Free microparticles—An inducing mechanism of pre-firing in high pressure gas switches for fast linear transformer drivers

Science.gov (United States)

Li, Xiaoang; Pei, Zhehao; Wu, Zhicheng; Zhang, Yuzhao; Liu, Xuandong; Li, Yongdong; Zhang, Qiaogen

2018-03-01

Microparticle initiated pre-firing of high pressure gas switches for fast linear transformer drivers (FLTDs) is experimentally and theoretically verified. First, a dual-electrode gas switch equipped with poly-methyl methacrylate baffles is used to capture and collect the microparticles. By analyzing the electrode surfaces and the collecting baffles by a laser scanning confocal microscope, microparticles ranging in size from tens of micrometers to over 100 μm are observed under the typical working conditions of FLTDs. The charging and movement of free microparticles in switch cavity are studied, and the strong DC electric field drives the microparticles to bounce off the electrode. Three different modes of free microparticle motion appear to be responsible for switch pre-firing. (i) Microparticles adhere to the electrode surface and act as a fixed protrusion which distorts the local electric field and initiates the breakdown in the gap. (ii) One particle escapes toward the opposite electrode and causes a near-electrode microdischarge, inducing the breakdown of the residual gap. (iii) Multiple moving microparticles are occasionally in cascade, leading to pre-firing. Finally, as experimental verification, repetitive discharges at ±90 kV are conducted in a three-electrode field-distortion gas switch, with two 8 mm gaps and pressurized with nitrogen. An ultrasonic probe is employed to monitor the bounce signals. In pre-firing incidents, the bounce is detected shortly before the collapse of the voltage waveform, which demonstrates that free microparticles contribute significantly to the mechanism that induces pre-firing in FLTD gas switches.

Free microparticles-An inducing mechanism of pre-firing in high pressure gas switches for fast linear transformer drivers.

Science.gov (United States)

Li, Xiaoang; Pei, Zhehao; Wu, Zhicheng; Zhang, Yuzhao; Liu, Xuandong; Li, Yongdong; Zhang, Qiaogen

2018-03-01

Microparticle initiated pre-firing of high pressure gas switches for fast linear transformer drivers (FLTDs) is experimentally and theoretically verified. First, a dual-electrode gas switch equipped with poly-methyl methacrylate baffles is used to capture and collect the microparticles. By analyzing the electrode surfaces and the collecting baffles by a laser scanning confocal microscope, microparticles ranging in size from tens of micrometers to over 100 μm are observed under the typical working conditions of FLTDs. The charging and movement of free microparticles in switch cavity are studied, and the strong DC electric field drives the microparticles to bounce off the electrode. Three different modes of free microparticle motion appear to be responsible for switch pre-firing. (i) Microparticles adhere to the electrode surface and act as a fixed protrusion which distorts the local electric field and initiates the breakdown in the gap. (ii) One particle escapes toward the opposite electrode and causes a near-electrode microdischarge, inducing the breakdown of the residual gap. (iii) Multiple moving microparticles are occasionally in cascade, leading to pre-firing. Finally, as experimental verification, repetitive discharges at ±90 kV are conducted in a three-electrode field-distortion gas switch, with two 8 mm gaps and pressurized with nitrogen. An ultrasonic probe is employed to monitor the bounce signals. In pre-firing incidents, the bounce is detected shortly before the collapse of the voltage waveform, which demonstrates that free microparticles contribute significantly to the mechanism that induces pre-firing in FLTD gas switches.

Effect of investments on fundamentals and market reaction on pre-operational and operational Brazilian companies for the period 2006-2012

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marco Antonio Pereira

2016-03-01

Full Text Available ABSTRACT This paper provides evidence on the market reaction to corporate investment decisions whose shareholder value is largely attributed to growth options. The exploratory research raised pre-operational companies and their operational pairs on the same economy segments. It had the purpose of investigating the existence of statistical differentiation from financial indicators that reflect the installed assets and growth assets, and then study the market reaction to changes in fixed assets as a signaling element about investment decisions. The formation process of operational assets and shareholder value almost exclusively dependent on asset growth stands out in the pre-operational companies. As a result, differentiation tests confirmed that the pre-operational companies had their value especially derived on growth options. The market reaction was particularly bigger in pre-operational companies with abnormal negative stock returns, while the operational companies had positive returns, which may indicate that the quality of the investment is judged based on the financial disclosure. Additionally, operational companies' investors await the disclosure to adjust their prices. We conclude that the results are consistent with the empirical evidence and the participants in financial markets to long-term capital formation investments should give that special attention.

FIRE

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Brtis, J.S.; Hausheer, T.G.

1990-01-01

FIRE, a microcomputer based program to assist engineers in reviewing and documenting the fire protection impact of design changes has been developed. Acting as an electronic consultant, FIRE is designed to work with an experienced nuclear system engineer, who may not have any detailed fire protection expertise. FIRE helps the engineer to decide if a modification might adversely affect the fire protection design of the station. Since its first development, FIRE has been customized to reflect the fire protection philosophy of the Commonwealth Edison Company. That program is in early production use. This paper discusses the FIRE program in light of its being a useful application of expert system technologies in the power industry

77 FR 25349 - Mutual Insurance Holding Company Treated as Insurance Company

Science.gov (United States)

2012-04-30

..., the first mutual fire insurer was established. The first American mutual insurance company, the Philadelphia Contributionship for the Insurance of Houses from Loss by Fire, was founded in 1752.\\3\\ \\3\\ The...

Fire protection

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Janetzky, E.

1980-01-01

Safety and fire prevention measurements have to be treated like the activities developing, planning, construction and erection. Therefore it is necessary that these measurements have to be integrated into the activities mentioned above at an early stage in order to guarantee their effectiveness. With regard to fire accidents the statistics of the insurance companies concerned show that the damage caused increased in the last years mainly due to high concentration of material. Organization of fire prevention and fire fighting, reasons of fire break out, characteristics and behaviour of fire, smoke and fire detection, smoke and heat venting, fire extinguishers (portable and stationary), construction material in presence of fire, respiratory protection etc. will be discussed. (orig./RW)

Soil Microbial Activity Responses to Fire in a Semi-arid Savannah Ecosystem Pre- and Post-Monsoon Season

Science.gov (United States)

Jimenez, J. R.; Raub, H. D.; Jong, E. L.; Muscarella, C. R.; Smith, W. K.; Gallery, R. E.

2017-12-01

Extracellular enzyme activities (EEA) of soil microorganisms can act as important proxies for nutrient limitation and turnover in soil and provide insight into the biochemical requirements of microbes in terrestrial ecosystems. In semi-arid ecosystems, microbial activity is influenced by topography, disturbances such as fire, and seasonality from monsoon rains. Previous studies from forest ecosystems show that microbial communities shift to similar compositions after severe fires despite different initial conditions. In semi-arid ecosystems with high spatial heterogeniety, we ask does fire lead to patch intensification or patch homogenization and how do monsoon rains influence the successional trajectories of microbial responses? We analyzed microbial activity and soil biogeochemistry throughout the monsoon season in paired burned and unburned sites in the Santa Rita Experimental Range, AZ. Surface soil (5cm) from bare-ground patches, bole, canopy drip line, and nearby grass patches for 5 mesquite trees per site allowed tests of spatiotemporal responses to fire and monsoon rain. Microbial activity was low during the pre-monsoon season and did not differ between the burned and unburned sites. We found greater activity near mesquite trees that reflects soil water and nutrient availability. Fire increased soil alkalinity, though soils near mesquite trees were less affected. Soil water content was significantly higher in the burned sites post-monsoon, potentially reflecting greater hydrophobicity of burned soils. Considering the effects of fire in these semi-arid ecosystems is especially important in the context of the projected changing climate regime in this region. Assessing microbial community recovery pre-, during, and post-monsoon is important for testing predictions about whether successional pathways post-fire lead to recovery or novel trajectories of communities and ecosystem function.

26 CFR 1.822-5 - Mutual insurance company taxable income.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... Companies and Other Than Fire Or Flood Insurance Companies Which Operate on Basis of Perpetual Policies Or... by the following examples: Example 1. The X Company, a mutual fire insurance company subject to the... 26 Internal Revenue 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Mutual insurance company taxable income. 1.822-5...

FIRE-PRAN

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Waterfall, K.W.

1991-01-01

Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij B.V. (SIPM), is a service company in the Royal Dutch/Shell Group of Companies who provides services worldwide (outside of the USA) to Shell Operating Companies. It has defined and recommended for implementation by Shell Companies a policy on safety (Enhanced Safety Management policy) to manage the total safety aspects of all they do, including the design, engineering, installation and operation of their facilities worldwide. This policy affects all activities in such a way as to avoid harm to health of, or injury to employees and others as well as avoiding damage to property. This in turn reflects through specific policies and standards for investment strategy, engineering and operations of facilities. With average Group losses due to major fires and explosion (for each incident over Brit-pounds 100,000) between 1988 and 1990 being of the order of Brit-pounds 28 million, there is an obvious potential to effectively employ fire protection criteria in design. However, Shell need to ensure the cost-effective application of protective measures, but first and foremost it is essential not to jeopardize life or risk damage to the environment. FIRE-PRAN has the possibility to do this efficiently as it is A systematic team approach for identification of all potential fire and explosion hazards and consequences, and a means for developing optimal means of protection for all types of facilities. It should thus be considered as an auditing technique, but one that fits into the overall safe management of activities. This paper discusses the status of development of the FIRE-PRAN technique following its successful application over a number of years to a variety of equipment and installations

Thermodynamic analysis and economic evaluation of a 1000 MW bituminous coal fired power plant incorporating low-temperature pre-drying (LTPD)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Xu, Cheng; Xu, Gang; Zhu, Mingming; Dong, Wei; Zhang, Yang; Yang, Yongping; Zhang, Dongke

2016-01-01

Highlights: • An improved design of coal pre-drying using flue gas waste heat was proposed. • 0.4% energy efficiency increase was achieved with the proposed system. • The additional net economic benefit of the proposed system is $1.91 M per year. • Proposed concept can be widely applied to improve coal-fired power plant efficiency. - Abstract: Low-temperature pre-drying (LTPD) of lignite has been identified as an effective approach to improve the efficiency of lignite fired power plants. In this study, an improved concept for the pre-drying of medium moisture bituminous coals using flue gas waste heat was proposed and its feasibility was assessed. In the proposed configuration, the boiler exhaust flue gas is drawn to dryers to heat and pre-dry the raw coal, removing a large proportion of the coal moisture and leading to an improvement in the energy efficiency of the power plant. Thermodynamic analysis and economic evaluation were performed based on a typical 1000 MW bituminous coal fired power plant incorporating the proposed LTPD concept. The results showed that the net power plant efficiency gain is as much as 0.4 percentage point with additional net power output of 9.3 MW as compared to the reference plant without coal pre-drying. This was attributed to the reduction in the moisture content from 10.3 to 2.7 wt%. The additional net economic benefit attained due to the coal pre-drying was estimated to reach $1.91 M per year. This work provides a broadly applicable and economically feasible approach to further improve the energy efficiency of power plants firing coals with medium moisture contents.

Fire, safety and ventilation

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hindle, D.

1999-02-01

Correct ventilation in tunnel environments is vital for the comfort and safety of the people passing through. This article gives details of products from several manufacturers of safety rescue and fire fighting equipment, fire and fume detection equipment, special fire resistant materials, fire resistant hydraulic oils and fire dampers, and ventilation systems. Company addresses and fax numbers are supplied. 4 refs., 5 tabs., 10 photos.

76 FR 77442 - Mutual Insurance Holding Company Treated as Insurance Company

Science.gov (United States)

2011-12-13

... insurance industry traces its roots back to England, where, in 1696, the first mutual fire insurer was... FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION 12 CFR Part 380 RIN 3064-AD89 Mutual Insurance Holding Company Treated as Insurance Company AGENCY: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). ACTION: Notice...

Fire Models and Design Fires

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Poulsen, Annemarie

The aim of this project is to perform an experimental study on the influence of the thermal feedback on the burning behavior of well ventilated pre-flashover fires. For the purpose an experimental method has been developed. Here the same identical objects are tested under free burn conditions...... carried out by Carleton University and NRC-IRC performed on seven different types of fire loads representing commercial premises, comprise the tests used for the study. The results show that for some of the room test the heat release rate increased due to thermal feedback compared to free burn for a pre......-flashover fire. Two phenomena were observed, that relate well to theory was found. In an incipient phase the heat release rate rose with the temperature of the smoke layer/enclosure boundaries. This increase was also found to depend on the flammability properties of the burning object. The results also...

Fire Resistant Materials

Science.gov (United States)

1982-01-01

Fire hazard is greater in atmospheres containing a high percentage of oxygen under pressure. NASA intensified its fire safety research after a 1967 Apollo fire. A chemically treated fabric called Durette developed by Monsanto Company, which will not burn or produce noxious fumes, was selected as a material for Apollo astronaut garments. Monsanto sold production rights for this material to Fire Safe Products (FSP). Durette is now used for a wide range of applications such as: sheets, attendants' uniforms in hyperbaric chambers; crew's clothing, furniture and interior walls of diving chambers operated by the U.S. Navy and other oceanographic companies and research organizations. Pyrotect Safety Equipment, Minneapolis, MN produces Durette suits for auto racers, refuelers and crew chiefs from material supplied by FSP. FSP also manufactures Durette bags for filtering gases and dust from boilers, electric generators and similar systems. Durette bags are an alternative to other felted fiber capable of operating at high temperature that cost twice as much.

'Passive fire protection in nuclear power plants' - German technologies of the company svt Brandschutz in future as well in Korean NPPs? -

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bremer, Joerg; Kim, Duill; Wendt, Ruediger

2002-01-01

Fires in NPPs are unfortunately not avoidable and to consider during the planning and operation period of the plants. The multitude of combustible materials which are used especially cables, oils and other building materials describe a potential source of danger. In Germany recently a new planning guideline for the fire protection field in NPPs has been adopted: the nuclear guideline KTA 1401. This document certainly is one of the most progressive guidelines for the fire protection field and has united · structural engineering elements of fire protection · electrotechnical and machine components · as well as questions of fire alarm and organisation measures. Passive and active fire protection measures are explained and layed down in their complexity within this document. Our group of companies has realised quit a lot of fire protection projects in Europe during the last years, especially within retrofitting measures for NPPs in Germany, Switzerland, Russia, the Ukraine and Lithuania, the Czech and Slovak Republic as well as within decommissioning projects of NPPs. We have carried out international fire protection projects of the EBRD, London, and within the framework of TACIS projects of the European Commission, i. a. linked with the working out of fire protection analyses for NPPs realised in close co-operation with the Germanischer Lloyd, Hamburg. We especially have wide experiences in improving the fire protection of cable installations where a 100% separation of the different safety systems is not any longer possible

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Aristov Denis Ivanovich

2016-03-01

Full Text Available The All-Russian Congress “Fire Stop Moscow” was de-voted to the analysis of the four segments of the industry of fire protection systems and technologies: the design of fire protec-tion systems, the latest developments and technologies of active and passive fire protection of buildings, the state and the devel-opment of the legal framework, the practice of fire protection of buildings and structures. The forum brought together the repre-sentatives of the industry of fire protection systems, scientists, leading experts, specialists in fire protection and representatives of construction companies from different regions of Russia. In parallel with the Congress Industrial Exhibition of fire protection systems, materials and technology was held, where manufacturers presented their products. The urgency of the “Fire Stop Moscow” Congress in 2015 organized by the Congress Bureau ODF Events lies primarily in the fact that it considered the full range of issues related to the fire protection of building and construction projects; studied the state of the regulatory framework for fire safety and efficiency of public services, research centers, private companies and busi-nesses in the area of fire safety. The main practical significance of the event which was widely covered in the media space, was the opportunity to share the views and information between management, science, and practice of business on implementing fire protection systems in the conditions of modern economic relations and market realities. : congress, fire protection, systems, technologies, fire protection systems, exhibition

Drought impact on vegetation in pre and post fire events in Iberian Peninsula

Science.gov (United States)

Gouveia, C. M.; Bastos, A.; Trigo, R. M.; DaCamara, C.

2012-04-01

In 2004/2005, the Iberian Peninsula was stricken by an exceptional drought that affected more than one third of Portugal and part of southern Spain during more than 9 months. This severe drought had a strong negative impact on vegetation dynamics, as it coincided with the period of high photosynthetic activity (Gouveia et al., 2009). Since water availability is a crucial factor in post-fire vegetation recovery, it is desirable to assess the impact that such water-stress conditions had on fire sensitivity and post-fire vegetation recovery. Fire events in the European Mediterranean areas have become a serious problem and a major ecosystem disturbance, increasing erosion and soil degradation. In Portugal, the years 2003 and 2005 were particularly devastating. In 2003 it was registered the maximal burnt area since 1980, with more than 425000 ha burned, representing about 5% of Portuguese mainland. The 2005 fire season registered the highest number of fire occurrences in Portugal and the second year with the greatest number of fires in Spain. The high number of fire events observed during the summer 2005 in the Iberian Peninsula is linked, in part, to the extreme drought conditions that prevailed during the preceding winter and spring seasons of 2004/2005. Vegetation recovery after the 2003 and 2005 fire seasons was estimated using the mono-parametric model developed by Gouveia et al. (2010), which relies on monthly values of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), from 1999 to 2009, at 1kmresolution, as obtained from the VEGETATION-SPOT5 instrument.. This model was further used to evaluate the effect of drought in pre and post vegetation activity. Besides the standard NDVI, the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and the Normalized Difference Drought Index (NDDI) were computed in order to evaluate drought intensity. In the case of the burnt scars of 2003, when data corresponding to the months of drought are removed, recovery times are considerably shorter

76 FR 37194 - Surety Companies Acceptable on Federal Bonds; Change in State of Incorportation, Business Address...

Science.gov (United States)

2011-06-24

... State of Incorportation, Business Address and Phone; St. Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Company; St. Paul Guardian Insurance Company; St. Paul Mercury Insurance Company AGENCY: Financial Management... that St. Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Company (24767), St. Paul Guardian Insurance Company (24775...

Severe fire weather and intensive forest management increase fire severity in a multi-ownership landscape.

Science.gov (United States)

Zald, Harold S J; Dunn, Christopher J

2018-04-26

Many studies have examined how fuels, topography, climate, and fire weather influence fire severity. Less is known about how different forest management practices influence fire severity in multi-owner landscapes, despite costly and controversial suppression of wildfires that do not acknowledge ownership boundaries. In 2013, the Douglas Complex burned over 19,000 ha of Oregon & California Railroad (O&C) lands in Southwestern Oregon, USA. O&C lands are composed of a checkerboard of private industrial and federal forestland (Bureau of Land Management, BLM) with contrasting management objectives, providing a unique experimental landscape to understand how different management practices influence wildfire severity. Leveraging Landsat based estimates of fire severity (Relative differenced Normalized Burn Ratio, RdNBR) and geospatial data on fire progression, weather, topography, pre-fire forest conditions, and land ownership, we asked (1) what is the relative importance of different variables driving fire severity, and (2) is intensive plantation forestry associated with higher fire severity? Using Random Forest ensemble machine learning, we found daily fire weather was the most important predictor of fire severity, followed by stand age and ownership, followed by topographic features. Estimates of pre-fire forest biomass were not an important predictor of fire severity. Adjusting for all other predictor variables in a general least squares model incorporating spatial autocorrelation, mean predicted RdNBR was higher on private industrial forests (RdNBR 521.85 ± 18.67 [mean ± SE]) vs. BLM forests (398.87 ± 18.23) with a much greater proportion of older forests. Our findings suggest intensive plantation forestry characterized by young forests and spatially homogenized fuels, rather than pre-fire biomass, were significant drivers of wildfire severity. This has implications for perceptions of wildfire risk, shared fire management responsibilities, and developing

Autonomous Forest Fire Detection

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Breejen, E. den; Breuers, M.; Cremer, F.; Kemp, R.A.W.; Roos, M.; Schutte, K.; Vries, J.S. de

1998-01-01

Forest fire detection is a very important issue in the pre-suppression process. Timely detection allows the suppression units to reach the fire in its initial stages and this will reduce the suppression costs considerably. The autonomous forest fire detection principle is based on temporal contrast

Little Bear Fire Summary Report

Science.gov (United States)

Sarah McCaffrey; Melanie Stidham; Hannah. Brenkert-Smith

2013-01-01

In June 2012, immediately after the Little Bear Fire burned outside Ruidoso, New Mexico, a team of researchers interviewed fire managers, local personnel, and residents to understand perceptions of the event itself, communication, evacuation, and pre-fire preparedness. The intensity of fire behavior and resulting loss of 242 homes made this a complex fire with a...

A Framework for Assessment of Intentional Fires

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Iraj Mohammadfam

2014-04-01

Full Text Available Background & Objectives : It is not possible to live without using fire. However, fire could destruct human properties in a short time. One of the most important types of fire is intentional fire. This type of fire has become a great problem for insurance companies, fire departments, industries, government and business in the recent years. This study aimed to provide a framework for risk assessment of intentional fires . Methods: In the present study, risk assessment and management model for protecting critical properties and security vulnerability assessment model were used to develop a comprehensive framework for risk assessment of intentional fires. The framework was examined in an automotive industry . Results : The designed framework contained five steps as 1 asset inventory and prioritizing them according to their importance, 2 invasion assessment, 3 vulnerability assessment, 4 risk assessment and design and 5 implementation and evaluating the effectiveness of corrective/preventive actions. Thirty different scenarios for intentional fires were identified by implementing the designed framework in an automotive company, and then the associated risk of each scenario was quantitatively determined. Conclusion : Compared to seven models, the proposed framework represents its comprehension. Development of safety and security standards and a central security information bank to reduce security risks, including the risk of intentional fires is recommended .

Fires in rooms containing electrical components - incident planning, fire fighting tactics, risks

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Magnusson, Tommy; Ottosson, Jan; Lindskog, BertiI; Soederquist Bende, Evy; Eriksson, Fredrik; Haffling, Stefan

2006-12-01

On July 1, 2005 a fire occurred within an electrical switch room at Forsmark Nuclear Power Plant. At the evaluation of the incident it was identified that the pre-fire plans did not give sufficient information in order to make the appropriate decisions. Questions raised based on the incident are how decisions are made and orders are delegated with respect to the incident command, which fire fighting tactic should be used, which types of extinguishing media should be used, what are the risks with respect to safety of staff and safety of the reactor. Lessons learned from the fire at Forsmark were that pre-incident planning was at hand but the information was not sufficient to make the correct initial decisions that might be critical for life and property. One of the most crucial ingredients in all safety related work is to utilize previous experience in order to maintain a high degree of safety. Lessons learnt are also the foundation on which the ability to construct or create strong barriers against a certain fault phenomena, fault mechanism or type of initial event. In the case of nuclear processes, fire is considered as an important and critical initial event which has to be recognized in a number of cases in order to maintain a safe process. The likelihood for a fire to represent an initial event should not be underestimated and can therefore not be neglected, probabilistically or deterministically, unless the inherent safety systems can not control the event in an acceptable manner. Regardless of safety measures and lessons learnt from previous experiences in the construction and the operation of the nuclear facility, fires can occur. Previous experiences point out that process system, e.g. systems that are part of the turbine, are more frequently subject to fire incidents compared to ordinary safety systems. Fires in electrical components, often electrical cabinets, can be difficult to handle and to extinguish quickly. This report presents the background work

Parametric Fires for Structural Design

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Hertz, Kristian

2012-01-01

The authorities, the construction association, and a number of companies in Denmark have supported the author writing a guide for design of building structures for parametric fires. The guide is published by the ministry as a supplement to the building regulations. However, consultants and contra......The authorities, the construction association, and a number of companies in Denmark have supported the author writing a guide for design of building structures for parametric fires. The guide is published by the ministry as a supplement to the building regulations. However, consultants...... and contractors have asked for a reference in English in order to make the guide-lines and the background for them available internationally. The paper therefore presents recommendations from the design guide especially concerning how to assess parametric design fires based on the opening factor method for large...... compartments. Findings leading to the guide-lines are discussed, and it is indicated what a safe design fire model means for structural design and how it differs from a safe design fire model for evacuation. Furthermore, the paper includes some experiences from the application of the design guide in practise...

Archer Fire and Safety - reducing risk in the offshore

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Todd, K

2000-06-01

Protecting the lives and safety of offshore oil and gas workers is the business of Newfoundland-based Archer Fire and Safety. Originally established as a supplier of industrial materials focusing on the oil and gas industry, the company narrowed its focus in 1996 to fire and safety protection, introduced more specialized fire and safety equipment, and began to explore service opportunities to the industry in addition to the usual consumables. After some anxious few years, the company now operates two SCBA service centres in Newfoundland, in addition to sales and servicing a wide range of fire and safety equipment such as gas, flame and heat detection.The company is constantly on the lookout for new opportunities and has developed a computer-based pricing system which enables them to provide quick response to pricing inquiries, a big advantage in an industry with relatively unsophisticated business practices. The company's emphasis on research and quick response capability enabled the company to anticipate future requirements and to land major contracts first at Bull Arm, and later on the Terra Nova Project. Its reputation for best-in-class products, high quality service and a business-like approach helped to attract other clients such as Terra Nova Alliance, Canship and Schlumberger, and offshore drilling companies like Glomar International and TransOcean Sedco-Forex, with further opportunities in the offing with upcoming projects such as the White Rose and Hebron.Today about 60 per cent of the business is offshore related.

Archer Fire and Safety - reducing risk in the offshore

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Todd, K.

2000-06-01

Protecting the lives and safety of offshore oil and gas workers is the business of Newfoundland-based Archer Fire and Safety. Originally established as a supplier of industrial materials focusing on the oil and gas industry, the company narrowed its focus in 1996 to fire and safety protection, introduced more specialized fire and safety equipment, and began to explore service opportunities to the industry in addition to the usual consumables. After some anxious few years, the company now operates two SCBA service centres in Newfoundland, in addition to sales and servicing a wide range of fire and safety equipment such as gas, flame and heat detection.The company is constantly on the lookout for new opportunities and has developed a computer-based pricing system which enables them to provide quick response to pricing inquiries, a big advantage in an industry with relatively unsophisticated business practices. The company's emphasis on research and quick response capability enabled the company to anticipate future requirements and to land major contracts first at Bull Arm, and later on the Terra Nova Project. Its reputation for best-in-class products, high quality service and a business-like approach helped to attract other clients such as Terra Nova Alliance, Canship and Schlumberger, and offshore drilling companies like Glomar International and TransOcean Sedco-Forex, with further opportunities in the offing with upcoming projects such as the White Rose and Hebron.Today about 60 per cent of the business is offshore related.

Use of the pre-dose technique for environmental dosimetry. [Thermoluminescence from fired bricks or tiles

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bailiff, I K [Durham Univ. (UK). TL Lab.; Haskell, E H [Utah Univ., Salt Lake City (USA). Radiobiology Div.

1984-01-01

The pre-dose effect associated with the 110/sup 0/C TL peak of quartz is the basis of a dating technique developed at the Oxford Laboratory, and now in use to date pottery and brick at the Durham Laboratory. Recently its use for the measurement of fallout gamma dose has been initiated at the University of Utah. Using quartz extracted from fired brick, the technique has been shown to be sufficiently sensitive to measure doses in the region of 10 mGy. The complexities of the technique encountered during dating in its upper range (approx. 5 Gy) are equally apparent in its lower range (10 mGy). With a common interest in the pre-dose technique, the research that is being performed to apply the technique through its full range in environmental dosimetry is discussed.

Fire protection and fire fighting in nuclear installations

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1989-01-01

Fires are a threat to all technical installations. While fire protection has long been a well established conventional discipline, its application to nuclear facilities requires special considerations. Nevertheless, for a long time fire engineering has been somewhat neglected in the design and operation of nuclear installations. In the nuclear industry, the Browns Ferry fire in 1975 brought about an essential change in the attention paid to fire problems. Designers and plant operators, as well as insurance companies and regulators, increased their efforts to develop concepts and methods for reducing fire risks, not only to protect the capital investment in nuclear plants but also to consider the potential secondary effects which could lead to nuclear accidents. Although the number of fires in nuclear installations is still relatively large, their overall importance to the safety of nuclear power plants was not considered to be very high. Only more recently have probabilistic analyses changed this picture. The results may well have to be taken into account more carefully. Various aspects of fire fighting and fire protection were discussed during the Symposium, the first of its kind to be organized by the IAEA. It was convened in co-operation with several organizations working in the nuclear or fire protection fields. The intention was to gather experts from nuclear engineering areas and the conventional fire protection field at one meeting with a view to enhancing the exchange of information and experience and to presenting current knowledge on the various disciplines involved. The presentations at the meeting were subdivided into eight sessions: standards and licensing (6 papers); national fire safety practices (7 papers); fire safety by design (11 papers); fire fighting (2 papers); computer fire modeling (7 papers); fire safety in fuel center facilities (7 papers); fire testing of materials (3 papers); fire risk assessment (5 papers). A separate abstract was

76 FR 416 - Surety Companies Acceptable on Federal Bonds Change in NAIC Number and State of Incorporation...

Science.gov (United States)

2011-01-04

... NAIC Number and State of Incorporation; Westchester Fire Insurance Company AGENCY: Financial Management... hereby given that effective January 1, 2011, Westchester Fire Insurance Company's NAIC has changed to 10030 due to its merger with ACE Indemnity Insurance Company. In addition due to the merger its state of...

Using the web tool GIS SPIDER for monitoring the state of forest cover in the pre- and post-fire periods

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

J. Villodre

2013-09-01

Full Text Available Pre- and post-wildland fire management will be improved by the knowledge of the stand conditions. Different types of quantitative and qualitative data, such as water stress, cover temperature or the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI are critical for understanding fire risk, fire severity or vegetation recovering after the fire. Even though, there is a lack of easy accessible measurements about these topics. In this vein, remote sensing provides suitable information and in a global view about the canopy state: water balance, fire risk or the primary productivity estimation. It allows the monitoring of large areas in different temporal and spatial resolutions and with low cost. The output information can be disseminated using tools such as web-GIS based systems. In this paper the SPIDER (System of Participatory Information, Decision support, and Expert knowledge for irrigation and River basin water Management tool is presented, which allows monitoring canopy conditions before and after fires in a simple way and friendly environment. SPIDER is also able to analyse environmental conditions in almost the entire Iberian Peninsula, with a temporal resolution that ranges among 1 to 16 days. Images of NDVI, surface temperatures and water stress are based on MODIS aqua satellite images.Results show the potential of the system to the analysis of vegetation anomalies, monitoring of water stress, fire severity or the vegetation recovery after fire, in a dynamic way. The database allows multitemporal analysis of different parameters related to the state of the vegetation, growing, water deficit and fire severity degree. Further analysis of these data provides relevant information such as drought effects or catastrophic events in the vegetation.

An empirical machine learning method for predicting potential fire control locations for pre-fire planning and operational fire management

Science.gov (United States)

Christopher D. O' Connor; David E. Calkin; Matthew P. Thompson

2017-01-01

During active fire incidents, decisions regarding where and how to safely and effectively deploy resources to meet management objectives are often made under rapidly evolving conditions, with limited time to assess management strategies or for development of backup plans if initial efforts prove unsuccessful. Under all but the most extreme fire weather conditions,...

Safety study of fire protection for nuclear fuel cycle facility

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2013-08-15

Based on the investigation of fire protection standards for domestic and foreign nuclear facilities, the fire protection guideline for nuclear fuel cycle facility has been completed. In 2012, trial operation is started by private company using the guideline. In addition, the acquisition of fire evaluation data for a components (electric cable) targeted for spread of fire and the evaluation model of fire source were continued for the fire hazard analysis (FHA). (author)

Safety study of fire protection for nuclear fuel cycle facility

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2013-01-01

Based on the investigation of fire protection standards for domestic and foreign nuclear facilities, the fire protection guideline for nuclear fuel cycle facility has been completed. In 2012, trial operation is started by private company using the guideline. In addition, the acquisition of fire evaluation data for a components (electric cable) targeted for spread of fire and the evaluation model of fire source were continued for the fire hazard analysis (FHA). (author)

Strategies for preventing invasive plant outbreaks after prescribed fire in ponderosa pine forest

Science.gov (United States)

Symstad, Amy J.; Newton, Wesley E.; Swanson, Daniel J.

2014-01-01

Land managers use prescribed fire to return a vital process to fire-adapted ecosystems, restore forest structure from a state altered by long-term fire suppression, and reduce wildfire intensity. However, fire often produces favorable conditions for invasive plant species, particularly if it is intense enough to reveal bare mineral soil and open previously closed canopies. Understanding the environmental or fire characteristics that explain post-fire invasive plant abundance would aid managers in efficiently finding and quickly responding to fire-caused infestations. To that end, we used an information-theoretic model-selection approach to assess the relative importance of abiotic environmental characteristics (topoedaphic position, distance from roads), pre-and post-fire biotic environmental characteristics (forest structure, understory vegetation, fuel load), and prescribed fire severity (measured in four different ways) in explaining invasive plant cover in ponderosa pine forest in South Dakota’s Black Hills. Environmental characteristics (distance from roads and post-fire forest structure) alone provided the most explanation of variation (26%) in post-fire cover of Verbascum thapsus (common mullein), but a combination of surface fire severity and environmental characteristics (pre-fire forest structure and distance from roads) explained 36–39% of the variation in post-fire cover of Cirsium arvense (Canada thistle) and all invasives together. For four species and all invasives together, their pre-fire cover explained more variation (26–82%) in post-fire cover than environmental and fire characteristics did, suggesting one strategy for reducing post-fire invasive outbreaks may be to find and control invasives before the fire. Finding them may be difficult, however, since pre-fire environmental characteristics explained only 20% of variation in pre-fire total invasive cover, and less for individual species. Thus, moderating fire intensity or targeting areas

Vegetation responses to season of fire in an aseasonal, fire-prone fynbos shrubland

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Tineke Kraaij

2017-08-01

Full Text Available Season of fire has marked effects on floristic composition in fire-prone Mediterranean-climate shrublands. In these winter-rainfall systems, summer-autumn fires lead to optimal recruitment of overstorey proteoid shrubs (non-sprouting, slow-maturing, serotinous Proteaceae which are important to the conservation of floral diversity. We explored whether fire season has similar effects on early establishment of five proteoid species in the eastern coastal part of the Cape Floral Kingdom (South Africa where rainfall occurs year-round and where weather conducive to fire and the actual incidence of fire are largely aseasonal. We surveyed recruitment success (ratio of post-fire recruits to pre-fire parents of proteoids after fires in different seasons. We also planted proteoid seeds into exclosures, designed to prevent predation by small mammals and birds, in cleared (intended to simulate fire fynbos shrublands at different sites in each of four seasons and monitored their germination and survival to one year post-planting (hereafter termed ‘recruitment’. Factors (in decreasing order of importance affecting recruitment success in the post-fire surveys were species, pre-fire parent density, post-fire age of the vegetation at the time of assessment, and fire season, whereas rainfall (for six months post-fire and fire return interval (>7 years had little effect. In the seed-planting experiment, germination occurred during the cooler months and mostly within two months of planting, except for summer-plantings, which took 2–3 months longer to germinate. Although recruitment success differed significantly among planting seasons, sites and species, significant interactions occurred among the experimental factors. In both the post-fire surveys and seed planting experiment, recruitment success in relation to fire- or planting season varied greatly within and among species and sites. Results of these two datasets were furthermore inconsistent, suggesting

Vegetation responses to season of fire in an aseasonal, fire-prone fynbos shrubland.

Science.gov (United States)

Kraaij, Tineke; Cowling, Richard M; van Wilgen, Brian W; Rikhotso, Diba R; Difford, Mark

2017-01-01

Season of fire has marked effects on floristic composition in fire-prone Mediterranean-climate shrublands. In these winter-rainfall systems, summer-autumn fires lead to optimal recruitment of overstorey proteoid shrubs (non-sprouting, slow-maturing, serotinous Proteaceae) which are important to the conservation of floral diversity. We explored whether fire season has similar effects on early establishment of five proteoid species in the eastern coastal part of the Cape Floral Kingdom (South Africa) where rainfall occurs year-round and where weather conducive to fire and the actual incidence of fire are largely aseasonal. We surveyed recruitment success (ratio of post-fire recruits to pre-fire parents) of proteoids after fires in different seasons. We also planted proteoid seeds into exclosures, designed to prevent predation by small mammals and birds, in cleared (intended to simulate fire) fynbos shrublands at different sites in each of four seasons and monitored their germination and survival to one year post-planting (hereafter termed 'recruitment'). Factors (in decreasing order of importance) affecting recruitment success in the post-fire surveys were species, pre-fire parent density, post-fire age of the vegetation at the time of assessment, and fire season, whereas rainfall (for six months post-fire) and fire return interval (>7 years) had little effect. In the seed-planting experiment, germination occurred during the cooler months and mostly within two months of planting, except for summer-plantings, which took 2-3 months longer to germinate. Although recruitment success differed significantly among planting seasons, sites and species, significant interactions occurred among the experimental factors. In both the post-fire surveys and seed planting experiment, recruitment success in relation to fire- or planting season varied greatly within and among species and sites. Results of these two datasets were furthermore inconsistent, suggesting that proteoid

Pursuing the pre-combustion CCS route in oil refineries – The impact on fired heaters

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Weydahl, Torleif; Jamaluddin, Jamal; Seljeskog, Morten; Anantharaman, Rahul

2013-01-01

Highlights: ► The aim is to approach Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) to refinery fired heaters. ► An identical simplified burner configuration is applied where refinery fuel is replaced with hydrogen. ► Initial simulations indicate that hydrogen replacement do not alter heater operation in a negative way. ► Despite the higher flame temperature in the hydrogen case, the NO x emissions are not higher. ► The prompt-NO mechanism contributes significantly in the refinery fuel case. -- Abstract: The work presented in this paper investigates the effect of replacing refinery fuel gas in the radiant section burners of a fired heater with hydrogen. The aim is to approach pre-combustion CCS to refinery fired heaters by identifying the impact on heat-, flow- and radiation distribution in the lower radiant section of the fired heater when simply switching refinery gas with hydrogen at equivalent power using the same burner geometrics. Additionally the formation of NO x is considered. The investigations are performed using a conventional Reynolds Average Navier Stokes (RANS), Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach using detailed reaction kinetics consisting of 325 elementary reactions and 53 species. Simplified and generalized furnace and burner geometries are used in the present work. The results show that approximately the same average wall heat flux density is achieved when the refinery fuel is replaced by hydrogen. However, the distribution of heat on the inner surfaces changes. The hydrogen case has, as expected, a higher flame temperature than the base case, nevertheless, the nitric oxide (NO x ) emissions are comparable to base case emissions. Several indications point in the direction of a significant contribution to the base case emissions from the less temperature dependent prompt-NO mechanism, which obviously is not contributing to the hydrogen case emissions.

Post-fire vegetation behaviour in large burnt scars from 2005 fire season in Spain

Science.gov (United States)

Bastos, A.; Gouveia, C. M.; DaCamara, C. C.; Trigo, R. M.

2012-04-01

remaining areas (centre and south), vegetation recovered very slowly and irregularly. Four years following the fire, vegetation density in these two scars was still markedly below pre-fire levels. Spatial patterns of recovery times were assessed in order to evaluate the influence of physical factors such as fire damage, pre-fire vegetation density and land-cover type, in post-fire behaviour of vegetation for each scar. Pre-fire land-cover type raised as a key factor that may partially explain the differences observed, with shrublands and mixed forests recovering faster than coniferous. Gouveia C., DaCamara C.C. and Trigo R.M.: Post fire vegetation recovery in Portugal based on SPOT-VEGETATION data, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 10, 673-684, 2010. Viedma, O., Moreno, J.M. and Rieiro, I.: Interactions between land use/land cover change, forest fires and landscape structure in Sierra de Gredos (central Spain), Environmental Conservation, 33, 212-222, 2006.

Object-based Forest Fire Analysis for Pedrógão Grande Fire Using Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel-2A Imagery

Science.gov (United States)

Tonbul, H.; Kavzoglu, T.

2017-12-01

Forest fires are among the most important natural disasters with the damage to the natural habitat and human-life. Mapping damaged forest fires is crucial for assessing ecological effects caused by fire, monitoring land cover changes and modeling atmospheric and climatic effects of fire. In this context, satellite data provides a great advantage to users by providing a rapid process of detecting burning areas and determining the severity of fire damage. Especially, Mediterranean ecosystems countries sets the suitable conditions for the forest fires. In this study, the determination of burnt areas of forest fire in Pedrógão Grande region of Portugal occurred in June 2017 was carried out using Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel-2A satellite images. The Pedrógão Grande fire was one of the largest fires in Portugal, more than 60 people was killed and thousands of hectares were ravaged. In this study, four pairs of pre-fire and post-fire top of atmosphere (TOA) and atmospherically corrected images were utilized. The red and near infrared (NIR) spectral bands of pre-fire and post-fire images were stacked and multiresolution segmentation algorithm was applied. In the segmentation processes, the image objects were generated with estimated optimum homogeneity criteria. Using eCognition software, rule sets have been created to distinguish unburned areas from burned areas. In constructing the rule sets, NDVI threshold values were determined pre- and post-fire and areas where vegetation loss was detected using the NDVI difference image. The results showed that both satellite images yielded successful results for burned area discrimination with a very high degree of consistency in terms of spatial overlap and total burned area (over 93%). Object based image analysis (OBIA) was found highly effective in delineation of burnt areas.

Marginal conditions for the insurance against fire events in waste incinerators; Randbedingungen fuer die Versicherung gegen Brandereignisse in Abfallverbrennungsanlagen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Weschenbach, Harry [VMD-Prinas GmbH, Essen (Germany)

2012-11-01

Insurance companies represent not only damage compensation systems, but also a worldwide financial services operating compensation of damages against the insurance premium. The insurance industry has adapted itself to the industrial development. The comprehensive risk management was supplemented increasingly. Especially in the case of damage prevention and fire fighting, the insurance industry falls back on the comprehensive risk management. The fire insurance companies have learned to evaluate fire risks more technically and economically and to impact the design concepts of fire fighting. Under these conditions, in the case of major industrial risks the fire insurance companies are willing to provide an extensive insurance coverage.

The world behind electricity from coal. The dubious origin of coal for Dutch coal-fired power plants

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

2008-01-01

Five energy companies in the Netherlands want to build additional coal-fired power plants: Essent and Nuon, the German company RWE and E.ON and the Belgian company Electrabel. Coal-fired power plants emit 70 percent more CO2 than gas-fired power plants. Especially because of the threat to the climate Greenpeace believes that no more coal-fired power plants should be built. In this publication Greenpeace explores the pollution, the working conditions and human rights with regard to the exploitation of coal. That has been elaborated for the three countries from which Dutch energy companies import coal: South Africa, Colombia and Indonesia. In addition to information about the origin of coal also insight is given into the coal market (stocks and use), the enormous coal transport and the world trade [nl

Predicting wildfire ignitions, escapes, and large fire activity using Predictive Service’s 7-Day Fire Potential Outlook in the western USA

Science.gov (United States)

Karin L. Riley; Crystal Stonesifer; Haiganoush Preisler; Dave Calkin

2014-01-01

Can fire potential forecasts assist with pre-positioning of fire suppression resources, which could result in a cost savings to the United States government? Here, we present a preliminary assessment of the 7-Day Fire Potential Outlook forecasts made by the Predictive Services program. We utilized historical fire occurrence data and archived forecasts to assess how...

Fires in rooms containing electrical components - incident planning, fire fighting tactics, risks; Braender i driftrum - Insatsplaner, slaeckteknik, risker

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Magnusson, Tommy; Ottosson, Jan; Lindskog, BertiI; Soederquist Bende, Evy; Eriksson, Fredrik; Haffling, Stefan

2006-12-15

On July 1, 2005 a fire occurred within an electrical switch room at Forsmark Nuclear Power Plant. At the evaluation of the incident it was identified that the pre-fire plans did not give sufficient information in order to make the appropriate decisions. Questions raised based on the incident are how decisions are made and orders are delegated with respect to the incident command, which fire fighting tactic should be used, which types of extinguishing media should be used, what are the risks with respect to safety of staff and safety of the reactor. Lessons learned from the fire at Forsmark were that pre-incident planning was at hand but the information was not sufficient to make the correct initial decisions that might be critical for life and property. One of the most crucial ingredients in all safety related work is to utilize previous experience in order to maintain a high degree of safety. Lessons learnt are also the foundation on which the ability to construct or create strong barriers against a certain fault phenomena, fault mechanism or type of initial event. In the case of nuclear processes, fire is considered as an important and critical initial event which has to be recognized in a number of cases in order to maintain a safe process. The likelihood for a fire to represent an initial event should not be underestimated and can therefore not be neglected, probabilistically or deterministically, unless the inherent safety systems can not control the event in an acceptable manner. Regardless of safety measures and lessons learnt from previous experiences in the construction and the operation of the nuclear facility, fires can occur. Previous experiences point out that process system, e.g. systems that are part of the turbine, are more frequently subject to fire incidents compared to ordinary safety systems. Fires in electrical components, often electrical cabinets, can be difficult to handle and to extinguish quickly. This report presents the background work

Mean composite fire severity metrics computed with Google Earth Engine offer improved accuracy and expanded mapping potential

Science.gov (United States)

Parks, Sean; Holsinger, Lisa M.; Voss, Morgan; Loehman, Rachel A.; Robinson, Nathaniel P.

2018-01-01

Landsat-based fire severity datasets are an invaluable resource for monitoring and research purposes. These gridded fire severity datasets are generally produced with pre-and post-fire imagery to estimate the degree of fire-induced ecological change. Here, we introduce methods to produce three Landsat-based fire severity metrics using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform: the delta normalized burn ratio (dNBR), the relativized delta normalized burn ratio (RdNBR), and the relativized burn ratio (RBR). Our methods do not rely on time-consuming a priori scene selection and instead use a mean compositing approach in which all valid pixels (e.g. cloud-free) over a pre-specified date range (pre- and post-fire) are stacked and the mean value for each pixel over each stack is used to produce the resulting fire severity datasets. This approach demonstrates that fire severity datasets can be produced with relative ease and speed compared the standard approach in which one pre-fire and post-fire scene are judiciously identified and used to produce fire severity datasets. We also validate the GEE-derived fire severity metrics using field-based fire severity plots for 18 fires in the western US. These validations are compared to Landsat-based fire severity datasets produced using only one pre- and post-fire scene, which has been the standard approach in producing such datasets since their inception. Results indicate that the GEE-derived fire severity datasets show improved validation statistics compared to parallel versions in which only one pre-fire and post-fire scene are used. We provide code and a sample geospatial fire history layer to produce dNBR, RdNBR, and RBR for the 18 fires we evaluated. Although our approach requires that a geospatial fire history layer (i.e. fire perimeters) be produced independently and prior to applying our methods, we suggest our GEE methodology can reasonably be implemented on hundreds to thousands of fires, thereby increasing opportunities

Severity of an uncharacteristically large wildfire, the Rim Fire, in forests with relatively restored frequent fire regimes

Science.gov (United States)

Jamie Lydersen; Malcolm North; Brandon M. Collins

2014-01-01

The 2013 Rim Fire, originating on Forest Service land, burned into old-growth forests within Yosemite National Park with relatively restored frequent-fire regimes (¡Ý2 predominantly low and moderate severity burns within the last 35 years). Forest structure and fuels data were collected in the field 3-4 years before the fire, providing a rare chance to use pre-existing...

75 FR 36153 - Surety Companies Acceptable On Federal Bonds-Change In Business Address: American Economy...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-06-24

... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Fiscal Service Surety Companies Acceptable On Federal Bonds--Change In Business Address: American Economy Insurance Company; American Fire and Casualty Company; American States... ADDRESS'' as follows: American Economy Insurance Company (NAIC 19690). BUSINESS ADDRESS: 500 North...

The Pre-IPO Dividend Puzzle

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Martin, J.; Zeckhauser, R.

2011-01-01

We investigate dividend payments of companies prior to their IPOs. U.S. companies conducting an IPO between 1990 through 2006 comprise our sample. Pre-IPO dividend payments are significant both in number and size in the quarter leading up to the IPO. We find support for the hypothesis that pre-IPO

In company pre-intermediate student's book with CD-ROM

CERN Document Server

Clarke, Simon; Sharma, Pete

2009-01-01

In Company has established itself as the Business English course for professionals because of its immediate results through topic-based content, active skills, and real-world tasks that are instantly relevant to everyday business English development. In Company Second Edition builds on the success of the original but is now updated and improved with a host of new features. For extra online practice for your students, take a look at the new Second Edition In Company Practice Online solution. Accompanying the popular In Company series in British English, these online courses provide carefully designed resources to supplement the Student's Books at all levels. Units are clearly defined as Topic or Skills based NEW phrase banks with useful phrases for reference and revision 5 NEW case studies, within the Student's Book reflect real-life business scenarios Second Edition CD-ROM now includes a new interactive glossary and the class audio as a donwloadable MP3.

Post-fire regeneration in a Mediterranean pine forest with historically low fire frequency

Science.gov (United States)

Buhk, Constanze; Götzenberger, Lars; Wesche, Karsten; Gómez, Pedro Sánchez; Hensen, Isabell

2006-11-01

Species of Mediterranean vegetation are known to regenerate directly after fire. The phenomenon of autosuccession (direct regeneration) has been found to be often combined with an increase of species richness during the first years after fire due to the high abundance of short-lived herbaceous plants facilitated by plentiful nutrients and light. The high degree of vegetation resilience, which is expressed in terms of autosuccession, has been explained by the selective pressure of fire in historic times. According to existing palaeoecological data, however, the Pinus halepensis forests in the Ricote Mountains (Province of Murcia, SE Spain) did not experience substantial fire impact before the presence of man nor are they especially fire-prone today. Therefore, we studied post-fire regeneration to find out if direct succession is present or if species from pre-fire vegetation are absent during the post-fire regeneration stages. Patterns of succession were deduced from observations made in sample plots on sites of a known regeneration age as well as in adjacent unburnt areas. The results of the vegetation analyses, including a Detrended Correspondence Analysis, indicate that Pinus halepensis forest regeneration after fire resembles autosuccession. As regards the presence of woody species, there is a high percentage similarity on north (83%) and south (70%) facing slopes during the first year after fire vs. reference areas which is due, for example, to direct regeneration of the resprouting Quercus coccifera or seeders like Pinus halepensis or Fumana laevipes. However, if herbaceous species are included in the comparison, the similarity on north-facing sites decreases (to 53%) with the presence of additional species, mainly ruderals like Anagallis arvensis or Reseda phyteuma, and even woody species on the burnt plots. This effect indicates "enhanced autosuccession", which was not found on south-facing sites where overall species richness was very high irrespective of

Reduced frequency and severity of residential fires following delivery of fire prevention education by on-duty fire fighters: cluster randomized controlled study.

Science.gov (United States)

Clare, Joseph; Garis, Len; Plecas, Darryl; Jennings, Charles

2012-04-01

In 2008, Surrey Fire Services, British Columbia, commenced a firefighter-delivered, door-to-door fire-prevention education and smoke alarm examination/installation initiative with the intention of reducing the frequency and severity of residential structure fires in the City of Surrey. High-risk zones within the city were identified and 18,473 home visits were undertaken across seven temporal delivery cohorts (13.8% of non-apartment dwellings in the city). The frequency and severity of fires pre- and post- the home visit intervention was examined in comparison to randomized high-risk cluster controls. Overall, the frequency of fires was found to have reduced in the city overall, however, the reduction in the intervention cohorts was significantly larger than for controls. Furthermore, when fires did occur within the intervention cohorts, smoke detectors were activated more frequently and the fires were confined to the object of origin more often post-home visits. No equivalent pattern was observed for the cluster control. On-duty fire fighters can reduce the frequency and severity of residential fires through targeted, door-to-door distribution of fire prevention education in high-risk areas. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

40 CFR 30.18 - Hotel and motel fire safety.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Hotel and motel fire safety. 30.18... EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Pre-Award Requirements § 30.18 Hotel and motel fire safety. The Hotel and Motel Fire Safety Act of 1990 (Public Law 101-391) establishes a number of fire...

Chemical and dispersal characteristics of particulate emissions from forest fires in Siberia

Science.gov (United States)

Y. N. Samsonov; V. A. Ivanov; D. J. McRae; S. P. Baker

2012-01-01

Approximately 20 experimental fires were conducted on forest plots of 1-4 ha each in 2000-07 in two types of boreal forests in central Siberia, and 18 on 6 x 12-m plots in 2008-10. These experiments were designed to mimic wildfires under similar burning conditions. The fires were conducted in prescribed conditions including full documentation on pre-fire weather, pre-...

Fires at storage sites of organic materials, waste fuels and recyclables.

Science.gov (United States)

Ibrahim, Muhammad Asim; Alriksson, Stina; Kaczala, Fabio; Hogland, William

2013-09-01

During the last decade, the European Union has enforced the diversion of organic wastes and recyclables to waste management companies operating incineration plants, composting plants and recycling units instead of landfills. The temporary storage sites have been established as a buffer against fluctuations in energy demand throughout the year. Materials also need to be stored at temporary storage sites before recovery and recycling. However, regulations governing waste fuel storage and handling have not yet been developed, and, as a result, companies have engaged in risky practices that have resulted in a high number of fire incidents. In this study, a questionnaire survey was distributed to 249 of the 400 members of Avfall Sverige (Swedish Waste Management Association), which represents the waste management of 95% of the Swedish population. Information regarding 122 storage facilities owned by 69 companies was obtained; these facilities were responsible for the storage of 47% of the total treated waste (incineration + digestion + composting) in 2010 in Sweden. To identify factors related to fire frequency, the questionnaire covered the amounts of material handled and burnt per year, financial losses due to fires, storage duration, storage method and types of waste. The results show that 217 fire incidents corresponded to 170 kilotonnes of material burnt and cumulative losses of 49 million SEK (€4.3 million). Fire frequency and amount of material burnt per fire was found to be dependent upon type of management group (waste operator). Moreover, a correlation was found between fire frequency and material recycled during past years. Further investigations of financial aspects and externalities of fire incidents are recommended.

Pre-Interaction Management in Multinational Companies in Central Europe

Science.gov (United States)

Nekvapil, Jiri; Sherman, Tamah

2009-01-01

This article is devoted to the linguistic, communicative and sociocultural situation in branches of multinational companies located in the Czech Republic and Hungary. There are typically several languages used in these branches. In addition to the local languages, there are the languages of the parent companies--most commonly English or German,…

Integrating remote sensing and terrain data in forest fire modeling

Science.gov (United States)

Medler, Michael Johns

Forest fire policies are changing. Managers now face conflicting imperatives to re-establish pre-suppression fire regimes, while simultaneously preventing resource destruction. They must, therefore, understand the spatial patterns of fires. Geographers can facilitate this understanding by developing new techniques for mapping fire behavior. This dissertation develops such techniques for mapping recent fires and using these maps to calibrate models of potential fire hazards. In so doing, it features techniques that strive to address the inherent complexity of modeling the combinations of variables found in most ecological systems. Image processing techniques were used to stratify the elements of terrain, slope, elevation, and aspect. These stratification images were used to assure sample placement considered the role of terrain in fire behavior. Examination of multiple stratification images indicated samples were placed representatively across a controlled range of scales. The incorporation of terrain data also improved preliminary fire hazard classification accuracy by 40%, compared with remotely sensed data alone. A Kauth-Thomas transformation (KT) of pre-fire and post-fire Thematic Mapper (TM) remotely sensed data produced brightness, greenness, and wetness images. Image subtraction indicated fire induced change in brightness, greenness, and wetness. Field data guided a fuzzy classification of these change images. Because fuzzy classification can characterize a continuum of a phenomena where discrete classification may produce artificial borders, fuzzy classification was found to offer a range of fire severity information unavailable with discrete classification. These mapped fire patterns were used to calibrate a model of fire hazards for the entire mountain range. Pre-fire TM, and a digital elevation model produced a set of co-registered images. Training statistics were developed from 30 polygons associated with the previously mapped fire severity. Fuzzy

When Disaster Strikes: The Hackley School Fire

Science.gov (United States)

Pearle, Laura

2012-01-01

The author's first action after finding out that her school's library was on fire was to call the Buildings and Grounds people: somebody had to know what was going on. She was assured that several fire companies were on the scene, and that there was no reason for her to come down there. Those first few hours were her introduction to the world of…

Fire hazards analysis for the uranium oxide (UO3) facility

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Wyatt, D.M.

1994-01-01

The Fire Hazards Analysis (FHA) documents the deactivation end-point status of the UO 3 complex fire hazards, fire protection and life safety systems. This FHA has been prepared for the Uranium Oxide Facility by Westinghouse Hanford Company in accordance with the criteria established in DOE 5480.7A, Fire Protection and RLID 5480.7, Fire Protection. The purpose of the Fire Hazards Analysis is to comprehensively and quantitatively assess the risk from a fire within individual fire areas in a Department of Energy facility so as to ascertain whether the objectives stated in DOE Order 5480.7, paragraph 4 are met. Particular attention has been paid to RLID 5480.7, Section 8.3, which specifies the criteria for deactivating fire protection in decommission and demolition facilities

Industrial safety and fire protection during the construction phase

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zimmer, K.

1977-01-01

The questions and problems of industrial safety and fire prevention have to be treated like the activities planning, developing, assembly, etc. This statement is illustrated by statistics of the fire insurance companies, from which it can be seen that the number of fire accidents has decreased but that the damage caused has greatly increased. The sooner the fire prevention and industrial safety measures are integrated in the planning phase, the better for the total costs. Preventive measures that possibly have to be introduced at a later stage are not only generally much more expensive but are also seldom as effective. (orig./HK) [de

Nitrogen oxide control at power plants of the ENEL company (Italy)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kotler, V.R. (Vserossiiskii Teplotekhnicheskii Institut (Russian Federation))

1993-03-01

Analyzes experiences of the ENEL electricity company in Italy in controlling pollutant emission from fossil-fuel power plants. In 1990, the company produced 87% of the country's electricity. Until the year 2000, ENEL plans to increase coal use for power generation by 23.5% and install 9,300 MW of new coal-fired power plant capacity. New European and Italian emission standards require ENEL to reduce NO[sub x] emissions by 30% from 1986 to 1998. NO[sub x] emission values from various fuel-oil and pulverized-coal fired steam generators operated by the company are given. Modifications to existing combustion technologies and equipment installed to lower NO[sub x] content in flue gases at various ENEL power plants are considered. The most promising coal combustion technologies and ongoing research programs are pointed out. 4 refs.

7 CFR 1806.2 - Companies and policies.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-01-01

... lending institutions. (b) Insurance policies—(1) Standard policies. If a standard fire insurance policy... REGULATIONS INSURANCE Real Property Insurance § 1806.2 Companies and policies. Property insurance policies or other evidence of insurance will be accepted from borrowers when the requirements outlined herein are...

The tariff for fire and theft car insurance: analysis with a Cox model

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Bruno Scarpa

2013-05-01

Full Text Available In this paper we analyze the problem of identification of a tariff for a Fire & Theft Car policy for Insurance Companies. Usually companies obtain this tariff by empirical estimate of the pure rate by evaluating the impact of some personalization variables. In this paper we propose the usage of a semi-parametric Cox model, where the response variable is not the waiting time until an event, but the degree of damage because of theft or fire of a car. The proposed model allows to easily tackle typical problems in data available to the companies, like the presence of franchises, which are treated as censored data.

Oxygen-Fired CO{sub 2} Recycle for Application to Direct CO{sub 2} Capture form Coal-Fired Power Plants

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Thomas Gale

2010-09-26

The Southern Research/Southern Company 1 MWth Pilot-Scale Coal-Fired Test Facility was successfully retrofit to fire in either the traditional air-fired mode or with 100% oxygen and recycled flue gas, with a fully integrated feedback and control system, including oxygen and recycled flue gas modulation during startup, transfer, and shutdown, safety and operational interlocks, and data acquisition. A MAXON Staged Oxygen Burner for Oxy-Coal Applications produced a stable flame over a significant range of firing turn-down, staging, and while firing five different U.S. coal types. The MAXON burner design produces lower flame temperatures than for air firing, which will enable (A) Safe operation, (B) Reduction of recycle flow without concern about furnace flame temperatures, and (C) May likely be affective at reducing slagging and fouling in the boiler and super heater at full-scale Power Plants. A CFD model of the Oxy-fired Combustion Research Facility (OCRF) was used to predict the flame geometry and temperatures in the OCRF and make a comparison with the air-fired case. The model predictions were consistent with the experimental data in showing that the MAXON burner fired with oxygen produced lower flame temperatures than the air-fired burner while firing with air.

Multi-temporal LiDAR and Landsat quantification of fire-induced changes to forest structure

Science.gov (United States)

McCarley, T. Ryan; Kolden, Crystal A.; Vaillant, Nicole M.; Hudak, Andrew T.; Smith, Alistair M.S.; Wing, Brian M.; Kellogg, Bryce; Kreitler, Jason R.

2017-01-01

Measuring post-fire effects at landscape scales is critical to an ecological understanding of wildfire effects. Predominantly this is accomplished with either multi-spectral remote sensing data or through ground-based field sampling plots. While these methods are important, field data is usually limited to opportunistic post-fire observations, and spectral data often lacks validation with specific variables of change. Additional uncertainty remains regarding how best to account for environmental variables influencing fire effects (e.g., weather) for which observational data cannot easily be acquired, and whether pre-fire agents of change such as bark beetle and timber harvest impact model accuracy. This study quantifies wildfire effects by correlating changes in forest structure derived from multi-temporal Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) acquisitions to multi-temporal spectral changes captured by the Landsat Thematic Mapper and Operational Land Imager for the 2012 Pole Creek Fire in central Oregon. Spatial regression modeling was assessed as a methodology to account for spatial autocorrelation, and model consistency was quantified across areas impacted by pre-fire mountain pine beetle and timber harvest. The strongest relationship (pseudo-r2 = 0.86, p LiDAR-derived estimate of canopy cover change. Relationships between percentage of LiDAR returns in forest strata and spectral indices generally increased in strength with strata height. Structural measurements made closer to the ground were not well correlated. The spatial regression approach improved all relationships, demonstrating its utility, but model performance declined across pre-fire agents of change, suggesting that such studies should stratify by pre-fire forest condition. This study establishes that spectral indices such as d74 and dNBR are most sensitive to wildfire-caused structural changes such as reduction in canopy cover and perform best when that structure has not been reduced pre-fire.

Climatic stress increases forest fire severity across the western United States

Science.gov (United States)

Phillip J. van Mantgem; Jonathan C.B. Nesmith; MaryBeth Keifer; Eric E. Knapp; Alan Flint; Lorriane Flint

2013-01-01

Pervasive warming can lead to chronic stress on forest trees, which may contribute to mortality resulting from fire-caused injuries. Longitudinal analyses of forest plots from across the western US show that high pre-fire climatic water deficit was related to increased post-fire tree mortality probabilities. This relationship between climate and fire was present after...

The impact of fire on habitat use by the short-snouted elephant ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Thickets were an important refuge both pre- and post-fire, but the proportion of thicket within ... of E. brachyrhynchus movements to patches of unburned vegetation. ... in fire management and allowing sufficient island patches to remain post-fire ...

Hydrological response of a small catchment burned by experimental fire

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

C. R. Stoof

2012-02-01

Full Text Available Fire can considerably change hydrological processes, increasing the risk of extreme flooding and erosion events. Although hydrological processes are largely affected by scale, catchment-scale studies on the hydrological impact of fire in Europe are scarce, and nested approaches are rarely used. We performed a catchment-scale experimental fire to improve insight into the drivers of fire impact on hydrology. In north-central Portugal, rainfall, canopy interception, streamflow and soil moisture were monitored in small shrub-covered paired catchments pre- and post-fire. The shrub cover was medium dense to dense (44 to 84% and pre-fire canopy interception was on average 48.7% of total rainfall. Fire increased streamflow volumes 1.6 times more than predicted, resulting in increased runoff coefficients and changed rainfall-streamflow relationships – although the increase in streamflow per unit rainfall was only significant at the subcatchment-scale. Fire also fastened the response of topsoil moisture to rainfall from 2.7 to 2.1 h (p = 0.058, and caused more rapid drying of topsoils after rain events. Since soil physical changes due to fire were not apparent, we suggest that changes resulting from vegetation removal played an important role in increasing streamflow after fire. Results stress that fire impact on hydrology is largely affected by scale, highlight the hydrological impact of fire on small scales, and emphasize the risk of overestimating fire impact when upscaling plot-scale studies to the catchment-scale. Finally, they increase understanding of the processes contributing to post-fire flooding and erosion events.

Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory Wildland Fire Management Environmental Assessment

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Irving, John S

2003-04-01

DOE prepared an environmental assessment (EA)for wildland fire management activities on the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) (DOE/EA-1372). The EA was developed to evaluate wildland fire management options for pre-fire, fire suppression, and post fire activities. Those activities have an important role in minimizing the conversion of the native sagebrush steppe ecosystem found on the INEEL to non-native weeds. Four alternative management approaches were analyzed: Alternative 1 - maximum fire protection; Alternative 2 - balanced fire protection; Alternative 2 - balanced fire protection; Alternative 3 - protect infrastructure and personnel; and Alternative 4 - no action/traditional fire protection.

78 FR 39439 - Companies Holding Certificates of Authority as Acceptable Sureties on Federal Bonds and as...

Science.gov (United States)

2013-07-01

... Company of Reading, Pennsylvania (NAIC 20427) BUSINESS ADDRESS: 333 S. WABASH AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60604..., UT, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY. INCORPORATED IN: California. American Fire and Casualty Company (NAIC 24066... Carolina. Continental Casualty Company (NAIC 20443) BUSINESS ADDRESS: 333 S. WABASH AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60604...

Fire behavior simulation in Mediterranean forests using the minimum travel time algorithm

Science.gov (United States)

Kostas Kalabokidis; Palaiologos Palaiologou; Mark A. Finney

2014-01-01

Recent large wildfires in Greece exemplify the need for pre-fire burn probability assessment and possible landscape fire flow estimation to enhance fire planning and resource allocation. The Minimum Travel Time (MTT) algorithm, incorporated as FlamMap's version five module, provide valuable fire behavior functions, while enabling multi-core utilization for the...

The tariff for fire and theft car insurance: analysis with a Cox model

OpenAIRE

Bruno Scarpa

2013-01-01

In this paper we analyze the problem of identification of a tariff for a Fire & Theft Car policy for Insurance Companies. Usually companies obtain this tariff by empirical estimate of the pure rate by evaluating the impact of some personalization variables. In this paper we propose the usage of a semi-parametric Cox model, where the response variable is not the waiting time until an event, but the degree of damage because of theft or fire of a car. The proposed model allows to easily tackle t...

Fire Safety Consideration in the Pre-conceptual Design State of Pyro-Facillity

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Jeon, Hong Rae; Seo, Seok Jun; Lee, Hyo Jik [KAERI, Daejeon (Korea, Republic of)

2016-05-15

The government, in order to solve this problem, has organized a public engagement committee and is searching for a solution. To use sustainable nuclear energy, our country is also pursuing research and development of fast breeder reactor and pyroprocessing technology in accordance with the international movement of spent fuel recycling and efforts towards nuclear non-proliferation which is centered on the development and demonstration of recycling spent fuel and fast breeder reactors. Pyro-facility has different features with nuclear power plant. In the pyroprocess, chemical and electrochemical separation were took place in the hot cells and material at risk (MAR) is distributed in many working areas. In this paper, we conducted the fire modeling of hot cells to see the stability of pyrophoric materials which is considered as one of the potential hazardous materials in the main process cell. Based on modeling results, consideration of fire safety pyrofacility will be discussed. We performed preliminary hazard analysis for pyrofacility and summarized potential fire hazard. Pyrophoric material fire is the dominant hazard in the main process hot cell and fire modeling of cable tray in the cell was analyzed to see the stability of pyrophoric materials. Analysis results clearly shows that pyrophoric materials are prone to be affected.

Learning by Erring: fire!

Science.gov (United States)

Bjugn, Roger; Hansen, Jarle

2013-08-01

Biorepositories may be affected by a number of emergencies ranging from bad publicity to natural disasters, and biorepositories should have plans for handling such situations. The emergency management process includes all phases from mitigation to recovery. Fire is one disaster that may cause extensive damage to both physical structures and humans. In this article, we analyze events related to a fire in a storage facility for mechanical freezers. The analysis covers both the pre-crisis stage, the fire itself, and the post-crisis stage. Even the best intended planning cannot stop a crisis from happening. However, an open-minded analysis of the crisis with focus on learning and quality improvement can improve an organization's ability to handle the next emergency situation.

Influence of Higher Wheat Prices on Ready-to-Eat Cereal Companies in 2010

OpenAIRE

HERNANDEZ LOERA CHAVEZ, PABLO

2013-01-01

In 2010, sever droughts and fires destroyed 20 percent of Russia’s wheat crop. This incident increased dramatically the prices of wheat worldwide. This paper studies the financial consequences that these higher wheat prices brought to companies that use wheat to manufacture ready-to-eat cereal and wheat-related products. The international cereal companies selected for this study were Kellogg Company, Nestlé Group and Ralcorp Holdings, Inc., owner of Post Foods Company. Keywords: Wheat, ce...

Company Performance at the National Training Center: Battle Planning and Execution

National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

Hallmark, Bryan

1997-01-01

...). This study analyzes possible problems with company-level direct fire control, terrain and enemy analysis, and command and control planning and preparation, explores how these problems affect combat...

Company Performance at the National Training Center Battle: Planning and Execution

National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

Hallmark, Bryan

1997-01-01

...). This study analyzes possible problems with company-level direct fire control, terrain and enemy analysis, and command and control planning and preparation, explores how these problems affect combat...

Composition and Structure of Forest Fire Refugia: What Are the Ecosystem Legacies across Burned Landscapes?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Garrett W. Meigs

2018-05-01

Full Text Available Locations within forest fires that remain unburned or burn at low severity—known as fire refugia—are important components of contemporary burn mosaics, but their composition and structure at regional scales are poorly understood. Focusing on recent, large wildfires across the US Pacific Northwest (Oregon and Washington, our research objectives are to (1 classify fire refugia and burn severity based on relativized spectral change in Landsat time series; (2 quantify the pre-fire composition and structure of mapped fire refugia; (3 in forested areas, assess the relative abundance of fire refugia and other burn severity classes across forest composition and structure types. We analyzed a random sample of 99 recent fires in forest-dominated landscapes from 2004 to 2015 that collectively encompassed 612,629 ha. Across the region, fire refugia extent was substantial but variable from year to year, with an annual mean of 38% of fire extent and range of 15–60%. Overall, 85% of total fire extent was forested, with the other 15% being non-forest. In comparison, 31% of fire refugia extent was non-forest prior to the most recent fire, highlighting that mapped refugia do not necessarily contain tree-based ecosystem legacies. The most prevalent non-forest cover types in refugia were vegetated: shrub (40%, herbaceous (33%, and crops (18%. In forested areas, the relative abundance of fire refugia varied widely among pre-fire forest types (20–70% and structural conditions (23–55%. Consistent with fire regime theory, fire refugia and high burn severity areas were inversely proportional. Our findings underscore that researchers, managers, and other stakeholders should interpret burn severity maps through the lens of pre-fire land cover, especially given the increasing importance of fire and fire refugia under global change.

Frequency and impact of Holocene fire in eastern South Island, New Zealand

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rogers, G.M.; Walker, S.; Basher, L.M.; Lee, W.G.

2007-01-01

Our evaluation of pre-settlement Holocene (10,000-1000 BP) fire, using radiocarbon-dated charcoals and pollen and charcoal spectra in pollen diagrams, concludes that fires were infrequent and patchy in the eastern South Island of New Zealand. Charcoal radiocarbon dates point to three broad phases of fire frequency: infrequent patchy fires from 10,000 to 2600 BP; a slightly increased frequency between 2600 and 1000 BP; and an unprecedented increase of fires after 1000 BP, which peaked between 800 and 500 BP. We suggest that natural fire was driven more by vegetation flammability (with ignitibility and combustibility components) than climate within this rain-shadow region, that plant chemistry principally determined fire frequency, and that topography determined the extent of fire. The review suggests that there were rare spatial and temporal instances of a feedback relationship between fire and early-successional grasses in eastern South Island. This occurred only within narrow-range, cool environments, whose equilibrium communities were of flammable, phenolic-rich woody species and grasses, and was predominantly in the late pre-settlement period. Elsewhere, grasses and herbs were understorey components to otherwise low-flammability, hardwood forest and scrub. (author). 47 refs., 6 figs., 4 tabs

Post Fire Vegetation Recovery in Portugal

Science.gov (United States)

Gouveia, Celia; Bastos, Ana; DaCamara, Carlos; Trigo, Ricardo M.

2011-01-01

Fires in Portugal, as in the Mediterranean ecosystems, have a complex effect on vegetation regeneration due to the different responses of vegetation to the variety of fire regimes and to the complexity of landscape structures. A thorough evaluation of vegetation recovery after fire events becomes therefore crucial in land management. In 2005, Portugal suffered a strong damage from forest fires that damaged an area of 300 000 ha of forest and shrub. This year are particularly interesting because it is associated the severe drought of 2005. The aim of the present study is to identify large burnt scars in Portugal during the 2005 fire seasons and monitoring vegetation behaviour throughout the pre and the post fire periods. The mono-parametric model developed by Gouveia et al. (2010), based on monthly values of NDVI, at the 1km×1km spatial scale, as obtained from the VEGETATION-SPOT5 instrument, from 1999 to 2009, was used.

Fire effects on the Point Reyes Mountain Beaver (Aplodontia rufa phaea) at Point Reyes National Seashore, 10 years after the Vision Fire

Science.gov (United States)

Fellers, Gary M.; Osbourn, Michael

2009-01-01

The 1995 Vision Fire burned 5000 ha and destroyed 40% of the habitat of the Point Reyes Mountain Beaver (Aplodontia rufa phaea). Surveys immediately post-fire and in 2000 showed that only 0.4 to 1.7% of Mountain Beavers within the burn area survived. In 2000, dense, ground-hugging Blue-blossom Ceanothus (Ceanothus thrysiflorus) appeared to make coastal scrub thickets much less suitable for Mountain Beavers even though the number of burrows at our 11 study sites had returned to 88% of pre-fire numbers. In 2005 (10 y post-fire), the habitat appeared to be better for Mountain Beavers; Blue-blossom Ceanothus had diminished and vegetation more typical of northern coastal scrub, such as Coyote Brush (Baccharis pilularis) overstory with a lower layer of herbaceous vegetation, had greatly increased; but the number of Mountain Beaver burrows had declined to 52% of pre-fire numbers and there was little change in the number of sites occupied between our 2000 and 2005 surveys. With the expected successional changes in thicket structure, Mountain Beaver populations are likely to recover further, but there will probably be considerable variation in how each population stabilizes.

Operating room fires in periocular surgery.

Science.gov (United States)

Connor, Michael A; Menke, Anne M; Vrcek, Ivan; Shore, John W

2018-06-01

A survey of ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgeons as well as seven-year data regarding claims made to the Ophthalmic Mutual Insurance Company (OMIC) is used to discuss operating room fires in periocular surgery. A retrospective review of all closed claim operating room fires submitted to OMIC was performed. A survey soliciting personal experiences with operating room fires was distributed to all American Society of Oculoplastic and Reconstructive Surgeons. Over the last 2 decades, OMIC managed 7 lawsuits resulting from an operating room fire during periocular surgery. The mean settlement per lawsuit was $145,285 (range $10,000-474,994). All six patients suffered burns to the face, and three required admission to a burn unit. One hundred and sixty-eight surgeons participated in the online survey. Approximately 44% of survey respondents have experienced at least one operating room fire. Supplemental oxygen was administered in 88% of these cases. Most surgical fires reported occurred in a hospital-based operating room (59%) under monitored anesthesia care (79%). Monopolar cautery (41%) and thermal, high-temperature cautery (41%) were most commonly reported as the inciting agents. Almost half of the patients involved in a surgical fire experienced a complication from the fire (48%). Sixty-nine percent of hospital operating rooms and 66% of ambulatory surgery centers maintain an operating room fire prevention policy. An intraoperative fire can be costly for both the patient and the surgeon. Ophthalmic surgeons operate in an oxygen rich and therefore flammable environment. Proactive measures can be undertaken to reduce the incidence of surgical fires periocular surgery; however, a fire can occur at any time and the entire operating room team must be constantly vigilant to prevent and manage operating room fires.

Duration of fuels reduction following prescribed fire in coniferous forests of U.S. national parks in California and the Colorado Plateau

Science.gov (United States)

van Mantgem, Phillip J.; Lalemand, Laura; Keifer, MaryBeth; Kane, Jeffrey M.

2016-01-01

Prescribed fire is a widely used forest management tool, yet the long-term effectiveness of prescribed fire in reducing fuels and fire hazards in many vegetation types is not well documented. We assessed the magnitude and duration of reductions in surface fuels and modeled fire hazards in coniferous forests across nine U.S. national parks in California and the Colorado Plateau. We used observations from a prescribed fire effects monitoring program that feature standard forest and surface fuels inventories conducted pre-fire, immediately following an initial (first-entry) prescribed fire and at varying intervals up to >20 years post-fire. A subset of these plots was subjected to prescribed fire again (second-entry) with continued monitoring. Prescribed fire effects were highly variable among plots, but we found on average first-entry fires resulted in a significant post-fire reduction in surface fuels, with litter and duff fuels not returning to pre-fire levels over the length of our observations. Fine and coarse woody fuels often took a decade or longer to return to pre-fire levels. For second-entry fires we found continued fuels reductions, without strong evidence of fuel loads returning to levels observed immediately prior to second-entry fire. Following both first- and second-entry fire there were increases in estimated canopy base heights, along with reductions in estimated canopy bulk density and modeled flame lengths. We did not find evidence of return to pre-fire conditions during our observation intervals for these measures of fire hazard. Our results show that prescribed fire can be a valuable tool to reduce fire hazards and, depending on forest conditions and the measurement used, reductions in fire hazard can last for decades. Second-entry prescribed fire appeared to reinforce the reduction in fuels and fire hazard from first-entry fires.

A novel solar energy integrated low-rank coal fired power generation using coal pre-drying and an absorption heat pump

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Xu, Cheng; Bai, Pu; Xin, Tuantuan; Hu, Yue; Xu, Gang; Yang, Yongping

2017-01-01

Highlights: •An improved solar energy integrated LRC fired power generation is proposed. •High efficient and economic feasible solar energy conversion is achieved. •Cold-end losses of the boiler and condenser are reduced. •The energy and exergy efficiencies of the overall system are improved. -- Abstract: A novel solar energy integrated low-rank coal (LRC) fired power generation using coal pre-drying and an absorption heat pump (AHP) was proposed. The proposed integrated system efficiently utilizes the solar energy collected from the parabolic trough to drive the AHP to absorb the low-grade waste heat of the steam cycle, achieving larger amount of heat with suitable temperature for coal’s moisture removal prior to the furnace. Through employing the proposed system, the solar energy could be partially converted into the high-grade coal’s heating value and the cold-end losses of the boiler and the steam cycle could be reduced simultaneously, leading to a high-efficient solar energy conversion together with a preferable overall thermal efficiency of the power generation. The results of the detailed thermodynamic and economic analyses showed that, using the proposed integrated concept in a typical 600 MW LRC-fired power plant could reduce the raw coal consumption by 4.6 kg/s with overall energy and exergy efficiencies improvement of 1.2 and 1.8 percentage points, respectively, as 73.0 MW th solar thermal energy was introduced. The cost of the solar generated electric power could be as low as $0.044/kW h. This work provides an improved concept to further advance the solar energy conversion and utilisation in solar-hybrid coal-fired power generation.

Temperature calculation in fire safety engineering

CERN Document Server

Wickström, Ulf

2016-01-01

This book provides a consistent scientific background to engineering calculation methods applicable to analyses of materials reaction-to-fire, as well as fire resistance of structures. Several new and unique formulas and diagrams which facilitate calculations are presented. It focuses on problems involving high temperature conditions and, in particular, defines boundary conditions in a suitable way for calculations. A large portion of the book is devoted to boundary conditions and measurements of thermal exposure by radiation and convection. The concepts and theories of adiabatic surface temperature and measurements of temperature with plate thermometers are thoroughly explained. Also presented is a renewed method for modeling compartment fires, with the resulting simple and accurate prediction tools for both pre- and post-flashover fires. The final chapters deal with temperature calculations in steel, concrete and timber structures exposed to standard time-temperature fire curves. Useful temperature calculat...

Applying Multi-Criteria Analysis Methods for Fire Risk Assessment

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Pushkina Julia

2015-11-01

Full Text Available The aim of this paper is to prove the application of multi-criteria analysis methods for optimisation of fire risk identification and assessment process. The object of this research is fire risk and risk assessment. The subject of the research is studying the application of analytic hierarchy process for modelling and influence assessment of various fire risk factors. Results of research conducted by the authors can be used by insurance companies to perform the detailed assessment of fire risks on the object and to calculate a risk extra charge to an insurance premium; by the state supervisory institutions to determine the compliance of a condition of object with requirements of regulations; by real state owners and investors to carry out actions for decrease in degree of fire risks and minimisation of possible losses.

Alcohol skin preparation causes surgical fires.

Science.gov (United States)

Rocos, B; Donaldson, L J

2012-03-01

Surgical fires are a rare but serious preventable safety risk in modern hospitals. Data from the US show that up to 650 surgical fires occur each year, with up to 5% causing death or serious harm. This study used the National Reporting and Learning Service (NRLS) database at the National Patient Safety Agency to explore whether spirit-based surgical skin preparation fluid contributes to the cause of surgical fires. The NRLS database was interrogated for all incidents of surgical fires reported between 1 March 2004 and 1 March 2011. Each report was scrutinised manually to discover the cause of the fire. Thirteen surgical fires were reported during the study period. Of these, 11 were found to be directly related to spirit-based surgical skin preparation or preparation soaked swabs and drapes. Despite manufacturer's instructions and warnings, surgical fires continue to occur. Guidance published in the UK and US states that spirit-based skin preparation solutions should continue to be used but sets out some precautions. It may be that fire risk should be included in pre-surgical World Health Organization checklists or in the surgical training curriculum. Surgical staff should be aware of the risk that spirit-based skin preparation fluids pose and should take action to minimise the chance of fire occurring.

Modeling post-fire hydro-geomorphic recovery in the Waldo Canyon Fire

Science.gov (United States)

Kinoshita, Alicia; Nourbakhshbeidokhti, Samira; Chin, Anne

2016-04-01

Wildfire can have significant impacts on watershed hydrology and geomorphology by changing soil properties and removing vegetation, often increasing runoff and soil erosion and deposition, debris flows, and flooding. Watershed systems may take several years or longer to recover. During this time, post-fire channel changes have the potential to alter hydraulics that influence characteristics such as time of concentration and increase time to peak flow, flow capacity, and velocity. Using the case of the 2012 Waldo Canyon Fire in Colorado (USA), this research will leverage field-based surveys and terrestrial Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data to parameterize KINEROS2 (KINematic runoff and EROSion), an event oriented, physically-based watershed runoff and erosion model. We will use the Automated Geospatial Watershed Assessment (AGWA) tool, which is a GIS-based hydrologic modeling tool that uses commonly available GIS data layers to parameterize, execute, and spatially visualize runoff and sediment yield for watersheds impacted by the Waldo Canyon Fire. Specifically, two models are developed, an unburned (Bear Creek) and burned (Williams) watershed. The models will simulate burn severity and treatment conditions. Field data will be used to validate the burned watersheds for pre- and post-fire changes in infiltration, runoff, peak flow, sediment yield, and sediment discharge. Spatial modeling will provide insight into post-fire patterns for varying treatment, burn severity, and climate scenarios. Results will also provide post-fire managers with improved hydro-geomorphic modeling and prediction tools for water resources management and mitigation efforts.

Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory Wildland Fire Management Environmental Assessment - April 2003

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Irving, J.S.

2003-04-30

DOE prepared an environmental assessment (EA)for wildland fire management activities on the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) (DOE/EA-1372). The EA was developed to evaluate wildland fire management options for pre-fire, fire suppression, and post fire activities. Those activities have an important role in minimizing the conversion of the native sagebrush steppe ecosystem found on the INEEL to non-native weeds. Four alternative management approaches were analyzed: Alternative 1 - maximum fire protection; Alternative 2 - balanced fire protection; Alternative 2 - balanced fire protection; Alternative 3 - protect infrastructure and personnel; and Alternative 4 - no action/traditional fire protection.

Measurements relating fire radiative energy density and surface fuel consumption - RxCADRE 2011 and 2012

Science.gov (United States)

Andrew T. Hudak; Matthew B. Dickinson; Benjamin C. Bright; Robert L. Kremens; E. Louise Loudermilk; Joseph J. O' Brien; Benjamin S. Hornsby; Roger D. Ottmar

2016-01-01

Small-scale experiments have demonstrated that fire radiative energy is linearly related to fuel combusted but such a relationship has not been shown at the landscape level of prescribed fires. This paper presents field and remotely sensed measures of pre-fire fuel loads, consumption, fire radiative energy density (FRED) and fire radiative power flux density (FRFD),...

Workplace fire-not a misfortune, but an avoidable occupational hazard in Korea.

Science.gov (United States)

Park, Ji-Eun; Kim, Myoung-Hee

2015-02-01

In this article, we argue that workplace fire should be understood within an occupational safety and health context. We selected two cases of fire and explosion with the greatest numbers of fatalities from the annual lists of the "Worst Manslaughter Companies of the Year" in Korea. Through review of information from major media, government, courts, and workers' advocacy organizations, we found that these incidents resulted from violations of basic safety rules by the companies, and that the penalties imposed on them were light. In addition, precarious workers were more vulnerable to such risk, and self-regulation did not work even in large corporations. Like other types of occupational hazards, explosions and fires can be prevented, but prevention requires that occupational safety and health regulations be thoroughly enforced and that heavy penalties be imposed in order to eliminate any incentives for regulatory violations. © 2015 SAGE Publications.

The Role of Fire in Changing Land Use and Livelihoods in Riau-Sumatra

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

S. Suyanto

2004-06-01

Full Text Available Results from remote sensing analysis, participatory mapping, socio-economic interviews, and hotspot information that were analyzed in a geographic information system (GIS show how fire has changed the landscape through its use in land preparation for oil palm and timber plantations and in the development of transmigration settlements. These timber and oil palm plantations have greatly altered the livelihood options of the communities, and have created conflict between communities and companies over land-use allocation and tenure. In many cases, conflict over tenure has been the motive for forest and land fires during the annual dry season. The study suggests that, where partnerships between communities and companies were established to develop oil palm and timber plantations that included a greater sharing of benefits and use of land, the incidence of fires designed to damage the planted resource was greatly reduced.

Post-fire recovery of torpor and activity patterns of a small mammal.

Science.gov (United States)

Stawski, Clare; Hume, Taylor; Körtner, Gerhard; Currie, Shannon E; Nowack, Julia; Geiser, Fritz

2017-05-01

To cope with the post-fire challenges of decreased availability of food and shelter, brown antechinus ( Antechinus stuartii ), a small marsupial mammal, increase the use of energy-conserving torpor and reduce activity. However, it is not known how long it takes for animals to resume pre-fire torpor and activity patterns during the recovery of burnt habitat. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that antechinus will adjust torpor use and activity after a fire depending on vegetation recovery. We simultaneously quantified torpor and activity patterns for female antechinus from three adjacent areas: (i) the area of a management burn 1 year post-fire, (ii) an area that was burned 2 years prior, and (iii) a control area. In comparison to shortly after the management burn, antechinus in all three groups displayed less frequent and less pronounced torpor while being more active. We provide the first evidence that only 1 year post-fire antechinus resume pre-fire torpor and activity patterns, probably in response to the return of herbaceous ground cover and foraging opportunities. © 2017 The Author(s).

Fire Effects at the Tundra-Boreal Ecotone in Interior Alaska

Science.gov (United States)

Howard, B. K.; Mack, M. C.; Johnstone, J. F.; Walker, X. J.; Roland, C.

2016-12-01

Climate warming in northern latitudes has led to an intensification of disturbance by wildfire. Little is known about the effects of fire on tundra vegetation. Changes in vegetation composition could have important implications for carbon cycling , and may feedback positively or negatively to future climate change (Randerson et al., 2006). Our study utilizes extensive pre-fire ecological data collected by the National Park Service (NPS) Inventory and Monitoring (I&M) program to assess the prefire conditions important in driving successional pathways within Denali National Park and Preserve. In 2013, the East Toklat fire burned 30,000 acres of tussock tundra and mixed white and black spruce forest at a high severity, which encompassed 50 NPS plots that were originally monitored in 2003. Our sampling occurred the summer of 2016 following the same NPS protocols to assess post-fire vegetation composition. In addition, we conducted a seeding experiment using locally collected white and black spruce seed to assess natural and potential tree regeneration in unburned and post fire environments. Seed traps were established along our transects to assess seed rain. A multivariate approach will be used to assess post-fire community dynamics and future field seasons will address tree germination and survival rates. These data will then be coupled with pre and post-fire ecological data to parse out important factors driving secondary succession.

Fire creates host plant patches for monarch butterflies

Science.gov (United States)

Baum, Kristen A.; Sharber, Wyatt V.

2012-01-01

Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) depend on the presence of host plants (Asclepias spp.) within their breeding range for reproduction. In the southern Great Plains, Asclepias viridis is a perennial that flowers in May and June, and starts to senesce by August. It is locally abundant and readily used by monarchs as a host plant. We evaluated the effects of summer prescribed fire on A. viridis and the use of A. viridis by monarch butterflies. Summer prescribed fire generated a newly emergent population of A. viridis that was absent in other areas. Pre-migrant monarch butterflies laid eggs on A. viridis in summer burned plots in late August and September, allowing adequate time for a new generation of adult monarchs to emerge and migrate south to their overwintering grounds. Thus, summer prescribed fire may provide host plant patches and/or corridors for pre-migrant monarchs during a time when host plant availability may be limited in other areas. PMID:22859559

Fire severity unaffected by spruce beetle outbreak in spruce-fir forests in southwestern Colorado.

Science.gov (United States)

Andrus, Robert A; Veblen, Thomas T; Harvey, Brian J; Hart, Sarah J

2016-04-01

Recent large and severe outbreaks of native bark beetles have raised concern among the general public and land managers about potential for amplified fire activity in western North America. To date, the majority of studies examining bark beetle outbreaks and subsequent fire severity in the U.S. Rocky Mountains have focused on outbreaks of mountain pine beetle (MPB; Dendroctonus ponderosae) in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests, but few studies, particularly field studies, have addressed the effects of the severity of spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby) infestation on subsequent fire severity in subalpine Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) forests. In Colorado, the annual area infested by spruce beetle outbreaks is rapidly rising, while MPB outbreaks are subsiding; therefore understanding this relationship is of growing importance. We collected extensive field data in subalpine forests in the eastern San Juan Mountains, southwestern Colorado, USA, to investigate whether a gray-stage (fire) spruce beetle infestation affected fire severity. Contrary to the expectation that bark beetle infestation alters subsequent fire severity, correlation and multivariate generalized linear regression analysis revealed no influence of pre-fire spruce beetle severity on nearly all field or remotely sensed measurements of fire severity. Findings were consistent across moderate and extreme burning conditions. In comparison to severity of the pre-fire beetle outbreak, we found that topography, pre-outbreak basal area, and weather conditions exerted a stronger effect on fire severity. Our finding that beetle infestation did not alter fire severity is consistent with previous retrospective studies examining fire activity following other bark beetle outbreaks and reiterates the overriding influence of climate that creates conditions conducive to large, high-severity fires in the subalpine zone of Colorado. Both bark beetle outbreaks and

Climatic stress increases forest fire severity across the western United States

Science.gov (United States)

van Mantgem, Philip J.; Nesmith, Jonathan C. B.; Keifer, MaryBeth; Knapp, Eric E.; Flint, Alan; Flint, Lorriane

2013-01-01

Pervasive warming can lead to chronic stress on forest trees, which may contribute to mortality resulting from fire-caused injuries. Longitudinal analyses of forest plots from across the western US show that high pre-fire climatic water deficit was related to increased post-fire tree mortality probabilities. This relationship between climate and fire was present after accounting for fire defences and injuries, and appeared to influence the effects of crown and stem injuries. Climate and fire interactions did not vary substantially across geographical regions, major genera and tree sizes. Our findings support recent physiological evidence showing that both drought and heating from fire can impair xylem conductivity. Warming trends have been linked to increasing probabilities of severe fire weather and fire spread; our results suggest that warming may also increase forest fire severity (the number of trees killed) independent of fire intensity (the amount of heat released during a fire).

Top executive compensation and company performance in Finland

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Vittaniemi, Jukka

1997-01-01

The compensation of Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. The current value of stock options in CEOs' compensation packages may exceed several million Finnish marks and at the same time companies are firing thousands of employees. In this paper we examine...... whether the CEOs in our sample are rewarded for good economic performance or if pay increases occur irrespective of share performance and financial performance of their firms? The sample of this study consists of 48 listed and 70 private companies over the period 1989-1993. We were able to detect...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a136106_sw_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g535106_sw_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h335106_nw_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e535106_se_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e435106_ne_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a436106_ne_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e535106_nw_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h235106_sw_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g235106_ne_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g535106_sw_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h535106_sw_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f435106_sw_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g235106_nw_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e435106_sw_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h535106_sw_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a336106_se_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e535106_se_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f435106_sw_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g535106_se_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f435106_ne_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a236106_nw_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h635106_se_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, d431506_ne_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h335106_ne_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e335106_sw_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f535106_nw_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h535106_se_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a336106_ne_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e435106_sw_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a136106_se_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a436106_se_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a536106_se_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, d435106_nw_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g635106_se_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a636106_se_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g335106_nw_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h435106_se_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a336106_sw_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g335106_nw_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h535106_se_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e335106_ne_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a536106_sw_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e435106_se_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f335106_ne_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h535106_se_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h235106_nw_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e435106_ne_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g435106_sw_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f535106_nw_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g235106_sw_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f335106_ne_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e535106_ne_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a236106_sw_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h235106_sw_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h535106_ne_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h335106_se_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a136106_se_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h435106_ne_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a236106_sw_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f435106_sw_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h535106_nw_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h235106_sw_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f435106_se_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f335106_nw_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g435106_se_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e435106_sw_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a236106_se_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h435106_se_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a436106_nw_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e435106_ne_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e435106_nw_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h435106_nw_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g135106_nw_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g535106_ne_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, d431506_ne_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a236106_sw_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e435106_nw_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e635106_se_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, d335106_nw_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g535106_sw_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g435106_se_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g535106_nw_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f535106_nw_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e635106_ne_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g335106_ne_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g435106_se_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g335106_ne_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h235106_nw_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h535106_sw_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h335106_se_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a436106_nw_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, d431506_ne_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h435106_se_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h335106_sw_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h135106_ne_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h335106_sw_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h135106_sw_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f235106_nw_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f435106_se_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a336106_nw_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a436106_se_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h135106_nw_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a336106_sw_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f635106_se_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h435106_nw_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f435106_ne_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a436106_sw_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a336106_se_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a136106_se_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g335106_nw_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f435106_se_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g435106_se_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a236106_sw_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g335106_nw_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h235106_sw_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h535106_se_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, d435106_nw_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f535106_nw_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g435106_se_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g335106_sw_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a236106_sw_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f335106_se_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a636106_se_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g335106_sw_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, d431506_ne_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f335106_ne_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e635106_se_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g235106_sw_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a136106_sw_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f435106_ne_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a236106_ne_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a436106_nw_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e335106_ne_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h335106_nw_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a236106_se_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e435106_nw_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g435106_sw_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g535106_ne_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a436106_se_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e535106_nw_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h235106_ne_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, d431506_ne_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f535106_ne_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a236106_nw_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f535106_se_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e435106_ne_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a436106_ne_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e535106_ne_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f435106_se_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f535106_nw_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e435106_sw_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h635106_se_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g635106_ne_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e335106_sw_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f535106_nw_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h235106_nw_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, d435106_nw_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a336106_sw_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h235106_se_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g435106_ne_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f335106_se_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a336106_sw_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g235106_nw_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g535106_nw_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g535106_ne_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h135106_nw_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g435106_nw_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g235106_sw_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h135106_sw_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h535106_nw_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h135106_sw_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e635106_se_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a336106_nw_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g235106_ne_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a336106_nw_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g235106_se_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g335106_sw_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g335106_ne_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h235106_se_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h435106_nw_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h535106_ne_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g235106_ne_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g435106_sw_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, d431506_nw_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f435106_se_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h235106_nw_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g435106_nw_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f435106_ne_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g535106_se_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, d435106_nw_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g335106_se_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h635106_ne_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g435106_se_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h535106_ne_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f335106_ne_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e535106_nw_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e335106_nw_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f435106_sw_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f635106_se_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f535106_se_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g335106_se_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h435106_nw_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f635106_ne_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a336106_se_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h535106_sw_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g435106_ne_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h235106_sw_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g635106_ne_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f335106_sw_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h235106_se_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g335106_sw_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f435106_nw_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h335106_sw_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a236106_nw_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g335106_ne_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g235106_ne_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, d435106_nw_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g535106_se_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h335106_nw_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a336106_ne_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h435106_sw_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g235106_sw_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a336106_se_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f435106_se_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e435106_ne_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a236106_ne_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g435106_sw_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f435106_sw_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h335106_sw_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h335106_sw_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g535106_nw_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h535106_ne_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e535106_se_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f535106_sw_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h535106_se_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g435106_ne_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h435106_se_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, d431506_nw_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f335106_sw_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h535106_sw_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h235106_ne_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g335106_sw_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g335106_se_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h235106_se_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h635106_se_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h435106_ne_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h535106_ne_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a536106_sw_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f335106_nw_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f335106_se_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a436106_sw_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h335106_ne_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e535106_se_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a436106_sw_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h235106_se_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a436106_ne_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g435106_nw_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a236106_se_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e435106_se_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g335106_sw_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g435106_sw_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g535106_se_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a236106_sw_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h335106_se_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e335106_sw_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f435106_nw_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h435106_sw_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h535106_sw_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e335106_nw_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a336106_se_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a436106_sw_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h335106_nw_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g335106_sw_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g535106_sw_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h335106_se_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f535106_sw_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a336106_nw_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h435106_ne_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h435106_sw_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g335106_nw_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g435106_nw_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g535106_ne_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f335106_nw_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e435106_se_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e535106_sw_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f435106_nw_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e435106_nw_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a136106_sw_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, d535106_ne_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g235106_sw_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a536106_se_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e435106_se_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h335106_nw_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a136106_sw_se, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e435106_se_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f335106_se_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a236106_sw_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, d535106_ne_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g535106_ne_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a236106_se_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f235106_nw_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h235106_ne_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f435106_sw_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, a536106_se_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f535106_se_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f435106_nw_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e335106_sw_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, d335106_nw_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h335106_sw_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f635106_ne_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e535106_sw_nw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h535106_ne_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f535106_se_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, g335106_nw_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e535106_sw_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e435106_sw_ne, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f335106_nw_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, e535106_nw_sw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, d431506_ne_ne, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, d431506_ne_se, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, h435106_ne_nw, RGB

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

2011 Las Conchas Post Fire, f235106_nw_sw, CIR

Data.gov (United States)

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico — Wilson and Company collected and processed multi-spectral (red, green, blue, near-infrared) digital aerial imagery of the Las Conchas Fire that burned in the Santa...

Remote sensing of fire severity: linking post-fire reflectance data with physiological responses in two western conifer species

Science.gov (United States)

Sparks, A. M.; Smith, A. M.; Kolden, C.; Apostol, K. G.; Boschetti, L.

2014-12-01

Fire is a common disturbance in forested ecosystems in the western U.S. and can be responsible for long-term impacts on vegetation and soil. An improved understanding of how ecosystems recover after fire is necessary so that land managers can plan for and mitigate the effects of these disturbances. Although several studies have attempted to link fire intensity with severity, direct links between spectral indices of severity and key physiological changes in vegetation are not well understood. We conducted an assessment of how two western conifer species respond to four fire radiative energy treatments, with spectra acquired pre- and up to a month post-burn. After transforming the spectral data into Landsat 8 equivalent reflectance, burn severity indices commonly used in the remote sensing community were compared to concurrent physiological measurements including gas exchange and photosynthetic rate. Preliminary results indicate significant relationships between several fire severity indices and physiological responses measured in the conifer seedlings.

Annual runoff and erosion in a recently burn Mediterranean forest - The effects of plowing and time-since-fire

Science.gov (United States)

Vieira, D. C. S.; Malvar, M. C.; Fernández, C.; Serpa, D.; Keizer, J. J.

2016-10-01

The impacts of forest fires on runoff and soil erosion have been assessed by many studies, so the effects of fires on the hydrological and geomorphological processes of burnt forest areas, globally and in the Mediterranean region, are well established. Few studies, however, have assessed post-fire runoff and erosion on large time scales. In addition, a limited number of studies are available that consider the effect of pre-fire land management practices on post-fire runoff and erosion. This study evaluated annual runoff and sediment losses, at micro plot scale, for 4 years after a wildfire in three eucalypt plantations with different pre-fire land management practices (i.e., plowed and unplowed). During the four years following the fire, runoff amounts and coefficients at the downslope plowed (1257 mm, 26%) and contour plowed eucalypt sites (1915 mm, 40%) were higher than at the unplowed site (865 mm, 14%). Sediment losses over the 4 years of study were also consistently higher at the two plowed sites (respectively, 0.47 and 0.83 Mg ha- 1 y- 1 at the downslope and contour plowed eucalypt site) than at the unplowed site (0.11 Mg ha- 1 y- 1). Aside from pre-fire land management, time-since-fire also seemed to significantly affect post-fire annual runoff and erosion. In general, annual runoff amounts and erosion rates followed the rainfall pattern. Runoff amounts presented a peak during the third year of monitoring while erosion rates reached their maximum one year earlier, in the second year. Runoff coefficients increased over the 4 years of monitoring, in disagreement to the window of disturbance post-fire recovery model, but sediment concentrations decreased over the study period. When compared with other long-term post-fire studies and with studies evaluating the effects of pre- and post-fire management practices, the results of the present work suggest that an ecosystem's recovery after fire is highly dependent on the background of disturbances of each site, as

Ten Years of Post-Fire Vegetation Recovery following the 2007 Zaca Fire using Landsat Satellite Imagery

Science.gov (United States)

Hallett, J. K. E.; Miller, D.; Roberts, D. A.

2017-12-01

Forest fires play a key role in shaping eco-systems. The risk to vegetation depends on the fire regime, fuel conditions (age and amount), fire temperature, and physiological characteristics such as bark thickness and stem diameter. The 2007 Zaca Fire (24 kilometers NE of Buellton, Santa Barbara County, California) burned 826.4 km2 over the course of 2 months. In this study, we used a time series of Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager imagery, to evaluate plant burn severity and post fire recovery as defined into classes of above average recovery, normal recovery, and below average recovery. We spectrally unmixed the images into green vegetation (GV), non-photosynthetic vegetation (NPV), soil surface (SOIL), and ash with a spectral library developed using Constrained Reference Endmember Selection (CRES). We delineated the fire perimeter using the differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) and evaluated changes in this index and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index through time. The results showed an immediate decline in GV and NPV fractions, with a rise in soil and ash fractions directly following the fire, with a slow recovery in GV fraction and a loss of bare soil cover. The was a sharp increase in the ash fraction following the fire and gradual decrease in the year after. Most areas have recovered as of 2017, with prominent recovery in the center of the burn scar and reduced recovery in areas to the south. These results indicate how post-fire vegetation varies based on initial burn severity and pre-fire GV and NPV fractions.

Firing temperature of pottery using TL and OSL techniques

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Polymeris, G.S.; Sakalis, A.; Papadopoulou, D.; Dallas, G.; Kitis, G.; Tsirliganis, N.C.

2007-01-01

Several methods of thermal analysis are used to determine in the laboratory the firing temperature of ancient ceramic sherds. These methods are based primarily on changes of physical characteristics occurring when clay minerals are heated. The luminescence properties of quartz grains in a ceramic matrix also undergo certain changes during firing. The possibility of measuring the sensitivity change (sensitization) of quartz in order to determine the firing temperature of archeological ceramic artifacts was investigated. The sensitivity change was studied for both the thermoluminescence (TL) and the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) signal for a ceramic sample of known firing temperature. Various segments of the sample were annealed to a different temperature. Subsequently, the initial sensitivity, as well as the thermal and the pre-dose sensitization were measured for both TL and OSL at room temperature as a function of the annealing temperature. The obtained TL glow curves showed different shapes for annealing temperatures above the firing temperature. Thermal and pre-dose sensitizations also exhibited a similar, although less prominent, rise. The OSL signal was analyzed by integrating the raw signal over the initial second of stimulation. The initial sensitivity showed an abrupt change for annealing temperatures around the firing temperature. An alternative approach used for the analysis of the OSL signal involved a full-component resolved sensitization study. The same abrupt change for the initial sensitivity of both the first and second components was observed, as well as, a clear but not very prominent thermal sensitization trend for annealing temperatures above the firing temperature

Investigation of pre-drying lignite in an existing Greek power plant

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Agraniotis Michalis

2012-01-01

Full Text Available The application of lignite pre-drying technologies in next generation of lignite power plants by utilizing low pressure steam as a drying medium instead of hot recirculated flue gas - combined with thermal utilization of the vaporized coal moisture - is expected to bring efficiency increase of 2-4 percentage points in future lignite power plants compared with today’s state of the art. The pre-drying concept is of particular importance in Greek boilers firing lignite with a high water and ash content. The combustion of Greek predried lignite has been investigated experimentally and via numerical simulations in our previous research. This study focuses on the potential integration of a lignite pre-drying system in an existing Greek power plant with dry lignite co-firing thermal share of up to 30%. The radiative and convective heat fluxes to the boiler and the overall boiler heat balance is calculated for reference and dry lignite co-firing conditions by an in-house calculation code. The overall plant’s thermal cycle is then simulated using commercial thermal cycle calculation software. The net plant efficiency is in this way determined for reference and dry coal co-firing conditions. According to the simulation results the integration of a pre-drying system and the implementation of dry lignite co-firing may bring an efficiency increase of about 1.5 percentage points in existing Greek boilers. It is therefore considered as an important measure towards improving plant efficiency and reducing specific CO2 emissions in existing plants.

Mapping Fire Severity Using Imaging Spectroscopy and Kernel Based Image Analysis

Science.gov (United States)

Prasad, S.; Cui, M.; Zhang, Y.; Veraverbeke, S.

2014-12-01

Improved spatial representation of within-burn heterogeneity after wildfires is paramount to effective land management decisions and more accurate fire emissions estimates. In this work, we demonstrate feasibility and efficacy of airborne imaging spectroscopy (hyperspectral imagery) for quantifying wildfire burn severity, using kernel based image analysis techniques. Two different airborne hyperspectral datasets, acquired over the 2011 Canyon and 2013 Rim fire in California using the Airborne Visible InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) sensor, were used in this study. The Rim Fire, covering parts of the Yosemite National Park started on August 17, 2013, and was the third largest fire in California's history. Canyon Fire occurred in the Tehachapi mountains, and started on September 4, 2011. In addition to post-fire data for both fires, half of the Rim fire was also covered with pre-fire images. Fire severity was measured in the field using Geo Composite Burn Index (GeoCBI). The field data was utilized to train and validate our models, wherein the trained models, in conjunction with imaging spectroscopy data were used for GeoCBI estimation wide geographical regions. This work presents an approach for using remotely sensed imagery combined with GeoCBI field data to map fire scars based on a non-linear (kernel based) epsilon-Support Vector Regression (e-SVR), which was used to learn the relationship between spectra and GeoCBI in a kernel-induced feature space. Classification of healthy vegetation versus fire-affected areas based on morphological multi-attribute profiles was also studied. The availability of pre- and post-fire imaging spectroscopy data over the Rim Fire provided a unique opportunity to evaluate the performance of bi-temporal imaging spectroscopy for assessing post-fire effects. This type of data is currently constrained because of limited airborne acquisitions before a fire, but will become widespread with future spaceborne sensors such as those on

Final Report on the Development of the Long Beach Fire Department Company Officer Orientation Program.

Science.gov (United States)

Rupe, Marvin L.; And Others

The Long Beach Fire Department (California), developed a program to foster and improve the development of future fire department managers who are promoted from within the department. A 10-day orientation program was developed. The competency-based program featured a mix of management-leadership training (the nature of leadership, personnel…

Y-TZP zirconia regeneration firing: Microstructural and crystallographic changes after grinding.

Science.gov (United States)

Ryan, Daniel Patrick Obelenis; Fais, Laiza Maria Grassi; Antonio, Selma Gutierrez; Hatanaka, Gabriel Rodrigues; Candido, Lucas Miguel; Pinelli, Ligia Antunes Pereira

2017-07-26

This study evaluated microstructural and crystallographic phase changes after grinding (G) and regeneration firing/anneling (R) of Y-TZP ceramics. Thirty five bars (Lava TM and Ice Zirkon) were divided: Y-TZP pre-sintered, control (C), regeneration firing (R), dry grinding (DG), dry grinding+regeneration firing (DGR), wet grinding (WG) and wet grinding+regeneration firing (WGR). Grinding was conducted using a diamond bur and annealing at 1,000°C. The microstructure was analyzed by SEM and the crystalline phases by X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD showed that pre-sintered specimens contained tetragonal and monoclinic phases, while groups C and R showed tetragonal, cubic and monoclinic phases. After grinding, the cubic phase was eliminated in all groups. Annealing (DGR and WGR) resulted in only tetragonal phase. SEM showed semi-circular cracks after grinding and homogenization of particles after annealing. After grinding, surfaces show tetragonal and monoclinic phases and R can be assumed to be necessary prior to porcelain layering when grinding is performed.

75 FR 38191 - Companies Holding Certificates of Authority as Acceptable Sureties on Federal Bonds and as...

Science.gov (United States)

2010-07-01

..., Pennsylvania (NAIC 20427) BUSINESS ADDRESS: 333 S. WABASH AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60604. PHONE: (312) 822-5000.... INCORPORATED IN: Indiana. American Fire and Casualty Company (NAIC 24066) BUSINESS ADDRESS: 9450 Seward Road... Casualty Company (NAIC 20443) BUSINESS ADDRESS: 333 S. WABASH AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60604. PHONE: (312) 822-5000...

A new website with real-time dissemination of information on fire activity and meteorological fire danger in Portugal

Science.gov (United States)

DaCamara, Carlos; Trigo, Ricardo; Nunes, Sílvia; Pinto, Miguel; Oliveira, Tiago; Almeida, Rui

2017-04-01

In Portugal, like in Mediterranean Europe, fire activity is a natural phenomenon linking climate, humans and vegetation and is therefore conditioned by natural and anthropogenic factors. Natural factors include topography, vegetation cover and prevailing weather conditions whereas anthropogenic factors encompass land management practices and fire prevention policies. Land management practices, in particular the inadequate use of fire, is a crucial anthropogenic factor that accounts for about 90% of fire ignitions. Fire prevention policies require adequate and timely information about wildfire potential assessment, which is usually based on fire danger rating systems that provide indices to be used on an operational and tactical basis in decision support systems. We present a new website designed to provide the user community with relevant real-time information on fire activity and meteorological fire danger that will allow adopting the adequate measures to mitigate fire damage. The fire danger product consists of forecasts of fire danger over Portugal based on a statistical procedure that combines information about fire history derived from the Fire Radiative Power product disseminated by the Land Surface Analysis Satellite Application Facility (LSA SAF) with daily meteorological forecasts provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The aim of the website is fourfold; 1) to concentrate all information available (databases and maps) relevant to fire management in a unique platform so that access by end users becomes easier, faster and friendlier; 2) to supervise the access of users to the different products available; 3) to control and assist the access to the platform and obtain feedbacks from users for further improvements; 4) to outreach the operational community and foster the use of better information that increase efficiency in risk management. The website is sponsored by The Navigator Company, a leading force in the global pulp

Fire metrology: Current and future directions in physics-based measurements

Science.gov (United States)

Robert L. Kremens; Alistair M.S. Smith; Matthew B. Dickinson

2010-01-01

The robust evaluation of fire impacts on the biota, soil, and atmosphere requires measurement and analysis methods that can characterize combustion processes across a range of temporal and spatial scales. Numerous challenges are apparent in the literature. These challenges have led to novel research to quantify the 1) structure and heterogeneity of the pre-fire...

Fast fluid bed coal gasification for conversion of existing oil-fired boilers - an investigation of conditions precedent for commercial realization

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

1969-06-01

The syndicate Nordisk Fluidbaeddfoergasning which is made up of the following Scandinavian companies. A. Ahlstroem o/y Burmeister and Wain AB, Svenska Maskinverken AB and Svenska Cellulosa AB has been working with the development of a gas generator which makes it possible for the oil-fired boilers to use coal. The report describes a pre-project and presents the calculation of costs and the estimation of the market potential. The following appraisements have been made: (i) a commercially functioning plant can be erected (ii) the energy cost can be lower than the corresponding cost of conversion to coal powder fuel or competing gasifiers, and (iii) the size of the market is sufficiently large.

46 CFR 28.820 - Fire pumps, fire mains, fire hydrants, and fire hoses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Fire pumps, fire mains, fire hydrants, and fire hoses... REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMERCIAL FISHING INDUSTRY VESSELS Aleutian Trade Act Vessels § 28.820 Fire pumps, fire mains, fire hydrants, and fire hoses. (a) Each vessel must be equipped with a self-priming, power driven fire...

Effects of Burn Severity and Environmental Conditions on Post-Fire Regeneration in Siberian Larch Forest

OpenAIRE

Thuan Chu; Xulin Guo; Kazuo Takeda

2017-01-01

Post-fire forest regeneration is strongly influenced by abiotic and biotic heterogeneity in the pre- and post-fire environments, including fire regimes, species characteristics, landforms, hydrology, regional climate, and soil properties. Assessing these drivers is key to understanding the long-term effects of fire disturbances on forest succession. We evaluated multiple factors influencing patterns of variability in a post-fire boreal Larch (Larix sibirica) forest in Siberia. A time-series o...

Interesting spontaneous combustion fire at Haus Aden colliery

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Both, W; Weinheimer, O

1976-02-05

Spontaneous combustion ahead of the face occurred in an over-worked and under-worked seam. When the first cavity containing hot ash was found, an attempt to extinguish the fire with water was abandoned because of the quantity of steam produced, but the fire was extinguished by covering it with paste containing magnesium chloride and hydroxide and calcium chloride. Mining operations continued while the coal surrounding the hot region was cooled with water. The steps taken to detect and deal with other fires in advance of the face are described. These included pre-infusion with calcium chloride solution via boreholes and treatment of the hot cavities encountered with magnesium chloride paste. This method of fire-fighting was more successful than the use of water alone.

Monitoring post-fire recovery of shrublands in Mediterranean-type ecosystems using MODIS and TM/ETM+ data

Science.gov (United States)

Hope, Allen; Albers, Noah; Bart, Ryan

2010-05-01

Wildland fires in Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems (MTEs) are episodic events that dramatically alter land-cover conditions. Monitoring post-fire vegetation recovery is important for land management applications such as the scheduling of prescribed burns, post-fire resource management and soil erosion control. Full recovery of MTE shrublands may take many years and have a prolonged effect on water, energy and carbon fluxes in these ecosystems. Comparative studies of fynbos ecosystems in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa (Western Cape Region) and chaparral ecosystems of California have demonstrated that there is a considerable degree of convergence in some aspects of post-fire vegetation regeneration and marked differences in other aspects. Since these MTEs have contrasting rainfall and soil nutrient conditions, an obvious question arises as to the similarity or dissimilarity in remotely sensed post-fire recovery pathways of vegetation stands in these two regions and the extent to which fire severity and drought impact the rate of vegetation recovery. Post-fire recovery pathways of chaparral and fynbos vegetation stands were characterized using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) based on TM/ETM+ and MODIS (250 m) data. Procedures based on stands of unburned vegetation (control) were implemented to normalize the NDVI for variations associated with inter-annual differences in rainfall. Only vegetation stands that had not burned for 20 years were examined in this study to eliminate potential effects of variable fire histories on the recovery pathways. Post-fire recovery patterns of vegetation in both regions and across different vegetation types were found to be very similar. Post-fire stand age was the primary control over vegetation recovery and the NDVI returned to pre-fire values within seven to 10 years of the fires. Droughts were shown to cause slight interruptions in recovery rates while fire severity had no discernable effect. Intra

Patterns of Canopy and Surface Layer Consumption in a Boreal Forest Fire from Repeat Airborne Lidar

Science.gov (United States)

Alonzo, Michael; Morton, Douglas C.; Cook, Bruce D.; Andersen, Hans-Erik; Babcock, Chad; Pattison, Robert

2017-01-01

Fire in the boreal region is the dominant agent of forest disturbance with direct impacts on ecosystem structure, carbon cycling, and global climate. Global and biome-scale impacts are mediated by burn severity, measured as loss of forest canopy and consumption of the soil organic layer. To date, knowledge of the spatial variability in burn severity has been limited by sparse field sampling and moderate resolution satellite data. Here, we used pre- and post-fire airborne lidar data to directly estimate changes in canopy vertical structure and surface elevation for a 2005 boreal forest fire on Alaskas Kenai Peninsula. We found that both canopy and surface losses were strongly linked to pre-fire species composition and exhibited important fine-scale spatial variability at sub-30m resolution. The fractional reduction in canopy volume ranged from 0.61 in lowland black spruce stands to 0.27 in mixed white spruce and broad leaf forest. Residual structure largely reflects standing dead trees, highlighting the influence of pre-fire forest structure on delayed carbon losses from above ground biomass, post-fire albedo, and variability in understory light environments. Median loss of surface elevation was highest in lowland black spruce stands (0.18 m) but much lower in mixed stands (0.02 m), consistent with differences in pre-fire organic layer accumulation. Spatially continuous depth-of-burn estimates from repeat lidar measurements provide novel information to constrain carbon emissions from the surface organic layer and may inform related research on post-fire successional trajectories. Spectral measures of burn severity from Landsat were correlated with canopy (r = 0.76) and surface (r = -0.71) removal in black spruce stands but captured less of the spatial variability in fire effects for mixed stands (canopy r = 0.56, surface r = -0.26), underscoring the difficulty in capturing fire effects in heterogeneous boreal forest landscapes using proxy measures of burn severity

Effects of fire on fish populations: Landscape perspectives on persistance of native fishes and nonnative fish invasions

Science.gov (United States)

Dunham, J.B.; Young, M.; Gresswell, Robert E.; Rieman, B.

2003-01-01

Our limited understanding of the short and long-term effects of fire on fish contributes to considerable uncertainty in assessments of the risks and benefits of fire management alternatives. A primary concern among the many potential effects of fire is the effects of fire and fire management on persistence of native fish populations. Limited evidence suggests vulnerability of fish to fire is contingent upon the quality of affected habitats, the amount and distribution of habitat (habitat fragmentation), and habitat specificity of the species in question. Species with narrow habitat requirements in highly degraded and fragmented systems are likely to be most vulnerable to fire and fire-related disturbance. In addition to effects of fire on native fish, there are growing concerns about the effects of fire on nonnative fish invasions. The role of fire in facilitating invasions by nonnative fishes is unknown, but experience with other species suggests some forms of disturbance associated with fire may facilitate invasion. Management efforts to promote persistence of fishes in fire-prone landscapes can take the form of four basic alternatives: (1) pre-fire management; (2) post-fire management; (3) managing fire itself (e.g. fire fighting); and (4) monitoring and adaptive management. Among these alternatives, pre-fire management is likely to be most effective. Effective pre-fire management activities will address factors that may render fish populations more vulnerable to the effects of fire (e.g. habitat degradation, fragmentation, and nonnative species). Post-fire management is also potentially important, but suffers from being a reactive approach that may not address threats in time to avert them. Managing fire itself can be important in some contexts, but negative consequences for fish populations are possible (e.g. toxicity of fire fighting chemicals to fish). Monitoring and adaptive management can provide important new information for evaluating alternatives, but

46 CFR 28.315 - Fire pumps, fire mains, fire hydrants, and fire hoses.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Fire pumps, fire mains, fire hydrants, and fire hoses... After September 15, 1991, and That Operate With More Than 16 Individuals on Board § 28.315 Fire pumps, fire mains, fire hydrants, and fire hoses. (a) Each vessel 36 feet (11.8 meters) or more in length must...

Informing the network: Improving communication with interface communities during wildland fire

Science.gov (United States)

Taylor, J.G.; Gillette, S.C.; Hodgson, R.W.; Downing, J.L.; Burns, M.R.; Chavez, D.J.; Hogan, J.T.

2007-01-01

An interagency research team studied fire communications that took place during different stages of two wildfires in southern California: one small fire of short duration and one large fire of long duration. This "quick- response" research showed that pre-fire communication planning was particularly effective for smaller fire events and parts of that planning proved invaluable for the large fire event as well. Information seeking by the affected public relied on locally convenient sources during the small fire. During the large fire, widespread evacuations disrupted many of the local informal communication networks. Residents' needs were for "real-time, " place-specific information: precise location, severity, size, and direction of spread of the fires. Fire management agencies must contribute real-time, place-specific fire information when it is most needed by the affected public, as they try to make sense out of the chaos of a wildland fire. Disseminating fire information as broadly as possible through multiple pathways will maximize the probability of the public finding the information they need. ?? Society for Human Ecology.

Fire Effects on Soil and Dissolved Organic Matter in a Southern Appalachian Hardwood Forest: Movement of Fire-Altered Organic Matter Across the Terrestrial-Aquatic Interface Following the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Fire of 2016

Science.gov (United States)

Matosziuk, L.; Gallo, A.; Hatten, J. A.; Heckman, K. A.; Nave, L. E.; Sanclements, M.; Strahm, B. D.; Weiglein, T.

2017-12-01

Wildfire can dramatically affect the quantity and quality of soil organic matter (SOM), producing thermally altered organic material such as pyrogenic carbon (PyC) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The movement of this thermally altered material through terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems can differ from that of unburned SOM, with far-reaching consequences for soil carbon cycling and water quality. Unfortunately, due to the rapid ecological changes following fire and the lack of robust pre-fire controls, the cycling of fire-altered carbon is still poorly understood. In December 2016, the Chimney Tops 2 fire in Great Smoky Mountains National Park burned over co-located terrestrial and aquatic NEON sites. We have leveraged the wealth of pre-fire data at these sites (chemical, physical, and microbial characterization of soils, continuous measurements of both soil and stream samples, and five soil cores up to 110 cm in depth) to conduct a thorough study of the movement of fire-altered organic matter through terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Stream samples have been collected weekly beginning 5 weeks post-fire. Grab samples of soil were taken at discrete time points in the first two months after the fire. Eight weeks post-fire, a second set of cores was taken and resin lysimeters installed at three different depths. A third set of cores and grab samples will be taken 8-12 months after the fire. In addition to routine soil characterization techniques, solid samples from cores and grab samples at all time points will be analyzed for PyC and PAHs. To determine the effect of fire on dissolved organic matter (DOM), hot water extracts of these soil samples, as well as the stream samples and lysimeter samples, will also be analyzed for PyC and PAHs. Selected samples will be analyzed by 1D- and 2D-NMR to further characterize the chemical composition of DOM. This extensive investigation of the quantity and quality of fire-altered organic material at discrete time points

An overview of sodium-fire related studies in the UK

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bilsborough, R.; Capp, P.D.; Newman, R.N.

1979-01-01

In the six years since the last Sodium Fires Specialists Meeting (Hanford, May 1972) the UKAEA and the Construction Companies, now NPC, have concentrated on the commissioning and early operation of the prototype Fast Reactor (PFR) at Dounreay Nuclear Power Development Establishment. Rig support for PFR has continued at Risley Nuclear Power Development Laboratory with effort mainly directed to engineering and heat transfer studies; the fire protection and leak detection systems used have been based on information available in 1972. Over the same period the CEGB have shown an increasing interest in the Liquid Metal Cooled Fast Reactor system with a consequent increase in research work on the subject of sodium fires. The text and appendices of this overview reflect this spread of emphasis. The ignition characteristics, burning rates and smoke release fractions of free ambient pool fires have been studied and this is described. This paper covers the following topics as well: extinguishment of sodium fires; prevention and protection; aerosols, physical chemistry and codes

An overview of sodium-fire related studies in the UK

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bilsborough, R [NPC, Risley, Warrington, Cheshire (United Kingdom); Capp, P D [UKAEA, Atomic Energy Establishment Winfrith, Winfrith, Dorchester, Dorset (United Kingdom); Newman, R N [CEGB, Berkely Nuclear Laboratories, Berkley, Gloucestershire (United Kingdom)

1979-03-01

In the six years since the last Sodium Fires Specialists Meeting (Hanford, May 1972) the UKAEA and the Construction Companies, now NPC, have concentrated on the commissioning and early operation of the prototype Fast Reactor (PFR) at Dounreay Nuclear Power Development Establishment. Rig support for PFR has continued at Risley Nuclear Power Development Laboratory with effort mainly directed to engineering and heat transfer studies; the fire protection and leak detection systems used have been based on information available in 1972. Over the same period the CEGB have shown an increasing interest in the Liquid Metal Cooled Fast Reactor system with a consequent increase in research work on the subject of sodium fires. The text and appendices of this overview reflect this spread of emphasis. The ignition characteristics, burning rates and smoke release fractions of free ambient pool fires have been studied and this is described. This paper covers the following topics as well: extinguishment of sodium fires; prevention and protection; aerosols, physical chemistry and codes.

Effects of forest fire on soil nutrients in Turkish pine (Pinus brutia, Ten) ecosystems.

Science.gov (United States)

Yildiz, Oktay; Esen, Derya; Sarginci, Murat; Toprak, Bulent

2010-01-01

Fire is a long-standing and poorly understood component of the Mediterranean forestlands in Turkey. Fire can alter plant composition, destroy biomass, alter soil physical and chemical properties and reduce soil nutrient pools. However fire can also promote productivity of certain ecosystems by mineralizing soil nutrients and promoting fast growing nitrogen fixing plant species. Fire effects on soils and ecosystems in Turkey and Mediterranean regions are not well understood. This study uses a retrospective space-for-time substitution to study soil macro-nutrient changes on sites which were burned at different times during the last 8 years. The study sites are in the Fethiye Forest Management Directorate in the western Mediterranean Sea region of Turkey. Our samples show 40% less Soil C, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) at 0-20 cm soil depth two weeks after the fire. Soil C and CEC appear to recover to pre-fire level in one year. Concentrations of Mg were significantly lower on new-burn sites, but returned to pre-fire levels in one year. Total soil N concentrations one and two years after fire were 90% higher than other sites, and total P was 9 times higher on new-burn site than averages from other sites. Some implications of these results for forest managers are discussed.

Performance assessment of fire-sat monitoring system based on satellite time series for fire danger estimation : the experience of the pre-operative application in the Basilicata Region (Italy)

Science.gov (United States)

Lanorte, Antonio; Desantis, Fortunato; Aromando, Angelo; Lasaponara, Rosa

2013-04-01

This paper presents the results we obtained in the context of the FIRE-SAT project during the 2012 operative application of the satellite based tools for fire monitoring. FIRE_SAT project has been funded by the Civil Protection of the Basilicata Region in order to set up a low cost methodology for fire danger monitoring and fire effect estimation based on satellite Earth Observation techniques. To this aim, NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), ASTER, Landsat TM data were used. Novel data processing techniques have been developed by researchers of the ARGON Laboratory of the CNR-IMAA for the operative monitoring of fire. In this paper we only focus on the danger estimation model which has been fruitfully used since 2008 to 2012 as an reliable operative tool to support and optimize fire fighting strategies from the alert to the management of resources including fire attacks. The daily updating of fire danger is carried out using satellite MODIS images selected for their spectral capability and availability free of charge from NASA web site. This makes these data sets very suitable for an effective systematic (daily) and sustainable low-cost monitoring of large areas. The preoperative use of the integrated model, pointed out that the system properly monitor spatial and temporal variations of fire susceptibility and provide useful information of both fire severity and post fire regeneration capability.

Evaluating a smartphone application to improve child passenger safety and fire safety knowledge and behaviour.

Science.gov (United States)

Omaki, Elise; Shields, Wendy C; McDonald, Eileen; Aitken, Mary E; Bishai, David; Case, James; Gielen, Andrea

2017-02-01

Although proven measures for reducing injury due to motor vehicle collision and residential fires exist, the number of families properly and consistently using child passenger restraints and smoke alarms remains low. This paper describes the design of the Safety In Seconds (SIS) 2.0 study, which aims to evaluate the impact of a smartphone app on parents' use of child restraints and smoke alarms. SIS is a multisite randomised controlled trial. Participants are parents of children aged 4-7 years who are visiting the Pediatric Emergency Department or Pediatric Trauma Service. Parents are randomised to receive tailored education about child passenger safety or about fire safety via the SIS smartphone app. A baseline and two follow-up surveys at 3 months and 6 months are conducted. Primary outcomes are: (1) having the correct child restraint for the child's age and size; (2) restraining the child in the back seat of the car; (3) buckling the child up for every ride; (4) having the restraint inspected by a child passenger safety technician; (5) having a working smoke alarm on every level of the home; (6) having hard-wired or lithium battery smoke alarms; (7) having and (8) practising a fire escape plan. Finding ways to communicate with parents about child passenger and fire safety continues to be a research priority. This study will contribute to the evidence about how to promote benefits of proper and consistent child restraint and smoke alarm use. NCT02345941; Pre-results. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

Fuel fired heat sources

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ortlinghaus, U

1977-09-08

Fuel fired heat sources with a valve-controlled ignition and main burner, whose flame is monitored and whose control valve is closed or opened by a controller according to the control deviation between actual and reference heat source temperature, previously suffered the disadvantage of high consumption of ignition gas. According to the invention this disadvantage is avoided by closing the ignition valve from the controller via a delay unit and having the delay time of the delay unit controlled either by the temperature measured by the sensor or increasing it with increasing deviation of the actual value of pre-temperature from the reference value of the pre-temperature.

Views on the expansion of Japanese printing companies into China and the production of commercial posters in the pre-World War Ⅱ period

OpenAIRE

田島, 奈都子; Tajima, Natsuko

2015-01-01

　This paper will examine the development and characteristics of posters in pre-World War II China, with emphasis on interactions between the Japanese and Chinese printing industries and comparisons of Japanese and Chinese posters produced in the same period.　Many people would think that posters with Chinese characters and women in Chinese outfits were made in China. But Japanese printing companies quickly entered the Chinese market and started to produce posters for Chinese consumers in the 1...

Fire behavior potential in central Saskatchewan under predicted climate change : summary document

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Parisien, M.; Hirsch, K.; Todd, B.; Flannigan, M.; Kafka, V.; Flynn, N.

2005-01-01

This study assesses fire danger and fire behaviour potential in central Saskatchewan using simulated climate scenarios produced by the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM), including scenario analysis of base, double and triple level carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and uses available forest fuels to develop an absolute measure of fire behaviour. For each of these climate scenarios, the CRCM-generated weather was used as input variables into the Canadian Forest Fire Behavior Prediction (FBP) System. Fire behavior potential was quantified using head fire intensity, a measure of the fire's energy output because it can be related to fire behavior characteristics, suppression effectiveness, and fire effects. The report discusses the implications of fire behavior potential changes for fire and forest management. Preliminary results suggest a large increase in area burned in the study area by the end of the twenty-first century. Some of the possible fire management activities for long-term prediction include: pre-positioning of resources, preparedness planning, prioritization of fire and forest management activities and fire threat evaluation. 16 refs., 1 tab, 7 figs

Demonstration of natural gas reburn for NO{sub x} emissions reduction at Ohio Edison Company`s cyclone-fired Niles Plant Unit Number 1

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Borio, R.W.; Lewis, R.D.; Koucky, R.W. [ABB Power Plant Labs., Windsor, CT (United States); Lookman, A.A. [Energy Systems Associates, Pittsburgh, PA (United States); Manos, M.G.; Corfman, D.W.; Waddingham, A.L. [Ohio Edison, Akron, OH (United States); Johnson, S.A. [Quinapoxet Engineering Solutions, Inc., Windham, NH (United States)

1996-04-01

Electric utility power plants account for about one-third of the NO{sub x} and two-thirds of the SO{sub 2} emissions in the US cyclone-fired boilers, while representing about 9% of the US coal-fired generating capacity, emit about 14% of the NO{sub x} produced by coal-fired utility boilers. Given this background, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Gas Research Institute, the Electric Power Research Institute, the Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center, and the Ohio Coal Development Office sponsored a program led by ABB Combustion Engineering, Inc. (ABB-CE) to demonstrate reburning on a cyclone-fired boiler. Ohio Edison provided Unit No. 1 at their Niles Station for the reburn demonstration along with financial assistance. The Niles Unit No. 1 reburn system was started up in September 1990. This reburn program was the first full-scale reburn system demonstration in the US. This report describes work performed during the program. The work included a review of reburn technology, aerodynamic flow model testing of reburn system design concepts, design and construction of the reburn system, parametric performance testing, long-term load dispatch testing, and boiler tube wall thickness monitoring. The report also contains a description of the Niles No. 1 host unit, a discussion of conclusions and recommendations derived from the program, tabulation of data from parametric and long-term tests, and appendices which contain additional tabulated test results.

Sodium pool fire model for CONACS code

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yung, S.C.

1982-01-01

The modeling of sodium pool fires constitutes an important ingredient in conducting LMFBR accident analysis. Such modeling capability has recently come under scrutiny at Westinghouse Hanford Company (WHC) within the context of developing CONACS, the Containment Analysis Code System. One of the efforts in the CONACS program is to model various combustion processes anticipated to occur during postulated accident paths. This effort includes the selection or modification of an existing model and development of a new model if it clearly contributes to the program purpose. As part of this effort, a new sodium pool fire model has been developed that is directed at removing some of the deficiencies in the existing models, such as SOFIRE-II and FEUNA

Deriving forest fire ignition risk with biogeochemical process modelling.

Science.gov (United States)

Eastaugh, C S; Hasenauer, H

2014-05-01

Climate impacts the growth of trees and also affects disturbance regimes such as wildfire frequency. The European Alps have warmed considerably over the past half-century, but incomplete records make it difficult to definitively link alpine wildfire to climate change. Complicating this is the influence of forest composition and fuel loading on fire ignition risk, which is not considered by purely meteorological risk indices. Biogeochemical forest growth models track several variables that may be used as proxies for fire ignition risk. This study assesses the usefulness of the ecophysiological model BIOME-BGC's 'soil water' and 'labile litter carbon' variables in predicting fire ignition. A brief application case examines historic fire occurrence trends over pre-defined regions of Austria from 1960 to 2008. Results show that summer fire ignition risk is largely a function of low soil moisture, while winter fire ignitions are linked to the mass of volatile litter and atmospheric dryness.

Deriving forest fire ignition risk with biogeochemical process modelling☆

Science.gov (United States)

Eastaugh, C.S.; Hasenauer, H.

2014-01-01

Climate impacts the growth of trees and also affects disturbance regimes such as wildfire frequency. The European Alps have warmed considerably over the past half-century, but incomplete records make it difficult to definitively link alpine wildfire to climate change. Complicating this is the influence of forest composition and fuel loading on fire ignition risk, which is not considered by purely meteorological risk indices. Biogeochemical forest growth models track several variables that may be used as proxies for fire ignition risk. This study assesses the usefulness of the ecophysiological model BIOME-BGC's ‘soil water’ and ‘labile litter carbon’ variables in predicting fire ignition. A brief application case examines historic fire occurrence trends over pre-defined regions of Austria from 1960 to 2008. Results show that summer fire ignition risk is largely a function of low soil moisture, while winter fire ignitions are linked to the mass of volatile litter and atmospheric dryness. PMID:26109905

The aspects of fire safety at landfills

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Aleshina Tat'yana Anatol'evna

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Starting with 2008 and till 2013 there have been alarm messages about fires occurring at landfill places in Russia. Landfill fires are especially dangerous as they emit dangerous fumes from the combustion of the wide range of materials within the landfill. Subsurface landfill fires, unlike typical fires, cannot be put out with water. The article includes the analysis of the sources and causes of conflagrations at landfills. There maintains the necessity to eliminate the reasons, which cause the fires. There are quantification indices of environmental, social and economic effects of fires at landfills all over Russia. Surface fires generally burn at relatively low temperatures and are characterized by the emission of dense white smoke and the products of incomplete combustion. The smoke includes irritating agents, such as organic acids and other compounds. Higher temperature fires can cause the breakdown of volatile compounds, which emit dense black smoke. Surface fires are classified as either accidental or deliberate. For the ecologic security there is a need in the execution of proper hygienic requirements to the content of the places as well as international recommendations. In addition to the burning and explosion hazards posed by landfill fires, smoke and other by-products of landfill fires also present a health risk to firefighters and others exposed to them. Smoke from landfill fires generally contains particulate matter (the products of incomplete combustion of the fuel source, which can aggravate pre-existing pulmonary conditions or cause respiratory distress and damage ecosystem. The monitoring of conducting preventive inflamings and transition to alternative, environment friendly methods of waste disposal is needed.

Immersive virtual reality-based training improves response in a simulated operating room fire scenario.

Science.gov (United States)

Sankaranarayanan, Ganesh; Wooley, Lizzy; Hogg, Deborah; Dorozhkin, Denis; Olasky, Jaisa; Chauhan, Sanket; Fleshman, James W; De, Suvranu; Scott, Daniel; Jones, Daniel B

2018-01-25

SAGES FUSE curriculum provides didactic knowledge on OR fire prevention. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of an immersive virtual reality (VR)-based OR fire training simulation system in combination with FUSE didactics. The study compared a control with a simulation group. After a pre-test questionnaire that assessed the baseline knowledge, both groups were given didactic material that consists of a 10-min presentation and reading materials about precautions and stopping an OR fire from the FUSE manual. The simulation group practiced on the OR fire simulation for one session that consisted of five trials within a week from the pre-test. One week later, both groups were reassessed using a questionnaire. A week after the post-test both groups also participated in a simulated OR fire scenario while their performance was videotaped for assessment. A total of 20 subjects (ten per group) participated in this IRB approved study. Median test scores for the control group increased from 5.5 to 9.00 (p = 0.011) and for the simulation group it increased from 5.0 to 8.5 (p = 0.005). Both groups started at the same baseline (pre-test, p = 0.529) and reached similar level in cognitive knowledge (post-test, p = 0.853). However, when tested in the mock OR fire scenario, 70% of the simulation group subjects were able to perform the correct sequence of steps in extinguishing the simulated fire whereas only 20% subjects in the control group were able to do so (p = 0.003). The simulation group was better than control group in correctly identifying the oxidizer (p = 0.03) and ignition source (p = 0.014). Interactive VR-based hands-on training was found to be a relatively inexpensive and effective mode for teaching OR fire prevention and management scenarios.

Comparison of post-fire seedling establishment between scrub communities in mediterranean and non-mediterranean climate ecosystems

Science.gov (United States)

Carrington, M.E.; Keeley, J.E.

1999-01-01

I Both fire regimes and the conditions under which fires occur vary widely. Abiotic conditions (such as climate) in combination with fire season, frequency and intensity could influence vegetation responses to fire. A variety of adaptations facilitate post-fire recruitment in mediterranean climate ecosystems, but responses of other communities are less well known. We evaluated the importance of climate by comparing sites with mediterranean and subtropical climates. 2 We used paired burned and mature sites in chamise chaparral, mixed chaparral and coastal sage scrub (California), and rosemary scrub, sand pine scrub and sand-hill (Florida), to test whether (i) patterns of pre-fire and post-fire seedling recruitment are more similar between communities within a region than between regions, and (ii) post-fire stimulation of seedling establishment is greater in regions with marked fire-induced contrasts in abiotic site characteristics. 3 Post-fire seedling densities were more similar among sites within climatic regions than between regions. Both seedling densities and proportions of species represented by seedlings after fires were generally higher in California. 4 The only site characteristic showing a pre-fire-post-fire contrast was percentage open canopy, and the effect was greater in California than in Florida. Soil properties were unaffected by fire. 5 Mediterranean climate ecosystems in other regions have nutrient-poor soils similar to our subtropical Florida sites, but show post-fire seedling recruitment patterns more similar to the nutrient-rich sites in California. Climate therefore appears to play a more major role than soil characteristics.

Remote Sensing Applied to the Study of Fire Regime Attributes and Their Influence on Post-Fire Greenness Recovery in Pine Ecosystems

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Víctor Fernández-García

2018-05-01

Full Text Available We aimed to analyze the relationship between fire regime attributes and the post-fire greenness recovery of fire-prone pine ecosystems over the short (2-year and medium (5-year term after a large wildfire, using both a single and a combined fire regime attribute approach. We characterized the spatial (fire size, temporal (number of fires, fire recurrence, and return interval, and magnitude (burn severity of the last fire fire regime attributes throughout a 40-year period with a long-time series of Landsat imagery and ancillary data. The burn severity of the last fire was measured by the dNBR (difference of the Normalized Burn Ratio spectral index, and classified according to the ground reference values of the CBI (Composite Burn Index. Post-fire greenness recovery was obtained through the difference of the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index between pre- and post-fire Landsat scenes. The relationship between fire regime attributes (single attributes: fire recurrence, fire return interval, and burn severity; combined attributes: fire recurrence-burn severity and fire return interval-burn severity and post-fire greenness recovery was evaluated using linear models. The results indicated that all the single and combined attributes significantly affected greenness recovery. The single attribute approach showed that high recurrence, short return interval and low severity situations had the highest vegetation greenness recovery. The combined attribute approach allowed us to identify a wider variety of post-fire greenness recovery situations than the single attribute one. Over the short term, high recurrence as well as short return interval scenarios showed the best post-fire greenness recovery independently of burn severity, while over the medium term, high recurrence combined with low severity was the most recovered scenario. This novel combined attribute approach (temporal plus magnitude could be of great value to forest managers in the

Management impacts on fire occurrence: A comparison of fire regimes of African and South American tropical savannas in different protected areas.

Science.gov (United States)

Alvarado, Swanni T; Silva, Thiago Sanna Freire; Archibald, Sally

2018-07-15

Humans can alter fire dynamics in grassland systems by changing fire frequency, fire seasonality and fuel conditions. These changes have effects on vegetation structure and recovery, species composition, and ecosystem function. Understanding how human management can affect fire regimes is vital to detect potential changes in the resilience of plant communities, and to predict vegetation responses to human interventions. We evaluated the fire regimes of two recently protected areas in Madagascar (Ibity and Itremo NPA) and one in Brazil (Serra do Cipó NP) before and after livestock exclusion and fire suppression policies. We compare the pre- and post-management fire history in these areas and analyze differences in terms of total annual burned area, density of ignitions, burn scar size distribution, fire return period and seasonal fire distribution. More than 90% of total park areas were burned at least once during the studied period, for all parks. We observed a significant reduction in the number of ignitions for Ibity NPA and Serra do Cipó NP after livestock exclusion and active fire suppression, but no significant change in total burned area for each protected area. We also observed a seasonal shift in burning, with fires happening later in the fire season (October-November) after management intervention. However, the protected areas in Madagascar had shorter fire return intervals (3.23 and 1.82 years) than those in Brazil (7.91 years). Our results demonstrate that fire exclusion is unattainable, and probably unwarranted in tropical grassland conservation areas, but show how human intervention in fire and vegetation patterns can alter various aspects of the fire regimes. This information can help with formulating realistic and effective fire management policies in these valuable conservation areas. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Analysis of fire and smoke threat to off-gas HEPA filters in a transuranium processing plant

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Alvares, N.J.

1988-01-01

The author performed an analysis of fire risk to the high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters that provide ventilation containment for a transuranium processing plant at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. A fire-safety survey by an independent fire-protection consulting company had identified the HEPA filters in the facility's off-gas containment ventilation system as being at risk from fire effects. Independently studied were the ventilation networks and flow dynamics, and typical fuel loads were analyzed. It was found that virtually no condition for fire initiation exists and that, even if a fire started, its consequences would be minimal as a result of standard shut-down procedures. Moreover, the installed fire-protection system would limit any fire and thus would further reduce smoke or heat exposure to the ventilation components. 4 references, 4 figures, 5 tables

Kuwait summons more fire fighting teams

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

1991-08-05

Kuwait is calling in more muscle to help kill its wild wells. This paper reports on the latest action in Kuwait, the leasing of well control contracts to Abel Engineering/Well Control Inc., Houston, and China Petroleum Engineering Construction Co. (CPEC). Abel is the sixth North American well control company called to the scene, while CPEC is the first summoned from the East. In addition, the service responsible for combating well fires and blowouts in the U.S.S.R.'s Azerbaijan oil fields signed an agreement with Kuwait's government, apparently involving a contract valued at more than $100 million, to extinguish fires at 150 Kuwaiti wells, reported Eastern Bloc Energy, a publication of Eastern Bloc Research Ltd., Newton Kyme, U.K. More help likely is on the way.

Communicating about smoke from wildland fire: challenges and ways to address them

Science.gov (United States)

Christine S. Olsen; Danielle K. Mazzotta; Eric Toman; A. Paige. Fischer

2014-01-01

Wildland fire and associated management efforts are dominant topics in natural resource fields. Smoke from fires can be a nuisance and pose serious health risks and aggravate pre-existing health conditions. When it results in reduced visibility near roadways, smoke can also pose hazardous driving conditions and reduce the scenic value of vistas. Communicating about...

Results of combustion and emissions testing when co-firing blends of binder-enhanced densified refuse-derived fuel (b-dRDF) pellets and coal in a 440 MW{sub e} cyclone fired combustor. Volume 3: Appendices

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ohlsson, O.

1994-07-01

This report contains the data resulting from the co-firing of b-dRDF pellets and coal in a 440-MW{sub e} cyclone-fired combustor. These tests were conducted under a Collaborative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA). The CRADA partners included the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Otter Tail Power Company, Green Isle Environmental, Inc., XL Recycling Corporation, and Marblehead Lime Company. The report is made up of three volumes. This volume contains other supporting information, along with quality assurance documentation and safety and test plans. With this multi-volume approach, readers can find information at the desired level of detail, depending on individual interest or need.

An optimization model for natural gas supply portfolios of a power generation company

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jirutitijaroen, Panida; Kim, Sujin; Kittithreerapronchai, Oran; Prina, José

2013-01-01

Highlights: ► An optimization model for daily operation of a natural gas-fired generation company is proposed. ► The model considers uncertainties in electricity price and natural gas price. ► The model is formulated to capture the hedging decisions by the company. ► The solution yields quantities of natural gas, generating schedule and purchasing quantities of electricity. ► Higher profit can be achieved by adapting inventory and production to the actual spot prices of natural gas and electricity. - Abstract: This paper considers a deregulated electricity market environment where a natural gas-fired generation company can engage in different types of contracts to manage its natural gas supply as well as trade on the electricity market. If the contracts are properly designed, they can protect the company from fluctuations in electricity price and demand, at some cost to the company’s expected profit. This reduction in profit can be mitigated by trading on the natural gas and electricity spot markets, but this trading activity may also sometimes result in losses. A stochastic programming model is formulated to capture the hedging decisions made by the company, as well as the interactions between the natural gas and electricity markets. The benefits offered by this approach for profit maximization in a variety of business scenarios, such as the case where the company can hold some amount of gas in storage are studied and presented. It is found that the stochastic model enables the company to optimize the electricity generation schedule and the natural gas consumption, including spot price transactions and gas storage management. Several managerial insights into the natural gas market, natural gas storage, and distribution profit are given

Towards improved quantification of post-fire conifer mortality and recovery: Impacts of fire radiative flux on seedling and mature tree mortality, physiology, and growth

Science.gov (United States)

Sparks, A. M.; Kolden, C.; Smith, A. M.

2016-12-01

Fire activity, in terms of intensity, frequency, and total area burned, is expected to increase with changing climate. A challenge for landscape level assessment of fire effects, termed burn severity, is that current assessments provide very little information regarding vegetation physiological performance and recovery, limiting our understanding of fire effects on ecosystem services such as carbon storage/cycling. To address these limitations, we evaluated an alternative dose-response methodology for quantifying fire effects that attempts to bridge fire combustion dynamics and ecophysiology. Specifically, we conducted a highly controlled, laboratory assessment of seedling response to increasing doses of fire radiative energy applied through surface fires, for two western U.S. conifer species. Seedling physiology and spectral reflectance were acquired pre- and up to 1 year post-fire. Post-fire mortality, physiological performance, and spectral reflectance were strongly related with fire radiative energy density (FRED: J m-2) dose. To examine how these relationships change with tree size and age, we conducted small prescribed fires at the tree scale (35 m2) in a mature conifer stand. Radial growth and resin duct defenses were assessed on the mature conifer trees following the prescribed fires. Differences in dose-response relationships between seedlings and mature trees indicate the importance of fire behavior (e.g., flaming-dominated versus smoldering-dominated combustion) in characterizing these relationships. Ultimately, these results suggest that post-fire impacts on growth of surviving seedlings and mature trees require modes of heat transfer to impact tree canopies.

The Problem of Multiplicity of Insurance Contracts from the Fire to the Money of the Insured in the Jordanian Civil Law

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Dr. Nabeel Farhan Al Shatanawi

2017-11-01

Full Text Available The insured, in some cases the conclusion of more than a decade of insurance against risk of fire to more than insurance companies, so as to increase the total amount of insurance cover for the value of the money of the insured, what is the extent of commitment by all insurance companies to pay compensation when the risk of fire? This study sheds light on the position of the Jordanian legislature to demonstrate the shortcomings and imperfections in the drawback of legislative texts the issue of multiple insurance contracts from the fire, and realized the need to restore the Jordanian legislature consideration of this legislative regulation in terms of the need to distinguish between the insurer and the good faith and bad faith in the case of multiple insurance contracts and their impact on the right to obtain compensation when the danger, and the provisions of the commitment of the insured to notify the insurance company in multiple insurance contracts.

Fire, humans and landscape. Is there a connection?

Science.gov (United States)

Valese, Eva; Ascoli, Davide; Conedera, Marco; Held, Alex

2013-04-01

Fire evolved on the earth under the direct influence of climate and the accumulation of burnable biomass at various times and spatial scales. As a result, fire regimes depend not only on climatic and biological factors, but also greatly reflect the cultural background of how people do manage ecosystems and fire. A new awareness among scientists and managers has been rising about the ecological role of fire and the necessity to understand its past natural and cultural dynamics in different ecosystems, in order to preserve present ecosystem functionality and minimize management costs and negative impacts. As a consequence we assisted in the last decades to a general shift from the fire control to the fire management approach, where fire prevention, fire danger rating, fire ecology, fire pre-suppression and suppression strategies are fully integrated in the landscape management. Nowadays, a large number of authors recognize that a total suppression strategy, as the one adopted during last decades, leads to a fire paradox: the more we fight for putting out all fires, the more extreme events occur and cause long term damages. The aim of this review is to provide a state of art about the connection between fire, humans and landscape, along time and space. Negative and positive impacts on ecosystem services and values are put in evidence, as well as their incidence on human aptitude to fire use as to fire suppression. In order to capture a consistent fragment of fire history, palaeofires and related palynological studies are considered. They enable a valuable, even if partial, look at the millenary fire regime. Actual strategies and future directions are described in order to show what are the alternatives for living with fire, since removing completely this disturbance from earth is not a option, nor feasible neither advisable. Examples from the world, in particular from the Alps and the Mediterranean basin, are shown for better illustrating the signature of

The impact of fire on sand dune stability: Surface coverage and biomass recovery after fires on Western Australian coastal dune systems from 1988 to 2016

Science.gov (United States)

Shumack, Samuel; Hesse, Paul; Turner, Liam

2017-12-01

This study aims to determine the common response of coastal sand dunes in Western Australia (WA) to fire on decadal time-scales, in terms of ecological-geomorphic-climatic interactions to test the hypothesis that fire plays a role in coastal dune destabilisation. Fires are commonly suggested to have contributed to widespread dune reactivation in Australia and globally, a hypothesis that is relatively untested. We used data from the Landsat Thematic Mapper, Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus, and Operational Land Imager missions to monitor changes in surface coverage on coastal sand dunes in south-west WA after fires. We analysed 31 fire scars from 1988 to 2016 in two Landsat scenes on the west and south coast of WA. Recovery ratios derived from the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were used to monitor patterns in post-fire biomass and surface cover. Recovery ratios are correlated with indices of burn severity, and meteorological data to investigate relationships. We also used Maximum Likelihood Classification to monitor changes in bare sand area. Results suggest that recovery followed a strongly consistent pattern, and is characterised by rapid vegetation cover re-establishment within six to twelve months. Prior to this, some aeolian activity may have occurred but without substantial surface changes. Initial germination and/or resprouting were followed by steady growth up to seven years, where NDVI typically neared pre-fire values. Some variation in early recovery occurred between the west and south coast, possibly owing to relative proportions of reseeding and resprouting plants. A log regression explained 75% of the recovery pattern (79% on the south coast). Precipitation had some ability to explain recovery up to nine months post-fire (r2 = 0.29 to 0.54). No relationships were observed between estimates of burn severity and recovery. After nine months, the biggest cause of spatial variation in recovery was the pre-fire community composition and related

Insomnia symptoms and their association with workplace productivity: cross-sectional and pre-post intervention analyses from a large multinational manufacturing company.

Science.gov (United States)

Espie, Colin A; Pawlecki, Brent; Waterfield, Dickon; Fitton, Kit; Radocchia, Michael; Luik, Annemarie I

2018-06-01

Symptoms of insomnia are common and might impact work productivity. We investigated the relationship between insomnia symptoms and workplace productivity in a global manufacturing company. Within an uncontrolled, cross-sectional study, employees from a US-based company were invited to participate in an online evaluation comprising the Sleep Condition Indicator (SCI) measuring symptoms of insomnia (high score indicating better sleep), 2 items of the Work Productivity and Impairment Index (WPAI) measuring 'presenteeism' and 'absenteeism' (high score indicating loss of work productivity) and 1 item of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) from January 2015 onwards. Pre-post, within-subject data were collected to preliminary test effects of 'sleep tips' and digital cognitive behavioral therapy (dCBT). In 2798 employees [72% male; mean age 46.3(SD11.8) yrs] sleep was poorest in plant staff [SCI = 3.70(2.73)], then retail staff [4.34(3.02)], then office staff [4.95(2.83): overall F(2,2786) = 43.7, P work-related productivity, with stress only contributing a further 9%. A regression model for 'absenteeism' was statistically significant but of limited predictive value (R 2 = 3.4%). In a sample of 214 employees with pre- and post-intervention data, the SCI of those exposed to sleep tips significantly increased from 5.36(3.28) to 6.01(3.22), [t(123) = -3.02, P = .003] and from 3.08(2.24) to 6.03(2.97) for those who accessed dCBT [t(89) = -8.40, P work productivity. Additionally, targeted insomnia interventions may offer potential to improve sleep and work productivity. Copyright © 2018 National Sleep Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DAYCENT Simulations to Test the Influence of Fire Regime and Fire Suppression on Trace Gas Fluxes and Nitrogen Biogeochemistry of Colorado Forests

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Mark A. Gathany

2012-07-01

Full Text Available Biological activity and the physical environment regulate greenhouse gas fluxes (CH₄, N₂O and NO from upland soils. Wildfires are known to alter these factors such that we collected daily weather records, fire return intervals, or specific fire years, and soil data of four specific sites along the Colorado Front Range. These data were used as primary inputs into DAYCENT. In this paper we test the ability of DAYCENT to simulate four forested sites in this area and to address two objectives: (1 to evaluate the short-term influence of fire on trace gas fluxes from burned landscapes; and (2 to compare trace gas fluxes among locations and between pre-/post- fire suppression. The model simulations indicate that CH₄ oxidation is relatively unaffected by wildfire. In contrast, gross nitrification rates were reduced by 13.5–37.1% during the fire suppression period. At two of the sites, we calculated increases in gross nitrification rates (>100%, and N₂O and NO fluxes during the year of fire relative to the year before a fire. Simulated fire suppression exhibited decreased gross nitrification rates presumably as nitrogen is immobilized. This finding concurs with other studies that highlight the importance of forest fires to maintain soil nitrogen availability.

Fire effects on the composition of a bird community in an amazonian Savanna (Brazil

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R. Cintra

Full Text Available The effects of fire on the composition of a bird community were investigated in an Amazonian savanna near Alter-do-Chão, Pará (Brazil. Mist-net captures and visual counts were used to assess species richness and bird abundance pre- and post-fire in an approximately 20 ha area. Visual counts along transects were used to survey birds in an approximately 2000 ha area in a nearby area. Results using the same method of ordination analysis (multidimensional scaling showed significant effects of fire in the 20 ha and 2000 ha areas and strongly suggest direct effects on bird community composition. However, the effects were different at different spatial scales and/or in different years, indicating that the effects of fire vary spatially and/or temporally. Bird community composition pre-fire was significantly different from that found post-fire. Using multiple regression analysis it was found that the numbers of burned and unburned trees were not significantly related to either bird species richness or bird abundance. Two months after the fire, neither bird species richness nor bird abundance was significantly related to the number of flowering trees (Lafoensia pacari or fruiting trees (Byrsonima crassifolia. Since fire is an annual event in Alter-do-Chão and is becoming frequent in the entire Amazon, bird community composition in affected areas could be constantly changing in time and space.

Effects of Burn Severity and Environmental Conditions on Post-Fire Regeneration in Siberian Larch Forest

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Thuan Chu

2017-03-01

Full Text Available Post-fire forest regeneration is strongly influenced by abiotic and biotic heterogeneity in the pre- and post-fire environments, including fire regimes, species characteristics, landforms, hydrology, regional climate, and soil properties. Assessing these drivers is key to understanding the long-term effects of fire disturbances on forest succession. We evaluated multiple factors influencing patterns of variability in a post-fire boreal Larch (Larix sibirica forest in Siberia. A time-series of remote sensing images was analyzed to estimate post-fire recovery as a response variable across the burned area in 1996. Our results suggested that burn severity and water content were primary controllers of both Larch forest recruitment and green vegetation cover as defined by the forest recovery index (FRI and the fractional vegetation cover (FVC, respectively. We found a high rate of Larch forest recruitment in sites of moderate burn severity, while a more severe burn was the preferable condition for quick occupation by vegetation that included early seral communities of shrubs, grasses, conifers and broadleaf trees. Sites close to water and that received higher solar energy during the summer months showed a higher rate of both recovery types, defined by the FRI and FVC, dependent on burn severity. In addition to these factors, topographic variables and pre-fire condition were important predictors of post-fire forest patterns. These results have direct implications for the post-fire forest management in the Siberian boreal Larch region.

EFFECTS OF FIRE FUMES ON ALMOND SAFETY AND QUALITY

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Amanda Ramírez-Gandolfo

2011-08-01

Full Text Available A fire originated and burnt two cold chambers; the present study focused on almonds stored in adjacent chambers (4, 5, 6 and 13 and evaluated both their food safety and quality. Testing for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans was carried out in affected facilities, packaging and almonds. Experimental results proved that fire fumes did not reach chambers 4-6, but traces were found in bin packaging of chamber 13; thus, packaging from this chamber were changed. Concentrations of benzo(apyrene were low enough to prove that fire fumes did not get in contact with the stored almonds. Later, only volatile compounds typical of nuts were identified in both raw and toasted almonds. Finally, a trained panel concluded that no sensory signal of fumes reaching almonds was found. This manuscript could be taken as a model protocol to establish whether fire fumes have reached and affected the safety and/or quality of foods. This information will be especially useful for insurance companies.

77 FR 39322 - Companies Holding Certificates of Authority as Acceptable Sureties on Federal Bonds and as...

Science.gov (United States)

2012-07-02

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Post Fire Vegetation Recovery in Greece after the large Drought event of 2007