modeling of the dynamical combustion of explosives: influence of mechanical properties; Modelisation de la combustion dynamique des explodifs: influence des proprietes mecaniques

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Picart, D.; Pertuis, C. [CEA Le Ripault, 37 - Tours (France)

1996-12-31

Experimental observations performed during the combustion of solid explosives under pressure have shown an unexpected desensitization of the samples when damaged. A simplified method of combustion simulation inside a pressure cell is proposed in this study. The model used is based on the description of the mechanical behaviour of the solid phase. It allows to retrieve the overall experimental results, and in particular the occurrence of anomalous combustion modes. (J.S.) 8 refs.

Gamma spectrometry at OSIRIS. Determination of the power and combustion rate of irradiated fuel elements

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Destot, M.; Musso, J.F.; Cerles, J.M.

1975-12-01

An original gamma spectrometer is available at Saclay near the core of the Osiris reactor. With such a device, it is possible to investigate nuclear fuel elements irradiated at Osiris or originating from power reactors. It is quite possible to build devices based on this principle in nuclear power reactors, more particularly in water reactors. With such a device, it is possible to follow the evolution in space and with time of a large number of fission products, and from there to draw precious conclusions relative to reactor safety (e.g. failed element detection) and to fuel economy (i.e. determination of combustion rate). The general characteristics of the device are given as well as its applications: determination of the mass combustion and of the linear power of an irradiated element. A non-destructive, versatile and fast means of investigation is therefore given by the installation of gamma spectroscopy inside a reactor [fr

Transient dynamic finite element analysis of hydrogen distribution test chamber structure for hydrogen combustion loads

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Singh, R.K.; Redlinger, R.; Breitung, W.

2005-09-01

Design and analysis of blast resistant structures is an important area of safety research in nuclear, aerospace, chemical process and vehicle industries. Institute for Nuclear and Energy Technologies (IKET) of Research Centre- Karlsruhe (Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe or FZK) in Germany is pursuing active research on the entire spectrum of safety evaluation for efficient hydrogen management in case of the postulated design basis and beyond the design basis severe accidents for nuclear and non-nuclear applications. This report concentrates on the consequence analysis of hydrogen combustion accidents with emphasis on the structural safety assessment. The transient finite element simulation results obtained for 2gm, 4gm, 8gm and 16gm hydrogen combustion experiments concluded recently on the test-cell structure are described. The frequencies and damping of the test-cell observed during the hammer tests and the combustion experiments are used for the present three dimensional finite element model qualification. For the numerical transient dynamic evaluation of the test-cell structure, the pressure time history data computed with CFD code COM-3D is used for the four combustion experiments. Detail comparisons of the present numerical results for the four combustion experiments with the observed time signals are carried out to evaluate the structural connection behavior. For all the combustion experiments excellent agreement is noted for the computed accelerations and displacements at the standard transducer locations, where the measurements were made during the different combustion tests. In addition inelastic analysis is also presented for the test-cell structure to evaluate the limiting impulsive and quasi-static pressure loads. These results are used to evaluate the response of the test cell structure for the postulated over pressurization of the test-cell due to the blast load generated in case of 64 gm hydrogen ignition for which additional sets of computations were

Multi-Dimensional Modeling of the Aerodynamic and Combustion in Diesel Engines Modélisation multidimensionnelle de l'aérodynamique et de la combustion dans les moteurs diesel

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Delhaye B.

2006-12-01

Full Text Available The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD and combustion simulation applications to automotive power train development, and the methodologies we developed at PSA to integrate numerical simulation into the development process. We illustrate these methodologies with some applications concerning the development of PSA HDI engines. Dans cet article, on présente un panorama des applications de la mécanique des fluides numérique et de la simulation de la combustion pour le développement des groupes motopropulseurs, ainsi que les méthodologies que nous avons conçues au sein du groupe PSA pour intégrer la simulation numérique dans ce processus de développement. Nous illustrons cette démarche par des exemples d'applications issues du développement des moteurs HDI injection directe common rail de PSA.

Combustion Dynamics and Stability Modeling of a Liquid Oxygen/RP-2 Oxygen-Rich Staged Combustion Preburner and Thrust Chamber Assembly with Gas-Centered Swirl Coaxial Injector Elements

Science.gov (United States)

Casiano, M. J.; Kenny, R. J.; Protz, C. S.; Garcia, C. P.; Simpson, S. P.; Elmore, J. L.; Fischbach, S. R.; Giacomoni, C. B.; Hulka, J. R.

2016-01-01

The Combustion Stability Tool Development (CSTD) project, funded by the Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center, began in March 2015 supporting a renewed interest in the development of a liquid oxygen/hydrocarbon, oxygen-rich combustion engine. The project encompasses the design, assembly, and hot-fire testing of the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 40-klbf Integrated Test Rig (MITR). The test rig models a staged-combustion configuration by combining an oxygen-rich preburner (ORPB), to generate hot gas, with a thrust chamber assembly (TCA) using gas-centered swirl coaxial injector elements. There are five separately designed interchangeable injectors in the TCA that each contain 19- or 27- injector elements. A companion paper in this JANNAF conference describes the design characteristics, rationale, and fabrication issues for all the injectors. The data acquired from a heavily instrumented rig encompasses several injectors, several operating points, and stability bomb tests. Another companion paper in this JANNAF conference describes this test program in detail. In this paper, dynamic data from the hot-fire testing is characterized and used to identify the responses in the ORPB and TCA. A brief review of damping metrics are discussed and applied as a measure of stability margin for damped acoustic modes. Chug and longitudinal combustion stability models and predictions are described which includes new dynamic models for compressible flow through an orifice and a modification to incorporate a third feed line for inclusion of the fuel-film coolant. Flow-acoustics finite element modeling is used to investigate the anticipated TCA acoustics, the effects of injector element length on stability margin, and the potential use of an ORPB orifice trip ring for improving longitudinal stability margin.

Piles used for the nuclear control of materials; Empilements pour le controle nucleaire des materiaux

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Raievski, V; Sautiez, B; Bailly du Bois, B; Tretiakoff, O; Thome, P; Vidal, R; Koppel Martelly, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1958-07-01

The devices which make it possible to check on the nuclear qualities of the materials used in reactor construction are described. These verifications bear on substantial masses of materials, following the last stage of their machining. The components found in all these are a graphite pile into which the material to be investigated is inserted, a source of neutrons made up of an Ra-Be system, and a proportional BF{sub 3} counter. The devices described here bear on checking graphite, beryllium oxide and uranium absorption, as well as on a verification of the {sup 235}U content of fuel elements. (author)Fren. [French] On decrit des dispositifs permettant de controler les qualites nucleaires de materiaux utilises dans la construction des piles. Ce controle s'effectue sur des masses importantes de materiaux apres la phase finale d'usinage. Ces dispositifs ont en commun un empilement de graphite recevant le materiau a etudier, une source de neutrons de Ra-Be et un compteur proportionnel a BF{sub 3}. Les dispositifs decrits concernent le controle de l'absorption du graphite, de la glucine et de l'uranium, ainsi que le controle de la teneur en {sup 235}U des elements de combustion. (auteur)

Determination of elements in citrus leaves; Dosage des elements dans les feuilles de citrus

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Masozera, C.; Compernolle, G. van; Brandstetr, J.; Krivanek, M. [Centre nucléaire TRICO, Kinshasa (Congo, The Democratic Republic of the); Université Lovanium, Kinshasa (Congo, The Democratic Republic of the)

1970-01-15

In many agricultural stations and farms most of the problems encountered generally reduce to questions of diminished yield. This may be due to a number of factors, including soil exhaustion and the application of fertilizers of unsuitable formula. The chemical impoverishment of the soil is due to the leaching-out phenomenon, i- e. the washing out of bases, and to the ''exportation'' of fertilizer elements in the form of crops in years when nothing has been returned to the soil. These losses have a particularly adverse effect if the parent rock does not contain sufficient mineral reserves to compensate for them by a slow alteration process. Such impoverishment is revealed by soil and foliar analyses. The authors have attempted to determine the content in citrus plants of the following elements: Mn, P, Cu, Cl and K (the latter on three samples only). After collection, the samples are treated by Bransolten's method (Rapport de Recherche TRICO № 15/1968), dried for at least 12 hours at 105°C, followed by pulverization of the leaves, after which the determination is carried out. The determination of Mn and Cl is very simple, as is that of Cu. The latter is determined by activation with slow neutrons in order to avoid Zn formation. The phosphorus content is determined by measuring the beta-radiation emitted by the radioactive elements. In this case particular precautions must be taken to ensure that the same layer is used for the samples and the standards, since beta-radiation is absorbed by these layers. For the K and Na determinations thermal neutrons are used for activation and a Ge(Li) detector for measurement of the gamma-spectra. Because of the high resolution of the detector, the two elements can be determined without separation. (author) [French] La plupart des problèmes que l’on rencontre dans plusieurs stations ou exploitations agricoles se résument généralement à une diminution de rendement. Cette dernière peut être provoquée par plusieurs

Study of the aqueous chemical treatment of uranium zirconium fuels; Etude du traitement chimique des combustibles uraniumzirconium par voie seche

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bourgeois, M; Nollet, P [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1964-07-01

A dry process has been studied for separating the uranium from the zirconium-either for recovering the enriched uranium from fuel element production waste, or with a view to treating this waste after irradiation. In this process the alloy is treated with hydrochloric acid at 400 deg. C in a fluidized corundum bed which causes the zirconium to volatilize as tetrachloride and the uranium to form the trichloride. This latter is then converted to the hexafluoride by attack with fluorure. After the laboratory tests, a first pilot plant with a capacity of 1 kg of alloy was tried out at the Fontenay-aux-Roses Nuclear Research Centre; this made it possible to fix the operational conditions for the process. An industrial scale plant was then built with the collaboration of the from Kuhlmann, and operated until a satisfactory process had been developed for treating the waste. This installation treats 3 kg/h of alloy with a yield for the hydrochloric acid of about 50 per cent and with a uranium loss in the zirconium tetrachloride of about 0.1 per cent. An active pilot plant capable of treating of treating a few kilos of irradiated alloy is now being studied. (authors) [French] On a etudie un procede de voie seche pour effectuer la separation de l'uranium et du zirconium - soit en vue de la recuperation de l'uranium enrichi contenu dans les dechets de fabrication des elements combustibles - soit en vue du traitement de ceux-ci apres irradiation. Ce procede consiste a attaquer l'alliage par l'acide chlorhydrique a 400 deg. C dans un lit fluidise de corindon, ce qui a pour effet de volatiliser le zirconium sous forme de tetrachlorure et de transformer l'uranium en trichlorure. Ce dernier est ensuite converti en hexafluorure par action du fluor. Apres des essais de laboratoire, un premier pilote a l'echelle de 1 kg d'alliage a ete experimente au Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires de Fontenay-aux-Roses et a permis de determiner les conditions operatoires du procede. En collaboration avec

Non-Destructive Testing Methods Applied to Multi-Finned SAP Tubing for Nuclear-Fuel Elements; Essais Non Destructifs de Gaines a Ailettes, en Poudre d'Aluminium Frittee, pour Elements Combustibles; Nedestruktivnye metody ispytaniya rebristykh trub iz spechennogo alyuminikiog'o poroshka dlya yadernykh toplivnykh ehlementov; Metodos de Ensayo No Destructivo Aplicados a Tubos de SAP con Aletas Multiples Destinados a Elementos Combustibles

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lund, S. A. [Danish Central Welding Institution, Copenhagen (Denmark); Knudsen, P. [Danish Atomic Energy Commission, Research Establishment, Risoe (Denmark)

1965-09-15

contient des pastilles de bioxyde d'uranium fritte, dans une gaine de 2'm de long en poudre d'aluminium frittee portant des ailettes disposees en configuration helicoiedale. Ces gaines doivent repondre a des specifications tres strictes pour que soient realisees les conditions optimales de transfert de chaleur et que soit maintenue l'integrite des elements combustibles aussi longtemps qu'ils restent dans le reacteur. Deux exemples de modeles de gaines montrent a quel point les tolerances di- mensionnelles sont faibles. Afin de s'assurer que les gaines repondent bien aux specifications, on procede a un controle extremement rigoureux, constitue en grande partie par des essais non destructifs. Les auteurs decrivent les methodes d'essais non destructifs mises au point pour mesurer l'epaisseur de la paroi et les diametres et pour deceler les defectuosites. En raison de la geometrie complexe de sa section, le modele a 24 ailettes ne se prete pas a l'application de methodes par les ultrasons ou par les courants de Foucault pour mesurer l'epaisseur de la paroi. On a donc mis au point une jauge a rayons beta speciale, pourvue d'un dispositif d'enregistrement; elle est fondee sur l'attenuation du rayonnement beta emis par une source au {sup 90}Sr placee a l'interieur de la gaine. Pour le modele a 12 ailettes, on utilise une methode de resonance ultrasonore en immersion pour l'enregistrement continu de l'epaisseur de la paroi. On mesure, en enregistrement continu, les diametres interieur et exterieur (au niveau des tetes d'ailettes) avec des appareils comportant une jauge a air rapide. Pour la detection des defectuosites, on applique la methode ultrasonore impulsion-echo, en immersion, et la methode des courants de Foucault. La methode ultrasonore permet de deceler facilement les fissures transversales, mais elle ne semble pas applicable a la detection des fissures longitudinales; c'est pourquoi on la complete par la methode des courants de Foucault. (author) [Spanish] La Comision de

Graphite reactor physics; Physique des piles a graphite

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bacher, P; Cogne, F [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires; Noc, B [Electricite de France (EDF), 75 - Paris (France)

1964-07-01

physique des piles de puissance a graphite et uranium naturel se poursuit depuis parallelement au developpement de ce type de piles. L'etude systematique des proprietes des reseaux en fonction du pas, de la geometrie du combustible et du diametre des canaux de refroidissement a pu etre entreprise a partir de 1960 grace a l'empilement critique MARIUS. Cette etude a permis de couvrir un domaine tres etendu: pas variant de 19 a 38 cm, barreaux et tubes d'uranium dont les sections droites vont de 6 a 35 cm{sup 2}, canaux dont le diametre est compris entre 70 et 140 mm. On a pu ainsi verifier, et au besoin adapter, les methodes de calcul de reseaux. Le fonctionnement des piles de Marcoule, ainsi que les experiences effectuees sur ces piles au cours des dernieres annees, ont apporte des renseignements precieux sur l'evolution globale des proprietes neutroniques du combustible en fonction de l'irradiation. Des experiences plus precises ont egalement ete faites dans MARIUS avec des combustibles contenant du plutonium (combustibles irradiee ou reconstitues), et seront entreprises des le debut 1965 en temperature dans l'empilement critique CESAR, dont la construction s'acheve a Cadarache. Les analyses des combustibles irradies permettent de completer ces resultats et de faciliter leur interpretation. Il sera ainsi possible de verifier dans tout le domaine utile de temperature les theories de thermalisation et de spectres developpees en France. L'efficacite de barres de controle en fonction de leurs dimensions, des materiaux les constituant, et des reseaux les environnant a ete mesuree dans MARIUS, et les resultats ont ete confrontes d'une part avec le calcul, d'autre part avec les mesures effectuees dans EDF 1. Les etudes du controle proprement dit des piles a graphite ont porte essentiellement sur les risques d'instabilites spatiales, et sur les moyens de les deceler et de les combattre, ainsi que sur les deformations du flux provoquees par les barres de controle. (auteurs)

The general formulation and practical calculation of the diffusion coefficient in a lattice containing cavities; Formulation generale et calcul pratique du coefficient de diffusion dans un reseau comportant des cavites

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Benoist, P [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France).Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1959-07-01

The calculation of diffusion coefficients in a lattice necessitates the knowledge of a correct method of weighting the free paths of the different constituents. An unambiguous definition of this weighting method is given here, based on the calculation of leakages from a zone of a reactor. The formulation obtained, which is both simple and general, reduces the calculation of diffusion coefficients to that of collision probabilities in the different media; it reveals in the expression for the radial coefficient the series of the terms of angular correlation (cross terms) recently shown by several authors. This formulation is then used to calculate the practical case of a classical type of lattice composed of a moderator and a fuel element surrounded by an empty space. Analytical and numerical comparison of the expressions obtained with those inferred from the theory of BEHRENS shows up the importance of several new terms some of which are linked with the transparency of the fuel element. Cross terms up to the second order are evaluated. A practical formulary is given at the end of the paper. (author) [French] Le calcul des coefficients de diffusion dans un reseau suppose la connaissance d'un mode de ponderation correct des libres parcours des differents constituants. On definit ici sans ambiguite ce mode de ponderation a partir du calcul des fuites hors d'une zone de reacteur. La formulation obtenue, simple et generale, ramene le calcul des coefficients de diffusion a celui des probabilites de collision dans les differents milieux; elle fait apparaitre dans l'expression du coefficient radial la serie des termes de correlation angulaire (termes rectangles), mis en evidence recemment par plusieurs auteurs. Cette formulation est ensuite appliquee au calcul pratique d'un reseau classique, compose d'un moderateur et d'un element combustible entoure d'une cavite; la comparaison analytique et numerique des expressions obtenues avec celles deduites de la theorie de BEHRENS

Formation of the gaseous phase of impurity elements from coal combustion at a thermal power plant

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kizil'shtein, L.Ya.; Levchenko, S.V.; Peretyakt'ko, A.G.

1991-01-01

Data are reported on the distribution of impurity elements in their principal carriers: organic matter, iron sulfides, and clays. Tests with high-temperature combustion of coals and argillites indicate that elements associated with clay minerals largely remain in ash and slag. They do not pass to the gas phase - a factor to be considered in assessment of environmental impact from thermal power plants and specification of toxic concentration levels of impurity elements in coal

The Role of Non-Destructive Testing in Test-Reactor Operation at the National Reactor Testing Station; Role des Essais Non Destructifs dans l'Exploitation des Reacteurs d'Essai au Centre National d'Essais de Reacteurs; Rol' nedestruktivnykh ispytanij pri ehkspluatatsii ispytatel'nykh reaktorov na natsional'noj stantsii po ispytaniyam reaktorov; Papel de los Metodos No Destructivos en la Explotacion de los Reactores de la National Reactor Testing Station

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Francis, W. C.; Brown, E. S.; Burdick, E. E.; Gibson, G. W.; Tingey, F. H. [Phillips Petroleum Company, Atomic Energy Division, Idaho Falls, Idaho (United States)

1965-10-15

surface cracks, thermal anneal tests for blistering, and gamma-scanning of irradiated plates. Hydraulic testing of statistical sampling of fuel elements is used to confirm structural integrity, particularly the fuel plate-side plate-joint strength. A continuous effort is made to improve existing techniques and to develop new non-destructive inspection procedures. (author) [French] Les investissements tres importants (plus de 100 millions de dollars) consacres aux reacteurs d'essai du Centre national d'essais de reacteurs et la necessite d'exploiter ces reacteurs en toute securite exigent un controle extremement strict de la qualite des reacteurs et de leurs parties constitutives, notamment des elements combustibles et du dispositif de commande. Les essais non destructifs ont donc joue un role essentiel dans le controle de la qualite de ces pieces avant leur utilisation dans les. reacteurs d'essai. Bien qu'un grand nombre de ces essais non destructifs soient executes selon des procedures bien etablies, on a mis au point de nombreuses methodes inedites et introduit de nouvelles utilisations du materiel classique. On applique depuis longtemps au Centre d'essais les methodes ultrasonores pour la detection des cavites, des defauts de liaison et des craquelures internes. Recemment, on a etendu ces methodes a l'exploration automatique des plaques courbes et a l'inspection des elements combustibles irradies dans les canaux de stockage. Des travaux tres interessants ont permis d'appliquer la methode des ultrasons a la detection des fractures qui peuvent se produire dans l'ame lors du faconnement. Une methode d'exploration par rayons gamma, pour determiner la teneur d'elements combustibles en {sup 23}5{sup U}, s'est revelee tellement fiable qu'elle a ete adoptee pour calculer les penalisations financieres pour les articles non conformes aux specifications. Les radiographies de plaques de combustible donnent les dimensions de l'ame et, associees aux explorations'a l'aide d

Study of a Slightly Enriched R Reactor Fuel by Means of a Pulsed Neutron Source; Etude d'un reacteur a combustible legerement enrichi (rubeole) a l'aide de sources pulsees de neutrons

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sagot, M.; Tellier, H. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique. Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires de Saclay, 91 - Gif-sur-Yvette (France)

1962-04-01

A Be O moderated reactor using slightly enriched uranium oxide as fuel was studied by the pulsed neutron source technique. The neutron lifetime was measured in two different cores without reflector, then attempts were made at the measurement of great negative reactivities introduced into the reactor under the following forms: decrease of the volume of the un reflected core, introduction of absorbing cadmium rods, removal of fuel at the periphery of the critical core while maintaining a constant height, and substitution of fuel elements by less reactive elements. In all cases, the results are compared with the data obtained by another type of experiment or by computation. (author) [French] Nous avons applique la methode des sources pulsees de neutrons a un reacteur utilisant de l'oxyde d'uranium legerement enrichi, modere a l'oxyde de beryllium et, apres avoir mesure le temps de vie des neutrons dans deux coeurs differents non reflechis, nous avons porte notre effort, sur la mesure de reactivites negatives importantes introduites dans le reacteur sous differentes formes: - diminution du volume du coeur non reflechi, - introduction de barres absorbantes en cadmium, - enlevement de combustible a la peripherie du coeur critique, tout en conservant une hauteur constante, - substitution d'elements de combustible par des elements moins reactifs. Dans tous les cas, les resultats sont compares aux valeurs obtenues par un autre type d'experience ou par le calcul. (auteur)

Non-Destructive Methods for Determining Burn-Up in Nuclear Fuel; Methodes Non Destructives d'Evaluation du Taux de Combustion dans le Combustible Nucleaire; Metody opredeleniya vygoraniya v yadernom toplive bez razrusheniya obraztsa; Metodos No Destructivos para Determinai el Grado de Combustion de los Elementos Combustibles Nucleares

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

McGonnagle, W. J. [Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL (United States)

1966-02-15

is of secondary importance and the cooling time is unimportant. Also, there is more precise nuclear data for the stable fission products. Of the stable isotopes produced during the fission process, zirconium, molybdenum, ruthenium, and neodymium appear to be the most useful. The proposed non-destructive methods using stable isotopes will be discussed. (author) [French] Il est a la fois utile et souhaitable d'utiliser des methodes non destructives pour proceder a la mesure quantitative du taux de combustion des elements combustibles d'un reacteur nucleaire. L'ideal serait de pouvoir analyser le combustible a l'aide d'une methode ne necessitant pas de renseignements particuliers sur les spectres des neutrons, le schema d'irradiation ou le temps de refroidissement. Les isotopes radioactifs et les isotopes stables resultant du processus de fission qui sont presents dans un element combustible irradie caracterisent son irradiation. Malheureusement, que l'analyse soit effectuee au moyen de methodes destructives ou non destructives, les resultats obtenus varient en fonction du spectre de neutrons, du schema d'irradiation et du temps de refroidissement. Deplus, l'absence de donnees nucleaires precises, comme les valeurs des section efficaces, influe sur tous les calculs qui peuvent etre effectues. L'analyse non destructive est egalement genee par la presence de champs de rayonnements intenses qui augmentent le bruit de fond. Il est difficile d'etablir des normes utiles et realistes. Bien que, dans l'etat actuel de la technique, les methodes non destructives n'aient pas toute la precision et l'exactitude voulues, elles presentent neanmoins un grand interet' notamment dans les cas ou il faut obtenir rapidement et economiquement une valeur approximative du taux de combustion. Plusieurs methodes non destructives d'evaluation du taux de combustion sont actuellement appliquees, a l'etude ou en projet. Plusieurs types de spectrometres sont utilises pour la mesure du rayonnement

Element budgets of forest biomass combustion and ash fertilisation - a Danish case-study

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Ingerslev, Morten; Skov, Simon; Sevel, Lisbeth

2011-01-01

Harvest of forest biomass for energy production may lead to a significant export of nutrients from the forest. Ash spreading and recycling of nutrients from wood chip combustion to the forest has come into focus as a means for counteracting the nutrient export. This study was carried out to examine...... the retention of various elements in the different ash fractions and utilise the nutrient recovery to evaluate the fertiliser quality of the examined ash. The mass and element flux of wood chips, bottom ash, cyclone fly ash and condensation sludge at Ebeltoft central heating plant was studied over a four day...

Chemical Looping Combustion with Different Types of Liquid Fuels Combustion en boucle chimique avec différentes charges liquides

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Hoteit A.

2011-02-01

Full Text Available CLC is a new promising combustion process for CO2 capture with less or even no energy penalty compared to other processes. Up to now, most of the work performed on CLC was conducted with gaseous or solid fuels, using methane and coal and/or pet coke. Liquid fuels such as heavy fuels resulting from oil distillation or conversion may also be interesting feedstocks to consider. However, liquid fuels are challenging feedstock to deal with in fluidized beds. The objective of the present work is therefore to investigate the feasibility of liquid feed injection and contact with oxygen carrier in CLC conditions in order to conduct partial or complete combustion of hydrocarbons. A batch experimental fluidized bed set-up was developed to contact alternatively oxygen carrier with liquid fuels or air. The 20 mm i.d. fluidized bed reactor was filled up with 45 g of NiAl0.44O1.67 and pulses of 1-2 g of liquid were injected in the bed at high temperatures up to 950˚C. Different feedstocks have been injected, from dodecane to heavy fuel oils No.2. Results show that, during the reduction period, it is possible to convert all the fuel injected and there is no coke remaining on particles at the end of the reduction step. Depending upon oxygen available in the bed, either full combustion or partial combustion can be achieved. Similar results were found with different liquid feeds, despite their different composition and properties. Le CLC est un nouveau concept prometteur appliqué à la combustion qui permet le captage de CO en minimisant la pénalité énergétique liée au captage. Jusqu’à présent, l’essentiel des travaux de recherche dans le domaine du CLC concerne les charges gazeuses (méthane et solides (charbon et coke. Les charges liquides, et particulièrement les résidus pétroliers, sont des charges également intéressantes à considérer a priori. La mise en oeuvre de ces charges en lit fluidisé est cependant délicate. L’objet de ce

Experimental Combustion Dynamics Behavior of a Multi-Element Lean Direct Injection (LDI) Gas Turbine Combustor

Science.gov (United States)

Acosta, Waldo A.; Chang, Clarence T.

2016-01-01

An experimental investigation of the combustion dynamic characteristics of a research multi-element lean direct injection (LDI) combustor under simulated gas turbine conditions was conducted. The objective was to gain a better understanding of the physical phenomena inside a pressurized flametube combustion chamber under acoustically isolated conditions. A nine-point swirl venturi lean direct injection (SV-LDI) geometry was evaluated at inlet pressures up to 2,413 kPa and non-vitiated air temperatures up to 867 K. The equivalence ratio was varied to obtain adiabatic flame temperatures between 1388 K and 1905 K. Dynamic pressure measurements were taken upstream of the SV-LDI, in the combustion zone and downstream of the exit nozzle. The measurements showed that combustion dynamics were fairly small when the fuel was distributed uniformly and mostly due to fluid dynamics effects. Dynamic pressure fluctuations larger than 40 kPa at low frequencies were measured at 653 K inlet temperature and 1117 kPa inlet pressure when fuel was shifted and the pilot fuel injector equivalence ratio was increased to 0.72.

Étude économique des foyers domestiques par la technique d ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Les foyers font partie de la vie courante. Chaque ménage en utilise pour la cuisson de ses repas. Dans les pays en développement, la plupart des populations utilisent surtout des foyers à combustibles ligneux. Les effets négatifs sur l'environnement sont aujourd'hui bien connus : poches de désertification, érosion des sols, ...

Neutron detection in an atomic reactor core using semi-conductors; Detection des neutrons par semi-conducteur dans un coeur de reacteur atomique

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Divoux, F [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1968-07-01

In this paper, the first part describes the principle of nuclear particle detection by means of semiconductor diodes and the general application of these. The second part describes fabrication of the device used to estimate thermic neutron fluxes in core of a swimming pool type reactor. The useful volume (2.9 mm thickness) is in the light water moderator, between combustible elements plates. The results, principally obtained in the core of Siloette reactor at the 'Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires de Grenoble' at low power, are mentioned in the third part. Flux maps have been set and comparison between converter's products: Bore 10, Lithium 6, Uranium 235 is made. (author) [French] Dans ce rapport, une premiere partie porte sur la description du principe de detection des particules nucleaires par diodes a semi-conducteur et sur l'application generale de celles-ci. Une deuxieme partie s'attache a decrire la fabrication du materiel utilise pour evaluer les flux de neutrons thermiques dans un coeur de reacteur type pile piscine. L'espace de mesure (2,9 mm d'epaisseur) se situe entre les plaques des elements combustibles, dans le moderateur eau legere. Les resultats, obtenus principalement dans le coeur du reacteur Siloette du Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires de Grenoble aux basses puissances de fonctionnement, sont rapportes dans la troisieme partie. Des cartes de flux ont ete dressees et une comparaison est faite entre les produits 'convertisseurs' suivants: Bore 10, Lithium 6, Uranium 235. (auteur)

Particulate matter emissions, and metals and toxic elements in airborne particulates emitted from biomass combustion: The importance of biomass type and combustion conditions.

Science.gov (United States)

Zosima, Angela T; Tsakanika, Lamprini-Areti V; Ochsenkühn-Petropoulou, Maria Th

2017-05-12

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of biomass combustion with respect to burning conditions and fuel types on particulate matter emissions (PM 10 ) and their metals as well as toxic elements content. For this purpose, different lab scale burning conditions were tested (20 and 13% O 2 in the exhaust gas which simulate an incomplete and complete combustion respectively). Furthermore, two pellet stoves (8.5 and 10 kW) and one open fireplace were also tested. In all cases, 8 fuel types of biomass produced in Greece were used. Average PM 10 emissions ranged at laboratory-scale combustions from about 65 to 170 mg/m 3 with flow oxygen at 13% in the exhaust gas and from 85 to 220 mg/m 3 at 20% O 2 . At pellet stoves the emissions were found lower (35 -85 mg/m 3 ) than the open fireplace (105-195 mg/m 3 ). The maximum permitted particle emission limit is 150 mg/m 3 . Metals on the PM 10 filters were determined by several spectrometric techniques after appropriate digestion or acid leaching of the filters, and the results obtained by these two methods were compared. The concentration of PM 10 as well as the total concentration of the metals on the filters after the digestion procedure appeared higher at laboratory-scale combustions with flow oxygen at 20% in the exhaust gas and even higher at fireplace in comparison to laboratory-scale combustions with 13% O 2 and pellet stoves. Modern combustion appliances and appropriate types of biomass emit lower PM 10 emissions and lower concentration of metals than the traditional devices where incomplete combustion conditions are observed. Finally, a comparison with other studies was conducted resulting in similar results.

Dosage of fission products in irradiated fuel treatment effluents (radio-chemical method); Dosage des produits de fission dans les effluents du traitement des combustibles irradies (methode radiochimique)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Auchapt, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Marcoule (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1966-07-01

The dosage methods presented here are applicable to relatively long-lived fission products present in the effluents resulting from irradiated fuel treatment processes (Sr - Cs - Ce - Zr - Nb - Ru - I). The methods are based on the same principle: - addition of a carrying-over agent - chemical separation over several purification stages, - determination of the chemical yield by calorimetry - counting of an aliquot liquid portion. (author) [French] Les methodes de dosage presentees concernent les produits de fission a vie relativement longue presents dans les effluents de traitement des combustibles irradies (Sr - Cs - Ce - Zr - Nb - Ru - I). Elles sont toutes basees sur le meme principe: - addition d'entraineur, - separation chimique en plusieurs stades de purification, - determination du rendement chimique par calorimetrie, - comptage d'une aliquote liquide. (auteur)

Hot-Fire Test Results of an Oxygen/RP-2 Multi-Element Oxidizer-Rich Staged-Combustion Integrated Test Article

Science.gov (United States)

Hulka, J. R.; Protz, C. S.; Garcia, C. P.; Casiano, M. J.; Parton, J. A.

2016-01-01

As part of the Combustion Stability Tool Development project funded by the Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center, the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center was contracted to assemble and hot-fire test a multi-element integrated test article demonstrating combustion characteristics of an oxygen/hydrocarbon propellant oxidizer-rich staged-combustion engine thrust chamber. Such a test article simulates flow through the main injectors of oxygen/kerosene oxidizer-rich staged combustion engines such as the Russian RD-180 or NK-33 engines, or future U.S.-built engine systems such as the Aerojet-Rocketdyne AR-1 engine or the Hydrocarbon Boost program demonstration engine. For the thrust chamber assembly of the test article, several configurations of new main injectors, using relatively conventional gas-centered swirl coaxial injector elements, were designed and fabricated. The design and fabrication of these main injectors are described in a companion paper at this JANNAF meeting. New ablative combustion chambers were fabricated based on hardware previously used at NASA for testing at similar size and pressure. An existing oxygen/RP-1 oxidizer-rich subscale preburner injector from a previous NASA-funded program, along with existing and new inter-connecting hot gas duct hardware, were used to supply the oxidizer-rich combustion products to the oxidizer circuit of the main injector of the thrust chamber. Results from independent hot-fire tests of the preburner injector in a combustion chamber with a sonic throat are described in companion papers at this JANNAF conference. The resulting integrated test article - which includes the preburner, inter-connecting hot gas duct, main injector, and ablative combustion chamber - was assembled at Test Stand 116 at the East Test Area of the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. The test article was well instrumented with static and dynamic pressure, temperature, and acceleration sensors to allow the collected data to be used for

Boiler using combustible fluid

Science.gov (United States)

Baumgartner, H.; Meier, J.G.

1974-07-03

A fluid fuel boiler is described comprising a combustion chamber, a cover on the combustion chamber having an opening for introducing a combustion-supporting gaseous fluid through said openings, means to impart rotation to the gaseous fluid about an axis of the combustion chamber, a burner for introducing a fluid fuel into the chamber mixed with the gaseous fluid for combustion thereof, the cover having a generally frustro-conical configuration diverging from the opening toward the interior of the chamber at an angle of between 15/sup 0/ and 55/sup 0/; means defining said combustion chamber having means defining a plurality of axial hot gas flow paths from a downstream portion of the combustion chamber to flow hot gases into an upstream portion of the combustion chamber, and means for diverting some of the hot gas flow along paths in a direction circumferentially of the combustion chamber, with the latter paths being immersed in the water flow path thereby to improve heat transfer and terminating in a gas outlet, the combustion chamber comprising at least one modular element, joined axially to the frustro-conical cover and coaxial therewith. The modular element comprises an inner ring and means of defining the circumferential, radial, and spiral flow paths of the hot gases.

Elemental analysis of ash residue from combustion of CCA treated wood waste before and after electrodialytic extraction

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Pedersen, Anne Juul; Ottosen, Lisbeth M.

2006-01-01

Element distribution in a combined fly ash and bottom ash from combustion of copper chromate arsenate (CCA) treated wood waste was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX) before and after electrodialytic extraction. The untreated ash contained various particles, including pieces...... of incompletely combusted wood rich in Cr and Ca, and irregular particles rich in Si, Al and K. Cr was also found incorporated in silica-based matrix particles. As was associated with Ca in porous (char) particles, indicating that Ca-arsenates had been formed during combustion. Cu was associated with Cr...... in the incompletely combusted wood pieces and was also found in almost pure form in a surface layer of some matrix particles – indicating surface condensation of volatile Cu species. In treated ash, Ca and As were no longer found together, indicating that Ca-arsenates had been dissolved due to the electrodialytic...

Determining a pool - type reactor fuel policy; Recherche d'une politique de gestion du combustible d'une pile piscine

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

1964-07-01

Refuelling the 10 to 15 MW pool type reactor considered here will occur frequently (some 10 elements every 3 to 4 weeks). It is therefore necessary to determine the most economic fuel policy. This study proposes to define a strategy that will make it possible to decide on the number and characteristics of the shipment containers, as well as on the means of storage, so as to reduce the risks as much as possible should the basic parameters of the study vary. Among these parameters, the respective influence of which is investigated, chemical reprocessing costs play a vital part. Two examples of optimum fuel management are given according to whether the reprocessing charges applied are those of the old or of the 1961 U.S. AEC base charges for reprocessing highly enriched irradiated fuel. (authors) [French] Les renouvellements du combustible de la pile piscine de 10 a 15 MW consideree ici, seront frequents (quelques 10 elements toutes les 3 ou 4 semaines). Il est donc important de connaitre les meilleures conditions de gestion economique de ce combustible. Cette etude se propose de definir une strategie permettant de choisir le nombre et les caracteristiques des containers de transport, ainsi que les moyens de stockage, de facon a minimiser les risques si les parametres de base de l'etude varient. Parmi ces parametres dont l'influence respective est successivement examinee, le cout du traitement chimique joue un role fondamental. Deux exemples d'optimum de gestion sont donnes selon que le tarif de retraitement est conforme a l'ancien tarif de l'U.S. AEC ou au tarif 1961 de traitement des combustibles irradies tres enrichis. (auteurs)

Combustion characteristics of water-insoluble elemental and organic carbon in size selected ambient aerosol particles

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

K. Wittmaack

2005-01-01

Full Text Available Combustion of elemental carbon (EC and organic carbon (OC contained in ambient aerosol matter was explored using scanning electron microscopy (SEM in combination with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX. To ease identification of the particles of interest and to avoid or at least reduce interaction with simultaneously sampled inorganic oxides and salts, the approach used in this work differed in two ways from commonly applied procedures. First, rather than using a mixture of particles of vastly different sizes, as in PM10 or PM2.5, aerosol matter was collected in a 5-stage impactor. Second, the water soluble fraction of the collected matter was removed prior to analysis. Diesel soot particles, which appeared in the well-known form of chain-type aggregates, constituted the major fraction of EC. In contrast, OC containing particles were observed in a variety of shapes, including a sizable amount of bioaerosol matter appearing mostly in the size range above about 1 µm. During heating in ambient air for 1h, diesel soot particles were found to be stable up to 470°C, but complete combustion occurred in a narrow temperature interval between about 480 and 510°C. After diesel soot combustion, minute quantities of 'ash' were observed in the form of aggregated tiny particles with sizes less than 10 nm. These particles could be due to elemental or oxidic contaminants of diesel soot. Combustion of OC was observed over a wide range of temperatures, from well below 200°C to at least 500°C. Incompletely burnt bioaerosol matter was still found after heating to 600°C. The results imply that the EC fraction in aerosol matter can be overestimated significantly if the contribution of OC to a thermogram is not well separated.

Aerodynamic study of the fluid flow in the channel of a reactor filled with internally and externally cooled fuel elements; Etude aerodynamique de l'ecoulement fluide dans un canal de reacteur charge en elements combustibles annulaires refroidis interieurement et exterieurement

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rousseau, J C [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1965-07-01

A study is made of the problem of the flow-rate and pressure distributions along the length of two volumes, internal and external, bounded by a series of non-continuous annular elements placed along the channel axis. It is observed that the phenomenon can easily be represented by equations. The theoretical expressions observed are particularly simple when the distances between the elements are above a certain minimum value. The experimental work has made it possible to show that the theoretical formulation derived is valid with a very great accuracy. The experimental study has also been carried out in the case of a very small spacing between the elements. It has been possible to show in this case that the hypothesis made for deriving the theoretical expressions was perfectly justified. In the last part finally, we consider the practical problem of evaluating the pressure-drops between the ends of a series of annular elements. (author) [French] On etudie le probleme de la repartition des debits et des pressions le long des deux espaces, interne et externe, delimites par une succession d'elements annulaires non jointifs, disposes suivant l'axe d'un canal. On constate que le phenomene peut etre mis aisement en equation. Les relations theoriques obtenues prennent en particulier une forme simple lorsque les intervalles entre elements sont superieurs a une valeur minimum. L'etude experimentale a permis de constater que cette formulation theorique etablie etait alors valable avec une precision excellente. L'etude experimentale a ete egalement effectuee dans le cas de tres faibles intervalles entre elements consecutifs. On a pu alors verifier que l'hypothese adoptee dans l'etablissement des relations theoriques etait parfaitement justifiee. Dans un dernier chapitre enfin, nous abordons le point de vue pratique de l'evaluation des pertes de charge aux bornes d'un train d'elements annulaires. (auteur)

Engine 3E. NO{sub x} reduction by means of homogenisation of mixtures inside combustion chambers. Final report; Engine 3E. NO{sub x}-Reduktion durch Homogenisierung des Gemisches in Brennkammern. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zarzalis, N.; Homann; Schubert

1999-11-05

This is the final report of the Technology Project 'NO{sub x} reduction by means of homogenisation of mixtures inside combustion chambers', which is part of the Engine 3E 2010 programme of the BMBF, which was to promote research in aircraft engineering. In this project, technologies were developed to achieve a 60% reduction of NO{sub x} emissions as compared to ICAO '95 in an annular combustion chamber in realistic operating conditions where the emissions of substances oher than NO{sub x} were to be of the same level as the emissions of modern jet drives. Further, the design of the new combustion chamber was to be conventional in order to retain the possibility of converting existing propulsion systems to the new technology. [German] Diese Notiz enthaelt den Abschlussbericht des Technologievorhabens 'NO{sub x}-Reduktion durch Homogenisierung des Gemisches in Brennkammern'. Das Vorhaben ist Teil des Luftfahrtfoerderprogramms Engine 3E 2010 der Bundesregierung und wird vom Bundesministerium fuer Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie (BMBF) unter dem Foerderkennzeichen 20T9540 gefoerdert. Das Programm wurde am 01. Juli 1995 begonnen und endete am 30. Juni 1999. Entsprechend dem Foerderantrag wurden in dem Vorhaben Einzeltechnologien erarbeitet, die erforderlich sind, um eine 60% Reduktion der NO{sub x}-Emissionen gegenueber ICAO '95 in einer Ringbrennkammer unter realistischen Betriebsbedingungen zu demonstrieren, wobei die restlichen Emissionen das Emissionsniveau moderner Triebwerke nicht ueberschreiten sollten. Darueber hinaus sollte das aeussere Design der zu entwickelnden Brennkammer sind von konventionellen Brennkammern nicht unterscheiden, um die Moeglichkeit der Umruestung von alten Triebwerken mit der Brennkammern der neuen Technologie offen zu halten. (orig.)

A Method of Identification and Inspection for Inventory Control of Irradiated Fuel Elements; Methode d'Identification et d'Inspection Permettant de Proceder a l'Inventaire des Elements Combustibles Irradies; Metod identifikatsii i proverki pri inventarnom kontrole obluchennykh toplivnykh ehlementov; Metodos de Identificacion e Inspeccion para el Control de las Existencias de Elementos Combustibles Irradiados

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kinderman, E. M.; Mills, J. S. [Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA (United States)

1966-02-15

The reactor discharge and irradiated fuel storage locations should be examined in any complete special nuclear materials inventory. They present, however, special physical difficulties to the auditor or inventory control manager. In these locations the distance between object and observer and the poor illumination and optical distortion caused by the shielding media (water, lead glass) contribute to the difficulties of materials inventory. In an attempt to overcome these difficulties and to provide a system for positive identification of reactor discharged fuel, we have developed a compact and convenient optical examination system utilizing a fixed examination station, a periscope, a telescope, and a camera. This system has been tested in a cobalt irradiation pool by examination of test coupons which were marked in various ways, and then treated in a hot, circulating water loop. In the test system, a water-filled periscope, 11-ft long, a catadioptric telescope placed 16 ft from the periscope, and a 35-mm camera for recording the observations were used. The telescope, camera and mountings are all readily portable since they weigh in total less than 22 lb and have maximum dimensions of 29 in. Photographic observations of test resolution charts in air 20 ft away from the object lens of the telescope have demonstrated that the system can resolve markings 22 {mu}m in width. This corresponds to a resolution of 0.8 second of arc. Tests performed on the water system have shown that resolution in this system is better than 50 {mu}m at 20 ft. This corresponds to a resolution of about 1 second of arc. It is clear that the resolution can never be better than the air path system. The present system used in an actual fuel inventory should adequately reproduce any inventory markings. (author) [French] Tout inventaire complet des matieres nucleaires speciales exige un controle au point de dechargement du reacteur et au point de stockage du combustible irradie. Or, ce controle pose

New class of combustion processes

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Merzhanov, A.G.; Borovinskaya, I.P.

1975-01-01

A short review is given of the results of work carried out since 1967 on studying the combustion processes caused by the interaction of chemical elements in the condensed phase and leading to the formation of refractory compounds. New phenomena and processes are described which are revealed when investigating the combustion of the systems of this class, viz solid-phase combustion, fast combustion in the condensed phase, filtering combustion, combustion in liquid nitrogen, spinning combustion, self-oscillating combustion, and repeated combustion. A new direction in employment of combustion processes is discussed, viz. a self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of refractory nitrides, carbides, borides, silicides and other compounds

Simulations of a Circulating Fluidized Bed Chemical Looping Combustion System Utilizing Gaseous Fuel Simulation de la combustion en boucle chimique d’une charge gazeuse dans un lit fluidisé circulant

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mahalatkar K.

2011-05-01

Full Text Available Numerical studies using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD have been carried out for a complete circulating fluidized bed chemical looping combustor described in the literature (Abad et al., 2006 Fuel 85, 1174-1185. There have been extensive experimental studies in Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC, however CFD simulations of this concept are quite limited. The CLC experiments that were simulated used methane as fuel. A 2-D continuum model was used to describe both the gas and solid phases. Detailed sub-models to account for fluid-particle and particleparticle interaction forces were included. Global models of fuel and carrier chemistry were utilized. The results obtained from CFD were compared with experimental outlet species concentrations, solid circulation rates, solid mass distribution in the reactors, and leakage and dilution rates. The transient CFD simulations provided a reasonable match with the reported experimental data. Des études numériques de simulation des écoulements (CFD ont été réalisées sur un lit fluidisé circulant opérant en combustion par boucle chimique (CLC décrit dans la littérature (Abad et al., 2006 Fuel 85, 1174-1185. Si de nombreuses études expérimentales ont été conduites pour étudier le procédé CLC, les études concernant la simulation des écoulements par CFD de ce concept sont très limitées. Le système de combustion en boucle chimique simulé dans cette étude concerne la combustion d’une charge gazeuse (méthane. Un modèle 2-D à deux phases continues a été utilisé pour décrire les phases gaz et solide avec des sous-modèles détaillés pour décrire les forces d’interactions entre fluideparticule et particule-particule. Des modèles cinétiques globaux ont été intégrés pour décrire les réactions de combustion et de transformation du matériau transporteur d’oxygène. Les résultats obtenus par CFD ont été comparés aux concentrations expérimentales mesurées des diff

3d Modeling of Combustion for Di-Si Engines Modélisation 3D de la combustion dans les moteurs à injection directe d'essence

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Duclos J. P.

2006-12-01

Full Text Available Direct injection of gasoline is a promising concept to reduce fuel consumption of SI engines. The development of GDI engines is difficult and 3D CFD is a way to support its design. It requires models able to describe the spray and its evaporation and combustion. This paper presents a model, the ECFM, that enables to compute combustion for stratified load in the GDI engines. This model is a development of the Coherent Flame Model which includes thermal expansion effects, and is coupled with a burnt/unburnt gases conditionnal thermodynamic properties description. The model is validated by comparing measurements and computations on the GDI Mitsubishi engine in production. L'injection directe d'essence (IDE est un concept prometteur pour les moteurs à allumage commandé. La mise au point de ce type de moteur est néanmoins délicate, et le calcul 3D des chambres de combustion est un moyen d'aider à leur conception. Ceci nécessite cependant de disposer de modèles adaptés, à même de décrire le jet d'essence, son évaporation et la combustion du mélange créé. Cet article présente un modèle ECFM de simulation de la combustion dans les moteurs IDE, y compris en fonctionnement stratifié. C'est un développement du modèle flamme cohérente qui comprend des effets d'expansion thermique et est couplé avec une description conditionnelle gaz frais/gaz brûlés des grandeurs thermodynamiques. Ce modèle a été validé par rapprochement de mesures et simulations sur le moteur GDI Mitsubishi.

The development of a cell-assembly for the treatment of irradiated fuels on a semi-industrial scale; Etude concernant la realisation d'un ensemble de cellules destinees a des traitements de combustibles irradies a l'echelle semi-industrielle

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Faugeras, P; Couture, J; Lefort, G [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1961-07-01

The main studies and experiments involved in the development of a cell-assembly for the treatment of irradiated fuels on a semi-industrial scale are described. It must be possible to modify or transform each of these cells without interrupting the rest of the pilot. A full-scale prototype cell (3 x 4 x 6 m) has been built with an {alpha}-protection independent of the {gamma}-protection. It features all the main characteristics: tightness to {gamma} losses, dense glass lighting, ventilation. This cell has made possible trials on transfer, remote-controls and tele-dismantling, as well as the development of new methods of rapidly connecting hydraulic circuits. In conclusion the final form is given of the cells selected for the pilot. (author) [French] Il est decrit les principales etudes et experiences faites en vue de la realisation d'un ensemble de cellules destinees a des traitements de combustibles irradies a l'echelle semi-industrielle. Chacune de ces cellules doit pouvoir etre modifiee ou transformee sans interrompre le reste du pilote. Une cellule prototype vraie grandeur (3x4x6 m) est construite avec une protection {alpha} independante de la protection {gamma}. Elle comporte tous les elements importants: porte {gamma} etanche, eclairage verre dense, ventilation. Cette cellule a permis des experiences de transferts de telemanipulateurs et de teledemontages, ainsi que la mise au point de nouveaux procedes de jonction rapide pour des circuits hydrauliques. En conclusion, on indique la forme definitive des cellules retenues pour le pilote. (auteur)

Aspects chimiques de la combustion du charbon pulvérisé. Première partie Chemical Aspects of the Combustion of Pulverized Coal. Part One

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

De Soete G. G.

2006-11-01

Full Text Available II n'est pas facile de parvenir à une vue complète des multiples phénomènes chimiques dont la flamme de charbon pulvérisé est le siège. La présente étude bibliographique s'efforce de donner plus qu'une juxtaposition des données de la littérature récente, en risquant une tentative de présentation cohérente des mécanismes chimiques clés qui s'affrontent dans cette combustion. Ces mécanismes font intervenir des réactions en phase gazeuse relativement rapides (combustion des produits gazeux de pyrolyse, formation d'oxydes d'azote à partir de l'azote organique ainsi qu'un certain nombre de réactions hétérogènes très importantes (dévolatilisation pyrolysante rapide, oxydation du coke, réduction hétérogène d'oxydes d'azote qui peuvent se dérouler de façon beaucoup plus lente. En ce qui concerne ces dernières, le régime non isotherme, auquel les soumet l'existence de gradients de température dans la flamme industrielle, entraîne souvent des conséquences non négligeables pour le déroulement de ces mécanismes cinétiques complexes : ainsi la quantité et la composition des produits de pyrolyse est fortement tributaire de ces conditions non isothermes. Carrefour de plusieurs mécanismes chimiques complexes, la flamme de charbon est caractérisée chimiquement par un grand nombre de cas de compétition : a compétition entre différentes voies réactionnelles à l'intérieur d'un mécanisme donné ; à titre d'exemple typique : la pyrolyse du charbon ; b compétition entre phénomènes chimiques et physiques, également à l'intérieur d'un même mécanisme, entraînant la transition éventuellement réversible d'un régime cinétique vers un régime diffusionnel, comme c'est le cas dans l'oxydation du coke, avec des conséquences sensibles pour la vitesse réactionnelle globale et sa dépendance par rapport à la température, pouvant même aller jusqu'à l'extinction de la combustion du coke ; c compétition entre

Heavy element concentration determination by the x-ray fluorescence analysis using radioisotope {gamma}-ray sources; Dosage d'elements lourds par fluorescence X utilisant des radio-sources de rayons gamma

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Enomoto, S [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Dir. des Materiaux et des Combustibles Nucleaires, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1968-07-01

A theoretical and experimental study has been made on the fluorescence analysis of high atomic number element, using {gamma}-ray sources for excitation and characteristic K X-rays for the measurement. The choice of the proper {gamma}-ray energy according to the conditions of the determination is considered. The author has studied the usefulness of using the backscattered {gamma}-rays as a correction mean for matrix and grain-size effects. Sources of {sup 153}Gd, {sup 57}Co, {sup 137}Cs have been used for excitation using collimated geometries. Concentration measurements of tungsten in steel, tungsten and lead in aqueous solution, PbS in SiO{sub 2}-PbS powder mixtures have been done, as well as thickness evaluation of gold layers on copper. A precision of about 0.2 per cent (abs.) is obtained for lead determination in light matrixes. A probe design is proposed for the continuous determination of lead in aqueous solutions. (author) [French] On etudie de maniere theorique et experimentale l'analyse d'elements a nombre atomique eleve par fluorescence en utilisant des sources de rayons {gamma} pour l'excitation, et des rayons-X K caracteristiques pour la mesure. On considere le choix de l'energie appropriee des rayons {gamma} suivant les conditions experimentales. L'utilite d'employer les rayons {gamma} retrodiffuses pour corriger les effets de la matrice et de la dimension des grains est etudiee. Des sources de {sup 153}Gd, de {sup 57}Co et de {sup 137}Cs a geometrie collimatee ont ete utilisees pour l'excitation. Des mesures de la concentration du tungstene dans l'acier, du tungstene et du plomb en solutions aqueuses, et du PbS dans des melanges de poudre SiO{sub 2}-PbS ont ete entreprises ainsi que l'evaluation de l'epaisseur des couches d'or sur le cuivre. On obtient une precision d'environ 0,2 pour cent (en absolu) pour la determination du plomb dans des matrices legeres. On propose un modele de sonde pour la determination en continu du plomb en solution aqueuse

Some aspects of emission and volatization of trace elements on coal combustion

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sanchez, J.C.D.; Formoso, M.L.L.; Bristoti, A.

1987-01-01

The present research work was carried out an industrial plant which uses a mixture of coals from Leao and Recreio mines for steam generation in a bioler with a capacity of 160t/h of steam. Coal samples from Leao, Recreio and the correspondent mixture were taken, as well as samples from the products of combustion. The present study fundamentally aims at assessing the emission of trace elements and major components of mineral matter, present in coal, in order to bring subsidies for a more efficient control over atmospheric, terrestrial and water pollution. Emissions of trace elements: As, B, Be, Cd, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Ga, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, S, Sn, V, Zn, Zr, and major elements: Si, Al, Ca, Mg, Ti, Fe, K and P, were calculated. Moreover, the average emission of particulate matter to the atmosphere was evaluated. In the present work, analytical procedures as X-ray spectroscopy and absorption spectroscopy and techniques used for the determination of F and Cl in Brazilian coals are cited. (author) [pt

Fission product determination in irradiated fuel processing waste (electrophoresis); Dosage des produits de fission dans les effluents de traitement des combustibles irradies (electrophorese)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Auchapt, J M; Tret, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Centre de Marcoule, 30 - Bagnols-sur-Ceze (France). Centre de Production de Plutonium de Marcoule. Services d' Extraction du Plutonium

1966-07-01

This dosage method concerns fission products present in the waste produced from the processing of cooled irradiated fuels. - Sr, Cs, Ce, Y, Ru by quantitative analysis; - Zr, Nb by qualitative analysis. It includes electrophoresis on paper strips one meter long which is then analysed between two window-less Geiger counters. For an activity of 10{sup -2} {mu}Ci of any cation in a 10 {mu}l spot, the standard error {sigma} if 3 to 4 per cent. complete analysis lasts about 5 hours. (authors) [French] Cette methode de dosage concerne les produits de fission presents dans les effluents de traitement des combustibles irradies refroidis: - Sr, Cs, Ce, Y, Ru en analyse quantitative; - Zr, Nb en analyse qualitative. Elle comporte une electrophorese sur bande de papier de un metre de longueur suivie d'un depouillement entre deux compteurs Geiger sans fenetre. Pour une activite de 10{sup -2} {mu}Ci d'un cation quelconque dans une tache de 10 {mu}l l'erreur standard {sigma} est de 3 a 4 pour cent. L'analyse complete demande environ 5 heures. (auteurs)

Aerodynamic study of the fluid flow in the channel of a reactor filled with internally and externally cooled fuel elements; Etude aerodynamique de l'ecoulement fluide dans un canal de reacteur charge en elements combustibles annulaires refroidis interieurement et exterieurement

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rousseau, J.C. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1965-07-01

A study is made of the problem of the flow-rate and pressure distributions along the length of two volumes, internal and external, bounded by a series of non-continuous annular elements placed along the channel axis. It is observed that the phenomenon can easily be represented by equations. The theoretical expressions observed are particularly simple when the distances between the elements are above a certain minimum value. The experimental work has made it possible to show that the theoretical formulation derived is valid with a very great accuracy. The experimental study has also been carried out in the case of a very small spacing between the elements. It has been possible to show in this case that the hypothesis made for deriving the theoretical expressions was perfectly justified. In the last part finally, we consider the practical problem of evaluating the pressure-drops between the ends of a series of annular elements. (author) [French] On etudie le probleme de la repartition des debits et des pressions le long des deux espaces, interne et externe, delimites par une succession d'elements annulaires non jointifs, disposes suivant l'axe d'un canal. On constate que le phenomene peut etre mis aisement en equation. Les relations theoriques obtenues prennent en particulier une forme simple lorsque les intervalles entre elements sont superieurs a une valeur minimum. L'etude experimentale a permis de constater que cette formulation theorique etablie etait alors valable avec une precision excellente. L'etude experimentale a ete egalement effectuee dans le cas de tres faibles intervalles entre elements consecutifs. On a pu alors verifier que l'hypothese adoptee dans l'etablissement des relations theoriques etait parfaitement justifiee. Dans un dernier chapitre enfin, nous abordons le point de vue pratique de l'evaluation des pertes de charge aux bornes d'un train d'elements annulaires. (auteur)

Review: Circulation of Inorganic Elements in Combustion of Alternative Fuels in Cement Plants

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Cortada Mut, Maria del Mar; Nørskov, Linda Kaare; Jappe Frandsen, Flemming

2015-01-01

Cement production is an energy-intensive process, which traditionally has been dependent on fossil fuels. However, the use of alternative fuels, i.e., selected waste, biomass, and byproducts with recoverable calorific value, is constantly increasing. Combustion of these fuels is more challenging...... the internal circulation of S, Cl, Na, and K. Compounds containing these elements, such as alkali salts, evaporate when exposed to high temperatures and subsequently condense in colder parts of the plant. The transformation of the volatile inorganic species at different locations in the cement plant...... cycles of inorganic elements that are established within the cement plant and their dependence on process parameters. Special focus is given to the sulfur cycle. This cycle is intensified by CaSO4 decomposition, making it sensitive to local reducing conditions....

Gas-flow detector for uranium contamination on finned-can surface of a reactor fuel; Detecteur a courant gazeux pour deceler la contamination en uranium des nervures des gaines de combustible nucleaire; Gazopotochnyj detektor zagryazneniya uranom rebristoj poverkhnosti obolochki reaktornykh teplovydelyayushchikh ehlementov; Detector de flujo gaseoso para medir la contaminacion de uranio en la superficie de la vaina de aletas de los elementos combustibles para reactores

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Miwa, H; Shiojiri, T; Maeda, Y [Kobe Kogyo Corporation, Okubo, Akashi, Hyogo (Japan)

1962-04-15

Calder Hall-type reactor-fuel and all JRR-3 fuels are to be inspected by this counter. (author) [French] Le detecteur a courant gazeux presente par les auteurs est un compteur proportionnel a grille, specialement concu pour deceler la contamination en uranium des nervures des gaines de combustible nucleaire. Un compteur proportionnel classique, compose seulement d'une cathode et d'un collecteur, n'est guere capable de deceler les particules alpha emises par l'uranium contaminant une surface rugueuse telle que les nervures d'une gaine de combustible nucleaire, par suite du manque d'uniformite du champ electrique pres de la surface. C'est pourquoi les auteurs ont construit un compteur proportionnel a grille. Cet appareil, de forme cylindrique, comprend le combustible, une grille, des collecteurs et une cathode, tous les elements etant disposes suivant le meme axe. Le combustible est place au centre de la grille a laquelle on applique une tension negative. L'espace entre le combustible et la grille sert de collecteur d'ions. La grille, faite de fils paralleles minces en tungstene, disposes suivant un cylindre autour du combustible, est reliee a la terre. Les collecteurs sont constitues de 16 minces fils de tungstene disposes de la meme maniere que la grille, mais chaque fil est isole electriquement des autres. Tous les collecteurs sont interconnectes par des resistances de 5 x 10{sup 4} ohms et relies au positif de la haute tension par une resistance. L'espace entre la grille, les collecteurs et la cathode sert a la multiplication du gaz, tout comme dans un compteur proportionnel classique. Chaque resistance de 5 x 10{sup 4} ohms isole la capacite parasite de chaque collecteur. La sortie du detecteur est couplee a un amplificateur a faible impedance d'entree. La faible impedance d'entree diminue aussi l'influence facheuse de la capacite parasite du circuit d'entree. Il en resulte un rapport favorable signal/bruit de fond, ce qui permet une bonne detection des particules

Behaviour, capture and inertization of some trace elements during combustion of refuse-derived char from municipal solid waste

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Vassilev, S.V.; Braekman-Danheux, C.; Laurent, P.; Thiemann, T.; Fontana, A. [Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia (Bulgaria). Central Lab. of Mineralogy and Crystallography

1999-08-01

An investigation of refuse-derived char (RDC) generated by thermolysis of municipal solid waste (MSW) was undertaken to elucidate the behaviour of some toxic and potentially toxic trace elements (Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb and Zn) plus Fe during combustion of RDC. About 87% of Sb, 66% of Pb, 60% of Cu and significant parts of Fe{gt}Zn{gt}Ni{gt}Mn{gt}Cr from the RDC are volatile at 1200{degree}C, and their behaviour in the temperature interval 500-1200{degree}C is characterized. The use of sorbents (zeolite, kaolinite, montmorillonite, coals enriched in kaolinite and calcite, and lime plus portlandite) for capture, solidification and inertization of the most volatile elements during combustion of RDC is also described. Perspective sorbents and inertants for a retention of the most volatile Pb, Sb and Cu in RDC ash are kaolinite and montmorillonite or coals enriched in these minerals. In addition, when there is an effective RDC washing (dechlorination and desulphurization), the use of sorbents for capture of some metals could be reduced or even avoided. Recommendations are given for RDC utilization and improvisation of the collection, separation procedures and removal efficiency of some heavy-metal, chloride and sulphate compounds from MSW and RDC prior to their use. The results show that a long-term strategy based on detailed understanding of the source, formation, behaviour and fate of the elements and their modes of occurrence in MSW, RDC and combustion waste residues is required in order to validate a perspective waste pyrolytic processes development. 55 refs., 3 figs., 6 tabs.

Die Zukunft des Sozialstaates Deutschland: Elemente einer Reformstrategie

OpenAIRE

Lampert, Heinz

1998-01-01

Die Notwendigkeit einer Reform des Sozialstaates Deutschland ist nach Auffassung des Autors evident, weil eine zu hohe Staats- und Sozialabgabenquote zu Steuervermeidung, Verringerung der Leistungsbereitschaft, Schwarzarbeit, Steuerhinterziehung, Korruption und Betrug führen und die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der Wirtschaft gefährden. Der Sozialstaat, den der Verfasser als eine der großen Errungenschaften der Neuzeit interpretiert, kann nach seiner Überzeugung aber so reformiert werden, daß soziale...

Trace elements partitioning during coal combustion in fluidized bed under O{sub 2}/CO{sub 2} atmosphere

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Li, Haixin; Zhao, Changsui; Liang, Cai; Duan, Lunbo; Chen, Huichao [Southeast Univ., Nanjing (China). School of Energy and Environment

2013-07-01

Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of temperature and O{sub 2}/CO{sub 2} atmosphere on trace elements (Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cd, Pb, Hg, As, Se) partitioning during combustion of Xuzhou bituminous coal in a 6 kWth fluidized bed. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) were used to determine trace elements contents in raw coal, bottom ash, fly ash and flue gas. The results indicate that with bed temperature increase, the relative enrichment of all the trace elements except Cr in bottom ash decreases suggesting that their volatility is enhanced. The relative enrichments of hardly volatile elements, like Cr and Mn in fly ash increase with bed temperature increase while those of partially volatile and highly volatile elements in fly ash are opposite. The relative enrichments of trace elements except Cr and Mn in fly ash are higher than those in bottom ash. Increasing bed temperature promotes elements like As, Se and Hg to migrate to vapor phase, Mn to migrate to fly ash and Cr to migrate to both bottom ash and fly ash. 21%O{sub 2}/79%CO{sub 2} atmosphere improves the volatility of Cr, Mn, Co, Se and their migration to fly ash, while restrains the volatility of As, Ni, Pb. It has little effect on the volatility of Hg but improves its migration to fly ash. Mass balance ratio was also calculated to observe trace elements distribution in bottom ash, fly ash and flue gas. There is no much difference in trace elements distribution between the two atmospheres. It can be seen that the trace elements proportion in fly ash is much greater, and more than 40% of Hg is distributed in the gas phase. Most of Hg and Se volatilize during combustion. The mass balance ratios are 87 {proportional_to} 129% which is considered acceptable.

Compilation of the calculation elements of the electronic equipments reliability; Recueil des elements de calcul de la fiabilite des equipements electroniques

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lefevre, R.; D' Harcourt, A.; Dupuy, G. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1968-07-01

The aim of this work is to allow the practical execution of the estimated calculation of the electronic devices reliability and to standardize the source and the approach of the calculations while giving a systematic character to their execution mode. The systematic character of the calculations allows a comparison of the reliability of different materials and a rapid control of the calculations validity; at last, it brings out the use conditions of all the components of a set. A reliability calculation made according to the method described here reveals: -components badly used -the relative influence on the reliability of the set, of a component or a components group taking into account of the number, of the characteristics and of the use of these ones. At last, the results of the calculation allows to organize the exploitation (availability) and the maintenance (staff, stock of components) of the materials. The failure rates given in this book are only relating to the components service-life and do not correspond to precocious failures. (authors) [French] L'objet du present recueil est d'une part de permettre l'execution pratique du calcul previsionnel de la fiabilite des equipements electroniques et d'autre part d'uniformiser l'origine et la presentation de calculs en donnant un caractere systematique a leur mode d'execution. Le caractere systematique des calculs permet une comparaison de la fiabilite de differents materiels et un controle rapide de la validite des calculs; enfin il met en relief les conditions d'utilisation de tous les composants d'un ensemble. Un calcul de fiabilite realise selon la methode preconise par ce document permet la mise en evidence: -des composants mal utilises -de l'influence relative sur la fiabilite de l'ensemble, d'un composant ou d'un groupe de composants compte tenu du nombre, des caracteristiques et de l'utilisation de ceux-ci. Enfin, les resultats du

Fixation and separation of the elements thorium and uranium using anion exchange resins in nitrate solution; Fixation et separation des elements thorium et uranium par les resines echangeuses d'anions en milieu nitrate

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Korgaonkar, V. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1967-10-01

The exchange of thorium and uranium between a strong base anion resin and a mixed water + ethanol solvent containing nitrate ions is studied. It is assumed that in the resin the thorium and uranium are fixed in the form of the complexes Th(NO{sub 3}){sub 6}{sup 2-} and UO{sub 2}(NO{sub 3}){sub 4}{sup 2-} in solution these elements are present in the form of complexes having the general formula: Th(NO{sub 3}){sub 6-n}{sup n-2} and UO{sub 2}(NO{sub 3}){sub 4-n}{sup n-2} It has been possible to deduce a law for the changes in the partition functions of thorium and uranium as a function of the concentrations of the various species in solution and of the complexing ion NO{sub 3}. From this has been deduced the optimum operational conditions for separating a mixture of these two elements. Finally, in these conditions, the influence of a few interfering ions has been studied: Ba, Bi, Ce, La, Mo, Pb, Zr. The method proposed can be used either as a preparation, or for the dosage of thorium by a quantitative separation. (author) [French] On etudie l'echange du thorium et de l'uranium entre une resine anion base forte et un solvant mixte eau + ethanol charge en ions nitrates. On a suppose que, dans la resine, le thorium et l'uranium sont fixes sous forme de complexes Th(NO{sub 3}){sub 6}{sup 2-} et UO{sub 2}(NO{sub 3}){sub 4}{sup 2-} en solution, ces elements sont engages dans des complexes de formule generale: Th(NO{sub 3}){sub 6-n}{sup n-2} and UO{sub 2}(NO{sub 3}){sub 4-n}{sup n-2} On a pu degager une loi de variation des coefficients de partage du thorium et de l'uranium en fonction des concentrations des diverses especes en solution et de l'anion complexant NO{sub 3}{sup -}. On en a deduit les conditions operatoires optimales necessaires pour separer les deux elements a partir de leurs melanges. Enfin, dans ces conditions, on a etudie l'influence de quelques elements genants: Ba, Bi, Ce, La, Mo, Pb, Zr. La methode preconisee peut etre

A Physics and Tabulated Chemistry Based Compression Ignition Combustion Model: from Chemistry Limited to Mixing Limited Combustion Modes Un modèle de combustion à allumage par compression basé sur la physique et la chimie tabulée : des modes de combustion contrôlés par la chimie jusqu’aux modes contrôlés par le mélange

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Bordet N.

2011-11-01

experimental measurements carried out on a 2 liter Renault Diesel engine and good agreements are found. Ce papier présente une nouvelle approche 0D phénoménologique pour prédire le déroulement de la combustion dans les moteurs Diesel à injection directe pour toutes les conditions d’utilisation usuelles. Le but de ce travail est de développer une approche physique en vue d’améliorer la prédiction de la pression cylindre et du dégagement d’énergie, avec un nombre minimum d’essais nécessaires à la calibration. Les contributions principales de cette étude sont la modélisation de la phase de pré-mélange de la combustion et une extension du modèle pour les stratégies d’injections multiples. Dans ce modèle, le taux de dégagement d’énergie dû à la combustion pour la phase pré-mélangée est relié à un taux de réaction moyen du carburant. Ce taux de réaction moyen de carburant est évalué à l’aide d’une approche basée sur un taux de réaction local de carburant tabulé et la détermination d’une fonction de densité de probabilité (PDF de la fraction de mélange (Z. Cette PDF permet de prendre en compte la distribution de richesse existante dans la zone pré-mélangée. L’allure de cette PDF présumée est une β-fonction standardisée. Les fluctuations de la fraction de mélange sont décrites avec une équation de transport pour la variance de Z. La définition standard de la fraction de mélange, établie dans le cas de flammes de diffusion, est ici adaptée à une combustion pré-mélangée de type Diesel pour décrire l’inhomogénéité de la richesse dans le volume de contrôle. La chimie détaillée est décrite au travers de la tabulation du taux de réaction relatif à la flamme principale et du délai d’auto-inflammation relatif à la flamme froide, ces tabulations sont fonction de la variable d’avancement c, du taux de gaz brûlé ainsi que des grandeurs thermodynamiques telles que la température et la pression. Le

Element partitioning in combustion- and gasification-based waste-to-energy units

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Arena, Umberto; Di Gregorio, Fabrizio

2013-01-01

Highlights: ► Element partitioning of waste-to-energy units by means of a substance flow analysis. ► A comparison between moving grate combustors and high temperature gasifiers. ► Classification of key elements according to their behavior during WtE processes. ► Slags and metals from waste gasifiers are completely and immediately recyclable. ► Potential reduction of amounts of solid residue to be sent to landfill disposal. - Abstract: A critical comparison between combustion- and gasification-based waste-to-energy systems needs a deep knowledge of the mass flows of materials and elements inside and throughout the units. The study collected and processed data from several moving grate conventional incinerators and high-temperature shaft gasifiers with direct melting, which are in operation worldwide. A material and substance flow analysis was then developed to systematically assess the flows and stocks of materials and elements within each waste-to-energy unit, by connecting the sources, pathways, and intermediate and final sinks of each species. The patterns of key elements, such as carbon, chloride and heavy metals, in the different solid and gaseous output streams of the two compared processes have been then defined. The combination of partitioning coefficients with the mass balances on atomic species and results of mineralogical characterization from recent literatures was used to estimate a composition of bottom ashes and slags from the two types of waste-to-energy technologies. The results also allow to quantify some of the performance parameters of the units and, in particular, the potential reduction of the amount of solid residues to be sent to final disposal

Qualification des logiciels numériques. Application à un logiciel d'analyse de la combustion dans les moteurs à allumage commandé Qualification of Numerical Software. Application to a Software for Analysing Combustion in Spark-Ignition Engines

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Vignes J.

2006-11-01

Full Text Available La simulation numérique est actuellement très utilisée pour étudier les systèmes physiques. Elle nécessite un programme de calcul scientifique constitué d'un modèle mathématique représentatif du problème étudié et des méthodes numériques de résolution associées. Elle fournit des résultats numériques censés représenter le phénomène physique. Pour pouvoir valider la simulation, il est absolument indispensable, d'une part, d'estimer la propagation des erreurs d'arrondi due à l'arithmétique approchée des ordinateurs et, d'autre part, d'évaluer l'influence des erreurs de données sur les résultats fournis. Nous présentons, dans cet article, le logiciel CADNA qui permet de valider les logiciels numériques. Nous l'appliquons à un logiciel de simulation d'analyse de la combustion dans les moteurs à allumage commandé et en montrons son efficacité. For analyzing physical phenomena, numerical simulation is used more and more frequently. Starting with a mathematical model describing the phenomenon being analyzed, this simulation consists in creating a scientific computing program expressing this model by implementing the numerical methods required for solving it. Simulation is considered to be valid when the results its provides are in agreement with the results issuing from experimenting with the phenomenon. However, to conclude in the possible validity of the simulation, the numerical results provided by the computer must be previously validated. Yet, these results contain a computing error resulting from the propagation of round-off errors caused by the floating-point arithmetic used by the computer. They also contain an error coming from the uncertainties concerning the data of the problem. Hence it is first indispensable to assess the influence of these errors. This article is made up of two parts. The first part concerns the validation of numerical software results. After making a brief review of the floating

Dust Combustion Safety Issues for Fusion Applications

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

L. C. Cadwallader

2003-05-01

This report summarizes the results of a safety research task to identify the safety issues and phenomenology of metallic dust fires and explosions that are postulated for fusion experiments. There are a variety of metal dusts that are created by plasma erosion and disruptions within the plasma chamber, as well as normal industrial dusts generated in the more conventional equipment in the balance of plant. For fusion, in-vessel dusts are generally mixtures of several elements; that is, the constituent elements in alloys and the variety of elements used for in-vessel materials. For example, in-vessel dust could be composed of beryllium from a first wall coating, tungsten from a divertor plate, copper from a plasma heating antenna or diagnostic, and perhaps some iron and chromium from the steel vessel wall or titanium and vanadium from the vessel wall. Each of these elements has its own unique combustion characteristics, and mixtures of elements must be evaluated for the mixture’s combustion properties. Issues of particle size, dust temperature, and presence of other combustible materials (i.e., deuterium and tritium) also affect combustion in air. Combustion in other gases has also been investigated to determine if there are safety concerns with “inert” atmospheres, such as nitrogen. Several coolants have also been reviewed to determine if coolant breach into the plasma chamber would enhance the combustion threat; for example, in-vessel steam from a water coolant breach will react with metal dust. The results of this review are presented here.

Review of safety precautions derived from six-year experience of a spent fuel reprocessing plant - Centre de Marcoule; Elements de securite tires de six annees d'exploitation de l'usine de traitement de combustibles irradies du Centre de Marcoule

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rodier, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Centre de Production de Plutonium, Marcoule (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1964-07-01

an organization of the work aimed at eliminating the causes of incidents. They investigate the following points in particular: - frequency of entry into forbidden zones during normal functioning - the distribution of exceptional tasks - the prevention of criticality risks - zone contamination incidents - the volume and nature of decontaminated material and eliminated residues - the evolution and distribution of external irradiation doses received by the workers - the frequency of cases of body contamination - internal contamination fixed in the organisms of workers. Conclusions are drawn from the different incidents which have occurred during the years of operating the plant. (author) [French] Dans une usine de traitement de combustibles irradies comme dans toute autre usine, la continuite de la production ne peut etre obtenue que par une recherche constante de la securite. Les auteurs examinent les elements de securite apportes par la conception des installations tant au point de vue de la securite classique que de la securite radiologique. Dans l'industrie nucleaire, il ne suffit pas, en effet, d'adopter seulement les precautions habituelles prises contre les risques d'explosion, d'incendie...; il faut aussi apporter beaucoup d'attention aux problemes poses par le confinement des matieres, la radioactivite et les risques de criticite. Les principes generaux de la prevention technique contre les risques radioactifs sont maintenant bien connus. Leur application doit se traduire des la conception des installations par des dispositions concernant: - la conception et la realisation des installations vis-a-vis des risques deja enumeres, - la division de l'usine en zones, - la circulation du personnel et du materiel, - la ventilation et l'epuration de l'air. Les facteurs techniques de securite ne sont toutefois pas suffisants a eux seuls. Quelle que soit la qualite du materiel et le degre d'automatisme atteint, la continuite de fonctionnement d'une usine implique l

A Rapid-Insertion Control-Absorber Mechanism for Use in Hollow Fuel Elements; Mecanisme d'Insertion Rapide d'Absorbants pour Utilisation dans des Elements Creux; Mekhanizm bystrogo vvoda poglotitelya dlya ispol'zovaniya v polykh toplivnykh ehlementakh; Mecanismo para la Insercion Rapida de Absorbentes en Elementos Combustibles Huecos

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

King, E. S.F. [Atomic Energy Research Establishment Harwell, Berks. (United Kingdom)

1964-06-15

reglee avec une precision de 4 x 10{sup -3}cm et on peut le retirer a des vitesses de 0,04 cm/s'et 0,01 cm/s. Le mecanisme est constitue par un moteur a vernier qui entraihe une vis sans fin et eleve ou abaisse un obturateur cylindrique adapte a la protection a sa base d'un electro-aimant qui soutient un tube absorbant. Il y a un espace important autour du tube absorbant, qui tombe en chute libre (il rencontre seulement la resistance visqueuse du ralen- tisseur/refroidisseur) jusqu'a ce qu'il soit arrete dans sa chute par une barre centrale passant a travers la vis sans fin et aboutissant a un amortisseur a ressort circulaire situe au sommet du mecanisme. Apres la chute du tube absorbant, le moteur fait descendre rapidement l'obturateur dans lequel on engage de nouveau le tube. La dimension du mecanisme est comprise dans les dimensions d'ensemble de l'element et on peut le sortir du reacteur en meme temps que l'element ou separement, au moyen de la bouteille de dechargement du combustible [Spanish] El autor describe las caracteristicas tecnicas y funcionales de un mecanismo de mando para absorbentes de control, de insercion rapida, aplicable a los elementos combustibles huecos, verticales, de los reactores de ensayo de materiales de tipo DIDO, cuyo flujo termico es de 10{sup 14} n/cm{sup 2} s. La aceleracion descendente inicial del absorbente es la debida a la gravedad y la carrera total, de 61 cm, se cumple en 0,4 s. El intervalo de disparo del iman es de 5 ms. El absorbente pesa 7 kg, tiene una superficie efectiva de 1000 cm{sup 2} de Cd y una capacidad de regulacion del 3% de la reactividad. Su posicion puede fijarse con una precision de 4 x 10{sup -3}cm y la velocidad de extraccion varia entre 0,04 cm/s y 0,01 cm/s. El mecanismo consta de un motor de avance a vernier que acciona un tornillo de guia y puede elevar o bajar un obturador blindado cilindrico de ajuste estricto que lleva un electroiman en el extremo inferior y sostiene el absorbente tubular. La luz radial

Numerical simulations of stationary and transient spray combustion for aircraft gas turbine applications

OpenAIRE

Fossi, Athanase Alain

2017-01-01

Le développement des turbines à gaz d’aviation actuelles et futures est principalement axé sur la sécurité, la performance, la minimisation de la consommation de l’énergie, et de plus en plus sur la réduction des émissions d’espèces polluantes. Ainsi, les phases de design de moteurs sont soumises auxaméliorations continues par des études expérimentales et numériques. La présente thèse se consacre à l’étude numérique des phases transitoires et stationnaires de la combustion au sein d’une turbi...

Nitrous Oxide from Combustion and Industry: Chemistry, Emissions and Control Protoxyde d'azote provenant de la combustion et de l'industrie : chimie, émissions et techniques de réduction

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

De Soete G.

2006-11-01

Full Text Available After an Introductory Part, presenting a survey of the present knowledge of nitrous oxide chemistry related to fossil fuel combustion and flue gas treatment, as a background for the understanding of emission factors, the paper deals successively with the average N2O emission factors from combustion and other industrial sources, and gives guidelines for appropriate N2O control technology ; with respect to the former item, some comments and criticisms on the 1991 OEDC/IPCC Report are formulated. As far as updated emission sources are concerned, emphasis is put on those which presently constitute issues : emissions from fluidized bed combustors, emissions caused by non catalytic selective NO reduction by ammonia and urea injection, N2O emissions caused by the use of automotive three-way catalysts as well as emissions from nitric acid and adipic acid manufacturing and from municipal wastes and sewage sludges incineration. Comments on the 1991 OEDC/IPCC Report mainly emphasize : (1 the surprising absence of emission factors from stationary combustion facilities and the inadequacy of some of the scarcely presented data, (2 the strange ignorance of the important effect of aging of three-way catalysts on the emission of N2O from gasoline vehicles. These omissions are the more surprising since reliable information in these two fields were already available at the period the OEDC Report was issued and or revised. For the assessment of adequate N2O control technologies, there is an urgent need for further R&D work. Presently existing understanding of homogeneous and heterogeneous N2O chemistry may provide interesting hints for N2O control, either by gas phase treatment or by catalytic reduction, depending on the concentration levels present in the off-gases to be treated. Le but de cet article est double : d'une part il fait le point sur les facteurs d'émission de N2O provenant de la combustion des combustibles fossiles et de certains autres secteurs de l

Developpement d'un modele analytique pour l'analyse en elasticite lineaire de champs de deformation et contrainte au sein d'un polycristal. comparaison avec la methode des elements finis =

Science.gov (United States)

Bretin, Remy

L'endommagement par fatigue des materiaux est un probleme courant dans de nombreux domaines, dont celui de l'aeronautique. Afin de prevenir la rupture par fatigue des materiaux il est necessaire de determiner leur duree de vie en fatigue. Malheureusement, dues aux nombreuses heterogeneites presentes, la duree de vie en fatigue peut fortement varier entre deux pieces identiques faites dans le meme materiau ayant subi les memes traitements. Il est donc necessaire de considerer ces heterogeneites dans nos modeles afin d'avoir une meilleure estimation de la duree de vie des materiaux. Comme premiere etape vers une meilleure consideration des heterogeneites dans nos modeles, une etude en elasticite lineaire de l'influence des orientations cristallographiques sur les champs de deformations et de contraintes dans un polycristal a ete realisee a l'aide de la methode des elements finis. Des correlations ont pu etre etablies a partir des resultats obtenus, et un modele analytique en elasticite lineaire prenant en compte les distributions d'orientations cristallographiques et les effets de voisinage a pu etre developpe. Ce modele repose sur les bases des modeles d'homogeneisation classique, comme le schema auto-coherent, et reprend aussi les principes de voisinage des automates cellulaires. En prenant pour reference les resultats des analyses elements finis, le modele analytique ici developpe a montre avoir une precision deux fois plus grande que le modele auto-coherent, quel que soit le materiau etudie.

Fission gas pressure build-up and fast-breeder economy; Accumulation de la pression des gaz de fission et economie des reacteurs surgenerateurs a neutrons rapides; Nakoplenie davleniya gazov produktov deleniya i ehkonomika reaktorov-razmnozhitelej na bystrykh nejtronakh; Aumento de la presion de los gases de fision y economia de los reactores reproductores rapidos

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Engelmann, P [Kernforschungszentrum, Karlsruhe (Germany)

1962-03-15

Fuel-cycle costs and doubling time of fast-breeder reactors are strongly affected by the fuel-burn-up obtainable. Use of oxide or carbide fuel offers the possibility of reaching a burn-up of 100 000 MWd/t. In fuel-clad elements, a limiting factor is the fission-gas-pressure build-up. At the high burn-up considered, an appreciable fraction of the fission gases gets into the pores and thus contributes to the pressure on the can. Starting from the known fission-product yields and decay chains, gas production and pressure build-up have been calculated. Three physical models have been employed in calculating the pressure acting upon the can : the gas is contained either in interconnected pores, in separate pores, or in a central hole. The pressure-dependence upon free volume (fuel density) and temperature will be discussed. Cans made of high-strength materials as Ineonel-X and molybdenum could stand the fission-gas pressure at operating temperatures. Unfortunately, these materials have higher absorption cross-sections than stainless steel. Results of a multi-group calculation are given, showing the effect of using these can materials and of decreasing the fuel density on critical mass and breeding ratio in small and medium-size breeders. (author) [French] Le cout du cycle de combustible et la periode de doublement des reacteurs surgenerateurs a neutrons rapides dependent etroitement du taux de combustion. En utilisant pour combustible un oxyde ou un carbure, on peut atteindre un taux de combustion de 100 000 MW j/t. Avec des combustibles gaines, l'accumulation de la pression des gaz de fission est un facteur limitatif. Pour le fort taux de combustion envisage, une fraction non negligeable des gaz de fission penetre dans les interstices et contribue ainsi a la pression sur la gaine. A partir des rendements en produits de fission et des chaines de desintegration connus, l'auteur a calcule la production de gaz et l'accumulation de pression. Pour calculer la pression

The use and evolution of the CEA research reactors; Utilisation et evolution des reacteurs de recherche du C.E.A

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rossillon, F; Chauvez, C [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1964-07-01

MELUSINE sont actuellement en cours de modernisation. La Pile SILOE, egalement du type piscine, est en fonctionnement a 15 MW depuis la fin de l'annee 1963. Les performances realisees constituent un progres considerable dans le domaine des piles piscines, les flux obtenus etant d'un ordre de grandeur qui exigeait jusqu'a present l'adoption d'une structure 'a caisson' dont on connait les nombreux inconvenients pour la realisation des experiences. La pile SILOE sera surtout utilisee pour l'etude des materiaux de structure, du graphite, des combustibles refractaires, et pour la physique du solide. La Pile PEGASE, en service au Centre de Cadarache depuis 1963, est destinee uniquement au test, en vraie grandeur, des elements combustibles des filieres EDF et EL4. Le programme actuel pour les 8 boucles de la Pile concerne les elements des Piles EDF 2, EDF 3 et EL 4. De nouvelles boucles sont en cours d'etude pour les elements combustibles des piles EDF 4 et EDF 5. L'orientation des programmes du CEA a mis en evidence d'importants besoins d'irradiations en neutrons rapides. La Pile OSIRIS, actuellement en cours de realisation, permettra de completer les moyens du CEA dans ce domaine, tout en venant compenser, pour le Centre de Saclay, l'arret prochain de EL 2. OSIRIS est une pile a eau legere, mais dont la structure assez particuliere permettra un fonctionnement a 50 MW sans les inconvenients habituels lies a l'existence d'un caisson lourd et etanche. Cette pile, dont la mise en service est prevue pour 1966, sera surtout utilisee pour l'etude des materiaux de structure, du graphite et des combustibles refractaires; elle permettra egalement d'accroitre la production des radioisotopes a haute activite specifique, et de developper les techniques d'analyse par activation. (auteurs)

Some economic aspects of natural uranium graphite gas reactor types. Present status and trends of costs in France; Quelques aspects economiques de la filiere uranium naturel - Graphite - gaz. Etat actuel et tendance des couts en France

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gaussens, J; Tanguy, P [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires; Leo, B [Electricite de France (EDF), 75 - Paris (France)

1964-07-01

reduction in investment costs can be obtained without relying on fuel enrichment, and that this development is accompanied moreover by improvements in the operational safety of the reactor. The economic aspects of the main technical problems entailed by these developments are discussed: loading and unloading machines, blowers etc... (authors) [French] Dans une premiere partie, on situe l'interet economique de l'utilisation de l'uranium naturel comme combustible. Cet interet reside a la fois dans le nombre limite et la simplicite relative des operations de mise en forme des elements combustibles, dans le faible cout du produit fini par kwh et dans les immobilisations modestes en capital qu'implique ce cycle par rapport ou cycle de l'uranium enrichi. Tous ces elements permettent de reduire le caractere aleatoire des evaluations des couts, particulierement marque dans le cas de l'uranium enrichi, en raison de la complexite de son cycle et des incertitudes concernant le prix du plutonium. Enfin, la diversite des sources d'approvisionnement en concentre d'uranium naturel opposee au quasi monopole actuel de la separation isotopique, et le faible cout du stockage de ce concentre, offrent des garanties en matiere de securite d'approvisionnement et d'independance economique et politique appreciables par rapport a l'uranium enrichi. En ce qui concerne l'ensemble des capitaux immobilises, on montre que si le cout des centrales au graphite-gaz est plus eleve que celui des centrales eau legere pour certaines gammes de puissance, ce resultat est fortement nuance des que l'on fait intervenir dans un souci d'independance nationale le cout de l'equipement de production des combustibles de l'une et l'autre filiere. Enfin, le cout marginal de la puissance du reacteur au graphite est faible, ses limitations technologiques ont considerablement recule (grace en particulier a l'utilisation du beton precontraint). On sait que la tendance actuelle est a l'accroissement de la puissance unitaire des

Elemental and organic carbon in flue gas particles of various wood combustion systems

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gaegauf, C.; Schmid, M.; Guentert, P.

2005-12-15

The airborne particulate matter (PM) in the environment is of ever increasing concern to authorities and the public. The major fractions of particles in wood combustion processes are in the size less than 1 micron, typically in the range of 30 to 300 nm. Of specific interest is the content of the elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) in the particles since these substances are known for its particular potential as carcinogens. Various wood combustion systems have been analysed (wood chip boiler, pellet boiler, wood log boiler, wood stove and open fire). The sampling of the particles was done by mean of a multi-stage particle sizing sampler cascade impactor. The impactor classifies the particles collected according to their size. The 7 stages classify the particles between 0.4 and 9 microns aerodynamic diameter. The analytical method for determining the content of EC and OC in the particles is based on coulometry. The coulometer measures the conductivity of CO{sub 2} released by oxidation of EC in the samples at 650 {sup o}C. The OC content is determined by pyrolysis of the particle samples in helium atmosphere.

HERCULES Advanced Combustion Concepts Test Facility: Spray/Combustion Chamber

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Herrmann, K. [Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule (ETH), Labor fuer Aerothermochemie und Verbrennungssysteme, Zuerich (Switzerland)

2004-07-01

This yearly report for 2004 on behalf of the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) at the Laboratory for Aero-thermochemistry and Combustion Systems at the Federal Institute of Technology ETH in Zurich, Switzerland, presents a review of work being done within the framework of HERCULES (High Efficiency R and D on Combustion with Ultra Low Emissions for Ships) - the international R and D project concerning new technologies for ships' diesels. The work involves the use and augmentation of simulation models. These are to be validated using experimental data. The report deals with the development of an experimental set-up that will simulate combustion in large two-stroke diesel engines and allow the generation of reference data. The main element of the test apparatus is a spray / combustion chamber with extensive possibilities for optical observation under variable flow conditions. The results of first simulations confirm concepts and shall help in further work on the project. The potential offered by high-speed camera systems was tested using the institute's existing HTDZ combustion chamber. Further work to be done is reviewed.

Safety report concerning the reactor Pegase - volume 1 - Description of the installation - volume 2 - Safety of the installations; Rapport de surete du reacteur pegase - tome 1 - Description des installations - tome 2 - Surete des installations

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lacour, J. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires; Legoin, P. [S.E.M. Hispano-Suiza, 92 - Colombes (France)

1964-07-01

In the first volume: This report is a description of the reactor Pegase, given with a view to examine the safety of the installations. The Cadarache site at which they are situated is briefly described, in particular because of the consequences on the techniques employed for building Pegase. A description is also given of the original aspects of the reactor. The independent loops which are designed for full-scale testing of fuel elements used in natural uranium-gas-graphite reactor systems are described in this report, together with their operational and control equipment. In the second volume: In the present report are examined the accidents which could cause damage to the Pegase reactor installation. Among possible causes of accidents considered are the seismicity of the region, an excessive power excursion of the reactor and a fracture in the sealing of an independent loop. Although all possible precautions have been taken to offset the effects of such accidents, their ultimate consequences are considered here. The importance is stressed of the security action and regulations which, added to the precautions taken for the construction, ensure the safety of the installations. (authors) [French] Dans le volume 1: Ce rapport est une description du reacteur Pegase, afin d'examiner la surete des installations. Le site de CADARACHE ou elles sont situees, a ete sommairement decrit, en particulier, a cause des consequences sur les techniques mises en oeuvre pour la realisation de Pegase. Nous nous sommes egalement attache a decrire les aspects originaux du reacteur. Les boucles autonomes destinees a tester en vraie grandeur des elements combustibles de la filiere uranium naturel graphite-gaz, ainsi que leurs dispositifs de controle et d'exploitation, figurent egalement dans ce rapport. Dans le volume 2: Dans le present rapport, nous examinons des accidents pouvant endommager des installations du reacteur Pegase. Les origines d'accidents examines

Safety report concerning the reactor Pegase - volume 1 - Description of the installation - volume 2 - Safety of the installations; Rapport de surete du reacteur pegase - tome 1 - Description des installations - tome 2 - Surete des installations

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lacour, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires; Legoin, P [S.E.M. Hispano-Suiza, 92 - Colombes (France)

1964-07-01

In the first volume: This report is a description of the reactor Pegase, given with a view to examine the safety of the installations. The Cadarache site at which they are situated is briefly described, in particular because of the consequences on the techniques employed for building Pegase. A description is also given of the original aspects of the reactor. The independent loops which are designed for full-scale testing of fuel elements used in natural uranium-gas-graphite reactor systems are described in this report, together with their operational and control equipment. In the second volume: In the present report are examined the accidents which could cause damage to the Pegase reactor installation. Among possible causes of accidents considered are the seismicity of the region, an excessive power excursion of the reactor and a fracture in the sealing of an independent loop. Although all possible precautions have been taken to offset the effects of such accidents, their ultimate consequences are considered here. The importance is stressed of the security action and regulations which, added to the precautions taken for the construction, ensure the safety of the installations. (authors) [French] Dans le volume 1: Ce rapport est une description du reacteur Pegase, afin d'examiner la surete des installations. Le site de CADARACHE ou elles sont situees, a ete sommairement decrit, en particulier, a cause des consequences sur les techniques mises en oeuvre pour la realisation de Pegase. Nous nous sommes egalement attache a decrire les aspects originaux du reacteur. Les boucles autonomes destinees a tester en vraie grandeur des elements combustibles de la filiere uranium naturel graphite-gaz, ainsi que leurs dispositifs de controle et d'exploitation, figurent egalement dans ce rapport. Dans le volume 2: Dans le present rapport, nous examinons des accidents pouvant endommager des installations du reacteur Pegase. Les origines d'accidents examines comprennent la seismicite

DIAGNOSIS OF FAILURE OF COMBUSTION IN THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER WITH A THERMOVISION EQUIPMENT

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

S. V. Vorobiev

2014-01-01

Full Text Available The use of thermovision technology to diagnose failure of the combustion flame test tube of the main combustion chamber gas turbine engine is deal with in the article. Join the thermal radiation of the jet of combustion products and the internal elements was carried out using short-wave thermovision system AGA-782 with spectral spectral filters in several ranges from 3.2 to 5.6 microns. Thermovision is mounted on the axis of the flame tube. The output signal was recorded and processed on a computer in real time, allowing monitor the combustion process and the thermal state of the object during the experiment.

Deformation analysis of rotary combustion engine housings

Science.gov (United States)

Vilmann, Carl

1991-01-01

This analysis of the deformation of rotary combustion engine housings targeted the following objectives: (1) the development and verification of a finite element model of the trochoid housing, (2) the prediction of the stress and deformation fields present within the trochoid housing during operating conditions, and (3) the development of a specialized preprocessor which would shorten the time necessary for mesh generation of a trochoid housing's FEM model from roughly one month to approximately two man hours. Executable finite element models were developed for both the Mazda and the Outboard Marine Corporation trochoid housings. It was also demonstrated that a preprocessor which would hasten the generation of finite element models of a rotary engine was possible to develop. The above objectives are treated in detail in the attached appendices. The first deals with finite element modeling of a Wankel engine center housing, and the second with the development of a preprocessor that generates finite element models of rotary combustion engine center housings. A computer program, designed to generate finite element models of user defined rotary combustion engine center housing geometries, is also included.

Caracterisation environnementale des emissions atmospheriques d'une source fixe et creation d'un outil de gestion dynamique =

Science.gov (United States)

Fournier, Marie-Claude

Une caracterisation des emissions atmospheriques provenant des sources fixes en operation, alimentees au gaz et a l'huile legere, a ete conduite aux installations visees des sites no.1 et no.2. La caracterisation et les calculs theoriques des emissions atmospheriques aux installations des sites no.1 et no.2 presentent des resultats qui sont en dessous des valeurs reglementaires pour des conditions d'operation normales en periode hivernale et par consequent, a de plus fortes demandes energetiques. Ainsi, pour une demande energetique plus basse, le taux de contaminants dans les emissions atmospheriques pourrait egalement etre en dessous des reglementations municipales et provinciales en vigueur. Dans la perspective d'une nouvelle reglementation provinciale, dont les termes sont discutes depuis 2005, il serait souhaitable que le proprietaire des infrastructures visees participe aux echanges avec le Ministere du Developpement Durable, de l'Environnement et des Parcs (MDDEP) du Quebec. En effet, meme si le principe de droit acquis permettrait d'eviter d'etre assujetti a la nouvelle reglementation, l'application de ce type de principe ne s'inscrit pas dans ceux d'un developpement durable. L'âge avance des installations etudiees implique la planification d'un entretien rigoureux afin d'assurer les conditions optimales de combustion en fonction du type de combustible. Des tests de combustion sur une base reguliere sont donc recommandes. Afin de supporter le processus de suivi et d'evaluation de la performance environnementale des sources fixes, un outil d'aide a la gestion de l'information environnementale a ete developpe. Dans ce contexte, la poursuite du developpement d'un outil d'aide a la gestion de l'information environnementale faciliterait non seulement le travail des personnes affectees aux inventaires annuels mais egalement le processus de communication entre les differents acteurs concernes tant intra- qu'inter-etablissement. Cet outil serait egalement un bon

Device for controlling the composition of the mixture burnt in the combustion spaces of an internal combustion engine. Einrichtung zur Regelung der Zusammensetzung des in den Brennraeumen einer Brennkraftmaschine zur Verbrennung kommenden Betriebsgemisches

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Latsch, R; Bianchi, V

1986-07-31

The purpose of the invention is to create a device by which the extent of the reaction to the control of the composition of the mixture burnt in the combustion spaces of an internal combustion engine can be measured in a sensitive, responsive and safe way, where the position of the elements detecting the reaction should have a relatively small effect on the accuracy of the measurement and the extent of measurement. According to the invention, this problem is solved by the use of 2 thermal sensors connected to a control device (photo-electric diode, photo-electric transistor), one of which acts catalytically and causes the parts of the gas mixture there to react. The thermal sensor output signals are periodically integrated via the piston work and are entered in the control device. The measured temperature is a measure of how far the method of operation of the internal combustion engine has approached its limits. (HWJ).

Instabilités de l'écoulement interne des moteurs à propergol solide

OpenAIRE

Feraille, Thierry

2004-01-01

Les longs moteurs à propergol solide peuvent présenter des oscillations de poussée dues à des fluctuations de la pression dans la chambre de combustion. Une source de ces fluctuations peut être l'instabilité de l'écoulement interne (écoulement de Taylor), dont l’étude au sens classique a déjà été effectuée par J.Griffond (2001) sur l'écoulement monophasique. Elle est présentée au premier chapitre, ainsi que le problème des oscillations de poussée et une première analyse des mesures effectuées...

Structural elements of mechanical engineering 2. Power train elements. 6. ed.; Konstruktionselemente des Maschinenbaus 2. Grundlagen von Maschinenelementen fuer Antriebsaufgaben

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Steinhilper, W. [Kaiserslautern Univ. (Germany). Lehrstuhl fuer Maschinenelemente und Getriebetechnik; Sauer, B. (eds.) [Technische Univ. Kaiserslautern (Germany). Lehrstuhl fuer Maschinenelemente und Getriebetechnik

2008-07-01

The Steinhilper/Roeper textbooks have become standard textbooks of German technical universities. This is the 6th edition, published under the new name 'Structural elements of mechanical engineering' by Steinhilper/Sauer, a renowned team of expert authors, has been completely revised and re-edited. In Vol. 2, the standard chapters on friction, wear, lubrication, bearings, sliding bearings, rolling bearings, and seals, have been completely updated. There are new chapters on: Power train systems, transmission systems and brakes, toothed gears and toothed gear drives, traction drives, friction transmission, sensors and actuators. The two-volume textbook covers the whole spectrum of typical elements of mechanical engineering. The information, much of which goes deeper than just basic knowledge, addresses students of universities and technical universities. This makes the book also a useful reference manual for the daily work of practical engineers. (orig.) [German] Die Baende der Maschinen- und Konstruktionselemente von Steinhilper/Roeper haben sich als Standard-Lehrbuecher an Technischen Hochschulen durchgesetzt. Unter dem Titel Steinhilper/Sauer: Konstruktionselemente des Maschinenbaus wurde das Werk von einem ausgewiesenen Autorenteam aktualisiert und grundlegend ueberarbeitet. Im vorliegenden Band 2 sind die bisherigen Kapitel Reibung, Verschleiss und Schmierung, Lagerungen, Gleitlager und Waelzlager sowie Dichtungen komplett ueberarbeitet. Neu hinzu gekommen sind: Einfuehrung in Antriebssysteme, Kupplungen und Bremsen, Zahnraeder und Zahnradgetriebe, Zugmittelgetriebe, Reibradgetriebe sowie Sensoren und Aktoren. Die 6. Auflage stellt eine aktualisierte und berichtigte Fassung dar. Die beiden Baende des Lehrwerks umfassen das gesamte Spektrum der typischen Konstruktions- und Maschinenelemente. Die Inhalte sind auf die Ausbildung an Universitaeten und Technischen Hochschulen abgestimmt und gehen teilweise ueber das Grundlagenwissen hinaus. So stellen die

Environmental Impact of Munition and Propellant Disposal (Impact Environnemental de l’Elimination des Munitions et des Combustibles)

Science.gov (United States)

2010-02-01

the Future of Demil 3-29 3.4.2 Poster Session 3-32 3.4.2.1 The Situation in Lithuania: The Studies on the Explosive Contamination, 3-32 Their Toxic...Presentations and Documents Supporting Capability Assessments A-1 Annex B – Presentations, Paper/ Posters and Videos from the Sofia Meeting B-1 Annex C...sur l’environnement. La réunion a inclus des participants provenant de l’OTAN et des partenaires dont la Russie et la Géorgie. Les sessions étaient

Etude paramétrique des effets de la stratification de la flamme sur les émissions d'oxydes d'azote (première partie Parametric Study of Statification Effects on Nitric Oxyde Emissions from Flam (Part One

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

De Soete G.

2006-11-01

Full Text Available On a étudié les effets de la stratification de flammes de prémélange laminaires, stationnaires et non stationnaires, sur les émissions d'oxydes d'azote formés par le mécanisme thermique et par le mécanisme du fuel-NO. Deux modalités de stratification ont été considérées, l'une juxtaposant sur le même plan les zones de combustion primaires correspond aux fractions individuelles du mélange stratifié (stratification en juxtaposition, l'autre disposant ces zones de combustion primaires sur des plans successifs (stratification en succession. Les émissions d'oxydes d'azote mesurées sur les flammes stratifiées ont été comparées à celles provenant de flammes non stratifiées de même composition globale et brûlant dans des conditions identiques. L'étude montre qu'il y a lieu de distinguer deux types d'effets de stratification. II existe un effet primaire -qui est la simple conséquence du morcellement de la flamme en un certain nombre de zones de combustion primaires (caractérisées par des compositions différentes et qui se traduit par l'additivité des émissions individuelles provenant des fractions respectives du mélange. L'effet total de la stratification se réduit à ce seul effet primaire au cas où les vitesses de formation des oxydes d'azote deviennent nulles après re-mélange des produits de combustion provenant des différentes fractions du mélange stratifié. Il en est ainsi par exemple dans le cas des flammes non stationnaires stratifiées en succession ; il en résulte alors soit une augmentation soit une diminution des émissions d'oxydes d'azote par rapport à celles des flammes non stratifiées, suivant la valeur de la richesse globale et du degré de stratification. Des effets secondaires de stratification se manifestent chaque fois que des produits de combustion, provenant d'une zone de combustion primaire donnée, sont introduits totalement ou partiellement dans un autre front de flamme créé par la

Combustion gas from biomass - innovative plant concepts on the basis of circulating fluidized bed gasification; Brenngas aus Biomasse - innovative Anlagenkonzepte auf Basis der Zirkulierenden Wirbelschichtvergasung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Greil, C; Hirschfelder, H [Lurgi Umwelt GmbH, Frankfurt am Main (Germany)

1998-09-01

The contribution describes the applications of the Lurgi-ZWS gas generator. There are three main fields of application: Direct feeding of combustion gas, e.g. into a rotary kiln, as a substitute for coal or oil, without either dust filtering or gas purification. - Feeding of the combustion gas into the steam generator of a coal power plant after dust filtering and, if necessar, filtering of NH{sub 3} or H{sub 2}S. - Combustion in a gas turbine or gas engine after gas purification according to specifications. The applications are described for several exemplary projects. (orig./SR) [Deutsch] Im folgenden wird ueber die Anwendung des Lurgi-ZWS-Gaserzeugers berichtet. Nach heutiger Sicht stehen drei Anwendungsgebiete im Vordergrund: - direkte Einspeisung des Brenngases in z.B. einen Zementdrehrohrofen zur Substitution von Kohle oder Oel, ohne Entstaubung und Gasreinigung. - Einspeisung des Brenngases nach Entstaubung und gegebenenfalls Entfernung weiterer Komponenten wie NH{sub 3} oder H{sub 2}S in den Dampferzeuger eines Kohlekraftwerkes - Einsatz des Brenngases in einer Gasturbine oder Gasmotor nach spezifikationsgerechter Gasreinigung. Die aufgefuehrten Einsatzmoeglichkeiten werden am Beispiel von Projekten beschrieben. (orig./SR)

Properties of low content uranium-molybdenum alloys which may be used as nuclear fuels; Proprietes des alliages uranium-molybdene de faibles teneurs utilisables comme materiaux combustibles

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lehmann, J; Decours, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1964-07-01

sont presentees les caracteristiques metallurgiques des alliages uranium-molybdene de teneurs comprises entre 0,5 et 3 pour cent en poids de molybdene. Certains de ces alliages etant utilises dans les piles de puissance EdF, nous indiquons brievement les conditions de fonctionnement demandees aux materiaux combustibles: temperature maximum, gradient de temperature et pression externe. Dans une premiere partie sont etudiees les proprietes structurales des alliages en correlation avec les cinetiques des transformations de phases, nous decrivons les incidences de differents facteurs physico-metallurgiques sur la morphologie et sur la structure cristalline des materiaux: - conditions de solidification et heredite de la structure {gamma}, - vitesse de refroidissement au passage des points de transformation - suppression ou non de la transformation intermediaire {gamma} {yields} {beta} Dans une seconde partie, nous indiquons comment la connaissance des processus des transformations de phase a permis de definir les conditions d'elaboration optimales de ces materiaux sous forme de tubes de combustibles destines aux reacteurs EdF: conditions de coulee traitement de refroidissement controle, soudabilite. Dans une troisieme partie, nous etudions la stabilite thermique au cours de paliers de longue duree a haute temperature et de cycles, dans les deux domaines du diagramme d'equilibre {alpha} + {gamma}, {beta} + {gamma}; les influences de la morphologie (en particulier des deux types de pseudo-grains {alpha} observes) et de la vitesse de refroidissement lors du passage des points de transformation sont discutees. Dans une quatrieme partie, les proprietes mecaniques sont discutees resistance a la traction, resistance au fluage, resilience. Ces proprietes peuvent etre egalement influencees par l'heredite de la structure {gamma} et par la vitesse de refroidissement subie par l'alliage. En conclusion, nous developpons les raisons qui ont motive le choix de certains de ces alliages

Review of Development Status of Nuclear Superheat; Expose sur l'etat actuel des travaux concernant la surchauffe nucleaire; Obzor razrabotki voprosa o yadernykh peregrevatelyakh; Estudio de los progresos realizados en niateria de sobrecalentamiento nuclear

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Imhoff, D. H.; Pennington, R. T. [General Electric Company, San Jose, CA (United States)

1963-10-15

fuel irradiation performance, in-pile and out-of-pile uniform and localized corrosion evaluations, results from thermal superheat critical experiments, results from experimental heat-transfer testing and a brief appraisal of the economic incentives of the separate superheat reactor, integral superheat reactor, and mixed-spectrum superheat reactor design studies. (b) A brief description is given of the USAEC-Sponsored ESADA-VESR nuclear superheat fuel development programme. The development tasks, the initial core superheat fuel-element design, the range of experimental variables, and the expected results for the three-year fuel development programme are discussed. (author [French] Depuis 1959, la Societe General Electric s'occupe activement de mettre au point la surchauffe nucleaire dans les reacteurs ralentis a l'eau ordinaire. A cette epoque, le ''Superheat Advance Demonstration Experiment'' (SADE), finance par la societe, a permis d'obtenir, pour la premiere fois aux Etats-Unis, de la vapeur surchauffee par un dispositif nucleaire. Les auteurs du memoire font le point de la situation actuelle concernant la surchauffe nucleaire. Ils decrivent, dans une premiere partie, les trois principales installations de surchauffe nucleaire utilisees par la General Electric et, dans la seconde, les deux principaux programmes de recherches sur la surchauffe ainsi que les resultats les plus importants obtenus jusqu'ici dans ce domaine. 1. Principales installations pour les experiences de surchauffe: a) Breve description du SADE utilise dans le reacteur a eau bouillante de Vallecitos (VBWR), avec tableaux des conditions dans lesquelles se deroulent les experiences, et des elements combustibles irradies pendant la periode comprise entre mai 1959 et juin 1962; puis examen critique des resultats les plus importants ainsi obtenus. b) Breve description de l' ''Expanded Superheat Advance Demonstration Experiment'' (E-SADE) installe dans le reacteur de Vallecitos, avec tableaux des

3d Simulation of Di Diesel Combustion and Pollutant Formation Using a Two-Component Reference Fuel Simulation 3D de la combustion et de la formation des polluants dans un moteur Diesel à injection directe en utilisant un carburant de référence à deux composants

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Barths H.

2006-12-01

reference fuels. The contributions of the different reaction paths (thermal, prompt, nitrous, and reburn to the NO formation are shown. Finally, the importance of the mixing process for the prediction of soot emissions is discussed. En séparant calculs aérodynamiques et calculs chimiques, le modèle instationnaire de flamelet permet d'introduire des mécanismes chimiques complets qui comprennent plusieurs centaines de réactions. Ceci est indispensable pour décrire les différents processus qui ont lieu dans un moteur Diesel à injection directe (ID tels que l'auto-inflammation, la fin de la phase de prémélange partiel, la transition vers une combustion diffusive et la formation de polluants tels que les NOx et les suies. Il n'est pas nécessaire de simplifier les taux de réactions hautement non linéaires, d'autre part, la structure complète du processus de combustion est conservée. En utilisant le modèle de type Representative Interaction Flamelet (RIF, l'ensemble monodimensionnel instationnaire d'équations différentielles aux dérivées partielles est résolu en interaction avec le code CFD 3D. La solution ainsi obtenue est couplée avec les flux gazeux et le champ de mélange par l'intermédiaire de plusieurs paramètres dépendant du temps (l'enthalpie, la pression, le taux scalaire de dissipation. En retour, le modèle de flamelet fournit les concentrations moyennes des espèces chimiques, qui sont ensuite exploitées par le code CFD 3D pour calculer les champs de températures et les densités. La densité est nécessaire au code CFD 3D pour déterminer les flux turbulents et le champ de mélange. La formation des polluants est déterminée expérimentalement dans un moteur Diesel Volkswagen DI 1900. Le moteur est alimenté avec du gazole et deux carburants de référence. Un des carburants de référence est du n-décane pur. Le second est un carburant bicomposant formé de 70 % (du volume liquide de n-décane et de 30 % d'alpha-méthylnaphtalène (Idea

Non-Destructive Testing of Plutonium-Enriched Fuel Rods; Controles non Destructifs de Barreaux Combustibles Enrichis au Plutonium; Nedestruktivnyj-kontrol' toplivnykh sterzhnej''obogashchennykh plutoniem; Ensayo no Destructivo de Elementos Combustibles Enriquecidos en Plutonio

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Libotte, P.; Inniger, H.; Leblanc, J. M. [Centre D' Etude de l' Energie Nucleaire, Societe Belge pour l' Industrie Nucleaire, S.A. (Belgonucleaire), Mol (Belgium)

1965-09-15

ultrasonically by the pulse-echo technique. The respective advantages of the various non-destructive techniques are studied in relation to the required accuracy and to their possible application to the automated inspection of plutonium fuel rods fabricated on an industrial scale. (author) [French] La Societe belge pour l'industrie nucleaire (BelgoNucleaire) et le Centre d'etude de l'energie nucleaire (CEN) etudient sous contrat, en cooperation avec la Commission de l'EURATOM, l'utilisation du plutonium dans les reacteurs de puissance a eau pressurisee. Dans le cadre des recherches entreprises, differentes techniques de controle non destructif ont ete mises au point en vue d'evaluer la qualite des barreaux combustibles fabriques. Les essais non destructifs mis au point et decrits dans le memoire sont utilises essentiellement pour le controle des dimensions et de la qualite des tubes de gainage, de l'integrite des soudures, de l'etancheite des barreaux, de la densite du materiau combustible et de sa repartition, de l'enrichissement en plutonium et de sa distribution radiale et axiale dans le barreau combustible. Les methodes utilisees pour ces essais non destructifs comportent principalement les examens par radiographie, par autoradiographie, par gammagraphie et par les ultrasons. Le document reprend le principe de chacune des mesures realisees, et decrit dans chaque cas l'appareillage utilise et les techniques operatoires appliquees en vue d'obtenir les sensibilites et precisions desirees. La technique utilisee pour la radiographie permet de deceler des defauts de l'ordre de 50 a 60 {mu}m dans les soudures d'extremite des barreaux combustibles. Les combustibles etant densifies par vibration de trois fractions de poudre dense, dont la fraction fine seule comporte l'enrichissement en plutonium, il est essentiel que la repartition de ce dernier, de meme que la distribution de la densite, soient relevees avec precision. Le comptage du rayonnement gamma emergent emis par le plutonium

Operating Experience with the BR-5 Reactor; Experience acquise aupres du reacteur BR-5; Opyt ehkspluatatsii reaktora BR-5; Experiencia practica con el reactor BR-5

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lejpunskij, A. I.; Kazachkovskij, O. D.; Pinkhasik, M. S.; Aristarkhov, N. N.; Karpov, A. V.; Larin, E. P.; Efimov, I. A.

1963-10-15

The paper discusses the carrying-out of repair and maintenance work on the radioactive liquid-metal circuit of the BR-5 fast neutron reactor. Attention is also given to problems of reactor operation after achievement of the planned 2% fuel burn-up with some disturbance of leak-tightness in individual fuel elements. An account is given of experience in discharging the active section, examining the condition and leak-tightness of the fuel elements, and decontaminating the equipment and piping of the first radioactive circuit after reaching 5% fuel burn-up. (author) [French] Dans ce memoire les auteurs decrivent l'execution des reparations et des travaux d'entretien dans le circuit radioactif liquide-metal du reacteur a neutrons rapides BR-5. Ils etudient egalement les problemes lies au fonctionnement du reacteur au taux de combustion de 2% prevu avec quelques defauts d'etancheite dans des elements combustibles particuliers. Ils decrivent le dechargementen zone active et examinent les conditions d'etancheite des elements combustibles. Ainsi que la decontamination de l'appareillage et des tuyauteries du premier circuit radioactif apres avoir atteint un taux de combustion de 5%. (author) [Spanish] En la memoria se examinan los problemas planteados por el mantenimiento del circuito radiactivo de metal liquido del reactor de neutrones rapidos BR-5. Se tratan cuestiones relacionadas con la explotacion del reactor una vez alcanzado el grado de combustion de 2%, previsto en el proyecto y luego de producirse ciertas alteraciones de la densidad de determinados elementos combustibles. Se describen la experiencia adquirida durante la descarga del cuerpo del reactor, las investigaciones del estado general y de la hermeticidad de los elementos combustibles y las operaciones de descontaminacion de la instalacion y de las tuberias del circuito radiactivo primario despues de alcanzado un grado de combustion de 5%. (author) [Russian] V doklade rassmatrivayutsya voprosy proizvodstva

Some physics aspects of cermet and ceramic fast systems; Quelques aspects de la physique des reacteurs a neutrons rapides utilisant des cermets et des ceramiques comme combustibles; Nekotorye fizicheskie aspekty kermetnykh i keramicheskikh sistem na bystrykh nejtronakh; Algunos aspectos fisicos de los sistemas rapidos a base de combustibles cermet y ceramicos

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Codd, J; James, M F; Mann, J E [United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Reactor Group (United Kingdom)

1962-03-15

The characteristics of a system using an iron-based oxide cermet as fuel material are discussed. A transport theory investigation to develop methods of predicting the effect of core heterogeneity on reactivity and flux distribution is described. Some preliminary calculations are also given of resonance self-shielding and Doppler temperature effects in a cermet system. (author) [French] Les auteurs etudient les caracteristique s d'un reacteur utilisant comme combustible un cermet d'oxydes a armature de fer. Ils exposent une application de la theorie du transport a la mise au point des methodes permettant de prevoir l'effet de l'heterogeneite du coeur sur la reactivite et sur la distribution du flux. Ils donnent egalement quelques calculs preliminaires d'effets d'autoprotection due a la resonance et d'effet Doppler du a la chaleur dans un reacteur utilisant un cermet. (author) [Spanish] La memoria discute las caracteristicas de un sistema que emplea como combustible un oxido tipo cermet a base de hierro. Describe una investigacion de la teoria de transporte con miras a desarrollar metodos para evaluar el efecto de la heterogeneidad del cuerpo sobre la reactividad y la distribucion de flujo. Tambien da algunos calculos preliminares de los efectos del autoblindaje por resonancia y de la temperatura de Doppler en un sistema de tipo cermet. (author) [Russian] Obsuzhdayutsya kharakteristiki sistemy, ispol'zuyushchej v kachestve toplivnogo materiala oksidnye kermety, razrabotannye na osnove zheleza. Opisyvaetsya issledovanie teorii perenosa, chtoby razvit' metody predskazaniya vliyaniya geterogennosti aktivnoj zony na reaktivnost' i raspredelenie potoka. Dayutsya takzhe nekotorye predvaritel'nye raschety ehffektov rezonansnoj samozashchity i temperaturnogo ehffekta Dopplera v kermetnoj sisteme. (author)

Personnel Dosimeters with Radiation Elements; Dosimetres Individuels Comportant des Elements Emetteurs; 0418 041d 0414 0418 0412 0418 0414 ; Dosimetros Individuales Provistos de Elementos Emisores

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hosemann, R.; Warrikhoff, H. F.H. [Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin-Dahlem, Federal Republic of Germany (Germany)

1965-06-15

The radiation element is a vacuum diode, the electrodes of which emit a different charge of electrons per unit of irradiation. Since the electrons ejected leave one electrode with a high energy, the other electrode will be charged to proportionally high voltages without any auxiliary power. Accordingly these direct reading systems are called radiation elements. When measuring X- and y-rays, one electrode consists of lead, the other of carbon. The wavelength independence with regard to the r-unit was obtained by the electron-filtering method. The sensitivity is approximately 0.5 V/r {+-} 8% within the range from 80 keV to 1.25 MeV. (Full scale 200-2000 r either linear or quasi logarithm. ) When measuring slow and fast neutrons, the induced {beta}-activity of the electrodes charge the built-in electrometer. It is possible to measure both gamma radiation and neutrons in rem units with one instrument. The neutron sensitivity of a gamma element can be made definitely zero, but the gamma sensitivity of a neutron element presents some difficulties. The outstanding advantages of these instruments are: (1) Self-powered systems, always ready to function, unlimited storing time, no batteries or charging units; (2) Extremely low fading because of the use of vacuum and quartz for isolation; (3) Quantitative measurement of the highest attainable dose rates because of no recombination effects (vacuum) ; and (4) Either direct or indirect systems. The direct reading instrument contains the radiation element and the electrometer in the same vacuum vessel. There are no electrical contacts outside the instrument. Cylindrical and spherical designs of the element are preferable to other geometries. The outer dimensions of the instrument will be the same as those of the commonly used pen-type dosimeters. Each system contains a discharge switch and a control unit. (author) [French] L'element emetteur est constitue par une diode a vide dont les electrodes emettent des flux d

Contribution to the study of nuclear fuel materials with a metallic uranium base; Contribution a l'etude des materiaux combustibles nucleaires a base d'uranium metallique

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Englander, M [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1957-11-15

In a power reactor destined to supply industrially recoverable thermal energy, the most economical source of heat still consists of natural metallic uranium. However, the nuclear fuel material, most often employed in the form of rods of 20 to 40 mm diameter, is subjected to a series of stresses which lead to irreversible distortions usually incompatible with the substructure of the reactor. As a result the fuel material must possess at the outset a certain number of qualities which must be determined. Investigations have therefore been carried out, first on the technological characters peculiar to each of the three allotropic phases of pure uranium metal, and on their interactions on the stabilisation of the material which consists of either cast uranium or uranium pile-treated in the {gamma} phase. (author) [French] Dans un reacteur de puissance destine a fournir de l'energie thermique industriellement recuperable, la source de chaleur la plus economique reste constituee par de l'uranium metallique naturel. Or, le materiau combustible nucleaire, employe le plus souvent sous forme de barreaux de 20 a 40 mm de diametre, se trouve soumis a un ensemble de contraintes qui provoque des deformations irreversibles, le plus souvent incompatibles avec l'infrastructure du reacteur. Par consequent, le materiau combustible doit presenter a l'origine un certain nombre de qualites qu'il est necessaire de determiner. Aussi a-t-on d'abord etudie les caracteres technologiques propres a chacune des trois phases allotropiques de l'uranium-metal pur et leurs interactions sur la stabilisation du materiau constitue soit par de l'uranium coule, soit par de l'uranium traite en pile en phase {gamma}. (auteur)

Release of Fission Products from UC-ZrC Fuel Inserts; Degagement des produits de fission liberes dans des noyaux combustibles UC-ZrC; Vydelenie produktov deleniya iz topliv UC - ZrC; Liberacion de productos de fision por pastillas de combustible de UC-ZrC

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Barth, F.; Von der Decken, C. B.; Schifferstein, K. [Brown Boveri/Krupp Reaktorbau G.M.B.H., Duesseldorf (Germany); Clauss, A.; Reichel, H.; Rygaert, J.; Ruston, W. R. [Societe d' Etudes de Recherches et d' Applications pour l' Industrie (S.E.R.A.I.), Brussels (Belgium)

1963-11-15

energies obtained from different types of pellets, although the values of D/r{sub 0}{sup 2} sometimes differed by four orders of magnitude at the same sample temperatures. After irradiation, the activities of the isotopes I{sup 131}, Sr{sup 85}, Ba{sup 140} and Ce{sup 141} were determined in the graphite of the capsules. Except for I{sup 131}, the activities were higher than those expected for a release by recoil only. The values for Sr{sup 89}, Ba{sup 140} and Ce{sup 141} are too high to be a result of a diffusion of their corresponding rare gas precursors. It is assumed that the measured isotopes or their non-rare gas precursors were released by diffusion. (author) [French] Les auteurs ont etudie sous irradiation, dans une boucle, le degagement des produits de fission liberes par des pastilles dont la composition approximative etait UC + 20 ZrC. Il s'agissait de verifier la possibilite d'utiliser ces pastilles comme noyaux d'elements combustibles spheriques pour le reacteur a haute temperature actuellement construit a Juliers par la societe Brown-Boveri/Krupp Reaktorbau GmbH. Les essais ont ete faits sur des pastilles encapsulees dans du graphite et sur des pastilles non encapsulees. La surface de certaines pastilles etait constituee par une couche de carbure de zirconium pur d'une epaisseur de 1 a 2 mm. Les echantillons ent ete places dans des fours electriques a resistance pouvant atteindre une temperature de 1600{sup o}C. Pendant l'irradiation, les flux de neutrons etaient de 3 a 4 x 10{sup 10}n/cm{sup 2}s. La boucle permettait de mesurer, pendant l'irradiation, le degagement de {sup 85m}Kr, {sup 87}Kr, {sup 88}Kr, {sup 133}Xe et {sup 135}Xe et de determiner indirectement les quantites de {sup 133}I et {sup 135}I, apres l'arret du reacteur. Le degagement minimum de {sup 131}I, {sup 89}Sr, {sup 140}Ba et {sup 141}Ce a ete determine radiochimiquement apres retrait des echantillons. Il a ete egalement possible de mesurer la fraction de recul {epsilon}{sub R} seule, le

40 CFR 74.16 - Application requirements for combustion sources.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... combustion sources. 74.16 Section 74.16 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED... for combustion sources. (a) Opt-in permit application. Each complete opt-in permit application for a combustion source shall contain the following elements in a format prescribed by the Administrator: (1...

The functioning of the reactors G2-G3 at Marcoule and E.D.F. 1; Experience de fonctionnement des reacteurs G2-G3 de Marcoule et enseignements des essais de demarrage du reacteur E.D.F. 1 de Chinon

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Boussard, R; Conte, F [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires; Stolz, J M [Electricite de France (EDF), 75 - Paris (France)

1964-07-01

After resuming briefly the characteristics of the installations G2-G3 at Marcoule and EDF 1 at Chinon, the authors review the main aspects of the tests, the starting and the exploitation of these reactors. Among the various points examined, particular emphasis is given to the devices of original nature such as tubular fuel elements, flattening of the neutron flux by stuffing, behaviour of the reactor tanks and the cooling circuits, the blowers, unloading devices, regulation and functioning of the informations. This analysis deals equally with the performances obtained and the difficulties and the various incidents experienced during the initial starting period. Among the more interesting results, the progressive increase in the power of the Marcoule reactors is mentioned, obtained through a better knowledge of the parameters covering the functioning of the reactors such as the distribution of the flux and the temperatures etc... acquired during the course of the exploitation of the reactor. The conclusion reached by the authors is that the experience gained on these installations has shown: - that during an initial period, adjustments became necessary, all of which turned out to be possible, - that an analysis of their functioning has permitted the progressive movement towards a truly industrial exploitation. (authors) [French] Les auteurs, apres un bref rappel des caracteristiques des installations G2 - G3 de MARCOULE et E.D.F. 1 de CHINON, passent en revue les principaux aspects des essais, de la mise en service et de l'exploitation de ces centrales. Parmi les divers points examines, une attention speciale est accordee aux dispositifs presentant un caractere original tels que elements combustibles tubulaires, aplatissement du flux neutronique par gavage, comportement des caissons des reacteurs et des circuits de refroidissement, soufflantes, appareils de dechargement, regulation et fonctionnement des informations. L'analyse presentee porte tant sur les

Perspectives d'amélioration du rendement à très faible charge des moteurs d'automobile Prospects for Lmprovinq the Very-Low-Load Efficiency of Automotive Engines

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Douaud A.

2006-11-01

Full Text Available Le mauvais rendement énergétique des véhicules utilisés à très faible charge (circulation urbaine, vitesses limitées provient entre autres des combustions non optimales. Celles-ci sont de plusieurs types : combustion lente et/ou tardive, ratés de propagation. L'acquisition de cycles de pression au moyen du système DIGITAP développé à l'In-titut Français du Pétrole (IFP est décrite et le calcul instantané du travail cycle-à-cycle permet de définir un critère de stabilité de fonctionnement du moteur. L'analyse thermodynamique des cycles montre que la composition du mélange air + carburant + gaz résiduels, trop proche des limites de propagabilité de flamme, est à l'origine des phénomènes observés. Des voies d'action portant sur les gaz résiduels, la turbulence et les paramètres du système d'allumage sont dégagées et permettent des améliorations importantes du rendement. The poor energy efficiency of vehicles used at very low engine load (urban traffic, limited speeds comes from non-optimum combustion, among other causes. Such combustion may be of several types, i. e. slow and/or late combustion, propagation misfiring. The recording of pressure cycles by the DIGITAP system developed at Institut Français du Pétrole (IFP is described, and the instantaneous computing of the cycle-to-cycle work enables a stability criterion for engine operating to be described. The thermodynamic analysis of the cycles shows that the composition of the air + fuel + residuel gas mixture which is too close to flame propagation limits is at the origin of the phenomena observed. Methods of action concerning residual gases, turbulence and the parameters of the ignition system are determined and make for great improvements in efficiency and stability for such types of running.

TOXIC SUBSTANCES FROM COAL COMBUSTION-A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

C.L. Senior; F. Huggins; G.P. Huffman; N. Shah; N. Yap; J.O.L. Wendt; W. Seames; M.R. Ames; A.F. Sarofim; S. Swenson; J.S. Lighty; A. Kolker; R. Finkelman; C.A. Palmer; S.J. Mroczkowski; J.J. Helble; R. Mamani-Paco; R. Sterling; G. Dunham; S. Miller

2001-06-30

The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 identify a number of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) as candidates for regulation. Should regulations be imposed on HAP emissions from coal-fired power plants, a sound understanding of the fundamental principles controlling the formation and partitioning of toxic species during coal combustion will be needed. With support from the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), the Electric Power Research Institute, and VTT (Finland), Physical Sciences Inc. (PSI) has teamed with researchers from USGS, MIT, the University of Arizona (UA), the University of Kentucky (UK), the University of Connecticut (UC), the University of Utah (UU) and the University of North Dakota Energy and Environmental Research Center (EERC) to develop a broadly applicable emissions model useful to regulators and utility planners. The new Toxics Partitioning Engineering Model (ToPEM) will be applicable to all combustion conditions including new fuels and coal blends, low-NOx combustion systems, and new power generation plants. Development of ToPEM will be based on PSI's existing Engineering Model for Ash Formation (EMAF). The work discussed in this report covers the Phase II program. Five coals were studied (three in Phase I and two new ones in Phase II). In this work UK has used XAFS and Moessbauer spectroscopies to characterize elements in project coals. For coals, the principal use was to supply direct information about certain hazardous and other key elements (iron) to complement the more complete indirect investigation of elemental modes of occurrence being carried out by colleagues at USGS. Iterative selective leaching using ammonium acetate, HCl, HF, and HNO3, used in conjunction with mineral identification/quantification, and microanalysis of individual mineral grains, has allowed USGS to delineate modes of occurrence for 44 elements. The Phase II coals show rank-dependent systematic differences in trace-element modes of occurrence. The work at

Rôle des feux de savane sur les caractéristiques biogéochimiques ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Les feux de brousse dont les effets dépendent aussi bien de leurs intensités ainsi que de leur saison d'occurrence, sont considérés comme une perturbation écologique majeure des écosystèmes savanicoles. L'objectif général de cette étude est de générer des connaissances sur l'effet de la quantité du combustible et de ...

Fast neutron breeder reactor Rapsodie - situation of physics, hydraulic, thermal and dynamics studies and studies of stability early in 1963; Pile rapide rapsodie - point des etudes neutroniques, hydrauliques, thermiques et dynamiques et des etudes de stabilite au debut de l'annee 1963

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

1964-07-01

) [French] Au debut de 1963, il a ete necessaire de faire un choix entre les deux combustibles etudies pour Rapsodie: l'alliage UPuMo avec double gainage Nb et acier inoxydable et l'oxyde mixte UO{sub 2}-PuO{sub 2}. Ce rapport donne les resultats des etudes menees avec les deux types de combustible. On rappelle d'abord les differents modeles qui ont ete etudies et on donne une description detaillee de coeurs alliage et oxyde tels qu'ils sont envisages au debut de 1963. On rapporte ensuite les principales caracteristiques neutroniques des deux coeurs: flux et spectre des neutrons, valeur des barres de securite - compensation, economie des neutrons, puissance specifique, fraction effective des neutrons retardes, temps de vie des neutrons prompts, coefficients de reactivite. On decrit les etudes et essais hydrauliques qui ont ete faits a propos de ces deux coeurs. On discute les criteres qui ont ete a l'origine des calculs de debits. On donne les resultats des essais de pertes de charge, de soulevement des assemblages, de vibration et d'ecoulement fin entre les aiguilles. On discute les constantes utilisees pour les calculs thermiques et on donne les temperatures maximales du sodium et des combustibles alliage et oxyde, les majorations dues aux points chauds et la limitation du taux de combustion de l'aiguille oxyde ayant pour origine la pression des gaz de fission. On rapporte les hypotheses qui ont ete utilisees pour les calculs dynamiques et l'on decrit les differents incidents qui ont ete etudies. On donne les resultats des calculs, pour chaque incident et pour chaque combustible et l'on montre que l'on peut eviter la fusion du combustible ou l'ebullition du sodium, meme dans le cas des hypotheses les plus pessimistes, en agissant sur les caracteristiques de la pile (valeur de la barre de pilotage ou puissance de la pile avec un seul circuit de refroidissement). La stabilite de la pile a ete evaluee avec les hypotheses utilisees pour les calculs dynamiques, a l

Physics of phenomena in the zone close to an underground nuclear explosion; Physique des phenomenes en zone proche des explosions nucleaires souterraines

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Maury, J; Levret, C [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Bruyeres-le-Chatel (France). Centre d' Etudes

1969-07-01

After a description of the phenomenology of underground explosions, the basic laws governing the propagation in the ground of the energy produced by the explosion are given. The reports considers hydrodynamics, the mechanics of solids, the equations of state for solids and gases in the case of very high and medium pressures, and the dynamical strength of solids. These various elements make it possible to draw up a system of equations which define completely the changes with time of the shock-wave produced in the ground by the explosion. (authors) [French] Apres une description de la phenomenologie des explosions souterraines, on expose les lois fondamentales regissant la propagation dans le sol de l'energie degagee par l'explosion. L'expose comprend des developpements sur l'hydrodynamique, la mecanique des solides, les equations d'etat des solides et des gaz, aux tres fortes et moyennes pressions, et sur la resistance dynamique des solides. Ces differents elements permettent d'ecrire un systeme d'equations qui definissent completement l'evolution dans le temps de l'onde de choc emise dans le sol par l'explosion. (auteurs)

On the structure of heavy metals; Sur la structure des metaux lourds

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Friedel, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires; Faculte des Sciences de l' Universite de Paris, 75 (France)

1958-07-01

The properties of the last series of Mendeleef's table are compared with those of the elements of the preceding series. This comparison suggests an electronic structure of the 'transition metal' type, with narrow bands, at the beginning of this series (up to certain phases at least of plutonium); then of the rare earth metal type, with independent non-saturated internal layers, further on in the series. The 5 f orbits seem to play an important part in these two types of structure, from uranium on. A more detailed study of the very heavy elements (americium and beyond) and alloys would allow these conclusions to be confirmed. Certain general points, concerning the nature of homopolar connections and paramagnetism in the transition metals, are developed in an additional section. (author) [French] Les proprietes des elements de la derniere serie du tableau de Mendeleef sont comparees a celles des elements des series precedentes. Cette comparaison suggere une structure electronique du type 'metal de transition', a bandes etroites, au debut de cette serie (jusqu'a certaines phases au moins du plutonium); puis du type d'un metal des terres rares, a couches internes non saturees independantes, au-dela dans la serie. Les orbitales 5 f semblent jouer un r e important, dans ces deux types de structures, a partir de l'uranium. Une etude plus poussee des elements tres lourds (americium et au-dela) et des alliages permettrait de confirmer ces conclusions. Certains points generaux, concernant la nature des liaisons homopolaires et le paramagnetisme dans les metaux de transition, sont developpes en annexe. (auteur)

Quantitative analysis of fission products by {gamma} spectrography; Analyse quantitative des produits de fission par spectrographie {gamma}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Malet, G

1962-07-01

The activity of the fission products present in treated solutions of irradiated fuels is given as a function of the time of cooling and of the irradiation time. The variation of the ratio ({sup 144}Ce + {sup 144}Pr activity/{sup 137}Cs activity) as a function of these same parameters is also given. From these results a method is deduced giving the 'age' of the solution analyzed. By {gamma}-scintillation spectrography it was possible to estimate the following elements individually: {sup 141}Ce, {sup 144}Ce + {sup 144}Pr, {sup 103}Ru, {sup 106}Ru + {sup 106}Rh, {sup 137}Cs, {sup 95}Zr + {sup 95}Nb. Yield curves are given for the case of a single emitter. Of the various existing methods, that of the least squares was used for the quantitative analysis of the afore-mentioned fission products. The accuracy attained varies from 3 to 10%. (author) [French] L'activite des produits de fission presents dans les solutions de traitement de combustibles irradies est donnee en fonction du temps de refroidissement et du temps d'irradiation. On etudie de plus la variation du rapport Activite du {sup 144}Ce + {sup 144}Pr /Activite du {sup 137}Cs en fonction de ces memes parametres. De ces resultats, on deduit une methode donnant l'age de la solution analysee. La spectrographie {gamma} a scintillation a permis le dosage individuel des produits suivants: {sup 141}Ce, {sup 144}Ce + {sup 144}Pr, {sup 103}Ru, {sup 106}Ru + {sup 106}Rh, {sup 137}Cs, {sup 95}Zr + {sup 95}Nb. Des courbes de rendement sont donnees dans le cas d'un emetteur unique. Des differentes methodes existantes, la methode des moindres carres a ete employee pour l'analyse quantitative des produits de fission precites. La precision obtenue varie entre 3 et 10 pour cent. (auteur)

Unburned carbon in combustion residues from mainly solid biofuels

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bjurstroem H; Lind B; Lagerkvist A

2012-02-15

Unburned carbon in 21 combustion residues from solid biofuels is investigated using several methods of analysis (a.o. LOI and TOC), as well as micro-Raman spectroscopy. The results are used to discuss the distribution of unburned carbon in the residues from the different combustion plants and its nature (organic or elemental). The consequences of the elemental nature of carbon for environmental properties of the residue are noted

Description of methods for making activation detectors for use in nuclear reactors; Description des procedes de fabrication des detecteurs d'activation utilises dans les reacteurs nucleaires

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Barbalat, R; Le Coguie, R; Leger, P; Salon, L; Thierry, M [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1968-07-01

A brief description of methods currently used for making activation detectors, thin films and various deposits used in nuclear reactors. The thicknesses required vary from about a few tenths of a micron to a few tenths of a millimeter. Different techniques are used for fixing the large variety of elements: rolling, moulding, painting, electrolysis, vacuum deposition, thin films, wires, enamels, protective linings, etc. (authors) [French] Expose succinct des procedes actuellement mis en oeuvre pour la realisation des detecteurs d'activation, feuilles minces et depots divers utilises dans les reacteurs nucleaires. La gamme des epaisseurs necessaires s'etendant approximativement des dixiemes de micrometre aux dixiemes de millimetre. La diversite des elements a fixer justifiant les techniques differentes selon les cas: laminage, moulage, peinture, electrolyse, depot sous vide, couches minces, fils, emaux, revetements protecteurs, etc. (auteurs)

Etude de la pollution des eaux des oueds Seybouse et Mellah ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Anhydrite et le Gypse sont en sur-saturation (IS>O). Par consequent, ceci provoque la sedimentation de ces elements en series evaporitiques. La Halite est en sous-saturation (ISdes eaux en ...

Particulate and gaseous emissions from residential biomass combustion

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Boman, Christoffer

2005-04-01

Biomass is considered to be a sustainable energy source with significant potentials for replacing electricity and fossil fuels, not at least in the residential sector. However, present wood combustion is a major source of ambient concentrations of hydrocarbons (e.g. VOC and PAH) and particulate matter (PM) and exposure to these pollutants have been associated with adverse health effects. Increased focus on combustion related particulate emissions has been seen concerning the formation, characteristics and implications to human health. Upgraded biomass fuels (e.g. pellets) provide possibilities of more controlled and optimized combustion with less emission of products of incomplete combustion (PICs). For air quality and health impact assessments, regulatory standards and evaluations concerning residential biomass combustion, there is still a need for detailed emission characterization and quantification when using different fuels and combustion techniques. This thesis summarizes the results from seven different papers. The overall objective was to carefully and systematically study the emissions from residential biomass combustion with respect to: i) experimental characterization and quantification, ii) influences of fuel, appliance and operational variables and iii) aspects of ash and trace element transformations and aerosol formation. Special concern in the work was on sampling, quantification and characterization of particulate emissions using different appliances, fuels and operating procedures. An initial review of health effects showed epidemiological evidence of potential adverse effect from wood smoke exposure. A robust whole flow dilution sampling set-up for residential biomass appliances was then designed, constructed and evaluated, and subsequently used in the following emission studies. Extensive quantifications and characterizations of particulate and gases emissions were performed for residential wood and pellet appliances. Emission factor ranges for

Integration des sciences et de la langue: Creation et experimentation d'un modele pedagogique pour ameliorer l'apprentissage des sciences en milieu francophone minoritaire

Science.gov (United States)

Cormier, Marianne

Les faibles resultats en sciences des eleves du milieu francophone minoritaire, lors d'epreuves au plan national et international, ont interpelle la recherche de solutions. Cette these avait pour but de creer et d'experimenter un modele pedagogique pour l'enseignement des sciences en milieu linguistique minoritaire. En raison de la presence de divers degres de francite chez la clientele scolaire de ce milieu, plusieurs elements langagiers (l'ecriture, la discussion et la lecture) ont ete integres a l'apprentissage scientifique. Nous avions recommande de commencer le processus d'apprentissage avec des elements langagiers plutot informels (redaction dans un journal, discussions en dyades...) pour progresser vers des activites langagieres plus formelles (redaction de rapports ou d'explications scientifiques). En ce qui a trait a l'apprentissage scientifique, le modele preconisait une demarche d'evolution conceptuelle d'inspiration socio-constructiviste tout en s'appuyant fortement sur l'apprentissage experientiel. Lors de l'experimentation du modele, nous voulions savoir si celui-ci provoquait une evolution conceptuelle chez les eleves, et si, simultanement, le vocabulaire scientifique de ces derniers s'enrichissait. Par ailleurs, nous cherchions a comprendre comment les eleves vivaient leurs apprentissages dans le cadre de ce modele pedagogique. Une classe de cinquieme annee de l'ecole de Grande-Digue, dans le Sud-est du Nouveau-Brunswick, a participe a la mise a l'essai du modele en etudiant les marais sales locaux. Lors d'entrevues initiales, nous avons remarque que les connaissances des eleves au sujet des marais sales etaient limitees. En effet, s'ils etaient conscients que les marais etaient des lieux naturels, ils ne pouvaient pas necessairement les decrire avec precision. Nous avons egalement constate que les eleves utilisaient surtout des mots communs (plantes, oiseaux, insectes) pour decrire le marais. Les resultats obtenus indiquent que les eleves ont

Online elemental analysis of process gases with ICP-OES: A case study on waste wood combustion

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wellinger, Marco; Wochele, Joerg; Biollaz, Serge M.A.; Ludwig, Christian

2012-01-01

Highlights: ► Simultaneous measurements of 23 elements in process gases of a waste wood combustor. ► Mobile ICP spectrometer allows measurements of high quality at industrial plants. ► Continuous online measurements with high temporal resolution. ► Linear correlations among element concentrations in the raw flue gas were detected. ► Novel sampling and calibration methods for ICP-OES analysis of process gases. - Abstract: A mobile sampling and measurement system for the analysis of gaseous and liquid samples in the field was developed. An inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), which is built into a van, was used as detector. The analytical system was calibrated with liquid and/or gaseous standards. It was shown that identical mass flows of either gaseous or liquid standards resulted in identical ICP-OES signal intensities. In a field measurement campaign trace and minor elements in the raw flue gas of a waste wood combustor were monitored. Sampling was performed with a highly transport efficient liquid quench system, which allowed to observe temporal variations in the elemental process gas composition. After a change in feedstock an immediate change of the element concentrations in the flue gas was detected. A comparison of the average element concentrations during the combustion of the two feedstocks showed a high reproducibility for matrix elements that are expected to be present in similar concentrations. On the other hand elements that showed strong differences in their concentration in the feedstock were also represented by a higher concentration in the flue gas. Following the temporal variations of different elements revealed strong correlations between a number of elements, such as chlorine with sodium, potassium and zinc, as well as arsenic with lead, and calcium with strontium.

Vecteurs Singuliers des Theories des Champs Conformes Minimales

Science.gov (United States)

Benoit, Louis

En 1984 Belavin, Polyakov et Zamolodchikov revolutionnent la theorie des champs en explicitant une nouvelle gamme de theories, les theories quantiques des champs bidimensionnelles invariantes sous les transformations conformes. L'algebre des transformations conformes de l'espace-temps presente une caracteristique remarquable: en deux dimensions elle possede un nombre infini de generateurs. Cette propriete impose de telles conditions aux fonctions de correlations qu'il est possible de les evaluer sans aucune approximation. Les champs des theories conformes appartiennent a des representations de plus haut poids de l'algebre de Virasoro, une extension centrale de l'algebre conforme du plan. Ces representations sont etiquetees par h, le poids conforme de leur vecteur de plus haut poids, et par la charge centrale c, le facteur de l'extension centrale, commune a toutes les representations d'une meme theorie. Les theories conformes minimales sont constituees d'un nombre fini de representations. Parmi celles-ci se trouvent des theories unitaires dont les representation forment la serie discrete de l'algebre de Virasoro; leur poids h a la forme h_{p,q}(m)=[ (p(m+1) -qm)^2-1] (4m(m+1)), ou p,q et m sont des entiers positifs et p+q= 2. Ces representations possedent un sous-espace invariant engendre par deux sous-representations avec h_1=h_{p,q} + pq et h_2=h_{p,q} + (m-p)(m+1-q) dont chacun des vecteurs de plus haut poids portent le nom de vecteur singulier et sont notes respectivement |Psi _{p,q}> et |Psi_{m-p,m+1-q}>. . Les theories super-conformes sont une version super-symetrique des theories conformes. Leurs champs appartiennent a des representation de plus haut poids de l'algebre de Neveu-Schwarz, une des deux extensions super -symetriques de l'algebre de Virasoro. Les theories super -conformes minimales possedent la meme structure que les theories conformes minimales. Les representations sont elements de la serie h_{p,q}= [ (p(m+2)-qm)^2-4] /(8m(m+2)) ou p,q et m sont

Determination of the Effectiveness of Control Rods in the VVER Reactor Fuel Assemblies; Determination de l'Efficacite des Barres de Reglage dans les Ensembles Combustibles du reacteur VVER; Opredelenie ehffektivnosti reguliruyushchikh sterzhnej v sborkakh reaktora VVEHR; Determinacion de la Eficacia de las Barras de Control en los Conjuntos de Elementos Combustibles del Reactor VVER

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Semenov, V. N.; Lunin, G. L.; Komissarov, L. V.; Kamyshan, A. N.; Halizev, V. I.; Andrianov, G. Ja.; Voznesenskij, V. A.; Kuz' micheva, V. A.; Lebedev, V. I. [Ordena Lenina Institut Atomnoj Energii Im. I.V. Kurchatova, Moskva, SSSR (Russian Federation)

1964-06-15

The paper describes experiments done in homogeneous mock-ups of the fuel assemblies from the VVER Reactor (at one level of enrichment) to determine the effectiveness of absorbing systems comprising shim fuel assemblies or water cavities and of absorbing rods clad in jackets made of differing materials. The paper also gives data on some experiments that have been done in mock-ups of assemblies with differing levels of enrichment. These experiments make it possible to verify the methods used in calculation and to evaluate the prospects of using them for heterogeneous reactors. (author) [French] Le memoire decrit les experiences qui ont ete faites pour determiner l 'efficacite des absorbants contenus dans les barres de compensation, l'effet cavitaire et l 'efficacite des absorbants gaines de materiaux divers, au moyen d'assemblages homogenes de cartouches de combustible du reacteur VVER (reacteur de puissance ralenti et refroidi a l 'eau ayant le meme taux d'enrichissement. On y trouve en outre des donnees sur certaines experiences executees a l 'aide d'assemblages de cartouches de combustible taux d'enrichissement differents. Ces travaux permettent de verifier la methode de calcul et d'evaluer ses possibilites d'application aux reacteurs non homogenes. (author) [Spanish] Se describen en la memoria experimentos para determinar la eficacia de los materiales absorbentes contenidos en las barras de compensacion, el efecto de cavitacion y la eficacia de los materiales absorbentes revestidos de diversos materiales, realizados con ayuda de los conjuntos homogeneos de elementos combustibles del reactor VVER (reactor de potencia moderado y refrigerado por agua) con un solo grado de enriquecimiento. Ademas, se exponen datos sobre los experimentos efectuados con ayuda de conjuntos de grados de enriquecimientos; variados. Tales experimentos permiten verificar el metodo de calculo teorico, utilizad o y evaluar la posibilidad de aplicarlo a los reactores no homogeneos. (author

Physics of phenomena in the zone close to an underground nuclear explosion; Physique des phenomenes en zone proche des explosions nucleaires souterraines

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Maury, J.; Levret, C. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Bruyeres-le-Chatel (France). Centre d' Etudes

1969-07-01

After a description of the phenomenology of underground explosions, the basic laws governing the propagation in the ground of the energy produced by the explosion are given. The reports considers hydrodynamics, the mechanics of solids, the equations of state for solids and gases in the case of very high and medium pressures, and the dynamical strength of solids. These various elements make it possible to draw up a system of equations which define completely the changes with time of the shock-wave produced in the ground by the explosion. (authors) [French] Apres une description de la phenomenologie des explosions souterraines, on expose les lois fondamentales regissant la propagation dans le sol de l'energie degagee par l'explosion. L'expose comprend des developpements sur l'hydrodynamique, la mecanique des solides, les equations d'etat des solides et des gaz, aux tres fortes et moyennes pressions, et sur la resistance dynamique des solides. Ces differents elements permettent d'ecrire un systeme d'equations qui definissent completement l'evolution dans le temps de l'onde de choc emise dans le sol par l'explosion. (auteurs)

Co-combustion of anthracite coal and wood pellets: Thermodynamic analysis, combustion efficiency, pollutant emissions and ash slagging.

Science.gov (United States)

Guo, Feihong; Zhong, Zhaoping

2018-08-01

This work presents studies on the co-combustion of anthracite coal and wood pellets in fluidized bed. Prior to the fluidized bed combustion, thermogravimetric analysis are performed to investigate the thermodynamic behavior of coal and wood pellets. The results show that the thermal decomposition of blends is divided into four stages. The co-firing of coal and wood pellets can promote the combustion reaction and reduce the emission of gaseous pollutants, such as SO 2 and NO. It is important to choose the proportion of wood pellets during co-combustion due to the low combustion efficiency caused by large pellets with poor fluidization. Wood pellets can inhibit the volatilization of trace elements, especially for Cr, Ni and V. In addition, the slagging ratio of wood pellets ash is reduced by co-firing with coal. The research on combustion of coal and wood pellets is of great significance in engineering. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Siemens pyrolysis-combustion process; Das Siemens Schwel-Brenn-Verfahren

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schmitz, D [Siemens - KWU, Offenbach (Germany)

1997-12-31

The market introduction fo the SIEMENS pyrolysis-combustion process is a technical and ecological milestone in thermal waste processing. It bridges the gap between conventional incineration and recycling and is ideally suited for the modern waste management philosophy. The innovative combination of pyrolysis followed by high-temperature combustion produces energy and reusable materials nearly without emissions. (orig/sr) [Deutsch] Die Markteinfuehrung des Schwel-Brenn-Verfahrens hat im Bereich der thermischen Muellentsorgung eine technologische und oekologische Zeitenwende eingeleitet. Es fuegt sich als Bruecke zwischen herkoemmlicher Muellverbrennung und stofflichem Muell-Recyling ideal in das Konzept einer oekologischen Kreislaufwirtschaft. Die innovative Kombination von Muellverschwelung (Pyrolyse) und anschliessender Hochtemperaturverbrennung wandelt den unvermeidbaren Restmuell nahezu rueckstandsfrei in Wertstoffe und Energie um. (orig/SR)

The Siemens pyrolysis-combustion process; Das Siemens Schwel-Brenn-Verfahren

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schmitz, D. [Siemens - KWU, Offenbach (Germany)

1996-12-31

The market introduction fo the SIEMENS pyrolysis-combustion process is a technical and ecological milestone in thermal waste processing. It bridges the gap between conventional incineration and recycling and is ideally suited for the modern waste management philosophy. The innovative combination of pyrolysis followed by high-temperature combustion produces energy and reusable materials nearly without emissions. (orig/sr) [Deutsch] Die Markteinfuehrung des Schwel-Brenn-Verfahrens hat im Bereich der thermischen Muellentsorgung eine technologische und oekologische Zeitenwende eingeleitet. Es fuegt sich als Bruecke zwischen herkoemmlicher Muellverbrennung und stofflichem Muell-Recyling ideal in das Konzept einer oekologischen Kreislaufwirtschaft. Die innovative Kombination von Muellverschwelung (Pyrolyse) und anschliessender Hochtemperaturverbrennung wandelt den unvermeidbaren Restmuell nahezu rueckstandsfrei in Wertstoffe und Energie um. (orig/SR)

Combustion Modeling with the G-Equation Modélisation de la combustion avec l'équation de G

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Peters N.

2006-12-01

Full Text Available Numerical investigations concerning the turbulent flame front propagation in Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI engines were made by implementing a flamelet model in the CFD code Fire. The advantage of this combustion model is the decoupling of the chemistry from the turbulent flow. For this purpose the combustion chamber has to be divided into a burned and an unburned area, which is realized by transporting a scalar field (G-Equation. The reference value defines the present averaged flame position. The complete reaction kinetics is calculated interactively with the CFD code in a one dimensional Representative Interactive Flamelet (RIF code. This combustion model was verified by simulating a 2. 0 l-2 V gasoline engine with homogeneous combustion where a parameter study was conducted to check the flamelet model for plausibility. Finally, the potential of this combustion model was investigated by simulating a hypothetical 2. 0 1-4 V GDI engine. Une investigation numérique relative à la propagation des fronts de flammes turbulents dans les moteurs à essence à injection directe (GDI a été menée en implantant un modèle de flameletdans le code 3D Fire. L'avantage de ce modèle de combustion est de découpler la chimie de l'écoulement turbulent en divisant la chambre de combustion en deux zones : brûlée et imbrûlée, à l'aide d'une équation de transport d'un scalaire (équation de G. Une valeur de référence de ce scalaire définit la position moyenne de la flamme. Une chimie complète est calculée interactivement avec le calcul 3D à l'aide d'un code monodimensionnel RIF (Representative Interactive Flamelet. Le modèle de combustion a été validé sur la simulation d'un moteur 2 litres à 2 soupapes en combustion homogène pour vérifier la représentativité de l'approche flamelet . Puis, le potentiel du modèle de combustion a été étudié en simulant un moteur modèle 2 litres 4 soupapes GDI.

Impact of the Heat Transfer on the Performance Calculations of Automotive Turbocharger Compressor Influence des transferts thermiques sur le calcul des performances des compresseurs de suralimentation

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Chesse P.

2011-09-01

Full Text Available Usually, turbochargers used within internal combustion engine simulation software are modelled in an adiabatic manner. However, during our experimental tests we found that this is not necessarily the case. The direct use of the manufacturer’s map is not possible anymore. A simple method which considers the heat transfers is proposed. It is based on experimental tests made on hot air supplied turbocharger test bench. The difference with the adiabatic model is considerable mainly for low compressor power. This corresponds to internal combustion engine low loads. En général, les turbocompresseurs pris en compte dans les logiciels de simulation moteur sont modélisés de façon adiabatique. Cependant, les tests expérimentaux effectués au laboratoire montrent que ce n’est pas toujours le cas. L’utilisation directe des champs de fonctionnement fournis par les constructeurs de turbomachines n’est alors plus possible. Une évaluation quantitative de ces transferts, basée sur des tests réalisés sur un banc d’essais turbo à air chaud, est présentée. Puis ils sont pris en compte afin de calculer les caractéristiques réelles de fonctionnement d’un compresseur. La différence avec le modèle adiabatique apparaît très importante pour les faibles puissances compresseur. Ceci correspond aux faibles charges moteur.

The Role of Attrition and Solids Recovery in a Chemical Looping Combustion Process Effet de l’attrition et de la récupération des particules dans le procédé de combustion en boucle chimique

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Kramp M.

2011-05-01

Full Text Available In the present work, the steady-state behavior of a Chemical Looping Combustion process of interconnected fluidized bed reactors is simulated. The simulations have been carried out in two different scales, 50 kWth and 100 MWth. Attrition model derived from small scale laboratory experiments has been employed for the prediction of the process behavior in terms of attrition and Oxygen Carrier loss. Information on Oxygen Carrier characteristics and reaction kinetics were taken from literature. Realistic circulation mass flows of Oxygen Carrier particles are obtained and Oxygen Carrier losses are quantified. The large scale process looses significantly more Oxygen Carrier than the small scale process based on the same amount of thermal energy produced. Incomplete conversion in the air reactor could be identified as a critical point. Another issue is the fuel gas bypassing the Oxygen Carrier particles through bubbles in the large scale process which leads to lowered fuel conversions. The simulations indicate that a similar performance of a pilot scale and a large scale process is not guaranteed due to the scale-up effect on fluid dynamics. Furthermore, the simulations allow an assessment of the influence of the quality of the solids recovery system on the Oxygen Carrier loss. The distribution of the losses between possible origins is investigated and different changes in the solids recovery system are discussed regarding their potential to decrease the Oxygen Carrier loss. For example, the addition of a second-stage cyclone after the air reactor of the large scale process reduces the Oxygen Carrier loss significantly. Le présent travail propose un modèle de simulation en continu du procédé de combustion en boucle chimique constitué de deux lits fluidisés interconnectés. Les simulations ont été conduites à deux échelles 50 kWth correspondant à une installation pilote et 100 MWth correspondant à une installation industrielle. Un modèle d

Ameliorer les performances environnementales des centrales a charbon pulverise via la co-combustion de combustible derive de dechets

Science.gov (United States)

Vekemans, Odile Geraldine

Coal supplies around 28% of the world's energy needs and produces some 40% of the world's electricity. In the United States, close to 650 coal power plants currently produce electricity from coal, the majority of witch are equipped with pulverized coal boilers build in the 80's. Due to coal's intrinsic content in nitrogen and sulfur, its combustion is associated with high levels of NOx and SO2 emissions, that are responsible, among other thing, for acid rains. In order to help reduce SO2 emissions of coal power plant, this thesis focuses on the behaviour of a novel feedstock called ReEF(TM) or ReEngineered Feedstock(TM), developed by the company Accordant Energy LLCRTM, that combines non recyclable waste and alkaline sorbent. Since waste have a high calorific value and do not contain sulfur, and since alkaline sorbents (such as limestone) are able to react with SO2 and capture it in solid state, co-combustion of ReEF(TM) and coal could reduce SO2 emissions inside the furnace chamber itself. This technology easy to implement, as it requires a limited initial investment and limited additional space, could help avoid the construction of costly flue gas treatment unit downstream from the furnace. However, careless combustion of this engineered fuel could have disastrous consequences for the coal power plant owners. This thesis, then, deliver one among the first experimental study of co-combustion of coal and ReEF(TM) in conditions characteristic of pulverized coal boilers. As a first step, in order to get familiarize with the feedstock under study, the thermal degradation of a ReEF(TM) without sorbent and of its components is analyzed by thermogravimetry. With the analysis of more than 70 samples at heating rates ranging from 5°C/min to 400°C/min we are able to conclude that ReEF(TM) thermal degradation can be seen as the independent thermal degradation of its components, as long as heat transfer limitations are taken into account. Thus, no substantial chemical

Microwave-induced combustion of crude oil for further rare earth elements determination by USN–ICP-MS

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pereira, J.S.F. [Departamento de Química Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900 Porto Alegre, RS (Brazil); Pereira, L.S.F.; Mello, P.A. [Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS (Brazil); Guimarães, R.C.L.; Guarnieri, R.A.; Fonseca, T.C.O. [CENPES/PETROBRAS, 21941-945 Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil); Flores, E.M.M., E-mail: ericommf@gmail.com [Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS (Brazil)

2014-09-24

Highlights: • Microwave-induced combustion was applied for light and heavy crude oils digestion. • It was feasible to determine all the REEs in heavy crude oil by ICP-MS. • Only diluted acid solutions were used in agreement to green chemistry recommendations. - Abstract: A procedure for light and heavy crude oils digestion by microwave-induced combustion (MIC) is proposed for the first time for further rare earth elements (REE) determination by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) equipped with an ultrasonic nebulizer (USN). Samples of crude oil (API density of 10.8–23.5, up to 250 mg) were inserted in polycarbonate capsules and combusted using 20 bar of oxygen and 50 μL of 6 mol L{sup −1} ammonium nitrate as igniter. Nitric acid solutions (1–14.4 mol L{sup −1}) were evaluated for analyte absorption and a reflux step was applied after combustion (5 min of microwave irradiation at 1400 W) in order to achieve better analyte recoveries. Accuracy was evaluated using a spiked sample and also by comparison of results obtained by microwave-assisted digestion combined to ultraviolet radiation (MW–UV) and by neutron activation analysis (NAA). Using 3 mol L{sup −1} HNO{sub 3}, quantitative recoveries (better than 97%) were obtained for all analytes. Blank values were always negligible. Agreement was higher than 96% for La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu and Y by comparison of results with those obtained by MW–UV and by NAA (only for La, Ce, Nd, Sm, and Yb). Residual carbon content in digests using MIC was always below 1%. As an advantage over conventional procedures for crude oil digestion, using MIC, it was possible to use diluted acid as absorbing solution, obtaining better limits of detection and avoiding interferences in REE determination by USN–ICP-MS.

Contribution to the study of nuclear fuel materials with a metallic uranium base; Contribution a l'etude des materiaux combustibles nucleaires a base d'uranium metallique

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Englander, M. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1957-11-15

In a power reactor destined to supply industrially recoverable thermal energy, the most economical source of heat still consists of natural metallic uranium. However, the nuclear fuel material, most often employed in the form of rods of 20 to 40 mm diameter, is subjected to a series of stresses which lead to irreversible distortions usually incompatible with the substructure of the reactor. As a result the fuel material must possess at the outset a certain number of qualities which must be determined. Investigations have therefore been carried out, first on the technological characters peculiar to each of the three allotropic phases of pure uranium metal, and on their interactions on the stabilisation of the material which consists of either cast uranium or uranium pile-treated in the {gamma} phase. (author) [French] Dans un reacteur de puissance destine a fournir de l'energie thermique industriellement recuperable, la source de chaleur la plus economique reste constituee par de l'uranium metallique naturel. Or, le materiau combustible nucleaire, employe le plus souvent sous forme de barreaux de 20 a 40 mm de diametre, se trouve soumis a un ensemble de contraintes qui provoque des deformations irreversibles, le plus souvent incompatibles avec l'infrastructure du reacteur. Par consequent, le materiau combustible doit presenter a l'origine un certain nombre de qualites qu'il est necessaire de determiner. Aussi a-t-on d'abord etudie les caracteres technologiques propres a chacune des trois phases allotropiques de l'uranium-metal pur et leurs interactions sur la stabilisation du materiau constitue soit par de l'uranium coule, soit par de l'uranium traite en pile en phase {gamma}. (auteur)

Electrically heated 3D-macro cellular SiC structures for ignition and combustion application

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Falgenhauer, Ralf; Rambacher, Patrick; Schlier, Lorenz; Volkert, Jochen; Travitzky, Nahum; Greil, Peter; Weclas, Miroslaw

2017-01-01

Highlights: • 3D-printed macro cellular SiC structure. • Directly integrated electrically heated ignition element used in combustion reactor. • Experimental investigation of the ignition process. - Abstract: The paper describes different aspects of porous combustion reactor operation especially at cold start conditions. Under cold start conditions it is necessary to increase the internal energy of the combustion reactor, to accumulate enough energy inside its solid phase and to reach at least the ignition temperature on the reactors inner surface. The most practicable method to preheat a cold porous reactor is to use its surface as a flame holder and to apply free flame combustion as a heat source for the preheating process. This paper presents a new electrically heated ignition element, which gets integrated in a three dimensional macro-cellular SiSiC reactor structure. For the development of the ignition element it was assumed, that the element is made of the same material as the combustion reactor itself and is fully integrated within the three-dimensional macro-cellular structure of the combustion reactor. Additive manufacturing like three-dimensional (3D) printing permits the production of regular SiSiC structures with constant strut thickness and a defined current flow path. To get a controlled temperature distribution on the ignition element it is necessary to control the current density distribution in the three-dimensional macro-cellular reactor structure. The ignition element used is designed to be an electrical resistance in an electric current system, converting flowing current into heat with the goal to get the highest temperature in the ignition region (glow plug). First experiments show that the ignition element integrated in a combustion reactor exhibits high dynamics and can be heated to the temperatures much above 1000 °C in a very short time (approx. 800 ms) for current of I = 150 A.

The Origin and Nature of Radioactive Wastes in the United States Atomic Energy Programme; Origine et Nature des Dechets Radioactifs de l'Execution des Programmes d'Energie Atomique aux Etats-Unis; 041f 0420 041e 0418 0421 0425 041e 0416 0414 ; Origen y Naturaleza de los Desechos Radiactivos en el Programa de Energia Atomica de los Estados Unidos

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bruce, F. R. [Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

1960-07-01

cartouches de combustible faiblement enrichi consistent ordinairement en un element d'uranium gaine d'aluminium, de zirconium ou d'acier inoxydable et donnent lieu a deux sortes de dechets. Les uns sont des dechets a activite moyenne contenant environ 0,1% de produits de fission et proviennent de la dissolution chimique. Les autres sont des dechets a activite elevee contenant tous les autres produits de fission dans une solution d'acide nitrique etendue. Le volume des dechets condenses varie de 0,8 litre par kilogramme d'uranium pour les combustibles peu enrichis a 500 litres par kilogramme d'uranium pour les combustibles fortement enrichis, le volume de l'ensemble des dechets d'intensite elevee et intermediaire qui, a ce que l'on prevoit, proviendront des centrales nucleaires aux Etats-Unis. est d'environ 5 litres par kilogramme d'uranium en moyenne. Aux Etats-Unis, on estime qu'en 1970, les centrales nucleaires auront produit environ 3 milliards de curies contenues dans 27 millions de litres de solution, et en l'an 2000, 60 milliards de curies contenues dans 1,1 milliard de litres de solution. En raison de leur composition, les dechets provenant des reacteurs de puissance posent des problemes nouveaux d'entreposage et d'elimination. (author) [Spanish] La composicion de los desechos que se forman como consecuencia de la produccion de energia nucleoelectrica depende en primer lugar del tratamiento empleado en la regeneracion del combustible y, en segundo, de la composicion inicial de este. Por cada unidad de volumen de desechos de actividad elevada, obtenidos en la extraccion mediante disolventes, se forman 5 y 100 volumenes, respectivamente, de desechos de actividad media y baja. Los desechos que se producen en la regeneracion de los combustibles muy enriquecidos son muy voluminosos por contener el diluente del combustible. Los combustibles poco enriquecidos consisten habitualmente en un nucleo de uranio revestido de aluminio, zirconio o acero inoxidable, y producen dos

Combustion of Biosolids in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed, Part 1: Main Ash-Forming Elements and Ash Distribution with a Focus on Phosphorus.

Science.gov (United States)

Skoglund, Nils; Grimm, Alejandro; Ohman, Marcus; Boström, Dan

2014-02-20

This is the first in a series of three papers describing combustion of biosolids in a 5-kW bubbling fluidized bed, the ash chemistry, and possible application of the ash produced as a fertilizing agent. This part of the study aims to clarify whether the distribution of main ash forming elements from biosolids can be changed by modifying the fuel matrix, the crystalline compounds of which can be identified in the raw materials and what role the total composition may play for which compounds are formed during combustion. The biosolids were subjected to low-temperature ashing to investigate which crystalline compounds that were present in the raw materials. Combustion experiments of two different types of biosolids were conducted in a 5-kW benchscale bubbling fluidized bed at two different bed temperatures and with two different additives. The additives were chosen to investigate whether the addition of alkali (K 2 CO 3 ) and alkaline-earth metal (CaCO 3 ) would affect the speciation of phosphorus, so the molar ratios targeted in modified fuels were P:K = 1:1 and P:K:Ca = 1:1:1, respectively. After combustion the ash fractions were collected, the ash distribution was determined and the ash fractions were analyzed with regards to elemental composition (ICP-AES and SEM-EDS) and part of the bed ash was also analyzed qualitatively using XRD. There was no evidence of zeolites in the unmodified fuels, based on low-temperature ashing. During combustion, the biosolid pellets formed large bed ash particles, ash pellets, which contained most of the total ash content (54%-95% (w/w)). This ash fraction contained most of the phosphorus found in the ash and the only phosphate that was identified was a whitlockite, Ca 9 (K,Mg,Fe)(PO 4 ) 7 , for all fuels and fuel mixtures. With the addition of potassium, cristobalite (SiO 2 ) could no longer be identified via X-ray diffraction (XRD) in the bed ash particles and leucite (KAlSi 2 O 6 ) was formed. Most of the alkaline-earth metals

Etude du processus de changement vecu par des familles ayant decide d'adopter volontairement des comportements d'attenuation des changements climatiques

Science.gov (United States)

Leger, Michel T.

recension des ecrits sur le changement de comportement en environnement. Nous explorons egalement la famille comme systeme fonctionnel de sorte a mieux comprendre ce contexte d'action environnementale qui est, a notre connaissance, peu etudie. Dans le deuxieme article, nous presentons nos resultats de recherche concernant les facteurs d'influence observes ainsi que les competences manifestees au cours du processus d'adoption de nouveaux comportements environnementaux dans trois familles. Enfin, le troisieme article presente les resultats du cas d'une quatrieme famille ou les membres vivent depuis longtemps des modes de vie ecologique. Dans le cadre d'une demarche d'analyse par theorisation ancree, l'etude de ce cas modele nous a permis d'approfondir les categories conceptuelles identifiees dans le deuxieme article de sorte a produire une modelisation de l'integration de comportements environnementaux dans le contexte de la famille. Les conclusions degagees grace a la recension des ecrits nous ont permis d'identifier les elements qui pourraient influencer l'adoption de comportements environnementaux dans des familles. La recension a aussi permis une meilleure comprehension des divers facteurs qui peuvent affecter l'adoption de comportements environnementaux et, enfin, elle a permis de mieux cerner le phenomene de changement de comportement dans le contexte de la famille consideree comme un systeme. En appliquant un processus d'analyse inductif, a partir de nos donnees qualitatives, les resultats de notre etude multi-cas nous ont indique que deux construits conceptuels semblent influencer l'adoption de comportements environnementaux en famille : 1) les valeurs biospheriques communes au sein de la famille et 2) les competences collectivement mises a profit collectivement durant l'essai de nouveaux comportements environnementaux. Notre modelisation du processus de changement dans des familles indique aussi qu'une dynamique familiale collaborative et la presence d'un groupe de

Kinetic study of the alkaline metals oxidation by dry oxygen; Etude cinetique de l'oxydation des metaux alcalins par l'oxygene sec

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Touzain, Ph [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1967-06-15

The oxidation of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium and sodium-potassium alloys by dry oxygen is studied at several temperatures and in the oxygen pressure range 40 to 400 mmHg. One distinguishes three different oxidation behaviours (inflammation, ignition and slow combustion) whose zones are precised in function of the temperature. The slow oxidation kinetic laws, the composition of oxides and the motive of oxides colorations are determined. At least, the experimental data are construed theoretically. (author) [French] L'oxydation du lithium, du sodium, du potassium, du rubidium, du cesium et des alliages sodium-potassium par l'oxygene sec est etudiee a diverses temperatures et a des pressions comprises entre 40 et 400 mmHg d'oxygene. On distingue trois processus d'oxydation differents (l'inflammation, l'ignition et la combustion lente) dont les domaines en fonction de la temperature sont precises. Les lois cinetiques d'oxydation lente, la nature des oxydes formes ainsi que les causes des colorations de ces oxydes sont determinees. Enfin les resultats obtenus sont interpretes theoriquement. (auteur)

Trace element emissions from coal

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2012-09-15

Trace elements are emitted during coal combustion. The quantity, in general, depends on the physical and chemical properties of the element itself, the concentration of the element in the coal, the combustion conditions and the type of particulate control device used, and its collection efficiency as a function of particle size. Some trace elements become concentrated in certain particle streams following combustion such as bottom ash, fly ash, and flue gas particulate matter, while others do not. Various classification schemes have been developed to describe this partitioning behaviour. These classification schemes generally distinguish between: Class 1: elements that are approximately equally concentrated in the fly ash and bottom ash, or show little or no fine particle enrichment, examples include Mn, Be, Co and Cr; Class 2: elements that are enriched in the fly ash relative to bottom ash, or show increasing enrichment with decreasing particle size, examples include As, Cd, Pb and Sb; Class 3: elements which are emitted in the gas phase (primarily Hg (not discussed in this review), and in some cases, Se). Control of class 1 trace elements is directly related to control of total particulate matter emissions, while control of the class 2 elements depends on collection of fine particulates. Due to the variability in particulate control device efficiencies, emission rates of these elements can vary substantially. The volatility of class 3 elements means that particulate controls have only a limited impact on the emissions of these elements.

Etudes théoriques et expérimentales de la combustion dans les moteurs Diesel d'automobiles à injection directe et à préchambre Theoretical and Experimental Research on Combustion in Diesel Automotive Engines with Direct Injection and a Prechamber

OpenAIRE

Douaud A.; Pinchon P.

2006-01-01

Certaines techniques récemment développées pour la modélisation mathématique et les investigations expérimentales sur moteur Diesel sont présentées. On insiste sur l'importance de la validation croisée entre calcul et mesure. Taux d'injection, aérodynamique interne, développement du spray sont analysés en relation avec la géométrie des chambres de combustion. Des exemples, portant principalement sur des considérations de rendement énergétiques et d'émissions polluantes sont présentés à la foi...

Fluidized combustion of beds of large, dense particles in reprocessing HTGR fuel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Young, D.T.

1977-03-01

Fluidized bed combustion of graphite fuel elements and carbon external to fuel particles is required in reprocessing high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) cores for recovery of uranium. This burning process requires combustion of beds containing both large particles and very dense particles as well as combustion of fine graphite particles which elutriate from the bed. Equipment must be designed for optimum simplicity and reliability as ultimate operation will occur in a limited access ''hot cell'' environment. Results reported in this paper indicate that successful long-term operation of fuel element burning with complete combustion of all graphite fines leading to a fuel particle product containing <1% external carbon can be performed on equipment developed in this program

Utilisation des écumes de sucrerie pour la désulfuration des fumées Using Sugar Factory Carbonatation Lime for Flue-Gas Desulfurization

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Dolignier J. C.

2006-12-01

Full Text Available Des études ont été réalisées par l'Institut français du pétrole et Babcock Entreprise pour montrer que l'écume de sucrerie pouvait être utilisée comme agent de désulfuration dans la chaudière Aude, un nouvel équipement de combustion permettant l'emploi de combustibles à haute teneur en soufre. Les tests ont été effectués en laboratoire et sur une chaudière semi-industrielle de 10 MW. L'écume de sucrerie donne des rendements de désulfuration supérieurs à ceux obtenus avec des calcaires naturels finement broyés. De plus, l'azote contenu dans l'écume permet de réduire les émissions de NOx selon le mécanisme de la réduction sélective non catalytique. Les utilisateurs de combustibles à haute teneur en soufre, qui devront faire face à une législation de plus en plus sévère, pourraient réduire leur coût annuel d'absorbants en utilisant l'écume de sucrerie. Par ailleurs, les producteurs de sucre auraient l'opportunité de mettre en place une nouvelle filière de valorisation pour leurs écumes. La teneur en eau élevée de l'écume n'autorise pas un transport sur de longues distances et des calculs ont été effectués pour définir la distance à partir de laquelle l'écume devient moins rentable que le calcaire. Studies have been carried out by the Institut français du pétrole and Babcock Entreprise to demonstrate that sugar factory carbonatation lime can be used as a desulfurization agent in the Aude boiler, which is a new combustion apparatus designed to use high sulfur fuels. Tests have been conducted both in the laboratory and on a near-industrial-scale 10 MW boiler. Sugar factory carbonatation lime provides greater desulfurization efficiency than that obtained using finely crushed natural limestone. Furthermore, the nitrogen contained in the carbonatation lime reduces NOx, emissions through selective non-catalytic reduction. Those who use high sulfur content fuels, and who are faced with increasingly

Instruments used to measure or check {alpha}, {beta}, {gamma} activity and neutron emission in the course of processing ore or irradiated fuel; Appareils de mesure ou de controle {alpha}, {beta}, {gamma}, n, des circuits des usines de traitement du minerai ou du combustible irradie

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Blanc, A; Brunet, M; Kermagoret, M; Labeyrie, J; Roux, G; Vasseur, J; Weil, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1959-07-01

One of the methods checking ores in the course of treatment is the rapid quantitative determination of thorium. This measurement is carried out by means of a scintillation instrument which shows the {beta} and {alpha} coincidences of ThC and ThC'. The treatment of irradiated fuel is accompanied by a large number of radioactive checks relative to the performance of the fixation and elution operations of uranium in the ion exchangers, to the concentration of radioactivity of effluent sent from the plant into watercourses. The operations of fixation and elution of the uranium are checked automatically by an instrument which takes a sample of 5 cm{sup 3} of solution, evaporates it and measures its activity every 10 or 20 minutes. Plutonium concentrations are measured: - in the presence of strong {beta} {gamma} activities, by means of rotating cylinder detectors; - in the presence of weak {beta} {gamma} activities, by means of {alpha} detectors scanning a constant level liquid surface; - by means of fission chambers relatively insensitive to {gamma}. Fission product concentrations are measured by chambers, counters or scintillators, according to the amount of {gamma} activity present. Finally, the activity of effluent to be emptied into watercourses is checked by means of a scintillation instrument, which measures the {alpha} activity on the one hand, and on the other hand the {beta} {gamma} activity of residue from a 100 cm{sup 3} sample taken and evaporated in 20 minutes. (author) [French] Parmi les controles relatifs au minerai en cours de traitement, figure le dosage rapide de thorium. Cette mesure est realisee au moyen d'un appareillage a scintillation qui met en evidence la coincidence des emissions {beta} et {alpha} du ThC et du ThC'. Le traitement des combustibles irradies s'accompagne d'un grand nombre de controles radioactifs portant sur le fonctionnement des operations de fixation et d'elution de l'uranium dans les echangeurs d'ions, sur la concentration du

Etudes théoriques et expérimentales de la combustion dans les moteurs Diesel d'automobiles à injection directe et à préchambre Theoretical and Experimental Research on Combustion in Diesel Automotive Engines with Direct Injection and a Prechamber

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Douaud A.

2006-11-01

Full Text Available Certaines techniques récemment développées pour la modélisation mathématique et les investigations expérimentales sur moteur Diesel sont présentées. On insiste sur l'importance de la validation croisée entre calcul et mesure. Taux d'injection, aérodynamique interne, développement du spray sont analysés en relation avec la géométrie des chambres de combustion. Des exemples, portant principalement sur des considérations de rendement énergétiques et d'émissions polluantes sont présentés à la fois sur le moteur Diesel à préchambre et le moteur Diesel à injection directe. Various techniques developed recently for the mathematical modeling and experimental investigating of diesel engines are described. Emphasis is placed on the importance of crosschecking between computing and measuring. The injection rate, internal aerodynamics and spray development are analyzed in relation to the geometry of combustion chambers. Examples mainly concerning matters of energy efficiency and pollutant emissions are given for diesel engines both with a prechamber and with direct injection.

Metallic elements in fossil fuel combustion products: amounts and form of emissions and evaluation of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity.

Science.gov (United States)

Vouk, V B; Piver, W T

1983-01-01

Metallic elements contained in coal, oil and gasoline are mobilized by combustion processes and may be emitted into the atmosphere, mainly as components of submicron particles. The information about the amounts, composition and form of metal compounds is reviewed for some fuels and combustion processes. Since metal compounds are always contained in urban air pollutants, they have to be considered whenever an evaluation of biological impact of air pollutants is made. The value of currently used bioassays for the evaluation of the role of trace metal compounds, either as major biologically active components or as modifiers of biological effects of organic compounds is assessed. The whole animal bioassays for carcinogenicity do not seem to be an appropriate approach. They are costly, time-consuming and not easily amenable to the testing of complex mixtures. Some problems related to the application and interpretation of short-term bioassays are considered, and the usefulness of such bioassays for the evaluation of trace metal components contained in complex air pollution mixtures is examined.

Measurement of the in-pile core temperature of an EL-4 pencil element, first charge (can of type-347 stainless steel, 0.4 mm thick, UO{sub 2} fuel, 11 mm diameter). Determination of the apparent thermal conductivity integral of in-pile UO{sub 2}; Mesure de la temperature a coeur en pile d'un crayon EL-4 1er jeu (gaine acier inoxydable, nuance 347 - epaisseur 0,4 mm - combustible UO{sub 2} - diametre 11 mm). Determination de l'integrale de conductibilite thermique apparente de l'UO{sub 2} en pile

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lavaud, B; Ringot, C; Vignesoult, N [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires de Saclay, 91 - Gif-sur-Yvette (France)

1966-11-01

'un element combustible EL-4, type premier jeu, a gaine en acier inoxydable. On mesure cette temperature au coeur du crayon en pile a l'aide d'un thermocouple pour haute temperature: tungstene-rhenium a gaine tantale. Le crayon est place dans des conditions de fonctionnement analogues a celles de EL-4, tant en ce qui concerne la puissance specifique et la temperature sur gaine que la pression externe sur la gaine. La puissance specifique est obtenue dans le reacteur EL-3 avec un enrichissement de l'UO{sub 2} legerement superieur a celui normalement prevu pour EL-4. La temperature de gaine et la pression visees sont realisees a l'aide d'un conteneur d'irradiation en zircaloy-2 et a remplissage NaK, adapte, aux conditions du reacteur EL-3. - Les temperatures de l'UO{sub 2} a coeur, et de la surface de la gaine etant mesurees; - La puissance etant calculee a partir des echanges thermiques dans le conteneur etalonne en laboratoire; - La chute de temperature au contact UO{sub 2}-gaine etant deduite de mesures faites en laboratoire dans des conditions de flux calorifique comparables et sous une atmosphere de gaz correspondant au debut de la vie de l'element combustible; on peut tracer la courbe integrale de conductibilite. Les examens micro-graphiques de la structure de l'oxyde permettent de verifier la repartition des temperatures dans l'oxyde, deduite de l'integrale de conductibilite thermique. (auteurs)

In situ high-temperature gas sensors: continuous monitoring of the combustion quality of different wood combustion systems and optimization of combustion process

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

H. Kohler

2018-03-01

Full Text Available The sensing characteristics and long-term stability of different kinds of CO ∕ HC gas sensors (non-Nernstian mixed potential type during in situ operation in flue gas from different types of low-power combustion systems (wood-log- and wood-chip-fuelled were investigated. The sensors showed representative but individual sensing behaviour with respect to characteristically varying flue gas composition over the combustion process. The long-term sensor signal stability evaluated by repeated exposure to CO ∕ H2 ∕ N2 ∕ synthetic air mixtures showed no sensitivity loss after operation in the flue gas. Particularly for one of the sensors (Heraeus GmbH, this high signal stability was observed in a field test experiment even during continuous operation in the flue gas of the wood-chip firing system over 4 months. Furthermore, it was experimentally shown that the signals of these CO ∕ HC sensing elements yield important additional information about the wood combustion process. This was demonstrated by the adaptation of an advanced combustion airstream control algorithm on a wood-log-fed fireplace and by the development of a combustion quality monitoring system for wood-chip-fed central heaters.

Prevention of criticality accidents. Fuel elements storage; Prevencion de accidentes de criticidad. Almacenamiento de elementos combustibles

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Canavese, S I; Capadona, N M

1991-12-31

Before the need to store fuel elements of the plate type MTR (Materials Testing Reactors), produced with enriched uranium at 20% in U235 for research reactors, it requires the design of a deposit for this purpose, which will give intrinsic security at a great extent and no complaints regarding its construction, is required. (Author). [Espanol] Partiendo de la necesidad de almacenar elementos combustibles tipo placa MTR (Materials Testing Reactors), producidos con uranio enriquecido al 20% en U235 para reactores de investigacion, se requiere el diseno de un deposito para tal fin que brinde esencialmente un alto grado de seguridad intrinseca y que no ofrezca complicaciones en cuanto a su construccion. (Autor).

KEROMIX. Sub-project: Basic experimental studies on mixing in swirl flow in gas turbine combustion chambers. Final report; KEROMIX. Arbeitspaket: Grundlegende experimentelle Untersuchungen der Mischungsvorgaenge drallbehafteter Stroemungen in Gasturbinenbrennkammern. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hennecke, D K

2000-07-01

This report describes investigations on advanced lean fuel combustion technologies with stable and low-pollution combustion in an aircraft gas turbine in all load stages. The key factors, i.e. stability and low pollutant concentrations, are closely related to the mixing characteristic of the combustion chamber. Lean fuel combustion does not go well with stable combustion which is indispensable inan aircraft engine. Further, the lean mixture must be maintained throughout the combustion chamber as local stoichiometries would automatically result in higher concentrations of nitric oxides. To solve the problems related to these processes, detailed knowledge of the mixing processes is required. [German] Als Teilprojekt des Vorhabens 'KEROMIX, stabile, schadstoffarme Magerverbrennung' leistet die vorliegende Arbeit einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Beherrschung fortschrittlicher Verbrennungstechniken unter Anwendung des Mager-Konzeptes. Im Rahmen des Verbundprogrammes zum Technologieprogramm ENGINE 3E steht die Entwicklung von Verbrennungskonzepten, die eine stabile und schadstoffarme Verbrennung ueber den gesamten Lastbereich einer Flugzeug-Gasturbine hinweg gewaehrleisten. Die hier entscheidenden Attribute der Verbrennung, naemlich Stabilitaet und Schadstoffarmut sind eng mit der Mischungscharakteristik einer Brennkammer verbunden. Hier gilt es, die zum Teil gegenlaeufigen Effekte, die in einer Brennkammer auftreten, kontrollierbar zu machen. So steht die zur Verminderung der Stickoxidproduktion geforderte magere Verbrennung im ausgesprochenen Gegensatz zur Forderung einer in allen Betriebsbereichen stabilen Verbrennung, die allein schon aus Flugsicherheitsgruenden unabdingbar ist. Desweiteren muss der magere Gemischzustand unbedingt in der gesamten Brennkammer eingehalten werden, da lokale stoechiometrische Zustaende sofort zum Anstieg der Stickoxidproduktion fuehren. Um diese Prozesse beherrschen zu koennen, ist eine detaillierte Kenntnis der Mischungsvorgaenge bezueglich

Magnetic resonance studies of solid polymers; Etude des polymeres solides par resonance magnetique

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lenk, R [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1969-07-01

This paper is a review of the application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to solid polymers. In the first, theoretical part, the elements of the theory of NMR, which are necessary for the study of the properties of solid polymers are discussed: the moments method, nuclear relaxation and the distribution of correlation times. In the second part the experimental results are presented. (author) [French] Cette etude est une recherche bibliographique sur l'application de la resonance magnetique nucleaire (RMN) aux polymeres solides. Dans la premiere partie theorique on discute les elements de la theorie de RMN, necessaires pour l'etude des proprietes des polymeres solides: la methode des moments, la relaxation nucleaire et la distribution des temps de correlation. La deuxieme partie presente les resultats des experiences. (auteur)

An Experimental Investigation of Self-Excited Combustion Dynamics in a Single Element Lean Direct Injection (LDI) Combustor

Science.gov (United States)

Gejji, Rohan M.

OH distribution in the combustion zone. The DMD analysis was able to identify similar dominant unstable modes in the combustor. Recommendations for future work are based on the continued requirement for quantitative and spatio-temporally resolved data for direct comparison with computational efforts to develop predictive capabilities for combustion instabilities at relevant operating conditions. Discriminating instability behavior for the prototypical combustor demonstrated in this study is critical for any robust validation effort Unit physics based scaling of the current effort to multi-element combustors along with improvement in diagnostic techniques and analysis efforts are recommended for advancement in understanding of the complex physics in the multi-phase, three dimensional and turbulent combustion processes in the LDI combustor.

Novel approaches in advanced combustion characterization of fuels for advanced pressurized combustion

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Aho, M.; Haemaelaeinen, J. [VTT Energy (Finland); Joutsenoja, T. [Tampere Univ. of Technology (Finland)

1996-12-01

This project is a part of the EU Joule 2 (extension) programme. The objective of the research of Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT) is to produce experimental results of the effects of pressure and other important parameters on the combustion of pulverized coals and their char derivates. The results can be utilized in modelling of pressurized combustion and in planning pilot-scale reactors. The coals to be studied are Polish hvb coal, French lignite (Gardanne), German anthracite (Niederberg) and German (Goettelbom) hvb coal. The samples are combusted in an electrically heated, pressurized entrained flow reactor (PEFR), where the experimental conditions are controlled with a high precision. The particle size of the fuel can vary between 100 and 300 {mu}m. The studied things are combustion rates, temperatures and sizes of burning single coal and char particles. The latter measurements are performed with a method developed by Tampere University of Technology, Finland. In some of the experiments, mass loss and elemental composition of the char residue are studied in more details as the function of time to find out the combustion mechanism. Combustion rate of pulverized (140-180 {mu}m) Gardanne lignite and Niederberg anthracite were measured and compared with the data obtained earlier with Polish hvb coal at various pressures, gas temperatures, oxygen partial pressures and partial pressures of carbon dioxide in the second working period. In addition, particle temperatures were measured with anthracite. The experimental results were treated with multivariable partial least squares (PLS) method to find regression equation between the measured things and the experimental variables. (author)

Kinetic study of the alkaline metals oxidation by dry oxygen; Etude cinetique de l'oxydation des metaux alcalins par l'oxygene sec

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Touzain, Ph. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1967-06-15

The oxidation of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium and sodium-potassium alloys by dry oxygen is studied at several temperatures and in the oxygen pressure range 40 to 400 mmHg. One distinguishes three different oxidation behaviours (inflammation, ignition and slow combustion) whose zones are precised in function of the temperature. The slow oxidation kinetic laws, the composition of oxides and the motive of oxides colorations are determined. At least, the experimental data are construed theoretically. (author) [French] L'oxydation du lithium, du sodium, du potassium, du rubidium, du cesium et des alliages sodium-potassium par l'oxygene sec est etudiee a diverses temperatures et a des pressions comprises entre 40 et 400 mmHg d'oxygene. On distingue trois processus d'oxydation differents (l'inflammation, l'ignition et la combustion lente) dont les domaines en fonction de la temperature sont precises. Les lois cinetiques d'oxydation lente, la nature des oxydes formes ainsi que les causes des colorations de ces oxydes sont determinees. Enfin les resultats obtenus sont interpretes theoriquement. (auteur)

Proton ejection project for Saturne; Projet d'ejection des protons de saturne

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bronca, G; Gendreau, G

1959-07-01

The reasons for choosing the ejection system are given. The characteristics required for the ejected beam are followed by a description of the ejection process, in chronological order from the viewpoint of the protons: movement of the particles, taking into account the various elements which make up the system (internal magnet, external magnet, quadrupoles, ejection correction coils, thin and thick cables,...) and specification of these elements. Then follows an estimation of the delay in manufacture and the cost of the project. Finally, the characteristics of the magnets and quadrupoles are listed in an appendix. (author) [French] On donne d'abord les raisons du choix du systeme d'ejection, puis le principe. Apres les caracteristiques requises pour le faisceau ejecte, on decrit le processus d'ejection selon l'ordre chronologique vu par les protons: mouvement des particules compte tenu des divers elements composant le systeme (aimant interne, aimant externe, quadrupoles, enroulements correcteurs ejection, cibles mince et epaisse,. ..) et cahier de charge de ces elements. On estime, ensuite les delais de realisation et le cout du projet. Enfin, un resume des caracteristiques des aimants et quadrupoles est donne en appendice. (auteur)

Scale Effects on Solid Rocket Combustion Instability Behaviour

OpenAIRE

David R. Greatrix

2011-01-01

The ability to understand and predict the expected internal behaviour of a given solid-propellant rocket motor under transient conditions is important. Research towards predicting and quantifying undesirable transient axial combustion instability symptoms necessitates a comprehensive numerical model for internal ballistic simulation under dynamic flow and combustion conditions. A numerical model incorporating pertinent elements, such as a representative transient, frequency-dependent combusti...

Comparison of U-Pu-Mo, U-Pu-Nb, U-Pu-Ti and U-Pu-Zr alloys; Comparaison des alliages U-Pu-Mo, U-Pu-Nb, U-Pu-Ti, U-Pu-Zr

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Boucher, R; Barthelemy, P [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1964-07-01

The data concerning the U-Pu, U-Pu-Mo and U-Pu-Nb are recalled. The results obtained with U-Pu-Ti and U-Pu-Zr alloys containing 15-20 per cent Pu and 10 wt. per cent ternary element are reported. The transformation temperatures, the expansion coefficients, the nature of phases, the thermal cycling behaviour have been determined. A list of the principal properties of these different alloys is presented and the possibilities of their use as fast reactor's fuel element are considered. The U-Pu-Ti alloys seem to be quite promising: easiness of fabrication, large thermal stability, excellent behaviour in air, small quantity of zeta phase, temperature of solidus superior to 1100 deg. C. (authors) [French] On rappelle brievement les connaissances acquises sur les alliages U-Pu, U-Pu-Mo et U-Pu-Nb. On presente les resultats obtenus avec les alliages U-Pu-Ti et U-Pu-Zr pour des teneurs de 15 a 20 pour cent de plutonium et 10 pour cent en poids d'element ternaire. On a determine les temperatures de transformation, les coefficients de dilatation, la nature des phases, la conductibilite thermique a 20 deg. C, la tenue au cyclage thermique et diverses autres proprietes. Un tableau resume les principales proprietes des divers alliages. On considere les possibilites d'emploi de ces alliages comme combustibles de reacteur rapide. Les alliages U-Pu-Ti paraissent particulierement interessants: facilite d'elaboration, stabilite thermique etendue, tenue dans l'air excellente, faible quantite de la phase U-Pu zeta, temperature de fusion commencante superieure a 1100 deg. C. (auteurs)

Standard elements; Elements standards

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Blanc, B [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1958-07-01

Following his own experience the author recalls the various advantages, especially in the laboratory, of having pre-fabricated vacuum-line components at his disposal. (author) [French] A la suite de sa propre experience, l'auteur veut rappeler les divers avantages que presente, tout particulierement en laboratoire, le fait d'avoir a sa disposition des elements pre-fabriques de canalisations a vide. (auteur)

Radiative transfer modelling in combusting systems using discrete ordinates method on three-dimensional unstructured grids; Modelisation des transferts radiatifs en combustion par methode aux ordonnees discretes sur des maillages non structures tridimensionnels

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Joseph, D.

2004-04-01

The prediction of pollutant species such as soots and NO{sub x} emissions and lifetime of the walls in a combustion chamber is strongly dependant on heat transfer by radiation at high temperatures. This work deals with the development of a code based on the Discrete Ordinates Method (DOM) aiming at providing radiative source terms and wall fluxes with a good compromise between cpu time and accuracy. Radiative heat transfers are calculated using the unstructured grids defined by the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes. The spectral properties of the combustion gases are taken into account by a statistical narrow bands correlated-k model (SNB-ck). Various types of angular quadrature are tested and three different spatial differencing schemes were integrated and compared. The validation tests show the limit at strong optical thicknesses of the finite volume approximation used the Discrete Ordinates Method. The first calculations performed on LES solutions are presented, it provides instantaneous radiative source terms and wall heat fluxes. Those results represent a first step towards radiation/combustion coupling. (author)

Combustion of biodiesel in a large-scale laboratory furnace

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Pereira, Caio; Wang, Gongliang; Costa, Mário

2014-01-01

Combustion tests in a large-scale laboratory furnace were carried out to assess the feasibility of using biodiesel as a fuel in industrial furnaces. For comparison purposes, petroleum-based diesel was also used as a fuel. Initially, the performance of the commercial air-assisted atomizer used in the combustion tests was scrutinized under non-reacting conditions. Subsequently, flue gas data, including PM (particulate matter), were obtained for various flame conditions to quantify the effects of the atomization quality and excess air on combustion performance. The combustion data was complemented with in-flame temperature measurements for two representative furnace operating conditions. The results reveal that (i) CO emissions from biodiesel and diesel combustion are rather similar and not affected by the atomization quality; (ii) NO x emissions increase slightly as spray quality improves for both liquid fuels, but NO x emissions from biodiesel combustion are always lower than those from diesel combustion; (iii) CO emissions decrease rapidly for both liquid fuels as the excess air level increases up to an O 2 concentration in the flue gas of 2%, beyond which they remain unchanged; (iv) NO x emissions increase with an increase in the excess air level for both liquid fuels; (v) the quality of the atomization has a significant impact on PM emissions, with the diesel combustion yielding significantly higher PM emissions than biodiesel combustion; and (vi) diesel combustion originates PM with elements such as Cr, Na, Ni and Pb, while biodiesel combustion produces PM with elements such as Ca, Mg and Fe. - Highlights: • CO emissions from biodiesel and diesel tested are similar. • NO x emissions from biodiesel tested are lower than those from diesel tested. • Diesel tested yields significantly higher PM (particulate matter) emissions than biodiesel tested. • Diesel tested originates PM with Cr, Na, Ni and Pb, while biodiesel tested produces PM with Ca, Mg and Fe

Study of new technique of solid combustible materials to determination of volatile elements by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Campos, R.C. de.

1988-01-01

A new technique for direct trace element analysis of solid combustible materials is described. The samples (up to 10 mg) are weighed on a graphite platform wich is then placed in a quartz tube, at the focal point of three infrared lamps. When the lamps are turned on, the sample burns in a stream of air, and the resulting dry aerosol containing volatile elements such as Hg, Cd, Bi, Tl, Zn, Pb and Cu is carried into the mixing chamber and thence into the flame, where the atomic absorption measurement is carried out. This technique overcomes chemical sample preparation steps, avoiding contaminations of losses associated with these steps. A ''furnace in flame'' system where the aerosol is transported to a flame heated T-tube is also described. The influence of flame stoichiometry, observation height, platform material and air flux intensity was studied inorder to determine optimal analytical conditions. (author) [pt

Global Methodology to Integrate Innovative Models for Electric Motors in Complete Vehicle Simulators Méthodologie générale d’intégration de modèles innovants de moteurs électriques dans des simulateurs véhicules complets

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Abdelli A.

2011-11-01

. Comment reduire les emissions moyennes de CO2 des vehicules particuliers a 120 g/km en 2012 et 95 g/km en 2020 comme le prevoit l’accord conclu entre la Commission Europeenne et les constructeurs europeens ? Cette question a reponses multiples preoccupe a l’heure actuelle l’ensemble du monde automobile. L’electrification des vehicules semble etre une des solutions les plus pertinentes, ce qui pousse les constructeurs a envisager des vehicules hybrides de plus en plus innovants. Cette solution, theoriquement tres interessante, complexifie encore un peu plus les groupes moto-propulseurs des vehicules, ce qui necessite l’utilisation d’outils de simulation adequats pour reduire les couts et les durees de developpement. La simulation systeme, outil deja primordial dans le processus de developpement des moteurs a combustion interne, devient alors incontournable. Pour etudier ce type d’architectures hybrides complexes, et a l’instar des modeles physiques developpes pour le moteur a combustion interne, la simulation systeme doit se doter de modeles predictifs comparables pour les machines electriques. Des leurs specifications, ces modeles doivent integrer certaines contraintes tres exigeantes sur les temps de simulation, contrainte garantissant par la suite une plus large utilisation des simulateurs, notamment pour le developpement et la validation de strategies de controle. L’objectif de ce papier est donc de presenter une methodologie generale de developpement de modeles de machines electriques, modeles ayant pour objectif final d’etre integres dans un simulateur vehicule complet. Cette methodologie met en scene differents types de modelisations (modeles elements finis, modeles de caracterisation, modele de simulation permettant un compromis temps de calcul – precision adequat. Cette methodologie a ete deployee avec succes pour la modelisation d’un moteur synchrone a aimants permanents. A l’issue du processus de modelisation, ce dernier a ete integre

Efficient catalytic combustion in integrated micropellistors

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bársony, I; Ádám, M; Fürjes, P; Dücső, Cs; Lucklum, R; Hirschfelder, M; Kulinyi, S

2009-01-01

This paper analyses two of the key issues of the development of catalytic combustion-type sensors: the selection and production of active catalytic particles on the micropellistor surface as well as the realization of a reliable thermal conduction between heater element and catalytic surface, for the sensing of temperature increase produced by the combustion. The report also demonstrates that chemical sensor product development by a MEMS process is a continuous struggle for elimination of all uncertainties influencing reliability and sensitivity of the final product

Contribution to the study of influences in emission spectrography on solutions. Application to a general analysis method for stainless steels (1961); Contribution a l'etude des influences en spectographie d'emission sur solution. Application a une methode generale d'analyse des aciers inoxydables (1961)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Baudin, G [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Grenoble (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1961-11-15

In order to establish a general method of analysis of stainless steels, by means of spark spectroscopy on solutions, a systematic study has been made of the factors involved. The variations in acidity of the solutions, or in the ratio of concentrations of two acids at constant pH, lead to a displacement of the calibration curve. Simple relations have been established between the concentration of the extraneous elements, and the effects produced, for the constituents Fe, Ti, Ni, Cr, Mn; a general method using abacus is proposed for steels containing only these elements. The interactions in the case of the elements Mo, Nb, Ta, W, were more complex, so that the simultaneous separation was studied with the help of ion-exchange resins. A general method of analysis is proposed for stainless steels. (author) [French] En vue d'etablir une methode generale d'analyse des aciers inoxydables par spectrographie d'etincelles sur solution, on a effectue une etude systematique des influences. Les variations de l'acidite des solutions ou du rapport des concentrations de deux acides a pH constant, entrainent un deplacement des courbes d'etalonnage. On a etabli des relations simples entre la teneur des tiers elements et les effets produits pour les constituants Fe, Ti, Ni, Cr, Mn; une methode generale avec abaques est proposee pour les aciers contenant ces seuls elements. Les influences dans le cas des elements Mo, Nb, Ta, W etant plus complexes, on eut a etudier la separation simultanee a l'aide de resines echangeuses d'ions. On propose une methode generale d'analyse des aciers inoxydables. (auteur)

Volume reduction of waste contaminated by fission product elements and plutonium using molten salt combustion

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

McKenzie, D.E.; Grantham, L.F.; Paulson, R.B.

1979-01-01

In the Molten Salt Combustion Process, transuranic or β-γ organic waste and air are continuously introduced beneath the surface of a sodium carbonate-containing melt at a temperature of about 800 0 C. Complete combustion of the organic material to carbon dioxide and steam occurs without the conversion of nitrogen to nitrogen oxides. The noxious gases formed by combustion of the chloride, sulfur or phosphorus content of the waste instantly react with the melt to form the corresponding sodium compounds. These compounds as well as the ash and radionuclides are retained in the molten salt. The spent salt is either fused cast into an engineered disposal container or processed to recover salt and plutonium. Molten salt combustion reduces the waste to about 2% of its original volume. Many reactor or reprocessing wastes which cannot be incinerated without difficulty are readily combusted in the molten salt. A 50 kg/hr molten salt combustion system is being designed for the Radioactive Waste Management Complex at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. Construction of the combustor started during 1977, and combustor startup was scheduled for the spring of 1978

Co-combustion of sewage sludge; Mitverbrennung von Klaerschlamm

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Thome-Kozmiensky, K.J. [Technische Univ. Berlin (Germany). Fachgebiet Abfallwirtschaft

1998-09-01

Thermal sewage disposal pursues the following aims: destruction of organic pollutants contained in the sludge; concentration and removal or almost complete fixation of inorganic pollutants in the residue matrix; minimisation of the mass solid residue; production of useful products; utilisation of the caloric content. The thermal treatment chain should be as short as possible; intermediate stages in separate reactors such as digestion, drying, degasification or gasification should be avoided if the material is ultimately to be combusted. The present paper examines and assesses the co-combustion of sewage sludge. [Deutsch] Mit der thermischen Klaerschlammentsorgung werden folgende Ziele verfolgt: - Zerstoerung der im Schlamm enthaltenen organischen Schadstoffe, - Konzentration und Ausschleusung oder weitestgehende Fixierung der anorganischen Schadstoffe in die Reststoffmatrix, - Minimierung der Masse an festen Restabfaellen, - Herstellung verwertbarer Produkte, - Nutzung des Waermeeinhalts. Die thermische Behandlungskette sollte moeglichst kurz sein; Zwischenschritte wie Faulung, Trocknung, Ent- oder Vergasung in getrennten Reaktoren sollten vermieden werden, wenn letztendlich doch verbrannt wird. Das Verfahren der Mitverbrennung von Klaerschlamm wird hier untersucht und bewertet. (orig./SR)

Developments in Spray Modeling in Diesel and Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines Progrès de la modélisation des sprays dans les moteurs Diesel et à essence

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Kong S. C.

2006-12-01

Full Text Available In direct-injection engines, the fuel spray characteristics influence the combustion efficiency and exhaust emissions. The performance of available spray models for predicting liquid and vapor fuel distributions, and their influence on combustion is reviewed for both diesel and gasoline direct injection engines. A phenomenological nozzle flow model is described for simulating the effects of diesel injector nozzle internal geometry on the fuel injection and spray processes. The flow model provides initial conditions for the liquid jet breakup model that considers wave instabilities due to Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH and Rayleigh-Taylor (RT mechanisms. A linearized instability analysis has also been extended to consider the breakup of liquid sheets for modeling pressure-swirl gasoline injectors. Diesel engine predictions have been compared with extensive data from in-cylinder laser diagnostics carried out in optically accessible heavy-duty, DI Diesel engines over a wide range of operating conditions. The results show that the nozzle flow model used in combination with the KH and RT models gives realistic spray predictions. In particular, the limited liquid fuel penetration length observed experimentally and the flame shape details are captured accurately. The liquid sheet breakup model has also been compared favorably with experimental spray penetration and drop size data for gasoline hollow-cone sprays. This model is currently being applied to study stratified charge combustion in GDI engines. Dans les moteurs à injection directe, les caractéristiques du spray de carburant influent directement sur le rendement et les émissions. Les performances des modèles de spray existants et leur influence sur la combustion pour les moteurs Diesel et essence à injection directe sont analysées. Un modèle phénoménologique d'écoulement dans les injecteurs indiquant les effets de la géométrie sur les processus d'injection est présenté. Ce modèle donne les

Development of UO{sub 2}-Stainless Steel Fuel Plates Containing 30-50 Vol. % Oxide; Fabrication de plaques de combustible en acier inoxydable-UO{sub 2} contenant 30 a 40% d'oxyde (en volume); Razrabotka toplivnykh ehlementov iz nerzhaveyushchej stali i UO{sub 2}, soderzhashchikh 30 - 50 OB.% okisi; Elaboracion de placas de combustible de acero inoxidable UO{sub 2} conteniendo 30 a 40% de oxido (en volumen)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lloyd, H. [Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell (United Kingdom)

1963-11-15

This paper describes developments associated with the fabrication of UO{sub 2}-stainless steel plate type fuel elements containing up to 50 vol.% UO{sub 2}. The preparation of high-density spherical UO{sub 2} sintered particles in the 100- to 500-{mu}m size range and the compacting and sintering of cermet plate cores with the particles uniformly distributed in the stainless steel matrix are described together with procedures for hot roll-bonding the fuel plates. Rolling at temperatures up to 1300{sup o}C using total deformations in the 40% to 90% range were studied to establish optimum conditions for the production of high-density cores and to achieve good bonding between the plate components with minimum fragmentation and stringering of the UO{sub 2} particles. The manufacture of large fuel plates utilizing multi-core plates which are bonded together during hot rolling is also described. Data are presented on the mechanical properties of 30, 40 and 50 vol.% UO{sub 2}-stainless steel cermets, prepared as described above, and tested in the as ''rolled'' and annealed condition at various temperatures up to 700{sup o}C, using specimens taken laterally and longitudinally to the direction of rolling. The influence of size and uniformity of distribution of the UO{sub 2} spheres on consistency of mechanical properties are discussed. The strength of bonding between core and cladding for similar cermets in the same temperature range was also assessed. Results are also included of thermal cycling tests between 50 and 800{sup o}C, which was done to study the effects on bond stability and cermet structure after 100, 500 and 1000 cycles. (author) [French] L'auteur expose le processus de fabrication d'elements de combustible UO{sub 2}-Inox en plaques contenant jusqu'a 50% en volume d'UO{sub 2}; il decrit la preparation de particules spheriques de UO{sub 2} frittees de densite elevee (taille dans la gamme de 100 a 500), le pressage et le frittage des plaques de cermet dans

Study of the behaviour of some heavy elements in solvents containing hydrogen fluoride; Etude du comportement de quelques elements lourds dans des solvants a base d'acide fluorhydrique

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Tarnero, M [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1967-01-01

The anhydrous liquid mixtures: dinitrogen tetroxide-hydrogen fluoride and antimony pentafluoride-hydrogen fluoride were studied as solvents for heavy elements interesting nuclear energy: uranium, thorium, zirconium and for some of their compounds. For N{sub 2}O{sub 4}-HF mixtures, electric conductivity measurements and liquid phase infrared spectra were also obtained. Uranium and zirconium tetrafluoride are much more soluble in N{sub 2}O{sub 4}-HF mixtures than in pure hydrogen fluoride. Uranium dissolved in these mixtures is pentavalent. In SbF{sub 5}-HF mixtures, uranium dissolves with hydrogen evolution and becomes trivalent. The solid compound resulting from the dissolution is a fluoro-antimonate: U(SbF{sub 6}){sub 3}. (author) [French] On a etudie les melanges liquides anhydres: peroxyde d'azote-acide fluorhydrique et pentafluorure d'antimoine-acide fluorhydrique comme solvants d'elements lourds interessant l'energie nucleaire: uranium, thorium, zirconium et de quelques uns de leurs composes. Pour les melanges N{sub 2}O{sub 4}-HF on a egalement effectue des mesures de conductivite electrique, ainsi que des spectres d'absorption infrarouge en phase liquide. Le tetrafluorure d'uranium et le tetrafluorure de zirconium sont beaucoup plus solubles dans les melanges N{sub 2}O{sub 4}-HF que dans l'acide fluorhydrique. L'uranium dissous dans ces melanges est a l'etat pentavalent. Dans les melanges SbF{sub 5}-HF l'uranium se dissout avec degagement d'hydrogene et passe a l'etat trivalent. Le compose solide resultant de la dissolution est un fluoantimoniate: U(SbF{sub 6}){sub 3}. (auteur)

Combustion plans. Nordrhein-Westfalen opts for environment-friendly disposal of sewage sludge; Aktion Ofen. NRW plant umweltvertraegliche Klaerschlammverwertung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fehrenbach, H.; Giegrich, J.; Knappe, F. [ifeu-Institut fuer Energie- und Umweltforschung GmbH, Heidelberg (Germany)

2001-06-01

According to the plans of the Nordrhein-Westfalen minister of the environment, sewage sludge will be banned as a fertiliser. Instead, it is to be disposed in accordance with the specifications of the Act on Recycling and Waste Management and the requirements of the recycling industry. This is the result of a study carried out on behalf of the Ministry which is summarised here. Combustion capacities will be required. [German] Auf die Verbrennungskapazitaeten in NRW rollt eine Klaerschlammlawine zu. Nach den Plaenen des Duesseldorfer Umweltministeriums soll die sogenannte landwirtschaftliche Verwertung kuenftig eingeschraenkt werden. Die Verwertung soll den gesetzlichen Vorgaben des Kreislaufwirtschaftsgesetzes und den Anforderungen der Kreislaufwirtschaft entsprechen. Dies ergibt sich aus einer Studie des Ministeriums, die hier zusammengefasst ist. (orig.)

Quality Determination of Biomass for Combustion

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Liu, Na; Jørgensen, Uffe; Lærke, Poul Erik

2013-01-01

A high content of minerals in biomass feedstock may cause fouling, slagging, and corrosion in the furnace during combustion. Here, a new pressurized microwave digestion method for biomass digestion prior to elemental analysis is presented. This high-throughput method is capable of processing...

Elemental compositions of suspended particles released in glass manufacture

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mamuro, T; Mizohata, A; Kubota, T [Radiation Center of Osaka Prefecture, Sakai (Japan)

1980-03-01

Suspended particles released in glass manufacture were subjected to multielement analysis by means of instrumental neutron activation method and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Suspended particles emitted from glass manufacture generally consist of both particles emitted from glass fusion and those produced through fuel combustion (mainly oil combustion). Elemental compositions of suspended particles emitted from glass fusion were found to be strongly dependent on the kind and recipe of raw materials and additives. Of the various metallic elements involved in suspended particles emitted from glass fusion, the elements, As, Se, Cd, Sb, Pb and so on are regarded to produce the most serious air pollution. The amount of emission of these elements to the environment is, howerer, quite varied from manufacturer to manufacturer. The replacement of electric furnace by oil combustion in opal glass manufacture remarkably reduced the emission of metallic elements to the environment.

Design of the fuel element 'snow-flake' in uranium oxide, canned with aluminium, for the experimental reactor EL 3 (1960); Etude d'un element combustible en oxyde d'uranium gaine d'aluminium, type ''cristal de neige'' pour la pile EL 3 (1960)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gauthron, M; Guibert, B [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France).Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1960-07-01

This report sums up the main studies have been carried out on the fuel element 'Snowflake' (uranium oxide, canned with aluminium), designed to replace the present element of the experimental reactor EL3 in order to increase the reactivity without modifying the neutron flux/thermal power ratio. (author) [French] Ce rapport resume les principales etudes qui ont ete faites sur l'element combustible 'Cristal de Neige' (a oxyde d'uranium, gaine d'aluminium) destine a remnlacer l'element actuel du reacteur experimental EL3, afin d'en augmenter la reactivite sans modifier le rapport flux neutronique-puissance thermique. (auteur)

Combustion and environment. The answers from the energy and equipment suppliers; Combustion et environnement. Les reponses des fournisseurs d`energie et d`equipements

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

1997-12-31

This paper is a reprint of an article published in `Energie Plus` magazine which questions the capability of commercial fuels and combustion equipments (central heating plants, burners, turbines and engines) available today of respecting the limit values of pollutant emissions (SO{sub x}, NO{sub x}, CO, dusts) of forthcoming regulations. An analysis of the situation is given separately for the fuels (natural gas, coal, heavy fuels) with a stress on the competition aspects, and for the combustion systems (turbines, diesel and gas engines, central heating plants). (J.S.)

Decontamination of irradiated-fuel processing waste using manganese dioxide hydrate; Decontamination des effluents de traitement des combustibles irradies par le bioxyde de manganese hydrate

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Auchapt, J M; Gaudier, J F [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Chusclan (France). Centre de Production de Plutonium de Marcoule

1969-07-01

The 'manganese dioxide' process is designed to replace the 'calcium carbonate' treatment for low and medium activity wastes. The objective to attain during the research for a new process was the diminution of the volume of the sludge without decreasing the decontamination factor of the wastes. The new process involves addition in series of twice over 100 ppm of Mn{sup 2+} in the waste which has previously been made basic and oxidizing; the precipitate formed in situ is separated after each addition. The process has the advantage of increasing the decontamination of strontium. The treatment can be used in a plant including two decantation units and has given effective results when applied in such a plant. (author) [French] Le procede au ''bioxyde de manganese'' est destine a remplacer le traitement ''carbonate de calcium'' dans les effluents de moyenne activite. L'objectif poursuivi lors de la recherche d'un procede nouveau etait de diminuer le volume des boues sans diminuer le facteur de decontamination des effluents. Le nouveau traitement consiste a effectuer en cascade sur les effluents rendus basiques et oxydants une double precipitation de 100 ppm de Mn{sup 2+} avec separation intermediaire du precipite. Il presente en outre l'avantage d'ameliorer la decontamination en strontium. Le traitement est utilisable dans la chaine des deux decanteurs et a donne satisfaction lors de son exploitation industrielle. Le volume des boues seches a ete reduit d'un facteur 3 a 4 par rapport au traitement carbonate. (auteur)

Processing Th C{sub 2} - UC{sub 2} fuel extracted from high temperature reactors HTGCR; Etude du traitement des combustibles Th C{sub 2} - UC{sub 2} issus de reacteurs a haute temperature

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Derrien, C; Lessart, P; Pianezza, E; Verry, C; Villain, G [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1969-07-01

The object of this investigation is solubilisation head-end (from crushing and grinding phase to non included first purification phase) of pulverulent ({sup 233}U/{sup 232}Th)C{sub 2} (200 - 500 microns diameter) contained in a graphite matrix extracted from a 4.10{sup 13} n.cm{sup -2}.s{sup -1} thermalized neutrons average flux with an irradiation of 80000 MWjT{sup -1} HTGCR reactor. After having succinctly described different bibliographic processes we have chosen the burn - leach of reactor fuel and graphite matrix containing it. The technology of burner is original in nuclear field and still more by utilizing ultra-sounds to intensify burning reaction and to minimize the weight of unburnables. The mixture of ThO{sub 2}, U{sub 3}O{sub 8}, and fission products oxides is solubilized by boiling HNO{sub 3} 13 M + HF 0.05 M. This process is profit-learning in a thorium recuperation and reprocessing point of view. In the contrary-case it would be interesting to consider a dry-process which would permit to separate solid ThF{sub 4} from gaseous UF{sub 6}. (authors) [French] Cette etude a pour objet le traitement initial de mise en solution ou 'head-end' (allant de la phase broyag-concassage a la phase de premiere purification exclue) d'un combustible ({sup 233}U/{sup 232}Th)C{sub 2} pulverulent (de 200 a 500 {mu} de diametre) contenu dans une matrice de graphite issu d'un reacteur HTGCR surgenerateur a neutrons thermiques de flux moyen 4. l0{sup 13} n.cm{sup -2}.s{sup -1} et taux d'irradiation 80000 MWjT{sup -1}. Apres exposition succincte des differents procedes bibliographiques decrits, nous avons finalement choisi le traitement par combustion-attaque ('Burn-Leach') du combustible et de la matrice etanche graphite qui le contient. La technologie du bruleur est originale dans le domaine nucleaire d'autant qu'elle utilise les ultra-sons pour ameliorer le rendement de la reaction de combustion et reduire au minimum le poids des imbrules. Le melange ThO{sub 2}, U{sub 3}O

Influence des conditions d'élevage et de sulfitage des vins rouges en barriques sur leur teneur en acide acétique et en éthyl-phenols

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Pascal Chatonnet

1993-12-01

En plus de la dose, les conditions de sulfitage des vins et des barriques sont également importantes. L'apport d'une quantité de SO2 non inférieure à 7 g par fût sous forme gazeuse dans un fût vide permet simultanément la désinfection des douelles et le sulfitage des vins. A dosage identique, avec un sulfitage direct du vin, le développement de Brettanomyces intermedius n'est pas inhibé et les vins risquent de présenter un caractère phénolé désagréable en fin d'élevage. Par ailleurs, les sulfitages à la mèche ou à la pastille ne possèdent pas la même efficacité. Si à quantité de soufre identique le méchage à la pastille procure un sulfitage presque deux fois plus important, selon l'origine et les méthodes de fabrication employées, les pastilles de soufre possèdent une stabilité au vieillissement variable se traduisant par des sulfitages irréguliers en fonction de leur âge et de leurs conditions de stockage. La présence d'une charge non combustible hygroscopique entrant dans la composition de certaines pastilles de soufre est responsable de cette instabilité.

A scanning electron microscopy study of ash, char, deposits and fuels from straw combustion and co-combustion of coal and straw

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sund Soerensen, H.

1998-07-01

The SEM-study of samples from straw combustion and co-combustion of straw and coal have yielded a reference selection of representative images that will be useful for future comparison. The sample material encompassed potential fuels (wheat straw and grain), bottom ash, fly ash and deposits from straw combustion as well as fuels (coal and wheat straw), chars, bottom ash, fly ash and deposits from straw + coal co-combustion. Additionally, a variety of laboratory ashes were studied. SEM and CCSEM analysis of the samples have given a broad view of the inorganic components of straw and of the distribution of elements between individual ash particles and deposits. The CCSEM technique does, however, not detect dispersed inorganic elements in biomass, so to get a more complete visualization of the distribution of inorganic elements additional analyses must be performed, for example progressive leaching. In contrast, the CCSEM technique is efficient in characterizing the distribution of elements in ash particles and between ash fractions and deposits. The data for bottom ashes and fly ashes have indicated that binding of potassium to silicates occurs to a significant extent. The silicates can either be in the form of alumino-silicates or quartz (in co-combustion) or be present as straw-derived amorphous silica (in straw combustion). This process is important for two reasons. One is that potasium lowers the melting point of silica in the fly ash, potentially leading to troublesome deposits by particle impaction and sticking to heat transfer surfaces. The other is that the reaction between potassium and silica in the bottom ash binds part of the potassium meaning that it is not available for reaction with chlorine or sulphur to form KCl or K{sub 2}SO{sub 4}. Both phases are potentially troublesome because they can condense of surfaces to form a sticky layer onto which fly ash particles can adhere and by inducing corrosion beneath the deposit. It appears that in the studied

Combustion: an oil spill mitigation tool

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

None

1979-11-01

The technical feasibility of using combustion as an oil spill mitigation tool was studied. Part I of the two-part report is a practical guide oriented toward the needs of potential users, while Part II is the research or resource document from which the practical guidance was drawn. The study included theoretical evaluations of combustion of petroleum pool fires under the effects of weathering and an oil classification system related to combustion potential. The theoretical analysis of combustion is balanced by practical experience of oil burning and case history information. Decision elements are provided which can be used as a guide for technical evaluations of a particular oil spill situation. The rationale for assessing technical feasibility is given in the context of other alternatives available for response to an oil spill. A series of research and technology development concepts are included for future research. The ethics of using oil burning are discussed as issues, concerns, and tradeoffs. A detailed annotated bibliography is appended along with a capsule review of a decade of oil burning studies and other support information.

Applying Thermodynamics to Fossil Fuels: Heats of Combustion from Elemental Compositions.

Science.gov (United States)

Lloyd, William G.; Davenport, Derek A.

1980-01-01

Discussed are the calculations of heats of combustions of some selected fossil fuel compounds such as some foreign shale oils and United States coals. Heating values for coal- and petroleum-derived fuel oils are also presented. (HM)

Scaling of the flow field in a combustion chamber with a gas–gas injector

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Xiao-Wei, Wang; Guo-Biao, Cai; Ping, Jin

2010-01-01

The scaling of the flow field in a gas–gas combustion chamber is investigated theoretically, numerically and experimentally. To obtain the scaling criterion of the gas–gas combustion flowfield, formulation analysis of the three-dimensional (3D) Navier–Stokes equations for a gaseous multi-component mixing reaction flow is conducted and dimensional analysis on the gas–gas combustion phenomena is also carried out. The criterion implies that the size and the pressure of the gas–gas combustion chamber can be changed. Based on the criterion, multi-element injector chambers with different geometric sizes and at different chamber pressures ranging from 3 MPa to 20 MPa are numerically simulated. A multi-element injector chamber is designed and hot-fire tested at five chamber pressures from 1.64 MPa to 3.68 MPa. Wall temperature measurements are used to understand the similarity of combustion flowfields in the tests. The results have verified the similarities between combustion flowfields under different chamber pressures and geometries, with the criterion applied. (geophysics, astronomy and astrophysics)

The Performance of Major Plant Items at Calder Hall; Fonctionnement des elements principaux de la centrale de Calder Hall; Kharakteristika osnovnykh uzlov ustanovki v Kolder-Kholle; Rendimiento de los principales elementos de la central de Calder Hall

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Desbruslais, E. L. [United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Seascale, Cumberland (United Kingdom)

1963-10-15

dans les canaux a combustible, et de pinces speciales, a permis de reduire les temps de dechargement. On n'a enregistre que des defaillances mineures dans les mecanismes complexes de commande des barres de reglage et le materiel de controle connexe. Dans toute la mesure du possible le controle de l'usine doit etre centralise et les principaux centres de controle ainsi que les elements importants de l'usine doivent etre proteges de tout dommage accidentel pouvant provenir de l'exterieur. Pour la generatrice diesel de secours, il ne semble pas necessaire de prevoir le demarrage automatique et des circuits doubles, mais une centralisation ne serait pas inutile. (author) [Spanish] Desde hace mas de seis afios, Calder Hall viene funcionando como central para la carga basica, habiendo sufrido avenas similares a las que se registran en las centrales clasicas de electricidad. Todas las fallas se han producido en la parte clasica de la central y ninguna en los reactores propiamente dichos. La experiencia ha demostrado que, desde el punto de vista de la seguridad de los reactores, estos mismos y los principales elementos de la central, asi como las conexiones con la red, se han de considerar en conjunto. No se ha observado ningun cambio importante que sugiera que el recipiente de presion del reactor o el moderador de grafito limitaran la vida util de la central. La distribucion de temperatura alrededor de los conductos de salida de gas es asimetrica, lo cual limita actualmente la potencia del reactor. Se ha recomendado montar mas pares termoelectricos, asi como instrumentos para medir deformaciones y dispositivos que permitan observar visualmente zonas de tension y temperaturas elevadas. Durante el funcionamiento normal, no se emplean ya los desecadores Humidrier y gracias a ello se ha logrado un ligero aumento de la potencia del reactor. Se formulan algunas recomendaciones respecto de la frecuencia de las inspecciones de los intercambiadores de calor, de los principales

Combustion control for diesel engines with direct injection

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Jeschke, J.; Henn, M.; Lang, T.; Wendt, J.; Nitzke, H.G.; Mannigel, D. [Volkswagen AG (Germany)

2007-07-01

This article looks at a new cylinder pressure-based combustion control for DI diesel engines that has been developed by Volkswagen. This cylinder pressure-based control uses cylinder pressure sensors that are integrated in the glow plugs. The description and the evaluation of these sensors form a main part of this article as they are a central element in the new diesel management system. The test and development phase in connection with a rapid prototyping system and the realisation of the combustion control algorithms in a diesel control unit are also described. Finally, results from use of the closed-loop combustion control with different applications on a diesel engine are presented. (orig.)

Species- and stage-specific differences in trace element tissue concentrations in amphibians: implications for the disposal of coal-combustion wastes

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Roe, J.H.; Hopkins, W.A.; Jackson, B.P. [University of Georgia, Aiken, SC (US)

2005-07-01

Information on species- and stage-specific patterns of contaminant accumulation is generally lacking for amphibians, yet such information could provide valuable knowledge on how amphibians interact with contaminants. We assessed concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, and Zn in whole bodies of larval, recently metamorphosed, and adult life stages in Bufo terrestris and Rana sphenocephala from a site that currently receives coal combustion waste (CCW) discharge, a site where CCW was formerly discharged that has undergone natural attenuation for 30 years, and a nearby reference site. For the majority of elements (As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn), concentrations were highest in larvae, but Se and Sr concentrations remained elevated in later life stages, likely because these elements are S and Ca analogs, respectively, and are thus retained throughout structural changes during metamorphosis. Element concentrations were generally higher in B. terrestris than in R. sphenocephala. Concentrations of As, Se, and Sr were up to 11-35 times higher in metamorphs emigrating from CCW-polluted wetlands compared to unpolluted wetlands, suggesting metamorphosed amphibians can transport trace elements from aquatic disposal basins to nearby uncontaminated terrestrial habitats. In addition, anurans utilizing naturally revegetated sites up to 30 years after CCW disposal ceases are exposed to trace elements, although to a lesser degree than sites where CCW is currently discharged.

Species-and stage-specific differences in trace element tissue concentrations in amphibians: implications for the disposal of coal-combustion wastes

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Roe, John H.; Hopkins, William A.; Jackson, Brian P.

2005-01-01

Information on species-and stage-specific patterns of contaminant accumulation is generally lacking for amphibians, yet such information could provide valuable knowledge on how amphibians interact with contaminants. We assessed concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, and Zn in whole bodies of larval, recently metamorphosed, and adult life stages in Bufo terrestris and Rana sphenocephala from a site that currently receives coal combustion waste (CCW) discharge, a site where CCW was formerly discharged that has undergone natural attenuation for 30 years, and a nearby reference site. For the majority of elements (As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn), concentrations were highest in larvae, but Se and Sr concentrations remained elevated in later life stages, likely because these elements are S and Ca analogs, respectively, and are thus retained throughout structural changes during metamorphosis. Element concentrations were generally higher in B. terrestris than in R. sphenocephala. Concentrations of As, Se, and Sr were up to 11-35 times higher in metamorphs emigrating from CCW-polluted wetlands compared to unpolluted wetlands, suggesting metamorphosed amphibians can transport trace elements from aquatic disposal basins to nearby uncontaminated terrestrial habitats. In addition, anurans utilizing naturally revegetated sites up to 30 years after CCW disposal ceases are exposed to trace elements, although to a lesser degree than sites where CCW is currently discharged. - Results suggest that metamorphosed amphibians can transport trace elements from aquatic disposal basins to non-contaminated habitats

Species-and stage-specific differences in trace element tissue concentrations in amphibians: implications for the disposal of coal-combustion wastes

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Roe, John H. [University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802 (United States); Hopkins, William A. [University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802 (United States)]. E-mail: hopkins@srel.edu; Jackson, Brian P. [University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802 (United States)

2005-07-15

Information on species-and stage-specific patterns of contaminant accumulation is generally lacking for amphibians, yet such information could provide valuable knowledge on how amphibians interact with contaminants. We assessed concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, and Zn in whole bodies of larval, recently metamorphosed, and adult life stages in Bufo terrestris and Rana sphenocephala from a site that currently receives coal combustion waste (CCW) discharge, a site where CCW was formerly discharged that has undergone natural attenuation for 30 years, and a nearby reference site. For the majority of elements (As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn), concentrations were highest in larvae, but Se and Sr concentrations remained elevated in later life stages, likely because these elements are S and Ca analogs, respectively, and are thus retained throughout structural changes during metamorphosis. Element concentrations were generally higher in B. terrestris than in R. sphenocephala. Concentrations of As, Se, and Sr were up to 11-35 times higher in metamorphs emigrating from CCW-polluted wetlands compared to unpolluted wetlands, suggesting metamorphosed amphibians can transport trace elements from aquatic disposal basins to nearby uncontaminated terrestrial habitats. In addition, anurans utilizing naturally revegetated sites up to 30 years after CCW disposal ceases are exposed to trace elements, although to a lesser degree than sites where CCW is currently discharged. - Results suggest that metamorphosed amphibians can transport trace elements from aquatic disposal basins to non-contaminated habitats.

Irradiation behaviour of mixed uranium-plutonium carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides; Comportement a l'irradiation de carbures, nitrures et carbonitrures mixtes d'uranium et de plutonium

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mikailoff, H; Mustelier, J P; Bloch, J; Leclere, J; Hayet, L [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1967-07-01

In the framework of the research program of fast reactor fuels two irradiation experiments have been carried out on mixed uranium-plutonium carbides, nitrides and carbo-nitrides. In the first experiment carried out with thermal neutrons, the fuel consisted of sintered pellets sheathed in a stainless steel can with a small gap filled with helium. There were three mixed mono-carbide samples and the maximum linear power was 715 W/cm. After a burn-up slightly lower than 20000 MW day/tonne, a swelling of the fuel which had ruptured the cans was observed. In the second experiment carried out in the BR2 reactor with epithermal neutrons, the samples consisted of sintered pellets sodium bonded in a stainless steel tube. There were three samples containing different fuels and the linear power varies between 1130 and 1820 W/cm. Post-irradiation examination after a maximal burn-up of 1550 MW day/tonne showed that the behaviour of the three fuel elements was satisfactory. (authors) [French] Dans le cadre du programme d'etude des conibustiles pour reacteurs rapides, on a realise deux experiences d'irradiation de carbures, nitrures et carbonitrures mixtes d'uranium et de plutonium. Dans la premiere experience, faite en neutrons thermiques, le combustible etait constitue de,pastilles frittees gainees dans un tube d'acier inoxydable avec un faible jeu rempli d'helium. Il y avait trois echantillons de monocarbures mixtes, et la puissance lineaire maximale etait de 715 W/cm. Apres un taux de combustion legerement inferieur a 20 000 MWj/t, on a observe un gonflement des combustible qui a provoque, la rupture des gaines. Pans la seconde experience, realisee dans le reacteur BR2 en neutrons epithermiques, les echantillons etaient constitues de pastilles frittees gainees dans un tube d'acier avec un joint sodium. Il y avait trois echantillons contenant des combustibles differents, et la puissance lineaire variait de 1130 a 1820 W/cm. Les examens apres irradiation a un taux maximal de

The Heat of Combustion of Tobacco and Carbon Oxide Formation

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Norman AB

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Recent studies demonstrated a relationship between mass burn rates of straight-grade cigarettes and heats of combustion of the tobacco materials. In the present work, relationships between measured heats of combustion and elemental composition of the tobacco materials were further analyzed. Heats of combustion measured in oxygen were directly correlated with the carbon and hydrogen content of the tobacco materials tested. Ash content of the materials was inversely related to the heats of combustion. The water insoluble residues from exhaustively extracted tobacco materials showed higher heats of combustion and higher carbon content than the non-extracted materials, confirming a direct relationship between carbon content and heat of combustion. A value for the heat of formation of tobacco was estimated (1175 cal/g from the heat of combustion data and elemental analysis results. The estimated value for heat of formation of tobacco appears to be constant regardless of the material type. Heat values measured in air were uniformly lower than the combustion heats in oxygen, suggesting formation of CO and other reaction products. Gases produced during bomb calorimetry experiments with five tobacco materials were analyzed for CO and CO2 content. When the materials were burned in oxygen, no CO was found in the gases produced. Measured heats of combustion matched estimates based on CO2 found in the gas and conversion of the sample hydrogen content to water. Materials burned in air produced CO2 (56% to 77% of the sample carbon content and appreciable amounts of CO (7% to 16% of the sample carbon content. Unburned residue containing carbon and hydrogen was found in the air combustion experiments. Estimated heat values based on amounts of CO and CO2 found in the gas and water formed from the hydrogen lost during combustion in air were higher than the measured values. These observations indicate formation of products containing hydrogen when the materials

Residential Electrostatic Precipitator - Performance at efficient and poor combustion conditions

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Baefver, Linda; Yngvesson, Johan; Niklasson, Fredrik

2012-07-01

The performance of a pilot residential electrostatic precipitator R{sub E}SP (Applied Plasma Physics AS), was investigated at laboratory. Measurements of TSP (Total Suspended Particles), content of organic and elemental carbon, and mass size distribution of particles upstream and downstream of ESP were performed. Values for PM1 (particles < 1 {mu}m) were calculated from the particle size distributions. Concentrations and size distributions with respect to particle numbers were measured in separate tests. Gas concentrations, temperatures and boiler parameters were also measured. The TSP concentrations upstream of the R{sub E}SP were varied in range of 15-390 mg/m{sub N}{sup 3}. Up to concentrations of about 300 mg/m{sub N}{sup 3}, the TSP-concentrations out from the ESP were less than 20 mg/m{sub N}{sup 3}, which is well below the German emission limit for wood stoves. The removal efficiencies with respect to mass were about 87% at efficient combustion and 93% at poor combustion. Corresponding values with respect to number concentrations were about 97% at efficient combustion and almost 99% at poor combustion. The better performance at poor combustion may be explained by lower flue gas temperature, leading to longer residence time in the ESP. High removal efficiencies were also found with respect to particulate organic and elemental carbon.

Accelerated delivery of hydro electrical projects; Livraison acceleree des projets hydroelectriques

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Benjannet, Hassine; Bechard, Normand

2010-09-15

Hydro electrical projects, as other energy projects, must transform in order to adapt to current market demands. This article describes the solutions developed during the construction of the Eastmain-1-A power plant in order to speed up its delivery and to reduce the costs. These solutions include, more comprehensive land investigations, the simplification of excavation contours, the refit or elimination of certain work spaces, the addition of a second access during construction, the simplification of the formworks, the improvement of work zones access and especially the use of prefabricated elements. [French] Les projets hydroelectriques, comme les autres projets energetiques, doivent subir des transformations pour s'adapter aux exigences actuelles du marche. Cet article presente les solutions mises en oeuvre pour la construction de la Centrale de l'Eastmain-1-A en vue d'en accelerer la livraison et d'en reduire le cout. Ces solutions comprennent, entre autres des investigations de terrain plus approfondies, la simplification des contours d'excavations, le reamenagement ou l'elimination de certains locaux, l'addition d'un deuxieme acces pendant la construction, la simplification des coffrages, l'amelioration des acces aux zones de travail et surtout l'utilisation d'elements prefabriques.

Combustion instability modeling and analysis

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Santoro, R.J.; Yang, V.; Santavicca, D.A. [Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States); Sheppard, E.J. [Tuskeggee Univ., Tuskegee, AL (United States). Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

1995-12-31

It is well known that the two key elements for achieving low emissions and high performance in a gas turbine combustor are to simultaneously establish (1) a lean combustion zone for maintaining low NO{sub x} emissions and (2) rapid mixing for good ignition and flame stability. However, these requirements, when coupled with the short combustor lengths used to limit the residence time for NO formation typical of advanced gas turbine combustors, can lead to problems regarding unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, as well as the occurrence of combustion instabilities. The concurrent development of suitable analytical and numerical models that are validated with experimental studies is important for achieving this objective. A major benefit of the present research will be to provide for the first time an experimentally verified model of emissions and performance of gas turbine combustors. The present study represents a coordinated effort between industry, government and academia to investigate gas turbine combustion dynamics. Specific study areas include development of advanced diagnostics, definition of controlling phenomena, advancement of analytical and numerical modeling capabilities, and assessment of the current status of our ability to apply these tools to practical gas turbine combustors. The present work involves four tasks which address, respectively, (1) the development of a fiber-optic probe for fuel-air ratio measurements, (2) the study of combustion instability using laser-based diagnostics in a high pressure, high temperature flow reactor, (3) the development of analytical and numerical modeling capabilities for describing combustion instability which will be validated against experimental data, and (4) the preparation of a literature survey and establishment of a data base on practical experience with combustion instability.

Nanocrystals-based Macroporous Materials Synthesized by Freeze-drying Combustion

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yan, Ruiqiang; Chen, Yu; Lin, Ye; Chen, Fanglin

2016-01-01

We present a novel freeze-drying combustion method for synthesis of macroporous powders with nano-network, using Sm 0.2 Ce 0.8 O 1.9 (SDC) as an example. The metal nitrate salt solution mixed with glycine is frozen to form homogeneous nitrate/glycine mixture and then freeze-dried through sublimation of ice crystals. Upon combustion of the freeze-dried mixture, SDC powders with macroporous microstructure consisting of 10–20 nm nanocrystals, high surface area and excellent sinterability are achieved. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis indicates that nanodomains due to aggregation/segregation of dopants in the SDC powders obtained from freeze-drying combustion are much smaller than those in the SDC powders synthesized by the conventional nitrate solution combustion approach, demonstrating better elemental homogeneity and improved conductivity. Using low cost precursors and simple processing conditions, freeze-drying combustion can be a versatile method to synthesize nanocrystalline powders with excellent composition homogeneity for broad applications.

Irradiation and development of the nuclear emulsions exposed to intense fluxes of thermal neutrons with {gamma} rays; Irradiation et developpement des emulsions nucleaires exposees a des flux intenses de neutrons thermiques, accompagnes de rayons {gamma}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Faraggi, H; Bonnet, A; Cohen, J [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Lab. du Fort de Chatillon, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1952-07-01

The thermal neutron fluxes provided by nuclear reactors permit the survey of relatively rare phenomenons, and dosage of very weak quantities of some elements. One of the most favorable detection technique are constituted by the use of the nuclear emulsions. one can mention: - the dosage of uranium by counting in the emulsion the number of traces due to fission fragments after irradiation. - The dosage of the lithium and the boron as trace amounts with the help of nuclear reactions (n, {alpha}) and thermal neutrons. - The research of reactions (n, {alpha}) or (n, p) of very weak cross section for middle or heavy elements. These different applications require however important neutrons fluxes. It had therefore obliged us to search for the most favorable irradiation and development of the emulsions conditions, to get the best visibility of the trajectories and decrease the phenomena of fog on the emulsion, which prevents any observation. (M.B.) [French] Les flux de neutrons thermiques fournis par les reacteurs nucleaires permettent l'etude de phenomenes relativement rares, et le dosage de tres faibles quantites de certains elements. Un des moyens de detection les plus favorables est constitue par l'utilisation des emulsions nucleaires. on peut citer: - le dosage de l'uranium par comptage dans l'emulsion du nombre de traces dues aux fragments de fission apres irradiation. - Le dosage du lithium et du bore a l'etat de traces a l'aide des reactions (n, {alpha}) sous l'action des neutrons thermiques. - La recherche de reactions (n,{alpha}) ou (n,p) de tres faible section efficace pour des elements moyens ou lourds. Ces differentes applications necessite cependant des flux de neutrons important. On a donc ete amene a rechercher les conditions les plus favorables d'irradiation et de developpement des emulsions, de maniere a obtenir la meilleure visibilite des trajectoires et diminuer les phenomenes de voile de l'emulsion, qui empeche toute observation. (M.B.)

Irradiation and development of the nuclear emulsions exposed to intense fluxes of thermal neutrons with {gamma} rays; Irradiation et developpement des emulsions nucleaires exposees a des flux intenses de neutrons thermiques, accompagnes de rayons {gamma}

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Faraggi, H.; Bonnet, A.; Cohen, J. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Lab. du Fort de Chatillon, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1952-07-01

The thermal neutron fluxes provided by nuclear reactors permit the survey of relatively rare phenomenons, and dosage of very weak quantities of some elements. One of the most favorable detection technique are constituted by the use of the nuclear emulsions. one can mention: - the dosage of uranium by counting in the emulsion the number of traces due to fission fragments after irradiation. - The dosage of the lithium and the boron as trace amounts with the help of nuclear reactions (n, {alpha}) and thermal neutrons. - The research of reactions (n, {alpha}) or (n, p) of very weak cross section for middle or heavy elements. These different applications require however important neutrons fluxes. It had therefore obliged us to search for the most favorable irradiation and development of the emulsions conditions, to get the best visibility of the trajectories and decrease the phenomena of fog on the emulsion, which prevents any observation. (M.B.) [French] Les flux de neutrons thermiques fournis par les reacteurs nucleaires permettent l'etude de phenomenes relativement rares, et le dosage de tres faibles quantites de certains elements. Un des moyens de detection les plus favorables est constitue par l'utilisation des emulsions nucleaires. on peut citer: - le dosage de l'uranium par comptage dans l'emulsion du nombre de traces dues aux fragments de fission apres irradiation. - Le dosage du lithium et du bore a l'etat de traces a l'aide des reactions (n, {alpha}) sous l'action des neutrons thermiques. - La recherche de reactions (n,{alpha}) ou (n,p) de tres faible section efficace pour des elements moyens ou lourds. Ces differentes applications necessite cependant des flux de neutrons important. On a donc ete amene a rechercher les conditions les plus favorables d'irradiation et de developpement des emulsions, de maniere a obtenir la meilleure visibilite des trajectoires et diminuer les phenomenes de voile de l'emulsion, qui

Study of physico-chemical release of uranium and plutonium oxides during the combustion of polycarbonate and of ruthenium during the combustion of solvents used in the reprocessing of nuclear fuel; Etude de la mise en suspension physico-chimique des oxydes de plutonium et d'uranium lors de la combustion de polycarbonate et de ruthenium lors de la combustion des solvants de retraitement du combustible irradie

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bouilloux, L

1998-07-01

The level of consequences concerning a fire in a nuclear facility is in part estimated by the quantities and the physico-chemical forms of radioactive compounds that may be emitted out of the facility. It is therefore necessary to study the contaminant release from the fire. Because of the multiplicity of the scenarios, two research subjects were retained. The first one concerns the study of the uranium or plutonium oxides chemical release during the combustion of the polycarbonate glove box sides. The second one is about the physico chemical characterisation of the ruthenium release during the combustion of an organic solvent mixture (tributyl phosphate-dodecane) used for the nuclear fuel reprocessing. Concerning the two research subjects, the chemical release, i.e. means the generation of contaminant compounds gaseous in the fire, was modelled using thermodynamical simulations. Experiments were done in order to determine the ruthenium release factor during solvent combustion. A cone calorimeter was used for small scale experiments. These results were then validated by large scale tests under conditions close to the industrial process. Thermodynamical simulations, for the two scenarios studied. Furthermore, the experiments on solvent combustion allowed the determination of a suitable ruthenium release factor. Finally, the mechanism responsible of the ruthenium release has been found. (author)

The Use of Fuel Gas as Stripping Medium in Atmospheric Distillation of Crude Oil L’utilisation de gaz combustible comme moyen d’extraction des fractions légères en distillation atmosphérique du pétrole brut

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Plellis-Tsaltakis C.

2011-09-01

Full Text Available Stripping of petroleum fractions aims to remove the light ends that spoil some of their properties, such as the flash point. Stripping usually employs steam for that purpose. Except for steam, other substances can perform the same function, among them light hydrocarbons. In this article, we investigate the use of refinery fuel gas as stripping medium for a crude oil atmospheric distillation unit. L’extraction des fractions légères du pétrole vise à enlever les produits nuisibles à certaines propriétés comme le point d’éclair. Cette opération utilise habituellement de la vapeur d’eau. D’autres substances peuvent remplir la même fonction, comme les hydrocarbures légers. Dans cet article, on étudie l’utilisation du gaz combustible de la raffinerie comme moyen d’extraction des fractions légères dans une unité de distillation atmosphérique.

Effets des electrons secondaires sur l'ADN

Science.gov (United States)

Boudaiffa, Badia

Les interactions des electrons de basse energie (EBE) representent un element important en sciences des radiations, particulierement, les sequences se produisant immediatement apres l'interaction de la radiation ionisante avec le milieu biologique. Il est bien connu que lorsque ces radiations deposent leur energie dans la cellule, elles produisent un grand nombre d'electrons secondaires (4 x 104/MeV), qui sont crees le long de la trace avec des energies cinetiques initiales bien inferieures a 20 eV. Cependant, il n'y a jamais eu de mesures directes demontrant l'interaction de ces electrons de tres basse energie avec l'ADN, du principalement aux difficultes experimentales imposees par la complexite du milieu biologique. Dans notre laboratoire, les dernieres annees ont ete consacrees a l'etude des phenomenes fondamentaux induits par impact des EBE sur differentes molecules simples (e.g., N2, CO, O2, H2O, NO, C2H 4, C6H6, C2H12) et quelques molecules complexes dans leur phase solide. D'autres travaux effectues recemment sur des bases de l'ADN et des oligonucleotides ont montre que les EBE produisent des bris moleculaires sur les biomolecules. Ces travaux nous ont permis d'elaborer des techniques pour mettre en evidence et comprendre les interactions fondamentales des EBE avec des molecules d'interet biologique, afin d'atteindre notre objectif majeur d'etudier l'effet direct de ces particules sur la molecule d'ADN. Les techniques de sciences des surfaces developpees et utilisees dans les etudes precitees peuvent etre etendues et combinees avec des methodes classiques de biologie pour etudier les dommages de l'ADN induits par l'impact des EBE. Nos experiences ont montre l'efficacite des electrons de 3--20 eV a induire des coupures simple et double brins dans l'ADN. Pour des energies inferieures a 15 eV, ces coupures sont induites par la localisation temporaire d'un electron sur une unite moleculaire de l'ADN, ce qui engendre la formation d'un ion negatif transitoire

Application of transducers to the control of temperatures and of alternating and direct voltages (1962); Application des transducteurs a la regulation des temperatures et des tensions alternatives et continues (1962)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Raoult, N [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1960-11-15

The temperature regulator and the voltage regulators described have been studied with a view to conferring a high degree of safety to the apparatuses in which they are used. They make use almost exclusively of Transducers which are passive elements acting mainly in these apparatuses as amplifiers and which are entirely satisfactory, ensuring that the regulators studied keep their essential qualities i.e accuracy, reliability, stability and sensitivity. (author) [French] Le regulateur de temperature et les regulateurs de tension decrits ont ete etudies pour donner aux ensembles dans lesquels ils sont inseres une grande securite d'exploitation. Ils utilisent presque exclusivement comme constituants des TRANSDUCTEURS qui sont des elements passifs assurant principalement dans ces appareils une fonction d'amplification ou ils donnent entiere satisfaction en conservant aux regulateurs etudies leurs qualites essentielles qui sont: la precision, la fidelite, la stabilite et la sensibilite. (auteur)

Combustion instability modeling and analysis

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Santoro, R.J.; Yang, V.; Santavicca, D.A. [Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States)] [and others

1995-10-01

It is well known that the two key elements for achieving low emissions and high performance in a gas turbine combustor are to simultaneously establish (1) a lean combustion zone for maintaining low NO{sub x} emissions and (2) rapid mixing for good ignition and flame stability. However, these requirements, when coupled with the short combustor lengths used to limit the residence time for NO formation typical of advanced gas turbine combustors, can lead to problems regarding unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, as well as the occurrence of combustion instabilities. Clearly, the key to successful gas turbine development is based on understanding the effects of geometry and operating conditions on combustion instability, emissions (including UHC, CO and NO{sub x}) and performance. The concurrent development of suitable analytical and numerical models that are validated with experimental studies is important for achieving this objective. A major benefit of the present research will be to provide for the first time an experimentally verified model of emissions and performance of gas turbine combustors.

Efficacité des néonicotinoïdes et des pyréthrinoïdes utilisés contre le ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Efficacité des néonicotinoïdes et des pyréthrinoïdes utilisés contre le foreur des tiges du cacaoyer ( Eulophonotus myrmeleon Felder : Lepidoptera, Cossidae). Implications dans la stratégie de protection de la cacaoculture en Côte d'Ivoire.

Emissions from laboratory combustion of wildland fuels: Emission factors and source profiles

Science.gov (United States)

L.-W. Anthony Chen; Hans Moosmuller; W. Patrick Arnott; Judith C. Chow; John G. Watson; Ronald A. Susott; Ronald E. Babbitt; Cyle E. Wold; Emily N. Lincoln; Wei Min Hao

2007-01-01

Combustion of wildland fuels represents a major source of particulate matter (PM) and light-absorbing elemental carbon (EC) on a national and global scale, but the emission factors and source profiles have not been well characterized with respect to different fuels and combustion phases. These uncertainties limit the accuracy of current emission inventories, smoke...

Combustion

CERN Document Server

Glassman, Irvin

2008-01-01

Combustion Engineering, a topic generally taught at the upper undergraduate and graduate level in most mechanical engineering programs, and many chemical engineering programs, is the study of rapid energy and mass transfer usually through the common physical phenomena of flame oxidation. It covers the physics and chemistry of this process and the engineering applications-from the generation of power such as the internal combustion automobile engine to the gas turbine engine. Renewed concerns about energy efficiency and fuel costs, along with continued concerns over toxic and particulate emissions have kept the interest in this vital area of engineering high and brought about new developments in both fundamental knowledge of flame and combustion physics as well as new technologies for flame and fuel control. *New chapter on new combustion concepts and technologies, including discussion on nanotechnology as related to combustion, as well as microgravity combustion, microcombustion, and catalytic combustion-all ...

Experimental Determination of the Neutron Characteristics of UO{sub 2}-PuO{sub 2}-H{sub 2}O Lattices; Determination Experimentale Des Caracteristiques Neutroniques De Reseaux UO{sub 2}-PuO{sub 2}-H{sub 2}O

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Debrue, J.; Fabry, A.; Leenders, L.; Motte, F.; Van Den Broeck, H. [Centre d' Etude de l' Energie Nucleaire, Mol (Belgium)

1967-09-15

plutonium: fission density measurements by direct counting of the fission products formed in the mixed fuel as a result of irradiation, and measurements of spectral indices by means of fission detectors and detectors having resonances close to those of the isotopes of plutonium. The optimum conditions for applying these techniques are described and the effect on the fuel cycle of uncertainties in the values for the spectral indices (ratios of cross-sections) is discussed. A brief reference is finally made to a programme of sub-critical experiments conducted hitherto with two batches of UO{sub 2} fuel enriched to 5% and 7% {sup 235}U, and having the purpose of studying possible methods of exciting a sub-critical lattice by means of an external neutron source in pulsed and modulated operation. The aim of this programme is to ascertain to what extent these methods, which employ a quantity of fuel considerably less than the critical mass, can help in determining the characteristics of a lattice. The advantages of such methods are particularly obvious in the case of plutonium fuels. (author) [French] Au cours de l'etude dans l'installation critique VENUS du coeur a moderation variable du reacteur BR3/VULCAIN, un assemblage combustible constitue de 37 crayons UO{sub 2}-PuO{sub 2} (94% UO{sub 2} naturel, PuO{sub 2}) a ete substitue a un des assemblages combustibles UO{sub 2} enrichi a 7% {sup 235}U constituant le coeur de ce reacteur. Des experiences ont ete effectuees dans le but de permettre l'ajustement des modeles du calcul des performances de cet assemblage special: on a notamment mesure la distribution de la densite de fission ainsi que l'evolution du rapport des sections efficaces effectives de fission dans {sup 239}Pu et {sup 235}U. Une experience critique directement orientee sur les problemes de recyclage du plutonium dans les reacteurs thermiques a eau legere pressurisee est en cours d'execution dans la meme installation critique. A cette fin, on dispose de deux

Motor vehicles and internal combustion engines; Kraftfahrwesen und Verbrennungsmotoren

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bargende, M.; Wiedemann, J. [eds.

1999-07-01

The book comprises the papers presented at the 3rd Stuttgart symposium. It reviews the state of the art in science and engineering and outlines future perspectives in the fields of motor vehicles and internal combustion engines. As the conference, the book comprises three sections: 'Engines' on DI spark ignition engines and diesel engines, mixing, combustion and exhaust purification. 'Motor cars' discusses acoustics and aeroacoustics, aerodynamics and wind tunnel technology, comfort, driving gear and stability control. 'Motor vehicle systems' contains papers on thermomanagement, control and automation, real-time applications in motor car simulation, software tools in the control systems development process, and simulation in motor vehicle systems development. Finally, the plenary paper 'Fuel cells, a solution for non-polluting motor car drives' by Dr.-Ing. F. Panik is also contained in the book. [German] Das vorliegende Buch enthaelt die Vortraege des 3. Stuttgarter Symposiums. Es gibt einen Ueberblick ueber den aktuellen Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik und zeigt zukuenftige Perspektiven im Bereich Kraftfahrwesen und Verbrennungsmotoren. Entsprechend der Tagung gliedert sich das Buch in drei Teile. Teil 1 'Motoren' besteht aus Vortraegen ueber Ottomotoren mit Direkteinspritzung und Dieselmotoren, Gemischbildung, Verbrennung und Abgasnachbehandlung, Analyse, Simulation und Motorkomponenten. Teil 2 'Kraftfahrzeuge' enthaelt Arbeiten ueber Fahrzeugakustik und Aeroakustik, Fahrzeug-Aerodynamik und Windkanaltechnik, Fahrzeugkomfort, Fahrwerk und Fahrdynamik. Teil 3 'Kraftfahrzeugsystemtechnik' enthaelt Beitraege ueber Thermomanagement, Regelungs- und Automatisierungstechnik, Echtzeitanwendungen in der Kfz-Simulationstechnik, Softwaretools im Steuergeraete-Entwicklungsprozess und Simulation in der Kraftfahrzeug-Systementwicklung. Der abschliessende Plenarvortrag des Symposiums &apos

Faecal-wood biomass co-combustion and ash composition analysis.

Science.gov (United States)

Somorin, Tosin Onabanjo; Kolios, Athanasios J; Parker, Alison; McAdam, Ewan; Williams, Leon; Tyrrel, Sean

2017-09-01

Fuel blending is a widely used approach in biomass combustion, particularly for feedstocks with low calorific value and high moisture content. In on-site sanitation technologies, fuel blending is proposed as a pre-treatment requirement to reduce moisture levels and improve the physiochemical properties of raw faeces prior to drying. This study investigates the co-combustion performance of wood dust: raw human faeces blends at varying air-to-fuel ratios in a bench-scale combustor test rig. It concludes with ash composition analyses and discusses their potential application and related problems. The study shows that a 50:50 wood dust (WD): raw human faeces (FC) can reduce moisture levels in raw human faeces by ∼40% prior to drying. The minimum acceptable blend for treating moist faeces without prior drying at a combustion air flow rate of 14-18 L/min is 30:70 WD: FC. For self-sustained ignition and flame propagation, the minimum combustion temperature required for conversion of the fuel to ash is ∼400 °C. The most abundant elements in faecal ash are potassium and calcium, while elements such as nickel, aluminium and iron are in trace quantities. This suggests the potential use of faecal ash as a soil conditioner, but increases the tendency for fly ash formation and sintering problems.

Combustion

CERN Document Server

Glassman, Irvin

1997-01-01

This Third Edition of Glassman's classic text clearly defines the role of chemistry, physics, and fluid mechanics as applied to the complex topic of combustion. Glassman's insightful introductory text emphasizes underlying physical and chemical principles, and encompasses engine technology, fire safety, materials synthesis, detonation phenomena, hydrocarbon fuel oxidation mechanisms, and environmental considerations. Combustion has been rewritten to integrate the text, figures, and appendixes, detailing available combustion codes, making it not only an excellent introductory text but also an important reference source for professionals in the field. Key Features * Explains complex combustion phenomena with physical insight rather than extensive mathematics * Clarifies postulates in the text using extensive computational results in figures * Lists modern combustion programs indicating usage and availability * Relates combustion concepts to practical applications.

La puissance prescriptive des guides à Paris The prescriptive power of tour guides in Paris. Standardizing elements of tourism ?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Gwendal Simon

2008-10-01

Full Text Available Les « guide-interprètes » constituent des médiateurs entre les touristes et les espaces. Incarnant une présence physique en mesure d’aider les touristes en les informant sur la ville, ils opèrent comme prescripteurs de choses à voir et à faire. S’ils officient très diversement selon les touristes qu’ils accompagnent, ils exercent toujours leur pratique dans une logique de production de discours sur la ville. À Paris, la dimension muséale et patrimoniale constitue depuis longtemps le socle de l’attractivité touristique, qui continue de capitaliser sur des imaginaires et des pratiques liés à la grande ville d’Art et d’Histoire. Face à la constitution de ce référentiel dominant qui opère comme une force d’ « imposition », les guide-interprètes tentent néanmoins de décentrer le regard par des prescriptions délestées des symboles. C’est cette « tension » entre cet ensemble de références touristiques « à voir » et le souci de montrer la ville dans sa pluralité que nous analysons. Ces éléments nourrissent la réflexion actuelle sur les formes polarisées du tourisme à Paris et l’importance de la production de référents urbains plus contemporains que promeut la municipalité.Tour guides are mediators between tourists and spaces. As they embody a physical presence helping tourists and informing them about the city, they also act as prescribers, laying down what is supposed to be seen and to be done. If their recommendations depend on the tourists they travel with, they always mean to produce a discourse on the city. Paris’ museums and heritage have long since been two cornerstones of her enduring appeal. Confronted with this phenomenon, which tends to standardize the way of visiting a city, tour guides try to free their guidelines of symbolic references. This contribution focuses on the tension between must-see tourist references and the desire to show the city in all its diversity. These

Santé des adolescents et des jeunes au Burkina Faso : état des ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Il s'est agi d'une étude évaluative ayant utilisé une revue documentaire associée à une interview des acteurs clés et un atelier de validation et d'identification des interventions pertinentes pour un plan stratégique national. La situation de la santé des adolescents et des jeunes est caractérisée par des grossesses précoces ...

Apparatus of irradiation of steel test pieces in the Marcoule pile G 1; Dispositifs d'irradiation d'eprouvettes d'acier dans la pile G 1 de Marcoule

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Marinot, R; Wallet, Ph [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France).Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1960-07-01

Test pieces of steel were irradiated in the reactor G1 at Marcoule, in convectors replacing fuel elements, and in vertical channels in furnace-heated containers. The apparatus designed for this irradiation is described: containers, converter-rods, suspension fixtures and clamps, temperature measurement devices, lead castles and unloading set-ups. (author) [French] Des eprouvettes d'acier ont ete irradiees dans le reacteur G1 de Marcoule dans des convertisseurs mis a la place d'elements combustibles, et dans des canaux verticaux, en conteneurs chauffes par four. Nous decrivons l'appareillage etudie pour cette irradiation: conteneurs, barreaux-convertisseurs, dispositifs de suspension et d'amarrage, dispositifs de regulation et de mesure de temperature, chateaux de plomb et montages de defournement. (auteur)

Concentrations of inorganic elements in biomass fuels and recovery in the different ash fractions

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Obernberger, I.; Biedermann, F.; Widmann, W.; Riedl, R.

1997-01-01

Inorganic elements and compounds in biomass fuels influence the combustion process and the composition of the ashes produced. Consequently, knowledge about the material fluxes of inorganic elements and compounds during biomass combustion for different kinds of biofuels and their influencing

La fabrique des sciences des institutions aux pratiques

CERN Document Server

Benninghoff, Martin; Crettaz von Roten, Fabienne; Merz, Martina

2006-01-01

Aujourd'hui, les façons de produire, d'organiser, d'évaluer et d'utiliser les savoirs sont en profond débat. De plus en plus, l'Etat, la société civile et l'économie tentent d'influencer les activités des universités et des laboratoires de recherche. Ces développements mettent à l'épreuve tout à la fois les fondements des systèmes d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche, l'autonomie des institutions scientifiques, la définition des frontières des savoirs et l'acceptation des sciences. Dans des contextes suisses et européens, cet ouvrage s'intéresse aux manières dont les sciences et les technologies sont fabriquées, en analysant leurs institutions et les pratiques. A partir d'une approche relationnelle, les sciences et les technologies sont conçues comme des phénomènes profondément sociaux, culturels et politiques. Une telle démarche déstabilise les visions parfois idéalisées et stéréotypées de la construction des savoirs. Des études de cas détaillées décrivent des phénomè...

Characteristics of ash and particle emissions during bubbling fluidised bed combustion of three types of residual forest biomass.

Science.gov (United States)

Ribeiro, João Peres; Vicente, Estela Domingos; Alves, Célia; Querol, Xavier; Amato, Fulvio; Tarelho, Luís A C

2017-04-01

Combustion of residual forest biomass (RFB) derived from eucalypt (Eucalyptus globulus), pine (Pinus pinaster) and golden wattle (Acacia longifolia) was evaluated in a pilot-scale bubbling fluidised bed reactor (BFBR). During the combustion experiments, monitoring of temperature, pressure and exhaust gas composition has been made. Ash samples were collected at several locations along the furnace and flue gas treatment devices (cyclone and bag filter) after each combustion experiment and were analysed for their unburnt carbon content and chemical composition. Total suspended particles (TSP) in the combustion flue gas were evaluated at the inlet and outlet of cyclone and baghouse filter and further analysed for organic and elemental carbon, carbonates and 57 chemical elements. High particulate matter collection efficiencies in the range of 94-99% were observed for the baghouse, while removal rates of only 1.4-17% were registered for the cyclone. Due to the sand bed, Si was the major element in bottom ashes. Fly ashes, in particular those from eucalypt combustion, were especially rich in CaO, followed by relevant amounts of SiO 2 , MgO and K 2 O. Ash characteristics varied among experiments, showing that their inorganic composition strongly depends on both the biomass composition and combustion conditions. Inorganic constituents accounted for TSP mass fractions up to 40 wt%. Elemental carbon, organic matter and carbonates contributed to TSP mass fractions in the ranges 0.58-44%, 0.79-78% and 0.01-1.7%, respectively.

Thermal Shock Tests on UO{sub 2} Small Spheres; Essais de choc thermique sur des elements spheriques de UO{sub 2}; Ispytaniya nebol'shikh sharikov iz UO{sub 2} teplovykh udarom; Ensayo de pequenas esferas de UO{sub 2} por choque.termico

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Perona, G.; Brutto, E.; Galbusera, U.; Palladino, G.; Sesini, R. [Centro Informazioni Studi Esperienze, Milan (Italy)

1963-11-15

If UO{sub 2} small spheres are used as fuel in a reactor in contact with the cooler, it is necessary to know the maximum value of the thermal stress, due to the work conditions in the reactor, which the small spheres are able to withstand without breaking. These conditions can be calculated if the physical properties of the material are known. Owing to the considerable number of properties involved, and in consideration of the uncertainty which always exists in each of them, it is preferable to test directly the spheres, submitting them to the same kind of stresses that they undergo in thereactor. In this work a thermal shock method for the small spheres has been studied, while conditions are indicated in which this method can reproduce stress conditions directly comparable with those existing in the reactor. As for small spheres, the difficulty consists in producing coolings with very high values of the coefficient of surface heat transfer. The experimental methods are described and the results obtained are indicated. The application of this method seems to be very interesting particularly in the field of the technological research for improving the characteristics of the UO{sub 2} small spheres by means of additives. In fact it allows the control of the total interesting effect with a single measurement. (author) [French] Si l'on veut utiliser comme combustible dans un reacteur des elements spheriques de UO{sub 2} en contact avec le refroidisseur, il faut au prealable determiner la valeur maximum de la contrainte thermique - due aux conditions regnant dans le reacteura laquelle les elements sont capables de resister sans se fissurer. Il est possible de calculer ces conditions si l'on connait les proprietes physiques du materiau utilise. En raison du nombre important des proprietes a prendre en consideration, et compte tenu de l'incertitude qui existe toujours pour chacune d'elles, il est preferable de faire des essais thermiques en soumettant directement les

A crystallographic and spectroscopic study of crystal sites in the 'spinel' structure; Etude cristallographique et spectroscopique des sites cristallins dans la structure 'spinelle'

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Drifford, M [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1967-06-15

A crystallographic study on magnesium aluminates led to the determination of crystal site average distortion. A spectroscopic study of transition elements doped spinels gave the position of the doping element in tetrahedral (A) or octahedral (B) sites, and the local distortion of the latter. The comparison of average and local parameters points to differences in the behaviour of doping elements and shows the size of (A) sites are independent of the host crystal composition while the average size of (B) sites varies with the composition. (author) [French] Une etude cristallographique des aluminates de magnesium a permis de determiner la deformation moyenne des sites cristallins. Une etude spectroscopique des aluminates de magnesium dopes avec des elements de transition a permis de localiser les dopants entre les sites tetraedriques (A) et octaedriques (B) et d'etudier la deformation locale de ces sites. La comparaison entre les parametres moyens et locaux a caracterise le comportement du dopant et montre que les dimensions des sites (A) sont independantes de la composition de la matrice, alors que les caracteristiques geometriques moyennes des sites (B) varient continument avec la composition. (auteur)

Instrumentation for Sodium Circuits; Instrumentation des Circuits de Sodium

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cambillard, E. [CEA, Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires de Fontenay-aux-Roses (France); Lions, N. [CEA, Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires de Cadarache (France)

1967-06-15

RAPSODIE. A description is given of the modifications carried out in connection with the mechanical zero adjustment and the measurement chain. (author) [French] Les instruments de mesure qui ont ete principalement etudies et experimentes au CEA pour les reacteurs ''a sodium comportent des debitmietres electromagnetiques, des indicateurs de niveau et des manometres differentiels. Les auteurs donnent les caracteristiques principales des debitmietres du reacteur RAPSODIE, qui sont a aimant permanent ou a electro -aimant (sur les circuits primaires). Ils decrivent les methodes d'etalonnage utilisees qui font appel a des diaphragmes ou des Venturis comme debitmietres etalons et indiquent les resultats de mesure obtenus pour des debits de sodium maximaux de 400 m{sup 3}/h. Trois types d'indicateurs continus de niveau ont ete etudies: Indicateur a resistance. Les auteurs decrivent deux variantes equipant les circuits d'essai de RAPSODIE de 1 et 10 MW. L'une comporte une resistance de compensation disposee sur toute la hauteur de l'element de mesure (les indicateurs continus du reacteur RAPSODIE sont actuellement de ce type). L'autre possede un dispositif permettant le chauffage d e l ''element de mesure en vue d {sup e}mpecher la formation- eventuelle de depots conducteurs (les essais en sodium de prototypes sont termines). Indicateur a induction Il comprend deux bobines couplees et un dispositif permettant une compensation des effets de temperature. Les auteurs decrivent le prototype qui a ete construit et indiquent les resultats obtenus au cours des essais en sodium. Indicateur ultra-sons. Il est caracterise par l'utilisation d'un transmetteur place en haut et a l'exterieur de la cuve de sodium, et d'un guide d'ondes vertical dont l'extremite inferieure plongeant dans le metal liquide possede un systeme reflechissant qui renvoie le faisceau ultra-sonore vera la surface. Des reperes fixes permettent un etalonnage permanent; l'ensemble de l'appareil est entierement soude. Cet

Biological cycles of radioactive contaminants; Les cycles biologiques des pollutions radioactives

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Michon, M. -G. [Commissariat a l' energie atomique et aux energies alternatives - CEA (France)

1959-07-01

Artificial radio-elements (synthesized for scientific or industrial purposes)having been released, may be absorbed by plants or animals, and may eventually involve a catenation of organisms as some feed on the others. All organisms living in a polluted river become more radioactive than the water, which was to be expected, in as much as organisms are hypertonic in respect to sweet water. Conversely, soil brings into play physico-chemical phenomena (absorption) such that plants can get only a small portion of contaminating radio-elements, land animal feeding on such plants are relatively less exposed to contamination, and carnivorous animals feeding on herbivorous are still less exposed. Man, notably is fairly well protected, whereas lower organisms, notably unicellular organisms may suffer (mutations..). Reprint of a paper published in 'Revue de Pathologie Generale et de Physiologie Clinique', n. 707, April 1959, p. 505-514 [French] L'utilisation a des fins pacifiques ou scientifiques conduit au rejet dans le milieu ambiant de radio-elements artificiels. Ces radio-elements seront plus ou moins absorbes par les plantes et les animaux. Cette pollution va gagner tous les etres vivants a travers les chaines alimentaires. Cependant, l'importance relative de ces absorptions varie avec chaque cas particulier. Par exemple, lors du rejet du radio-element dans un fleuve ou un etang, on constate que tous les etres vivants dans ce milieu presentent une radioactivite specifique superieure a celle du milieu. Ceci n'est pas a priori etonnant puisque tous les etres vivant en eaux douces sont hypertoniques vis-a-vis du milieu. Les facteurs de concentration varient avec la nourriture et des exemples precis sont fournis. A l'inverse, lorsqu'il s'agit de la contamination d'un sol, par suite de phenomenes physicochimiques d'absorption, les plantes ne prelevent qu'une faible partie des radio-elements presents. La nourriture etant moins fortement contaminee, les animaux terrestres le

Combustion engineering

CERN Document Server

Ragland, Kenneth W

2011-01-01

Introduction to Combustion Engineering The Nature of Combustion Combustion Emissions Global Climate Change Sustainability World Energy Production Structure of the Book   Section I: Basic Concepts Fuels Gaseous Fuels Liquid Fuels Solid Fuels Problems Thermodynamics of Combustion Review of First Law Concepts Properties of Mixtures Combustion StoichiometryChemical EnergyChemical EquilibriumAdiabatic Flame TemperatureChemical Kinetics of CombustionElementary ReactionsChain ReactionsGlobal ReactionsNitric Oxide KineticsReactions at a Solid SurfaceProblemsReferences  Section II: Combustion of Gaseous and Vaporized FuelsFlamesLaminar Premixed FlamesLaminar Flame TheoryTurbulent Premixed FlamesExplosion LimitsDiffusion FlamesGas-Fired Furnaces and BoilersEnergy Balance and EfficiencyFuel SubstitutionResidential Gas BurnersIndustrial Gas BurnersUtility Gas BurnersLow Swirl Gas BurnersPremixed-Charge Engine CombustionIntroduction to the Spark Ignition EngineEngine EfficiencyOne-Zone Model of Combustion in a Piston-...

Comparative study of two co-combustion concepts for sewage sludge in coal dust furnaces; Vergleich zweier Mitverbrennungskonzepte fuer Klaerschlamm in Kohlestaubfeuerungen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Spliethoff, H; Gerhardt, T; Ruediger, H; Hein, K R.G. [Stuttgart Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Verfahrenstechnik und Dampfkesselwesen

1997-12-31

Processes for thermal use of sewage sludge in coal dust furnaces were investigated at the Institute of Chemical Engineering and Boiler Technology (IVD) of Stuttgart university. Direct co-combustion of sewage sludge in coal dust furnaces is a simple concept, but it is useful provided that co-combustion has no negative effects in terms of performance, emissions and residue disposal. Externally dried sewage sludge has a residual water content in the same range as coal dust. The effects of co-combustion are discussed, and the experimentally determined effect in terms of emissions and residues is presented. Pyrolysis of the sewage sludge and use of the resulting gas as a reduction agent for denitrification may reduce negative effects of co-combustion on performance, emissions and residues.(orig) [Deutsch] Am Institut fuer Verfahrenstechnik und Dampfkesselwesen (IVD) der Universitaet Stuttgart werden an Versuchsanlagen verschiedene Verfahren zur thermischen Nutzung von Klaerschlaemmen in Verbindung mit Kohlenstaufeuerungen untersucht. Die direkte Mitverbrennung von Klaerschlamm in Kohlestaubfeuerungen ist ein einfaches Konzept, das dann sinnvoll ist, wenn die Mitverbrennung keine negativen Auswirkungen auf Betrieb, Emissionen und Verwertung der Rueckstaende mit sich bringt. Bei einer externen Trockung weist der Klaerschlamm einen aehnlichen Wassergehalt wie der Auslegungsbrennstoff von Steinkohlenstaubfeuerungen auf. Die moeglichen Auswirkungen der Mitverbrennung von Klaerschlamm werden diskutiert und der im Versuch ermittelte Einfluss auf Emissionen und Reststoffe vogestellt. Durch Vorschaltung einer Pyrolyse des Klaerschlamms und Nutzung des erzeugten Gases als Reduktionsmittel zur Entsticklung kann die Auswirkung der Mitverbrennung auf Betrieb, Emissionen und Reststoffe der Feuerungsanlage vermindert werden. (orig)

Comparative study of two co-combustion concepts for sewage sludge in coal dust furnaces; Vergleich zweier Mitverbrennungskonzepte fuer Klaerschlamm in Kohlestaubfeuerungen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Spliethoff, H.; Gerhardt, T.; Ruediger, H.; Hein, K.R.G. [Stuttgart Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Verfahrenstechnik und Dampfkesselwesen

1996-12-31

Processes for thermal use of sewage sludge in coal dust furnaces were investigated at the Institute of Chemical Engineering and Boiler Technology (IVD) of Stuttgart university. Direct co-combustion of sewage sludge in coal dust furnaces is a simple concept, but it is useful provided that co-combustion has no negative effects in terms of performance, emissions and residue disposal. Externally dried sewage sludge has a residual water content in the same range as coal dust. The effects of co-combustion are discussed, and the experimentally determined effect in terms of emissions and residues is presented. Pyrolysis of the sewage sludge and use of the resulting gas as a reduction agent for denitrification may reduce negative effects of co-combustion on performance, emissions and residues.(orig) [Deutsch] Am Institut fuer Verfahrenstechnik und Dampfkesselwesen (IVD) der Universitaet Stuttgart werden an Versuchsanlagen verschiedene Verfahren zur thermischen Nutzung von Klaerschlaemmen in Verbindung mit Kohlenstaufeuerungen untersucht. Die direkte Mitverbrennung von Klaerschlamm in Kohlestaubfeuerungen ist ein einfaches Konzept, das dann sinnvoll ist, wenn die Mitverbrennung keine negativen Auswirkungen auf Betrieb, Emissionen und Verwertung der Rueckstaende mit sich bringt. Bei einer externen Trockung weist der Klaerschlamm einen aehnlichen Wassergehalt wie der Auslegungsbrennstoff von Steinkohlenstaubfeuerungen auf. Die moeglichen Auswirkungen der Mitverbrennung von Klaerschlamm werden diskutiert und der im Versuch ermittelte Einfluss auf Emissionen und Reststoffe vogestellt. Durch Vorschaltung einer Pyrolyse des Klaerschlamms und Nutzung des erzeugten Gases als Reduktionsmittel zur Entsticklung kann die Auswirkung der Mitverbrennung auf Betrieb, Emissionen und Reststoffe der Feuerungsanlage vermindert werden. (orig)

Experimental measurement of fission fragments paths in uranium gold, molybdenum, zirconium and silicon; Mesure experimentale des parcours des fragments de fission dans l'uranium, l'or, le molybdene, le zirconium et le silicium

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Faraggi, H; Garin-Bonnet, A [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1958-07-01

The measurement of total number of fissiongments emerging from an homogeneous, thick alloy composed of uranium plus another element (the concentration of uranium being known) allows to obtain the range of the fragments in this alloy. By varying the concentration, the range of the fragments in uranium and in the other element can be deduced. (author)Fren. [French] La mesure du nombre total de fragments de fission sortant d'un alliage homogene epais d'uranium et d'un autre element, pour lequel la concentration en uranium est donnee, permet la mesure du parcours des fragments dans cet alliage. En faisant varier la concentration, on peut deduire de ces mesures le parcours des fragments dans l'uranium et dans l'autre element. (auteur)

Visualisation of Gasoline and Exhaust Gases Distribution in a 4-Valve Si Engine; Effects of Stratification on Combustion and Pollutants Visualisation de la répartition du carburant et des gaz brûlés dans un moteur à 4 soupapes à allumage commandé ; effet de la stratification sur la combustion et les polluants

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Deschamps B.

2006-12-01

� des dégagements d'énergie et des émissions de polluants très distincts. Le niveau de tumbleet l'emplacement de l'étincelle sont aussi modifiés. L'observation de la stratification telle qu'elle est réellement dans le moteur constitue un moyen pertinent pour expliquer ses performances. Les paramètres permettant d'optimiser les niveaux de NOx et d'HC peuvent en être déduits, de même que l'efficacité des stratégies de recirculation et d'injection du carburant. Les résultats des visualisations ont été confirmés par des mesures obtenues dans un moteur monocylindre muni d'une culasse conventionnelle avec la même géométrie de chambre de combustion.

Release of K, Cl, and S during Pyrolysis and Combustion of High-Chlorine Biomass

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Johansen, Joakim Myung; Jakobsen, Jon Geest; Frandsen, Flemming

2011-01-01

The release of critical ash-forming elements during the pyrolysis and combustion of corn stover has been investigated through controlled lab-scale experiments supported by multicomponent and multiphase thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. Fuel samples were treated under isothermal conditions...... ranging from 500 to 1150 °C, under both pyrolysis and combustion atmospheres. The volatilized material was quantified by means of mass balances based on char and ash elemental analysis, compared to a corresponding feedstock fuel analysis. Close relations between the observed K and Cl release are found...

Heats of formation of chlorine fluorides; Chaleurs de formation des fluorures de chlore

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Barberi, P; Caton, J; Guillin, J; Hartmanshenn, O [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1969-07-01

The enthalpies of formation of the chlorine fluorides ClF, ClF{sub 3} and ClF{sub 5} have been determined by combustion calorimetry in hydrogen. They have the respective values, 13.9, 37.2 and 57.2 Kcals.mole. Two bomb calorimeters with differing principles (high-frequency spark bomb and double compartment bomb) have been developed for this purpose. (authors) [French] Les enthalpies de formation des fluorures de chlore ClF, ClF{sub 3} et ClF{sub 5} ont ete determinees par calorimetrie de combustion dans l'hydrogene. Elles sont respectivement de 13.9, 37.2 et 57.2 Kcal.mole. Deux bombes calorimetriques de principes differents (bombe a etincelle haute frequence et bombe a double compartiment) ont ete mises au point a cette occasion. (auteurs)

Le problème des hydrates dans le contexte de la production et du transport polyphasiques des pétroles bruts et des gaz naturels. Première partie : physico-chimie de la formation et de la dissociation des hydrates Hydrates Problem Within the Framework of Multiphase Production and Transport of Crude Oils and Natural Gases. Part One: Physical-Chemistry of Hydrates Formation and Dissociation

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Behar E.

2006-11-01

Full Text Available L'exploitation en mer des gisements de combustibles fossiles fluides a amplifié le besoin d'accroître nos connaissances sur les hydrates qui sont susceptibles de boucher les installations de production, de traitement et de transport. Dans cette publication, la structure moléculaire des hydrates I, II et H est rappelée, ensuite l'analyse physico-chimique de leur formation est succinctement décrite tant sur les plans thermodynamique que cinétique. Enfin, les remèdes possibles aux problèmes rencontrés par les compagnies opératrices sont indiqués, essentiellement les inhibiteurs thermodynamiques classiques tels que les alcools ou les sels qui diminuent la température de formation des hydrates, et les additifs dispersants qui évitent la croissance et/ou l'agglomération des cristaux. Pour terminer, une boucle pilote de circulation originale est présentée, ses caractéristiques qui permettent la validation des additifs dispersants dans des conditions hydrodynamiques et physico-chimiques représentatives étant soulignées. Offshore exploitation of fossil fluid fuels has emphasized the need of improving our knowledge on hydrates which can plug production, treatment and transport facilities. In this paper, the molecular structure of I, II and H hydrates is recalled, then the physical-chemistry of their formation is briefly reviewed from both the thermodynamic and the kinetic points of view. Finally, the possible remedies to the problems met by operating companies are described, mainly classical thermodynamic inhibitors such as alcohols or salts which decrease the hydrates formation temperature, and dispersant additives which avoid crystals growth and/or agglomeration. At last an original circulation loop at pilot scale is presented, its characteristics which allow the testing of dispersant additives under representative hydrodynamic and physico-chemical conditions being outlined.

Tombes et cimetières éthiopiens : des rois, des saints, des anonymes1

OpenAIRE

Derat, Marie-Laure

2009-01-01

L’histoire des tombes et cimetières éthiopiens, dans la longue durée, en est encore à ses balbutiements. Si les tombes des saints et des rois nous sont un peu mieux connus grâce à des textes témoignant à la fois des enjeux entourant les sépultures de ces personnages hors du commun et des soins apportés à leur inhumation, en revanche, les cimetières ordinaires échappent encore largement à l’enquête, en grande partie parce que le commun des mortels est inhumé dans l’anonymat et dans un grand dé...

Combustion

CERN Document Server

Glassman, Irvin

1987-01-01

Combustion, Second Edition focuses on the underlying principles of combustion and covers topics ranging from chemical thermodynamics and flame temperatures to chemical kinetics, detonation, ignition, and oxidation characteristics of fuels. Diffusion flames, flame phenomena in premixed combustible gases, and combustion of nonvolatile fuels are also discussed. This book consists of nine chapters and begins by introducing the reader to heats of reaction and formation, free energy and the equilibrium constants, and flame temperature calculations. The next chapter explores the rates of reactio

Assessment of the content of arsenic in solid by-products from coal combustion

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Wierońska Faustyna

2017-01-01

Full Text Available The coal combustion processes constitute one of the major sources of heavy metals emission into the atmosphere. From the point of view of the reduction of the emission of heavy metals and the selection of the correct exhaust gas treatment system, it is important to monitor the amount of trace elements in the solid fuels and in the solid by-products from coal combustion. One of these highly toxic elements is arsenic. The average content of arsenic in Polish hard coals and lignites is 0 ÷ 40 mg/kg [1] and 5 ÷ 15 mg/kg [2], respectively. The world average content of arsenic in hard coals and lignites, is equal to 9.0 ± 0.8 and 7.4 ± 1.4 mg/kg [3], respectively. During coal combustion processes, a significant amount of arsenic enters the atmosphere through gases and fly ashes. The proportions in which those two forms of arsenic occur in exhaust gases depend on the conditions of combustion processes [4]. The aim of the research was to determine the content of arsenic in coal blends and by-products of their combustion (slag, fly ash, gypsum, filter cakes. The determination of the arsenic quantity was performed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with the electrothermal atomization.

Évaluation des pratiques agricoles des légumes feuilles : le cas des ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Face à ce constat, le défi de la recherche serait la détermination du niveau actuel de contamination des légumes feuilles et des eaux du barrage et celui de l'État serait l'initiation de programmes de sensibilisation des producteurs par rapport à une gestion plus rigoureuse des pesticides. Mots-clés : pratiques paysannes, ...

Air pollution emission reduction techniques in combustion plants; Technique de reduction des emissions de polluants atmospheriques dans les installations de combustion

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bouscaren, R. [CITEPA, Centre Interprofessionnel Technique d`Etudes de la Pollution Atmospherique, 75 - Paris (France)

1996-12-31

Separating techniques offer a large choice between various procedures for air pollution reduction in combustion plants: mechanical, electrical, filtering, hydraulic, chemical, physical, catalytic, thermal and biological processes. Many environment-friendly equipment use such separating techniques, particularly for dust cleaning and fume desulfurizing and more recently for the abatement of volatile organic pollutants or dioxins and furans. These processes are briefly described

Scale effects on solid rocket combustion instability behaviour

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Greatrix, D. R. [Ryerson University, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Toronto, Ontario (Canada)

2011-07-01

The ability to understand and predict the expected internal behaviour of a given solid-propellant rocket motor under transient conditions is important. Research towards predicting and quantifying undesirable transient axial combustion instability symptoms necessitates a comprehensive numerical model for internal ballistic simulation under dynamic flow and combustion conditions. A numerical model incorporating pertinent elements, such as a representative transient, frequency-dependent combustion response to pressure wave activity above the burning propellant surface, is applied to the investigation of scale effects (motor size, i.e., grain length and internal port diameter) on influencing instability-related behaviour in a cylindrical-grain motor. The results of this investigation reveal that the motor's size has a significant influence on transient pressure wave magnitude and structure, and on the appearance and magnitude of an associated base pressure rise. (author)

Scale Effects on Solid Rocket Combustion Instability Behaviour

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

David R. Greatrix

2011-01-01

Full Text Available The ability to understand and predict the expected internal behaviour of a given solid-propellant rocket motor under transient conditions is important. Research towards predicting and quantifying undesirable transient axial combustion instability symptoms necessitates a comprehensive numerical model for internal ballistic simulation under dynamic flow and combustion conditions. A numerical model incorporating pertinent elements, such as a representative transient, frequency-dependent combustion response to pressure wave activity above the burning propellant surface, is applied to the investigation of scale effects (motor size, i.e., grain length and internal port diameter on influencing instability-related behaviour in a cylindrical-grain motor. The results of this investigation reveal that the motor’s size has a significant influence on transient pressure wave magnitude and structure, and on the appearance and magnitude of an associated base pressure rise.

La convergence des rôles respectifs des relationnistes et des journalistes influence-t-elle la perception qu'ils ont les uns des autres?

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Valentini, Chiara

2017-01-01

la convergence des rôles respectifs des praticiens des relations publiques et des journalistes a un effet favorable sur la perception qu’ils ont les uns des autres. L’effet est plus marqué chez les praticiens des relations publiques, car leur vision de la profession en journalisme correspond à celle...

Mécanique des sols et des roches

CERN Document Server

Vullier, Laurent; Zhao, Jian

2016-01-01

La mécanique des sols et la mécanique des roches sont des disciplines généralement traitées séparément dans la littérature. Pour la première fois, un traité réunit ces deux spécialités, en intégrant également les connaissances en lien avec les écoulements souterrains et les transferts thermiques. A la fois théorique et pratique, cet ouvrage propose tout d'abord une description détaillée de la nature et de la composition des sols et des roches, puis s'attache à la modélisation de problèmes aux conditions limites et présente les essais permettant de caractériser les sols et les roches, tant d'un point de vue mécanique qu'hydraulique et thermique. La problématique des sols non saturés et des écoulements multiphasiques est également abordée. Une attention particulière est portée aux lois de comportement mécanique et à la détermination de leurs paramètres par des essais in situ et en laboratoire, et l'ouvrage offre également une présentation détaillée des systèmes de classi...

Heavy water reactors physics; Physique des reacteurs a eau lourde

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Girard, Y; Lourme, P; Naudet, R [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1964-07-01

particulieres aux reseaux comportant le refroidissement par gaz mesures de distributions fines de densite (indices de spectre, etc mesures sur des reseaux ou des echantillons comportant de l'uranium a des enrichissements differents ou du plutonium. Dans la deuxieme partie on passe en revue les etudes de caractere theorique. L'ensemble des resultats a permis d'asseoir des methodes de calcul qui ont accru notablement la comprehension des phenomenes neutroniques dans les reseaux, et d'etablir un formulaire rendant compte des experiences sur reseaux neufs et capable de predire correctement l'evolution des proprietes neutroniques du combustible avec l'irradiation. Quelques etudes particulieres aux reacteurs de puissance sont mentionnees. (auteurs)

Pulsating combustion - Combustion characteristics and reduction of emissions

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lindholm, Annika

1999-11-01

In the search for high efficiency combustion systems pulsating combustion has been identified as one of the technologies that potentially can meet the objectives of clean combustion and good fuel economy. Pulsating combustion offers low emissions of pollutants, high heat transfer and efficient combustion. Although it is an old technology, the interest in pulsating combustion has been renewed in recent years, due to its unique features. Various applications of pulsating combustion can be found, mainly as drying and heating devices, of which the latter also have had commercial success. It is, however, in the design process of a pulse combustor, difficult to predict the operating frequency, the heat release etc., due to the lack of a well founded theory of the phenomenon. Research concerning control over the combustion process is essential for developing high efficiency pulse combustors with low emissions. Natural gas fired Helmholtz type pulse combustors have been the experimental objects of this study. In order to investigate the interaction between the fluid dynamics and the chemistry in pulse combustors, laser based measuring techniques as well as other conventional measuring techniques have been used. The experimental results shows the possibilities to control the combustion characteristics of pulsating combustion. It is shown that the time scales in the large vortices created at the inlet to the combustion chamber are very important for the operation of the pulse combustor. By increasing/decreasing the time scale for the large scale mixing the timing of the heat release is changed and the operating characteristics of the pulse combustor changes. Three different means for NO{sub x} reduction in Helmholtz type pulse combustors have been investigated. These include exhaust gas recirculation, alteration of air/fuel ratio and changed inlet geometry in the combustion chamber. All used methods achieved less than 10 ppm NO{sub x} emitted (referred to stoichiometric

Development of spent solvent treatment process by a submerged combustion technique

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Uchiyama, Gunzo; Maeda, Mitsuru; Fujine, Sachio; Amakawa, Masayuki; Uchida, Katsuhide; Chida, Mitsuhisa

1994-01-01

An experimental study using a bench-scale equipment of 1 kg-simulated spent solvents per hour has been conducted in order to evaluate the applicability of a submerged combustion technique to the treatment of spent solvents contaminated with TRU elements. This report describes the experimental results on the combustion characteristics of the simulated spent solvents of tri-n-butyl phosphate and/or n-dodecane, and on the distribution behaviors of combustion products such as phosphoric acid, Ru, I, Zr and lanthanides as TRU simulants in the submerged combustion process. Also the experimental results of TRU separation from phosphoric acid solution by co-precipitation using bismuth phosphate are reported. It was shown that the submerged combustion technique was applicable to the treatment of spent solvents including the distillation residues of the solvent. Based on the experimental data, a new treatment process of spent solvent was proposed which consisted of submerged combustion, co-precipitation using bismuth phosphate, ceramic membrane filtration, cementation of TRU lean phosphate, and vitrification of TRU rich waste. (author)

Solution of the transfer functions and the linear networks by an analog computer; Resolution des fonctions de transfert et des reseaux lineaires sur calculateur analogique

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bras, D

1967-09-27

This study presents five methods used to realize a transfer function on analog computer - method of operational amplifiers - method of successive integrations - method of the auxiliary variable - method of the Horner decomposition - method of the direct analog transposition. The method that seems to us the most interesting, this one of Horner, is exposed with some complements. The last method presents the study of a linear network (mechanical, electronic) by direct analog transposition, without having to calculate its transfer function. Several aspects are studied the economy or the material type, the simpleness of implementing the adaptation of coefficients to the computer, the introduction of initial conditions of input and output functions. Every method presented is discussed in function of these problems. The precision of the result is not studied here, but we can indicate that the methods treated here, do not include approximations other than these ones of the computer elements. [French] Cette etude presente cinq methodes utilisees pour realiser une fonction de transfert quelconque sur calculateur analogique - methode des Amplificateurs operationnels - methode des integrations successives - methode de la variable auxiliaire - methode de la decomposition de Horner - methode de la transposition analogique directe. La methode qui nous semble la plus interessante, celle de Horner, est exposee avec quelques complements. La derniere methode presente l'etude d'un reseau lineaire (mecanique, electronique...) par transposition analogique directe, sans avoir a calculer sa fonction de transfert. Plusieurs aspects sont etudies l'economie ou le type de materiel, la simplicite de mise en oeuvre l'adaptation des coefficients au calculateur, l'introduction des conditions initiales des fonctions d'entree et de sortie. Chaque methode presentee est discutee en fonction de ces problemes. La precision du resultat n'est pas etudiee ici, mais on peut indiquer toutefois que les

Getting the measure of particles in combustion gases

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

1986-01-01

Measuring particles in combustion gases has never been entirely simple: optical systems do not measure particle mass directly and with sampling systems you have to wait for the results. A novel sensor that can give reliable, real-time information about the amount and size of particles in conventional and advanced combustion systems has now been developed by Sandia National Laboratories in Livermore, California. The work was funded by the Energy Technology Centre in Morgantown, West Virginia, of the United States Department of Energy. The heart of the sensor is a tapered element, oscillating microbalance (TEOM). Made of glass, it looks a bit like a hollow champagne glass. Where the base of the glass would be, a filter is fitted, and the mouth of the glass is fitted firmly to a base plate. This system was developed in support of the DOE's hot gas cleanup program, and operates at temperatures as high as 970/sup 0/C and pressures up to 10 bar in combustion chambers where is samples particles produced during combustion. Sandia's engineers believe the device has wide applications, for anywhere where information about combustion effluents or airborne particles is needed, from hospitals and clean rooms to foundries and kilns.

Next-generation coal utilization technology development study. Environmentally-friendly coal combustion technology; O2/CO2 combustion technology; Sekitan riyo jisedai gijutsu kaihatsu chosa. Kankyo chowagata sekitan nensho gijutsu (sanso nensho gijutsu)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

1995-03-01

For the purpose of developing combustion systems in which environmental pollutants are less emitted from coal-fired boilers, conducted in fiscal 1994 were a study of load followability of oxygen producing equipment, and element and basic tests on oxygen combustion systems. Dynamic simulations were made to confirm load followability of low-purity oxygen producing equipment. Further, a test was made on starting time of oxygen producing equipment. As a result of the simulation, favorable load followability was confirmed except for some of the process. The width of variation of the product oxygen purity was {plus_minus} 0.7% at maximum. In the element test on oxygen combustion systems, an experiment on the oxygen combustion using pulverized coal was conducted to study heat collection characteristics of furnace and response to multi-kind of coal. A study of balance of S content, experiments on characteristics of crushing/transporting pulverized coal, etc. were added. There were seen no peculiar differences in CO2 transport and air transport. 216 figs., 31 tabs.

Évaluation des pratiques agricoles des légumes feuilles : le cas des ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

SARAH

30 sept. 2017 ... ... de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquée, Centre de Recherche en Sciences Biologiques, Alimentaires et .... l'intoxication des agriculteurs et des consommateurs, ... source d'alimentation en eau et au pouvoir d'achat des.

Speciation of arsenic in Canadian feed-coal and combustion by-products

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

F. Goodarzi; F.E. Huggins [Natural Resourses Canada (Canada). Geological Survey of Canada-Calgary Division

2003-07-01

It is important to determine the oxidation state of arsenic in coal and coal combustion products, as this is generally the single most critical factor determining the toxicity of this element towards humans. However, the same factor is also important for understanding the volatility and reactions of arsenic forms in combustion and their leachability and mobility in ash-disposal situations. In this work, XAFS spectroscopy has been used to examine the speciation of arsenic in Canadian subbituminous and bituminous feed-coals and their combustion products. The concentration of arsenic in the feed-coals varied from < 2 ppm for subbituminous to 54 ppm for bituminous coals. Significant differences were noted in how arsenic occurs in subbituminous and bituminous coals, but, although such differences might influence the initial volatility and reactions of arsenic during coal combustion, arsenic is found almost entirely in the less toxic As{sup 5+} oxidation state in combustion products from both types of coal. (Abstract only)

Measures on fireside emission reduction during wood combustion in industrial furnaces; Massnahmen zur feuerungsseitigen Emissionsminderung bei der Holzverbrennung in gewerblichen Feuerungsanlagen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zuberbuehler, U.

2002-07-01

concentrations were lower than 50 mg/m{sup 3} without additional precipitation. The test results showed that primary emission reduction depends strictly on the combustion conditions in the furnace. That requires high standards on measuring and control technology as well as on homogeneity of the fuel. Numerical simulations of the combustion process in the primary and secondary part of the furnace were used to provide a complex view of important parameters as temperature, residence time, velocity and oxygen concentration at any position in the furnace. The results showed that numerical simulation is a powerful instrument for furnace design and construction. Further numerical simulation enable the optimisation of combustion parameter setting to achieve maximal primary emission reduction. (orig.) [German] Gegenwaertig werden in gewerblichen Holzfeuerungsanlagen beim Verbrennen von naturbelassenem Holz NO{sub x}-Werte <200 mg/m{sup 3} und Partikelkonzentrationen <50 mg/m{sup 3} erreicht. Mit Brennstoffen aus der Holzwerkstoffbearbeitung, wie sie insbesondere in holzbe- und -verarbeitenden Betrieben anfallen, koennen die NO{sub x}-Konzentrationen bis zu 1000 mg/m{sup 3} und die Partikelkonzentrationen bis zu 500 mg/m{sup 3} erreichen. In dieser Arbeit wurde ein neues Feuerungskonzept zur Verbesserung des Partikelausbrandes und der gleichzeitigen feuerungsseitigen NO{sub x}-Minderung entwickelt und getestet. Ausgehend vom Stand der Technik, einer modernen {lambda}- und temperaturgeregelten Unterschubfeuerung, wurde zunaechst durch einen raeumlich geteilten Feuerraum eine gestufte Verbrennung realisiert. Die Ausbrandzone dieser zweistufigen Feuerung wurde dabei so gestaltet, dass sie aufgrund der dortigen Stroemungsfuehrung gleichzeitig als Partikelabscheider wirkt. D.h. grobe Partikel werden im heissen Teil des Feuerraumes abgeschieden und koennen dort ausgebrannt werden. In einem weiteren Schritt wurde der Primaerteil des Feuerraumes durch Vergroesserung und Gasrueckfuehrung

DRUCKFLAMM - Investigation on combustion and hot gas cleanup in pulverized coal combustion systems. Final report; DRUCKFLAMM - Untersuchungen zur Verbrennung und Heissgasreinigung bei der Druckkohlenstaubfeuerung. Schlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hein, K.R.G.; Benoehr, A.; Schuermann, H.; Stroehle, J.; Klaiber, C.; Kuhn, R.; Maier, J.; Schnell, U.; Unterberger, S.

2001-07-01

The ambitions of making energy supply more efficient and less polluting brought forth the development of coal based combined cycle power plants allowing considerable increases in net efficiencies. One of the regarded firing concepts for a coal based combined cycle power plant is represented by the pressurised pulverised coal combustion process which has the highest efficiency potential compared with the other coal based concepts. The fundamental purpose of the project was to gain firm knowledge concerning firing behaviour of coal in a pressurised pulverised coal combustion system. Detailed investigations were carried out in a pressurised entrained flow reactor taking into account fuel conversion and particle behaviour, pollutant formation and material behaviour under conditions of a pressurised pulverised coal firing. During the project's investigations several different measurement techniques were tested and partially also acquired (e.g. a two-colour-pyrometry system to measure simultaneous particle surface temperature and particle diameter of burning fuel particles). Calculation models under pressurised conditions for pressure vessel simulation and better scale-up were developed synchronously with the experimental investigations. The results gained using the pressurised entrained flow reactor show that many combustion mechanisms are influenced by increased pressure, for instance the fuel conversion is intensified and at the same time pollutant emissions decreased. The material investigations show that the ceramic materials used due to the very high combustion temperatures are very sensitive versus slagging and fast temperature changes, therefore further development requirements are needed to fully realise the high durability of ceramics in the pressurised furnace. Concerning the improvement of existing models for furnace simulation under pressurised conditions, a good resemblance can be observed when considering the actual measurement results from the test

Apparatus of irradiation of steel test pieces in the Marcoule pile G 1; Dispositifs d'irradiation d'eprouvettes d'acier dans la pile G 1 de Marcoule

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Marinot, R.; Wallet, Ph. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France).Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1960-07-01

Test pieces of steel were irradiated in the reactor G1 at Marcoule, in convectors replacing fuel elements, and in vertical channels in furnace-heated containers. The apparatus designed for this irradiation is described: containers, converter-rods, suspension fixtures and clamps, temperature measurement devices, lead castles and unloading set-ups. (author) [French] Des eprouvettes d'acier ont ete irradiees dans le reacteur G1 de Marcoule dans des convertisseurs mis a la place d'elements combustibles, et dans des canaux verticaux, en conteneurs chauffes par four. Nous decrivons l'appareillage etudie pour cette irradiation: conteneurs, barreaux-convertisseurs, dispositifs de suspension et d'amarrage, dispositifs de regulation et de mesure de temperature, chateaux de plomb et montages de defournement. (auteur)

Irradiations at low temperatures. 1. part: devices designs; Les irradiations aux basses temperatures. Premiere partie: conception des dispositifs

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Conte, R.R. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1969-07-01

After an attempt to sort out the irradiation devices, the different refrigeration systems used: stored liquid or refrigerators, are presented. Some financial aspects of these two systems are discussed. For a long run, 1000 hr per year (100 hr for He) the refrigerator become less expensive than stored liquid devices. Some ideas about the principal criterions in the device design are discussed. Finally a few elements making easier the calculation of the different parts of a cryostat are given. (author) [French] Apres un essai de classification des dispositifs d'irradiation, on presente les divers modes de refrigeration: liquides stockes ou refrigerateurs. On discute quelques aspects financiers des deux principes. Il apparait que pour des durees de fonctionnement d'environ 1 000 heures par an les refrigerateurs deviennent plus rentables (-100 heures pour He). On classe ensuite quelques idees sur les principaux criteres de conception des dispositifs. Enfin on donne quelques elements facilitant le calcul des differentes parties d'un cryostat. (auteur)

Irradiations at low temperatures. 1. part: devices designs; Les irradiations aux basses temperatures. Premiere partie: conception des dispositifs

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Conte, R R [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1969-07-01

After an attempt to sort out the irradiation devices, the different refrigeration systems used: stored liquid or refrigerators, are presented. Some financial aspects of these two systems are discussed. For a long run, 1000 hr per year (100 hr for He) the refrigerator become less expensive than stored liquid devices. Some ideas about the principal criterions in the device design are discussed. Finally a few elements making easier the calculation of the different parts of a cryostat are given. (author) [French] Apres un essai de classification des dispositifs d'irradiation, on presente les divers modes de refrigeration: liquides stockes ou refrigerateurs. On discute quelques aspects financiers des deux principes. Il apparait que pour des durees de fonctionnement d'environ 1 000 heures par an les refrigerateurs deviennent plus rentables (-100 heures pour He). On classe ensuite quelques idees sur les principaux criteres de conception des dispositifs. Enfin on donne quelques elements facilitant le calcul des differentes parties d'un cryostat. (auteur)

Modelisation des effets physico-techniques pour la conception des ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

automatisation dans les installations industrielles a besoin d'une régulation automatique des commandes des processus technologiques pour lesquelles certaines contraintes sont à relever compte tenu des exigences des innovations scientifiques de ...

Transformations of highly enriched uranium into metal or oxide; Etudes des procedes de transformation des composes d'uranium a fort enrichissement isotopique

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nollet, P; Sarrat, P [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1964-07-01

The enriched uranium workshops in Cadarache have a double purpose on the one hand to convert uranium hexafluoride into metal or oxide, and on the other hand to recover the uranium contained in scrap materials produced in the different metallurgical transformations. The principles that have been adopted for the design and safety of these workshops are reported. The nuclear safety is based on the geometrical limitations of the processing vessels. To establish the processes and the technology of these workshops, many studies have been made since 1960, some of which have led to original achievements. The uranium hexafluoride of high isotopic enrichment is converted either by injection of the gas into ammonia or by an original process of direct hydrogen reduction to uranium tetrafluoride. The uranium contained m uranium-zirconium metal scrap can be recovered by combustion with hydrogen chloride followed treatment of the uranium chloride by fluorine in order to obtain the uranium in the hexafluoride state. Recovery of the uranium contained m various scrap materials is obtained by a conventional refining process combustion of metallic scrap, nitric acid dissolution of the oxide, solvent purification by tributyl phosphate, ammonium diuranate precipitation, calcining, reduction and hydro fluorination into uranium tetrafluoride, bomb reduction by calcium and slag treatment. Two separate workshops operate along these lines one takes care of the uranium with an isotopic enrichment of up to 3 p. 100, the other handles the high enrichments. The handling of each step of this process, bearing in mind the necessity for nuclear safety, has raised some special technological problems and has led to the conception of new apparatus, in particular the roasting furnace for metal turnings, the nitric acid dissolution unit, the continuous precipitator and ever safe filter and dryer for ammonium diuranate, the reduction and hydro fluorination furnace and the slag recovery apparatus These are

Die entwicklung, die metamorphose, die entstehung: Die konzepte des organismus von Aristoteles bis Darwin

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Kamerer Eva

2009-01-01

Full Text Available (nemački In diesem Aufsatz versuche ich, die Elemente verschiedener Konzepte des Organismus in der Philosophie und in der Wissenschaft zu analysieren. Die Deutungen des Organismus und der Einheit der Natur bei Aristoteles, Kant und Goethe werden als ein Beispiel der Bewegung von einem finalistischen zum antifinalistischen Bild der Natur verstanden.

Development of an exhaust sensor for control of internal combustion engines and exhaust treatment systems - CatSens. Final report; Entwicklung eines Abgassensors zur Regelung von Verbrennungsmotoren und Abgasnachbehandlungssystemen - CatSens. Abschlussbericht

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lepperhoff, G.; Milanovic, I.

2002-05-01

A sensor system for controlling combustion processes in small-scale furnaces and internal combustion engines and for on-board diagnosis of exhaust treatment systems, e.g. NO{sub x} adsorber catalytic converters in motor cars, was developed. [German] Im Rahmen des Verbundprojektes soll ein Sensorsystem zur Regelung der Verbrennungsprozesse in Kleinfeuerungsanlagen und Verbrennungsmotoren sowie zur Regelung und Ueberwachung (On-Board Diagnose) von Abgasnachbehandlungseinrichtungen wie z.B. NO{sub x}-Adsorberkatalysatoren in Kraftfahrzeugen, entwickelt werden. (orig.)

Application of laser-optical diagnostics for the support of direct-injection gasoline combustion process development; Einsatz laseroptischer Messverfahren zur Unterstuetzung der Entwicklung von Brennverfahren mit Benzin-Direkteinspritzung

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hentschel, W.; Meyer, H.; Stiebels, B. [Volkswagenwerk AG, Wolfsburg (Germany). Abt. Forschung und Entwicklung

2000-07-01

The development of direct-injection gasoline engines at Volkswagen was supported strictly from the beginning by the means of optical diagnostics and CFD-simulations. Basic phenomena, such as the formation of the in-cylinder flow field, the penetration of the spray formed by a hollow-cone swirl-type injector at high fuel pressure, the interaction of spray and flow and the formation of an ignitable mixture were analysed in details. The paper describes the laser-optical techniques-particle-image-velocimetry, laser-Doppler-anemometry, videostroboscopy, high-speed cinematography and laser-induced fluorescence - which were used during the development of the DI gasoline combustion process. Examples taken from engines with optical access to the combustion chamber demonstrate the capability of the techniques and pinpoint where the design of the combustion process benefits from experimental and simulation investigations. (orig.) [German] Die Entwicklung von Ottomotoren mit Benzin-Direkteinspritzung wurde bei Volkswagen von Beginn an konsequent durch den Einsatz optischer Messverfahren und CFD-Simulationen unterstuetzt. Damit konnten grundlegende Phaenomene, wie die Ausbildung des Stroemungsfeldes im Motorbrennraum, die Ausbreitung des durch einen Hohlkegel-Drallinjektor unter hohem Druck eingespritzten Kraftstoffs sowie die Wechselwirkung der Luftstroemung im Zylinder mit den Einspritzstrahlen und die Bildung einer zuendfaehigen Ladungswolke detailliert untersucht werden. Das Paper beschreibt die laseroptischen Messverfahren - Particle-Image-Velocimetry, Laser-Doppler-Anemometry, Video-Stroboskopie, Hochgeschwindikgkeits-Kinematographie und Laserinduzierte Fluoreszenz - die bei der Brennverfahrensentwicklung eingesetzt werden und zeigt anhand einer Reihe von konkreten Beispielen, wo Antworten auf Grundsatzfragen zur Auslegung des Brennverfahrens durch Messergebnisse an optisch zugaenglichen Motoren und durch CFD-Simulationen erarbeitet werden koennen. (orig.)

A review of internal combustion engine combustion chamber process studies at NASA Lewis Research Center

Science.gov (United States)

Schock, H. J.

1984-01-01

The performance of internal combustion stratified-charge engines is highly dependent on the in-cylinder fuel-air mixing processes occurring in these engines. Current research concerning the in-cylinder airflow characteristics of rotary and piston engines is presented. Results showing the output of multidimensional models, laser velocimetry measurements and the application of a holographic optical element are described. Models which simulate the four-stroke cycle and seal dynamics of rotary engines are also discussed.

Comparison of Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory Clean Critical and Subcritical Experiments with Calculations; Etude Comparative des Calculs et des Experiences Critiques Non Empoisonnees et Souscritiques, Faits au Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory; Sravnenie chistykh kriticheskikh i podkriticheskikh opytov v nolle s raschetnymi dannymi; Comparacion de los Resultados Experimentales del Knolls Atomic Power Lamra Tory con los Valores Calculados Teoricamente en Conjuntos Criticos Limpios y Subcriticos

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bach, D. R.; Bistline, J. A.; Bunch, S. I.; Cerbone, R. J.; Feiner, F.; Skolnik, W.; Slovacek, R. E.; Weinstein, S. [Knolls Atomic Tower Laboratory, Schenectady, NY (United States)

1964-02-15

conditions show agreement to within a few per cent of the measured decay constants in the range from 100 to 45 000 s{sup -1}. Comparison of the slow chopper spectrum measurements with calculated spectra using the most recent bound-hydrogen kernels for both water and polyethylene show good agreement except for highly absorbing water systems. In the latter case, the measured spectra are apparently even softer than the free atom calculated spectra. (author) [French] Le Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory a entrepris d'executer un programme intensif d'experiences et de calculs connexes pour determiner si les methodes de calcul et les donnees nucleaires conviennent pour les assemblages hydrogenes. Le programme comporte trois grandes parties: 1. Experiences critiques non empoisonnees avec combustible homogene solide pour lesquelles le rapport metal/hydrogene (en volume) est eleve; 2. Experiences critiques non empoisonnees avec combustible en plaques portant sur des gammes etendues des caracteristiques suivantes: dimension du coeur, rapport metal/eau. densite du combustible et temperature; 3. Mesures de la constante de decroissance des neutrons instantanes et du spectre a l'etat stationnaire sur des assemblages sous-critiques appartenant a la meme gamme de compositions. Pour les experiences visees sous 1, les elements combustibles sont des comprimes de poudres de ZrO{sub 2}, et d'UO{sub 2} fortement enrichi, melanges uniformement a de la paraffine. Avec des blocs reflecteurs dans lesquels le rapport ZrO{sub 2}/parraffine est le meme que dans les blocs combustibles, on a pu construire des coeurs reflechis avec des caracteristiques de ralentissement uniformes. L'ensemble critique est concu de telle facon que les configurations critiques soient de simples parallelepipedes rectangles sans canaux pour les barres de securite ou de reglage. On a fait des etudes de dimension critique sur des ensembles (avec et sans reflecteur) caracterises par des pertes en neutrons rapides, et des comparaisons

New Methods and Facilities for the Measurement of Physical Properties of Reactor Components and Irradiated Materials; Nouveaux Procedes et Instruments de Mesure des Proprietes Physiques des Elements de Reacteur et des Matieres Irradiees; Novye metody i sredstva izmereniya fizicheskikh s vojstv komponentov reaktora i obluchennykh materialov; Nuevos Metodos y Equipos para Medir Propiedades Fisicas de Componentes de Reactor y de Materiales Irradiados

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Foerster, F.; Mueller, P. [Institut Dr. Foerster, Reutlingen, Federal Republic of Germany (Germany)

1965-09-15

zone 'chaude ' du reacteur. Ils discutent la relation entre la conductivite electrique et la dose d'irradiation. Les auteurs decrivent un instrument de mesure de la permeabilite, de la remanence et de la force co- ercitive en fonction des contraintes mecaniques, de la deformation elastique et inelastique et de la dose d'irradiation. Ils donnent des mesures de la variation des proprietes magnetiques en fonction des contraintes elastiques et de la deformation inelastique. Ils etudient les effets de l'irradiation sur la permeabilite et sur la force coercitive. Les auteurs decrivent un instrument permettant la mesure rapide et la lecture directe de la permeabilite des elements en acier inoxydable. Ils expliquent la correlation entre la permeabilite et la teneur en ferrite {Delta}. Us discutent certaines mesures du pourcentage de ferrite {Delta} dans les soudures de tubes en acier inoxydable ainsi que certaines mesures de precipitation de ferrite {Delta} en fonction de la deformation inelastique (forgeage a la main d'elements combustibles pour reacteurs). (author) [Spanish] Se describe un intrumento para medir y registrar en forma totalmente automatica el modulo de Young, el modulodecorte y la capacidad de amortiguamiento, en funcion de la temperatura y el tiempo. El modulo de Young se determina excitando muestras de diversos tamanos con sus frecuencias naturales, mientras que la capacidad de amortiguamiento se mide en funcion de la libre atenuacion de la vibracion, o bien por la anchura media de la curva de resonancia. Se presentan ejemplos de medidas de la recuperacion despues de provocar danos por irradiaciones y deformaciones plasticas asf como grado de grafitacion. Se describe la deteccion de fallas y variaciones de densidad en barras de grafito. Se explica, ademas, un metodo para investigar la retencion de pastillas de UO{sub 2} en tubos austenfticos de pared delgada. Se describe un horno especial para estudiar el comportamiento elastico e inelastico de muestras

Mercury and toxic metals in ash from combustion and incineration processes; Mercurio y metales toxicos en cenizas provenientes de procesos de combustion e incineracion

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mugica, V.; Amador, M.A.; Torres, M.; Figueroa, J. de J. [Universidad Autonomo-Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, Reynosa (Mexico)

2003-07-01

In Mexico, most of the ashes from combustion and incineration process were not appropriately disposed, they are either left on industrial yards and cliffs or thrown away in open spaces and then carried by the wind to places where they can harm population, affect aquatic environment or soils. For prevention and control, the knowledge on the concentration of trace elements in waste ashes is necessary. In this study, several oxidation methods for digestion of ashes followed by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry were evaluated. Hg, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and V were determined in ashes from coal and fuel oil combustion, as well as in ashes from the incineration of municipal, water treatment sludge, and medical wastes. Results showed important concentrations of different trace elements in the ashes. This suggests that adequate disposal of these wastes should be mandatory. On the other hand, concentration of trace elements in the leachates indicated that these wastes are not toxic and they could be disposed in sanitary landfill. 23 refs.

Effect of combustion condition on cytotoxic and inflammatory activity of residential wood combustion particles

Science.gov (United States)

Jalava, Pasi I.; Salonen, Raimo O.; Nuutinen, Kati; Pennanen, Arto S.; Happo, Mikko S.; Tissari, Jarkko; Frey, Anna; Hillamo, Risto; Jokiniemi, Jorma; Hirvonen, Maija-Riitta

2010-05-01

Residential heating is an important local source of fine particles and may cause significant exposure and health effects in populations. We investigated the cytotoxic and inflammatory activity of particulate emissions from normal (NC) and smouldering (SC) combustion in one masonry heater. The PM 1-0.2 and PM 0.2 samples were collected from the dilution tunnel with a high-volume cascade impactor (HVCI). Mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages were exposed to the PM-samples for 24 h. Inflammatory mediators, (IL-6, TNFα and MIP-2), and cytotoxicity (MTT-test), were measured. Furthermore, apoptosis and cell cycle of macrophages were analyzed. The HVCI particulate samples were characterized for ions, elements and PAH compounds. Assays of elemental and organic carbon were conducted from parallel low volume samples. All the samples displayed mostly dose-dependent inflammatory and cytotoxic activity. SC samples were more potent than NC samples at inducing cytotoxicity and MIP-2 production, while the order of potency was reversed in TNFα production. SC-PM 1-0.2 sample was a significantly more potent inducer of apoptosis than the respective NC sample. After adjustment for the relative toxicity with emission factor (mg MJ -1), the SC-PM emissions had clearly higher inflammatory and cytotoxic potential than the NC-PM emissions. Thus, operational practice in batch burning of wood and the resultant combustion condition clearly affect the toxic potential of particulate emissions.

Combustible structural composites and methods of forming combustible structural composites

Science.gov (United States)

Daniels, Michael A.; Heaps, Ronald J.; Steffler, Eric D.; Swank, W. David

2013-04-02

Combustible structural composites and methods of forming same are disclosed. In an embodiment, a combustible structural composite includes combustible material comprising a fuel metal and a metal oxide. The fuel metal is present in the combustible material at a weight ratio from 1:9 to 1:1 of the fuel metal to the metal oxide. The fuel metal and the metal oxide are capable of exothermically reacting upon application of energy at or above a threshold value to support self-sustaining combustion of the combustible material within the combustible structural composite. Structural-reinforcing fibers are present in the composite at a weight ratio from 1:20 to 10:1 of the structural-reinforcing fibers to the combustible material. Other embodiments and aspects are disclosed.

Synthesis and characterization of CaTiO3 powder by combustion synthesis process

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jung, C. W.; Shin, H. C.; Park, J. Y.; Lee, H. G.; Kim, H. Y.; Hong, K. W.

2000-01-01

Synroc is considered as a one of the most promising candidate for HLW solidification. CaTiO 3 , perovskite, which is a component of Synroc, can immobilize lanthanide and actinides by forming solid solutions. Generally most of the radioactive wastes elements were treated as a nitrate form. Therefore, the combustion process using metal nitrates as reactant materials can be easily applied to immobilize the radioactive waste elements. In this study, the feasibility of preparing fine, single-phase powders of multi-component oxide by a combustion process was investigated. Generally, the powder synthesized by combustion process showed different characteristics depending on the type and amount of fuel. And the spherical CaTiO 3 particles were directly prepared from the aqueous solution by an ultrasonic mist combustion process using an ultrasonic nebulizers as mist generators. The particles prepared with simple spray pyrolysis method using nitrate solution without fuel as precursor solution showed porous and hollow morphology, while the particles prepared with precursor solutions containing fuel showed dense solid morphology. Among various kinds of fuel tested, glycine showed the best result in reaction kinetics and crystalline phase purity

Utilisation sans risque des eaux usées, des excréta et des eaux ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

Les responsables de ce projet piloteront l'application et l'adaptation des principes directeurs relatifs à l'utilisation sans risque des eaux usées, des excreta et des eaux grises en agriculture et en aquaculture (Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater in Agriculture and Aquaculture), que ...

Application of paper chromatography to the determination of some elements in minerals and rocks; Application de la chromatographie sur papier a la determination de certains elements dans les mineraux et les roches

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Agrinier, H [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1964-11-01

This publication describes our work in applying paper chromatography to the fields of mineralogy and geology. We have studied the separation and determination of the following elements: Nb, Ta, Ti, Co, Cu, Mn, Sn, Ge, As, Sb, Bi, U, Th, Be, Au, Pb, Zn, V and Mo. The development of separation methods for these various elements has led us to solve many interference problems. These methods make it possible to separate and measure mineral components. They also enable us to search for trace elements in ores, rocks soils and carbonaceous materials. Finally let us point out that this technique may equally be used for analysis in very radioactive environment. (author) [French] Dans cette etude, nous etendons le champ d'application de la chromatographie sur papier aux domaines de la mineralogie et de la geologie. Nous avons etudie la separation et la determination des elements suivants: Nb, Ta, Ti, Co, Cu, Mn, Sn, Ge, As, Sb, Bi, U, Th, Be, Au, Pb, Zn, V et Mo. La mise au point des methodes de separation concernant ces differents elements nous a amenes a resoudre de nombreux problemes d'interference. Ces methodes permettent la separation et le dosage des constituants des mineraux, ainsi que la recherche d'elements en traces dans les minerais, les roches, les sols et les materiaux carbonnes. Signalons pour terminer que cette technique peut egalement trouver son utilisation dans le domaine de l'analyse en milieu tres radio-actif. (auteur)

ANALYSE DES PERCEPTIONS LOCALES ET DES FACTEURS ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

AISA

1Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques (FSA), Université d'Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 01 BP 526 Cotonou Bénin. Email : cgbemavo@yahoo.fr. 2Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du Bénin, Centre de Recherches Agricoles d'Agonkanmey (CRA-A),. Laboratoire des Sciences du Sol, Eau et Environnement (LSSEE).

Combustion kinetics of the coke on deactivated dehydrogenation catalysts

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Luo, Sha; He, Songbo; Li, XianRu; Li, Jingqiu; Bi, Wenjun; Sun, Chenglin

2015-01-01

The coke combustion kinetics on the deactivated catalysts for long chain paraffin dehydrogenation was studied by the thermogravimetry and differential thermogravimetry (TG–DTG) technique. The amount and H/C mole ratio of the coke were determined by the TG and elemental analysis. And the

Final presentation of the joint project: Laser-diagnostic and plasma-technological fundamentals of emission reduction and fuel consumption reduction in DI internal combustion engines. Results of subprojects; Abschlusspraesentation zum Verbundprojekt: Laserdiagnostische und plasmatechnologische Grundlagen zur Verminderung von Emissionen und Kraftstoffverbrauch von DI-Verbrennungsmotoren. Ergebnisse der Teilvorhaben

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Reichel, K.; Sellhorst, M. (eds.)

2000-07-01

New combustion processes, especially DI combustion processes, can be developed quickly and efficiently only if efficient and industrially applicable processes are available for investigating the processes of combustion in engines, for ignition of locally varying fuel/air mixtures, and for treatment of exhaust of nonstoichiometric combustion processes. The project aimed at the development and testing of laser diagnostic methods, numerical models and plasma processes. The conference comprised the sections: Processes inside the engine; processes behind the engine; system aspects. [German] Zielstellung des Verbundprojektes ist die Verminderung von Emissionen und Kraftstoffverbrauch von neuartigen motorischen Brennverfahren, von denen der direkteinspritzende (DI) Verbrennungsmotor die guenstigsten Voraussetzungen liefert und damit ein Potential bereitstellt, die zukuenftig geforderten Emissions-Grenzwerte entsprechend der gesetzlich vorgegebenen Euro-Normen zu erreichen. Neuartige, insbesondere direkteinspritzende Brennverfahren koennen von der Automobilindustrie jedoch nur dann schnell und effizient erarbeitet werden, wenn geeignete, von der Industrie einsetzbare Verfahren - zur Untersuchung von Wirkketten der motorischen Verbrennung, - zur Zuendung oertlich schwankender Kraftstoff-Luft-Gemische, - zur Abgasnachbehandlung von Abgasen aus nichtstoechiometrischer Verbrennung zur Verfuegung stehen. Ziel des geplanten Verbundprojektes war es also, laserdiagnostische Analyseverfahren, Verfahren der numerischen Modellierung und grundlegende plasmatechnologische Verfahren zu untersuchen und weitestgehend zu erproben, damit die Verfahren oder die mit ihnen gewonnenen Erkenntnisse von der Industrie als Werkzeug eingesetzt werden koennen. Aus Sicht des Anwenders ergab sich dabei eine inhaltliche Einteilung in die Themenfelder: - Innermotorische Prozesse, - Nachmotorische Prozesse und - Systemaspekte. (orig.)

variabilite des productions et des revenus des exploitations

African Journals Online (AJOL)

3Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), UMR Innovation,. Montpellier, France. Doubangolo COULIBALY, Email kone_b@yahoo.fr. RESUME. La durabilité des systèmes de production à base de coton dans un contexte de variabilité des prix aux producteurs et de ...

Combustion Stratification for Naphtha from CI Combustion to PPC

KAUST Repository

Vallinayagam, R.

2017-03-28

This study demonstrates the combustion stratification from conventional compression ignition (CI) combustion to partially premixed combustion (PPC). Experiments are performed in an optical CI engine at a speed of 1200 rpm for diesel and naphtha (RON = 46). The motored pressure at TDC is maintained at 35 bar and fuelMEP is kept constant at 5.1 bar to account for the difference in fuel properties between naphtha and diesel. Single injection strategy is employed and the fuel is injected at a pressure of 800 bar. Photron FASTCAM SA4 that captures in-cylinder combustion at the rate of 10000 frames per second is employed. The captured high speed video is processed to study the combustion homogeneity based on an algorithm reported in previous studies. Starting from late fuel injection timings, combustion stratification is investigated by advancing the fuel injection timings. For late start of injection (SOI), a direct link between SOI and combustion phasing is noticed. At early SOI, combustion phasing depends on both intake air temperature and SOI. In order to match the combustion phasing (CA50) of diesel, the intake air temperature is increased to 90°C for naphtha. The combustion stratification from CI to PPC is also investigated for various level of dilution by displacing oxygen with nitrogen in the intake. The start of combustion (SOC) was delayed with the increase in dilution and to compensate for this, the intake air temperature is increased. The mixture homogeneity is enhanced for higher dilution due to longer ignition delay. The results show that high speed image is initially blue and then turned yellow, indicating soot formation and oxidation. The luminosity of combustion images decreases with early SOI and increased dilution. The images are processed to generate the level of stratification based on the image intensity. The level of stratification is same for diesel and naphtha at various SOI. When O concentration in the intake is decreased to 17.7% and 14

Le statut vitaminique des individus et des populations…

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Icart Jean-Claude

2000-05-01

Full Text Available Comme le souligne un récent rapport du Haut comité de santé publique, le statut vitaminique des individus et des populations demeure une question d’actualité. Si les études ne révèlent plus de signes évocateurs de carence, au plus des problèmes de déficiences pour certains groupes à risque, des interrogations, demeurent malgré le contexte d’abondance, concernant la couverture des besoins, laquelle pourrait s’avérer inférieure aux valeurs considérées comme satisfaisantes.

Application des TIC à l'atténuation des effets des catastrophes dans ...

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

L'Amérique centrale est souvent aux prises avec des inondations et des ... (SIG) et de traitement des images, afin de cartographier les dangers et de modéliser les ... de l'Institut d'étude du développement international de l'Université McGill.

A crystallographic and spectroscopic study of crystal sites in the 'spinel' structure; Etude cristallographique et spectroscopique des sites cristallins dans la structure 'spinelle'

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Drifford, M. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1967-06-15

A crystallographic study on magnesium aluminates led to the determination of crystal site average distortion. A spectroscopic study of transition elements doped spinels gave the position of the doping element in tetrahedral (A) or octahedral (B) sites, and the local distortion of the latter. The comparison of average and local parameters points to differences in the behaviour of doping elements and shows the size of (A) sites are independent of the host crystal composition while the average size of (B) sites varies with the composition. (author) [French] Une etude cristallographique des aluminates de magnesium a permis de determiner la deformation moyenne des sites cristallins. Une etude spectroscopique des aluminates de magnesium dopes avec des elements de transition a permis de localiser les dopants entre les sites tetraedriques (A) et octaedriques (B) et d'etudier la deformation locale de ces sites. La comparaison entre les parametres moyens et locaux a caracterise le comportement du dopant et montre que les dimensions des sites (A) sont independantes de la composition de la matrice, alors que les caracteristiques geometriques moyennes des sites (B) varient continument avec la composition. (auteur)

Mutual influences in solution spectroscopy of Fe, Ni Cr, Ti elements taken two by two

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Baudin, Guy; Henon, Genevieve

1960-01-01

The effect of third elements in solution spectroscopy has been studied for Fe, Ni Cr, Ti elements taken two by two. The existence of a linear relation Δc x /c x = f(c y ) between this effect and the third element concentration has been evidenced and opens interesting perspectives for the analysis of stainless steels. Reprint of a paper published in Comptes rendus des seances de l'Academie des Sciences, t. 250, p. 1463-1465, sitting of 22 February 1960 [fr

La gestion des résultats des entreprises innovantes

OpenAIRE

Dumas, Guillaume

2014-01-01

Cette thèse s’intéresse à la gestion des résultats dans le cadre des entreprises innovantes. Elle est constituée de trois articles. Dans le premier, il s’agit d’examiner si les résultats des entreprises innovantes sont gérés et si le stade de développement des innovations influence cette gestion des résultats. Il apparaît que les résultats des entreprises innovantes sont gérés à la hausse. Cette gestion ne semble intervenir qu’au cours de l’activité d’innovation (c’est-à-dire lorsque les entr...

Etude des erreurs d'estimation des populations par la méthode des captures successives (DeLURY, 2 captures et des captures-recaptures (PETERSEN

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

LAURENT M.

1978-01-01

Full Text Available L'estimation des populations naturelles par capture-recapture et par captures successives est souvent entachée d'erreur car, dans de nombreux cas, l'hypothèse fondamentale d'égalité des probabilités de captures pour tous les individus dans le temps et dans l'espace n'est pas respectée. Dans le cas des populations de poissons envisagés ici, les captures ont lieu par la pêche électrique. On a pu chiffrer l'ordre de grandeur des erreurs systématiques faites sur l'estimation des peuplements, en fonction des conditions particulières, biotiques et abiotiques, des différents milieux inventoriés.

Synthesis of functional materials in combustion reactions

Science.gov (United States)

Zhuravlev, V. D.; Bamburov, V. G.; Ermakova, L. V.; Lobachevskaya, N. I.

2015-12-01

The conditions for obtaining oxide compounds in combustion reactions of nitrates of metals with organic chelating-reducing agents such as amino acids, urea, and polyvinyl alcohol are reviewed. Changing the nature of internal fuels and the reducing agent-to-oxidizing agent ratio makes possible to modify the thermal regime of the process, fractal dimensionality, morphology, and dispersion of synthesized functional materials. This method can be used to synthesize simple and complex oxides, composites, and metal powders, as well as ceramics and coatings. The possibilities of synthesis in combustion reactions are illustrated by examples of αand γ-Al2O3, YSZ composites, uranium oxides, nickel powder, NiO and NiO: YSZ composite, TiO2, and manganites, cobaltites, and aluminates of rare earth elements.

Iodine release from sodium pool combustion

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sagawa, N.; Fukushima, Y.; Yokota, N.; Akagane, K.; Mochizuki, K.

1979-01-01

Iodine release associated with sodium pool combustion was determined by heating 20 gr sodium containing sodium iodide, which was labelled with 131 I and dissolved in the sodium in concentration of 1∼1,000 ppm, to burn on a nickel crucible in conditioned atmosphere in a closed vessel of 0.4 m 3 . Oxygen concentration was changed in 5∼21% and humidity in 0∼89% by mixing nitrogen gas and air. Combustion products were trapped by a Maypack filter composed of particle filters, copper screens and activated charcoal beds and by a glass beads pack cooled by liquid argon. Iodine collected on these filter elements was determined by radio-gas chromatography. When the sodium sample burned in the atmosphere of air at room temperature, the release fractions observed were 6∼33% for sodium and 1∼20% for iodine added in the sodium. The release iodine was present in aerosol at a ratio of 98%, and the remainder in the gas form. The release fraction of iodine trended to decrease as oxygen concentration and humidity in the atmosphere increased. No organic iodide was detected in the combustion products. (author)

Geochemistry of coals, coal ashes and combustion wastes from coal-fired power stations

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Vassilev, S.V.; Vassileva, C.G.

1997-01-01

Contents, concentration trends, and modes of occurrence of 67 elements in coals, coal ashes, and combustion wastes at eleven Bulgarian thermoelectric power stations (TPS) were studied. A number of trace elements in coal and coal ash have concentrations greater than their respective worldwide average contents (Clarke values). Trace elements are concentrated mainly in the heavy accessory minerals and organic matter in coal. In decreasing order of significance, the trace elements in coal may occur as: element-organic compounds; impurities in the mineral matter; major components in the mineral matter; major and impurity components in the inorganic amorphous matter; and elements in the fluid constituent. A number of trace elements in the waste products, similar to coal ashes, exceed known Clarke contents. Trace elements are mainly enriched in non-magnetic, heavy and fine-grained fractions of fly ash. They are commonly present as impurities in the glass phases, and are included in the crystalline components. Their accessory crystalline phases, element-organic compounds, liquid and gas forms, are of subordinate importance. Some elements from the chalcophile, lithophile and siderophile groups may release into the atmosphere during coal burning. For others, the combustion process appears to be a powerful factor causing their relative enrichment in the fly ash and rarely in the bottom ash and slag. 65 refs., 1 fig., 11 tabs

Combustion gas cleaning in the ceramic tile industry: technical guide; Nettoyage des fumees de combustion dans l'industrie ceramique: guide technique

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lezaun, F.J. [ENAGAS-Grupo Gas Natural (Spain); Mallol, G.; Monfort, E. [instituto de Tecnologia Ceramica, ITC (Spain); Busani, G. [Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione e l' Amiente, ARPA (Spain)

2000-07-01

This document presents a summary of a technical guide drawn up on combustion gas cleaning systems in ceramic frit and tile production. The guide describes the method to be followed for selecting the best possible solutions for reducing pollutant concentrations in different emission sources, in accordance with current regulatory requirements and the CET recommendation. There are three sources of combustion gas air emissions that need to be cleaned in ceramic tile and frit production and they are usually related to the following process stages: slip spray drying, tile firing and frit melting. The different nature of the emissions means that different substances will need to be cleaned in each emission. Thus, in spray drying and frit melting, the only species to be cleaned are suspended particles, while in tile firing, it is also necessary to reduce the fluorine concentration. The systems analysed in this guide are mainly wet cleaning systems, bag filters and electrostatic precipitators. In the study, the efficiency of these cleaning systems is compared at each emission source from a technical and economic point of view, and concrete solutions are put forward in each case, together with a list of suppliers of the technologies involved. (authors)

Spectrochemical analysis of impurities in plutonium and its compounds; L'analyse spectrochimique des impuretes dans le plutonium et ses composes

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Buffereau, M; Crehange, G; Deniaud, S; Leclainche, C [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1967-07-01

After a review of previous works, various powdered or wet analytical methods are studied. One tries to give an explanation for some phenomena. A detailed know-how of studied methods is given. Validity of results is discussed. Problem of impurities in alloys analysis and non spectroscopic elements determination is quickly reviewed. One concludes to the interest of the use of some particular methods and the necessity of basic studies in order to obtain best information. (author) [French] Apres une revue des travaux precedents on etudie les differentes methodes d'analyse soit sur poudre (oxyde), soit sur solution. On tente de donner une interpretation de certains phenomenes. On donne un mode d'emploi detaille des methodes etudiees, on envisage la validite des resultats. On passe en revue rapidement le probleme de l'analyse des impuretes dans les alliages et de la determination des elements non spectroscopiques. On conclut a l'interet de l'emploi de certaines methodes, et a la necessite d'etudes fondamentales en vue d'aboutir a une meilleure obtention des informations. (auteur)

IEA combustion agreement : a collaborative task on alternative fuels in combustion

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Larmi, M.

2009-01-01

The focus of the alternative fuels in combustion task of the International Energy Agency is on high efficiency engine combustion, furnace combustion, and combustion chemistry. The objectives of the task are to develop optimum combustion for dedicated fuels by fully utilizing the physical and chemical properties of synthetic and renewable fuels; a significant reduction in carbon dioxide, NOx and particulate matter emissions; determine the minimum emission levels for dedicated fuels; and meet future emission standards of engines without or with minimum after-treatment. This presentation discussed the alternative fuels task and addressed issues such as synthetic fuel properties and benefits. The anticipated future roadmap was presented along with a list of the synthetic and renewable engine fuels to be studied, such as neat oxygenates like alcohols and ethers, biogas/methane and gas combustion, fuel blends, dual fuel combustion, high cetane number diesel fuels like synthetic Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuel and hydrogenated vegetable oil, and low CN number fuels. Implementation examples were also discussed, such as fuel spray studies in optical spray bombs; combustion research in optical engines and combustion chambers; studies on reaction kinetics of combustion and emission formation; studies on fuel properties and ignition behaviour; combustion studies on research engines; combustion optimization; implementing the optimum combustion in research engines; and emission measurements. Overall milestone examples and the overall schedule of participating countries were also presented. figs.

Co-combustion of tannery sludge in a commercial circulating fluidized bed boiler.

Science.gov (United States)

Dong, Hao; Jiang, Xuguang; Lv, Guojun; Chi, Yong; Yan, Jianhua

2015-12-01

Co-combusting hazardous wastes in existing fluidized bed combustors is an alternative to hazardous waste treatment facilities, in shortage in China. Tannery sludge is a kind of hazardous waste, considered fit for co-combusting with coal in fluidized bedboilers. In this work, co-combustion tests of tannery sludge and bituminous coal were conducted in a power plant in Jiaxing, Zhejiang province. Before that, the combustion behavior of tannery sludge and bituminous were studied by thermogravimetric analysis. Tannery sludge presented higher reactivity than bituminous coal. During the co-combustion tests, the emissions of harmful gases were monitored. The results showed that the pollutant emissions met the Chinese standard except for NOx. The Concentrations of seven trace elements (As, Cr, Cd, Ni, Cu, Pb, Mn) in three exit ash flows (bottom ash in bed, fly ash in filter, and submicrometer aerosol in flue gas) were analyzed. The results of mono-combustion of bituminous coal were compared with those of co-combustion with tannery sludge. It was found that chromium enriched in fly ash. At last, the leachability of fly ash and bottom ash was analyzed. The results showed that most species were almost equal to or below the limits except for As in bottom ashes and Cr in the fly ash of co-combustion test. The concentrations of Cr in leachates of co-combustion ashes are markedly higher than that of coal mono-combustion ashes. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Design of the fuel element 'snow-flake' in uranium oxide, canned with aluminium, for the experimental reactor EL 3 (1960); Etude d'un element combustible en oxyde d'uranium gaine d'aluminium, type ''cristal de neige'' pour la pile EL 3 (1960)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gauthron, M.; Guibert, B. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France).Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1960-07-01

This report sums up the main studies have been carried out on the fuel element 'Snowflake' (uranium oxide, canned with aluminium), designed to replace the present element of the experimental reactor EL3 in order to increase the reactivity without modifying the neutron flux/thermal power ratio. (author) [French] Ce rapport resume les principales etudes qui ont ete faites sur l'element combustible 'Cristal de Neige' (a oxyde d'uranium, gaine d'aluminium) destine a remnlacer l'element actuel du reacteur experimental EL3, afin d'en augmenter la reactivite sans modifier le rapport flux neutronique-puissance thermique. (auteur)

G2 and G3 reactors design; Description des reacteurs G2 et G3

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Herreng,; Ertaud,; Pasquet, [Societe Alsacienne de Constructions Mecaniques (France)

1958-07-01

classique a trois etages (pressions 10,3: 2 et 0,5 kg/cm{sup 2}). On peut condenser la vapeur, en cas d'arret d'un groupe turbo-alternateur, sans modifier le regime de la pile. Des circuits annexes servent a assurer une epuration continue du CO{sub 2}, son stockage et sa vidange. La commande du reacteur est assuree par la manoeuvre de 49 barres en carbure de bore. La regulation de l'ensemble a pose des problemes difficiles dont les solutions seront completees par l'experience du fonctionnement. Des conferences speciales seront consacrees aux elements de combustibles et a la detection des ruptures de gaines. (auteur)

Injectabilite des coulis de ciment dans des milieux fissures

Science.gov (United States)

Mnif, Thameur

Le travail presente ici est un bilan du travaux de recherche effectues sur l'injectabilite des coulis de ciment dans lu milieux fissures. Un certain nombre de coulis a base de ciment Portland et microfin ont ete selectionnes afin de caracteriser leur capacite a penetrer des milieux fissures. Une partie des essais a ete menee en laboratoire. L'etude rheologique des differents melanges a permis de tester l'influence de l'ajout de superplastifiant et/ou de fumee de silice sur la distribution granulometrique des coulis et par consequent sur leur capacite a injecter des colonnes de sable simulant un milieu fissure donne. La classe granulometrique d'un coulis, sa stabilite et sa fluidite sont apparus comme les trois facteurs principaux pour la reussite d'une injection. Un facteur de finesse a ete defini au cours de cette etude: base sur la classe granulometrique du ciment et sa stabilite, il peut entrer dans la formulation theorique du debit d'injection avant application sur chantier. La deuxieme et derniere partie de l'etude presente les resultats de deux projets de recherche sur l'injection realises sur chantier. L'injection de dalles de beton fissurees a permis le suivi de l'evolution des pressions avec la distance au point d'injection. L'injection de murs de maconnerie a caractere historique a montre l'importance de la definition de criteres de performance des coulis a utiliser pour traiter un milieu donne et pour un objectif donne. Plusieurs melanges peuvent ainsi etre predefinis et mis a disposition sur le chantier. La complementarite des ciments traditionnels et des ciments microfins devient alors un atout important. Le choix d'utilisation de ces melanges est fonction du terrain rencontre. En conclusion, cette recherche etablit une methodologie pour la selection des coulis a base de ciment et des pressions d'injection en fonction de l'ouverture des fissures ou joints de construction.

Cartografía de modelos de combustible con teledetección: aportaciones a un desarrollo ambiental sostenible

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Riaño, David

2001-06-01

la teledetección espacial para obtener cartografía de modelos de combustible. Estos mapas aportan una información básica en los sistemas de prevención, predicción y modelado de incendios forestales, ya que permiten analizar las características y estructura de la vegetación de cara a la propagación del fuego. Hemos utilizado como área de estudio el Parque Nacional de Cabañeros (Ciudad Real. La cartografía de combustible se ha basado en el análisis de dos imágenes de satélite Landsat- TM, junto con información auxiliar (modelos digitales de elevación y texturas. Los resultados de la clasificación ofrecieron una precisión promedio del 83 %. Las mayores dificultades que encontramos hacen referencia a la discriminación entre las diferentes alturas del matorral y la identificación del matorral bajo el arbolado. [fr] La cartographie des modèles de combustible avec télédétection: apports pour développement environnemental durable. La conjonction entre développement et soutenance de l´environnement devient un aspect de singulière importance dans notre société. Llncidence de l'activité humaine dans l´apparition des incendies forestiers suppose un exemple net de cette affirmation, puis que les récents changes des modèles d'utilisation du territoire vont accompagnés d'une notable augmentation des incendies forestiers, avec la conséquente dégradation du sol et la couverture végétale. Dans ce contexte suite de somme importance améliorer les outils de prévention des incendies et l´évaluation de ses effets, pour réduire l'incidence ou pallier les effets de ce phénomène. Dans cet article, on présente un exemple de ce tipe de vises. En concret, nous analysons le papier de la télédétection spatiale pour obtenir cartographie des modèles de combustible. Ces cartes apportent une information basique dans les systèmes de prévention, prédiction et modelage des incendies forestiers, puis que permettent analyser les caract

Internal combustion engine using premixed combustion of stratified charges

Science.gov (United States)

Marriott, Craig D [Rochester Hills, MI; Reitz, Rolf D [Madison, WI

2003-12-30

During a combustion cycle, a first stoichiometrically lean fuel charge is injected well prior to top dead center, preferably during the intake stroke. This first fuel charge is substantially mixed with the combustion chamber air during subsequent motion of the piston towards top dead center. A subsequent fuel charge is then injected prior to top dead center to create a stratified, locally richer mixture (but still leaner than stoichiometric) within the combustion chamber. The locally rich region within the combustion chamber has sufficient fuel density to autoignite, and its self-ignition serves to activate ignition for the lean mixture existing within the remainder of the combustion chamber. Because the mixture within the combustion chamber is overall premixed and relatively lean, NO.sub.x and soot production are significantly diminished.

Half-life distribution table of radioactive nuclei; Table de distribution des periodes des noyaux radioactifs

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gugenberger, P [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay(France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1954-07-01

This table allows to identify an element if its period is known. Data for this table were taken from the half-life values adopted by Hollander, PERLMAN and SEABORG (Rev. mod. Phys., 1953, 22 number 2). Moreover for each nucleus, the mass number, the charge number and the type of decay are given in the table. (author) [French] Cette table permet l'identification d'un element dont la periode est connue. Elle a ete etablie en utilisant les valeurs des periodes donnees par HOLLANDER, PERLMAN et SEABORG dans Rev. mod. Phys., 1953, 25 numero 2. On y trouve en outre, pour chaque nuclide, les caracteristiques suivantes: Z, A, modes de desintegration. (auteur)

Half-life distribution table of radioactive nuclei; Table de distribution des periodes des noyaux radioactifs

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gugenberger, P. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay(France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1954-07-01

This table allows to identify an element if its period is known. Data for this table were taken from the half-life values adopted by Hollander, PERLMAN and SEABORG (Rev. mod. Phys., 1953, 22 number 2). Moreover for each nucleus, the mass number, the charge number and the type of decay are given in the table. (author) [French] Cette table permet l'identification d'un element dont la periode est connue. Elle a ete etablie en utilisant les valeurs des periodes donnees par HOLLANDER, PERLMAN et SEABORG dans Rev. mod. Phys., 1953, 25 numero 2. On y trouve en outre, pour chaque nuclide, les caracteristiques suivantes: Z, A, modes de desintegration. (auteur)

La gouvernance des risques naturels et la problematique des ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Depuis quelques années, la gouvernance des risques naturels dus aux inondations remet en cause les processus de mise en oeuvre des politiques urbaines et la qualité de la structure des aménagements dans les grandes villes du Golfe de Guinée. La perception de la gouvernance et l'application des politiques de ...

Combustion Stratification for Naphtha from CI Combustion to PPC

KAUST Repository

Vallinayagam, R.; Vedharaj, S.; An, Yanzhao; Dawood, Alaaeldin; Izadi Najafabadi, Mohammad; Somers, Bart; Johansson, Bengt

2017-01-01

This study demonstrates the combustion stratification from conventional compression ignition (CI) combustion to partially premixed combustion (PPC). Experiments are performed in an optical CI engine at a speed of 1200 rpm for diesel and naphtha (RON

Fuel and combustion stratification study of Partially Premixed Combustion

OpenAIRE

Izadi Najafabadi, M.; Dam, N.; Somers, B.; Johansson, B.

2016-01-01

Relatively high levels of stratification is one of the main advantages of Partially Premixed Combustion (PPC) over the Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) concept. Fuel stratification smoothens heat release and improves controllability of this kind of combustion. However, the lack of a clear definition of “fuel and combustion stratifications” is obvious in literature. Hence, it is difficult to compare stratification levels of different PPC strategies or other combustion concepts. T...

Development of flameless combustion; Desarrollo de la combustion sin flama

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Flores Sauceda, M. Leonardo; Cervantes de Gortari, Jaime Gonzalo [Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico)]. E-mail: 8344afc@prodigy.net.mx; jgonzalo@servidor.unam.mx

2010-11-15

The paper intends contribute to global warming mitigation joint effort that develops technologies to capture the CO{sub 2} produced by fossil fuels combustion and to reduce emission of other greenhouse gases like the NO{sub x}. After reviewing existing combustion bibliography is pointed out that (a) touches only partial aspects of the collective system composed by Combustion-Heat transfer process-Environment, whose interactions are our primary interest and (b) most specialists think there is not yet a clearly winning technology for CO{sub 2} capture and storage. In this paper the study of combustion is focused as integrated in the aforementioned collective system where application of flameless combustion, using oxidant preheated in heat regenerators and fluent gas recirculation into combustion chamber plus appropriated heat and mass balances, simultaneously results in energy saving and environmental impact reduction. [Spanish] El trabajo pretende contribuir al esfuerzo conjunto de mitigacion del calentamiento global que aporta tecnologias para capturar el CO{sub 2} producido por la combustion de combustibles fosiles y para disminuir la emision de otros gases invernadero como NOx. De revision bibliografica sobre combustion se concluye que (a) trata aspectos parciales del sistema compuesto por combustion-proceso de trasferencia de calor-ambiente, cuyas interacciones son nuestro principal interes (b) la mayoria de especialistas considera no hay todavia una tecnologia claramente superior a las demas para captura y almacenaje de CO{sub 2}. Se estudia la combustion como parte integrante del mencionado sistema conjunto, donde la aplicacion de combustion sin flama, empleando oxidante precalentado mediante regeneradores de calor y recirculacion de gases efluentes ademas de los balances de masa y energia adecuados, permite tener simultaneamente ahorros energeticos e impacto ambiental reducido.

Isotopic and molecular fractionation in combustion; three routes to molecular marker validation, including direct molecular 'dating' (GC/AMS)

Science.gov (United States)

Currie, L. A.; Klouda, G. A.; Benner, B. A.; Garrity, K.; Eglinton, T. I.

The identification of unique isotopic, elemental, and molecular markers for sources of combustion aerosol has growing practical importance because of the potential effects of fine particle aerosol on health, visibility and global climate. It is urgent, therefore, that substantial efforts be directed toward the validation of assumptions involving the use of such tracers for source apportionment. We describe here three independent routes toward carbonaceous aerosol molecular marker identification and validation: (1) tracer regression and multivariate statistical techniques applied to field measurements of mixed source, carbonaceous aerosols; (2) a new development in aerosol 14C metrology: direct, pure compound accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) by off-line GC/AMS ('molecular dating'); and (3) direct observation of isotopic and molecular source emissions during controlled laboratory combustion of specific fuels. Findings from the combined studies include: independent support for benzo( ghi)perylene as a motor vehicle tracer from the first (statistical) and second (direct 'dating') studies; a new indication, from the third (controlled combustion) study, of a relation between 13C isotopic fractionation and PAH molecular fractionation, also linked with fuel and stage of combustion; and quantitative data showing the influence of both fuel type and combustion conditions on the yields of such species as elemental carbon and PAH, reinforcing the importance of exercising caution when applying presumed conservative elemental or organic tracers to fossil or biomass burning field data as in the first study.

A review of internal combustion engine combustion chamber process studies at NASA Lewis Research Center

Science.gov (United States)

Schock, H. J.

1984-01-01

The performance of internal combustion stratified-charge engines is highly dependent on the in-cylinder fuel-air mixing processes occurring in these engines. Current research concerning the in-cylinder airflow characteristics of rotary and piston engines is presented. Results showing the output of multidimensional models, laser velocimetry measurements and the application of a holographic optical element are described. Models which simulate the four-stroke cycle and seal dynamics of rotary engines are also discussed. Previously announced in STAR as N84-24999

Economic Aspects of Air and Gas Cleaning for Nuclear Energy Processes; Aspects Economiques de l'Epuration de l'Air et des Gaz au Cours des Operations Nucleaires; 042d 041a 041e 041d 041e 0414 0; Aspectos Economicos de la Depuracion del Aire y de los Gases en los Procesos de Obtencion de Energia Nuclear

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Silverman, Leslie [Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (United States)

1960-07-01

In this paper the basic requirements for control of gaseous and particulate effluents are given as applied to problems of feed material production, isotope separation, fuel element fabrication, fuel recovery and reactor operation. There are also instances where non-radioactive nuclear materials with toxic or nuisance effluents such as from beryllium and zirconium production are of concern and these too must be controlled at reasonable costs. The factors involved in capital and operating costs of gas cleaning equipment and the types of applications in the United States are described in some detail. Gaseous effluent problems have, of course, been attacked and controlled by several types of device but their performance has been measured on a comparable basis. It is thus possible to judge operating characteristics on an economic basis as related to power consumption, adsorbent costs, space charges, corrosion problems and other operational factors. The United States Atomic Energy Commission through its contract with the Harvard University Air Cleaning Laboratory has initiated an evaluation program with cooperation, from the various facilities and contractors to the Commission. In this study the basic factors necessary to obtain quantitative cost delineation and evaluation have been outlined and some preliminary findings will be presented. The paper also presents a review of other economic studies made in the United States on particular process or facility applications. (author) [French] Le memoire definit les regles fondamentales auxquelles doit obeir le controle des effluents gazeux et particulaires dans les domaines suivants : production des matieres destinees a alimenter les reacteurs, separation des isotopes, fabrication des cartouches de combustible, recuperation du combustible et fonctionnement des reacteurs. De plus - et c'est notamment ce qui se passe avec la production de beryllium et de zirconium -- il y a des cas ou des matieres nucleaires non radioactives

Experimental and numerical study of the active control of jets inside combustion chambers; Etude experimentale et numerique du controle actif de jets dans des chambres de combustion

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Faivre, V

2003-12-15

Combustion instabilities occur when the flame heat release couples with the acoustic waves propagating in the combustion chamber. This phenomenon can lead to strong vibrations and noise but also, sometimes, to the complete combustion device failure. That is the reason why so many studies focus on the control of those instabilities. The method chosen in this study consists in an active control device (or set of actuators) having a strong effect on the mixing of the burner exhaust flow with the ambient fluid. The model configuration studied consists in a non reactive jet of air controlled by four small tangential secondary jets. Experiments have been carried out to optimize the control device geometry. The configuration identified as the most efficient, in terms of mixing enhancement, has been simulated through Large Eddy Simulations (LES). The objective of the numerical part of the present work is double. First, the numerical simulations provide a better understanding of the phenomena occurring when the control is on. Then, it is shown that LES can be considered as a tool to predict the effects of a control device on a flow. (author)

Catalogue of fuel elements - 1. addendum October 1958

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Even, A.

1957-01-01

This document contains sheets presenting various characteristics of nuclear fuel elements which are distinguished with respect to their shape: cylinder bar, plate, tube. Each sheet comprises an indication of the atomic pile in which the fuel element is used, dimensions, cartridge data, data related to cooling, to combustion rate, and to fuel handling. A drawing of the fuel element is also given

Measures for a quality combustion (combustion chamber exit and downstream); Mesures pour une combustion de qualite (sortie de chambre de combustion et en aval)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Epinat, G. [APAVE Lyonnaise, 69 (France)

1996-12-31

After a review of the different pollutants related to the various types of stationary and mobile combustion processes (stoichiometric, reducing and oxidizing combustion), measures and analyses than may be used to ensure the quality and efficiency of combustion processes are reviewed: opacimeters, UV analyzers, etc. The regulation and control equipment for combustion systems are then listed, according to the generator capacity level

Spectrochemical analysis of impurities in plutonium and its compounds; L'analyse spectrochimique des impuretes dans le plutonium et ses composes

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Buffereau, M.; Crehange, G.; Deniaud, S.; Leclainche, C. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1967-07-01

After a review of previous works, various powdered or wet analytical methods are studied. One tries to give an explanation for some phenomena. A detailed know-how of studied methods is given. Validity of results is discussed. Problem of impurities in alloys analysis and non spectroscopic elements determination is quickly reviewed. One concludes to the interest of the use of some particular methods and the necessity of basic studies in order to obtain best information. (author) [French] Apres une revue des travaux precedents on etudie les differentes methodes d'analyse soit sur poudre (oxyde), soit sur solution. On tente de donner une interpretation de certains phenomenes. On donne un mode d'emploi detaille des methodes etudiees, on envisage la validite des resultats. On passe en revue rapidement le probleme de l'analyse des impuretes dans les alliages et de la determination des elements non spectroscopiques. On conclut a l'interet de l'emploi de certaines methodes, et a la necessite d'etudes fondamentales en vue d'aboutir a une meilleure obtention des informations. (auteur)

Contribution to the micro-calorimetric study of the characteristics of radio-elements and to their qualitative and quantitative analysis; Contribution a l'etude microcalorimetrique des caracteristiques des radio-elements et a leurs analyses qualitative et quantitative

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ozias, Y [Centre de Production de Plutonium de Marcoule, 30 (France)

1964-10-01

The principle of this study consists in using the E. CALVET microcalorimeter for recording the energy flux emitted by radio-elements as a function of time, and in determining from this curve either their characteristics (half-life and radiation energy), or the composition of a mixture of radio-elements. In the first part the theoretical relationships describing radioactivity have been adapted to the microcalorimetric study. In the second part an experimental determination has been made using the E. CALVET microcalorimeter of the characteristics of various radio-elements, yttrium 90, phosphorus 32, sulphur 35, iodine 131, etc and of their mixtures. In particular a study has been made of the isotopic analysis of a {sup 239}Pu - {sup 240}Pu mixture, sometimes in the presence of {sup 241}Pu. The microcalorimetric method is not as sensitive as conventional counting methods, its limit appears to be at the present about 1 micro-watt for the apparatus used, it is however the most direct method in the case of emitters of weakly absorbed radiation ({alpha} and {beta}). For the {gamma} emitters only a part of the energy is absorbed by the walls of the container. The determination of their characteristics and of their masses in the mixtures depends neither on the shape, on the dilution or even less on the auto-absorption of the source. For high activity samples this auto-absorption is the cause of great difficulties in conventional methods which complicate the operations: divisions, dissolutions, dilutions, all of which are liable to introduce errors. The calorimetric method makes it possible to work on the untreated sample. All these measurements have been carried out using the conventional E CALVET calorimeter; to carry out an exact measurement of the energy due to {gamma} radiation, however, it is necessary to build special apparatus with a lead block the size of which is given by the author's calculations. The calorimetric method makes it possible to attain an accuracy

Generalities on the dynamic behaviour of rapid reactors. Preliminary studies on Rapsodie; Generalites sur le comportement dynamique des piles rapides. Etudes preliminaires de rapsodie

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Campan, J L; Chaumont, J P; Clauzon, P P; Ghesquiere, G; Leduc, J; Schmitt, A P; Zaleski, C P [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Cadarache (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1963-07-01

The study of the dynamic behaviour of fast reactors may be divided into three section: 1. Stability studies around equilibrium power only the linear case was examining. S. Transient studies in the case of usual reactor operation (shut down, scram, etc.) with thermal shocks evaluation, for instance. 3. Explosion studies, for the maximum credible accidents. This report presents the status of the studies performed at the 'Physics Research Department' at Cadarache. Methods used are detailed and illustrated with the results obtained on a preliminary metallic core of the Rapsodie Reactor. (authors) [French] Le comportement dynamique des piles rapides, se presente tout naturellement sous trois aspects: 1. Etude de stabilite autour d'un regime d'equilibre (nous nous sommes bornes ici au cas lineaire). 2. Etude de regimes transitoires lors des operations normales de pile (arret, arret d'urgence, etc.) avec evaluation des chocs thermiques par exemple. 3. Etude des regimes transitoires de caractere explosif lors des accidents les plus graves possibles. Ce rapport presente l'etat des etudes a la date du 20 decembre 1961 a la Section d'Etudes de Piles Rapides a CADARACHE. Les methodes employees ont ete detaillees et illustrees a partir des resultats obtenus sur une premiere version 'combustible metallique' de Rapsodie. (auteurs)

Calculation programme for the accidental transients in reactors of the gas-graphite type; Programme de calcul des transitoires accidentels des piles de la filiere graphite-gaz

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Henri, Ch.; Bayard, J.P. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1964-07-01

The study of the behaviour of the fuel during certain incidents or accidents in reactors is closely connected to the study of the changes in temperature. This document describes in the first part the main physical phenomena governing the kinetics of the accident. The aim is to know the temperatures at all points and at all times during the irregular regime which can follow the initial stable regime. In the second part an explanation is given of the numerical methods used. (authors) [French] L'etude du comportement du combustible lors de certains incidents ou accidents de pile est etroitement liee a l'etude de l'evolution des temperatures. Dans sa premiere partie, ce document decrit les phenomenes physiques principaux intervenant dans la cinetique de l'accident. Le but recherche est la connaissance des temperatures en tout point et a tout instant d'un regime varie, faisant suite a un regime initial stable. Dans la deuxieme partie les methodes numeriques employees sont explicitees. (auteurs)

Analysis of Content of Selected Critical Elements in Fly Ash

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Makowska Dorota

2016-03-01

Full Text Available Pursuant to the new mineral policy of the European Union, searching for new sources of raw materials is required. Coal fly ash has long been considered as a potential source of a number of critical elements. Therefore, it is important to monitor the contents of the critical elements in fly ash from coal combustion. The paper presents the results of examinations of the contents of selected elements, i.e. beryllium, cobalt, chromium and germanium in fly ash from Polish power plants. The results of the conducted investigations indicate that the examined ash samples from bituminous coal combustion cannot be treated as a potential source of the analysed critical elements. The content of these elements in ash, though slightly higher than their average content in the sedimentary rocks, is, however, not high enough to make their recovery technologically and economically justified at this moment.

High-Volume Non-Destructive Test Applications at the Hanford Atomic Products Operation; Applications Industrielles des Essais Non Destructifs a l'Etablissement Nucleaire de Hanford; Provedenie bol'shogo chisla nedestruktivnykh ispytanii v ''khenford atomik prodakts opereishen''; Ensayos No Destructivos en Gran Escala Aplicados en Hanford

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Worlton, D. C. [Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Battelle Memorial Institute, Richland, WA (United States)

1965-10-15

patterns whose size and shape reveal defect magnitude, location within the tube wall, and depth. Probe wobble and harmless tube kinks and bends are plotted with a characteristic pattern readily distinguishable from genuine defects. Results of applying the test to 750 000 ft of installed tubing under difficult field conditions are summarized. (author) [French] On a recours a des essais non destructifs - rapides, surs et automatiques - pour assurer la securite et l'efficacite des operations critiques a Hanford. On utilise couramment des methodes de controle tres sensibles, fondees sur les courants de Foucault et les ultrasons, pour verifier avec le maximum d'assurance et dans le minimum de temps la qualite d'importants volumes de matieres et produits. Le memoire decrit les appareils de controle utilises pour s'assurer de la qualife de la fabrication des combustibles nucleaires a Hanford. Ces appareils, qui font partie integrante de l'equipement de fabrication, appliquent le principe de l'attenuation des ondes ultrasonores pour controler la structure granulaire de barreaux d'uranium non gaine, les ultrasons et les courants de Foucault pour controler la liaison entre l'uranium et sa gaine en aluminium ainsi que l'epaisseur de cette derniere (1 mm), et une nouvelle methode ultrasonore (large bande, haute resolution) pour la detection des defauts dans les soudures aux extremites des cartouches de combustible. Des methodes combinees (courants de Foucault et ultrasons) sont appliquees simultanement pour l'inspection complete d'un element combustible en neuf secondes; les elements defectueux sont rejetes automatiquement. Le memoire expose en detail les methodes ultrasonores perfectionnees pour le controle des gaines de combustible a parois minces. Des traducteurs speciaux a forte focalisation sont utilises avec un circuit a bande large pour produire des ondes de rotation pures dans un tube de 0,37 mm d'epaisseur. Les ondes de Lamb et autres mouvements ondulatoires complexes sont

EFFET DES TRAITEMENTS THERMIQUES SUR LA REACTION ENTRE DES COUCHES MINCES DE TITANE ET DES SUBSTRATS EN ACIER

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

D Slimani

2015-06-01

Full Text Available Des couches minces du titane pur ont été déposées avec la méthode de pulvérisation cathodique sur des substrats en acier, type FF80 K-1 contenants ~1% mass. en carbone. La réaction entre les deux parties du système substrat-couche mince est activée avec des traitements thermiques sous vide dans l’intervalle de températures de 400 à900°Cpendant 30 minutes. Les Spectres de diffraction de rayons x confirment l’inter- diffusion des éléments  chimiques du système résultants la formation et la croissance des nouvelles phases en particulier le carbure binaire TiC ayant des caractéristiques thermomécaniques importantes. L’analyse morphologique des échantillons traités  avec le microscope électronique à balayage (MEB montre l’augmentation du flux de diffusion atomique avec la température de recuit, notamment la diffusion du manganèse et du fer vers la surface libre des échantillons aux températures élevées provoquant la dégradation des propriétés mécaniques des revêtements contrairement au premiers stades d’interaction où on a obtenu des bonnes valeurs de la microdureté.

Temporal measurements and kinetics of selenium release during coal combustion and gasification in a fluidized bed

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Shen, Fenghua; Liu, Jing; Zhang, Zhen; Yang, Yingju

2016-01-01

Highlights: • The temporal release of Se from coal combustion and gasification was measured. • Kinetic laws for Se release from coal combustion and gasification were determined. • The influences of temperature and chemical composition of flue gas were clarified. • The interactions of Se species with mineral affect the release kinetics of Se. - Abstract: The temporal release of selenium from coal during combustion and gasification in a fluidized bed was measured in situ by an on-line analysis system of trace elements in flue gas. The on-line analysis system is based on an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), and can measure concentrations of trace elements in flue gas quantitatively and continuously. The results of on-line analysis suggest that the concentration of selenium in flue gas during coal gasification is higher than that during coal combustion. Based on the results of on-line analysis, a second-order kinetic law r(x) = 0.94e −26.58/RT (−0.56 x 2 −0.51 x + 1.05) was determined for selenium release during coal combustion, and r(x) = 11.96e −45.03/RT (−0.53 x 2 −0.56 x + 1.09) for selenium release during coal gasification. These two kinetic laws can predict respectively the temporal release of selenium during coal combustion and gasification with an acceptable accuracy. Thermodynamic calculations were conducted to predict selenium species during coal combustion and gasification. The speciation of selenium in flue gas during coal combustion differs from that during coal gasification, indicating that selenium volatilization is different. The gaseous selenium species can react with CaO during coal combustion, but it is not likely to interact with mineral during coal gasification.

La microscopie ionique analytique des tissus biologiques