Táticas caminhantes: cinema marginal e flanâncias juvenis pela cidade

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Edwar de Alencar Castelo Branco

2007-06-01

Full Text Available Este trabalho baseia-se na análise de filmes em formato não-comercial e reflete sobre as tensões existentes entre a cidade visível, configurada no discurso urbanista, e as cidades subjetivas, expressas nas práticas cotidianas de seus consumidores. O centro do argumento consiste na idéia de que os filmes em estudo configuram uma guerrilha semântica que objetivou efetuar novas leituras do espaço urbano com base na localização e ocupação dos lugares da cidade por meio de movimentos táticos. O corpo de fontes é composto por seis filmes do "espectro Torquato Neto" rodados entre 1972 e 1974 em Teresina (PI e no Rio de Janeiro.This work, from the analysis of film in not-commercial format, reflects about the existing tensions between the visible city, configured in the talk town planner, and the express, subjective cities in the routine practices of his consumers. The center of the argument consists of the idea of that the film in study configure a semantic guerrilla that planned to perform news readings of the urban space from the location and occupation of the places of the city by means of tactical movements. The body of springs is composed for six film of the "spectrum Torquato Neto" rolled between 1972 and 1974 in the cities of Teresina (PI and Rio de Janeiro.

As redes técnicas sanitárias na estruturação do território: análise da cidade de Maringa-PR entre 1947-1980

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Leonardo Cassimiro Barbosa

2016-01-01

A cidade de Maringá, implantada ex novo, surge com status de cidade moderna em razão do seu plano urbanístico, que apresenta ressonâncias do ideário garden city, do zoning, do movimento city beautiful e do pensamento higienista. Contudo, as redes técnicas, elementos característicos da cidade moderna, demoraram a se estabelecer, pois a CTNP/CMNP, agente privado responsável pelo plano de colonização no qual a cidade se insere, não tinha as infraestruturas urbanas como prioridade nas cidades que...

Cidade inteligente Búzios : entre paradigmas e percepções

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Freitas, João Alcantara de

2014-01-01

A partir da segunda metade da década de 1990, com o avanço da informática, passou-se a integrar Tecnologia da Informação (TI) em vários processos de gestão das cidades. A partir desta integração, nasce o conceito genérico de Smart City, traduzido – não literalmente – para o português como Cidade inteligente. O conceito está sendo disseminado rapidamente, mas destaca-se que não há consenso em sua definição, o que faz com que os projetos desta natureza sejam bastante heterog...

Da ordem. Da cidade. Da literatura: personagens à beira do "ruim do mundo"

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Eliana Kuster

2007-12-01

Full Text Available As grandes cidades estão doentes. Seus sintomas: a quebra da sociabilidade e a irrupção rotineira da violência. Diante disso, ecoa na sociedade um clamor por ordem. No mesmo momento em que a polícia põe a tropa na rua, os literatos criam personagens que dão voz à sensação crescente de que a cidade está deixando de ser uma referência à constituição das identidades urbanas. É a partir da literatura, em especial da obra do escritor Rubem Fonseca, que iremos perscrutar as possibilidades apresentadas pela cidade para o convívio humano.The great cities are sick. Its indications: the sociability in addition and the routine irruption of the violence. Ahead of this, a outcry for order echoes in the society. At the same moment where the policy goes to the street, the writers create personages who give voice to the increasing sensation of that the city is leaving of being a reference to the constitution of the urban identities. It is from literature, in special of the writer Rubem Fonseca, that we will go to investigate the possibilities presented for the city for the human conviviality.

A cidade brasileira como espaço cultural

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Barbara Freitag-Rouanet

2000-05-01

Full Text Available O artigo discute uma tese polêmica do filósofo tcheco Vilém Flusser, que viveu mais de 30 anos em São Paulo, depois de escapar aos nazistas que ocuparam Praga. De todas as cidades brasileiras, São Paulo é a que menos merece o título de cidade. Falta-lhe um espaço cultural inovador, apesar da riqueza e dinâmica de sua economia e de sua força política. O conceito de cidade subjacente ao pensamento de Flusser orienta-se pelo modelo da pólis grega e da cidade de Praga, antes da Segunda Guerra. Além disso, Flusser valoriza os novos códigos (de linguagem, de expressão arquitetônica, estética, musical, pictoral, capazes de integrar as influências multiculturais da história brasileira. A autora procura compreender a argumentação de Flusser, hoje comparado a um Walter Benjamin da pós-modernidade, mostrando contudo que sua tese foi precipitada. Saiu nos anos 70 de São Paulo, antes do fim da ditadura; não conheceu as grandes realizações da Bienal de Arte Moderna; não conheceu o ciclo de realizações Arte e Cidade no fim da década de 90, essencialmente baseado nas tecnologias da micro eletrônica da era digital, do PC e da internet, que ela festejava como novas linguagens.This article discusses Vilém Flussers controversial thesis. The Czech philosopher lived in São Paulo for over 30 after having fled the Nazi occupation of Prague. Of all Brazilian towns, São Paulo is the one which least deserves to be called a city. It lacks an innovative cultural space, in spite of its rich and dynamic economy and political strength. The concept of city subjacent to Flussers view is based on the model of the Greek polis and on Prague before the Second World War. Flusser also values the new codes (of language, architectural, aesthetic, musical and pictorial expression which are parts of the multicultural influences on Brazilian history. The author analyses Flussers reasoning and shows how his was a hasty thesis. Flusser, who is considered to

Aragarças: a cidade encantada no sertão de Goiás

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Manuel Ferreira Lima Filho

2000-06-01

Full Text Available Analiso aqui o espaço social da cidade de Aragarças que foi construída pela Expedição Roncador-Xingu (1942-1943 e Fundação Brasil Central, (1943-1967, contextualizadas no movimento Marcha para o Oeste, iniciada pelo governo de Getúlio Vargas. A parte Alta da cidade é a materialização no espaço das representações sociais da comunidade de memória que se formou, de modo especial, representada pelos pioneiros servidores que viveram na cidade o apogeu da Fundação Brasil Central, nas décadas de 1940 e 1950, quando foram construídas suas principais obras como o hospital, o hotel Getúlio Vargas, a olaria, o aeroporto e as pontes sobre os rios Garças e Araguaia que uniram a cidade com Barra do Garças (MT. No período, constitui-se uma grande malha área regional, militarizando o espaço aéreo do Brasil Central e Amazônia. Em oposição, existe a parte Baixa da cidade, situada às margens do rio Araguaia, que a Expedição Roncador Xingu já encontrara ocupada pelos garimpeiros e sertanejos. Compreender a fusão cidade/pioneiro é primordial para se ter acesso à cadeia de signos que produzem uma comunicação da cultura do pioneiro do médio Araguaia e suas relações sociais.I analyze here the social space of the city of Aragarças. Built by the Roncador-Xingu Expedition (1942-1943 and Fundação Brasil Central [(1943-1967, both contextualized in the movement March to the West, begun by Getúlio Vargas's government. The high part of the city, begun in the space named by the pioneers of the 'Old Base' is the materialization in the space of the social representations from community memory that was formed, in a special way, represented by the pioneer workers that lived in the city the acme of the Brazil Central Foundation, in the decades of 1940 and 1950. Its main works were the building of the hospital, Getúlio Vargas Hotel, the pottery , the airport and the bridges on the rivers Garças and Araguaia that united the city with

As marcas da cidade: a dinâmica da pixação em São Paulo The city's marks: the taggers dynamics in São Paulo

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Alexandre Barbosa Pereira

2010-01-01

Full Text Available O artigo tem como foco os pixadores na cidade de São Paulo. Trata-se de jovens que percorrem as ruas da cidade deixando inscrita em muros, prédios e viadutos a sua marca. Tal prática, porém, não é vista com bons olhos pela população paulistana, que vê na pixação uma forma de degradação da paisagem urbana. Aborda também o modo particular com que estes jovens se apropriam do espaço urbano pelo estabelecimento de pontos de encontro, os seus points. Os pixadores têm uma maneira de conceber o centro e a periferia de São Paulo que dialoga com a dinâmica da metrópole. Embora se identifiquem com a periferia de onde são oriundos, eles têm o centro como importante local de atuação. A pesquisa revelou como eles estabelecem relações de troca, aliança e conflito entre si na cidade.The article has as focus the taggers in the city of São Paulo, who covers the streets of the city to leave written in walls, buildings and viaducts their marks. Such practice, however, is not seen with good eyes by the paulistana population who sees in this writing a degradation of the urban landscape. The article also approaches the particular way by which these young appropriate themselves of the urban space through the establishment of meeting points. The taggers have a way to conceive the center and the periphery of São Paulo that dialogues with the dynamics of the metropolis. Although they are identified with the periphery where they are from, they have the center as an important performance place. The research disclosed how they establish exchange relations, alliances and conflicts between them in the city.

Novas perspectivas para gestão das cidades: Estatuto da Cidade e mercado imobiliário

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Gislene Pereira

2004-01-01

Full Text Available Lack of the use of urban property for individual benefit lets the land market act as the major force structuring the city. Within this context, the urban poor are excluded from the benefits of urbanizationand makes its way into the city’s territory through irregular occupation. Facing such situation, this paper presents an analysis of the city of Curitiba, Paraná, from the standpoint of the land market and its relationship to the urban structuring process, in order to demonstrate how the capitalist city segregates and excludes that share of the population whose income does not allow them access to the formal land market. The paper analyzes the possibilities of Federal Law 10.257/01 – Estatuto da Cidade – to intervene on the logics of the land market, thus recovering the discussions about urban reform and creating prospects for the fulfillment of the city’s social function. Finally, this paper attempts to identify possibilities and limits of public policies on the production of space in order to contribute to the overcoming of the sociospatial segregation and consequently to the improvement of life conditions in the city.

Perfil do consumidor de frutas em cidades do interior do estado de São Paulo - SP Fruit consumer profile in cities of the interior of the state of São Paulo - SP

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José Matheus Yalenti Perosa

2012-12-01

Full Text Available Estudos relacionados ao perfil do consumidor colocam-se como importante subsídio à participação competitiva dos diferentes segmentos nas cadeias agroalimentares e para a própria organização da mesma. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de identificar o perfil dos consumidores de frutas em cidades do interior do Estado de São Paulo. A amostra foi constituída de 404 consumidores em pontos de venda previamente selecionados nas cidades de Botucatu, Avaré, Jaboticabal, Ilha Solteira e Tupã. Os resultados sobre o perfil do consumidor de frutas nas cidades pesquisadas sinalizam uma preocupação com as características do produto (saudáveis e saborosos, com o preço e com facilidades de acesso na compra. Os resultados apontam também para a necessidade de maiores estudos sobre a importância da informação relacionada aos aspectos mais valorizados (características do produto e preço na estrutura de consumo.Scientific studies analyzing consumers profile and decision-making processes play an important role on companies' strategies and vertical coordination action to increase efficiency on food chains. This research mapped the profile of food consumers on medium size cities on the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The sample considered 404 consumers in sale spots of 5 cities: Botucatu, Avaré, Jaboticabal, Ilha Solteira and Tupã. The results suggested that consumers of the 5 cities are concerned about fruit attributes like healthiness and flavor, but not neglecting price and access to market facilities. These results highlighted the importance of marketing actions to emphasize important characteristics valued by consumers, like price and product related attributes.

DO DIREITO À CIDADE AO FAZER-CIDADE. O ANTROPÓLOGO, A MARGEM E O CENTRO

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Michel Agier

2015-12-01

Full Text Available Resumo Neste artigo, proponho definir a antropologia da cidade como a exploração etnográfica e a compreensão reflexiva das situações, dos lugares e dos movimentos que "fazem cidade". Fazer-cidade é o meio para a instauração do "direito à cidade", aqui e agora. De acordo com esta concepção, algumas práticas polêmicas ou eventualmente minoritárias (invasões, ocupações ganham um sentido radical de um ponto de vista teórico, pois fazem nascer - a partir das margens, das fronteiras, do precário, do vazio e da desordem - um desejo e um apelo em direção a um horizonte de cidade sonhada, virtual ou ideal. O movimento do fazer-cidade é incitado por uma ausência (ao se afirmar que "a cidade está morta" e impulsionado por uma imagem, um mito perdido, um horizonte ainda que inatingíveis. Neste contexto e segundo um princípio geral de relatividade, a antropologia da cidade não produz nem se refere a nenhuma definição normativa da cidade em si, mas a concebe como o movimento contínuo de sua construção e desconstrução.

Metamorfoses da cidade portuária: transformações da relação entre o porto e a cidade de Lisboa Métamorphoses de la ville portuaire: transformations de la relation entre le port et la ville de Lisbonne Port city metamorphosis: transformations of the relationship between the port and the city of Lisbon

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André Fernandes

2012-06-01

Full Text Available O processo de evolução dos portos no período moderno tem sido determinado pela mutabilidade das funções portuárias, induzida por factores como as evoluções tecnológicas nos navios, nos equipamentos de apoio à movimentação de mercadorias ou nas técnicas de armazenagem, transformações nos padrões do comércio internacional, modificações na organização dos transportes marítimos ou alargamento e complexificação das cadeias logísticas globais. Como resultado destas mutações, assiste-se a uma concomitante evolução da estrutura, morfologia e extensão dos espaços ocupados por actividades portuárias e actividades complementares. Neste contexto, a relação entre o porto e a cidade de Lisboa (Portugal é marcada por uma grande complexidade desde logo imprimida pela tradição histórica que a mesma encerra e pela magnitude e intensidade de um processo que envolve a principal infra-estrutura do sistema portuário nacional e a maior cidade do país. Note-se, porém, que de uma relação simbiótica cidade-porto, em que o porto exercia um papel estrutural na organização da cidade e das suas funções, evoluiu-se para uma relação em que a cidade, polarizadora do sistema urbano regional e principal elemento de integração nacional na rede urbana peninsular e europeia, se autonomiza e assume um carácter eminentemente generalista, economicamente diversificado e funcionalmente complexo. Não obstante esta evolução, o porto mantém-se como ponto nodal de integração da cidade-região em sistemas globais de fluxos materiais e imateriais. Tratando-se de um elemento progressivamente menos integrado na estrutura urbana e funcional da cidade, o porto contínua assim a marcar a cadência de importantes mutações e transformações. Com efeito, à luz de conceptualizações e sistematizações teóricas e da análise das evidências empíricas, analisa-se a evolução da relação entre o porto e a cidade de Lisboa (incidindo nas

Donald Pierson e a escola sociológica de Chicago no Brasil: os estudos urbanos na cidade de São Paulo (1935-1950 Donald Pierson and the Sociological School of Chicago in Brazil: urban studies in the city of São Paulo (1935-1950

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Edgar S.G. Mendoza

2005-12-01

Full Text Available O artigo, em termos amplos, trata da influência de Donald Pierson, formado na Escola Sociológica de Chicago, que teve maior repercussão na pesquisa urbana no Brasil, nos anos 30 e 50, tanto na Sociologia quanto na Antropologia, na cidade de São Paulo. A pesquisa urbana no Brasil tanto sociológica quanto antropológica teve referenciais teóricos que deixaram sua marcas nos trabalhos da época. No meu argumento, se pensarmos nos campos científicos da Antropologia e da Sociologia Urbana no Brasil, uma das tendências teóricas em um momento histórico e teórico foi a Escola Sociológica de Chicago. Um resgate de pesquisas precursoras de estudos urbanos na cidade de São Paulo poderiam comprovar a influência da Escola de Chicago. Apesar de serem pesquisas isoladas, enfatizaram fortemente questões propriamente urbanas. Seria arriscado defini-las nesta época como uma Sociologia Urbana propriamente dita, em São Paulo. O motivo de trazê-las é demonstrar que realmente foram um antecedente dos estudos urbanos no Brasil, entre 1935-1950. Assim, posso dizer que a Sociologia da Escola de Chicago teve influência em três campos no Brasil: a relações raciais (negros, brancos e imigrantes, b estudos de comunidade (pequenas cidades rurais e c estudos na cidade (principalmente São Paulo. Portanto, estou pensando a cidade de São Paulo como um cenário em termos gerais, como uma agenda de pesquisa institucional nos anos 35-50. Entre as poucas e modestas pesquisas de Sociologia na cidade de São Paulo tomada como objeto de estudo, foi feita uma etnografia na cidade ou uma etnografia urbana diferente dos clássicos estudos de comunidades em pequenas cidades rurais. Temos inicialmente oito trabalhos que foram publicados principalmente como artigos em revistas, sendo o objeto de pesquisa alguns bairros da cidade ou em outras cidades. O ponto central do artigo está na ampla bibliografia que foi encontrada, e apresentada no final do texto sobre a

Traces of an urban river: communicated city, perceived city

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Duarte, Fábio

2006-01-01

A análise do modo como as pessoas vivenciam a cidade e como regiões fazem parte do imagin��rio urbano é uma das questões mais importantes para o sucesso de um projeto de intervenção urbana. Neste artigo, apresentamos uma metodologia para a análise de como um ambiente está presente e é construído no imaginário urbano, tomando como estudo de caso o rio Belém, na cidade de Curitiba.The analysis of how people live in the city and how some regions are integrated into the urban imagination is one o...

Cidades Inteligentes

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Gouveia, Luís Borges

2015-01-01

Apresentação realizada na Universidade Lusófona, Porto, 14 de abril 2015 Cidades Inteligentes: a exploração do digital - A importância das cidades é crescente. - É nestes espaços que conflui muita da atividade humana e se joga a qualidade de vida dos territórios que estas representam e lideram, quer do ponto de vista económico, quer cultural e naturalmente político. - Os desafios e as oportunidades proporcionadas pelo digital exigem uma abordagem estruturada que as potencie as cid...

Luanda e Maputo: inflexões suburbanísticas da cidade socialista à cidade-metrópole neoliberal Luanda and Maputo: sub-urbanistic inflections from the socialist city to the neoliberal metropolis city

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Vanessa Melo

2012-12-01

Full Text Available Luanda e Maputo, duas capitais africanas da lusofonia, são marcadas por crescentes desigualdades socioespaciais.Os centros urbanizados dessas urbes, traçados pela e para a sociedade colonial e onde hoje reside a maioria da população de maiores recursos, distinguem-se dos densos e extensos subúrbios habitacionais suburbanizados, onde outrora residia a sociedade colonizada e hoje se acantona a população de menores recursos. Nos primeiros anos de independência, em contexto de ideologia de inspiração socialista, economia planificada e planeamento centralizado, ambos os países visaram diminuir as desigualdades socioespaciais herdadas do colonialismo, intervindo nos subúrbios. A partir de finais da década de 80 do século XX, com o início da liberalização econômica e política, que levou, em Moçambique, à descentralização (ainda emergente em Angola, surgem novos actores, indutores de diferentes modelos de cidade e de fazer cidade, diversificando-se os tipos de intervenções suburbanas. A explosão, segregação e complexidade socioespacial desses subúrbios tem-se intensificado com a adopção do modelo de cidade neoliberal, competitiva e desigual.Tomando como referência esses dois grandes períodos sociopolíticos e urbanísticos, este artigo restitui,num olhar cruzado e crítico, diferentes tipos de intervenção nos subúrbios habitacionais semiurbanizados.O seu principal objectivo é reflectir sobre a circulação de influências e os paradigmas suburbanísticos em que se inscrevem.

Planejamento governamental e políticas públicas: a estratégia "Cidades Saudáveis"

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Tania Margarete Mezzomo Keinert

1997-12-01

Full Text Available A proposta de "Cidades Saudáveis" é analisada enquanto instrumento de planejamento, questionando-se sua adequabilidade ao contexto atual de globalização, mudanças rápidas e descontínuas. Discute-se a necessidade de que este instrumento seja flexível, gere compromisso e propicie condições para a aprendizagem organizacional. Conclui-se propondo que se entenda "Cidades Saudáveis" como uma estratégia de governo, mais do que um plano formulado explicitamente.The article analyses the Healthy Cities proposal as a tool of planning, arguing about its adequacy to the present context of globalization, rapid discontinuous changes. It affirms the need that it would be a flexible tool, that generates commitment and favors conditions for organizational learning. It concludes with the proposition that the Healthy Cities proposal means more a strategy than a explicitly formulated plan.

Entre a ruína e a obra de arte: psicossociologia da percepção da cidade histórica turística Between the ruin and the work of art: social psychology of touristic-historic city perception

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Arley Andriolo

2009-08-01

Full Text Available Este artigo objetiva discutir o processo de significação da cidade histórica turística de Ouro Preto. Desenvolve-se por meio de uma pesquisa em psicologia social baseada na fenomenologia e no estudo micro-histórico da percepção. O trabalho foi baseado em extensa pesquisa de artigos, livros e outras fontes sobre a cidade de Ouro Preto. Ao final, mostram-se os diferentes discursos concernentes a quatro campos perceptivos criados durante o século XX.This article aims to discuss the signification process of the tourist-historic city of Ouro Preto. It is developed through a social psychology research based on a phenomenological approach and a micro-historical study of perception. It was based on an extent research on articles, books and others documents about Ouro Preto city. At the end, one shows the different discourses concerning four main perception fields created during the 20th century.

O Transito e o Turismo na Cidade de caldas Novas - GO / TRAFFIC AND TOURISM IN THE CALDAS NOVAS CITY - BRAZIL

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Norma Urban Gomes

2010-05-01

Full Text Available Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo, mostrar a relação intrínseca entre o trânsito e o turismo na cidade de Caldas Novas – GO. Deste modo, para estudarmos o trânsito e seus elementos, bem como todos os fatores positivos e negativos do mesmo na cidade teremos necessariamente que falar a respeito do turismo, pois é partir dessa premissa que se molda a questão da Geografia dos Transportes em Caldas Novas,cidade esta que se destaca pelo apelo turístico de suas águas termais. A Geografia se preocupa com o inter-relacionamento ambiental e humano em um contexto espacial, e Geografia dos Transportes é o estudo dos sistemas de transportes e seus impactos espaciais. Os meios de transporte são essenciais em uma cidade turística, pois o fluxo de pessoas, bens e serviços dependem substancialmente da condição de circulação. Esse trabalho justifica-se pela necessidade de compreender e avaliar a situação do trânsito na cidade de Caldas Novas nos períodos de alta temporada, quando a cidade sofre intensa movimentação turística,causando um grande acumulo de veículos e pessoas nas vias de circulação. Isso dificulta além obviamente da circulação das pessoas como a circulação de bens e serviços essenciais para que a atividade turística se desenvolva satisfatoriamente. O estudo dos transportes é, sobretudo, multidisciplinar por natureza, e algumas vezes também interdisciplinar.

Planejar - preservar - desenvolver : a cidade de Sobral

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Gomes, Gizella Melo

2012-01-01

A maior parte das cidades patrimônio brasileiras são cidades de pequeno e médio porte. Atualmente essas cidades vivenciam a elaboração ou a implementação de planos diretores e de preservação patrimonial, almejando o desenvolvimento urbano. As políticas públicas contemporâneas de planejamento urbano e preservação patrimonial estão influenciadas pela globalização e pelos conceitos e práticas difundidas no planejamento estratégico. A cidade passa a ser entendida como uma mercadoria, cidade-merca...

Cidades Inteligentes

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Gouveia, Luís Borges

2015-01-01

Apresentação realizada no âmbito do Ciclo de Conferências “Ordem na Informática”. “O Papel do Engenheiro Informático na Construção das Cidades Inteligentes”, Conselho Nacional de Colégio de Engenharia Informática em parceria com o Conselho Regional Norte do Colégio de Engenharia Informática da Ordem dos Engenheiros, Porto, 28 de janeiro de 2015 A importância das cidades é crescente. É nestes espaços que conflui muita da atividade humana e se joga a qualidade de vida dos territórios que est...

O papel das políticas territoriais especiais para a transformação das cidades de zona de fronteira: o caso das cidades gêmeas de Brasileia, Epitaciolândia e Cobija / The role of special territorial policy to the transformation of the border area cities: the case of the twin cities of Brasileia, Epitaciolândia and Cobija

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Leonardo Luiz Silveira da Silva

2016-12-01

Full Text Available Resumo As zonas de fronteira possuem importante valor estratégico para os Estados. Tal valor centra-se na sua importância no âmbito da segurança e da cooperação. Como um movimento para a valorização das zonas de fronteira, os Estados têm criado políticas territoriais especiais que beneficiam o desenvolvimento e o dinamismo regional. O artigo apresentará um estudo que contou com a realização de um trabalho de campo às cidades gêmeas de Brasiléia, Epitaciolândia e Cobija e que teve como intuito a percepção da alteração da realidade geográfica promovida pelas políticas de fronteira. O trabalho contou com o levantamento de dados das redes econômicas, hoteleiras e educacionais das cidades investigadas. Abstract The border areas have important strategic value to the countries. This value focuses on its importance in the field of security and cooperation. As a move to the appreciation of the border zone, the countries have created special territorial policies that benefit the development and regional dynamism. The article will present a study that included a field work to the twin cities of Brasiléia, Epitaciolândia and Cobija as a method and had the intention to perceive the change of the geographical reality promoted by border policies. This paper included data of the economic, hotel and educational networks of the studied cities.

Imagens e narrativas da Coimbra turística: Entre a cidade real e a cidade (reimaginada

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Carina Sousa Gomes

2012-12-01

Full Text Available Num período em que se verifica um crescimento do fascínio turístico pelas cidades, este artigo procura compreender as formas como Coimbra se apresenta ao exterior, a turistas e visitantes. Sendo a cidade histórica e monumental uma das principais atracções da actualidade, parte-se dos materiais de promoção turística, que circulam nacional e internacionalmente, para abordar as formas como os recursos urbanos são transformados em factores de atracção turística.Porque as cidades são também lugares de imaginação e representação, discute-se a noção de imagem por referência às operações de marketing e publicidade que se desenvolvem no quadro da promoção turística. O objectivo fundamental é desvendar a cidade (reimaginada: aquela que, através do trabalho de tradução simbólica desempenhado por agentes promocionais e mediadores, circula pelos mercados do turismo – desvendando também as aproximações e distâncias entre a cidade turística e a cidade real.

Em torno da cidade criativa

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Paulo Peixoto

2013-09-01

Full Text Available A mudança do milénio trouxe consigo a importância crescente das indústrias ancoradas na cultura e na criatividade. Este facto alimentou um desejo internacional – que, na verdade, é recorrentemente encarado como um imperativo incontornável – que motiva as áreas urbanas a quererem tornar se “cidades criativas”. A própria UNESCO fomentou este fenómeno ao criar a Rede das Cidades Criativas. Nas cidades criativas, conceito que emergiu e se consolidou a partir dos anos 1980, as atividades culturais...

São Paulo: cidade da intolerância, ou o urbanismo "à Brasileira"

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João Sette Whitaker Ferreira

2011-04-01

Full Text Available Ao observar a cidade de São Paulo, é fácil perceber que ela vive verdadeiro colapso. Impera uma dramática desigualdade, que faz que ao menos um terço de sua população viva em condições indignas. Ao mesmo tempo, sua pujança econômica alavanca um ininterrupto crescimento que, paradoxalmente, aprofunda seus problemas: poluição, enchentes, insegurança, transportes precários, congestionamentos são algumas das mazelas que hoje caracterizam a cidade. Quais as causas dessa tragédia urbana? Elas se encontram na lógica do Estado patrimonialista, de uma sociedade que nunca conseguiu vencer sua herança escravocrata, e de uma ordem estamental que consolida permanentemente a modernização conservadora. E qual é o caminho para sua solução? Ele está na necessidade de uma radical mudança na lógica de funcionamento da cidade, nas dinâmicas de funcionamento do Estado patrimonialista, que dependem, por sua vez, de profundas e necessárias mudanças individuais.While observing the city of Sao Paulo, it is easy to perceive that it has come to a real collapse. A dramatic inequality dominates, what makes that, at least, the third part of its population live in shameful conditions. At the same time, its economic power leverages an uninterrupted growth that paradoxically deepens its problems: pollution, floods, insecurity, precarious public transportation, and traffic jams are some of the "wounds" that characterize this city. What are the causes of this urban tragedy? They rely on the logic of the Patrimonialistic State, on a society that has never managed to overcome its slavery heritage, and on a state order that permanently consolidates the conservative modernization. And what could be the path to its solution? It demands a radical change in the logic of the city functioning, in the dynamics of the Patrimonialistic State which, in its turn, depends on profound and necessary individual changes.

Impactos decorrentes da implantação de pólos geradores de viagens na estrutura espacial das cidades

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Erika Cristine Kneib

2010-11-01

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Resumo:Em meio às alterações que ocorrem nas cidades, com ênfase no uso e ocupação do solo e nos deslocamentos, este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar os possíveis impactos decorrentes da implantação de Polos Geradores de Viagens (PGVs na estrutura espacial das cidades, conformada pelo conjunto de centros e subcentros urbanos. Como conclusão, a partir do método desenvolvido, corroborase a relação entre os PGVs e os impactos decorrentes destes na estrutura espacial da cidade objeto do estudo. Assim como, identificamse as atividades que mais contribuem para tal relação.

Abstract: Among the changes that take place in the cities, especially those related to trips and to land use and occupation, this paper aims at assessing the possible impacts caused by the implantation of trip generating developments in their spatial structure, shaped by urban centres and subcentres. In conclusion, from the method developed in the work, the relationship is confirmed between trip generating developments and their impacts on the spatial structure of the city studied, as well as the activities that most contribute to that relationship are identified.

Determination of Informal Sector as Urban Pollution Source : Fume Characterization of Small-scale Manual Metal Arc Welding using Factor Analysis in Bandung City

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A. Nastiti

2012-04-01

Full Text Available In developing countries, the informal sector, particularly small-scale welding activities, are considered to be an important contributor to urban air pollution although studies in this sector are limited. This study aims to identify the composition of small-scale welding fume in order to further investigate the effects and set control strategies and urban pollution abatement policies. Breathing zone air samples were collected from 30 mild steel manual metal arc welders and 17 non-welders in Bandung City, West Java, Indonesia. The respirable particulates in air samples were analyzed using gravimetric method, and Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA was employed to identify characteristic of welding fume. It was found that respirable particulates concentration in welders (range : 315.6 and 3,735.93 µgm-3; average 1,545.436 µgm-3 were significantly higher than in non-welders (range : 41.84 and 1,688.03 µgm-3; average : 375.783 µgm-3. Welders’ breathing zones contain Fe>Na>K>Mn>Al >Cr>Ti>Cl>Br>I>Zn>Sb>V>Co>Sc; while non-welders’ breathing zones contain Cr>F>Al>Ti>Na>Br>I>Mn>Cl>Co>Zn>Sc. Inter-species correlation analysis conducted using Statgraphic Ver. 4.0 shows that Fe (range : n.d. – 775.19 µgm-3; average: 0.1674 µgm-3, Co (range : n.d. – 0.51 µgm-3; average: 0.000082 µgm-3, Mn (range : 0.39 – 148.37 µgm-3; average: 0.0374 µgm-3, Na (range: 0.17 and 623.85 µgm-3; average: 0.0973 µgm-3 and K (range : n.d. – 301.15 µgm-3; average: 0.0535 µgm-3 were emitted from welding activity, and thus are considered as components of welding fume which contribute to urban air pollution. Although welding fume and the identified species in welding fume were still below permissible limit, small-scale welding activities have great potential in emitting higher fume concentration due to due to high variability of welding activities, such as welding frequency, materials being welded, and varied environmental conditions

Determination of Informal Sector as Urban Pollution Source : Fume Characterization of Small-scale Manual Metal Arc Welding using Factor Analysis in Bandung City

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nastiti, A.; Pramudyastuti, D.Y.; Oginawati, K.; Santoso, M.

2012-01-01

In developing countries, the informal sector, particularly small-scale welding activities, are considered to be an important contributor to urban air pollution although studies in this sector are limited. This study aims to identify the composition of small-scale welding fume in order to further investigate the effects and set control strategies and urban pollution abatement policies. Breathing zone air samples were collected from 30 mild steel manual metal arc welders and 17 non-welders in Bandung City, West Java, Indonesia. The respirable particulates in air samples were analyzed using gravimetric method, and Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) was employed to identify characteristic of welding fume. It was found that respirable particulates concentration in welders (range : 315.6 and 3,735.93 µgm -3 ; average 1,545.436 µgm -3 ) were significantly higher than in non-welders (range : 41.84 and 1,688.03 µgm -3 ; average : 375.783 µgm -3 ). Welders' breathing zones contain Fe>Na>K>Mn>Al >Cr>Ti>Cl>Br>I>Zn>Sb>V>Co>Sc; while non-welders' breathing zones contain Cr>F>Al>Ti>Na>Br>I>Mn>Cl>Co>Zn>Sc. Inter-species correlation analysis conducted using Statgraphic Ver. 4.0 shows that Fe (range : n.d. - 775.19 µgm -3 ; average: 0.1674µgm -3 ), Co (range : n.d. - 0.51 µgm -3 ; average: 0.000082 µgm -3 ), Mn (range : 0.39 - 148.37 µgm -3 ; average: 0.0374 µgm -3 ), Na (range: 0.17 and 623.85 µgm -3 ; average: 0.0973 µgm -3 ) and K (range : n.d. - 301.15 µgm -3 ; average: 0.0535 µgm -3 ) were emitted from welding activity, and thus are considered as components of welding fume which contribute to urban air pollution. Although welding fume and the identified species in welding fume were still below permissible limit, small-scale welding activities have great potential in emitting higher fume concentration due to due to high variability of welding activities, such as welding frequency, materials being welded, and varied environmental conditions. (author)

Tendência secular do peso ao nascer na cidade de São Paulo (1976-1998 Secular trends in birth weight in S. Paulo city, Brazil (1976-1998

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Carlos Augusto Monteiro

2000-12-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Resgatar a tendência secular da distribuição do peso ao nascer na cidade de São Paulo, SP, bem como examinar suas possíveis causas, com base em dados coletados por dois inquéritos domiciliares sobre condições de saúde na infância realizados em 1984/85 e em 1995/96, complementados por informações procedentes de levantamento de prontuários de maternidades e por informações do Sistema Estadual de Declarações de Nascidos Vivos. MÉTODOS: Os inquéritos domiciliares estudaram amostras probabilísticas da população infantil de São Paulo com idade inferior a cinco anos (n=1.016 em 1984/85; n=1.280 em 1995/96. O levantamento de prontuários estudou uma amostra probabilística dos partos ocorridos nas maternidades da cidade no ano de 1976 (n=5.734. As declarações de nascidos vivos referem-se às coortes de crianças nascidas na cidade entre 1993 e 1998 (cerca de 200 mil crianças por ano. O estudo da distribuição social do peso ao nascer levou em conta a renda familiar per capita e a escolaridade materna. A estratégia analítica para estudar os determinantes da tendência secular do peso ao nascer empregou modelos hierárquicos de causalidade, análises multivariadas de regressão e procedimentos análogos aos utilizados para calcular riscos atribuíveis populacionais. RESULTADOS/CONCLUSÕES: A distribuição do peso ao nascer na cidade de São Paulo (média de 3.160 g com 8,9% de pesos OBJECTIVE: Data from two household surveys on infant and child health status undertaken in the mid-80s and mid-90s, complemented with previous data collected from maternity hospitals records and more recent data provided by the state system on birth registries, allowed to characterize and analyse secular trends in birth weight in the city of S. Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: The household surveys included random samples of children under 5 years old (n=1,016 children in 1984-85 and n=1,280 children in 1995-96. A random sample of births that

Interface entre cidade e tecnologia: a experiência do espaço tecnológico Interface between city and technology: technological space experience

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Polise Moreira de Marchi

2011-09-01

Full Text Available A experiência do espaço urbano tem sofrido alterações operadas por extensões, expansões e simulaçõesem virtude da incorporação do desenvolvimento tecnológico à própria constituição física e à linguagemda cidade. Entre cidade e experiência, a interface tecnológica se apresenta como possibilidade de reconhecimento,conhecimento e produção das relações espaciais reais e potenciais das cidades contemporâneas.Desde a concepção do mundo urbano, que, segundo Henri Lefebvre (1991, esteve relacionada diretamentecom o período industrial, a tecnologia tem delimitado e pontuado as diversas fases e consequentes camadasque formam a cidade, tanto em relação à dinâmica física do espaço, como em relação à sua representação.Se de fato a tecnologia sempre esteve vinculada diretamente à própria construção das cidades, por meio deiniciativas dos governos e de grandes empresas, é na sua condição atual que se potencializa como mediaçãoentre o indivíduo e o espaço urbano, este cada vez mais tecnologicamente hibridizado. Destarte, este artigotem por objetivo discutir de que modo a tecnologia tem estabelecido novas mediações e respectivas configuraçõesno espaço urbano das cidades contemporâneas, de modo a não ser mais possível dissociá-la destecontexto. Para tal propósito, tomam-se como referência projetos ou iniciativas de pesquisa que buscam nastecnologias de informação e comunicação (TICs novos meios de extensão da cidade, em interface com ambientesurbanos geolocalizados ou virtuais.

Resenha do livro: 'A Cidade de Constantinopla'

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Wilson Valentim Biasotto

1977-03-01

Full Text Available (primeiro parágrafo do texto A Cidade de Constantinopla, 299 volume da coleção Historia Mundi é uma tradução para o vernáculo de The City of Constantinople, publicada originalmente na Grã-Bretanha por Thames & Hudson, na coleção Ancient People and Places, no ano de 1968. O tradutor parece ter sido Virgílio dos Reis Cadete Valadas e, se paira dúvida, deve-se a erro da gráfica que, na última página, ao invés de colocar "acabou-se de imprimir" citando a obra de Maclagan, citou a de A. G. Woodhead, que seria o volume 30. da coleção.

CIDADES NEGRAS – PETRÓPOLIS IMPERIAL

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Renata Aquino

2014-12-01

Full Text Available Cidade negra e população negra são o enfoque deste artigo sobre a cidade de Petrópolis na Região Serrana do estado do Rio de Janeiro, visando estabelecer novos parâmetros para discussão do espaço geográfico da região da cidade de Petrópolis por meio de outras explicações sobre o povoamento e desenvolvimento desta localidade. Cidade que a história oficial consagrou como cidade imperial e de colonização alemã, negando de forma ideológica as atividades econômicas da cidade e da região e tornando invisível a existência de população de maioria afrodescendente. Apresentamos neste artigo uma discussão sobre a ideologia da colonização alemã como solução para o Brasil, o que explica a imigração alemã para a localidade e também permite compreender a formação da ideologia sobre as origens populacionais e econômicas deste lugar. Argumentamos contra tal ideologia, reafirmando e investigando a existência de colonizadores africanos a partir das diversas fontes que podem levar ao encontro das inscrições afro, materiais e imateriais, na história e na cultura da região. Partimos da ideia da constituição de um território no período colonial que se deu devido ao fluxo de populações dos arredores, não somente devido à Estrada do Ouro. A base do povoamento da região veio das fazendas que exploravam o trabalho escravizado. Do território ocupado por africanos e afrodescendentes, nasceu a cidade que, posteriormente, instalou alguns grupos de alemães e, nesta fusão populacional, constituiu-se a forte presença de populações negra e mesmo branca, de outra origem que não a alemã. Local que devido à existência da Estrada do Ouro, ligando cidades mineiras ao porto do Rio de Janeiro, recebeu as inscrições de povoamento de africanos e afrodescendente pelos dois séculos antes da fundação oficial da cidade. O artigo se concentra nos documentos que demonstram a existência de população negra na localidade.

Uma cidade pós‑criativa?

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Malcom Miles

2013-09-01

Full Text Available Na década de 1990, a reabilitação urbana de base cultural tornou‑se regra na Europa, legitimada pelo conceito de cidade criativa. Em alguns casos, esse processo levou a uma marginalização de culturas locais; noutros, a esperada nova prosperidade não se concretizou com a estetização do espaço e o resultante do enobrecimento urbano (gentrification. A cidade criativa é uma cidade socialmente fragmentada na qual se valoriza a cultura entendida como as artes, em detrimento da cultura enquanto articulação de valores partilhados no quotidiano. Contudo, a crise financeira de 2008 intercetou esta trajetória, proporcionando uma oportunidade para reavaliar o conceito de cidade criativa e os seus valores implícitos. Têm aparecido alternativas, nomeadamente o movimento Ocupa e a arte ativista. Poderá existir uma cidade pós‑criativa? Poderá a imaginação criativa de uma diversidade de grupos urbanos levar a novas formações sociopolíticas e culturais? Isso constituiria possivelmente uma outra revolução urbana.

Parque Farroupilha, a natureza na cidade: práticas de lazer e turismo cidadão

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Mariana Inocêncio Oliveira Melo

2014-07-01

Full Text Available Trata-se este artigo de uma pesquisa de cunho qualitativo que busca investigar as formas de apropriação estabelecidas no Parque Farroupilha pelas práticas de lazer e turismo cidadão. Os parques urbanos são representativos nas paisagens das cidades, pois permitem a socialização e a contemplação/fruição da presença da natureza no meio urbano, capazes de romper com o universo do cotidiano. Por conseguinte, a discussão do artigo tem o objetivo de apresentar o parque urbano como espaço que se transforma em lugar de natureza para aqueles que os frequentam e a (resignificação dessa experiência, mediante as práticas de lazer e turismo cidadão, transformando a relação do habitante com a cidade e com a vida que a anima.

Aquém e além-mar: imigrantes e cidades Within and beyond the sea: immigrants and cities

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Ana Lucia Duarte Lanna

2012-12-01

Full Text Available O objetivo central deste artigo é problematizar a questão da imigração para as cidades refletindo sobre a temática dos deslocamentos, que articula lugar de origem e acolhimento. A pesquisa se fez a partir da migração de italianos que ocuparam e construíram o bairro do Bexiga em São Paulo. Para tanto, procuramos refletir sobre as motivações da imigração, as condições de vida na Itália e no Brasil e as construções de redes de sociabilidade e pertencimento que viabilizaram o ato migratório.The aim of this paper is to discuss the issue of immigration to the cities reflecting on the theme of displacement, combining place of origin and host. The research was done from the migration of italians who had occupied and built the neighborhood of Bexiga in Sao Paulo. To this end, we reflect on the motivations for immigration, living conditions in Italy and Brazil and the construction of sociability and belonging that made possible the immigration act.

Os dramas da cidade nos jornais de São Paulo na passagem para o século XX

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Valéria Guimarães

2007-06-01

Full Text Available Este artigo trata das representações da cidade de São Paulo feitas pelo jornal O Estado de S. Paulo em 1910, e da censura à imprensa, através de um Relatório de Justiça, por esta divulgar casos de suicídios no estilo de fait divers, na passagem do século XIX para o XX. Partimos da hipótese de que a postura do relator fazia parte de uma extensa ação disciplinadora de controle da cidade, à qual a imprensa não escapava. Tal ação disciplinadora estava pautada pelas teorias racistas e deterministas de matriz européia e articulava diversas instâncias do poder. Aplicadas de modo particular ao contexto brasileiro em razão do passado escravista, a tentativa de ordenamento da cidade agrega o racismo de cor ao de classe, redimensionado no novo contexto republicano.This article is about representations of the city of São Paulo made by the periodical O Estado de S. Paulo in 1910 and analyses a case of censorship towards the media, through a Report of Justice, related to the divulgation of fait divers style suicide cases in the period of transition between the 19th and the 20th centuries. We start from the following hypothesis: the position of the author of the Report was influenced by an extensive disciplinary action set up to control the city and that targeted also the media. Such disciplinary action was based on racist and determinist theories, of european matrix, and articulated various levels of power. Applied to this particular Brazilian context due to its legacy of slavery, the attempt to put order in the city joins the racism to social exclusion, adapted to the New Republican era.

Pequenas cidades e especializações funcionais: o caso de Santa Fé - PR / Small cities and functional specialization: The case of Santa Fé - PR

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Tânia Maria Fresca

2011-12-01

Full Text Available O objetivo do presente trabalho é discutir papéis das pequenas cidades brasileiras no que diz respeito ao processo de especialização funcional. O recorte espacial é a rede urbana norte-paranaense a partir da década de 1970, quando inúmeras transformações de ordem econômico-social incidiram na rede urbana e de forma singular em algumas pequenas cidades, provocando alterações em seus papéis, como no caso da cidade de Santa Fé. Por intermédio de iniciativas locais, agentes sociais em meio às transformações na agropecuária norte-paranaense concretizaram possibilidades emanadas do todo na forma de prestação de serviços especializados em fotografias e filmes de formaturas, com gênese em 1980 quando foi instalado o primeiro estabelecimento. A lucratividade dessa primeira empresa instalada na cidade criou a perspectiva de implantação de novos estabelecimentos do ramo seja por ex-funcionários ou ex-sócios seja por outros agentes sociais locais oriundos de outras atividades econômicas após a década de 1980. Em 2010 a cidade possuía 48 estabelecimentos especializados em fotografias e filmes de formaturas. Essa especialização funcional na pequena cidade de Santa Fé, complexifica sua inserção na rede urbana norte - paranaense, bem como em outras redes, cujas interações espaciais tornaram-se amplas mediante a instalação de filiais/franquias em vários estados brasileiros.

Havana: a cidade como catástrofe em Antonio José Ponte

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Rodrigo Lopes de Barros

2010-12-01

Full Text Available Ortiz viu a aceleração do tempo em Cuba. A museificação (Agamben tornou-se, porém, a ordem do dia na Havana pós-revolucionária. Para Ponte, caminhar pelas ruas de Havana é fazer uma viagem no tempo. Ela não é apenas um museu, mas um museu em ruínas. Havana é uma cidade bombardeada por um bombardeio que nunca ocorreu. Assim, a vida é levada ao subterrâneo. Tuguria, a cidade submersa, está, contudo, em total sincronia com o deserto que toma a paisagem.Ortiz vio la aceleración del tiempo en Cuba. Sin embargo, la museificación (Agamben se ha convertido en el orden del día en La Habana posrevolucionaria. Según Ponte, caminar por las calles de La Habana es como hacer un viaje en el tiempo. La cuidad no es solamente un museo, sino también un museo en ruinas. La Habana es una cuidad bombardeada por un bombardeo que jamás ocurrió. Así, la vida pasa a ser subterránea. Tuguria, la ciudad sumergida, está, con todo, en total sincronía con el desierto que toma el paisaje.Ortiz saw the acceleration of time in Cuba. However, the museification (Agamben has become the agenda of post-revolutionary Havana. For Ponte, to walk through the streets of Havana is like to undertake a time travel. The city is not only a museum but also a museum in ruins. Havana is a bombarded city by a bombing that never took place. Thus, life goes underground. Tuguria, the submerged city, is however fully synchronized to the wasteland that grows on the surface.

Estratégias Locais para Tornar as Cidades mais Resilientes: o Caso de Garibaldi (RS

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Constance Manfredini

2015-08-01

Full Text Available O conceito de sustentabilidade traz consigo a preocupação com a sobrevivência da vida e com as próximas gerações. A literatura aponta para possíveis cenários futuros que impactarão as cidades gerando crises e expondo as suas vulnerabilidades. Neste contexto surge o discurso sobre a resiliência, que pode ser entendida como a capacidade, de uma comunidade exposta a riscos, de resistir, absorver e recuperar-se dos efeitos de um desastre, preservando e restaurando suas estruturas e funções essenciais. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor estratégias de caráter local para que as cidades possam se tornar mais resilientes, especialmente, com relação às mudanças climáticas e à escassez de combustíveis fósseis. A metodologia inclui revisão bibliográfica e aplicação dos conceitos contidos na obra “Resilient Cities: responding to peak oil and climate change” de Newman et. al (2009 em um estudo de caso. A cidade selecionada é Garibaldi, na Serra Gaúcha, que é uma comunidade com, aproximadamente, 30.000 habitantes. Os resultados apresentados constituem-se de recomendações que podem ser implementadas pelo Poder Público Municipal, bem como podem ser utilizadas como referencial para iniciar uma discussão sobre os temas abordados. The concept of sustainability brings the concern about the survival of life and future generations. The literature points to possible future scenarios that will impact cities generating crises and exposing the vulnerabilities of the urban settlements. In this context arises the discourse on resilience, which can be understood as the ability of a community exposed to hazards to resist, absorb and recover from the effects of a hazard through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions. The objective of this paper is to propose local strategies to turn cities more resilient, especially in relation to climate change and the scarcity of fossil fuels. The methodology

Pollution trends using bark of morus alba in the cities of buenos aires and mendoza (Argentina Tendências de poluição usando cascas de morus alba nas cidades de buenos aires e mendoza (Argentina

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Patricia Perelman

2010-06-01

Full Text Available A comparative study of elements deposited on tree bark was carried out for urban and periurban areas of two of the most important cities in Argentina. The content of Fe, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Pb, Ba, Cr, Hg, Cu, Ni, Cd and Sb was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES in Morus alba tree bark collected in the cities of Buenos Aires and Mendoza. The main air pollutants detected in the Buenos Aires urban area were Ba, Cr, Cu and Ni and indicate significative difference from the Mendoza urban and periurban areas. Significantly, higher concentrations of Zn, Ba, Cr and Cu were recorded in the periurban area of the city of Buenos Aires than in Mendoza. Bark samples were strongly influenced by dust and show Al, Fe, Mg and other element accumulations that indicate that soil particles were carried out by wind. Elements like Ba and Zn, commonly linked to traffic emissions, showed the highest concentrations in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area, possibly due to more intensive vehicular traffic. Our results indicated that intensity of vehicular traffic and not city structure is responsible for air pollution.Um estudo comparativo dos elementos depositados nas cascas das árvores foi realizado nas áreas urbanas e na periferia de duas cidades das mais importantes da Argentina. Os índices do Fe, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Pb, Ba, Cr, Cu, Ni e do Sb foram determinados pela espectrometria da emissão atômica com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP-OES nas cascas da árvore Morus alba, coletados nas cidades de Buenos Aires e Mendoza. Os principais elementos da contaminação do ar detectadas na área urbana de Buenos Aires foram Ba, Cr, Cu e Ni, que indicaram diferenças significativas nas áreas urbanas e na periferia de Mendoza. Uma concentração do Zn, Ba, Cr e do Cu foi achada na periferia da cidade de Buenos Aires, significativamente mais elevada do que em Mendoza. As amostras da casca foram influenciadas fortemente pela poeira e

Desvendando o campo na cidade: Notas metodológicas

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Doralice Sátyro Maia

2011-01-01

Full Text Available O artigo apresenta os registros metodológicos de pesquisas realizadas na cidade de João Pessoa-PB, tendo como propósitos principais analisar a prática de atividades rurais e a manutenção dos espaços rurais na malha urbana. O despertar pela temática e os caminhos percorridos até se chegar à definição do que investigar são descritos e narrados na perspectiva de compartilhar e contribuir com outros pesquisadores que se interessem pelo tema. Os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados em cada “campo” de análise – as vacarias, os parques de vaquejada e a feira de gado – são expostos, revelando inclusive as dificuldades encontradas na condução da pesquisa. Além dos procedimentos, registram-se os principais conceitos e teorias que fundamentaram os estudos. A estrutura do artigo é composta por uma introdução e pelas unidades dos procedimentos que se dividem em: descobrindo as vacarias na cidade; a casa; o curral; a vaquejada e a feira de gado. Abstract UNVEILING THE COUNTRY IN THE CITY: METHODOLOGICAL NOTES The article presents the methodological records of researches perfomed in the city of João Pessoa -PB, having as main purpose to analyse the practice of rural activities and maintenance of rural land on the urban environment. The awakening for the theme, the paths taken to reach the definiton of this investigation are described and narrated on the perspective of sharing and helping other researchers who are insterested in the subject. The methodological procedures used in each “field” of analysis - the dairy farms, the vaquejadas parks and the cattle fair - are exposed, revealing inclusively the difficulties found in the research conduct. In addition to the procedures, are registered the main concepts and theoretical foundations which justified the studies. The article structure consists of an introduction and the units of procedures which are divided into: discovering the dairies in the city; the house; the corral

Propaganda, grafite e as representações de uma cidade negra/Advertising, graffiti, and representations of a black city

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John Finn

2010-06-01

Full Text Available Na imaginação geográfica dos Estados Unidos, o Brasil é um País de futebol, samba e biquínis. Representações do Brasil entram nos EUA através dos filtros culturais de Pelé e a Garota de Ipanema. Mas nesta visão se perde a historia intricada e complexa da raça no Brasil, especialmente na cidade do Salvador da Bahia. Mas, chegando de fora e vendo as representações raciais pela propaganda popular, nunca se imaginaria que mais de 80% dos soteropolitanos é de descendência africana. Neste artigo, contextualizarei primeiramente Salvador em termos raciais no Brasil. Então, após examinar as atuais teorias das raças e das suas representações, desconstruirei algumas das representações raciais mais chocantes e contraditórias, do ponto de vista de uma pessoa relativamente nova na Bahia. Concluirei com as observações do grafite como uma maneira popular de contestar as representações brancas dominantes numa cidade negra, através da qual as representações raciais são democratizadas nas superfícies verticais da capital baiana.In the geographical imagination of the United States, Brazil is a country of soccer, samba, and bikinis. Representations of Brazil enter the United States through the cultural filters of Pelé and the Girl from Ipanema. This view misses, however, the intricacies of Brazil’s troubled racial history, especially in the northeast city of Salvador, Bahia. Attempting to understand Salvador’s racial make-up in terms of popular visual media in the urban landscape, an outsider might never guess that more than 80% of the city’s population is of African descent. In this paper I will first contextualize Salvador in terms of race in Brazil. After briefly interrogating current thought in race and representation, I will then deconstruct some of the most shocking and contradictory representations of race in this Afro-Brazilian urban context. I conclude by wondering if much of the city’s graffiti isn’t an informal

A topofilia dos cidadãos para com o patrimônio natural urbano: O caso da cidade de Coimbra The citizens topophilia and the natural urban patrimony: Coimbra’s case study

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Gabriel Salles Maria de Macedo Rego

2012-07-01

Full Text Available O trabalho em questão analisa, segundo o prisma da Geografia, a importância do patrimônio natural em ambiente urbano. Como objetivo principal, pretende compreender a percepção que os residentes na cidade de Coimbra (Portugal têm da natureza e do papel que o património natural pode desempenhar na qualidade de vida da cidade. Para alcançar esses objetivos, inicia-se o texto com uma reflexão teórica que percorre conceitos como a topofilia e os olhares sociais sobre o ambiente e a natureza em contexto citadino. Depois, seguem-se dois procedimentos diferentes, mas complementares: (1 Como forma de registro da presença e do estado de conservação da natureza em Coimbra e da interação entre os cidadãos e o patrimônio natural naquele espaço geográfico, fez-se uma análise de campo com a montagem de um banco de dados fotográficos que representam excertos deste território; (2 Inquéritos por meio de entrevistas, em dois bairros da cidade – Vale das Flores e Monte Formoso – privilegiando adultos com idades superiores aos 30 anos. Apesar de a pesquisa ter revelado algumas contradições entre a prática e o discurso na percepção e na relação topofílica para com as áreas verdes urbanas, concluiu-se que a presença do patrimônio natural no ambiente urbano ainda se apresenta como uma questão secundária. Contudo, também se verificou que, para reforço desta relação simbólica e/ou funcional, o patrimônio natural deve estar presente em todo o contínuo urbano e não ficar restrito aos bairros mais elitizados ou aos parques.This paper analyzes the importance of natural patrimony in the urban environment, under the prism of geography. The main objective of this study is to understand how nature is perceived in the city of Coimbra (Portugal and the role that green areas and natural patrimony has in the quality of urban life. To achieve these objectives, this article discusses the conceptual argument about environmental perception

Utilização das tecnologias de informação no contexto das cidades inteligentes em grandes cidades : o caso de Lisboa

OpenAIRE

Aires, Joana Marta Ferreira

2016-01-01

As Cidades Inteligentes podem ser vistas como uma nova abordagem para lidar com os problemas urbanos, como por exemplo a gestão do trânsito. Através da disponibilidade, infraestrutura e qualidade das Tecnologias da Informação e do capital humano é possível melhorar a qualidade de vida dos cidadãos, promovendo a sua participação e proporcionando uma melhor monitorização de eventos que ocorrem nas cidades. Tomando-se como caso de estudo a grande cidade de Lisboa, neste trabalho procura-se compr...

Cidades, portos e cidades portuárias na era da integração produtiva Cities, ports, and port cities in the integrated production era

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Frédéric Monié

2006-12-01

Full Text Available Este artigo discute a evolução das relações cidades/portos e os desafios impostos na era da globalização. A reorganização dos espaços produtivos e o surgimento de dinâmicas comerciais específicas incluíram um conjunto de mudanças na estrutura mundial dos portos. Dessa forma, a evolução do transporte marítimo sempre esteve associada à agilidade, traduzida pelo aumento da capacidade dos navios, por ganhos em velocidade e por uma diminuição significativa do custo do frete, contribuindo para o encurtamento relativo das distâncias para os homens, as mercadorias e as informações. A partir dos anos 1990, com a intensificação do processo de globalização, caracterizado pela crescente integração das esferas da produção, do consumo e da circulação em todas as escalas geográficas, novas demandas foram colocadas sobre os portos. No caso do Brasil, a ausência de uma política portuária nacional conferiu às iniciativas, federais ou locais, um caráter fragmentado. Apesar dos resultados operacionais positivos, as inovações institucionais, mais especificamente em termos de governança portuária, são escassas. Criar uma nova cultura portuária é um desafio central para a definição de políticas públicas inovadoras e a transformação dos portos em vetores de desenvolvimento. São esses os pressupostos que conduziram este artigo, resultado de pesquisas temáticas acerca de portos e territórios.This article discusses the evolution of city/port relations and the challenges imposed by globalization. The worldwide reorganization of production spaces and the appearance of specific commercial dynamics have included changes in port structures throughout the world. Therefore, progress in maritime transportation has always been associated to agility, translated by larger ship capacity, gains in speed, and a significant reduction of freight costs, contributing to the relative shortening of distances for people, merchandise and

Crescimento econômico e desenvolvimento urbano: por que nossas cidades continuam tão precárias?

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Raquel Rolnik

2011-03-01

Full Text Available Não obstante os logros da política econômica - que incluem um aumento espetacular do gasto público no setor de desenvolvimento urbano - e as promessas da descentralização e do Estatuto das Cidades, as marcas de um modelo de desenvolvimento urbano excludente e predatório continuam presentes em várias dimensões do processo de urbanização no Brasil. Este ensaio busca discutir alguns dos obstáculos que têm incidido sobre a capacidade da rede urbana brasileira de responder ao desafio de ampliar o direito à moradia e à cidade para o conjunto de moradores.Despite economic progresses - including a spectacular growth in public spending on urban development - and the promises of decentralization and the City Statute, the signs of an exclusionary and predatory urban development program are still visible in the process of urbanization in Brazil. This essay discusses some of the obstacles that precludes the Brazilian urban network of answering to the challenge to extend the right to decent living conditions to the poor and the right to the city to all.

Measuring penetration depth of electron beam welds. Final report

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hill, J.W.; Collins, M.C.; Mentesana, C.P.; Watterson, C.E.

1975-07-01

The feasibility of evaluating electron beam welds using state-of-the-art techniques in the fields of holographic interferometry, micro-resistance measurements, and heat transfer was studied. The holographic study was aimed at evaluating weld defects by monitoring variations in weld strength under mechanical stress. The study, along with successful work at another facility, proved the feasibility of this approach for evaluating welds, but it did not assign any limitations to the technique. The micro-resistance study was aimed at evaluating weld defects by measuring the electrical resistance across the weld junction as a function of distance along the circumference. Experimentation showed this method, although sensitive, is limited by the same factors affecting other conventional nondestructive tests. Nevertheless, it was successful at distinguishing between various depths of penetration. It was also shown to be a sensitive thickness gage for thin-walled parts. The infrared study was aimed at evaluating weld defects by monitoring heat transfer through the weld under transient thermal conditions. Experimentation showed that this theoretically sound technique is not workable with the infrared equipment currently available at Bendix Kansas City. (U.S.)

O impacto das ideias de Sisto V na cidade : Roma

OpenAIRE

Viegas, Diogo Miguel Estrela Santos Baptista, 1988-

2014-01-01

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Arquitectura, Universidade Lusíada de Lisboa, 2014 Exame público realizado em 5 de Fevereiro de 2014 Na presente dissertação pretendemos compreender a importância que tiveram as ideias implementadas pelo Papa Sisto V, durante o seu curto pontificado, na cidade de Roma. Assim, numa primeira abordagem, procuraremos perceber a evolução da cidade desde as suas origens até à época do papado de Sisto V, fazendo referência à Cidade Imperial, à Cidade Med...

Características da assistência ao parto na cidade do Salvador (Bahia, Brasil Characteristics of the maternity care in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

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Celia Guimarães Neto Dias

1972-06-01

Full Text Available Levou-se a efeito estudo para analisar a disponibilidade de serviços de maternidade na cidade do Salvador, Brasil. Foi elaborado questionário destinado à obtenção de informações sobre o tipo de hospital, meios de manutenção, número de leitos obstétricos existentes, tempo e percentual de ocupação de leitos hospitalares. Informações sobre o tipo de assistência fornecida por ocasião da admissão, foram obtidas a partir do livro de ocorrências de cada instituição. Os dados referentes a mortalidade para o período 1961-1970 foram obtidos de duas fontes diferentes. No primeiro período de 1971, o estudo assim conduzido, demonstrou elevada demanda para leitos hospitalares mantidos pelo Governo estadual e período de permanência muito curto na maioria dos hospitais. As taxas de abortos e de mortalidade materna, em 1970, revelaram-se muito elevadas. Ambos os aspectos da assistência à maternidade apresentam-se como problemas importantes de Saúde Pública na cidade do Salvador.A study was made attempting to analyse the availability of maternity services in the City of Salvador, Brazil. A questionaire was designed aiming at to obtain information on the type of the hospital, owner ship, number of existing lying-beds, length of stay and percentage of occupation of hospital beds. The kind of natal care delivered by the time of the admission, was obtained from the book of ocurrences of each institution, while the mortality data to the period 1961-1970 were derived from two different sources. The study was conducted in the first period of 1971 and has indicated: a high demand for the hospital beds maintained by the state government and a very low length of stay in most of the lying in hospitals. The abortion rate observed in 1970 as well as the maternal mortality rates were found extremelly high, and both aspects of maternity care appeared as important public health problems in the City of Salvador.

Arqueologia da Arquitectura em Contexto Urbano: reflexões a partir de três exemplos da cidade de Braga, Portugal

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Fontes, Luis

2010-12-01

Full Text Available The urban archaeology was affirmed, since the 1960’s, as an essential knowledge area for the strategic definition of the development of any historic city. At present, the Archaeology of Architecture, due to its instrumental and methodological potential, demonstrates that it may strongly help to renew the studies of the town planning, both in recording and documenting the standing material, and to interpretate the historical evolution of the cities. This article presents the experience of the project of archaeological study of the city of Braga, coordinated by the Archaeology Unit of the Minho’s University, discussing three examples of interventions in the urban space that, in our opinion, are fitted in the most specific area of the Archaeology of Architecture and demonstrate the importance of its application.[pt] A Arqueologia Urbana afirmou-se, a partir da década de 60 do século XX, como uma área disciplinar imprescindível para a definição estratégica do desenvolvimento de qualquer cidade histórica. Actualmente, a Arqueologia da Arquitectura, pelo seu potencial instrumental e metodológico, vem demonstrando que poderá dar um contributo significativo para a renovação das problemáticas de estudo do urbanismo, tanto na área do registo e documentação do existente, como na área da interpretação da evolução histórica das cidades. Neste artigo apresenta-se a experiência do projecto de estudo arqueológico da cidade de Braga, coordenado pela Unidade de Arqueologia da Universidade do Minho, discutindo três exemplos de intervenções no espaço urbano que, em nossa opinião, se enquadram na área mais específica da Arqueologia da Arquitectura e demonstram a importância da sua aplicação.

Skate na cidade, imagens da cidade

OpenAIRE

Machado, Giancarlo Marques Carraro

2014-01-01

Apesar da existência de dezenas de pistas de skate na cidade de São Paulo – espaços considerados “próprios” para o skate -, a maioria dos skatistas da modalidade street skate confere maior importância à prática feita nas ruas, onde, para muitos, se “anda de skate de verdade”. A atração que elas exercem é a possibilidade de encontrar diferentes tipos de picos, ou seja, equipamentos urbanos (bancos, corrimãos, escadas, canteiros) obstáculos onde se realizam as manobras. Este artigo busca analis...

Tendencias y retos recientes en tres metrópolis mexicanas: ciudad de México, Guadalajara y Monterrey Tendências e desafios recentes em três metrópoles mexicanas: Cidade do México, Guadalajara e Monterrey Recent trends and challenges in three large Mexican cities: Mexico City, Guadalajara and Monterrey

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Juan Manuel Ramírez Sáiz

2009-12-01

Full Text Available En este trabajo analizamos varios rasgos o facetas en tres ciudades metropolitanas mexicanas contemporáneas: la multiculturalidad, la inequidad, la fragmentación social y urbana, la inseguridad pública y los proyectos enfrentados de ciudad. El artículo constituye un balance sobre la situación prevaleciente elaborado a partir de proyectos de investigación de los autores y de la revisión de la literatura reciente sobre el tema. Es por tanto un trabajo de carácter fundamentalmente teórico.Neste trabalho analizamos vários rasgos ou facetas em três cidades metropolitanas mexicanas contemporâneas: a multiculturalidade, a desigualdade, a fragmentação social e urbana, a insegurança pública e os projetos de cidade enfrentados. O artigo faz um balanço sobre a situação prevalecente e foi elaborado a partir de projetos de pesquisa dos autores e da revisão da literatura recente sobre o tema. É, portanto, um trabalho de caráter fundamentalmente teórico.In this paper we analyze a series of factors or aspects in three large contemporary Mexican cities: multi-culturality, inequality, social and urban fragmentation, public insecurity and conflicting conceptions of what the city should be. The article offers an overview of the current situation, on the basis of the authors' own research projects and a review of recent literature on the topic. It is therefore primarily a theoretical paper.

OS RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS URBANOS COMO CONDICIONANTE DE DOENÇAS NA CIDADE DE MANAUS – AM/ Solid urban waste as conditioning of diseases in the city of Manaus-AM

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Ulliane de Amorim Pereira

2018-04-01

Full Text Available Este estudo analisa a ocorrência da disposição final ambientalmente inadequada dos resíduos sólidos urbanos na cidade de Manaus, tal prática realizada sem critérios ambientais adequados se torna um condicionante de doenças, implicando na saúde e na qualidade de vida da população. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a problemática dos resíduos sólidos na cidade de Manaus e identificar sua interferência na saúde humana. O estudo foi desenvolvido com base na bibliografia especializada sobre o tema e a realização de trabalho de campo na cidade de Manaus, além de coleta de dados no DATASUS e IBGE. A precária aplicabilidade das políticas públicas resulta na degradação de alguns ambientes em Manaus, sendo identificados comumente em alguns espaços da cidade durante realização de trabalho de campo, apresentando a existência de lixeiras com excesso de material depositado e resíduo dispostos inadequadamente nos igarapés urbanos da cidade. Também se verificou que a espacialização da problemática dos resíduos sólidos não ocorre de forma homogênea na cidade, estando mais presente nas áreas periféricas. Além disso, verificou-se que a cidade apresenta o total elevado de casos de doenças que têm como condicionante socioambiental a disposição inadequada do resíduo, especialmente a Leptospirose. Conclui-se assim que o resíduo e a respectiva disposição inadequada do mesmo atuam como um condicionante de doenças na cidade de Manaus, estando as ocorrências ligadas a precariedade da gestão e gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos na cidade.

Os Tupinikim e a cidade: etnicidade em contexto urbano

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Celeste Ciccarone

2008-01-01

Full Text Available No censo de 2000, ganha visibilidade o crescimento demográfico dos indígenas na cidade e o processo de emergência étnica desta população, desconstruindo a imagem da cidade como espaço de negação da identidade indígena. As relações entre a cidade e a aldeia emergem em sua historicidade nos relatos dos Tupinikim, como fluxos constantes de mão-de-obra infantil e adulta para a produ-ção e reprodução da sociedade urbana, e de parentes, bens e mensagens que mantêm articuladas, na mobilidade, a cidade, da qual se apropriam, em seus próprios termos, com o lugar de origem, habitando os dois mundos.

Tráfico de Pessoas para fins de exploração do trabalho na cidade de São Paulo Human trafficking for labour exploitation in the city of São Paulo

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Paulo Illes

2008-12-01

Full Text Available Este artigo busca contextualizar, em linhas gerais, o fluxo de imigrantes bolivianos para fins de trabalho nas oficinas de costura da cidade de São Paulo, demonstrando a interface dessa imigração com o tráfico de migrantes e o tráfico de pessoas. Por meio de depoimentos, são apresentadas as recorrentes dificuldades enfrentadas pelas trabalhadoras imigrantes.This article seeks to contextualize, along general lines, the Bolivian migratory flow towards sweatshops in the city of São Paulo, showing the interaction between this migratory flow, migrant smuggling and human trafficking. The most frequent problems faced by the migrant women are presented in testimonials.

Russian and Ukrainian welding industries learn to handle change

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ziegenfuss, H.G.

1993-01-01

Less than three weeks after the coup against Communist Party General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev that eventually led to the disbanding of the Soviet Union, a technical delegation from the US entered the newly renamed city of St. Petersburg. The delegation visited manufacturing facilities and welding institutions that were changing from central control to a local decentralized operation and that were unsure of what would be the government's role in their operations. Plans for the trip began at the AWS Welding Show in Detroit, Mich., in April 1991, when in-depth discussions were held with Deputy Director Sergey Kuchuk-Yatsenko of the E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute, Kiev, Ukraine. A summary of the trip is given in this paper

Soldadura (Welding). Spanish Translations for Welding.

Science.gov (United States)

Hohhertz, Durwin

Thirty transparency masters with Spanish subtitles for key words are provided for a welding/general mechanical repair course. The transparency masters are on such topics as oxyacetylene welding; oxyacetylene welding equipment; welding safety; different types of welds; braze welding; cutting torches; cutting with a torch; protective equipment; arc…

Balsa : uma cidade perdida

OpenAIRE

Encarnação, José d'

2008-01-01

Recensão de: SILVA, Luís Fraga da (2007) - Balsa, Cidade Perdida: a capital do Algarve Oriental na Época Romana. Tavira: Campo Arqueológico de Tavira / C. Municipal de Tavira. ISBN: 978-972-97648-9-9

Observações sobre os mosquitos Culex da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil Observations on Culex mosquitoes of S. Paulo City, Brazil

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Oswaldo Paulo Forattini

1973-12-01

Full Text Available São apresentados os resultados obtidos na coleta de mosquitos do gênero Culex na área urbana da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram empregadas armadilhas luminosas automáticas tipo "New Jersey 50". Os resultados revelaram a presença de outras populações representadas principalmente por Culex chidesteri, C. dolosus e C. bidens as quais, em conjunto, chegaram algumas vezes a sobrepujar a de Culex pipiens fatigans. O maior rendimento foi obtido em áreas com abastecimento de água mas sem rede de esgotos. As coletas intradomiciliares revelaram franca predominância de C. pipiens fatigans.With the use of New Jersey-50 light traps, a survey of Culex mosquitoes was made in the urban área of São Paulo City, Brazil. Beside Culex pipiens fatigans several other species were found, mainly represented by Culex chidesteri, C. dolosus and C. bidens. The combined incidence of these three populations follows nearly the fatigans one and frequently exceeding it. The most high levels of density were found at areas with water treatment but without sewage disposal. Domiciliary collections showed great Culex pipiens fatigans predominancy.

A cidade de Santos no roteiro de expansão da homeopatia nos serviços públicos de saúde no Brasil The city of Santos and the expansion of Brazilian public health services in homeopathy

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Célia Maria Patriani Justo

2007-12-01

Full Text Available Em coerência com os princípios de integralidade, eqüidade e universalidade presentes na reforma sanitária e na criação do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS, alguns municípios passaram a oferecer a homeopatia como opção terapêutica. Este artigo aborda o contexto de implantação e consolidação da homeopatia na cidade de Santos (SP, até a sua incorporação como alternativa de atenção médica na rede pública de serviços de saúde. Naquela cidade, a implantação muito se deveu não só a médicos e farmacêuticos, mas também a médiuns receitantes que atuavam nos centros espíritas. Todos esses personagens tornaram possível a reivindicação de oferta dessa modalidade de atendimento pelos serviços de atenção primária do município. Nossa análise baseou-se em entrevistas com profissionais que participaram desse processo, em relatórios técnicos, artigos de jornais, revistas científicas e em livro escrito sobre a primeira sociedade espírita da cidade.In consonance with the principles of comprehensiveness, equity, and universality that underlie Brazil's sanitary reform and creation of its Unified Health System, some municipalities have begun offering homeopathy as a treatment option. The article explores the context in which homeopathic treatment was introduced and gained ground in the city of Santos, São Paulo, down through its incorporation as an alternative in the public healthcare network. Homeopathy was introduced in Santos not only by doctors and pharmacists but also by prescribing mediums from spiritist centers. The request that the municipality's primary-care services offer this alternative was possible thanks to the presence of all these players. The present analysis was based on interviews with the professionals who took part in the process, on technical reports, newspaper articles, and scientific journals, and on a book about the city's first spiritist society.

Espaço e Materialidade na Tripolitania Romana: uma tentativa de reconstituição da cidade de Oea em meados do II Século * Space And Materiality In Roman Tripolitania: an attempt of recovery of the city of Oea in the Mid-Second Century

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BELCHIOR MONTEIRO LIMA NETO

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Resumo: Oea, atualmente Trípoli, na Líbia, foi uma cidade que integrou o Império romano nos primeiros séculos de nossa era. Dela, poucas relíquias são hoje conhecidas, uma vez que a atual capital líbia fora construída sobre a antiga urbs romana. Tendo em vista tais limitações e com o intuito de superá-las, empreenderemos uma tentativa de reconstituição da antiga Oea. Intencionamos dar materialidade à cidade, haja vista o nosso interesse de pesquisar o espaço citadino onde Apuleio de Madaura, escritor norte-africano de meados do II século, foi publicamente difamado e acusado de praticante magia. Por meio da obra Apologia, dos diminutos artefatos arqueológicos e epigráficos e de comparações com as cidades vizinhas de Sabrata e Leptis Magna – cujos sítios arqueológicos são imensamente mais ricos e completos – acreditamos ser possível visualizar, mesmo que parcialmente, o ambiente citadino vivido por Apuleio entre os anos de 157 e 159.Palavras-chave: Oea – Espaço – Materialidade – Apuleio de Madaura. Abstract: Oea, now Tripoli, Libya, was a city that was part of the Roman Empire in the first centuries of our era. Few of its relics, however, are actually known, since the current Libyan capital was built on the old Roman urbs. Considering these limitations and in order to overcome them will undertake an attempt to reconstitute the ancient Oea. We intend to give materiality to the city, given our interest in researching the urban space where Apuleius of Madaura, North African writer of the mid-second century, was publicly vilified and accused of witchcraft. From the work Apology, the tiny epigraphic and archaeological artifacts and comparisons with the nearby cities of Leptis Magna and Sabrata - which archaeological sites are immensely richer and more complete - we believe we can shimmer the urban environment experienced by Apuleius between the years 157 - 159 A.D.Keywords: Oea – Space – Materiality – Apuleius

Cidades inteligentes como nova prática para o gerenciamento dos serviços e infraestruturas urbanos: a experiência da cidade de Porto Alegre

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Marcos Cesar Weiss

2015-09-01

Full Text Available Este artigo tem por objetivo discutir a experiência da cidade de Porto Alegre relativamente à materialização do conceito de cidade inteligente. Para tanto, utilizou-se uma abordagem metodológica de caráter qualitativo e exploratório, baseada em estudo de caso, com coleta de dados em fontes primárias e secundárias realizada em 2013. Os resultados mostram que a implementação de inovações em tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TICs na prestação dos serviços públicos proporcionou maior eficiência nas atividades que envolvem a gestão da cidade, com importantes resultados em favor dos atores que ali se inserem. Pretendeu-se com este trabalho contribuir com a agenda de pesquisas e discussões sobre a gestão dos espaços urbanos, trazendo o conceito de cidade inteligente como uma prática viabilizadora do desenvolvimento sustentável das cidades brasileiras.

Public stigma and schizophrenia in São Paulo city Estigma público e esquizofrenia na cidade de São Paulo

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Érica Toledo Piza Peluso

2011-06-01

Full Text Available OBJECTIVE: To assess public stigma in relation to people with schizophrenia and possible factors associated with this phenomenon. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a probabilistic sample of 500 individuals who live in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, and are aged between 18 and 65 years. A structured questionnaire was used, and it was applied in person. Questionnaire began with the presentation of a vignette describing an individual with schizophrenia (according to DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria. This was followed by questions that assessed perceived negative reactions and discrimination, perceived dangerousness and emotional reactions in relation to the case presented in the vignette. RESULTS: People with schizophrenia were perceived as potentially dangerous by 74.2% of interviewees. In addition, 59.0% of the sample perceived them as capable of arousing negative reactions, and 57.2% as capable of arousing discrimination in society. However, emotional reactions reported by the interviewees themselves were mainly pro-social in nature. The most important factors associated with these responses were: attribution of "biological" causes and perceived dangerousness. CONCLUSION: This study indicated that beliefs related to public stigma towards people with schizophrenia are commonly held in São Paulo city. An important focus for future studies is to investigate the scope and impact of public stigma on the everyday experiences of people with schizophrenia in the Brazilian context.OBJETIVO: Avaliar o estigma público em relação a pessoas com esquizofrenia e possíveis fatores associados a este fenômeno. MÉTODO: Foi realizado inquérito domiciliar com uma amostra probabilística de 500 indivíduos residentes na cidade de São Paulo, com idade entre 18 e 65 anos. Utilizou-se um questionário estruturado que se iniciava com a apresentação de uma vinheta descrevendo um indivíduo com esquizofrenia (segundo o DSM-IV e a CID 10, seguido de

CIDADE MÉDIA: APONTAMENTOS METODOLÓGICOS E TIPOLOGIA

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Hélio Carlos Miranda de Oliveira

2014-12-01

Full Text Available O objetivo central deste artigo é o sistematizar contribuições metodológicas de autores que se preocupam com o estudo das cidades médias a partir das relações regionais e dinâmicas espaciais na rede urbana. Para isso, foi desenvolvida uma proposta de classificação das cidades médias destacando a especialização espacial dos processos urbanos, em nove tipos, que são: centro de serviços, centro administrativo, polo econômico, centro turístico, canal de comunicação, centro de fronteira, centro regional, centro de drenagem e consumo de renda fundiária, centro especializado. Nesse sentido, tão importante como definir preteritamente a escala de abordagem da investigação é a não definição do centro urbano como cidade média antes da realização da pesquisa, uma vez que a cidade deve ser primeiramente analisada para depois ser definida como média, considerando, para isso, a importância que ela possui no sistema urbano.

Apontamentos acerca das relações entre corpo feminino e cidade

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Denise Sales Vieira

2016-10-01

Full Text Available Este artigo tem como objetivo geral discorrer, de maneira introdutória, acerca das relações entre corpo feminino e cidade, e busca entender como o estudo dessas relações pode contribuir para o entendimento da vivência feminina das cidades. Com esses apontamentos, busco investigar como se deram as abordagens da oposição mente/corpo, e como essa oposição é determinante na forma como enxergamos o corpo feminino na cidade. Deixo algumas questões passíveis de aprofundamento: Por que estudar a história das mulheres a partir da constituição de seus corpos? Que elementos acerca da história das mulheres, o corpo feminino, visto através das lentes da cidade, pode nos revelar? Há algo de específico acerca da constituição do corpo feminino que tem a ver com sua vivência da cidade?

A cidade como sentimento: história e memória de um acontecimento na sociedade contemporânea - o incêndio do Gran Circus Norte-Americano em Niterói, 1961

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Paulo Knauss

2007-06-01

Full Text Available O estudo relaciona história do acontecimento e história urbana para discutir a problemática da memória nas sociedades contemporâneas. A pesquisa aborda o caso do incêndio do Gran Circus Norte-Americano, ocorrido em 17 de dezembro de 1961, na cidade de Niterói, então capital do antigo estado do Rio de Janeiro. O fato é conhecido como um dos maiores incêndios da história em termos de número de vítimas fatais, e se afirmou na memória da cidade. O trabalho tem como base fontes da imprensa e fontes orais. A análise demonstra como o acontecimento se estabelece entre história e memória e define a cidade como sentimento.The study connects urban history and event history to discuss the memory in contemporary societies. The research analyzes the fire of the Gran Circus Norte-Americano in December 17, 1961, in the city of Niterói, when it still was the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro. The fact is known as one of the biggest fires in history in terms of fatal victims’ number, and that has been established in the city memory. The work is based on press sources and oral sources. The analysis shows how the event is established between history and memory, and defines the city as feeling.

Prevalência de Cryptococcus neoformans nos pombos urbanos da cidade de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul Prevalence of Cryptococcus neoformans in urban pigeons of Porto Alegre (RS, Brazil

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Aline Reolon

2004-10-01

Full Text Available Cryptococcus neoformans, levedura encapsulada, é o agente etiológico da criptococose em humanos e animais. A variedade neoformans, encontrada em fontes ambientais, incluindo fezes de pombos, é importante causa de mortalidade em indivíduos imunodeprimidos em todo o mundo. Contudo, ainda não há estudos sobre sua ecologia na cidade de Porto Alegre, onde se tem registro da ocorrência de casos humanos dessa micose. Para pesquisar fontes saprofíticas de C. neoformans na cidade de Porto Alegre, foram coletadas 88 amostras de excretas de pombos em distintas praças da cidade. Suspensões das amostras em salina estéril foram semeadas em placas com meio ágar Sabouraud e incubadas em estufa a temperaturas entre 29 e 30,5°C. Após cinco dias, colônias mucóides foram subcultivadas para identificação através de provas morfofisiológicas. O fungo C. neoformans foi isolado em 88 (100% das amostras avaliadas, confirmando sua ocorrência nos pombos que habitam as praças da cidade.Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast, causing cryptococcosis in human beings and animals. The variety neoformans, found in environmental sources, including pigeon excrements, is an important cause of mortality in immunocompromised individuals in the whole world. However, there are still no studies on its ecology in the city of Porto Alegre, where register of the occurrence of human cases of this mycosis is found. To study the saprophitic sources of C. neoformans in the city of Porto Alegre, 88 samples of avian excreta have been collected in distinct squares. Suspension of the samples in sterile saline solution had been planted in plates with Sabouraud agar and incubated in stove at 29-30.5°C. After five days mucoid colonies were subcultived for identification through morphologic and physiologic tests. C. neoformans was isolated in 88 (100% of the samples, proving its occurrence in the pigeons that inhabit the squares of that city.

A Opinião dos Turistas de Negócios sobre a Imagem da Cidade de São Paulo

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Luis Noriega Vera

2010-07-01

Full Text Available Resumo O artigo apresenta a análise descritiva dos principais resultados obtidos em pesquisa de campo realizada entre a segunda quinzena de junho e primeira de julho do ano de 2006 nos dois aeroportos da cidade de São Paulo. A pesquisa teve como público alvo os turistas de negócios que visitam a cidade. A amostra foi escolhida intencionalmente e o critério de estratificação foi o local de residência permanente dos turistas. O principal objetivo da pesquisa foi aprimorar o entendimento sobre a avaliação da imagem de um destino turístico. Foi proposto um modelo conceitual a partir do referencial teórico sobre comportamento do consumidor existente nas áreas de turismo e marketing. Os resultados apontam que o perfil dos turistas é consistente com estudos anteriores e a imagem da cidade consolidada como destino de negócios. Em adição é destacada a qualidade dos serviços consumidos, a satisfação e a intenção do turista de retornar e indicar o destino a parentes e amigos. Palavras-chave: destino turístico; turista de negócios; avaliação de imagem; qualidade; lealdade. Abstract This article presents the descriptive analysis of the main results of a survey held from June 15th through July 15th 2006 in the two São Paulo City airports. The survey targeted business tourists visiting the city. It was used an intentional sample and the stratification parameter was tourists’ place of permanent residence. The main objective was to enhance the knowledge on tourism destination image evaluation. A conceptual model was proposed based on tourism and marketing literature consumer behavior theoretical background. The results obtained pointed out that tourist profile are consistent with prior studies and the consolidated city image as a business destination. It is also highlighted its service quality, satisfaction and tourist’s intention to return or indicate the destination to relatives and friends. Keywords: tourism

ALDEIAS URBANAS OU CIDADES INDÍGENAS? REFLEXÕES SOBRE ÍNDIOS E CIDADES

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Eduardo Soares Nunes

2010-06-01

Full Text Available Se a presença indígena nas cidades brasileiras – um fenômeno antigo –, não passou despercebida aos olhos dos(as antropólogos(as, é apenas em anos recentes que começam a aparecer os primeiros trabalhos sobre a questão. Este artigo tem como objeto esse “silêncio antropológico”, num duplo sentido: a primeira parte do texto é uma digressão sobre os ditos “índios urbanos” no indigenismo no Brasil – idéias que, perpassando, em algum grau, a antropologia, influenciaram a falta de produção sobre a questão; a segunda (e principal é uma tentativa de pensar a presença indígena nas cidades de uma perspectiva mais familiar ao pensamento ameríndio. Este artigo é uma proposta de abordagem analítica sobre o tema.

RECENT DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF BRAZILIAN URBAN SYSTEM: A RANK-SIZE ANALYSIS Evolução recente e características do sistema de cidades brasileiras: uma análise tamanho-hierarquia

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Sylvio Carlos Bandeira de Mello e Silva

2012-12-01

Full Text Available The objective of this study is to contribute in an integrated way, to understand the recent changes in the organization of the dynamic system of Brazilian cities, prioritizing the rank-size of urban centers. This analysis was made for the period 1991-2010. The rank-size relationship in a system of cities has been studied by constructing a graph with logarithmic scale on both axes. The graph shows an imbalance between the 2nd city and the cities that immediately follow the hierarchy until close to a population of 3,000,000 inhabitants. From there, we can say that there is an almost regular basis, especially for the years 2000 and 2010. The rank-size graph has also been produced for all states, classified into three groups: (i states with extremely unbalanced urban system, (ii states with unbalanced urban system, (iii states with little unbalanced urban system. The analysis allows us to state that the system of cities in Brazil has undergone important changes that express, in the urbanized space, the economic and social changes across the country. Indeed, the growing integration of the Brazilian economy and society has been manifested by the tendency to greater regularity (de-concentration and diversity in the distribution of cities by rank-size.O objetivo deste trabalho é o de contribuir, de forma integrada, para o entendimento das mudanças recentes na organização do dinâmico sistema de cidades brasileiras, priorizando a relação tamanho/hierarquia dos centros urbanos. A referida análise foi feita para o período 1991-2010. A relação tamanho-hierarquia em um sistema de cidades tem sido estudada através da construção de um gráfico com escala logarítmica nos dois eixos. O gráfico mostra um desequilíbrio entre a 2ª cidade e as que seguem imediatamente na hierarquia até próximo a uma população de 3.000.000 de habitantes. A partir daí, pode-se dizer que há uma quase regularidade, sobretudo para os anos 2000 e 2010. O gr

Cidade. City. Cité. Smartcity. O espaço contemporâneo do Período Técnico Científico Informacional. Duas experiências globais

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Paulo Celso Silva

2015-09-01

Full Text Available Apresentamos, em linhas gerais, duas experiências urbanas conceitualmente diferentes, seja na maneira de criar e organizar o espaço ou no viver. Celebration uma cidade informacional com um projeto de oferecer ao consumidor-morador uma alternativa estética na união entre a tecnologia e a tradição. Empresas de grande porte oferecem e vendem o que de mais atual pode se esperar em produtos para a casa, modernos aparatos para facilitar a vida. A cidade asiática, por seu turno, oferece o conceito de Smartcity, onde a tecnologia não é oferecida em si-mesmo, mas, conectada à inteligência do morador. Palavras-chave: Geografias da Comunicação; Período Técnico Cientifico Informacional; Cidades Globais; Smartcity; comunicação urbana.   ABSTRACT Here, in general, two conceptually different urban experiences, either in the way of creating and organizing the space or live. Celebration an informational city with a project to offer the consumer-dweller an aesthetic alternative to marriage between technology and tradition. Large companies offer and sell what more can be expected in current products for the home, modern devices to make life easier. The Asian city, in turn, offers the concept of Smartcity, where technology is not offered in self, but connected to the resident's intelligence.  Keywords: Geographies of communication; Technical Scientific informational Period; Global Cities; Smartcity; Urban Communication.   RESUMEN En línea general, presentamos dos experiencias urbanas conceptualmente diferentes, ya sea en la forma de crear y organizar el espacio o vivir. Celebration  es una ciudad informacional con un proyecto para ofrecer al consumidor-habitante una alternativa estética en la unión de la tecnología con la tradición. Grandes empresas ofrecen y venden lo más actual se puede esperar de los productos para el hogar, aparatos modernos para hacer la vida más fácil. La ciudad asiática, a su vez, ofrece el concepto de Smartcity

A luta dos sem-teto pelo direito à cidade na área central da cidade do Rio de Janeiro

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Marcelo Quintino da Silva

2012-01-01

Esta pesquisa busca ampliar o debate sobre os movimentos sociais de luta por moradia no contexto da cidade capitalista. Embasados no conceito de direito à cidade, objetivamos analisar as espacialidades dos movimentos sociais de luta por moradia na primeira década do século XXI, na área central do Rio de Janeiro. A presença de terrenos e edifícios vazios públicos ou privados suscita questionamentos pelo fato de um município com elevado déficit habitacional possuir tantos espaços vazios. Contra...

Custos de transporte e urbanização: evidências a partir da criação de cidades

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Flávia Chein

2009-09-01

Full Text Available Este artigo investiga a relação entre urbanização e rendimentos individuais em cidades emergentes (pouco urbanizadas, a partir da relação entre custo de transporte e urbanização. Para tanto, considera as cidades criadas a partir da construção da rodovia Belém-Teresina e da pavimentação da rodovia Cuiabá-Porto Velho. Os resultados mostram que existe uma relação positiva entre urbanização e rendimento em cidades de pequeno porte, mas essa relação não é, necessariamente, direta. Características individuais e a estrutura produtiva e do mercado de trabalho local aparecem como importantes canais dessa relação. Ao contrário do que ocorre em cidades médias e grandes, o acúmulo de capital humano nos pequenos aglomerados urbanos não parece ter efeito sobre os rendimentos individuais.This paper investigates the relationship between urbanization and individual incomes by exploring the role of transport costs in the process of urbanization. Our empirical framework is built on the importance of the transport networks, especially roads, in creating urban agglomerations and new towns. We find that, although this relationship exists, it is not, necessarily, direct. Productive structure and local labor market are important channels that link urbanization and individual income in emerging towns around the roads. There is no statistically significant relationship between the accumulation of human capital in those towns and the individual incomes differently from the findings for large and medium-sized cities.

O direito à cidade e as agendas urbanas internacionais: uma análise documental

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Elisabete Agrela de Andrade

Full Text Available Resumo Considerando as problemáticas sociais, econômicas e demográficas, viver na cidade implica condições inadequadas de moradia, exclusão social, iniquidades e outros agravos à população. Simultaneamente, a cidade também é cenário das produções culturais, sociais e afetivas. Cresceu, então, a necessidade de refletir sobre o direito à cidade e a relação com a promoção da saúde de seus habitantes. Para contribuir, agendas urbanas foram construídas pensando nesta ambiguidade da cidade. Objetiva-se analisar quatro destas agendas à luz do referencial da Promoção da Saúde. Foi realizada uma pesquisa documental de abordagem qualitativa de agendas urbanas propostas por organismos internacionais e adotadas em contexto brasileiro: Cidades Saudáveis, Cidades Sustentáveis, Cidades Inteligentes e Cidades Educadoras. Os resultados mostram que há empenho, em maior ou menor grau, por parte das agendas analisadas, em assumir a participação social, a intersetorialidade e o território como fundamentais no enfrentamento das exclusões e iniquidades, mas há falta de debates aprofundados sobre cada um destes conceitos. Conclui-se que as agendas urbanas podem ser importante aporte na consolidação do direito à cidade, desde que haja a compreensão crítica dos conceitos que as sustentam.

A Reestruturação da cidade de Salvador: Conflitos e interesses na lógica da centralidade urbana

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Jânio Santos

2010-07-01

Full Text Available A partir da metade do século XX, ocorreram transformações políticas e econômicas que influenciaram a urbanização, consequentemente, a produção do espaço urbano em Salvador/BA. Essas mudanças provocaram alterações em sua estrutura urbana, sendo as mais importantes: a constituição de novas relações tempo-espaço, a implantação de hodiernos equipamentos e a redefinição na centralidade urbana, marcando o início do processo de reestruturação urbana e da cidade. Como consequência, atualmente, Salvador apresenta uma estrutura urbana poli(multi nucleada. Por um lado, esse fenômeno revela a formação de novas áreas centrais, ou seja, “eclodiu” uma multiplicidade de centros e subcentros na cidade; por outro, percebe-se que esses espaços são bastante diferenciados entre si, mormente, no que tange às características sociais e econômicas, por isso também verificamos sua face poli. A constituição dessa nova lógica na centralidade soteropolitana revela nuances diferenciadas nos conflitos e interesses na cidade, que entendemos interferir no processo de produção e reprodução do espaço urbano, sobretudo no que tange à produção de espaços destinados ao consumo. Abstract THE RESTRUCTURATION OF THE CITY OF SALVADOR: CONFLICTS AND INTERESTS IN THE URBAN CENTRALITY LOGIC After 1950 some economic and political transformations occurred, influencing in the urbanization process of the city of Salvador/BA. These changes provoked some important changes in the urban structure, such as the redefinition of the time-space relationship and the introduction of new equipments, marking the start of urban and city restructuration. The process was produced by the State, among with other agents, and its consequences demonstrate the formation of a new characteristic of the urban structure, understood as the multi(polycentralité. The current centers are differentiated by the amount and by the interests of the social groups. The olds

De cidade à metropole

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Odette Seabra

2011-07-01

Full Text Available Nesta formulação está implícito um movimento de raciocínio que vai da cidade à metrópole, porque tanto uma como outra assumem formas histórico-geográficas que correspondem a esta formação social. Nesse plano a questão é de verificar como as mudanças no modo de produção repercutiram na forma urbana, à medida que a formação econômica e social capitalista penetrava os poros da sociedade, provocando enorme diversificação e concentração espacial de atividades (indústria e comércio e de riqueza. A cidade sujeitada a um enorme crescimento, que na prática era um enorme dilaceramento, será vivenciada com grandes transformações. Por isso será necessário compreender, de um ponto de vista lógico-teórico, as mudanças qualitativas dos modos de vida.

Prediction of Weld Residual Stress of Narrow Gap Welds

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yang, Jun Seog; Huh, Nam Su

2010-01-01

The conventional welding technique such as shield metal arc welding has been mostly applied to the piping system of the nuclear power plants. It is well known that this welding technique causes the overheating and welding defects due to the large groove angle of weld. On the other hand, the narrow gap welding(NGW) technique has many merits, for instance, the reduction of welding time, the shrinkage of weld and the small deformation of the weld due to the small groove angle and welding bead width comparing with the conventional welds. These characteristics of NGW affect the deformation behavior and the distribution of welding residual stress of NGW, thus it is believed that the residual stress results obtained from conventional welding procedure may not be applied to structural integrity evaluation of NGW. In this paper, the welding residual stress of NGW was predicted using the nonlinear finite element analysis to simulate the thermal and mechanical effects of the NGW. The present results can be used as the important information to perform the flaw evaluation and to improve the weld procedure of NGW

Representação e visualidade local: a cidade do Porto mediatizada

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Cristina Tereza Rebelo

2014-07-01

Full Text Available Resumo Num contexto de globalização, despontam nas cidades, novas simbologias urbanas e novas formas de representação, mediadas pela reprodução de símbolos e imagens, que lhes atribuem, não só uma figuração de vanguarda, mas também um autêntico posicionamento do espaço. A cidade do Porto tem uma história ligada à resistência, ao centralismo e reivindicação da identidade local. Para se afirmar, o Porto tem de ganhar força política, económica e comunicacional. Neste âmbito, o Porto Canal pretende dar resposta a alguns imperativos de interesse local e também de projeção de particularismos e singularidades da região. Este artigo, discute as identidades locais e a ação comunicacional dos média locais no alcance de uma performance local competitiva, através de uma imagem positiva e atrativa. Para o efeito, apresentamos dados retirados de estudos próprios realizados entre 2010/2013, que esclarecem a relação do canal de televisão Porto Canal com a identidade local da cidade, pronunciando conclusões sobre a sua correspondência. Palavras- chave: Porto, TV Local, Identidade. Marca cidade. Resumen En un contexto de la globalización, surgen en las ciudades, nuevas simbologías urbanas y nuevas formas de representación, mediada por la reproducción de símbolos e imágenes que les otorgará una figuración de vanguardia, permitiendo un espacio auténtico de posicionamiento. Porto tiene una historia conectada a la resistencia, el centralismo y la afirmación de la identidad local. Para afirmarse, la ciudad tiene que lograr poder político, económico y comunicacional. En este orden de ideas, Porto Canal pretende dar respuesta a algunos imperativos de interés local y a la proyección de las particularidades y singularidades de la región. Este artículo analiza las identidades locales y la acción comunicativa de los medios de comunicación locales en la consecución de un interés local competitivo a través de una

Investigation on mechanical properties of welded material under different types of welding filler (shielded metal arc welding)

Science.gov (United States)

Tahir, Abdullah Mohd; Lair, Noor Ajian Mohd; Wei, Foo Jun

2018-05-01

The Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) is (or the Stick welding) defined as a welding process, which melts and joins metals with an arc between a welding filler (electrode rod) and the workpieces. The main objective was to study the mechanical properties of welded metal under different types of welding fillers and current for SMAW. This project utilized the Design of Experiment (DOE) by adopting the Full Factorial Design. The independent variables were the types of welding filler and welding current, whereas the other welding parameters were fixed at the optimum value. The levels for types of welding filler were by the models of welding filler (E6013, E7016 and E7018) used and the levels for welding current were 80A and 90A. The responses were the mechanical properties of welded material, which include tensile strength and hardness. The experiment was analyzed using the two way ANOVA. The results prove that there are significant effects of welding filler types and current levels on the tensile strength and hardness of the welded metal. At the same time, the ANOVA results and interaction plot indicate that there are significant interactions between the welding filler types and the welding current on both the hardness and tensile strength of the welded metals, which has never been reported before. This project found that when the amount of heat input with increase, the mechanical properties such as tensile strength and hardness decrease. The optimum tensile strength for welded metal is produced by the welding filler E7016 and the optimum of hardness of welded metal is produced by the welding filler E7018 at welding current of 80A.

A economia do audiovisual no contexto contemporâneo das Cidades Criativas

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Paulo Celso da Silva

2012-12-01

Full Text Available Este trabalho aborda a economia do audiovisual em cidades com status de criativas. Mais do que um adjetivo, é no bojo das atividades ligadas à comunicação, o audiovisual entre elas, cultura, moda, arquitetura, artes manuais ou artesanato local, que tais cidades renovaram a forma de acumulação, reorganizando espaços públicos e privados. As cidades de  Barcelona, Berlim, New York, Milão e São Paulo, são representativas para atingir o objetivo de analisar as cidades relacionado ao desenvolvimento do setor audiovisual. Ainda que tal hipótese possa parecer indicar, através de dados oficiais que auxiliam em uma compreensão mais realista de cada uma delas.

Planos diretores: o caminho para o desenvolvimento sustentável das cidades

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Alexsandro da Miranda

2013-11-01

Full Text Available Os Planos Diretores efetivam a existência de uma legislação geral estabelecendo as normas necessárias à implementação de políticas urbanas, previstas na Constituição Federal e no Estatuto da Cidade (Lei Federal 10.257/2001 e que em seu foco principal está o desenvolvimento e a expansão urbana.  Assim, o presente artigo aborda uma breve discussão teórica do tema, suas problemáticas e contextualizações na perspectiva de fundamentá-las à luz das teorias existentes. Três principais diretrizes devem ser destacadas: o desenvolvimento sustentável, a gestão democrática da cidade e o planejamento do desenvolvimento das cidades, onde os municípios, devem, portanto, utilizar as diretrizes e instrumentos do Estatuto da Cidade com o objetivo de estabelecer as regras que propiciem o pleno desenvolvimento econômico, social, ambiental e sustentável, com vistas a garantir o direito à cidade para todos os que nela vivem.

La ciudad de los sonidos: Una heurística de la sensibilidad en los paisajes urbanos contemporáneos A cidade dos sons: A heurística do sensível nas paisagens urbanas contemporâneas City of sounds: An heuristic of sensible aspects of public life in contemporary urban landscape

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Carlos Fortuna

2009-12-01

Full Text Available El análisis de los aspectos sensibles de la vida pública o, en otras palabras, el ritmanálisis de Henri Lefebvre, tiene un enorme potencial heurístico para el estudio de las ciudades y sus imágenes. Este texto sostiene que las imágenes de la ciudad también están hechas de paisajes sonoros; y que los sonidos urbanos pueden revelar no sólo la evolución urbana, sino también el modo de organización actual de los entornos sociales de las ciudades. Sin embargo, las Ciencias Sociales se han relacionado de manera irregular con esas sonoridades. Con incursiones en los dominios de la Sociología y de la Geografía, este texto sostiene la necesidad de conceder una mayor atención a los campos y paisajes sonoros de las ciudades, a fin de detectar con más rigor sus trayectorias y configuraciones sociales.A análise dos aspectos sensíveis da vida pública ou, por outras palavras, a ritmanálise de H. Lefebvre encerra um enorme potencial heurístico para a compreensão das cidades e das suas imagens. Este texto sustenta que as cidades são também feitas de paisagens sonoras e que os sons urbanos podem revelar não apenas a evolução urbana mas também o modo actual de organização dos ambientes sociais vividos nas cidades. Contudo, é irregular a forma como as Ciências Sociais se têm relacionado com estas sonoridades. Com incursões nos domínios da Sociologia e da Geografia, este texto sustenta a necessidade de se conceder maior atenção aos campos e paisagens sonoros das cidades, de modo a detectar com mais rigor as suas trajectórias e configurações sociais.The analysis of the sensible aspects of public life, or, in other words, Henri Lefebvre's rhythmanalysis, has an enormous heuristic potential for the study of cities and their images. This text argues that city images are also made of sounds and that urban sounds can reveal not only urban evolution, but also the current mode of organization of the social environments of cities

Weld Nugget Temperature Control in Thermal Stir Welding

Science.gov (United States)

Ding, R. Jeffrey (Inventor)

2014-01-01

A control system for a thermal stir welding system is provided. The control system includes a sensor and a controller. The sensor is coupled to the welding system's containment plate assembly and generates signals indicative of temperature of a region adjacent and parallel to the welding system's stir rod. The controller is coupled to the sensor and generates at least one control signal using the sensor signals indicative of temperature. The controller is also coupled to the welding system such that at least one of rotational speed of the stir rod, heat supplied by the welding system's induction heater, and feed speed of the welding system's weld material feeder are controlled based on the control signal(s).

Transition welds in welding of two-ply steels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fartushnyj, V.G.; Evsyukov, Yu.G.

1977-01-01

Studied were physico-mechanical properties of welds made by various welding wires of chromium-nickel and nickel-chromium steels in submerged arc welding of double-layer steels with main layer of the VSt.3sp. carbon steel. It is shown that service-reliable structures welded of two-layer steels are obtained by providing the content from 11 to 20 % Ni in the automatically welded transition layer

Weld controller for automated nuclear service welding

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Barfield, K.L.; Strubhar, P.M.; Green, D.I.

1995-01-01

B and W Nuclear Technologies (BWNT) uses many different types of weld heads for automated welding in the commercial nuclear service industry. Some weld heads are purchased as standard items, while others are custom designed and fabricated by BWNT requiring synchronized multiaxis motion control. BWNT recently completed a development program to build a common weld controller that interfaces to all types of weld heads used by BWNT. Their goal was to construct a system that had the flexibility to add different modules to increase the capability of the controller as different application needs become necessary. The benefits from having a common controller are listed. This presentation explains the weld controller system and the types of applications to which it has been applied

Cidade Romana de Ammaia: estudo das argamassas

OpenAIRE

Cardoso, Maria Inês Santos de Lemos

2011-01-01

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Conservação e Restauro, Área de especialização: Pedra (argamassas) A cidade romana de Ammaia (Marvão) é considerada o testemunho mais importante da presença romana no distrito de Portalegre e a única cidade conhecida na região. De acordo com as evidências históricas e arqueológicas, a Ammaia terá sido edificada no século I a.C, atingindo o seu auge na segunda metade do século I até ao final do século II, como um importante centro urbano ...

Use of servo controlled weld head for end closure welding

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pathak, S.K.; Setty, D.S.; Rameswara Rao, A.; Hemantha Rao, G.V.S.; Jayaraj, R.N. [Nuclear Fuel Complex, Dept. of Atomic Energy, Hyderabad (India)

2010-07-01

In the PHWR fuel fabrication line resistance welding processes are used for joining various zirconium based alloy components to fuel tube of similar material. The quality requirement of these welding processes is very stringent and has to meet all the product requirements. At present these welding processes are being carried out by using standard resistance welding machines. In the resistance welding process in addition to current and time, force is one of the critical and important parameter, which influences the weld quality. At present advanced feed back type fast response medium frequency weld controllers are being used. This has upslope/down slope, constant and repetitive weld pattern selection features makes this critical welding process more reliable. Compared to weld controllers, squeeze force application devices are limited and normally standard high response pneumatic cylinders are used in the welding process. With this type of devices the force is constant during welding process and cannot be varied during welding process as per the material deformation characteristics. Similarly due to non-availability of feed back systems in the squeeze force application systems restricts the accuracy and quality of the welding process. In the present paper the influence of squeeze force pattern on the weld quality using advanced feed back type servo based force control system was studied. Different squeeze forces were used during pre and post weld heat periods along with constant force and compared with the weld quality. (author)

Eccentricities: Outlying Poems that Reconstruct the Modern City

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Carlos Pittella

2017-12-01

Full Text Available This article, using Cesário Verde as a point of reference, presents diverse strategies of poetic reconstruction of the city via scansion and formal analysis of representative poems: “cidade/city/cité” by Augusto de Campos, “Ode Triunfal” by Álvaro de Campos (heteronym of Fernando Pessoa, “As Scismas do Destino” by Augusto dos Anjos, “Paisaje de la Juventud que Vomita (Anochecer en Coney Island” by Federico García Lorca and “O Inferno de Wall Street” by Joaquim de Sousândrade. These poems are taken from Portuguese, Brazilian, Spanish and US-American literature and provide a fertile line of inquiry into urban poetics.

Welding hazards

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Khan, M.A.

1992-01-01

Welding technology is advancing rapidly in the developed countries and has converted into a science. Welding involving the use of electricity include resistance welding. Welding shops are opened in residential area, which was causing safety hazards, particularly the teenagers and children who eagerly see the welding arc with their naked eyes. There are radiation hazards from ultra violet rays which irritate the skin, eye irritation. Welding arc light of such intensity could damage the eyes. (Orig./A.B.)

Implementação de Cidades Inteligentes em Países em Vias de Desenvolvimento - Estudo sobre o Papel da Tecnologia no Desenvolvimento de Serviços de Cidades Inteligentes em Maputo

OpenAIRE

Gil Barroca, Jean Paulo

2015-01-01

O estudo de Cidades Inteligentes centra-se frequentemente na aplicação de tecnologias de informação e comunicação para a melhoria dos serviços urbanos e para a resolução de problemas de sustentabili-dade das cidades. Desta visão algo redutora do tema, surge literatura que apenas explora a possibilidade de implementação de soluções e estratégias de Cidades Inteligentes em países cujo contexto facilite a aplicação e adopção dessas soluções. Aplicando a visão da Cidade Inteligente que resu...

Mapas imaginários sobre Porto Alegre: as representações da cidade no cinema

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Miriam de Souza Rossini

2010-12-01

Full Text Available Este artigo apresenta os procedimentos de pesquisa e os resultados obtidos no subgrupo Cinema da pesquisa Porto Alegre imaginada: representações dos cidadãos sobre a cidade. Ao longo de 2007 e 2008, foram mapeados os filmes produzidos e exibidos em Porto Alegre, em diferentes formatos e suportes, e após foi feita a análise do corpus conforme as categorias propostas no projeto geral da pesquisa. O objetivo era compreender como a cidade era percebida e representada nas imagens audiovisuais cinematográficas. Na análise, observamos a estética visual e sonora, a estrutura narrativa e as principais temáticas. A cidade que surge nas telas de cinema com certeza é muito diferente do imaginário que existe sobre a cidade real. Ao invés de uma grande metrópole moderna, o que se percebe é uma cidade que mal consegue sair dos seus limites oitocentistas.

Advanced Welding Concepts

Science.gov (United States)

Ding, Robert J.

2010-01-01

Four advanced welding techniques and their use in NASA are briefly reviewed in this poster presentation. The welding techniques reviewed are: Solid State Welding, Friction Stir Welding (FSW), Thermal Stir Welding (TSW) and Ultrasonic Stir Welding.

Resistance seam welding

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Schueler, A.W.

1977-01-01

The advantages and disadvantages of the resistance seam welding process are presented. Types of seam welds, types of seam welding machines, seam welding power supplies, resistance seam welding parameters and seam welding characteristics of various metals

A expansão das cidades brasileiras: um processo sem fim

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Staël de Alvarenga Pereira Costa

2006-12-01

Full Text Available As grandes cidades brasileiras apresentam na atualidade processos de desenvolvimento e de formação das suas formas urbanas semelhantes, apesar de algumas terem sido criadas seguindo planos urbanísticos diversos e algumas mesmo, fundadas para atender propósitos políticos diferenciados. Apesar destas diferenças todas estas ao crescer apresentam expansões além dos limites administrativos territoriais. As políticas de planejamento urbano e controle da expansão urbana provaram-se pouco eficazes na formação de cidades legais e o crescimento extensivo praticamente, ocorre sem controle. Os novos tipos de ocupação como as atividades industriais, as comerciais de grande porte, novos subúrbios residenciais e, ao mesmo tempo, as periferias pobres apresentam diferentes formas urbanas. Para o abrigo destas formas, as florestas têm suas áreas reduzidas, a paisagem é transformada, os corpos d água são canalizados. No cômputo final os seus leitos são cada vez mais rasos.e poluídos. Este trabalho apresenta as principais características das cidades que estão sob processos semelhantes e discute o tipo mais recente deste processo, que ocorre nas bordas das cidades. Apresenta como estudo de caso, a cidade de Belo Horizonte, uma cidade planejada para ser uma capital de estado 108 anos atrás, para questionar se as políticas governamentais estão sendo realmente implementadas como normas para controle da expansão urbana ou se são somente utilizadas para ocultar a real intervenção de promover a especulação do solo.

Welding method, and welding device for use therein, and method of analysis for evaluating welds

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Aendenroomer, A.J.; Den Ouden, G.; Xiao, Y.H.; Brabander, W.A.J.

1995-01-01

Described is a method of automatically welding pipes, comprising welding with a pulsation welding current and monitoring, by means of a sensor, the variations occurring in the arc voltage caused by weld pool oscillations. The occurrence of voltage variations with only frequency components below 100

Comparison of Welding Residual Stresses of Hybrid Laser-Arc Welding and Submerged Arc Welding in Offshore Steel Structures

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Andreassen, Michael Joachim; Yu, Zhenzhen; Liu, Stephen

2016-01-01

In the offshore industry, welding-induced distortion and tensile residual stresses have become a major concern in relation to the structural integrity of a welded structure. Particularly, the continuous increase in size of welded plates and joints needs special attention concerning welding induced...... residual stresses. These stresses have a negative impact on the integrity of the welded joint as they promote distortion, reduce fatigue life, and contribute to corrosion cracking and premature failure in the weld components. This paper deals with the influence and impact of welding method on the welding...... induced residual stresses. It is also investigated whether the assumption of residual stresses up to yield strength magnitude are present in welded structures as stated in the design guidelines. The fatigue strength for welded joints is based on this assumption. The two welding methods investigated...

Memórias e representações sociais da cidade de Cuiabá, ao longo de três gerações Memories and social representations of Cuiabá along three generations

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ana Rafaela Pecora

2008-01-01

Full Text Available Este estudo analisa as memórias e as representações sociais construídas por três gerações acerca da cidade de Cuiabá, ao longo da segunda metade do século XX. A primeira viveu a juventude durante os anos de 1950 a 1967, quando o progresso da cidade foi vagaroso. A segunda presenciou o início da modernização - 1968 a 1986. A terceira coorte foi contemporânea ao mundo globalizado - 1987 a 2000. Os 150 sujeitos inquiridos compreenderam as seguintes faixas etárias: 65 a 75; 44 a 51; 26 a 33 anos. As evocações livres ao termo indutor "Cuiabá no seu tempo" foram processadas pelo software EVOC e submetidas à análise de similitude. Os resultados revelaram que as representações da cidade permaneceram inalteradas no período investigado.This study analyzes the memories and the social representations constructed by three generations concerning the city of Cuiabá during the second half of the 20th century. The first generation lived the youth age during the years 1950 and 1967, when the progress of the city was slow. The second generation witnessed the beginning of modernization from 1968 through 1986. The third generation was contemporary to the globalized world - from 1987 through 2000. The 150 inquired subjects were included in the age bands: 65 through 75; 44 through 51; 26 through 33 years old. The free evocations expressions carried to the inductive term: "Cuiabá in its time". The findings were processed by the software EVOC and submitted to a similitude analysis. The results revealed that the representations of the city had remained unchanged in the investigated mentioned periods.

Brasília na rede das cidades globais: apontando uma tendência

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Brasilmar Ferreira Nunes

2014-12-01

Full Text Available O artigo discute o potencial de Brasília se inserir na rede mundial de cidades, considerando sua peculiar dinâmica socioeconômica. Consolida-se aqui, 54 anos após sua inauguração, uma cidade que vive constantes processos de mudança, mas que ainda se acha atrelada ao setor público, esfera que lhe dá sua identidade. A assimetria que se observa entre, de um lado, uma cidade racional que se rebate num desenho modernista e, de outro, uma cidade que cresce nas suas periferias de forma anárquica, reproduzindo modelos das demais cidades brasileiras, evidenciam uma estrutura social com enormes graus de desigualdade e de diferenciação. A dinâmica populacional do Distrito Federal e entorno ultrapassa cada vez mais as determinações e os estímulos oriundos do setor público, concentrados no seu Plano Piloto. Ao contextualizá-la na lógica contemporânea das cidades "globais", na tentativa de diversificar a fonte de investimentos, Brasília procura oferecer vantagens comparativas frente a outras metrópoles que com ela concorrem. Nesse sentido, o artigo defende que a capital vive hoje uma etapa original na sua evolução, mesmo se a incompatibilidade aparente entre sua função política, que de certa forma restringe suas potencialidades, e as forças de mercado, a levam a modificar sua natureza original.

Welding technology transfer task/laser based weld joint tracking system for compressor girth welds

Science.gov (United States)

Looney, Alan

1991-01-01

Sensors to control and monitor welding operations are currently being developed at Marshall Space Flight Center. The laser based weld bead profiler/torch rotation sensor was modified to provide a weld joint tracking system for compressor girth welds. The tracking system features a precision laser based vision sensor, automated two-axis machine motion, and an industrial PC controller. The system benefits are elimination of weld repairs caused by joint tracking errors which reduces manufacturing costs and increases production output, simplification of tooling, and free costly manufacturing floor space.

Friction Stir Welding

Science.gov (United States)

Nunes, Arthur C., Jr.

2008-01-01

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid state welding process invented in 1991 at The Welding Institute in the United Kingdom. A weld is made in the FSW process by translating a rotating pin along a weld seam so as to stir the sides of the seam together. FSW avoids deleterious effects inherent in melting and promises to be an important welding process for any industries where welds of optimal quality are demanded. This article provides an introduction to the FSW process. The chief concern is the physical effect of the tool on the weld metal: how weld seam bonding takes place, what kind of weld structure is generated, potential problems, possible defects for example, and implications for process parameters and tool design. Weld properties are determined by structure, and the structure of friction stir welds is determined by the weld metal flow field in the vicinity of the weld tool. Metal flow in the vicinity of the weld tool is explained through a simple kinematic flow model that decomposes the flow field into three basic component flows: a uniform translation, a rotating solid cylinder, and a ring vortex encircling the tool. The flow components, superposed to construct the flow model, can be related to particular aspects of weld process parameters and tool design; they provide a bridge to an understanding of a complex-at-first-glance weld structure. Torques and forces are also discussed. Some simple mathematical models of structural aspects, torques, and forces are included.

O ritmo das transformações, a exclusão, a legislação urbana e a condição humana na cidade The rythm of transformations, exclusion, urban legislation and human condition in cities

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Wilson Benes de Oliveira Cardoso

2002-01-01

Full Text Available Este estudo faz parte de uma pesquisa no Departamento de Saúde e Saneamento Ambiental da Fiocruz. O recorte significa uma leitura crítica do Plano Diretor da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A pesquisa identifica áreas de sombra, e fragilidades do Plano. Para recuperar uma nova concepção na criação de um planejamento que permita enfrentar as dificuldades e as alarmantes exigências do presente é preciso: o abandono das teses mecanicistas; consideração da integridade de objeto e compreensão da área de planejamento da cidade como uma realidade fundamental. A cidade é um espaço de ações contrastantes, um jogo de causas e efeitos, impulsos e reações; tem um passado agindo no presente e um futuro que é possível escolher. Num mundo comandado pela lei do valor mundializado, os planos se tornam tributários dos interesses da produção e renunciam a vocação de servir à sociedade. A saída é fazer surgir uma singularidade em cada sujeito que somos nós, considerando suas verdades, suas experiências e permitir espaço para suas manifestações e realizações, gerando novas versões na cena da cultura e encaminhando "re-sentimentos" de pessoas deixadas a meio caminho pelos interesses citados.The study constituites part of one research in Department of Heath and Sanitation Environment in the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. Our research try to identify shadow areas of the Director Plan. Promote a planning that is able to face the situation, difficulties and the big demands of the present require: to fall away mechanical thesis; to consider the planning in its integrities of object and understand that the planning area of the city is the fundamental reality.The area of the city is a space of actions fighting against, a playing of causes and effects, impulsives and reactions; has a past acting in the present and a future that is necessary to choose. In the world commanded by law of world value, the plans became tributary of the aim of production

Numerical analysis of weld pool oscillation in laser welding

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cho, Jung Ho [Chungbuk National University, Cheongju (Korea, Republic of); Farson, Dave F [The Ohio State University, Columbus (United States); Hollis, Kendall; Milewski, John O. [Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos (United States)

2015-04-15

Volume of fluid (VOF) numerical simulation was used to investigate melt flow and volumetric oscillation of conduction-mode pulsed laser weld pools. The result is compared to high speed video stream of titanium laser spot welding experiment. The total simulation time is 10ms with the first 5 ms being heating and melting under constant laser irradiation and the remaining 5 ms corresponding to resolidification of the weld pool. During the melting process, the liquid pool did not exhibit periodic oscillation but was continually depressed by the evaporation recoil pressure. After the laser pulse, the weld pool was excited into volumetric oscillation by the release of pressure on its surface and oscillation of the weld pool surface was analyzed. The simulation model suggested adjusting thermal diffusivity to match cooling rate and puddle diameter during solidification which is distinguishable from previous weld pool simulation. The frequency continuously increased from several thousand cycles per second to tens of thousands of cycles per second as the weld pool solidified and its diameter decreased. The result is the first trial of investigation of small weld pool oscillation in laser welding although there have been several reports about arc welding.

Alternate Welding Processes for In-Service Welding

Science.gov (United States)

2009-04-24

Conducting weld repairs and attaching hot tap tees onto pressurized pipes has the advantage of avoiding loss of service and revenue. However, the risks involved with in-service welding need to be managed by ensuring that welding is performed in a rep...

Hybrid laser-TIG welding, laser beam welding and gas tungsten arc welding of AZ31B magnesium alloy

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Liu Liming; Wang Jifeng; Song Gang

2004-01-01

Welding of AZ31B magnesium alloy was carried out using hybrid laser-TIG (LATIG) welding, laser beam welding (LBW) and gas tungsten arc (TIG) welding. The weldability and microstructure of magnesium AZ31B alloy welded using LATIG, LBW and TIG were investigated by OM and EMPA. The experimental results showed that the welding speed of LATIG was higher than that of TIG, which was caught up with LBW. Besides, the penetration of LATIG doubles that of TIG, and was four times that of LBW. In addition, arc stability was improved in hybrid of laser-TIG welding compared with using the TIG welding alone, especially at high welding speed and under low TIG current. It was found that the heat affect zone of joint was only observed in TIG welding, and the size of grains in it was evidently coarse. In fusion zone, the equiaxed grains exist, whose size was the smallest welded by LBW, and was the largest by TIG welding. It was also found that Mg concentration of the fusion zone was lower than that of the base one by EPMA in three welding processes

CIDADES CONTEMPORÂNEAS: "LÓCUS" DO CAPITALISMO PÓS-MODERNO

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ubiratan Francisco de Oliveira

2011-08-01

Full Text Available As cidades da/na sociedade contemporânea expressam, das mais variadas formas e dimensões, a organização social de seus sujeitos. Mais que isso, elas expressam a estrutura do sistema produtivo ao qual elas estão inseridas como sedes burocráticas desse sistema, o lugar do comando e da organização da produção capitalista. Se há uma rede mundial que organiza o sistema capitalista, essa rede só é possível por conta das cidades. Elas são os nós da rede produtiva contemporânea, donas de uma estrutura de transmissão de informações e produção de conhecimentos jamais tidos na história da humanidade. Contudo, a velocidade com a qual evolui esse sistema, as cidades proporcionam uma imensidão de problemas relacionados com espaço, tempo e sujeitos. Contraditórios e multifacetados, eles proporcionam várias formas de territorialização nas cidades dos guetos, dos recantos, do trabalho, da arte, da cultura e, sobretudo, da hegemônica força da economia sobre essas dimensões sociais.

Closing the weld gap with laser/mig hybrid welding process

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Bagger, Claus; Olsen, Flemming Ove; Wiwe, Bjarne David

2003-01-01

In this article, laboratory tests are demonstrated that systematically accesses the critical gap distance when welding CMn 2.13 mm steel with a 2.6 kW CO2 laser, combined with a MIG energy source. In the work, the welding speed is varied at gap distances from 0 to 0.8 mm such that the limits...... for obtaining sound welds are identified. The welds are quality assessed according to ISO 13.919-1 and EN25817, transversal hardness measurements are made and the heat input to the workpiece is calculated. The results show that the critical gap is 0.1 mm for a laser weld alone. With hybrid welding, this can...... be increased to 0.6 mm, even at a welding speed of 3.5 m/min. The maximum welding speed with the hybrid process is comparable to laser welding alone, 4.5 m/min. The measured hardness is comparable to MIG welding, and this corresponds to a 33 percent reduction compared to laser welding alone. The heat input...

A cidade africana contemporânea de origem portuguesa: São Tomé pré e pós-independência The contemporary African city of Portuguese origin: Sao Tome pre and post-independence

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Teresa Madeira da Silva

2012-12-01

Full Text Available A cidade de São Tomé foi território português desde as primeiras ocupações até 1975 (data de sua independência,tendo, nesse tempo, crescido segundo os princípios do urbanismo de origem portuguesa. Para além da cidade planeada e consolidada, construída no período de ocupação colonial, a cidade desenvolveu, sobretudo no período pós-independência, um outro tipo de estrutura sem planeamento. À semelhança de outras cidades africanas de origem portuguesa, essa nova estrutura localiza-se na periferia do centro urbano. Este artigo apresenta dois argumentos. O primeiro considera que a cidade de São Tomé apresenta uma estrutura dual, tal como outras cidades africanas: uma zona central planeada, construída no período da ocupação colonial (pré-independência, e outra, periurbana, constituída essencialmente por habitações resultantes da expansão habitacional do centro urbano e com certas características semirrurais: vivendas associadas a espaços de produção agrícola familiar. O segundo argumento refere que tanto a estrutura central planeada, desenvolvida no período colonial, como a estrutura periférica não planeada, desenvolvida posteriormente,têm, na sua origem e desenvolvimento, a procura de relações com o território e, tanto numa como noutra,reconhecem-se estruturas urbanas adaptadas às condições locais.

Mapas imaginários sobre Porto Alegre: a cidade midiática

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Nilda Jacks

2010-12-01

Full Text Available Entre julho e agosto de 2007, os principais meios de comunicação de Porto Alegre foram observados por uma equipe de professores e alunos da Faculdade de Biblioteconomia e Comunicação da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS para identificar que cidade eles ajudam a construir no imaginário do cidadão. Esta pesquisa faz parte de uma mais ampla para conhecer os imaginários urbanos da América Latina, com extensão a algumas urbes européias. Seguindo a metodologia de Silva, a pesquisa foi divida em três eixos que se entrecruzam: dados oficiais e históricos sobre o município, enquete para verificar as percepções dos cidadãos sobre a cidade e análise das representações construídas pelos diferentes meios de comunicação, este último é foco deste texto.

LASER WELDING WITH MICRO-JET COOLING FOR TRUCK FRAME WELDING

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jan PIWNIK

2017-12-01

Full Text Available The aim of this paper is to analyse the mechanical properties of the weld steel structure of car body truck frames after laser welding. The best welding conditions involve the use of proper materials and alloy elements in steel and filer materials, in addition to welding technology, state of stress and temperature of exploitation. We present for the first time the properties of steel track structures after laser welding with micro-jet cooling. Therefore, good selection of both welding parameters and micro-jet cooling parameters is very important to achieve a proper steel structure. In this study, the metallographic structure, tensile results and impact toughness of welded joints have been analysed in terms of welding parameters.

Forming Completely Penetrated Welded T-joints when Pulsed Arc Welding

Science.gov (United States)

Krampit, N. Yu; Krampit, M. A.; Sapozhkov, A. S.

2016-04-01

The paper is focused on revealing the influence of welding parameters on weld formation when pulsed arc welding. As an experimental sample a T-joint over 10 mm was selected. Welding was carried out in flat position, which required no edge preparation but provided mono-directional guaranteed root penetration. The following parameters of welding were subjected to investigation: gap in the joint, wire feed rate and incline angles of the torch along and across the weld axis. Technological recommendations have been made with respect to pulsed arc welding; the cost price of product manufacturing can be reduced on their basis due to reduction of labor input required by machining, lowering consumption of welding materials and electric power.

Resistance welding

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Bay, Niels; Zhang, Wenqi; Rasmussen, Mogens H.

2003-01-01

Resistance welding comprises not only the well known spot welding process but also more complex projection welding operations, where excessive plastic deformation of the weld point may occur. This enables the production of complex geometries and material combinations, which are often not possible...... to weld by traditional spot welding operations. Such joining processes are, however, not simple to develop due to the large number of parameters involved. Development has traditionally been carried out by large experimental investigations, but the development of a numerical programme system has changed...... this enabling prediction of the welding performance in details. The paper describes the programme in short and gives examples on industrial applications. Finally investigations of causes for failure in a complex industrial joint of two dissimilar metals are carried out combining numerical modelling...

Cu-Fe welding techniques by electromagnetic and electron beam welding processes

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kumar, Satendra; Saroj, P.C.; Kulkarni, M.R.; Sharma, A.; Rajawat, R.K.; Saha, T.K.

2015-01-01

Electromagnetic welding being a solid state welding process has been found suitable for welding Copper and Iron which are conventionally very tricky. Owing to good electrical conductivity of both copper and iron, they are best suited combination for EM welding. For the experimental conditions presented above, 1.0 mm wall thickness of Cu tube was lap welded to Fe disc. A heavy duty four disc stainless steel coil was used for electromagnetic welding of samples. MSLD of the welded samples indicated leak proof joints. Metallographic examination of the welds also revealed defect free interfaces. Electron beam welding is also a non-conventional welding process used for joining dissimilar materials. Autogenous welding of the above specimen was carried out by EBW method for the sake of comparison. A characterization analysis of the above mentioned joining processes will be discussed in the paper. (author)

Deconvoluting the Friction Stir Weld Process for Optimizing Welds

Science.gov (United States)

Schneider, Judy; Nunes, Arthur C.

2008-01-01

In the friction stir welding process, the rotating surfaces of the pin and shoulder contact the weld metal and force a rotational flow within the weld metal. Heat, generated by the metal deformation as well as frictional slippage with the contact surface, softens the metal and makes it easier to deform. As in any thermo-mechanical processing of metal, the flow conditions are critical to the quality of the weld. For example, extrusion of metal from under the shoulder of an excessively hot weld may relax local pressure and result in wormhole defects. The trace of the weld joint in the wake of the weld may vary geometrically depending upon the flow streamlines around the tool with some geometry more vulnerable to loss of strength from joint contamination than others. The material flow path around the tool cannot be seen in real time during the weld. By using analytical "tools" based upon the principles of mathematics and physics, a weld model can be created to compute features that can be observed. By comparing the computed observations with actual data, the weld model can be validated or adjusted to get better agreement. Inputs to the model to predict weld structures and properties include: hot working properties ofthe metal, pin tool geometry, travel rate, rotation and plunge force. Since metals record their prior hot working history, the hot working conditions imparted during FSW can be quantified by interpreting the final microstructure. Variations in texture and grain size result from variations in the strain accommodated at a given strain rate and temperature. Microstructural data from a variety of FSWs has been correlated with prior marker studies to contribute to our understanding of the FSW process. Once this stage is reached, the weld modeling process can save significant development costs by reducing costly trial-and-error approaches to obtaining quality welds.

Effects of Fusion Tack Welds on Self-Reacting Friction Stir Welds

Science.gov (United States)

Nunes, A. C., Jr.; Pendleton, M. L.; Brooke, S. A.; Russell, C. K.

2012-01-01

In order to know whether fusion tack welds would affect the strength of self-reacting friction stir seam welds in 2195-T87 aluminum alloy, the fracture stresses of 144 tensile test coupons cut from 24 welded panels containing segments of friction stir welds were measured. Each of the panels was welded under unique processing conditions. A measure of the effect of the tack welds for each panel was devised. An analysis of the measures of the tack weld effect supported the hypothesis that fusion tack welds do not affect the strength of self-reacting friction stir welds to a 5% level of confidence.

Residual stress reduction in the penetration nozzle weld joint by overlay welding

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Jiang, Wenchun; Luo, Yun; Wang, B.Y.; Tu, S.T.; Gong, J.M.

2014-01-01

Highlights: • Residual stress reduction in penetration weld nozzle by overlay welding was studied. • The overlay weld can decrease the residual stress in the weld root. • Long overlay welding is proposed in the actual welding. • Overlay weld to decrease residual stress is more suitable for thin nozzle. - Abstract: Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in the penetration nozzle weld joint endangers the structural reliability of pressure vessels in nuclear and chemical industries. How to decrease the residual stress is very critical to ensure the structure integrity. In this paper, a new method, which uses overlay welding on the inner surface of nozzle, is proposed to decrease the residual stresses in the penetration joint. Finite element simulation is used to study the change of weld residual stresses before and after overlay welding. It reveals that this method can mainly decrease the residual stress in the weld root. Before overlay welding, large tensile residual stresses are generated in the weld root. After overlay weld, the tensile hoop stress in weld root has been decreased about 45%, and the radial stress has been decreased to compressive stress, which is helpful to decrease the susceptibility to SCC. With the increase of overlay welding length, the residual stress in weld root has been greatly decreased, and thus the long overlay welding is proposed in the actual welding. It also finds that this method is more suitable for thin nozzle rather than thick nozzle

Welding processes handbook

CERN Document Server

Weman, Klas

2011-01-01

Offers an introduction to the range of available welding technologies. This title includes chapters on individual techniques that cover principles, equipment, consumables and key quality issues. It includes material on such topics as the basics of electricity in welding, arc physics, and distortion, and the weldability of particular metals.$bThe first edition of Welding processes handbook established itself as a standard introduction and guide to the main welding technologies and their applications. This new edition has been substantially revised and extended to reflect the latest developments. After an initial introduction, the book first reviews gas welding before discussing the fundamentals of arc welding, including arc physics and power sources. It then discusses the range of arc welding techniques including TIG, plasma, MIG/MAG, MMA and submerged arc welding. Further chapters cover a range of other important welding technologies such as resistance and laser welding, as well as the use of welding techniqu...

Welding Curriculum.

Science.gov (United States)

Alaska State Dept. of Education, Juneau. Div. of Adult and Vocational Education.

This competency-based curriculum guide is a handbook for the development of welding trade programs. Based on a survey of Alaskan welding employers, it includes all competencies a student should acquire in such a welding program. The handbook stresses the importance of understanding the principles associated with the various elements of welding.…

PERCEPÇÃO DE CIDADÃOS DE UMA CIDADE DE MÉDIO PORTE EM RELAÇÃO AO USO DA BICICLETA COMO MODO DE TRANSPORTE

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Mariana Grade Ricieri

2017-03-01

Full Text Available RESUMO: As cidades de porte médio no Brasil têm ocupado posição de destaque nos últimos anos. Porém, estas cidades têm seguido o mesmo caminho das cidades brasileiras mais populosas e negligenciado aspectos que garantam à manutenção das condições que favorecem investimentos públicos e principalmente privados. Em relação aos sistemas de transporte e logística, cada vez mais as cidades de porte médio têm se tornado dependente do uso do automóvel e evitado políticas de incentivo à mobilidade urbana sustentável. Desta forma, entender a percepção dos usuários dos sistemas de transporte urbano é fundamental para traçar medidas de incentivo para modos alternativos de viagens urbanas. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar uma análise da percepção dos usuários quanto aos modos de deslocamento urbano, principalmente a bicicleta e medidas específicas de incentivo ao uso deste modo não motorizado. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de entrevistas com um questionário impresso. As respostas possibilitaram obter a opinião sobre o uso da bicicleta como modo de transporte, caracterizar o perfil socioeconômico dos entrevistados e simular um cenário em relação ao uso da bicicleta. Para o caso específico deste estudo ficou evidente que os entrevistados são favoráveis ao uso da bicicleta e uma parcela está disposta a usar o ciclismo desde que sejam implantadas medidas de incentivo. ABSTRACT: The medium-sized cities in Brazil have occupied a prominent position in the last years. However, these cities have followed the same path of the most populous Brazilian cities and have neglected aspects that guarantee the maintenance of the conditions that favor public and private investments. Regarding transport and logistics systems, more and more medium-sized cities have become dependent on the use of the car and have avoided policies to encourage sustainable urban mobility. In this way, understanding the users' perception of urban

LASER WELDING WITH MICRO-JET COOLING FOR TRUCK FRAME WELDING

OpenAIRE

Jan PIWNIK; Bożena SZCZUCKA-LASOTA; Tomasz WĘGRZYN; Wojciech MAJEWSKI

2017-01-01

The aim of this paper is to analyse the mechanical properties of the weld steel structure of car body truck frames after laser welding. The best welding conditions involve the use of proper materials and alloy elements in steel and filer materials, in addition to welding technology, state of stress and temperature of exploitation. We present for the first time the properties of steel track structures after laser welding with micro-jet cooling. Therefore, good selection of both welding paramet...

Thermal Stir Welding: A New Solid State Welding Process

Science.gov (United States)

Ding, R. Jeffrey

2003-01-01

Thermal stir welding is a new welding process developed at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, AL. Thermal stir welding is similar to friction stir welding in that it joins similar or dissimilar materials without melting the parent material. However, unlike friction stir welding, the heating, stirring and forging elements of the process are all independent of each other and are separately controlled. Furthermore, the heating element of the process can be either a solid-state process (such as a thermal blanket, induction type process, etc), or, a fusion process (YG laser, plasma torch, etc.) The separation of the heating, stirring, forging elements of the process allows more degrees of freedom for greater process control. This paper introduces the mechanics of the thermal stir welding process. In addition, weld mechanical property data is presented for selected alloys as well as metallurgical analysis.

Sustainability of Welding Process through Bobbin Friction Stir Welding

Science.gov (United States)

Sued, M. K.; Samsuri, S. S. M.; Kassim, M. K. A. M.; Nasir, S. N. N. M.

2018-03-01

Welding process is in high demand, which required a competitive technology to be adopted. This is important for sustaining the needs of the joining industries without ignoring the impact of the process to the environment. Friction stir welding (FSW) is stated to be benefitting the environment through low energy consumption, which cannot be achieved through traditional arc welding. However, this is not well documented, especially for bobbin friction stir welding (BFSW). Therefore, an investigation is conducted by measuring current consumption of the machine during the BFSW process. From the measurement, different phases of BFSW welding process and its electrical demand are presented. It is found that in general total energy in BFSW is about 130kW inclusive of all identified process phases. The phase that utilise for joint formation is in weld phase that used the highest total energy of 120kWs. The recorded total energy is still far below the traditional welding technology and the conventional friction stir welding (CFSW) energy demand. This indicates that BFSW technology with its vast benefit able to sustain the joining technology in near future.

Enabling high speed friction stir welding of aluminum tailor welded blanks

Science.gov (United States)

Hovanski, Yuri

Current welding technologies for production of aluminum tailor-welded blanks (TWBs) are utilized in low-volume and niche applications, and have yet to be scaled for the high-volume vehicle market. This study targeted further weight reduction, part reduction, and cost savings by enabling tailor-welded blank technology for aluminum alloys at high-volumes. While friction stir welding (FSW) has traditionally been applied at linear velocities less than one meter per minute, high volume production applications demand the process be extended to higher velocities more amenable to cost sensitive production environments. Unfortunately, weld parameters and performance developed and characterized at low to moderate welding velocities do not directly translate to high speed linear friction stir welding. Therefore, in order to facilitate production of high volume aluminum FSW components, parameters were developed with a minimum welding velocity of three meters per minute. With an emphasis on weld quality, welded blanks were evaluated for post-weld formability using a combination of numerical and experimental methods. Evaluation across scales was ultimately validated by stamping full-size production door inner panels made from dissimilar thickness aluminum tailor-welded blanks, which provided validation of the numerical and experimental analysis of laboratory scale tests.

A CIDADE VERDE, IMAGENS E DISCURSOS: O CASO DE MARINGÁ (PR BRASIL

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Marcos Clair BOVO

2012-12-01

Full Text Available A presente pesquisa tem como propósito/intenção apresentar uma breve reflexão referente à imagem da “cidade verde” que predomina no município de Maringá-PR, destacando a concepção de cidade jardim, as imagens e os discursos que vinculam na mídia, seguidas das principais propostas implantadas no município referente à legislação ambiental. Desta forma buscamos investigar a ação do marketing “Maringá Cidade Verde”, por meio das propagandas, reportagens de revistas de circulação nacional, e dos discursos vinculados pelo poder público referente à imagem e a forma urbana dos projetos que estimulam a valorização imobiliária da cidade de Maringá. As imagens produzidas aparecem com intencionalidades específicas utilizando principalmente suas áreas verdes como ícones de divulgação, ou seja, os parques, as praças e suas amplas ruas arborizadas como sinônimo de qualidade ambiental.

The Influence of Friction Stir Weld Tool Form and Welding Parameters on Weld Structure and Properties: Nugget Bulge in Self-Reacting Friction Stir Welds

Science.gov (United States)

Schneider, Judy; Nunes, Arthur C., Jr.; Brendel, Michael S.

2010-01-01

Although friction stir welding (FSW) was patented in 1991, process development has been based upon trial and error and the literature still exhibits little understanding of the mechanisms determining weld structure and properties. New concepts emerging from a better understanding of these mechanisms enhance the ability of FSW engineers to think about the FSW process in new ways, inevitably leading to advances in the technology. A kinematic approach in which the FSW flow process is decomposed into several simple flow components has been found to explain the basic structural features of FSW welds and to relate them to tool geometry and process parameters. Using this modelling approach, this study reports on a correlation between the features of the weld nugget, process parameters, weld tool geometry, and weld strength. This correlation presents a way to select process parameters for a given tool geometry so as to optimize weld strength. It also provides clues that may ultimately explain why the weld strength varies within the sample population.

Prevalência de asma em adolescentes na cidade de Fortaleza, CE Prevalence of asthma among adolescents in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil

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Maria de Fátima Gomes de Luna

2009-11-01

Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de asma em adolescentes (13-14 anos na cidade de Fortaleza, CE. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal utilizando o questionário do International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood e envolvendo 3.015 adolescentes de escolas públicas e privadas entre 2006 e 2007. RESULTADOS: As prevalências de "sibilos alguma vez na vida", "sibilos nos últimos doze meses" (asma ativa e "asma alguma vez na vida" (asma diagnosticada foram, respectivamente, 44,1%, 22,6% e 11,6%. As prevalências de "sibilos alguma vez na vida" (p = 0,001, "1-3 crises de sibilos nos últimos 12 meses" (p = 0,001; asma ativa (p = 0,002; "sono interrompido por sibilos menos que uma vez por semana" (p OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of asthma among adolescents (13-14 years of age in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving 3,015 adolescents at public and private schools between 2006 and 2007. The participants completed the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire. RESULTS: The prevalences of "wheezing ever", "wheezing within the last 12 months" (active asthma and "asthma ever" (physician-diagnosed asthma were 44.1%, 22.6% and 11.6%, respectively. The prevalences of "wheezing ever" (p = 0.001, "1-3 wheezing attacks within the last 12 months" (p = 0.001, active asthma (p = 0.002, "sleep disturbed due to wheezing less than one night per week" (p < 0.001 and "dry cough at night" (p < 0.001 were higher among girls. Private school students presented higher prevalences of "wheezing ever", active asthma, "1-3 wheezing attacks within the last 12 months", "4-12 wheezing attacks within the last 12 months" and physician-diagnosed asthma (p < 0.001 for all, as well as of "exercise-induced wheezing" (p = 0.032. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of asthma and asthma-related symptoms in students aged 13-14 years in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil, was high, predominantly among girls and private

Território Local: um estudo sobre capacitação tecnológica em cidades selecionadas

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Humberto E.P. Martins

2007-01-01

Full Text Available This article analyses the technological capability in some companies located in three cities within the Southeast region of Brazil: Uberlândia, Pouso Alegre (both in the State of Minas Gerais and Resende (State of Rio de Janeiro. After an introduction, the second section discusses new approaches and conceptions about technological innovation, which highlights the importance of interactions and local space for the innovation process. The third section presents the framework of the empirical study and characterizes the selected cities. The fourth section shows and analyses the empirical findings, which are related to innovation capacity, knowledge sources and outsourcing practices.Este trabalho desenvolve uma investigação sobre capacitação tecnológica em um grupo de empresas localizadas em três cidades selecionadas na Região Sudeste brasileira, a saber: Uberlândia e Pouso Alegre, em Minas Gerais, e Resende, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Depois da introdução, na segunda seção são discutidas novas abordagens e concepções acerca da inovação tecnológica, que consideram a importância das interações e do território local para a inovação. Na terceira seção apresentam-se a estrutura do estudo empírico e a caracterização das cidades selecionadas. Por fim, na quarta seção, são apresentados e discutidos os resultados do estudo empírico, que se referem à capacidade inovativa, às fontes de conhecimento das empresas e às práticas de terceirização do processo produtivo.

Automatic orbital GTAW welding: Highest quality welds for tomorrow's high-performance systems

Science.gov (United States)

Henon, B. K.

1985-01-01

Automatic orbital gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) or TIG welding is certain to play an increasingly prominent role in tomorrow's technology. The welds are of the highest quality and the repeatability of automatic weldings is vastly superior to that of manual welding. Since less heat is applied to the weld during automatic welding than manual welding, there is less change in the metallurgical properties of the parent material. The possibility of accurate control and the cleanliness of the automatic GTAW welding process make it highly suitable to the welding of the more exotic and expensive materials which are now widely used in the aerospace and hydrospace industries. Titanium, stainless steel, Inconel, and Incoloy, as well as, aluminum can all be welded to the highest quality specifications automatically. Automatic orbital GTAW equipment is available for the fusion butt welding of tube-to-tube, as well as, tube to autobuttweld fittings. The same equipment can also be used for the fusion butt welding of up to 6 inch pipe with a wall thickness of up to 0.154 inches.

De desejos e de cidades: a difícil arte cotidiana da vida coletiva

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Eliana Kuster

2009-08-01

Full Text Available Os prazeres e as dificuldades da vida nas cidades são o nosso ponto de partida para esse texto no qual fazemos um passeio por alguns autores que trataram deste tema: o equilíbrio entre o 'desejo de cidade', ou seja, a forte motivação que impele os homens para a vida coletiva, e o 'desejo na cidade', os impulsos individuais que podem dificultar a formação de um conjunto coeso. Passando por Sade, Calvino e Perec, vamos chegar à origem desse embate na polis grega, ali onde o aspecto político da vida coletiva é pela primeira vez trazido à cena. Desde os gregos, portanto, o homem se pergunta: como pode ser possível a vida nas cidades?

Um comentário sobre Gerasa, a cidade de Decápolis

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Marisa Balsamo Steingberg

1969-09-01

Full Text Available Num remoto e quieto vale, junto às montanhas de Gilead, extendem-se as ruínas de Gerasa (Jerash atual, cidade da Decápolis . Sente-se seu poderio através de suas ruas e monumentos em bom estado de conservação: um dos mais complexos de cidade provincial romana.

Influence of Welding Process and Post Weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Pitting Corrosion Behavior of Dissimilar Aluminium Alloy Welds

Science.gov (United States)

Venkata Ramana, V. S. N.; Mohammed, Raffi; Madhusudhan Reddy, G.; Srinivasa Rao, K.

2018-03-01

Welding of dissimilar Aluminum alloy welds is becoming important in aerospace, shipbuilding and defence applications. In the present work, an attempt has been made to weld dissimilar aluminium alloys using conventional gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and friction stir welding (FSW) processes. An attempt was also made to study the effect of post weld heat treatment (T4 condition) on microstructure and pitting corrosion behaviour of these welds. Results of the present investigation established the differences in microstructures of the base metals in T4 condition and in annealed conditions. It is evident that the thickness of the PMZ is relatively more on AA2014 side than that of AA6061 side. In FS welds, lamellar like shear bands are well noticed on the top of the stir zone. The concentration profile of dissimilar friction stir weld in T4 condition revealed that no diffusion has taken place at the interface. Poor Hardness is observed in all regions of FS welds compared to that of GTA welds. Pitting corrosion resistance of the dissimilar FS welds in all regions was improved by post weld heat treatment.

A control system for uniform bead in fillet arc welding on tack welds

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kim, Jae Woong; Lee, Jun Young

2008-01-01

Positioning a workpiece accurately and preventing weld distortion, tack welding is often adopted before main welding in the construction of welded structures. However, this tack weld deteriorates the final weld bead profile, so that the grinding process is usually performed for a uniform weld bead profile. In this study, a control system for uniform weld bead is proposed for the fillet arc welding on tack welds. The system consists of GMA welding machine, torch manipulator, laser vision sensor for measuring the tack weld size and the database for optimal welding conditions. Experiments have been performed for constructing the database and for evaluating the control capability of the system. It has been shown that the system has the capability to smooth the bead at the high level of quality

Torque Measurement of Welding of Endplug-Endplate using Multi-pin Remote Welding System

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Koo, Dae-Seo; Kim, Soo-Sung; Park, Geun-Il; Lee, Jung-Won; Song, Kee-Chan [Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Taejon (Korea, Republic of)

2006-07-01

As fuel bundles in PHWR irradiates, inner pressure in claddings of fuel rods increases owing to outer pressure and fission products of nuclear fissions. Because of leak possibility of welding between cladding and end plug, this welding part connects with safety of nuclear fuel rods. Because of importance of this welding part, weldability of end plug-cladding of nuclear fuel rods is continually researched. Welding method for research and commercialization is classified as melting, solid type welding or resistance welding. End plug cladding welding of nuclear fuel rods in PHWR takes advantage of resistance upset butt welding using multicycle mode. This method makes weld flash and shapes re-entrant corner owing to welding heat due to resistivity, contact resistance of cladding-end plug, and inelasticity deformation due to pressure. Welding part between cladding and end plug receives stresses and makes small cracks. In this study, remote welding system for multi-pin assembly was designed, fabricated and welding specimens of end plug-endplate were made using electrical resistance method. The torques of welding between end plug and endplate were measured. These results on welding current, pressure of main electrode and pressure of branch electrode were analyzed. Weldability between end plug and endplate was confirmed through metallographic examinations. In the future, optimal welding examinations due to welding current, welding pressure and welding time will be performed to improve weldability of end plug-endplate.

Advantages of new micro-jet welding technology on weld microstructure control

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Jan PIWNIK

2013-01-01

Full Text Available An innovative apparatus to welding process with micro-jet cooling of the weld made it possible to carry out technological tests, which have proved theoretical considerations about this problem. This project gives real opportunities for professional development in the field of welding with controlling the parameters of weld structure. These tests have proved that the new micro-jet technology has the potential for growth. It may be great achievement of welding technology in order to increase weld metal strength. The new technology with micro-jet cooling may have many practical applications in many fields, for example such as in the transport industry or to repair damaged metal elements. The advantages of the new device over the traditional system are the ability to control the structure of the weld, the weld mechanical performance increases and improve the quality of welded joints.

Trends of syphilis in Posadas city (Misiones State, Argentina, 1997-2000 Incidência de sífilis na cidade de Posadas (estado de Misiones, Argentina, 1997-2000

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Ramón Alberto de Torres

2001-01-01

Full Text Available Objectives: Misiones State is situated in the north-east of Argentina. The main objective was to establish the evolution of syphilis in Posadas city (300.000 inhabitants from 1997 to 2000. Methods: Outpatients were studied at the STD clinics during 1997. Records of all pregnant women with babies due to the months of April to June, from 1997 to 2000 (n = 4700, were studied. Syphilis was confirmed by clinic, epidemiological and laboratory tests (VDRL and FTA-ABS. Results: Higher incidence of primary syphilis in outpatients was established among 15-19 year-old women and in 20-24 year-old men. The percentages of pregnant women with syphilis were 2.1% (1997, 2.6% (1998, 4.6% (1999 and 3.7% (2000. The most vulnerable age group was 15 to 19 year-old. Geographical distribution of cases changed from four clusters in 1997 to a wide occurrence in all city quarters with lower socioeconomic level (30% of population. Conclusion: Posadas city had an increase in cases of syphilis in pregnant women from 1997 to 1999. This evolution indicates that traditional STD-Aids programs have had no effect on safe sex practices, specially among adolescents. Home by home visits aimed at improving prenatal control as a priority, started in 1999. The incidence of the disease became stable in 2000, but still at a high rate. It is necessary to continue and improve the outreach activities. A cooperative program in these big "twin" cities: Encarnación (Paraguay and Posadas (Argentina - will be also of great help for syphilis control in the area.Objetivos: O estado de Misiones está situado no noroeste argentino, nas fronteiras oeste e norte com o Brasil e a leste do Paraguai. Este foi o interesse para estabelecer a evolução da sífilis na cidade de Posadas (300.000 habitantes, capital do estado de Misiones, desde 1997 até 2000. Métodos: A sífilis foi analisada por meio da avaliação epidemiológica, clínica e confirmação laboratorial (VDRL e FTA- ABS. Todas as mulheres

PELO DIREITO DE IR E VIR NA CIDADE: MOBILIDADE URBANA E INCLUSÃO SOCIAL EM CIDADE PRAIA – NATAL/RN

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Maria Cristina Cavalcanti Araújo

2008-07-01

Full Text Available Este trabalho tem como tema o fenômeno da mobilidade urbana e sua importância para a inclusão social na sociedade contemporânea. Tem como referência de análise a localidade de Cidade Praia, situada no bairro Lagoa Azul, Natal – RN. É um dos bairros mais populosos da cidade e predomina a função residencial, uma vez que o setor produtivo local não absorve a demanda de mão-de-obra existente, fazendo com que a população economicamente ativa se desloque, diariamente, para outras áreas que apresentam maior dinamismo econômico. Nesse sentido, foi realizada pesquisa de campo cuja análise aponta que a mobilidade urbana não determina a condição de exclusão social de determinado grupo de pessoas, mas se constitui em uma das ferramentas para superação dessa condição. De modo que esta pode ser considerada uma das cinco bases da inclusão social, ou seja, as políticas de inclusão devem agregar além das políticas de emprego e renda, saúde, educação e habitação, uma política de mobilidade urbana para que todos possam ter direito à cidade.

Qualidade de vida na cidade de Palmas - TO: uma análise através de indicadores habitacionais e ambientais urbanos Life quality in Palmas - TO: an analisys through housing and urban environmental indicators

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Faida Kran

2006-12-01

Full Text Available O presente artigo discute a qualidade de vida na cidade de Palmas, capital do Estado do Tocantins, através de uma análise da habitação e seu entorno, utilizando um grupo de dez indicadores que foram capazes de identificar, em Palmas, semelhantes condições de vulnerabilidade sócio-ambiental, vistas também em tantas outras cidades brasileiras, apesar dos discursos que legitimaram a sua criação e da mesma ter alcançado, até o presente, alguns bons indicadores sócio-ambientais.The present article discusses life quality in Palmas, the capital of Tocantins State, through an analysis of housing and its surroundings group of ten indicators, that were capable of identifying in Palmas similar conditions of socio-environmental vulnerability, also seen in many other Brazilian cities, in spite of the discourses that legitimized its creation and of the fact that the city indeed attained some good indicators up to the present moment.

TECHNOLOGICAL ISSUES IN MECHANISED FEED WIG/TIG WELDING SURFACING OF WELDING

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BURCA Mircea

2016-09-01

manual welding tests in the light of using the process for welding surfacing being known that in such applications mechanised operations are recommended whenever possible given the latter strengths i.e. increased productivity and quality deposits. The research also aims at achieving a comparative a study between wire mechanised feed based WIG manual welding and the manual rod entry based manual welding in terms of geometry deposits, deposits aesthetics, operating technique, productivity, etc . In this regard deposits were made by means of two welding procedures, and subsequently welding surfacing was made with the optimum values of the welding parameters in this case.

Desenho de paisagem urbana: as cidades médias do interior central paulista

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Paula da Cruz Landim

2002-12-01

Full Text Available Este trabalho focaliza a homogeneidade da paisagem urbana das cidades de porte médio do interior do estado de São Paulo do ponto de vista de seus determinantes paisagísticos. A origem socioeconômica das cidades determina, em um primeiro momento, sua configuração, a qual, esgotado o estímulo inicial, passa a incorporar as imagens formais das grandes cidades. Estas imagens estão claramente representadas de um modo específico na paisagem urbana dessas cidades, evidenciando os reflexos formais e funcionais das paisagens dos grandes centros, e na geração de valores estéticos e de uso do espaço relacionados aos aspectos formais e visuais que se fazem presentes em suas paisagens. A legislação que define os padrões de ocupação urbana, os quais por sua vez definem a configuração física da paisagem, trabalha basicamente o espaço físico-territorial, alienando-se dos demais componentes da problemática urbana, e, desta forma, as cidades se homogeneízam. Ou seja, gera um discurso urbanístico pobre e o que se faz é generalista. A paisagem da cidade média paulista é então homogênea como conseqüência desta forma de ocupação homogênea. Como contraposição à paisagem homogênea, algumas condições ambientais e paisagísticas locais, como a presença de um rio ou de uma topografia acidentada, servem de início como determinantes para projetos urbanísticos/paisagísticos diferenciados e característicos para cada cidade, mas no momento seguinte os elementos da" moda" entram na composição da paisagem, descaracterizando o padrão diferenciado inicial.

Welding Penetration Control of Fixed Pipe in TIG Welding Using Fuzzy Inference System

Science.gov (United States)

Baskoro, Ario Sunar; Kabutomori, Masashi; Suga, Yasuo

This paper presents a study on welding penetration control of fixed pipe in Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding using fuzzy inference system. The welding penetration control is essential to the production quality welds with a specified geometry. For pipe welding using constant arc current and welding speed, the bead width becomes wider as the circumferential welding of small diameter pipes progresses. Having welded pipe in fixed position, obviously, the excessive arc current yields burn through of metals; in contrary, insufficient arc current produces imperfect welding. In order to avoid these errors and to obtain the uniform weld bead over the entire circumference of the pipe, the welding conditions should be controlled as the welding proceeds. This research studies the intelligent welding process of aluminum alloy pipe 6063S-T5 in fixed position using the AC welding machine. The monitoring system used a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera to monitor backside image of molten pool. The captured image was processed to recognize the edge of molten pool by image processing algorithm. Simulation of welding control using fuzzy inference system was constructed to simulate the welding control process. The simulation result shows that fuzzy controller was suitable for controlling the welding speed and appropriate to be implemented into the welding system. A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the performance of the fuzzy controller. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the control system that is confirmed by sound welds.

Versatile Friction Stir Welding/Friction Plug Welding System

Science.gov (United States)

Carter, Robert

2006-01-01

A proposed system of tooling, machinery, and control equipment would be capable of performing any of several friction stir welding (FSW) and friction plug welding (FPW) operations. These operations would include the following: Basic FSW; FSW with automated manipulation of the length of the pin tool in real time [the so-called auto-adjustable pin-tool (APT) capability]; Self-reacting FSW (SRFSW); SR-FSW with APT capability and/or real-time adjustment of the distance between the front and back shoulders; and Friction plug welding (FPW) [more specifically, friction push plug welding] or friction pull plug welding (FPPW) to close out the keyhole of, or to repair, an FSW or SR-FSW weld. Prior FSW and FPW systems have been capable of performing one or two of these operations, but none has thus far been capable of performing all of them. The proposed system would include a common tool that would have APT capability for both basic FSW and SR-FSW. Such a tool was described in Tool for Two Types of Friction Stir Welding (MFS- 31647-1), NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 30, No. 10 (October 2006), page 70. Going beyond what was reported in the cited previous article, the common tool could be used in conjunction with a plug welding head to perform FPW or FPPW. Alternatively, the plug welding head could be integrated, along with the common tool, into a FSW head that would be capable of all of the aforementioned FSW and FPW operations. Any FSW or FPW operation could be performed under any combination of position and/or force control.

Effect of Welding Parameters on Dilution and Weld Bead Geometry in Cladding

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

无

2007-01-01

The effect of pulsed gas metal arc welding (GMAW) variables on the dilution and weld bead geometry in cladding X65 pipeline steel with 316L stainless steel was studied. Using a full factorial method, a series of experiments were carried out to know the effect of wire feed rate, welding speed, distance between gas nozzle and plate, and the vertical angle of welding on dilution and weld bead geometry. The findings indicate that the dilution of weld metal and its dimension i.e. width, height and depth increase with the feed rate, but the contact angle of the bead decreases first and then increases. Meantime, welding speed has an opposite effect except for dilution. There is an interaction effect between welding parameters at the contact angle. The results also show forehand welding or decreasing electrode extension decrease the angle of contact. Finally,a mathematical model is contrived to highlight the relationship between welding variables with dilution and weld bead geometry.

Modeling of welded bead profile for rapid prototyping by robotic MAG welding

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

CAO Yong; ZHU Sheng; WANG Tao; WANG Wanglong

2009-01-01

As a deposition technology, robotic metal active gas(MAG) welding has shown new promise for rapid prototyping (RP) of metallic parts. During the process of metal forming using robotic MAG welding, sectional profile of single-pass welded bead is critical to formed accuracy and quality of metal pans. In this paper, the experiments of single-pass welded bead for rapid prototyping using robotic MAG welding were carried out. The effect of some edge detectors on the cross-sectional edge of welded bead was discussed and curve fitting was applied using leat square fitting. Consequently, the mathematical model of welded bead profile was developed. The experimental results show that good shape could be obtained under suitable welding parameters. Canny operawr is suitable to edge detection of welded bead profile, and the mathematical model of welded bead profile developed is approximately parabola.

Fusion welding process

Science.gov (United States)

Thomas, Kenneth C.; Jones, Eric D.; McBride, Marvin A.

1983-01-01

A process for the fusion welding of nickel alloy steel members wherein a ferrite containing pellet is inserted into a cavity in one member and melted by a welding torch. The resulting weld nugget, a fusion of the nickel containing alloy from the members to be welded and the pellet, has a composition which is sufficiently low in nickel content such that ferrite phases occur within the weld nugget, resulting in improved weld properties. The steel alloys encompassed also include alloys containing carbon and manganese, considered nickel equivalents.

Nacemento e desenvolvemento dun servicio público esencial: o abastecemento de auga na cidade de A Coruña, 1903-1936

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Martínez López, Alberte

2003-12-01

Full Text Available The founding and development of Coruña's waterworks followed a pattern to that which took place in other Spanish cities. The project phase lasted a long time and was very problematic. The financial and managerial incapacity of the local authorities to set the utility in motion provoked the intervention of local banking capital. During the first ten years of the utilities existence a «basic» service was established, and with the help of the City Council consumption habits were modified. The Company's network expanded greatly during the twenties and early thirties, and the Great Depression was to have little effect.

[gl] A creación e desenvolvemento do abastecemento de auga na cidade de A Coruña amosa unhas características bastante similares ó acontecido noutras cidades españolas. A fase de efectiva posta en marcha dende que se efectúa a concesión resulta dilatada e problemática. Terá que ser o capital bancario local o que lie dea un pulo definitivo ó proceso, ante a incapacidade fínanceira e xestora municipal. Logo dunha década de conformación do servicio básico e de exitosas presións para modificar os hábitos tradicionais de consumo (con apoio do concello, a empresa coñece unha forte expansión durante os anos vinte e principio dos trinta, sen que a depresión daqueles anos semelle terlle afectado significativamente.

MAG narrow gap welding - an economic way to minimize welding expenses

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kast, W.; Scholz, E.; Weyland, F.

1982-01-01

The thicker structural components are, the more important it is to take measures to reduce the volume of the weld. The welding process requiring the smallest possible weld section is the so-called narrow gap process. In submerged arc narrow gap welding as well as in MAG narrow gap welding different variants are imaginable, some of them already in practical use. With regard to efficiency and weld quality an optimum variant of the MAG narrow gap welding process is described. It constitutes a two wire system in which two wire electrodes of 1.2 mm diameter are arranged one behind the other. In order to avoid lack of fusion, the wire guides are slightly pointed towards each groove face. Thus, by inclining the two arcs burning one behind the other in the direction of weld progress, it is achieved that two separately solidifying weld pools and two beads per layer are simultaneously formed. Welding parameters are selected in such a way that a heat input of 16-20 kJ/cm and a deposition rate of 11-16 kgs/h are obtained. In spite of this comparatively high deposition rate, good impact values are found both in the weld and HAZ (largely reduced coarse-grain zone) which is due to an optimum weld build-up. With the available welding equipment the process can be applied to structural members having a thickness of 40-400 mm. The width of gap is 13 mm (root section) with a bevel angle of 1 0 . As filler metal, basic flux-cored wires are used which, depending on the base metal to be welded and the required tensile properties, can be of the Mn-, MnMo-, MnCrMo-, MnNi-, or MnNiMo-alloyed types. (orig.)

FORTALEZA NA COPA DO MUNDO: a visão dos turistas estrangeiros sobre a cidade no jornalismo local

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Silvia Helena Belmino

2016-08-01

Full Text Available O artigo tem por objetivo investigar como o jornalismo local apresenta a visão dos turistas estrangeiros sobre Fortaleza durante a Copa do Mundo de 2014. Partindo dos referenciais sobre imagem, discute-se a construção da imagem do Brasil e, mais especificamente, do Ceará. A análise crítica do discurso (ACD, com base nas proposições de Norman Fairclough (2005, é o caminho escolhido para analisar duas notícias publicadas em junho de 2014, nos dois principais jornais da cidade, O Povo e Diário do Nordeste. O foco em qualidades de Fortaleza ajuda a construir uma imagem positiva da cidade para o cidadão local.    PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Imagem; turismo; Fortaleza; jornalismo, consumo.     ABSTRACT This article aims to investigate how local journalism presents the view of foreign tourists about the city of Fortaleza during 2014 World Cup. The theoretical framework is based on discussions about the formation of Brazil’s and Ceará’s images. Critical discourse analysis, as suggested by Norman Fairclough (2005, is the chosen methodology to analyze two news articles published in June 2014, in the two main newspapers of Fortaleza, O Povo and Diário do Nordeste. The focus in the positive attributes helps to build a positive image of the city for its citizen.   KEYWORDS: Image; tourism; Fortaleza; journalism; consumption     RESUMEN El artículo tiene como objetivo investigar cómo el periodismo local, presenta la visión de los turistas extranjeros sobre Fortaleza durante la Copa Mundial de 2014. Sobre la base de la imagen de referencia, se analiza la construcción de la imagen de Brasil y, más específicamente, de Ceará. El Análisis Crítico del Discurso (ACD, sobre la base de las propuestas de Norman Fairclough (2005, es el camino elegido para analizar dos informes publicados en junio de 2014, los dos principales periódicos de la ciudad, diario El Pueblo y el Diario del Noreste . El foco en las cualidades de Fortaleza ayuda a construir

Advanced Welding Applications

Science.gov (United States)

Ding, Robert J.

2010-01-01

Some of the applications of advanced welding techniques are shown in this poster presentation. Included are brief explanations of the use on the Ares I and Ares V launch vehicle and on the Space Shuttle Launch vehicle. Also included are microstructural views from four advanced welding techniques: Variable Polarity Plasma Arc (VPPA) weld (fusion), self-reacting friction stir welding (SR-FSW), conventional FSW, and Tube Socket Weld (TSW) on aluminum.

WELDING METHOD

Science.gov (United States)

Cornell, A.A.; Dunbar, J.V.; Ruffner, J.H.

1959-09-29

A semi-automatic method is described for the weld joining of pipes and fittings which utilizes the inert gasshielded consumable electrode electric arc welding technique, comprising laying down the root pass at a first peripheral velocity and thereafter laying down the filler passes over the root pass necessary to complete the weld by revolving the pipes and fittings at a second peripheral velocity different from the first peripheral velocity, maintaining the welding head in a fixed position as to the specific direction of revolution, while the longitudinal axis of the welding head is disposed angularly in the direction of revolution at amounts between twenty minutas and about four degrees from the first position.

Friction stir welding tool and process for welding dissimilar materials

Science.gov (United States)

Hovanski, Yuri; Grant, Glenn J; Jana, Saumyadeep; Mattlin, Karl F

2013-05-07

A friction stir welding tool and process for lap welding dissimilar materials are detailed. The invention includes a cutter scribe that penetrates and extrudes a first material of a lap weld stack to a preselected depth and further cuts a second material to provide a beneficial geometry defined by a plurality of mechanically interlocking features. The tool backfills the interlocking features generating a lap weld across the length of the interface between the dissimilar materials that enhances the shear strength of the lap weld.

Syllabus in Trade Welding.

Science.gov (United States)

New York State Education Dept., Albany. Bureau of Secondary Curriculum Development.

The syllabus outlines material for a course two academic years in length (minimum two and one-half hours daily experience) leading to entry-level occupational ability in several welding trade areas. Fourteen units covering are welding, gas welding, oxyacetylene welding, cutting, nonfusion processes, inert gas shielded-arc welding, welding cast…

Latest MIG, TIG arc-YAG laser hybrid welding systems for various welding products

Science.gov (United States)

Ishide, Takashi; Tsubota, Shuho; Watanabe, Masao

2003-03-01

Laser welding is capable of high-efficiency low-strain welding, and so its applications are started to various products. We have also put the high-power YAG laser of up to 10 kW to practical welding use for various products. On the other hand the weakest point of this laser welding is considered to be strict in the welding gap aiming allowance. In order to solve this problem, we have developed hybrid welding of TIG, MIG arc and YAG laser, taking the most advantages of both the laser and arc welding. Since the electrode is coaxial to the optical axis of the YAG laser in this process, it can be applied to welding of various objects. In the coaxial MIG, TIG-YAG welding, in order to make irradiation positions of the YAG laser beams having been guided in a wire or an electrode focused to the same position, the beam transmitted in fibers is separated to form a space between the separated beams, in which the laser is guided. With this method the beam-irradiating area can be brought near or to the arc-generating point. This enables welding of all directions even for the member of a three-dimensional shape. This time we carried out welding for various materials and have made their welding of up to 1 mm or more in welding groove gap possible. We have realized high-speed 1-pass butt welding of 4m/min in welding speed with the laser power of 3 kW for an aluminum alloy plate of approximately 4 mm thick. For a mild steel plate also we have realized butt welding of 1m/min with 5 kW for 6 mm thick. Further, in welding of stainless steel we have shown its welding possibility, by stabilizing the arc with the YAG laser in the welding atmosphere of pure argon, and shown that this welding is effective in high-efficiency welding of various materials. Here we will report the fundamental welding performances and applications to various objects for the coaxial MIG, TIG-YAG welding we have developed.

Ultrasonic testing of austenitic welds and its dependency on the welding process

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tabatabaeipour, S.M.; Honarvar, F.

2009-01-01

This paper describes the ultrasonic testing of austenitic welds prepared by two different welding processes. The tests were carried out by the ultrasonic Time-of-Flight Diffraction (ToFD) technique. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) are the welding processes used for preparing the specimens. Identical artificial defects were implanted in both welds during the welding process. Both specimens were examined by the ToFD technique under similar conditions. Metallographic images were also obtained from the cross sectional plane of both the SMA and GTA welds. These images show that the grain orientation in the two welded specimens are different. D-scan images obtained by the ToFD technique from these welds indicates that inspecting the specimens prepared by the SMAW process is easier than the one made by the GTAW process. The results also show that the D-scan images cannot reveal the small vertical drilled holes implanted in the specimens. (author)

Friction Stir Welding of Tapered Thickness Welds Using an Adjustable Pin Tool

Science.gov (United States)

Adams, Glynn; Venable, Richard; Lawless, Kirby

2003-01-01

Friction stir welding (FSW) can be used for joining weld lands that vary in thickness along the length of the weld. An adjustable pin tool mechanism can be used to accomplish this in a single-pass, full-penetration weld by providing for precise changes in the pin length relative to the shoulder face during the weld process. The difficulty with this approach is in accurately adjusting the pin length to provide a consistent penetration ligament throughout the weld. The weld technique, control system, and instrumentation must account for mechanical and thermal compliances of the tooling system to conduct tapered welds successfully. In this study, a combination of static and in-situ measurements, as well as active control, is used to locate the pin accurately and maintain the desired penetration ligament. Frictional forces at the pin/shoulder interface were a source of error that affected accurate pin position. A traditional FSW pin tool design that requires a lead angle was used to join butt weld configurations that included both constant thickness and tapered sections. The pitch axis of the tooling was fixed throughout the weld; therefore, the effective lead angle in the tapered sections was restricted to within the tolerances allowed by the pin tool design. The sensitivity of the FSW process to factors such as thickness offset, joint gap, centerline offset, and taper transition offset were also studied. The joint gap and the thickness offset demonstrated the most adverse affects on the weld quality. Two separate tooling configurations were used to conduct tapered thickness welds successfully. The weld configurations included sections in which the thickness decreased along the weld, as well as sections in which the thickness increased along the weld. The data presented here include weld metallography, strength data, and process load data.

The technology and welding joint properties of hybrid laser-tig welding on thick plate

Science.gov (United States)

Shenghai, Zhang; Yifu, Shen; Huijuan, Qiu

2013-06-01

The technologies of autogenous laser welding and hybrid laser-TIG welding are used on thick plate of high strength lower alloy structural steel 10CrNiMnMoV in this article. The unique advantages of hybrid laser-TIG welding is summarized by comparing and analyzing the process parameters and welding joints of autogenous laser welding laser welding and hybrid laser-TIG welding. With the optimal process parameters of hybrid welding, the good welding joint without visible flaws can be obtained and its mechanical properties are tested according to industry standards. The results show that the hybrid welding technology has certain advantages and possibility in welding thick plates. It can reduce the demands of laser power, and it is significant for lowering the aspect ratio of weld during hybrid welding, so the gas in the molten pool can rise and escape easily while welding thick plates. Therefore, the pores forming tendency decreases. At the same time, hybrid welding enhances welding speed, and optimizes the energy input. The transition and grain size of the microstructure of hybrid welding joint is better and its hardness is higher than base material. Furthermore, its tensile strength and impact toughness is as good as base material. Consequently, the hybrid welding joint can meet the industry needs completely.

A cidade e a Copa do Mundo: projetos e transformações urbanas em Porto Alegre - Brasil

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Mario Leal-Lahorgue

2013-05-01

Full Text Available A cidade de Porto Alegre será uma das sedes dos jogos da Copa do Mundo FIFA 2014 no Brasil. Por causa disso, estão previstas várias obras de adequação da infraestrutura urbana para que a cidade esteja preparada para o momento dos jogos. Este texto apresenta quais são as obras acordadas entre os órgãos públicos brasileiros e a FIFA, sua localização no território da cidade e quais os impactos previstos no espaço urbano. Também contextualiza brevemente a forma como se tem produzido o espaço na cidade nas últimas décadas, com o intuito de demonstrar que algumas formas que pareciam superadas reaparecem no momento atual. Por fim, discute as conseqüências destas transformações para a cidade como um todo e seus cidadãos, questionando o tipo de legado que Porto Alegre pode ter com a Copa do Mundo.

Análise de viabilidade para abertura de esmaltaria na cidade de Limeira-SP = Feasibility analysis for opening esmaltaria in the city of Limeira-SP

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Leandro da Silva Berion

2015-04-01

Full Text Available Em todo o mundo, e também no Brasil, a indústria de higiene pessoal, perfumaria e cosméticos é uma das que mais crescem e, consequentemente, o setor de serviços prestados à essa área acompanha este crescimento. Tal fato é evidenciado pelo grande número de empreendimentos voltados a prestação de serviços na área da beleza onde se pode encontrar, em uma mesma microrregião (como municípios ou bairros, diversos prestadores deste tipo de serviço em um pequeno intervalo de espaço. Assim, como resultado a grande oferta de serviço, a diferenciação seja de atendimento e/ou produto se faz fundamental assistindo, também, a crescente exigência por parte dos clientes que buscam a inovação, o bem-estar, o conforto e o atendimento exclusivo. Com isso, surgiu no Brasil um novo modelo de negócio especializado em beleza: a Esmaltaria. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvida uma análise de viabilidade econômica voltada a implantação de uma Esmaltaria na cidade de Limeira-SP. Levantamentos foram realizados envolvendo todos os custos necessários para a implantação deste projeto e, também foram estimados os níveis de demanda e faturamento, possibilitando a projeção dos possíveis fluxos de caixa do negócio. As ferramentas econômicas utilizadas foram o Valor Presente Líquido, a Taxa Interna de Retorno, o Payback simples, o Payback descontado, o Índice Retorno sobre Investimento. Verificou-se que com uma receita mensal acima R$ 2.730,00 é viável a abertura de uma Esmaltaria na cidade de Limeira-SP. = Around the world, and in Brazil, industry personnel, perfumery and cosmetics is one of the fastest growing and, consequently, the sector of service to this area accompanies this growth. This fact is evidenced by the large number of projects aimed at providing services in the field of beauty where one can find, in the same micro (such as municipalities or neighborhoods, many providers of this type of service in a small space interval. Thus

Effects of post weld heat treatment and weld overlay on the residual stress and mechanical properties in dissimilar metal weld

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Campos, Wagner R.C.; Ribeiro, Vladimir S.; Vilela, Alisson H.F.; Almeida, Camila R.O.; Rabello, Emerson G.

2017-01-01

The object of this work is a dissimilar metal weld (DMW) pipe joint between carbon steel (A-106 Gr B) and stainless steel (A-312 TP316L) pipes and filler metals of Nickel alloy (82/182), which find wide application in the field of chemical, oil, petroleum industries, fossil fuel and nuclear power plant. A lot of the failures that have occurred in dissimilar metal welded are affected greatly by residual stresses. Residual stress is often a cause of premature failure of critical components under normal operation of welded components. Several methods have been tested and developed for removing the tensile residual stresses. The aim of the methods is to reduce the tensile stress state or to create compressive stresses at a predefined area, such as the inner surface of a welded pipe joint. Post weld heat treatment (PWHT) and weld overlay (WOL) are two of the residual stress mitigation methods which reduce the tensile residual stress, create compressive stresses and arrest crack initiation and crack growth. The technique used to substantially minimized or eliminated this failure development in the root weld is the post weld heat treatments (stress relief heat treatment) or the weld overlay. In this work was studied the effectiveness in reducing internal residual stress in dissimilar metal welded pipe joints subjected to post weld heat treatment and weld overlay, measurement by hole-drilling strain-gage method of stress relaxation. Also held was mechanical characterization of the welded pipe joint itself. (author)

Effects of post weld heat treatment and weld overlay on the residual stress and mechanical properties in dissimilar metal weld

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Campos, Wagner R.C.; Ribeiro, Vladimir S.; Vilela, Alisson H.F.; Almeida, Camila R.O.; Rabello, Emerson G., E-mail: wrcc@cdtn.br, E-mail: camilarezende.cr@gmail.com, E-mail: egr@cdtn.br, E-mail: vladimirsoler@hotmail.com, E-mail: ahfv02@outlook.com [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN/CNEN-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil)

2017-07-01

The object of this work is a dissimilar metal weld (DMW) pipe joint between carbon steel (A-106 Gr B) and stainless steel (A-312 TP316L) pipes and filler metals of Nickel alloy (82/182), which find wide application in the field of chemical, oil, petroleum industries, fossil fuel and nuclear power plant. A lot of the failures that have occurred in dissimilar metal welded are affected greatly by residual stresses. Residual stress is often a cause of premature failure of critical components under normal operation of welded components. Several methods have been tested and developed for removing the tensile residual stresses. The aim of the methods is to reduce the tensile stress state or to create compressive stresses at a predefined area, such as the inner surface of a welded pipe joint. Post weld heat treatment (PWHT) and weld overlay (WOL) are two of the residual stress mitigation methods which reduce the tensile residual stress, create compressive stresses and arrest crack initiation and crack growth. The technique used to substantially minimized or eliminated this failure development in the root weld is the post weld heat treatments (stress relief heat treatment) or the weld overlay. In this work was studied the effectiveness in reducing internal residual stress in dissimilar metal welded pipe joints subjected to post weld heat treatment and weld overlay, measurement by hole-drilling strain-gage method of stress relaxation. Also held was mechanical characterization of the welded pipe joint itself. (author)

On use of weld zone temperatures for online monitoring of weld quality in friction stir welding of naturally aged aluminium alloys

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Imam, Murshid; Biswas, Kajal; Racherla, Vikranth

2013-01-01

Highlights: • FSWs for 6063-T4 AA are done at different process parameters and sheet thicknesses. • Weld nugget zone and heat affected zone temperatures are monitored for each case. • Microstructural and mechanical characterisation of welds is done in all cases. • Weld ductility is found to be particularly sensitive to weld zone temperatures. • Strong correlation is found between WNZ and HAZ temperatures and weld properties. - Abstract: 6063-T4 aluminium alloy sheets of 3 and 6 mm thicknesses were friction stir butt welded using a square tool pin at a wide range of tool rotational speeds. Properties of obtained welds were characterised using tensile tests, optical micrographs, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. Shape, size, and distribution of precipitates in weld zones, and strength and ductility of welds were seen to directly correlate with peak temperatures in weld nugget and heat affected zones, independent of sheet thickness. In addition, fluctuations in measured temperature profiles, for 3 mm sheets, were seen to correlate with an increase in scatter of weld nugget zone properties for 3 mm sheets. Optimal weld strength and ductility were obtained for peak weld nugget zone temperatures of around 450 °C and corresponding peak heat affected zone temperatures of around 360–380 °C. Results obtained suggest that, at least for naturally aged aluminium alloys, nature of temperature evolution and magnitudes of peak temperatures in weld nugget and heat affected zones provide information on uniformity of properties in weld zones, overaging of heat affected zones, and formation of tunnel defects from improper material mixing at low weld zone temperatures

Insurgência, espaço público e direito à cidade

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Igor Catalão

2017-09-01

Full Text Available No Brasil politicamente turbulento deste começo de século, muitas são as contradições que corroem as relações políticas em todas as esferas do governo assim como também é grande a complexidade da vida urbana, resultante dessas contradições vivenciadas à escala do quotidiano. Pensar na construção do direito à cidade – noção frequentemente banalizada – soa, muitas vezes, inapropriado, deslocado ou extemporâneo, sobretudo num país com dimensões continentais e com heterogeneidades muito demarcadas de Sul a Norte, que possivelmente muito pouco tem a ver com a França do final dos anos 1960, onde/quando Henri Lefebvre pensou o direito à cidade. Neste ensaio, propomos lidar com esses aspectos, estabelecendo mediações entre o cenário político nacional e sua reverberação no espaço público das cidades, dando destaque para uma manifestação na feira livre do bairro Junqueira em Ituiutaba, MG, pensada em termos de insurgência. Apresentamos, no texto, elementos teóricos e aproximações empíricas para fazer uma reflexão sobre o que significa a construção do direito à cidade como luta revolucionária.

Measuring weld heat to evaluate weld integrity

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Schauder, V., E-mail: schauder@hks-prozesstechnik.de [HKS-Prozesstechnik GmbH, Halle (Germany)

2015-11-15

Eddy current and ultrasonic testing are suitable for tube and pipe mills and have been used for weld seam flaw detection for decades, but a new process, thermography, is an alternative. By measuring the heat signature of the weld seam as it cools, it provides information about weld integrity at and below the surface. The thermal processes used to join metals, such as plasma, induction, laser, and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), have improved since they were developed, and they get better with each passing year. However, no industrial process is perfect, so companies that conduct research in flaw detection likewise continue to develop and improve the technologies used to verify weld integrity: ultrasonic testing (UT), eddy current testing (ET), hydrostatic, X-ray, magnetic particle, and liquid penetrant are among the most common. Two of these are used for verifying the integrity of the continuous welds such as those used on pipe and tube mills: UT and ET. Each uses a transmitter to send waves of ultrasonic energy or electrical current through the material and a receiver (probe) to detect disturbances in the flow. The two processes often are combined to capitalize on the strengths of each. While ET is good at detecting flaws at or near the surface, UT penetrates the material, detecting subsurface flaws. One drawback is that sound waves and electrical current waves have a specific direction of travel, or an alignment. A linear defect that runs parallel to the direction of travel of the ultrasonic sound wave or a flaw that is parallel to the coil winding direction of the ET probe can go undetected. A second drawback is that they don't detect cold welds. An alternative process, thermography, works in a different fashion: It monitors the heat of the material as the weld cools. Although it measures the heat at the surface, the heat signature provides clues about cooling activity deep in the material, resulting in a thorough assessment of the weld's integrity It

The effect of post-welding conditions in friction stir welds: From weld simulation to Ductile Failure

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Hattel, Jesper Henri; Nielsen, Kim Lau; Tutum, Cem Celal

2012-01-01

software ANSYS, a thermo-mechanical model is employed to predict the thermally induced stresses and strains during welding, while an in-house finite element code is used to study the plastic flow localization and failure in a subsequent structural analysis. The coupling between the two models is made......The post-welding stress state, strain history and material conditions of friction stir welded joints are often strongly idealized when used in subsequent modeling analyses, typically by neglecting one or more of the features above. But, it is obvious that the conditions after welding do influence......, showed the largest influence of the post-welding conditions, even though significant relaxation of the residual stress state was predicted....

Nitrogen And Oxygen Amount In Weld After Welding With Micro-Jet Cooling

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Węgrzyn T.

2015-06-01

Full Text Available Micro-jet cooling after welding was tested only for MIG welding process with argon, helium and nitrogen as a shielded gases. A paper presents a piece of information about nitrogen and oxygen in weld after micro-jet cooling. There are put down information about gases that could be chosen both for MIG/MAG welding and for micro-jet process. There were given main information about influence of various micro-jet gases on metallographic structure of steel welds. Mechanical properties of weld was presented in terms of nitrogen and oxygen amount in WMD (weld metal deposit.

A study of weld quality in ultrasonic spot welding of similar and dissimilar metals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Al-Sarraf, Z; Lucas, M

2012-01-01

Several difficulties are faced in joining thinner sheets of similar and dissimilar materials from fusion welding processes such as resistance welding and laser welding. Ultrasonic metal welding overcomes many of these difficulties by using high frequency vibration and applied pressure to create a solid-state weld. Ultrasonic metal welding is an effective technique in joining small components, such as in wire bonding, but is also capable of joining thicker sheet, depending on the control of welding conditions. This study presents the design, characterisation and test of a lateral-drive ultrasonic metal welding device. The ultrasonic welding horn is modelled using finite element analysis and its vibration behaviour is characterised experimentally to ensure ultrasonic energy is delivered to the weld coupon. The welding stack and fixtures are then designed and mounted on a test machine to allow a series of experiments to be conducted for various welding and ultrasonic parameters. Weld strength is subsequently analysed using tensile-shear tests. Control of the vibration amplitude profile through the weld cycle is used to enhance weld strength and quality, providing an opportunity to reduce part marking. Optical microscopic examination and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to investigate the weld quality. The results show how the weld quality is particularly sensitive to the combination of clamping force and vibration amplitude of the welding tip.

De desejos e de cidades: a difícil arte cotidiana da vida coletiva

OpenAIRE

Kuster, Eliana

2009-01-01

Os prazeres e as dificuldades da vida nas cidades são o nosso ponto de partida para esse texto no qual fazemos um passeio por alguns autores que trataram deste tema: o equilíbrio entre o 'desejo de cidade', ou seja, a forte motivação que impele os homens para a vida coletiva, e o 'desejo na cidade', os impulsos individuais que podem dificultar a formação de um conjunto coeso. Passando por Sade, Calvino e Perec, vamos chegar à origem desse embate na polis grega, ali onde o aspecto político da ...

Welding and cutting

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Drews, P.; Schulze Frielinghaus, W.

1978-01-01

This is a survey, with 198 literature references, of the papers published in the fields of welding and cutting within the last three years. The subjects dealt with are: weldability of the materials - Welding methods - Thermal cutting - Shaping and calculation of welded joints - Environmental protection in welding and cutting. (orig.) [de

Simplified welding distortion analysis for fillet welding using composite shell elements

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mingyu Kim

2015-05-01

Full Text Available This paper presents the simplified welding distortion analysis method to predict the welding deformation of both plate and stiffener in fillet welds. Currently, the methods based on equivalent thermal strain like Strain as Direct Boundary (SDB has been widely used due to effective prediction of welding deformation. Regarding the fillet welding, however, those methods cannot represent deformation of both members at once since the temperature degree of freedom is shared at the intersection nodes in both members. In this paper, we propose new approach to simulate deformation of both members. The method can simulate fillet weld deformations by employing composite shell element and using different thermal expansion coefficients according to thickness direction with fixed temperature at intersection nodes. For verification purpose, we compare of result from experiments, 3D thermo elastic plastic analysis, SDB method and proposed method. Compared of experiments results, the proposed method can effectively predict welding deformation for fillet welds.

Welding Technician

Science.gov (United States)

Smith, Ken

2009-01-01

About 95% of all manufactured goods in this country are welded or joined in some way. These welded products range in nature from bicycle handlebars and skyscrapers to bridges and race cars. The author discusses what students need to know about careers for welding technicians--wages, responsibilities, skills needed, career advancement…

Introduction to Welding.

Science.gov (United States)

Fortney, Clarence; Gregory, Mike

This curriculum guide provides six units of instruction on basic welding. Addressed in the individual units of instruction are the following topics: employment opportunities for welders, welding safety and first aid, welding tools and equipment, basic metals and metallurgy, basic math and measuring, and procedures for applying for a welding job.…

Orbital welding technique

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hoeschen, W.

2003-01-01

The TIG (Tungsten-inert gas) orbital welding technique is applied in all areas of pipe welding. The process is mainly used for austenitic and ferritic materials but also for materials like aluminium, nickel, and titanium alloys are commonly welded according to this technique. Thin-walled as well as thick-walled pipes are welded economically. The application of orbital welding is of particular interest in the area of maintenance of thick-walled pipes that is described in this article. (orig.) [de

Welding stresses

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Poirier, J.; Barbe, B.; Jolly, N.

1976-01-01

The aim is to show how internal stresses are generated and to fix the orders of magnitude. A realistic case, the vertical welding of thick plates free to move one against the other, is described and the deformations and stresses are analyzed. The mathematical model UEDA, which accounts for the elastic modulus, the yield strength and the expansion coefficient of the metal with temperature, is presented. The hypotheses and results given apply only to the instantaneous welding of a welded plate and to a plate welded by a moving electrode [fr

Reduction of Biomechanical and Welding Fume Exposures in Stud Welding.

Science.gov (United States)

Fethke, Nathan B; Peters, Thomas M; Leonard, Stephanie; Metwali, Mahmoud; Mudunkotuwa, Imali A

2016-04-01

The welding of shear stud connectors to structural steel in construction requires a prolonged stooped posture that exposes ironworkers to biomechanical and welding fume hazards. In this study, biomechanical and welding fume exposures during stud welding using conventional methods were compared to exposures associated with use of a prototype system that allowed participants to weld from an upright position. The effect of base material (i.e. bare structural beam versus galvanized decking) on welding fume concentration (particle number and mass), particle size distribution, and particle composition was also explored. Thirty participants completed a series of stud welding simulations in a local apprenticeship training facility. Use of the upright system was associated with substantial reductions in trunk inclination and the activity levels of several muscle groups. Inhalable mass concentrations of welding fume (averaged over ~18 min) when using conventional methods were high (18.2 mg m(-3) for bare beam; 65.7 mg m(-3) for through deck), with estimated mass concentrations of iron (7.8 mg m(-3) for bare beam; 15.8 mg m(-3) for through deck), zinc (0.2 mg m(-3) for bare beam; 15.8 mg m(-3) for through deck), and manganese (0.9 mg m(-3) for bare beam; 1.5 mg m(-3) for through deck) often exceeding the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Threshold Limit Values (TLVs). Number and mass concentrations were substantially reduced when using the upright system, although the total inhalable mass concentration remained above the TLV when welding through decking. The average diameters of the welding fume particles for both bare beam (31±17 nm) through deck conditions (34±34 nm) and the chemical composition of the particles indicated the presence of metallic nanoparticles. Stud welding exposes ironworkers to potentially high levels of biomechanical loading (primarily to the low back) and welding fume. The upright system used in this study improved exposure

High-Speed Friction-Stir Welding to Enable Aluminum Tailor-Welded Blanks

Science.gov (United States)

Hovanski, Yuri; Upadhyay, Piyush; Carsley, John; Luzanski, Tom; Carlson, Blair; Eisenmenger, Mark; Soulami, Ayoub; Marshall, Dustin; Landino, Brandon; Hartfield-Wunsch, Susan

2015-05-01

Current welding technologies for production of aluminum tailor-welded blanks (TWBs) are utilized in low-volume and niche applications, and they have yet to be scaled for the high-volume vehicle market. This study targeted further weight reduction, part reduction, and cost savings by enabling tailor-welded blank technology for aluminum alloys at high volumes. While friction-stir welding (FSW) has been traditionally applied at linear velocities less than 1 m/min, high-volume production applications demand the process be extended to higher velocities more amenable to cost-sensitive production environments. Unfortunately, weld parameters and performance developed and characterized at low-to-moderate welding velocities do not directly translate to high-speed linear FSW. Therefore, to facilitate production of high-volume aluminum FSW components, parameters were developed with a minimum welding velocity of 3 m/min. With an emphasis on weld quality, welded blanks were evaluated for postweld formability using a combination of numerical and experimental methods. An evaluation across scales was ultimately validated by stamping full-size production door inner panels made from dissimilar thickness aluminum TWBs, which provided validation of the numerical and experimental analysis of laboratory-scale tests.

Estimation of weld nugget temperature by thermography method in resistance projection welding process

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Setty, D.S.; Rameswara Roa, A.; Hemantha Rao, G.V.S.; Jaya Raj, R.N.

2008-01-01

In the Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) fuel manufacturing, zirconium alloy appendages like spacer and bearing pads are welded to the thin wall zirconium alloy fuel tubes by using resistance projection welding process. Out of many joining processes available, resistance-welding process is reliable, environment friendly and best suitable for mass production applications. In the fuel assembly, spacer pads are used to get the required inter-element spacing and Bearing pads are used to get the required load-bearing surface for the fuel assembly. Performance of the fuel assembly in the reactor is greatly influenced by these weld joint's quality. Phase transformation from α to β phase is not acceptable while welding these tiny appendages. At present only destructive metallography test is available for this purpose. This can also be achieved by measuring weld nugget temperature where in the phase transformation temperature for zirconium alloy material is 853 o C. The temperature distribution during resistance welding of tiny parts cannot be measured by conventional methods due to very small space and short weld times involved in the process. Shear strength, dimensional accuracy and weld microstructures are some of the key parameters used to measure the quality of appendage weld joints. Weld parameters were optimized with the help of industrial experimentation methodology. Individual projection welding by split electrode concept, and during welding on empty tube firm support is achieved on inner side of the tube by using expandable pneumatic mandrel. In the present paper, an attempt was made to measure the weld nugget temperature by thermography technique and is correlated with standard microstructures of zirconium alloy material. The temperature profiles in the welding process are presented for different welding conditions. This technique has helped in measuring the weld nugget temperature more accurately. It was observed that in the present appendage welding

Influence of Loading Direction and Weld Reinforcement on Fatigue Performance of TIG Weld Seam

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

HUI Li

2018-02-01

Full Text Available The influence of loading direction and weld reinforcement on fatigue performance of TC2 titanium alloy TIG weld seam was investigated via fatigue experiments and SEM fracture observation. The results show that the fatigue life of retaining weld reinforcement specimens is lower than that of removing one in the same weld direction. The fatigue life of oblique weld specimens is higher than that of straight one with the same weld reinforcement treatment. The initiation of removing weld reinforcement specimens' fatigue crack sources is in the hole defect, but the weld reinforcement specimen initiate at the weld toes. During the early stage of fatigue crack propagation, the cracks all grow inside the weld seam metal with obvious fatigue striation. And the fatigue cracks of oblique weld specimens pass through the weld seam into the base with a typical toughness fatigue striation during the last stage of fatigue crack propagation. The dimple of straight weld specimens is little and shallow in the final fracture zone. The oblique weld specimens broke in the base metal area, and the dimple is dense.

Nitrogen And Oxygen Amount In Weld After Welding With Micro-Jet Cooling

OpenAIRE

Węgrzyn T.; Piwnik J.

2015-01-01

Micro-jet cooling after welding was tested only for MIG welding process with argon, helium and nitrogen as a shielded gases. A paper presents a piece of information about nitrogen and oxygen in weld after micro-jet cooling. There are put down information about gases that could be chosen both for MIG/MAG welding and for micro-jet process. There were given main information about influence of various micro-jet gases on metallographic structure of steel welds. Mechanical properties of weld was pr...

Influence of weld structure on cross-weld creep behavior in P23 steel

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Allen, D.J.; Degnan, C.C. [E.ON Engineering (United Kingdom); Brett, S.J. [RWE npower (United Kingdom); Buchanan, L.W. [Doosan Babcock (United Kingdom)

2010-07-01

A thick section pipe weld in low alloy steel P23 has been characterised by cross-weld creep rupture testing at a range of stresses, together with all-weld-metal and parent material testing, under the auspices of the UK High Temperature Power Plant Forum. The results generally show that the weld metal can be weak when tested in the transverse (cross-weld) orientation, and can fail with limited overall ductility by cracking in the zone of refined weld metal beneath the fusion boundary of the superposed weld bead. However, one specimen showed a much superior performance, which could be understood in terms of its locally more creep resistant weld macrostructure. The implications for P23 performance and weld manufacture are discussed. (orig.)

Welded joints integrity analysis and optimization for fiber laser welding of dissimilar materials

Science.gov (United States)

Ai, Yuewei; Shao, Xinyu; Jiang, Ping; Li, Peigen; Liu, Yang; Liu, Wei

2016-11-01

Dissimilar materials welded joints provide many advantages in power, automotive, chemical, and spacecraft industries. The weld bead integrity which is determined by process parameters plays a significant role in the welding quality during the fiber laser welding (FLW) of dissimilar materials. In this paper, an optimization method by taking the integrity of the weld bead and weld area into consideration is proposed for FLW of dissimilar materials, the low carbon steel and stainless steel. The relationships between the weld bead integrity and process parameters are developed by the genetic algorithm optimized back propagation neural network (GA-BPNN). The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is taken for optimizing the predicted outputs from GA-BPNN for the objective. Through the optimization process, the desired weld bead with good integrity and minimum weld area are obtained and the corresponding microstructure and microhardness are excellent. The mechanical properties of the optimized joints are greatly improved compared with that of the un-optimized welded joints. Moreover, the effects of significant factors are analyzed based on the statistical approach and the laser power (LP) is identified as the most significant factor on the weld bead integrity and weld area. The results indicate that the proposed method is effective for improving the reliability and stability of welded joints in the practical production.

Minha propriedade, minha vida: as interfaces entre o direito à cidade e a política habitacional na cidade de João Pessoa-PB

OpenAIRE

Silva, Phillipe Cupertino Salloum e

2016-01-01

Diante da importância da luta pela moradia no cotidiano das pessoas, discute-se neste trabalho a relação entre a perpetuação do instituto da propriedade privada, a questão habitacional e o direito à cidade no Brasil a partir da análise das políticas públicas habitacionais iniciadas na Era Getulista e dos primeiros conjuntos habitacionais do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida direcionados às camadas de baixa renda na cidade de João Pessoa. Tendo como referencial teórico a corrente marxista, utiliz...

Chapecó (SC), para além de polo regional, uma cidade média no oeste catarinense

OpenAIRE

Cristiane Gretzler

2011-01-01

Uma das primeiras cidades criadas no impulso colonizador do Oeste Catarinense, Chapecó, durante vários anos foi à sede administrativa de vasto território, situação que conferiu à cidade uma centralidade que se manifesta ainda hoje. O processo de urbanização brasileira provocou mudanças na estrutura das diferentes cidades, independente de seu porte, suscitando novas análises e interpretações. As metrópoles assumiram novos papéis em escala mundial e, muitas cidades polo regionais, acabam criand...

Laser Welding Test Results with Gas Atmospheres in Welding Chamber

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Joung, Chang-Young; Hong, Jin-Tae; Ahn, Sung-Ho; Heo, Sung-Ho; Jang, Seo-Yun; Yang, Tae-Ho [Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon (Korea, Republic of)

2015-10-15

The weld beads of specimens welded under identical conditions in the helium and argon gas were cleaner, more regular, and steadier than those in a vacuum. The penetration depth of the FZ in the vacuum was much deeper than those in the helium and argon gas. To measure the irradiation properties of nuclear fuel in a test reactor, a nuclear fuel test rod instrumented with various sensors must be fabricated with assembly processes. A laser welding system to assemble the nuclear fuel test rod was designed and fabricated to develop various welding technologies of the fuel test rods to joint between a cladding tube and end-caps. It is an air-cooling optical fiber type and its emission modes are a continuous (CW) mode of which the laser generates continuous emission, and pulse (QCW) mode in which the laser internally generates sequences of pulses. We considered the system welding a sample in a chamber that can weld a specimen in a vacuum and inert gas atmosphere, and the chamber was installed on the working plate of the laser welding system. In the chamber, the laser welding process should be conducted to have no defects on the sealing area between a cladding tube and an end-cap.

Welding of Thin Steel Plates by Hybrid Welding Process Combined TIG Arc with YAG Laser

Science.gov (United States)

Kim, Taewon; Suga, Yasuo; Koike, Takashi

TIG arc welding and laser welding are used widely in the world. However, these welding processes have some advantages and problems respectively. In order to improve problems and make use of advantages of the arc welding and the laser welding processes, hybrid welding process combined the TIG arc with the YAG laser was studied. Especially, the suitable welding conditions for thin steel plate welding were investigated to obtain sound weld with beautiful surface and back beads but without weld defects. As a result, it was confirmed that the shot position of the laser beam is very important to obtain sound welds in hybrid welding. Therefore, a new intelligent system to monitor the welding area using vision sensor is constructed. Furthermore, control system to shot the laser beam to a selected position in molten pool, which is formed by TIG arc, is constructed. As a result of welding experiments using these systems, it is confirmed that the hybrid welding process and the control system are effective on the stable welding of thin stainless steel plates.

Hybrid laser-arc welding

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Hybrid laser-arc welding (HLAW) is a combination of laser welding with arc welding that overcomes many of the shortfalls of both processes. This important book gives a comprehensive account of hybrid laser-arc welding technology and applications. The first part of the book reviews...... the characteristics of the process, including the properties of joints produced by hybrid laser-arc welding and ways of assessing weld quality. Part II discusses applications of the process to such metals as magnesium alloys, aluminium and steel as well as the use of hybrid laser-arc welding in such sectors as ship...... building and the automotive industry. With its distinguished editor and international team of contributors, Hybrid laser-arc welding, will be a valuable source of reference for all those using this important welding technology. Professor Flemming Ove Olsen works in the Department of Manufacturing...

[New welding processes and health effects of welding].

Science.gov (United States)

La Vecchia, G Marina; Maestrelli, Piero

2011-01-01

This paper describes some of the recent developments in the control technology to enhance capability of Pulse Gas Metal Arc Welding. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) processing has been also considered. FSW is a new solid-state joining technique. Heat generated by friction at the rotating tool softens the material being welded. FSW can be considered a green and energy-efficient technique without deleterious fumes, gas, radiation, and noise. Application of new welding processes is limited and studies on health effects in exposed workers are lacking. Acute and chronic health effects of conventional welding have been described. Metal fume fever and cross-shift decline of lung function are the main acute respiratory effects. Skin and eyes may be affected by heat, electricity and UV radiations. Chronic effects on respiratory system include chronic bronchitis, a benign pneumoconiosis (siderosis), asthma, and a possible increase in the incidence of lung cancer. Pulmonary infections are increased in terms of severity, duration, and frequency among welders.

Plug-welding of ODS cladding tube for BOR-60 irradiation. Welding condition setting. Device remodeling and welding

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Seki, Masayuki; Ishibashi, Fujio; Kono, Syusaku; Hirako, Kazuhito; Tsukada, Tatsuya

2003-04-01

Irradiation test in BOR-60 at RIAR to judge practical use prospect of ODS cladding tube at early stage is planned as Japan-Russia a joint research. RIAR does fuel design of fuel pin used for this joint research. JNC manufactures ODS cladding tube and bar materials (two steel kind of martensite and ferrite), upper endplug production. They are welded by pressurized resistance welding, and are inspected in JNC Tokai, transported to RIAR. And RIAR manufactures vibration packing fuel pin. On the upper endplug welding by pressurized resistance welding method, we worded on the problems such as decision of welding condition by changing the size and crystallization of cladding tube and the design of endplug, and the chucking device remodeling to correspond to the long scale cladding tube welding system (included handling) and of quality assurance method. Especially, use of long scale cladding tube caused problem that bending transformation occurred in cladding tube by welding pressure. However, we solved this problem by shortening the distance of cladding tube colette chuck and pressure receiving, and by putting the sleeve in an internal space of welding machine, losing the bending of cladding tube. Moreover, welding defects were occurred by the difference of an inside state, an inside defect and recrystallization of cladding tube. We solved the problem by inside grinding for the edge of tube, angle beam method by ultrasonic wave, and ultrasonic wave form confirmation. Manufacturing process with long scale cladding tube including heat-treatment to remove combustion return and remaining stress was established besides, Afterwards, welding of ODS cladding tube and upper endplug. As the quality assurance system, we constructed [Documented procedure (referred to JOYO)] based on [Document of the QA plan] by OEC. Welding and inspection were executed by the document procedure. It is thought that the quality assurance method become references for the irradiation test in JOYO in the

Turismo Urbano na Cidade de São Paulo: a importância de alguns segmentos e seus reflexos na configuração do espaço

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Reinaldo Miranda de Sá Teles

2013-02-01

Full Text Available Este artigo resgata brevemente algumas questões urbanas que nortearam a ocupação do espaço de São Paulo a partir da área central da cidade. Aborda os negócios e os eventos como base para o turismo urbano, que indicam a relevância das estruturas herdadas no processo histórico, aliada à apropriação do espaço, e que desencadeiam formas de uso que agregam valor às várias atividades económicas, entre as quais a turística. São Paulo é uma cidade que, embora capaz de captar um fluxo turístico, ainda carece de ações especificamente voltadas à organização do turismo. This article brings out urban questions related to the space occupation in the city of Sao Paulo starting fram its very central area. It is also about the businesses as well as events which are the base for urban tourism leading to the significance of its structure as a result of its historie process linked to the spaee appropriation. These which highlights forms of use, bringing out the value of numerous economic activities, including tourism. Sao Paulo is a city in which tourism flow is very constant, however there are more actions to be taken related to the tourism organisation yet.

Weld analysis and control system

Science.gov (United States)

Kennedy, Larry Z. (Inventor); Rodgers, Michael H. (Inventor); Powell, Bradley W. (Inventor); Burroughs, Ivan A. (Inventor); Goode, K. Wayne (Inventor)

1994-01-01

The invention is a Weld Analysis and Control System developed for active weld system control through real time weld data acquisition. Closed-loop control is based on analysis of weld system parameters and weld geometry. The system is adapted for use with automated welding apparatus having a weld controller which is capable of active electronic control of all aspects of a welding operation. Enhanced graphics and data displays are provided for post-weld analysis. The system provides parameter acquisition, including seam location which is acquired for active torch cross-seam positioning. Torch stand-off is also monitored for control. Weld bead and parent surface geometrical parameters are acquired as an indication of weld quality. These parameters include mismatch, peaking, undercut, underfill, crown height, weld width, puddle diameter, and other measurable information about the weld puddle regions, such as puddle symmetry, etc. These parameters provide a basis for active control as well as post-weld quality analysis and verification. Weld system parameters, such as voltage, current and wire feed rate, are also monitored and archived for correlation with quality parameters.

Fine tuning of dwelling time in friction stir welding for preventing material overheating, weld tensile strength increase and weld nugget size decrease

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mijajlović Miroslav M.

2016-01-01

Full Text Available After successful welding, destructive testing into test samples from Al 2024-T351 friction stir butt welds showed that tensile strength of the weld improve along the joint line, while dimensions of the weld nugget decrease. For those welds, both the base material and the welding tool constantly cool down during the welding phase. Obviously, the base material became overheated during the long dwelling phase what made conditions for creation of joints with the reduced mechanical properties. Preserving all process parameters but varying the dwelling time from 5-27 seconds a new set of welding is done to reach maximal achievable tensile strength. An analytical-numerical-experimental model is used for optimising the duration of the dwelling time while searching for the maximal tensile strength of the welds

Capacidade de Carga em Cidades Históricas

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Fernando Vicente de Oliveira

2010-08-01

Full Text Available Neste artigo são apresentados os conceitos de capacidade de carga e capacidade ambiental vinculando-os ao manejo de cidades históricas dentro dos pressupostos do turismo sustentável. A avaliação da capacidade ambiental é uma valiosa ferramenta para planejamento turístico. O principal é determinar até que ponto um meio ambiente pode suportar uma intervenção, sem que a mesma danifique ou prejudique a característica principal deste local. As cidades históricas e turísticas com desejo de fomentar o turismo devem, necessariamente, delimitar suas capacidades de crescimento, para geração de riquezas através de sua economia diversificada e, sobretudo, bem estar de sua população, principal objetivo do estudo de capacidade ambiental.

Optimum welding condition of 2017 aluminum similar alloy friction welded joints

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Tsujino R.; Ochi, H. [Osaka Inst. of Tech., Osaka (Japan); Morikawa, K. [Osaka Sangyo Univ., Osaka (Japan); Yamaguchi, H.; Ogawa, K. [Osaka Prefecture Univ., Osaka (Japan); Fujishiro, Y.; Yoshida, M. [Sumitomo Metal Technology Ltd., Hyogo (Japan)

2002-07-01

Usefulness of the statistical analysis for judging optimization of the friction welding conditions was investigated by using 2017 aluminum similar alloy, where many samples under fixed welding conditions were friction welded and analyzed statistically. In general, selection of the optimum friction welding conditions for similar materials is easy. However, it was not always the case for 2017 aluminum alloy. For optimum friction welding conditions of this material, it is necessary to apply relatively larger upset pressure to obtain high friction heating. Joint efficiencies obtained under the optimum friction welding conditions showed large shape parameter (m value) of Weibull distribution as well as in the dissimilar materials previously reported. The m value calculated on the small number of data can be substituted for m value on the 30 data. Therefore, m value is useful for practical use in the factory for assuming the propriety of the friction welding conditions. (orig.)

Dual wire welding torch and method

Science.gov (United States)

Diez, Fernando Martinez; Stump, Kevin S.; Ludewig, Howard W.; Kilty, Alan L.; Robinson, Matthew M.; Egland, Keith M.

2009-04-28

A welding torch includes a nozzle with a first welding wire guide configured to orient a first welding wire in a first welding wire orientation, and a second welding wire guide configured to orient a second welding wire in a second welding wire orientation that is non-coplanar and divergent with respect to the first welding wire orientation. A method of welding includes moving a welding torch with respect to a workpiece joint to be welded. During moving the welding torch, a first welding wire is fed through a first welding wire guide defining a first welding wire orientation and a second welding wire is fed through a second welding wire guide defining a second welding wire orientation that is divergent and non-coplanar with respect to the first welding wire orientation.

TIG welding method and TIG welding device

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yoneda, Eishi

1998-01-01

The present invention provides a method of TIG welding for members having different heat capacities including a cladding tube and an end plug of a fuel rod to be used, for example, in a reactor, and a device therefor. Namely, in the TIG welding method, the flow rate of a sealed gas to the side of a member having smaller heat capacity is made greater than that on the side of the member having greater heat capacity bordered on the top end of a welding electrode. Since the sealed gas is jetted being localized relative to the welding electrode, arc is restricted in a region of the member having smaller heat capacity and is increased at a region having a larger heat capacity. As a result, the arc is localized, so that the heat input amount to the region having a large heat capacity is increased, and then a plurality of members at the abutting portion are melted uniformly thereby capable of obtaining a uniform molten pool. A bead is formed at the abutting portion thereby capable of obtaining a welded portion with less unevenness and having large strength. (I.S.)

Experimental investigation on the weld pool formation process in plasma keyhole arc welding

Science.gov (United States)

Van Anh, Nguyen; Tashiro, Shinichi; Van Hanh, Bui; Tanaka, Manabu

2018-01-01

This paper seeks to clarify the weld pool formation process in plasma keyhole arc welding (PKAW). We adopted, for the first time, the measurement of the 3D convection inside the weld pool in PKAW by stereo synchronous imaging of tungsten tracer particles using two sets of x-ray transmission systems. The 2D convection on the weld pool surface was also measured using zirconia tracer particles. Through these measurements, the convection in a wide range of weld pools from the vicinity of the keyhole to the rear region was successfully visualized. In order to discuss the heat transport process in a weld pool, the 2D temperature distribution on the weld pool surface was also measured by two-color pyrometry. The results of the comprehensive experimental measurement indicate that the shear force due to plasma flow is found to be the dominant driving force in the weld pool formation process in PKAW. Thus, heat transport in a weld pool is considered to be governed by two large convective patterns near the keyhole: (1) eddy pairs on the surface (perpendicular to the torch axis), and (2) eddy pairs on the bulk of the weld pool (on the plane of the torch). They are formed with an equal velocity of approximately 0.35 m s-1 and are mainly driven by shear force. Furthermore, the flow velocity of the weld pool convection becomes considerably higher than that of other welding processes, such as TIG welding and GMA welding, due to larger plasma flow velocity.

Cidades sutis: dispersão urbana e da rede de saúde mental

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Luis Artur Costa

2013-01-01

Full Text Available Este artigo pretende problematizar o percurso genealógico que possibilita o atual arranjo entre a cidade de Porto Alegre e sua assistência em saúde mental. Inicia com a cidade e seu Hospital Psiquiátrico São Pedro, constituídos a partir de uma lógica disciplinar que buscava subjetivar corpos e gestos adequados para o trabalho industrial e aos padrões de convivência da civilidade urbana moderna. Vemos então o surgimento de movimentos anômalos a esta geometria, espasmos descentralizantes que vão esboroando as antigas centralidades e seus lócus antes fechados. Através da breve genealogia dos movimentos que tomaram tais espaços, operamos a problematização das transformações nesta cidade e nas atuais práticas de assistência à saúde mental: por um lado, as novas microssegmentações privadas no espaço urbano contemporâneo minando a centralidade urbana da cidade com a dispersão da convivência e, por outro, a atual reforma psiquiátrica, com a descentralização da assistência.

ARC+(Registered Trademark) and ARC PC Welding Simulators: Teach Welders with Virtual Interactive 3D Technologies

Science.gov (United States)

Choquet, Claude

2011-01-01

123 Certification Inc., a Montreal based company, has developed an innovative hands-on welding simulator solution to help build the welding workforce in the most simple way. The solution lies in virtual reality technology, which has been fully tested since the early 90's. President and founder of 123 Certification Inc., Mr. Claude Choquet Ing. Msc. IWE. acts as a bridge between the welding and the programming world. Working in these fields for more than 20 years. he has filed 12 patents world-wide for a gesture control platform with leading edge hardware related to simulation. In the summer of 2006. Mr Choquet was proud to be invited to the annual IIW International Weld ing Congress in Quebec City to launch the ARC+ welding simulator. A 100% virtual reality system and web based training center was developed to simulate multi process. multi-materiaL multi-position and multi pass welding. The simulator is intended to train welding students and apprentices in schools or industries. The welding simulator is composed of a real welding e[eetrode holder (SMAW-GTAW) and gun (GMAW-FCAW). a head mounted display (HMD), a 6 degrees of freedom tracking system for interaction between the user's hands and head. as well as external audio speakers. Both guns and HMD are interacting online and simultaneously. The welding simulation is based on the law of physics and empirical results from detailed analysis of a series of welding tests based on industrial applications tested over the last 20 years. The simulation runs in real-time, using a local logic network to determine the quality and shape of the created weld. These results are based on the orientation distance. and speed of the welding torch and depth of penetration. The welding process and resulting weld bc.1d are displayed in a virtual environment with screenplay interactive training modules. For review. weld quality and recorded process values can be displayed and diagnosed after welding. To help in the le.tming process, a

Estudo de operações city logistics para aumento da competitividade em uma empresa de aparelhos auditivos na cidade de Campinas-SP

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

David Costa Monteiro

2017-08-01

Full Text Available Discute-se no presente artigo as possibilidades de operação logística viabilizada a partir das necessidades e das ideias patrocinadas por uma empresa que comercializa aparelhos auditivos na cidade de Campinas, no interior paulista, que para enfrentar os sérios problemas logísticos de distribuição de aparelhos auditivos nessa cidade, precisou inovar no campo da distribuição de seus produtos. Contextualiza-se que a logística muitas vezes é algo intuitivo, o que, na prática, costuma levar o gestor justamente ao estudo da temática, merecedora sempre de ratificação e permanente estudo. Objetivou-se rever questões centrais da logística, especificamente objetivando-se expor como a disciplina de fato auxiliou determinada organização a resolver problema concreto de distribuição de seus produtos. O percurso metodológico passa por revisão de literatura e estudo de caso, justificando-se a pesquisa pelo seu elevado valor prático. Os resultados obtidos apontam a validade da solução adotada por determinada empresa, esta constante de dirigir-se até onde o cliente estava por intermédio de vendedores especializados, apresentando a medida a recuperação e um aumento significativo da clientela da companhia estudada.

Automatization of welding

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Iwabuchi, Masashi; Tomita, Jinji; Nishihara, Katsunori.

1978-01-01

Automatization of welding is one of the effective measures for securing high degree of quality of nuclear power equipment, as well as for correspondence to the environment at the site of plant. As the latest ones of the automatic welders practically used for welding of nuclear power apparatuses in factories of Toshiba and IHI, those for pipes and lining tanks are described here. The pipe welder performs the battering welding on the inside of pipe end as the so-called IGSCC countermeasure and the succeeding butt welding through the same controller. The lining tank welder is able to perform simultaneous welding of two parallel weld lines on a large thin plate lining tank. Both types of the welders are demonstrating excellent performance at the shops as well as at the plant site. (author)

Electric arc welding gun

Science.gov (United States)

Luttrell, Edward; Turner, Paul W.

1978-01-01

This invention relates to improved apparatus for arc welding an interior joint formed by intersecting tubular members. As an example, the invention is well suited for applications where many similar small-diameter vertical lines are to be welded to a long horizontal header. The improved apparatus includes an arc welding gun having a specially designed welding head which is not only very compact but also produces welds that are essentially free from rolled-over solidified metal. The welding head consists of the upper end of the barrel and a reversely extending electrode holder, or tip, which defines an acute angle with the barrel. As used in the above-mentioned example, the gun is positioned to extend upwardly through the vertical member and the joint to be welded, with its welding head disposed within the horizontal header. Depending on the design of the welding head, the barrel then is either rotated or revolved about the axis of the vertical member to cause the electrode to track the joint.

Cidade global, destino mundial: turismo urbano em São Paulo

OpenAIRE

Mariana Aldrigui Carvalho

2011-01-01

Considerada uma das mais importantes atividades econômicas do século XXI, o turismo urbano é o tema desta tese, cujo objetivo foi verificar se a política pública municipal de turismo da cidade de São Paulo considera as reais características da atividade para fundamentar suas ações e estratégias. Abrangente análise de documentos internacionais, por meio do método exploratório-descritivo, permitiu a identificação, organização e apresentação das características da cidade de São Paulo a partir do...

O teatro e a cidade: notas sobre uma origem comum.

OpenAIRE

Dias, Luciana da Costa

2012-01-01

Teatro e cidade: origem comum? O artigo pretende abordar a tragédia grega em sua relação intrínseca e originária com a polis, isto é: com o fenômeno urbano que se consolida com a democracia grega, no modo como estes se interpenetram e se co-determinam. Não é possível pensar a tragédia fora da pólis grega na inteireza do que seu fenômeno representa. Mais do que isso: o desenvolvimento e crescimento da cidade, em todas as suas instâncias, principalmente políticas e “democráticas” é vital para o...

A novel weld seam detection method for space weld seam of narrow butt joint in laser welding

Science.gov (United States)

Shao, Wen Jun; Huang, Yu; Zhang, Yong

2018-02-01

Structured light measurement is widely used for weld seam detection owing to its high measurement precision and robust. However, there is nearly no geometrical deformation of the stripe projected onto weld face, whose seam width is less than 0.1 mm and without misalignment. So, it's very difficult to ensure an exact retrieval of the seam feature. This issue is raised as laser welding for butt joint of thin metal plate is widely applied. Moreover, measurement for the seam width, seam center and the normal vector of the weld face at the same time during welding process is of great importance to the welding quality but rarely reported. Consequently, a seam measurement method based on vision sensor for space weld seam of narrow butt joint is proposed in this article. Three laser stripes with different wave length are project on the weldment, in which two red laser stripes are designed and used to measure the three dimensional profile of the weld face by the principle of optical triangulation, and the third green laser stripe is used as light source to measure the edge and the centerline of the seam by the principle of passive vision sensor. The corresponding image process algorithm is proposed to extract the centerline of the red laser stripes as well as the seam feature. All these three laser stripes are captured and processed in a single image so that the three dimensional position of the space weld seam can be obtained simultaneously. Finally, the result of experiment reveals that the proposed method can meet the precision demand of space narrow butt joint.

Consumo de suplementos nutricionais por frequentadores de academias da cidade de Porto Alegre

OpenAIRE

Fayh, Ana Paula Trussardi; Silva, Cláudia Villela da; Jesus, Flávia Roanna Dotto de; Costa, Gabriela Kerpel

2013-01-01

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a prevalência do uso de suplementos alimentares nas academias da cidade de Porto Alegre. Foram entrevistados 316 indivíduos com idade entre 18-59 anos. A abordagem foi por voluntariedade, em 22 academias da cidade. Observou-se um expressivo uso de suplementos nutricionais pelos participantes (28,8%), e os homens utilizam mais suplementos do que as mulheres (p

Investigation into Variations of Welding Residual Stresses and Redistribution Behaviors for Different Repair Welding Widths

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Park, Chiyong; Lee, Hweesueng; Huh, Namsu

2014-01-01

In this study, we investigated the variations in welding residual stresses in dissimilar metal butt weld due to width of repair welding and re-distribution behaviors resulting from similar metal welding (SMW) and mechanical loading. To this end, detailed two-dimensional axi-symmetric finite element (FE) analyses were performed considering five different repair welding widths. Based on the FE results, we first evaluated the welding residual stress distributions in repair welding. We then investigated the re-distribution behaviors of the residual stresses due to SMW and mechanical loads. It is revealed that large tensile welding residual stresses take place in the inner surface and that its distribution is affected, provided repair welding width is larger than certain value. The welding residual stresses resulting from repair welding are remarkably reduced due to SMW and mechanical loading, regardless of the width of the repair welding

Certification of a weld produced by friction stir welding

Science.gov (United States)

Obaditch, Chris; Grant, Glenn J

2013-10-01

Methods, devices, and systems for providing certification of friction stir welds are disclosed. A sensor is used to collect information related to a friction stir weld. Data from the sensor is compared to threshold values provided by an extrinsic standard setting organizations using a certification engine. The certification engine subsequently produces a report on the certification status of the weld.

Laser beam welding and friction stir welding of 6013-T6 aluminium alloy sheet

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Braun, R.; Dalle Donne, C.; Staniek, G.

2000-01-01

Butt welds of 1.6 mm thick 6013-T6 sheet were produced using laser beam welding and friction stir welding processes. Employing the former joining technique, filler powders of the alloys Al-5%Mg and Al-12%Si were used. Microstructure, hardness profiles, tensile properties and the corrosion behaviour of the welds in the as-welded condition were investigated. The hardness in the weld zone was lower compared to that of the base material in the peak-aged temper. Hardness minima were measured in the fusion zone and in the thermomechanically affected zone for laser beam welded and friction stir welded joints, respectively. Metallographic and fractographic examinations revealed pores in the fusion zone of the laser beam welds. Porosity was higher in welds made using the filler alloy Al-5%Mg than using the filler metal Al-12%Si. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that the β '' (Mg 2 Si) hardening precipitates were dissolved in the weld zone due to the heat input of the joining processes. Joint efficiencies achieved for laser beam welds depended upon the filler powders, being about 60 and 80% using the alloys Al-5%Mg and Al-12%Si, respectively. Strength of the friction stir weld approached over 80% of the ultimate tensile strength of the 6013-T6 base material. Fracture occurred in the region of hardness minima unless defects in the weld zone led to premature failure. The heat input during welding did not cause a degradation of the corrosion behaviour of the welds, as found in continuous immersion tests in an aqueous chloride-peroxide solution. In contrast to the 6013-T6 parent material, the weld zone was not sensitive to intergranular corrosion. Alternate immersion tests in 3.5% NaCl solution indicated high stress corrosion cracking resistance of the joints. For laser beam welded sheet, the weld zone of alternately immersed specimens suffered severe degradation by pitting and intergranular corrosion, which may be associated with galvanic coupling of filler metal and

Process for quality assurance of welded joints for electrical resistance point welding

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Schaefer, R.; Singh, S.

1977-01-01

In order to guarantee the reproducibility of welded joints of even quality (above all in the metal working industry), it is proposed that before starting resistance point welding, a preheating current should be allowed to flow at the site of the weld. A given reduction of the total resistance at the site of the weld should effect the time when the preheating current is switched over to welding current. This value is always predetermined empirically. Further possibilities of controlling the welding process are described, where the measurement of thermal expansion of the parts is used. A standard welding time is given. The rated course of electrode movement during the process can be predicted and a running comparison of nominal and actual values can be carried out. (RW) [de

Weld nugget formation in resistance spot welding of new lightweight sandwich material

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Sagüés Tanco, J.; Nielsen, Chris Valentin; Chergui, Azeddine

2015-01-01

Weldability of a new lightweight sandwich material, LITECOR®, by resistance spot welding is analyzed by experiments and numerical simulations. The spot welding process is accommodated by a first pulse squeezing out the non-conductive polymer core of the sandwich material locally to allow metal......–metal contact. This is facilitated by the use of a shunt tool and is followed by a second pulse for the actual spot welding and nugget formation. A weldability lobe in the time-current space of the second pulse reveals a process window of acceptable size for automotive assembly lines. Weld growth curves...... with experimental results in the range of welding parameters leading to acceptable weld nugget sizes. The validated accuracy of the commercially available software proves the tool useful for assisting the choice of welding parameters....

The role of the poet in Plato's ideal cities of Callipolis and Magnesia

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Gerard Naddaf

2007-12-01

Full Text Available Plato's attitude toward the poets and poetry has always been a flashpoint of debate, controversy and notoriety, but most scholars have failed to see their central role in the ideal cities of the Republic and the Laws, that is, Callipolis and Magnesia. In this paper, I argue that in neither dialogue does Plato "exile" the poets, but, instead, believes they must, like all citizens, exercise the expertise proper to their profession, allowing them the right to become full-fledged participants in the productive class. Moreover, attention to certain details reveals that Plato harnesses both positive and negative factors in poetry to bring his ideal cities closer to a practical realization. The status of the poet and his craft in this context has rarely to my knowledge been addressed.A atitude de Platão com relação aos poetas e à poesia tem sempre sido um ponto de debate, controvérsia e notoriedade, mas a maioria dos estudiosos não consegue ver seu papel central nas cidades ideais da República e das Leis, ou seja, Callipolis e Magnésia. Neste artigo, defendo que em nenhum dos dois diálogos Platão exila os poetas, mas, ao contrário, acredita que eles devem, como todos os cidadãos, exercitar a competência própria à sua profissão, permitindo-lhes o direito de se tornarem participantes com todos os direitos da classe produtora. Principalmente, se prestarmos a atenção devida em certos detalhes, veremos que Platão controla tanto os fatores positivos, como os negativos na poesia, para aproximar mais suas cidades ideais da realização prática. A meu ver, o estatuto do poeta e de sua habilidade, nesse contexto, foram raramente estudados.

Programas de Contra Turno Social para crianças e adolescentes na cidade de Maringá/PR: características e funções (Supplementary Activities Outside class time for children and adolescents in Maringá city - Paraná state: features and functions

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Paula Marçal Natali

2008-01-01

Full Text Available Resumo: Este artigo tem o objetivo de apresentar as características e funções dos programas de contra turno social os quais atendem crianças e adolescentes em situação de risco, na cidade de Maringá-PR, que foram implantados no início dos anos 90. Este estudo faz parte de uma pesquisa de mestrado que analisa os Programas de Contra Turno Social na cidade de Maringá-PR, mais especificamente no que se refere à questão do papel do lúdico inserido no currículo destes programas de contra turno social. Esta forma de atendimento foi legitimada pelo Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente no que diz respeito às políticas de atendimento em regime de apoio sócio-educativo em meio aberto. Nesta pesquisa qualitativa, no primeiro momento apresentaremos um breve panorama das políticas de atendimento à criança e ao adolescente no Brasil, partindo da promulgação do Código de Menores de 1927 e chegando ao Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente de 1990. Em um segundo momento, relataremos as representações dos órgãos governamentais e da sociedade civil sobre como os programas sociais de contra turno vem sendo realizados na cidade de Maringá através de entrevistas com funcionárias da Secretaria de Assistência Social e Cidadania do município e membros do Conselho Municipal da Criança e do Adolescente. Entendemos que as representações sobre o contra turno social na cidade de Maringá são carregadas de elementos técnicos e burocráticos e muito incipientes em relação aos fundamentos pedagógicos e filosóficos deste atendimento que são elementos primordiais para a efetivação dos direitos à criança e ao adolescente em situação de risco fundamentada na concepção do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente de sujeito de direito que busque a participação popular e que tenha um projeto emancipatório.Abstract: This paper aims to present the features and functions of the programmes of supplementary activities offered outside of

Residual stress by repair welds

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mochizuki, Masahito; Toyoda, Masao

2003-01-01

Residual stress by repair welds is computed using the thermal elastic-plastic analysis with phase-transformation effect. Coupling phenomena of temperature, microstructure, and stress-strain fields are simulated in the finite-element analysis. Weld bond of a plate butt-welded joint is gouged and then deposited by weld metal in repair process. Heat source is synchronously moved with the deposition of the finite-element as the weld deposition. Microstructure is considered by using CCT diagram and the transformation behavior in the repair weld is also simulated. The effects of initial stress, heat input, and weld length on residual stress distribution are studied from the organic results of numerical analysis. Initial residual stress before repair weld has no influence on the residual stress after repair treatment near weld metal, because the initial stress near weld metal releases due to high temperature of repair weld and then stress by repair weld regenerates. Heat input has an effect for residual stress distribution, for not its magnitude but distribution zone. Weld length should be considered reducing the magnitude of residual stress in the edge of weld bead; short bead induces high tensile residual stress. (author)

Cidades inteligentes como nova prática para o gerenciamento dos serviços e infraestruturas urbanos: a experiência da cidade de Porto Alegre

OpenAIRE

Weiss, Marcos Cesar; Bernardes, Roberto Carlos; Consoni, Flavia Luciane

2015-01-01

ResumoEste artigo tem por objetivo discutir a experiência da cidade de Porto Alegre relativamente à materialização do conceito de cidade inteligente. Para tanto, utilizou-se uma abordagem metodológica de caráter qualitativo e exploratório, baseada em estudo de caso, com coleta de dados em fontes primárias e secundárias realizada em 2013. Os resultados mostram que a implementação de inovações em tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TICs) na prestação dos serviços públicos proporcionou maio...

Handbook of Plastic Welding

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Islam, Aminul

The purpose of this document is to summarize the information about the laser welding of plastic. Laser welding is a matured process nevertheless laser welding of micro dimensional plastic parts is still a big challenge. This report collects the latest information about the laser welding of plastic...... materials and provides an extensive knowhow on the industrial plastic welding process. The objectives of the report include: - Provide the general knowhow of laser welding for the beginners - Summarize the state-of-the-art information on the laser welding of plastics - Find the technological limits in terms...... of design, materials and process - Find the best technology, process and machines adaptive to Sonion’s components - Provide the skills to Sonion’s Design Engineers for successful design of the of the plastic components suitable for the laser welding The ultimate goal of this report is to serve...

Boosting Active Contours for Weld Pool Visual Tracking in Automatic Arc Welding

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Liu, Jinchao; Fan, Zhun; Olsen, Søren Ingvor

2015-01-01

Detecting the shape of the non-rigid molten metal during welding, so-called weld pool visual sensing, is one of the central tasks for automating arc welding processes. It is challenging due to the strong interference of the high-intensity arc light and spatters as well as the lack of robust...... approaches to detect and represent the shape of the nonrigid weld pool. We propose a solution using active contours including an prior for the weld pool boundary composition. Also, we apply Adaboost to select a small set of features that captures the relevant information. The proposed method is applied...... to weld pool tracking and the presented results verified its feasibility....

Analysis of welding distortion due to narrow-gap welding of upper port plug

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Biswas, Pankaj; Mandal, N.R.; Vasu, Parameswaran; Padasalag, Shrishail B.

2010-01-01

Narrow-gap welding is a low distortion welding process. This process allows very thick plates to be joined using fewer weld passes as compared to conventional V-groove or double V-groove welding. In case of narrow-gap arc welding as the heat input and weld volume is low, it reduces thermal stress leading to reduction of both residual stress and distortion. In this present study the effect of narrow-gap welding was studied on fabrication of a scaled down port plug in the form of a trapezoidal box made of 10 mm thick mild steel (MS) plates using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). Inherent strain method was used for numerical prediction of resulting distortions. The numerical results compared well with that of the experimentally measured distortion. The validated numerical scheme was used for prediction of weld induced distortion due to narrow-gap welding of full scale upper port plug made of 60 mm thick SS316LN material as is proposed for use in ITER project. It was observed that it is feasible to fabricate the said port plug keeping the distortions minimum within about 7 mm using GTAW for root pass welding followed by SMAW for filler runs.

Welding processes handbook

CERN Document Server

Weman, Klas

2003-01-01

Deals with the main commercially significant and commonly used welding processes. This title takes the student or novice welder through the individual steps involved in each process in an easily understood way. It covers many of the requirements referred to in European Standards including EN719, EN 729, EN 729 and EN 287.$bWelding processes handbook is a concise, explanatory guide to the main commercially significant and commonly-used welding processes. It takes the novice welder or student through the individual steps involved in each process in a clear and easily understood way. It is intended to provide an up-to-date reference to the major applications of welding as they are used in industry. The contents have been arranged so that it can be used as a textbook for European welding courses in accordance with guidelines from the European Welding Federation. Welding processes and equipment necessary for each process are described so that they can be applied to all instruction levels required by the EWF and th...

Ultrasonic Stir Welding

Science.gov (United States)

Nabors, Sammy

2015-01-01

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) developed Ultrasonic Stir Welding (USW) to join large pieces of very high-strength metals such as titanium and Inconel. USW, a solid-state weld process, improves current thermal stir welding processes by adding high-power ultrasonic (HPU) energy at 20 kHz frequency. The addition of ultrasonic energy significantly reduces axial, frictional, and shear forces; increases travel rates; and reduces wear on the stir rod, which results in extended stir rod life. The USW process decouples the heating, stirring, and forging elements found in the friction stir welding process allowing for independent control of each process element and, ultimately, greater process control and repeatability. Because of the independent control of USW process elements, closed-loop temperature control can be integrated into the system so that a constant weld nugget temperature can be maintained during welding.

A Constitucionalização do Direito da Cidade

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Emerson Affonso da Costa Moura

2017-09-01

Full Text Available Resumo As transformações ocorridas no Direito da Cidade pela inclusão do seu regime fundamental na Constituição Federal e pela releitura de suas normas, institutos e categorias ao filtro axiológico da lei fundamental é o tema posto em debate. Analisa-se em que medida o processo de constitucionalização do Direito da Cidade promove uma releitura nas relações públicas e privadas no espaço urbano. Para tanto, no primeiro capítulo, analisa-se a ascensão do constitucionalismo contemporâneo de forma a extrair o papel de centralidade assumido pela Constituição e os Direitos Fundamentais na ordem jurídica extraindo uma ordem de valores. Após, no segundo capítulo, estuda-se o fenômeno da Constitucionalização do Direito com seus requisitos, seus principais elementos e efeitos e a sua irradiação para o direito infraconstitucional. Por fim, no terceiro capítulo, verifica-se em que medida o fenômeno da constitucionalização-inclusão e constitucionalização-releitura produz uma alteração no Direito da Cidade, adequando suas normas formal e materialmente à luz dos preceitos fundamentais.

The effects of welded joint characteristics on its properties in HDPE thermal fusion welding

Science.gov (United States)

Dai, Hongbin; Peng, Jun

2017-05-01

In this paper, PE100 pipes with the diameter of 200 mm and the thickness of 11.9 mm were used as material. The welded joints were obtained in different welding pressures with the optimal welding temperature of 220∘C. Reheating process on the welded joints with the temperature of 130∘C was carried out. The joints exhibited X-type, and the cause of X-type joints was discussed. The temperature field in the forming process of welded joints was measured, and tensile and bending tests on welded joints were carried out. The fracture surface of welded joints was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and crystallinity calculation was taken by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanism of X-type weld profile effects on welded joints properties was analyzed. It was concluded that the mechanical properties of welded joints decrease with the reduced X distance between lines.

Recent advances in the TIG welding process and the application of the welding of nuclear components

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lucas, W.; Males, B.O.

1982-01-01

Recent advances in the field of precision arc welding techniques and infacilities for production of nuclear power plant components arc presented. Of the precision welding techniques, pulsed TIG welding, pulsed plasma arc welding, hot-wire TIG welding, and pulsed inert-gas metal-arc welding. In the field of weld cladding, GMA plasma welding is cited as an alternative to submerged-arc welding with a strip electrode. Transistors and computer-controlled welding systems get a special mention. Applications of TIG welding in the UK are cited, e.g. welding of components for the AGR nuclear power plant and construction of equipment for repair work in feedwater pipes of the MAGNOX reactor. (orig.) [de

WELDING TORCH

Science.gov (United States)

Correy, T.B.

1961-10-01

A welding torch into which water and inert gas are piped separately for cooling and for providing a suitable gaseous atmosphere is described. A welding electrode is clamped in the torch by a removable collet sleeve and a removable collet head. Replacement of the sleeve and head with larger or smaller sleeve and head permits a larger or smaller welding electrode to be substituted on the torch. (AEC)

Welding procedure specification for arc welding of St 52-3N steel plates with covered electrodes

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cvetkovski, S.; Slavkov, D.; Magdeski, J.

2003-01-01

In this paper the results of approval welding technology for arc welding of plates made of St 52-3N steel are presented. Metal arc welding with covered electrode is used welding process. Test specimens are butt welded in different welding positions P A , P F , P C and P D . Before start welding preliminary welding procedure was prepared. After welding of test specimens non destructive and destructive testing was performed. Obtained results were compared with standard DIN 17100 which concerns to chemical composition and mechanical properties of base material. It was confirmed that in all cases mechanical properties of welded joint are higher than those of base material, so preliminary welding procedure (pWTS) can be accepted as welding procedure specification WPS for metal arc welding of St52-3N steel. (Original)

Variant selection of martensites in steel welded joints with low transformation temperature weld metals

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Takahashi, Masaru; Yasuda, Hiroyuki Y.

2013-01-01

Highlights: ► We examined the variant selection of martensites in the weld metals. ► We also measured the residual stress developed in the butt and box welded joints. ► 24 martensite variants were randomly selected in the butt welded joint. ► High tensile residual stress in the box welded joint led to the strong variant selection. ► We discussed the rule of the variant selection focusing on the residual stress. -- Abstract: Martensitic transformation behavior in steel welded joints with low transformation temperature weld (LTTW) metal was examined focusing on the variant selection of martensites. The butt and box welded joints were prepared with LTTW metals and 980 MPa grade high strength steels. The residual stress of the welded joints, which was measured by a neutron diffraction technique, was effectively reduced by the expansion of the LTTW metals by the martensitic transformation during cooling after the welding process. In the LTTW metals, the retained austenite and martensite phases have the Kurdjumov–Sachs (K–S) orientation relationship. The variant selection of the martensites in the LTTW metals depended strongly on the type of welded joints. In the butt welded joint, 24 K–S variants were almost randomly selected while a few variants were preferentially chosen in the box welded joint. This suggests that the high residual stress developed in the box welded joint accelerated the formation of specific variants during the cooling process, in contrast to the butt welded joint with low residual stress

Corrosion resistance of «tube – tubesheet» weld joint obtained by friction welding

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

RIZVANOV Rif Garifovich

2017-08-01

Full Text Available Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are widely applied for implementation of various processes at ventures of fuel and energy complex. Cost of production and reliability of heat exchangers of this type is to a wide extent determined by corresponding characteristics of tube bundle, «tube – tubesheet» is its typical joint in particular when welding operations are used in order to attach tubes to tubesheet in addition to expansion. When manufacturing such equipment of heat-resistant chrome-bearing or chromium-molybdenum steels including steel 15H5M, the process of fixed joint manufacturing gets significantly more complicated and costly due to the necessity to use thermal treatment before, during and after welding (this problem is particularly applicable for manufacturing of large-size equipment. One of the options to exclude thermal treatment from manufacturing process is to use «non-arc» welding methods – laser welding, explosion welding as well as friction welding. Use of each of the welding methods mentioned above during production of heat-exchange equipment has its process challenges and peculiarities. This article gives a comparative analysis of weld structure and distribution of electrode potentials of welded joints and parent metal of the joints simulating welding of tube to tubesheet of steel 15H5M using the following welding methods: shielded manual arc welding, tungsten-arc inert-gas welding and friction welding. Comparative analysis of macro- and microstructures of specific zones of the studied welded joints showed that the joints produced by arc welding methods do not exhibit evident inhomogeneity of the structure after application of thermal treatment which is explained by the correctness of thermal treatment. Joints obtained via friction welding are characterized by structural inhomogeneity of the welded joint zone metal microstructure. The ultra-fine-grained structure obtained as a result of friction welding makes it possible to

The Effect of Weld Reinforcement and Post-Welding Cooling Cycles on Fatigue Strength of Butt-Welded Joints under Cyclic Tensile Loading.

Science.gov (United States)

Araque, Oscar; Arzola, Nelson; Hernández, Edgar

2018-04-12

This research deals with the fatigue behavior of butt-welded joints, by considering the geometry and post-welding cooling cycles, as a result of cooling in quiet air and immersed in water. ASTM A-36 HR structural steel was used as the base metal for the shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process with welding electrode E6013. The welding reinforcement was 1 mm and 3 mm, respectively; axial fatigue tests were carried out to determine the life and behavior in cracks propagation of the tested welded joints, mechanical characterization tests of properties in welded joints such as microhardness, Charpy impact test and metallographic analysis were carried out. The latter were used as input for the analysis by finite elements which influence the initiation and propagation of cracks and the evaluation of stress intensity factors (SIF). The latter led to obtaining the crack propagation rate and the geometric factor. The tested specimens were analyzed, by taking photographs of the cracks at its beginning in order to make a count of the marks at the origin of the crack. From the results obtained and the marks count, the fatigue crack growth rate and the influence of the cooling media on the life of the welded joint are validated, according to the experimental results. It can be concluded that the welded joints with a higher weld reinforcement have a shorter fatigue life. This is due to the stress concentration that occurs in the vicinity of the weld toe.

Distortion Control during Welding

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Akbari Pazooki, A.M.

2014-01-01

The local material expansion and contraction involved in welding result in permanent deformations or instability i.e., welding distortion. Considerable efforts have been made in controlling welding distortion prior to, during or after welding. Thermal Tensioning (TT) describes a group of in-situ

Arc-weld pool interactions

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Glickstein, S.S.

1978-08-01

The mechanisms involved in arc-weld pool interactions are extremely complex and no complete theory is presently available to describe much of the phenomena observed during welding. For the past several years, experimental and analytical studies have been undertaken at the Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory to increase basic understanding of the gas tungsten arc welding process. These studies have included experimental spectral analysis of the arc in order to determine arc temperature and analytical modeling of the arc and weld puddle. The investigations have been directed toward determining the cause and effects of variations in the energy distribution incident upon the weldment. In addition, the effect of weld puddle distortion on weld penetration was investigated, and experimental and analytical studies of weld process variables have been undertaken to determine the effects of the variables upon weld penetration and configuration. A review of the results and analysis of these studies are presented

Welding electrode for peripheral welds of A-1 reactor pressure vessel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Lakatos, L.

1975-01-01

The properties are outlined of the VUZ-AC1-52 welding electrode used in welding the Bohunice A-1 reactor pressure vessel. The mechanical properties of welded joints after the final thermal treatment are summed up. (J.K.)

Quantification of Microtexture at Weld Nugget of Friction Stir-Welded Carbon Steel

Science.gov (United States)

Husain, Md M.; Sarkar, R.; Pal, T. K.; Ghosh, M.; Prabhu, N.

2017-05-01

Friction stir welding of C-Mn steel was carried out under 800-1400 rpm tool rotation. Tool traversing speed of 50 mm/min remained same for all joints. Effect of thermal state and deformation on texture and microstructure at weld nugget was investigated. Weld nugget consisted of ferrite + bainite/Widmanstatten ferrite with different matrix grain sizes depending on peak temperature. A texture around ( ϕ 2 = 0°, φ = 30°, ϕ 2 = 45°) was developed at weld nugget. Grain boundary misorientation at weld nugget indicated that continuous dynamic recrystallization influenced the development of fine equiaxed grain structure. Pole figures and orientation distribution function were used to determine crystallographic texture at weld nugget and base metal. Shear texture components D1, D2 and F were present at weld nugget. D1 shear texture was more prominent among all. Large number of high-angle grain boundaries ( 60-70%) was observed at weld nugget and was the resultant of accumulation of high amount of dislocation, followed by subgrain formation.

Dinâmica Socio-Cultural da Cidade: A Conflitualidade dos Imigrantes Africanos em Lisboa

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Anelino Francisco Silva

2010-01-01

Full Text Available O artigo analisa sobre a dinâmica sociocultural, o direito dos imigrantes à cidade, caso da Área Metropolitana de Lisboade Lisboa, traz uma reflexão do atual processo de inserção ou não dos imigrantes africanos de Angola, Cabo-Verde, São Tomé e Guine-Bissau, como um fator de conflito gerado pela sua permanência na cidade. A globalização atua no global-local, ajuizando a cidade reforçar as características local baseada da legitimidade cultural e política. A cidade metrópole precisa estar preparada às novas exigências produtivas do sistema econômico e da reprodução social. Sendo Lisboa, no contexto dos processos de estruturação econômico-territorial e de diferenciação sócio-urbanística, o espaço polarizado pela capital do país e, ter sido a metrópole que teve sob seu domínio Angola, Cabo -Verde, São Tomé e Guine – Bissau, que com o fim da colonização inicia um processo migratório para Portugal, especialmente, Lisboa. A baixa inserção ao mercado de trabalho, a tênue socialização cultural e a negação ao direito à cidade passam a ser obstáculos em toda sua plenitude

Nickel-base alloy overlay weld with improved ultrasonic flaw detection by magnetic stirring welding

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Takashi, Hirano; Kenji, Hirano; Masayuki, Watando; Takahiro, Arakawa; Minoru, Maeda

2001-01-01

Ultrasonic flaw detection is more difficult in Nickel-base alloy welds containing dendrites owing to the decrease ultrasonic transmissibility they cause. The present paper discusses application of magnetic stirring welding as a means for reducing dendrite growth with consequent improvement in ultrasonic transmissibility. Single pass and multi-pass welding tests were conducted to determine optimal welding conditions. By PT and macro observation subsequent to welding was carried out, optimal operation conditions were clarified. Overlay welding tests and UT clearly indicated ultrasonic beam transmissibility in overlay welds to be improved and detection capacity to be greater through application of magnetic stirring welding. Optimal operation conditions were determined based on examination of temper bead effects in the heat affected zone of low alloy steel by application of magnetic stirring welding to the butt welded joints between low alloy and stainless steel. Hardness in this zone of low alloy steel after the fourth layer was less than 350 HV. (author)

Effect of weld spacing on microstructure and mechanical properties of CLAM electron beam welding joints

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zhai, Yutao; Huang, Bo, E-mail: aufa0007@163.com; Zhang, Junyu; Zhang, Baoren; Liu, Shaojun; Huang, Qunying

2016-11-15

Highlights: • The welded joints of CLAM steel with different weld spacings have been fabricated with electron beam welding, and a simplified model of CLAM sheet was proposed. • The microstructure and mechanical properties such as microhardness, impact and tensile were investigated at different welding spacing for both conditions of as-welded and post weld heat treatment (PWHT). • The effect of the welding thermal cycle was significantly when the weld spacings were smaller than 4 mm. • When the weld spacing was small enough, the original microstructures would be fragmented with the high heat input. - Abstract: China low activation martensitic (CLAM) steel has been chosen as the primary structural material in the designs of dual function lithium-lead (DFLL) blanket for fusion reactors, China helium cooled ceramic breeder (HCCB) test blanket module (TBM) for ITER and China fusion engineering test reactor (CFETR) blanket. The cooling components of the blankets are designed with high density cooling channels (HDCCs) to remove the high nuclear thermal effectively. Hence, the welding spacing among the channels are small. In this paper, the welded joints of CLAM steel with different weld spacings have been fabricated with electron beam welding (EBW). The weld spacing was designed to be 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm and 8 mm. The microstructure and mechanical properties such as microhardness, impact and tensile were investigated at different welding spacing for both conditions of as-welded and post weld heat treatment (PWHT). The PWHT is tempering at 740 °C for 120 min. The results showed that the grain size in the heat affected zone (HAZ) increased with the increasing weld spacing, and the joint with small weld spacing had a better performance after PWHT. This work would give useful guidance to improve the preparation of the cooling components of blanket.

Capabilities of infrared weld monitor

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sanders, P.G.; Keske, J.S.; Leong, K.H.; Kornecki, G.

1997-11-01

A non-obtrusive pre-aligned, solid-state device has been developed to monitor the primary infrared emissions during laser welding. The weld monitor output is a 100-1000 mV signal that depends on the beam power and weld characteristics. The DC level of this signal is related to weld penetration, while AC portions of the output can be correlated with surface irregularities and part misalignment or contamination. Changes in DC behavior are also noted for both full and deep penetration welds. Full penetration welds are signified by an abrupt reduction in the weld monitor output. Bead on plate welds were made on steel, aluminum, and magnesium with both a CW CO{sub 2} laser and a pulsed Nd:YAG laser to explore the relationships between the weld characteristics and the weld monitor output.

Welding overlay analysis of dissimilar metal weld cracking of feedwater nozzle

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Tsai, Y.L.; Wang, Li. H.; Fan, T.W.; Ranganath, Sam; Wang, C.K.; Chou, C.P.

2010-01-01

Inspection of the weld between the feedwater nozzle and the safe end at one Taiwan BWR showed axial indications in the Alloy 182 weld. The indication was sufficiently deep that continued operation could not be justified considering the crack growth for one cycle. A weld overlay was decided to implement for restoring the structural margin. This study reviews the cracking cases of feedwater nozzle welds in other nuclear plants, and reports the lesson learned in the engineering project of this weld overlay repair. The overlay design, the FCG calculation and the stress analysis by FEM are presented to confirm that the Code Case structural margins are met. The evaluations of the effect of weld shrinkage on the attached feedwater piping are also included. A number of challenges encountered in the engineering and analysis period are proposed for future study.

Multi-physics modeling and numerical simulation of weld pool in GTA welding

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nguyen, Minh-Chien

2015-01-01

In this work, we develop a 3D physical and numerical model of the GTA (Gas Tungsten Arc) welding process in order to predict, for given welding parameters, useful quantities for the designer of welded assembly: weld bead shape, fluid flow in the weld pool as well as thermal distribution in the work piece. The model is developed in the Cast3M (http://www-cast3m.cea.fr/) finite element software and takes into account the main physical phenomena acting in the work piece and particularly in the weld pool, subject to source terms modeling the arc part of the welding process. A steady solution of this model is thought for and involves the coupling of the nonlinear thermohydraulics and electromagnetic equations together with the displacement of the deformable free surface of the weld pool. A first step in the development consisted in modeling the electromagnetic phenomena with two different numerical methods, in comparing the numerical results obtained with those of the literature and in quantifying the importance of the Lorentz force and the Joule effect compared to the other mechanical and thermal sources by computing power balances. Then, in order to assess the predictive capability of the model, simulations of various welding configurations are performed: variation in the chemical composition of the material, of the welding speed, of the prescribed arc pressure and of the welding positions, which is a focus of this work, are studied. A good agreement is obtained between the results of our model and other experimental and numerical results of the literature. Eventually, a model accounting for metal filling is proposed and its results are discussed. Thus, our complete model can be seen as a solid foundation towards future totally-coupled 3D welding models including the arc and it will be included in WPROCESS the in-house CEA software dedicated to the numerical simulation of welding. (author) [fr

Detecting flaws in welds

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Woodacre, A.; Lawton, H.

1979-01-01

An apparatus and a method for detecting flaws in welds in a workpiece, the portion of the workpiece containing the weld is maintained at a constant temperature and the weld is scanned by an infra red detector. The weld is then scanned again with the workpiece in contact with a cooling probe to produce a steeper temperature gradient across the weld. Comparison of the signals produced by each scan reveals the existence of defects in the welds. The signals may be displayed on an oscilloscope and the display may be observed by a TV camera and recorded on videotape. (UK)

Multipass autogenous electron beam welding

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Murphy, J.L.; Mustaleski, T.M. Jr.; Watson, L.C.

1986-01-01

A multipass, autogenous welding procedure was developed for 7.6 mm (0.3 in.) wall thickness Type 304L stainless steel cylinders. The joint geometry has a 1.5 mm (0.06 in.) root-face width and a rectangular stepped groove that is 0.762 mm (0.03 in.) wide at the top of the root face and extends 1.5 mm in height, terminating into a groove width of 1.27 mm which extends to the outside of the 1.27 mm high weld-boss. One weld pass is made on the root, three passes on the 0.762 mm wide groove and three passes to complete the weld. Multipass, autogenous, electron beam welds maintain the characteristic high depth-to-width ratios and low heat input of single-pass, electron beam welds. The increased part distortion (which is still much less than from arc processes) in multipass weldments is corrected by a preweld machined compensation. Mechanical properties of multipass welds compare well with single-pass welds. The yield strength of welds in aluminum alloy 5083 is approximately the same for single-pass or multipass electron beam and gas, metal-arc welds. The incidence and size of porosity is less in multipass electron beam welding of aluminum as compared to gas, metal-arc welds. The multipass, autogenous, electron beam welding method has proven to be a reliable way to make some difficult welds in multilayer parts or in an instance where inside part temperature or weld underbead must be controlled and weld discontinuities must be minimized

Perspectiva geográfica sobre o patrimônioarquitetônico da cidade da Lapa, PR Geographic perspective of the architectural heritage of the city of Lapa, PR

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Leonel Brizolla Monastirsky

2011-09-01

Full Text Available A cidade da Lapa foi fundada em 1794 e seu povoamento ocorreu por meio do Tropeirismo. Com esta atividadeformaram-se as primeiras famílias e construíram-se as primeiras edificações para moradia e serviços.Ao longo da transformação de povoado em vila, depois freguesia e finalmente cidade, a Lapa mantém um patrimônioarquitetônico bem preservado – seu centro histórico foi tombado em 1989 pelo Instituto Nacionaldo Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN. A área do centro histórico é composta por 14 quarteirõescom 235 imóveis, formados por edificações com arquitetura do estilo neoclássico, colonial português,luso-brasileiro, italiano, uma senzala e uma casa em estilo inglês. Considerando que a maioria da produçãocientífica sobre o patrimônio cultural edificado da cidade da Lapa apresenta exclusivamente cunho históricoe turístico, o presente artigo tem como objetivo ampliar a discussão sobre esse patrimônio e apresentartambém um olhar geográfico para o tema. Desta forma, busca-se com esse trabalho contribuir para o âmbitoda ciência geográfica no que diz respeito à relação entre o espaço urbano e o patrimônio cultural.

Cidade e gestão: entre discursos e contradições

OpenAIRE

SILVA, Nívia Cristiane Pereira da

2005-01-01

Este trabalho tem como escopo contribuir com a discussão contemporânea sobre os problemas da cidade capitalista, abordando um momento de conquista para o Movimento Nacional pela Reforma Urbana no Brasil, representada pela criação do Ministério das Cidades em 2003, pelo atual presidente da república Luis Inácio Lula da Silva. A criação deste Ministério retoma o debate da questão urbana no país como responsabilidade do poder público que demanda uma intervenção governamental planejada em nível n...

Planejamento ambiental para cidades pequenas: o caso de Perdões, MG

OpenAIRE

Nascimento, Mariana Alvarenga do [UNESP

2004-01-01

A proposta deste trabalho é mostrar a importância do planejamento ambiental não só para centros urbanos médios e grandes, mas também para as cidades pequenas, tomando como estudo de caso a cidade de Perdões em Minas Gerais. Os pressupostos teóricos são providos através de uma revisão bibliográfica, baseada principalmente em cientistas sociais e geógrafos críticos, abordando temas como o desenvolvimento sustentável, a globalização e as novas redes urbanas, o planejamento urbano e ambiental urb...

Influence of the arc plasma parameters on the weld pool profile in TIG welding

Science.gov (United States)

Toropchin, A.; Frolov, V.; Pipa, A. V.; Kozakov, R.; Uhrlandt, D.

2014-11-01

Magneto-hydrodynamic simulations of the arc and fluid simulations of the weld pool can be beneficial in the analysis and further development of arc welding processes and welding machines. However, the appropriate coupling of arc and weld pool simulations needs further improvement. The tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding process is investigated by simulations including the weld pool. Experiments with optical diagnostics are used for the validation. A coupled computational model of the arc and the weld pool is developed using the software ANSYS CFX. The weld pool model considers the forces acting on the motion of the melt inside and on the surface of the pool, such as Marangoni, drag, electromagnetic forces and buoyancy. The experimental work includes analysis of cross-sections of the workpieces, highspeed video images and spectroscopic measurements. Experiments and calculations have been performed for various currents, distances between electrode and workpiece and nozzle diameters. The studies show the significant impact of material properties like surface tension dependence on temperature as well as of the arc structure on the weld pool behaviour and finally the weld seam depth. The experimental weld pool profiles and plasma temperatures are in good agreement with computational results.

Influence of the arc plasma parameters on the weld pool profile in TIG welding

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Toropchin, A; Frolov, V; Pipa, A V; Kozakov, R; Uhrlandt, D

2014-01-01

Magneto-hydrodynamic simulations of the arc and fluid simulations of the weld pool can be beneficial in the analysis and further development of arc welding processes and welding machines. However, the appropriate coupling of arc and weld pool simulations needs further improvement. The tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding process is investigated by simulations including the weld pool. Experiments with optical diagnostics are used for the validation. A coupled computational model of the arc and the weld pool is developed using the software ANSYS CFX. The weld pool model considers the forces acting on the motion of the melt inside and on the surface of the pool, such as Marangoni, drag, electromagnetic forces and buoyancy. The experimental work includes analysis of cross-sections of the workpieces, highspeed video images and spectroscopic measurements. Experiments and calculations have been performed for various currents, distances between electrode and workpiece and nozzle diameters. The studies show the significant impact of material properties like surface tension dependence on temperature as well as of the arc structure on the weld pool behaviour and finally the weld seam depth. The experimental weld pool profiles and plasma temperatures are in good agreement with computational results

Numerical weld modeling - a method for calculating weld-induced residual stresses

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fricke, S.; Keim, E.; Schmidt, J.

2001-01-01

In the past, weld-induced residual stresses caused damage to numerous (power) plant parts, components and systems (Erve, M., Wesseling, U., Kilian, R., Hardt, R., Bruemmer, G., Maier, V., Ilg, U., 1994. Cracking in Stabilized Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping of German Boiling Water Reactors - Characteristic Features and Root Causes. 20. MPA-Seminar 1994, vol. 2, paper 29, pp.29.1-29.21). In the case of BWR nuclear power plants, this damage can be caused by the mechanism of intergranular stress corrosion cracking in austenitic piping or the core shroud in the reactor pressure vessel and is triggered chiefly by weld-induced residual stresses. One solution of this problem that has been used in the past involves experimental measurements of residual stresses in conjunction with weld optimization testing. However, the experimental analysis of all relevant parameters is an extremely tedious process. Numerical simulation using the finite element method (FEM) not only supplements this method but, in view of modern computer capacities, is also an equally valid alternative in its own right. This paper will demonstrate that the technique developed for numerical simulation of the welding process has not only been properly verified and validated on austenitic pipe welds, but that it also permits making selective statements on improvements to the welding process. For instance, numerical simulation can provide information on the starting point of welding for every weld bead, the effect of interpass cooling as far as a possible sensitization of the heat affected zone (HAZ) is concerned, the effect of gap width on the resultant weld residual stresses, or the effect of the 'last pass heat sink welding' (welding of the final passes while simultaneously cooling the inner surface with water) producing compressive stresses in the root area of a circumferential weld in an austenitic pipe. The computer program FERESA (finite element residual stress analysis) was based on a commercially

Automatic welding of fuel elements

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Briola, J.

1958-01-01

The welding process depends on the type of fuel element, the can material and the number of cartridges to be welded: - inert-gas welding (used for G2 and the 1. set of EL3), - inert atmosphere arc welding (used for welding uranium and zirconium), - electronic welding (used for the 2. set of EL3 and the tank of Proserpine). (author) [fr

Vision-based weld pool boundary extraction and width measurement during keyhole fiber laser welding

Science.gov (United States)

Luo, Masiyang; Shin, Yung C.

2015-01-01

In keyhole fiber laser welding processes, the weld pool behavior is essential to determining welding quality. To better observe and control the welding process, the accurate extraction of the weld pool boundary as well as the width is required. This work presents a weld pool edge detection technique based on an off axial green illumination laser and a coaxial image capturing system that consists of a CMOS camera and optic filters. According to the difference of image quality, a complete developed edge detection algorithm is proposed based on the local maximum gradient of greyness searching approach and linear interpolation. The extracted weld pool geometry and the width are validated by the actual welding width measurement and predictions by a numerical multi-phase model.

Automatic welding machine for piping

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yoshida, Kazuhiro; Koyama, Takaichi; Iizuka, Tomio; Ito, Yoshitoshi; Takami, Katsumi.

1978-01-01

A remotely controlled automatic special welding machine for piping was developed. This machine is utilized for long distance pipe lines, chemical plants, thermal power generating plants and nuclear power plants effectively from the viewpoint of good quality control, reduction of labor and good controllability. The function of this welding machine is to inspect the shape and dimensions of edge preparation before welding work by the sense of touch, to detect the temperature of melt pool, inspect the bead form by the sense of touch, and check the welding state by ITV during welding work, and to grind the bead surface and inspect the weld metal by ultrasonic test automatically after welding work. The construction of this welding system, the main specification of the apparatus, the welding procedure in detail, the electrical source of this welding machine, the cooling system, the structure and handling of guide ring, the central control system and the operating characteristics are explained. The working procedure and the effect by using this welding machine, and the application to nuclear power plants and the other industrial field are outlined. The HIDIC 08 is used as the controlling computer. This welding machine is useful for welding SUS piping as well as carbon steel piping. (Nakai, Y.)

Laser welding to expand the allowable gap in bore welding for ITER blanket hydraulic connection

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Tanigawa, Hisashi, E-mail: tanigawa.hisashi@jaea.go.jp; Maruyama, Takahito; Noguchi, Yuto; Takeda, Nobukazu; Kakudate, Satoshi

2015-10-15

For application to bore welding of hydraulic connection in the ITER blanket module, laser welding presents the following benefits: low weld heat input is preferred for re-welding of the irradiated material. Its contactless process can intrinsically avoid a failure mode of the tool sticking on the weld. The exact requirements for pipe alignment were assessed in comparison with the assembly tolerance. The groove geometry was modified to expand the allowable initial gap. The groove was machined to be partially thick to obviate the filler wire. First, plates with partially thick grooves were welded to elucidate the preferred groove geometry and welding conditions. With the modified groove, the plates were welded for the initial gap of 1.0 mm. Then the groove geometry and welding conditions were adjusted based on results of pipe welding tests. By application of the additional 0.5-mm-thick and 2.5-mm-wide metal in the groove, pipes with an initial gap of 0.7 mm were welded successfully.

Determination of welding parameters for execution of weld overlayer on PWR nuclear reactor nozzles

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ribeiro, Gabriela M.; Lima, Luciana I.; Quinan, Marco A.; Schvartzman, Monica M.

2009-01-01

In the PWR reactors, nickel based dissimilar welds have been presented susceptibilities the stress corrosion (S C). For the mitigation the problem a deposition of weld layers on the external surface of the nozzle is an alternative, viewing to provoke the compression of the region subjected to S C. This paper presents a preliminary study on the determination of welding parameters to obtain these welding overlayers. Welding depositions were performed on a test piece welded with nickel 182 alloy, simulating the conditions of a nozzle used in a PWR nuclear power plant. The welding process was the GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding), and a nickel 52 alloy as addition material. The overlayers were performed on the base metals, carbon steel an stainless steel, changing the welding parameters and verifying the the time of each weld filet. After that, the samples were micro structurally characterized. The macro structures and the microstructures obtained through optical microscopy and Vickers microhardness are presented. The preliminary results make evident the good weld quality. However, a small weld parameters influence used in the base material microstructure (carbon steel and stainless steel). The obtained results in this study will be used as reference in the construction of a mock up which will simulate all the conditions of a pressurizer nozzle of PWR reactor

Grinding Parts For Automatic Welding

Science.gov (United States)

Burley, Richard K.; Hoult, William S.

1989-01-01

Rollers guide grinding tool along prospective welding path. Skatelike fixture holds rotary grinder or file for machining large-diameter rings or ring segments in preparation for welding. Operator grasps handles to push rolling fixture along part. Rollers maintain precise dimensional relationship so grinding wheel cuts precise depth. Fixture-mounted grinder machines surface to quality sufficient for automatic welding; manual welding with attendant variations and distortion not necessary. Developed to enable automatic welding of parts, manual welding of which resulted in weld bead permeated with microscopic fissures.

Welding repair of a dissimilar weld and respective consequences for other German plants

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Brummer, G.; Dauwel, W.; Wesseling, U.; Ilg, U.; Lauer, P.; Widera, M.; Wachter, O.

2002-01-01

During a regular refueling outage in a German nuclear power plant in year 2000, additional non-destructive examinations have been performed on request of the Authority, to fulfill some recommendations of the independent experts with regard to the retrospective application of the Basic Safety Concept for the ferritic main coolant piping of this plant. During these inspections, indications were found in a dissimilar weld between one of the fifteen MCL (main coolant lines) nozzles and the ECC (emergency core cooling) system piping. By means of on-site metallography and laboratory investigations on three boat samples taken from this weld, it could be shown that the indications were due to hot cracking in the surface layer of the weld. In the course of these investigations, at three locations at the circumference of the weld, dis-bonding defects were found between the ferritic base metal of the nozzle and the austenitic weld butter, which has been applied to join the nozzle to the austenitic safe-end. According to the results of the extensive investigations, the dis-bonding occurred during the manufacturing process after stress-relief heat-treatment of the buttering during the welding of the austenitic safe-end to the butter material. There was no evidence for any crack growth during operation of the plant. Due to the large size of the boat-samples, a weld repair was mandatory. This repair has been performed using the so-called temper-bead technique as specified in the ASME Code, without subsequent stress relief heat treatment, using an advanced automatic orbital TIG welding process. The welding has been successfully performed without the need of further repair work. For those dissimilar welds, all other plants, except one, had used Inconel welding material for buttering the ferritic nozzle instead of stainless steel welding metal. For metallurgical reasons, dis-bonding along the fusion line for Inconel buttered dissimilar welds is unlikely to occur. Nevertheless all

EFFECTS OF ELECTRODE DEFORMATION OF RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING ON 304 AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL WELD GEOMETRY

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Nachimani Charde

2012-12-01

Full Text Available The resistance spot welding process is accomplished by forcing huge amounts of current flow from the upper electrode tip through the base metals to the lower electrode tip, or vice versa or in both directions. A weld joint is established between the metal sheets through fusion, resulting in a strong bond between the sheets without occupying additional space. The growth of the weld nugget (bond between sheets is therefore determined from the welding current density; sufficient time for current delivery; reasonable electrode pressing force; and the area provided for current delivery (electrode tip. The welding current and weld time control the root penetration, while the electrode pressing force and electrode tips successfully accomplish the connection during the welding process. Although the welding current and weld time cause the heat generation at the areas concerned (electrode tip area, the electrode tips’ diameter and electrode pressing forces also directly influence the welding process. In this research truncated-electrode deformation and mushrooming effects are observed, which result in the welded areas being inconsistent due to the expulsion. The copper to chromium ratio is varied from the tip to the end of the electrode whilst the welding process is repeated. The welding heat affects the electrode and the electrode itself influences the shape of the weld geometry.

Research on the Effects of Technical Parameters on the Molding of the Weld by A-TIG Welding

OpenAIRE

Shi, Kai; Pan, Wu

2012-01-01

The effects of welding parameters on the molding of weld by A-TIG welding of a 4mm thickness mild steel plate is studied in the present paper. The results obtained show that: as welding current increases A-TIG welding penetration gets deeper than TIG welding; size and shape of HAZ has remarkable change; A-TIG welding has the narrower weld pool width than TIG welding.

Electron beam welding

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Schwartz, M.M.

1974-01-01

Electron-beam equipment is considered along with fixed and mobile electron-beam guns, questions of weld environment, medium and nonvacuum welding, weld-joint designs, tooling, the economics of electron-beam job shops, aspects of safety, quality assurance, and repair. The application of the process in the case of individual materials is discussed, giving attention to aluminum, beryllium, copper, niobium, magnesium, molybdenum, tantalum, titanium, metal alloys, superalloys, and various types of steel. Mechanical-property test results are examined along with the areas of application of electron-beam welding

Recent developments in pipeline welding practice

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

1979-01-01

Fourteen chapters are included: overview of pipeline welding systems and quality assurance, CRC automatic welding system, H.C. Price Co. automatic welding system, semi-automatic MIG-welding process, partial penetration welding of steel pipes for gas distribution, construction procedures and quality control in offshore pipeline construction, welding in repair and maintenance of gas transmission pipelines, British Gas studies of welding on pressurized gas transmission pipelines, hot tapping pipelines, underwater welding for offshore pipelines and associated equipment, radial friction welding, material composition vs weld properties, review of NDT of pipeline welds, and safety assurance in pipeline construction. A bibliography of approximately 150 references is included, arranged according to subject and year.

X-ray radiography of Ti6Al4V welded by plasma tungsten arc (PTA) welding

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Dikbas, Halil; Caligulu, Ugur; Taskin, Mustafa; Turkmen, Mustafa [Firat Univ., Elazig (Turkey). Metallurgy Dept.

2013-03-01

In this study, X-ray radiographic tests of Ti6Al4V alloys welded by plasma tungsten arc welding (PTA) were investigated. PTA welding experiments were carried out under argon shielding gas atmosphere, at 1400-1600 W and 1800 W welding powers as well as 1 m/min, 0.75 m/min, and 0.50 m/min welding speeds. After this process, radiography of the welded joints was performed by X-ray diffraction. The result of the radiographic tests indicated that by increasing welding power the widths of deep penetration increased in all specimens. On the contrary, increasing welding speeds decreases the widths deep penetration. The best properties of Ti6Al4V joints were observed for specimens welded at 1800 W welding power and at 0.50 m/min welding speed. (orig.)

Effects of welding parameters on friction stir spot welding of high density polyethylene sheets

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bilici, Mustafa Kemal; Yukler, Ahmet Irfan

2012-01-01

Graphical abstract: (a) Schematic illustration of the cross section of a friction stir spot weld and (b) Geometry of the weld bonded area, x: nugget thickness and y: the thickness of the upper sheet. Highlights: → Welding parameters affect the FSSW nugget formation and the strength of the joint. → Melting of polyethylene occurred in the vicinity of the tool pin. → The joint that fractures with a pull nugget failure mode has a higher strength. -- Abstract: Friction stir spot welding parameters affect the weld strength of thermoplastics, such as high density polyethylene (HDPE) sheets. The effects of the welding parameters on static strength of friction stir spot welds of high density polyethylene sheets were investigated. For maximizing the weld strength, the selection of welding parameters is very important. In lap-shear tests two fracture modes were observed; cross nugget failure and pull nugget failure. The tool rotational speed, tool plunge depth and dwell time were determined to be important in the joint formation and its strength. The joint which had a better strength fails with a pull nugget failure morphology. Weld cross section image analysis of the joints were done with a video spectral comparator. The plunge rate of the tool was determined to have a negligible effect on friction stir spot welding.

Welding problems in nuclear power engineering

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zubchenko, A.S.

1986-01-01

The problems of welding industry in nuclear power plant engineering, mainly related to the improvement of molten bath protection, are considered. Development of new materials for welding electrodes, for cladding and welding fluxes, is pointed out. Production of the following equipment is brought to a commercial level: welding heads and welding machines for branch pipe welding, anticorrosion cladding, zonal thermal treatment, electron beam welding facilities for the welding and maintenance of turbineblades, equipment for nondestructive testing of welded joints

Laser weld process monitoring and control using chromatic filtering of thermal radiation from a weld pool

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kim, Cheol Jung; Kim, Min Suk; Baik, Sung Hoon; Chung, Chin Man

2000-06-01

The application of high power Nd: YAG lasers for precision welding in industry has been growing quite fast these days in diverse areas such as the automobile, the electronics and the aerospace industries. These diverse applications also require the new developments for the precise control and the reliable process monitoring. Due to the hostile environment in laser welding, a remote monitoring is required. The present development relates in general to weld process monitoring techniques, and more particularly to improved methods and apparatus for real-time monitoring of thermal radiation of a weld pool to monitor a size variation and a focus shift of the weld pool for weld process control, utilizing the chromatic aberration of focusing lens or lenses. The monitoring technique of the size variation and the focus shift of a weld pool is developed by using the chromatic filtering of the thermal radiation from a weld pool. The monitoring of weld pool size variation can also be used to monitor the weld depth in a laser welding. Furthermore, the monitoring of the size variation of a weld pool is independent of the focus shift of a weld pool and the monitoring of the focus shift of a weld pool is independent of the size variation of a weld pool

Laser weld process monitoring and control using chromatic filtering of thermal radiation from a weld pool

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kim, Cheol Jung; Kim, Min Suk; Baik, Sung Hoon; Chung, Chin Man

2000-06-01

The application of high power Nd: YAG lasers for precision welding in industry has been growing quite fast these days in diverse areas such as the automobile, the electronics and the aerospace industries. These diverse applications also require the new developments for the precise control and the reliable process monitoring. Due to the hostile environment in laser welding, a remote monitoring is required. The present development relates in general to weld process monitoring techniques, and more particularly to improved methods and apparatus for real-time monitoring of thermal radiation of a weld pool to monitor a size variation and a focus shift of the weld pool for weld process control, utilizing the chromatic aberration of focusing lens or lenses. The monitoring technique of the size variation and the focus shift of a weld pool is developed by using the chromatic filtering of the thermal radiation from a weld pool. The monitoring of weld pool size variation can also be used to monitor the weld depth in a laser welding. Furthermore, the monitoring of the size variation of a weld pool is independent of the focus shift of a weld pool and the monitoring of the focus shift of a weld pool is independent of the size variation of a weld pool.

Analysis of weld-cracking and improvement of the weld-repair process of superplastic forming tools

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Duchosal, A.; Deschaux-Beaume, F.; Lours, P.; Haro, S.; Fras, G.

2013-01-01

Highlights: ► Characterisation of the microstructure of a heat-resistant austenitic cast steel. ► Failure analysis using in situ tensile tests and isothermal fatigue tests. ► Analyses of weld cracking mechanism during shielded metal arc welding process. ► Improvement of weld-repair method by re-melting of the base material surface with GTAW process. - Abstract: Superplastic forming (SPF) dies are generally made of using heat resistant cast steels, which are very sensitive to weld cracking. In order to improve the weld-repair process of such dies to prevent weld-cracking, the microstructure and the mechanical behaviour of a typical heat-resistant cast steel was first studied, using isothermal low-cycle fatigue tests and in situ tensile tests. The welding behaviour of such steel was also investigated, using a shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process and welding conditions similar to those employed for weld repair industrial dies. The comparison of the aspect of weld-cracking with the fracture mechanisms observed at room temperature or during isothermal low-cycle fatigue tests suggests a similar brittle failure mechanism, due to the presence of large interdendritic carbides in the cast steel. The melting of the cast steel surface using a gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process allowed to refine the primary carbides, and then to reduce the weld-cracking sensitivity. The refining method with GTAW before welding has been successfully tested to weld-repair a sample representative of SPF dies, and is recommended for subsequent repairs of such dies

Real weld geometry determining mechanical properties of high power laser welded medium plates

Science.gov (United States)

Liu, Sang; Mi, Gaoyang; Yan, Fei; Wang, Chunming; Li, Peigen

2018-06-01

Weld width is commonly used as one of main factors to assess joint performances in laser welding. However, it changes significantly through the thickness direction in conditions of medium or thick plates. In this study, high-power autogenous laser welding was conducted on 7 mm thickness 201 stainless steel to elucidate the factor of whole weld transverse shape critically affecting the mechanical properties with the aim of predicting the performance visually through the weld appearance. The results show that single variation of welding parameters could result in great changes of weld pool figures and subsequently weld transverse shapes. All the obtained welds are composed of austenite containing small amount of cellular dendritic δ-Ferrite. The 0.2% proof stresses of Nail- and Peanut-shaped joint reach 458 MPa and 454 MPa, 88.2% and 87.5% of the base material respectively, while that of Wedge-shaped joint only comes to 371 MPa, 71.5% of the base material. The deterioration effect is believed to be caused by the axial grain zone in the weld center. The fatigue strength of joint P is a bit lower than N, but much better than W. Significant deformation incompatibility through the whole thickness and microstructure resistance to crack initiation should be responsible for the poor performance of W-shaped joints.

Cidades inteligentes : um novo paradigma urbano : estudo de um caso da cidade do Porto

OpenAIRE

Fernandes, Maria Teresa Diogo da Silva Porto

2016-01-01

Segundo a ONU, espera-se que em 2045 a população urbana mundial ultrapasse os 6 mil milhões de habitantes, assistindo-se assim a um ritmo do crescimento urbano sem precedentes. Esta rápida transição para uma população altamente urbanizada abriu caminho a uma série de desafios, em diferentes áreas tais como: a educação, saúde, meio ambiente, energia, serviços públicos, etc. A crescente urbanização tornou assim as cidades em ecossistemas sociais complexos, onde é imperativo assegurar o desen-vo...

Tailoring weld geometry during keyhole mode laser welding using a genetic algorithm and a heat transfer model

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Rai, R; DebRoy, T

2006-01-01

Tailoring of weld attributes based on scientific principles remains an important goal in welding research. The current generation of unidirectional laser keyhole models cannot determine sets of welding variables that can lead to a particular weld attribute such as specific weld geometry. Here we show how a computational heat transfer model of keyhole mode laser welding can be restructured for systematic tailoring of weld attributes based on scientific principles. Furthermore, the model presented here can calculate multiple sets of laser welding variables, i.e. laser power, welding speed and beam defocus, with each set leading to the same weld pool geometry. Many sets of welding variables were obtained via a global search using a real number-based genetic algorithm, which was combined with a numerical heat transfer model of keyhole laser welding. The reliability of the numerical heat transfer calculations was significantly improved by optimizing values of the uncertain input parameters from a limited volume of experimental data. The computational procedure was applied to the keyhole mode laser welding of the 5182 Al-Mg alloy to calculate various sets of welding variables to achieve a specified weld geometry. The calculated welding parameter sets showed wide variations of the values of welding parameters, but each set resulted in a similar fusion zone geometry. The effectiveness of the computational procedure was examined by comparing the computed weld geometry for each set of welding parameters with the corresponding experimental geometry. The results provide hope that systematic tailoring of weld attributes via multiple pathways, each representing alternative welding parameter sets, is attainable based on scientific principles

Weld defect identification in friction stir welding using power spectral density

Science.gov (United States)

Das, Bipul; Pal, Sukhomay; Bag, Swarup

2018-04-01

Power spectral density estimates are powerful in extraction of useful information retained in signal. In the current research work classical periodogram and Welch periodogram algorithms are used for the estimation of power spectral density for vertical force signal and transverse force signal acquired during friction stir welding process. The estimated spectral densities reveal notable insight in identification of defects in friction stir welded samples. It was observed that higher spectral density against each process signals is a key indication in identifying the presence of possible internal defects in the welded samples. The developed methodology can offer preliminary information regarding presence of internal defects in friction stir welded samples can be best accepted as first level of safeguard in monitoring the friction stir welding process.

Residual stresses and their mechanisms of production at circumferential weld by heat-sink welding

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ueda, Yukio; Nakacho, Keiji; Ohkubo, Katsumi; Shimizu, Tsubasa.

1983-01-01

In the previous report, the authors showed effectiveness of the heat-sink welding (water cooling) to accomplish this end by conducting theoretical analysis and an experiment on residual stresses in the 4B pipe of SUS 304 by the conventional welding and the heat-sink welding at a certain standard heat-input condition. In this research, different pipe sizes and varied heat-input are applied. The welding residual stresses by the conventional welding and the heat-sink welding are obtained by the theoretical analysis and their production mechanisms are clarified. Hence the influence of the above changes of conditions on effectiveness of the heat-sink welding is investigated. The main results are summarized as follow. (1) In case of this pipes such as 2B and 4B pipes, it is important to minimize heat-input per one pass (especially for latter half passes) in order to improve the effectiveness of the heat-sink welding. The effectiveness can be predicted either by theoretical analysis of the temperature distribution history with consideration of the characteristic of heat transfer under spray-watering or by experimental measurement. (2) In case of 24B pipes, thick pipes, it is desirable to minimize heat-input for the first half passes, by which the heat-sink welding becomes more effective. In addition, no matter whether the conventional welding or the heat-sink welding, it is important to prevent angular distorsion which produces tensile axial stresses on the inner surface of the pipe in the weld zone. Possible measures to meet these requirements are to apply restraining jigs, to minimize the section area of the groove (ex. application of the narrow gap arc welding), and to change continuous welding to skip one. (J.P.N.)

Instructional Guidelines. Welding.

Science.gov (United States)

Fordyce, H. L.; Doshier, Dale

Using the standards of the American Welding Society and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, this welding instructional guidelines manual presents a course of study in accordance with the current practices in industry. Intended for use in welding programs now practiced within the Federal Prison System, the phases of the program are…

Welding process

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Abdul Nassir Ibrahim; Azali Muhammad; Ab. Razak Hamzah; Abd. Aziz Mohamed; Mohamad Pauzi Ismail

2008-01-01

For the final chapter of this book, there is basic introduction on welding process. The good radiography must know somehow on welding process so that they can know what kind of welding that must rejected or not. All of the exposure technique that mention in earlier chapter almost applicable in this field because welding process is critical problem if there is no inspection will be done. So, for this chapter, all the discontinuity that usually appeared will be discussed and there is another discontinuity maybe not to important and do not give big impact if found it, do not described here. On top of that, the decision to accept or reject based on code, standard and specification that agreed by both to make sure that decision that agreed is corrected and more meaningful.

Welding quality evaluation of resistance spot welding using the time-varying inductive reactance signal

Science.gov (United States)

Zhang, Hongjie; Hou, Yanyan; Yang, Tao; Zhang, Qian; Zhao, Jian

2018-05-01

In the spot welding process, a high alternating current is applied, resulting in a time-varying electromagnetic field surrounding the welder. When measuring the welding voltage signal, the impedance of the measuring circuit consists of two parts: dynamic resistance relating to weld nugget nucleation event and inductive reactance caused by mutual inductance. The aim of this study is to develop a method to acquire the dynamic reactance signal and to discuss the possibility of using this signal to evaluate the weld quality. For this purpose, a series of experiments were carried out. The reactance signals under different welding conditions were compared and the results showed that the morphological feature of the reactance signal was closely related to the welding current and it was also significantly influenced by some abnormal welding conditions. Some features were extracted from the reactance signal and combined to construct weld nugget strength and diameter prediction models based on the radial basis function (RBF) neural network. In addition, several features were also used to monitor the expulsion in the welding process by using Fisher linear discriminant analysis. The results indicated that using the dynamic reactance signal to evaluate weld quality is possible and feasible.

Singapura, uma questão de identidade? : de cidade portuária a cidade global

OpenAIRE

Santos, Dimas Fernando Gomez

2016-01-01

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitectura, apresentada ao Departamento de Arquitectura da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra. Singapura, cidade-estado com forte acento global, resulta de uma multitude de temporalidades que produzem e reproduzem um tipo de organização sui generis. O ritmo de desenvolvimento frenético do país nas últimas décadas derivou num estado de palimpsesto e num défice de património urbano e ambiental, destoantes da “tradição” ocident...

Influence of weld discontinuities on strain controlled fatigue behavior of 308 stainless steel weld metal

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bhanu Sankara Rao, K.; Valsan, M.; Sandhya, R.; Mannan, S.L.; Rodriguez, P.

1994-01-01

Detailed investigations have been performed for assessing the importance of weld discontinuities in strain controlled low cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of 308 stainless steel (SS) welds. The LCF behavior of 308 SS welds containing defects was compared with that of type 304 SS base material and 308 SS sound weld metal. Weld pads were prepared by shielded metal arc welding process. Porosity and slag inclusions were introduced deliberately into the weld metal by grossly exaggerating the conditions normally causing such defects. Total axial strain controlled LCF tests have been conducted in air at 823 K on type 304 SS base and 308 SS sound weld metal employing strain amplitudes in the range from ±0.25 to ±0.8 percent. A single strain amplitude of ±0.25 percent was used for all the tests conducted on weld samples containing defects. The results indicated that the base material undergoes cyclic hardening whereas sound and defective welds experience cyclic softening. Base metal showed higher fatigue life than sound weld metal at all strain amplitudes. The presence of porosity and slag inclusions in the weld metal led to significant reduction in life. Porosity on the specimen surface has been found to be particularly harmful and caused a reduction in life by a factor of seven relative to sound weld metal

Development of resistance welding process. 6. Evaluation test of welding properties of martensitic ODS steel)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kono, Shusaku; Seki, Masayuki; Ishibashi, Fujio

2003-05-01

The welding condition and the heat-treatment condition were optimized to evaluate welding properties of the martensitic ODS steel cladding tube. The test pieces for evaluation of strength properties of the welded zone were produced by the optimized welding condition. In order to evaluate the strength of the welded zone, the internal creep rapture test, the single axis creep rapture test, the burst test and the tensile test were conducted. Following results were obtained in these tests. (1) Weld ability: An excellent welding characteristic was observed. The micro cracks, etc. were not served at the joint starting point. The joint starting points were connected uniformly with errors less than 0.05 mm. It is considered that an excellent welding characteristic was result of homogeneous micro structure of cladding material. (2) End plug material: In case of the material of end plug was martensitic ODS steel as same as that of cladding tube, the micro structure and the precipitation state carbide near the welded zone were found to be almost same as that of cladding tube. (3) Optimization of heat-treatment condition: The heat treatments of normalizing (1050degC) and tempering (780degC) were performed after welding and the micro structure near the welded zone was the isometric structure with low dislocation density, the precipitation state of carbide was uniform as same as that of cladding tube. These heat treatments can relax the residual stress accumulated when welding; it is considered that these heat treatments after welding are indispensable. (4) Strength of welded zone: The strength of the welded zone was found to be equal to that of cladding tube in all the strength tests. Therefore, it is concluded that the welding technology for the martensitic ODS steel is completed. (author)

Welding method by remote handling

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hashinokuchi, Minoru.

1994-01-01

Water is charged into a pit (or a water reservoir) and an article to be welded is placed on a support in the pit by remote handling. A steel plate is disposed so as to cover the article to be welded by remote handling. The welding device is positioned to the portion to be welded and fixed in a state where the article to be welded is shielded from radiation by water and the steel plate. Water in the pit is drained till the portion to be welded is exposed to the atmosphere. Then, welding is conducted. After completion of the welding, water is charged again to the pit and the welding device and fixing jigs are decomposed in a state where the article to be welded is shielded again from radiation by water and the steel plate. Subsequently, the steel plate is removed by remote handling. Then, the article to be welded is returned from the pit to a temporary placing pool by remote handling. This can reduce operator's exposure. Further, since the amount of the shielding materials can be minimized, the amount of radioactive wastes can be decreased. (I.N.)

Weld pool boundary and weld bead shape reconstruction based on passive vision in P-GMAW

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

Yan Zhihong; Zhang Guangjun; Gao Hongming; Wu Lin

2006-01-01

A passive visual sensing system is established in this research, and clear weld pool images in pulsed gas metal arc welding ( P-GMA W) can be captured with this system. The three-dimensional weld pool geometry, especially the weld height,is not only a crucial factor in determining workpiece mechanical properties, but also an important parameter for reflecting the penetration. A new three-dimensional (3D) model is established to describe the weld pool geometry in P-GMAW. Then, a series of algorithms are developed to extract the model geometrical parameters from the weld pool images. Furthermore, the method to reconstruct the 3D shape of weld pool boundary and weld bead from the two-dimensional images is investigated.

Welding Course Curriculum.

Science.gov (United States)

Genits, Joseph C.

This guide is intended for use in helping students gain a fundamental background on the major aspects of the welding trade. The course emphasis is on mastery of the manipulative skills necessary to develop successful welding techniques and on acquisition of an understanding of the specialized tools and equipment used in welding. The first part…

On post-weld heat treatment cracking in tig welded superalloy ATI 718Plus

Science.gov (United States)

Asala, G.; Ojo, O. A.

The susceptibility of heat affected zone (HAZ) to cracking in Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welded Allvac 718Plus superalloy during post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) was studied. Contrary to the previously reported case of low heat input electron beam welded Allvac 718Plus, where HAZ cracking occurred during PWHT, the TIG welded alloy is crack-free after PWHT, notwithstanding the presence of similar micro-constituents that caused cracking in the low input weld. Accordingly, the formation of brittle HAZ intergranular micro-constituents may not be a sufficient factor to determine cracking propensity, the extent of heat input during welding may be another major factor that influences HAZ cracking during PWHT of the aerospace superalloy Allvac 718Plus.

Welding for the CRBRP steam generators

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Spalaris, C.N.; Ring, P.J.; Durand, R.E.; Wright, E.A.

1979-01-01

The rationale for selecting weld design, welding procedures and inspection methods was based upon the desire to obtain the highest reliability welds for the CRBRP steam generators. To assure the highest weld reliability, heavy emphasis was placed on the control of material cleanliness and composition substantially exceeding the requirements of the ASME Code for 2-1/4Cr--1Mo. The high tube/tubesheet weld quality was achieved through close material control, an extensive weld development program and the selection of high reliability welding equipment. Shell and nozzle weld fabrication using TIG, MIG, and submerged arc procedures are also being controlled through precise specifications, including preheat and postheat programs, together with radiography and ultrasonic inspection to ascertain the weld quality desired. Details of the tube/tubesheet welding and shell welding are described and results from the weld testing program are discussed

Performance of mesh seam welds in tailor welded blanks; Terado blank yo mash seam yosetsubu no tokusei

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Uchihara, M; Takahashi, M; Kurita, M; Hirose, Y; Fukui, K [Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd., Osaka (Japan)

1997-10-01

Formability, fatigue properties and corrosion behavior of mash seam welded steel sheets were investigated and the results were compared with laser weld. The stretch formability of mash seam weld and laser weld were same level. Mash seam weld however, showed slightly smaller formability in hole expansion test. The fatigue strength of mash seam welds was lower than that of laser welds in case of differential thickness joints. Corrosion was apt to initiate at weld in both mash seam and laser weld with E-coat. The corrosion resistance of welds was improved by using zinc coated steel. 3 refs., 14 figs., 2 tabs.

Resistance Spot Welding of dissimilar Steels

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ladislav Kolařík

2012-01-01

Full Text Available This paper presents an analysis of the properties of resistance spot welds between low carbon steel and austenitic CrNi stainless steel. The thickness of the welded dissimilar materials was 2 mm. A DeltaSpot welding gun with a process tape was used for welding the dissimilar steels. Resistance spot welds were produced with various welding parameters (welding currents ranging from 7 to 8 kA. Light microscopy, microhardness measurements across the welded joints, and EDX analysis were used to evaluate the quality of the resistance spot welds. The results confirm the applicability of DeltaSpot welding for this combination of materials.

Using Taguchi method to optimize welding pool of dissimilar laser welded components

OpenAIRE

Anawa, E.; Olabi, Abdul-Ghani

2008-01-01

In the present work CO2 continuous laser welding process was successfully applied and optimized for joining a dissimilar AISI 316 stainless steel and AISI 1009 low carbon steel plates. Laser power, welding speed, and defocusing distance combinations were carefully selected with the objective of producing welded joint with complete penetration, minimum fusion zone size and acceptable welding profile. Fusion zone area and shape of dissimilar austenitic stainless steel with ferritic low carbon s...

Welding, Bonding and Fastening, 1984

Science.gov (United States)

Buckley, J. D. (Editor); Stein, B. A. (Editor)

1985-01-01

A compilation of papers presented in a joint NASA, American Society for Metals, The George Washington University, American Welding Soceity, and Society of Manufacturing Engineers conference on Welding, Bonding, and Fastening at Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, on October 23 to 25, 1984 is given. Papers were presented on technology developed in current research programs relevant to welding, bonding, and fastening of structural materials required in fabricating structures and mechanical systems used in the aerospace, hydrospace, and automotive industries. Topics covered in the conference included equipment, hardware and materials used when welding, brazing, and soldering, mechanical fastening, explosive welding, use of unique selected joining techniques, adhesives bonding, and nondestructive evaluation. A concept of the factory of the future was presented, followed by advanced welding techniques, automated equipment for welding, welding in a cryogenic atmosphere, blind fastening, stress corrosion resistant fasteners, fastening equipment, explosive welding of different configurations and materials, solid-state bonding, electron beam welding, new adhesives, effects of cryogenics on adhesives, and new techniques and equipment for adhesive bonding.

Selected Welding Techniques, Part 2

National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

1964-01-01

Partial contents: CONVENTIONAL WELD JOINTS VERSUS BUTT JOINTS IN 1-INCH ALUMINUM PLATE, SPECIAL WELD JOINT PREPARATION, UPSET METAL EDGES FOR INCREASED WELD JOINT STRENGTH, OUT-OF-POSITION WELDING OF HEAVY GAGE...

CIDADE IMAGINÁRIAS: A IMAGEM DA CIDADE E SEUS ELEMENTOS

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Daniela Sottili Garcia

2006-01-01

Full Text Available This paper used survey and bibliographical analysis as methods in order to contribute to the discussion on the construction of the cities, more specifically, the use of them for the tourist activity development, their collaboration to the construction of an imaginary by the tourists, the elements present in the urban space and the tourist image publicized by the government while tourist product. Later on, it will be discussed precisely on recreated cities without their local identity where only their commercial aspects are taken into consideration. As a consequence, these cities must be seen as a receptor core in which tourist's imaginary must not be destroyed. In fact, the city must be seen as a product where social agents represented by politicians, public administration and trade are responsible by publicizing the image of the cities as "urban labels", searching its local identity. Finally, we can conclude that the tourist trade is present at the dreams, symbols as well as imaginary world and it is essential for the construction and reconstruction of the cities in order to rescue/value their cultural identity.

Homogeneous weldings of copper

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Campurri, C.; Lopez, M.; Fernandez, R.; Osorio, V.

1995-01-01

This research explored the metallurgical and mechanical properties of arc welding of copper related with influence of Argon, Helium and mixtures of them. Copper plates of 6 mm thickness were welded with different mixtures of the mentioned gases. The radiography of welded specimens with 100% He and 100% Ar does not show show any porosity. On the other hand, the copper plates welded different gas mixtures presented uniform porosity in the welded zone. The metallographies show recrystallized grain in the heat affected zone, while the welding zone showed a dendritic structure. The results of the tensile strength vary between a maximum of 227 MPa for 100% He and a minimum of 174 MOa for the mixture of 60% He and 40% Ar. For the elongation after fracture the best values, about 36%, were obtained for pure gases. As a main conclusion, we can say that arc welding of copper is possible without loosing the mechanical and metallurgical properties of base metal. 6 refs

Optimization of process parameters in welding of dissimilar steels using robot TIG welding

Science.gov (United States)

Navaneeswar Reddy, G.; VenkataRamana, M.

2018-03-01

Robot TIG welding is a modern technique used for joining two work pieces with high precision. Design of Experiments is used to conduct experiments by varying weld parameters like current, wire feed and travelling speed. The welding parameters play important role in joining of dissimilar stainless steel SS 304L and SS430. In this work, influences of welding parameter on Robot TIG Welded specimens are investigated using Response Surface Methodology. The Micro Vickers hardness tests of the weldments are measured. The process parameters are optimized to maximize the hardness of the weldments.

Influence of shielding gas pressure on welding characteristics in CO2 laser-MIG hybrid welding process

Science.gov (United States)

Chen, Yanbin; Lei, Zhenglong; Li, Liqun; Wu, Lin

2006-01-01

The droplet transfer behavior and weld characteristics have been investigated under different pressures of shielding gas in CO2 laser and metal inert/active gas (laser-MIG) hybrid welding process. The experimental results indicate that the inherent droplet transfer frequency and stable welding range of conventional MIG arc are changed due to the interaction between CO2 laser beam and MIG arc in laser-MIG hybrid welding process, and the shielding gas pressure has a crucial effect on welding characteristics. When the pressure of shielding gas is low in comparison with MIG welding, the frequency of droplet transfer decreases, and the droplet transfer becomes unstable in laser-MIG hybrid welding. So the penetration depth decreases, which shows the characteristic of unstable hybrid welding. However, when the pressure of shielding gas increases to a critical value, the hybrid welding characteristic is changed from unstable hybrid welding to stable hybrid welding, and the frequency of droplet transfer and the penetration depth increase significantly.

Adaptação do modelo de emissão modal CMEM para a frota da cidade de Maringá, Estado do Paraná, Brasil = Adaptation of CMEM modal emission model to the fleet of the city of Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ed Pinheiro Lima

2011-01-01

Full Text Available Este artigo descreve a adaptação do modelo de emissão modal CMEM à frota da cidade de Maringá, Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Foram adotados como parâmetros de referência os fatores médios ponderados de emissão e de consumo determinados para a cidade. Esses fatores ponderados foram obtidos para cada fase do Proconve por meio dos fatores médios de emissão, corrigidos pelos fatores de deterioração do AP-42 da EPA e de consumo. Para cada fase do Proconve, foi associado um veículo representativo. Para cada veículo representativo, os parâmetros do modelo CMEM foram ajustados para aproximar-se aos fatores de emissão e consumo de referência. Observou-se que os fatores do AP42 tendem a representar melhor a deterioração da frota, principalmente para veículos mais antigos. A comparação com resultados do ciclo FTP, desagregados por fase, demonstrou variações percentuais mais significativas do que no valor total do ciclo. This paper describes the CMEM modal emission model adaptation to the fleet of the city of Maringá, Parana state, Brazil. Weighted averagefactors of determined emission and consumption for the city were adopted as reference parameters. These weighed factors were obtained for each PROCONVE phase through consumption and emission average factors, the latter corrected by AP-42 deterioration factors. For each Proconve phase a composite vehicle was associated. For each composite vehicle, the CMEM model parameters were adjusted to approach emission and consumption reference factors. It was observed AP42 deterioration factors tend to better represent the deterioration of the fleet, especially old vehicles. The comparison with FTP cycleresults, disaggregated by phase, demonstrated more significant percentile variations than the total value of the cycle.

A arte do encontro: a paradiplomacia e a internacionalização das cidades criativas

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Diego Santos Vieira de Jesus

Full Text Available Resumo O objetivo do artigo é explicar por que cidades criativas buscam desenvolver a paradiplomacia em seus processos de internacionalização. O argumento central indica que o desenvolvimento da paradiplomacia na internacionalização de cidades criativas está relacionado a quatro fatores principais: (1 a busca de cooperação técnica no exterior para o desenvolvimento de capacidades para negócios criativos e o empreendedorismo cultural; (2 a construção de parcerias em programas de requalificação de espaços urbanos; (3 a divulgação das qualidades locais para a atração de investidores em coproduções e empreendimentos conjuntos e (4 a influência em instituições internacionais para facilitar o acesso ao mercado global de atividades culturais. Foi utilizada como referência a obra de Panayotis Soldatos, adaptada do tratamento original de estados federativos para cidades criativas. Argumenta-se que, quanto mais segmentadas forem as partes da cidade criativa, mais capacitadas forem as burocracias subnacionais para a atividade paradiplomática, mais harmônicas forem as relações entre governos central e municipal, mais autonomia for delegada às prefeituras e mais interdependente for a cidade criativa no nível externo, mais assertiva será a sua atividade paradiplomática para buscar corrigir assimetrias domesticamente e projetar a cidade internacionalmente. Utiliza-se a metodologia de comparação focada e estruturada de estudos de caso, aplicada à investigação de três cidades criativas que realizaram atividades paradiplomáticas em suas iniciativas de internacionalização: Barcelona, Toronto e Rio de Janeiro. Foi possível verificar que, apesar de Barcelona e Toronto terem diferenças quanto aos determinantes de uma paradiplomacia assertiva em relação ao Rio de Janeiro, essas três cidades pareceram ter objetivos comuns no desenvolvimento de suas atividades paradiplomáticas relacionadas à economia criativa. Conclui

Welding technologies for nuclear machinery and equipment

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kobayashi, Masahiro; Yokono, Tomomi.

1991-01-01

The main welding methods applied to nuclear machinery and equipment are shielded metal arc welding, submerged arc welding, MAG welding and TIG welding. But in the last 10 years, in order to improve the reliability required for the welding of nuclear machinery and equipment, the welding technologies aiming at the reduction of heat input, the decrease of the number of welding pass and the automatic control of welding factors have been applied for the main purpose of bettering the quality and excluding human errors. The merits and the technology of narrow gap, pulsed MAG welding and melt-through welding are explained. As the automation of TIG welding, image processing type narrow gap, hot wire TIG welding and remote control type automatic TIG welding are described. For the longitudinal welding of active metal sheet products, plasma key-hole welding is applied. Since the concentration of its arc is good, high speed welding with low heat input can be done. For the stainless steel cladding by welding, electroslag welding has become to be employed in place of conventional submerged arc welding. Arc is not generated in the electroslag welding, and the penetration into base metal is small. (K.I.)

El candombe (uruguayo en Buenos Aires: (Proponiendo Nuevos imaginarios urbanos en la ciudad "blanca" O candombe uruguaio em Buenos Aires: (Propondo Novos imaginários urbanos na cidade "branca " Uruguayan candombe in Buenos Aires: (Proposing New urban imaginaries in the "White" city

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Alejandro Frigerio

2009-12-01

Full Text Available El trabajo se propone examinar la apropiación de espacios públicos y la generación de nuevos imaginarios y representaciones urbanas a través de prácticas culturales populares. Para ello nos focalizaremos en el desarrollo y expansión espacial del candombe (de origen uruguayo. La reterritorialización de esta práctica musical requiere en un primer momento de su anclaje en el casco histórico de la ciudad y de la apelación a la memoria de presencia negra en ese lugar. Tanto esta referencia como la posterior expansión de la práctica por otros barrios implican un trabajo de imaginación de la ciudad que discute la imagen dominante de Buenos Aires como blanca, moderna y europea. Al desafiar esta imagen, proponiendo un imaginario urbano alternativo, los candomberos entran en conflicto con distintos agentes y actores sociales.O trabalho analisa a apropriação de espaços públicos e a geração de novos imaginários e representações urbanas pela prática de expressões culturais populares, com énfase no desenvolvimento e a expansão espacial do candombe (de origem uruguaia. A reterritorialização desta prática musical requer em um primeiro momento de sua inclusão no casco histórico da cidade e no apelo à memória da presença negra na área. Nesta referência, e na posterior expansão da prática musical pelos outros bairros da cidade se faz um trabalho de imaginação da cidade que contesta à imagem dominante de Buenos Aires como branca, moderna e européia. Ao desafiar esta imagem, propondo um imaginário urbano alternativo, os candomberos entram em conflito com diferentes atores e agentes sociais.The paper examines the appropriation of public space and the proposal of new urban imaginaries by the practitioners of popular cultural practices. We focus on the development and spatial expansion of Afro-Uruguayan candombe in Buenos Aires. The reterritorialization of this musical practice requires at first embedding it in the historical

Ultrasonic inspection of austenitic welds

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Baikie, B.L.; Wagg, A.R.; Whittle, M.J.; Yapp, D.

1976-01-01

The ultrasonic examination of austenitic stainless steel weld metal has always been regarded as a difficult proposition because of the large and variable ultrasonic attenuations and back scattering obtained from apparently similar weld deposits. The work to be described shows how the existence of a fibre texture within each weld deposit (as a result of epitaxial growth through successive weld beads) produces a systematic variation in the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient and the velocity of sound, depending upon the angle between the ultrasonic beam and the fibre axis. Development work has shown that it is possible to adjust the welding parameters to ensure that the crystallographic texture within each weld is compatible with improved ultrasonic transmission. The application of the results to the inspection of a specific weld in type 316 weld metal is described

Electron beam welding of aluminium components

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Maajid, Ali; Vadali, S.K.; Maury, D.K.

2015-01-01

Aluminium is one of the most widely used materials in industries like transportation, shipbuilding, manufacturing, aerospace, nuclear, etc. The challenges in joining of aluminium are distortion, cleanliness and quality. Main difficulties faced during fusion welding of aluminium components are removal of surface oxide layer, weld porosity, high heat input requirement, distortion, hot cracking, etc. Physical properties of aluminium such as its high thermal conductivity, high coefficient of thermal expansion, no change in colour at high temperature, large difference in the melting points of the metal and its oxide (∼ 1400 °C) compound the difficulties faced during welding. Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), Plasma Arc Welding (PAW), etc are generally used in industries for fusion welding of aluminium alloys. However in case of thicker jobs the above processes are not suitable due to requirements of elaborate edge preparation, preheating of jobs, fixturing to prevent distortion, etc. Moreover, precise control over the heat input during welding and weld bead penetration is not possible with above processes. Further, if heat sensitive parts are located near the weld joint then high energy density beam welding process like Electron Beam Welding (EBW) is the best possible choice for aluminium welding.This paper discusses EB welding of aluminium components, typical geometry of components, selection/optimization of welding parameters, problems faced during standardization of welding and process parameters and their remedies etc.

Waste canister closure welding using the inertia friction welding process

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Klein, R.F.; Siemens, D.H.; Kuruzar, D.L.

1986-02-01

Liquid radioactive waste presently stored in underground tanks is to undergo a vitrifying process which will immobilize it in a solid form. This solid waste will be contained in a stainless steel canister. The canister opening requires a positive seal weld, the properties and thickness of which are at least equal to those of the canister material. This paper describes the inertia friction welding process and a proposed equipment design concept that will provide a positive, reliable, inspectable, and full thickness seal weld while providing easily maintainable equipment, even though the weld is made in a highly contaminated hot cell. All studies and tests performed have shown the concept to be highly feasible. 2 refs., 6 figs

Spot weld arrangement effects on the fatigue behavior of multi-spot welded joints

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hassanifard, Soran; Zehsaz, Mohammad; Esmaeili, Firooz

2011-01-01

In the present study, the effects of spot weld arrangements in multi-spot welded joints on the fatigue behavior of the joints are studied. Three different four-spot welded joints are considered: one-row four-spot parallel to the loading direction, one-row four-spot perpendicular to the loading direction and two-row four-spot weld specimens. The experimental fatigue test results reveal that the differences between the fatigue lives of three spot welded types in the low cycle regime are more considerable than those in the high cycle regime. However, all kinds of spot weld specimens have similar fatigue strength when approaching a million cycles. A non-linear finite element analysis is performed to obtain the relative stress gradients, effective distances and notch strength reduction factors based on the volumetric approach. The work here shows that the volumetric approach does a very good job in predicting the fatigue life of the multi-spot welded joints

Investigate The Effect Of Welding Parameters On Mechanical Properties During The Welding Of Al-6061 Alloy

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Rajendra Prasad

2017-10-01

Full Text Available Friction welding is a solid state welding technique which is being used in recent times to weld similar as well as dissimilar metals for getting defect free weld. Many combinations like low carbon to stainless steel austenitic to ferrite stainless steel aluminium to copper and titanium to aluminium or steel have been tried out by various solid state welding processes with quite good results. In the present work the 3 level full factorial design has been employed to investigate the effect of welding parameters on tensile strength toughness and heat generation during the welding of Al-6061 alloy. Mathematical relationships between friction welding parameters and mechanical properties like heat generation tensile strength and toughness have also been developed. An attempt has also been made to examine the fracture surfaces of test specimens using SEM. It has been found that welding speed is the most significant parameter thats affect the heat generation tensile strength and toughness. it has been found that tensile strength and toughness during welding increases with increased in welding speed while tensile strength and toughness initially increased as the welding time increases after that it decreased with increase in welding time. The difference in weight of alloying elements can be clearly seen by analyzing spectrum of elements.

Sobre a comunicação nas grandes cidades

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mabel Piccini

2003-10-01

Full Text Available Este artigo examina as transformações culturais do final do século XX a partir de uma análise dos espaços urbanos e sua íntima relação com os dispositivos audiovisuais. Neste sentido, define o surgimento de novos cenários: mudanças nos estilos de vida, na percepção do tempo e do espaço e nos usos da cidade. Do mesmo modo, descreve a emergência de diferentes regimes de visibilidade e enunciação e a construção de lugares híbridos - sem filiação "territorial" - através das tecnologias e dos relatos fundados na primazia da imagem e da velocidade.This article examines the cultural changes at the end of the XXth century, focusing the urban spaces and its narrow relationship with audiovisual apparatus. In this sense, it stablishes the emergence of new sceneries: changes in life-style, in the perceptions of time and space, and in the uses of the city. In the same way, it describes the emergence of distinct courses of visibility and expression, and the building of hibrid places - without "territorial" affiliation - through technologies and reports based on the importance of the image and the velocity.

Mechanical and electrochemical characteristics with welding materials in robotic MIG welding of dissimilar Al alloys

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kim, Seong Jong; Han, Min Su; Woo, Yong Bin [Mokpo Maritime Univ., Mokpo (Korea, Republic of)

2013-05-15

In this study, mechanical and electrochemical characteristics with welding material in MIG welded with ROBOT for dissimilar Al alloys were investigated using various experiment methods. The MIG welding by ROBOT with ER5183 and ER5556 for the 5456-H116 and 6061-T6 Al alloy were carried out. The hardness of welding zone was lower than that of base metal. In electrochemical experiment, ER5183 welding material presented excellent characteristics. The yield strength and maximum tensile strength in welding with welding material of ER5183 presented lower value than those of ER5556. The elongation and time-to-fracture showed the opposite results.

Microstructure and toughness of ferritic weld metal of hyperbaric welded joints

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mueller, L.

1988-01-01

In the present work ferritic weld metals of hyperbaric MIG/MAG welds with pressures up to 100 bar were examined. As a result of the pressure, interactions with the shielding gas, the filler metal as well as with the welding parameters had to be expected and were consequently included in the analysis. Investigation was focused on the influence of these parameters on the chemical composition of the weld metals, the microstructure and toughness behaviour, including fracture mechanics test. Using quantitative microstructural analysis as well as fractography a correlation between microstructure and toughness has been shown. (orig.) [de

Structural integrity and fatigue crack propagation life assessment of welded and weld-repaired structures

Science.gov (United States)

Alam, Mohammad Shah

2005-11-01

Structural integrity is the science and technology of the margin between safety and disaster. Proper evaluation of the structural integrity and fatigue life of any structure (aircraft, ship, railways, bridges, gas and oil transmission pipelines, etc.) is important to ensure the public safety, environmental protection, and economical consideration. Catastrophic failure of any structure can be avoided if structural integrity is assessed and necessary precaution is taken appropriately. Structural integrity includes tasks in many areas, such as structural analysis, failure analysis, nondestructive testing, corrosion, fatigue and creep analysis, metallurgy and materials, fracture mechanics, fatigue life assessment, welding metallurgy, development of repairing technologies, structural monitoring and instrumentation etc. In this research fatigue life assessment of welded and weld-repaired joints is studied both in numerically and experimentally. A new approach for the simulation of fatigue crack growth in two elastic materials has been developed and specifically, the concept has been applied to butt-welded joint in a straight plate and in tubular joints. In the proposed method, the formation of new surface is represented by an interface element based on the interface potential energy. This method overcomes the limitation of crack growth at an artificial rate of one element length per cycle. In this method the crack propagates only when the applied load reaches the critical bonding strength. The predicted results compares well with experimental results. The Gas Metal Arc welding processes has been simulated to predict post-weld distortion, residual stresses and development of restraining forces in a butt-welded joint. The effect of welding defects and bi-axial interaction of a circular porosity and a solidification crack on fatigue crack propagation life of butt-welded joints has also been investigated. After a weld has been repaired, the specimen was tested in a universal

Analysis of the Corrosion Behavior of an A-TIG Welded SS 409 Weld Fusion Zone

Science.gov (United States)

Vidyarthy, R. S.; Dwivedi, D. K.

2017-11-01

AISI 409 (SS 409) ferritic stainless steel is generally used as the thick gauge section in freight train wagons, in ocean containers, and in sugar refinery equipment. Activating the flux tungsten inert gas (A-TIG) welding process can reduce the welding cost during fabrication of thick sections. However, corrosion behavior of the A-TIG weld fusion zone is a prime concern for this type of steel. In the present work, the effect of the A-TIG welding process parameters on the corrosion behavior of a weld fusion zone made of 8-mm-thick AISI 409 ferritic stainless-steel plate has been analyzed. Potentiodynamic polarization tests were performed to evaluate the corrosion behavior. The maximum corrosion potential ( E corr) was shown by the weld made using a welding current of 215 A, a welding speed of 95 mm/min, and a flux coating density of 0.81 mg/cm2. The minimum E corr was observed in the weld made using a welding current of 190 A, a welding speed of 120 mm/min, and a flux coating density of 1.40 mg/cm2. The current study also presents the inclusive microstructure-corrosion property relationships using the collective techniques of scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction.

Microstructures and electrochemical behaviors of the friction stir welding dissimilar weld.

Science.gov (United States)

Shen, Changbin; Zhang, Jiayan; Ge, Jiping

2011-06-01

By using optical microscope, the microstructures of 5083/6082 friction stir welding (FSW) weld and parent materials were analyzed. Meanwhile, at ambient temperature and in 0.2 mol/L NaHS03 and 0.6 mol/L NaCl solutionby gravimetric test, potentiodynamic polarization curve test, electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation, the electrochemical behavior of 5083/6082 friction stir welding weld and parent materials were comparatively investigated by gravimetric test, potentiodynamic polarization curve test, electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation. The results indicated that at given processing parameters, the anti-corrosion property of the dissimilar weld was superior to those of the 5083 and 6082 parent materials. Copyright © 2011 The Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Properties of welded joints in laser welding of aeronautic aluminum-lithium alloys

Science.gov (United States)

Malikov, A. G.; Orishich, A. M.

2017-01-01

The work presents the experimental investigation of the laser welding of the aluminum-lithium alloys (system Al-Mg-Li) and aluminum alloy (system Al-Cu-Li) doped with Sc. The influence of the nano-structuring of the surface layer welded joint by the cold plastic deformation method on the strength properties of the welded joint is determined. It is founded that, regarding the deformation degree over the thickness, the varying value of the welded joint strength is different for these aluminum alloys.

Tailor-welded blanks and their production

Science.gov (United States)

Yan, Qi

2005-01-01

Tailor welded blanks had been widely used in the automobile industry. A tailor welded blank consists of several flat sheets that were laser welded together before stamping. A combination of different materials, thickness, and coatings could be welded together to form a blank for stamping car body panels. As for the material for automobile industry, this technology was one of the development trend for automobile industry because of its weight reduction, safety improvement and economical use of materials. In this paper, the characters and production of tailor welded blanks in the market were discussed in detail. There had two major methods to produce tailor welded blanks. Laser welding would replace mesh seam welding for the production of tailor welded blanks in the future. The requirements on the edge preparation of unwelded blanks for tailor welded blanks were higher than the other steel processing technology. In order to produce the laser welded blank, there had the other process before the laser welding in the factory. In the world, there had three kinds of patterns for the large volume production of tailor welded blanks. In China, steel factory played the important role in the promotion of the application of tailor welded blanks. The competition for the supply of tailor welded blanks to the automobile industry would become fierce in the near future. As a result, the demand for the quality control on the production of tailor welded blanks would be the first priority concern for the factory.

Utópicas cidades de nossas andanças: flânerie e amizade no acompanhamento terapêutico

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Analice de Lima Palombini

2009-08-01

Full Text Available Com base na experiência do acompanhamento terapêutico como uma clínica sem muros, imersa na cidade, o artigo centra-se no tema da cidade nas suas relações com a subjetividade. Valendo-se das elaborações de Benjamin sobre a flânerie e a idéia da amizade como política, presente em Foucault e Derrida, o texto assinala a importância, para a consecução dessa clínica, de se tomar em consideração a cidade como polis, aberta ao encontro com a diferença e, portanto, território de conflitos e negociação. Assim, a cidade como polis é a utopia que a clínica do acompanhamento terapêutico busca ativar.

The Effect of Welding Energy on the Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Ultrasonic-Welded Copper Joints

Science.gov (United States)

Yang, Jingwei; Cao, Biao; Lu, Qinghua

2017-01-01

The effects of welding energy on the mechanical and microstructural characteristics of ultrasonic-welded pure copper plates were investigated. Complex dynamic recrystallization and grain growth occurred inside the weld zone during ultrasonic welding. At a low welding energy, a thin band of straight weld interfaces was observed and had an ultra-fine grain structure. With an increase in welding energy, the weld interface progressively changed from flat to sinusoidal, and eventually turned into a convoluted wavy pattern, bearing similarities to shear instabilities, as observed in fluid dynamics. The lap shear load of the joints initially increased and then remained stable as the welding energy increased. The tensile characteristics of the joints significantly depended on the development of plastic deformation at the interface. The influence of the microstructure on the hardness was also discussed. PMID:28772553

Influence of the welding temperature and the welding speed on the mechanical properties of friction stir welds in EN AW-2219-T87

Science.gov (United States)

Bachmann, A.; Krutzlinger, M.; Zaeh, M. F.

2018-06-01

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is an innovative joining technique, which has proven to produce high quality joints in high strength aluminum alloys. Consequently, it is commonly used to manufacture lightweight aerospace structures with stringent requirements. For these structures, it is necessary to ensure a high ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Various studies have reported that the UTS is significantly influenced by the welding parameters. Samples welded with different parameter sets showed a considerably different UTS, despite being free from detectable welding defects (e.g. tunnel defect, voids, or lack of penetration). Based on the observations in the literature, a hypothesis was posed. The welding temperature along with the welding speed determine the UTS of the weld. This study aims to prove this hypothesis experimentally by using temperature-controlled FSW to join plates of EN AW-2219-T87 in butt joint configuration. The welded samples were examined using visual inspection, metallography, X-ray imaging, and uniaxial tensile tests. Finally, a statistical analysis was conducted. Hereby, the hypothesis was confirmed.

Plasma Processes of Cutting and Welding

Science.gov (United States)

1976-02-01

TIG process. 2.2.2 Keyhole Welding In plasma arc welding , the term...Cutting 3 3 4 4 4 2.2 Plasma Arc Welding 5 2.2.1 Needle Arc Welding 2.2.2 Keyhole Welding 5 6 3. Applications 8 93.1 Economics 4. Environmental Aspects of...Arc Lengths III. Needle Arc Welding Conditions IV. Keyhole Welding Conditions v. Chemical Analyses of Plates Used - vii - 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

10,170 flawless welds

CERN Multimedia

Antonella Del Rosso

2014-01-01

The welding of tubes containing the principal current-carrying busbars in the LHC magnets was one of the main activities of the SMACC project. After a year of preparation and another of intense activity in the tunnel, the last weld was completed on Wednesday 14 May. Over 10,170 welds have been inspected and not a single fault has been found.    The welder (above) creates the weld using an orbital welding machine (below) specifically designed for CERN. Each of the eight sectors of the LHC contains around 210 interconnects between the superconducting magnets. Consolidating these interconnections was the SMACC project’s primary objective. One of the last jobs before closing the interconnects is the welding of the M lines: each has a 104 mm diameter and a radial clearance of just 45 mm. In total: 10,170 welds carried out in a single year of activities. A true challenge, which was carried out by a team of 30 highly specialised welders, working under the supervision o...

Effects of Flux Precoating and Process Parameter on Welding Performance of Inconel 718 Alloy TIG Welds

Science.gov (United States)

Lin, Hsuan-Liang; Wu, Tong-Min; Cheng, Ching-Min

2014-01-01

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of activating flux on the depth-to-width ratio (DWR) and hot cracking susceptibility of Inconel 718 alloy tungsten inert gas (TIG) welds. The Taguchi method is employed to investigate the welding parameters that affect the DWR of weld bead and to achieve optimal conditions in the TIG welds that are coated with activating flux in TIG (A-TIG) process. There are eight single-component fluxes used in the initial experiment to evaluate the penetration capability of A-TIG welds. The experimental results show that the Inconel 718 alloy welds precoated with 50% SiO2 and 50% MoO3 flux were provided with better welding performance such as DWR and hot cracking susceptibility. The experimental procedure of TIG welding process using mixed-component flux and optimal conditions not only produces a significant increase in DWR of weld bead, but also decreases the hot cracking susceptibility of Inconel 718 alloy welds.

Effect of rotation speed and welding speed on Friction Stir Welding of AA1100 Aluminium alloy

Science.gov (United States)

Raja, P.; Bojanampati, S.; Karthikeyan, R.; Ganithi, R.

2018-04-01

Aluminum AA1100 is the most widely used grade of Aluminium due to its excellent corrosion resistance, high ductility and reflective finish, the selected material was welded with Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process on a CNC machine, using a combination of different tool rotation speed (1500 rpm, 2500 rpm, 3500 rpm) and welding speed (10 mm/min, 30 mm/min, 50 mm/min) as welding parameters. The effect of FSW using this welding parameter was studied by measuring the ultimate tensile strength of the welded joints. A high-speed steel tool was prepared for welding the Aluminium AA1100 alloy having an 8mm shoulder diameter and pin dimension of 4mm diameter and 2.8 mm length. The welded joints were tested using the universal testing machine. It was found that Ultimate Tensile Strength of FSW specimen was highest with a value of 98.08 MPa when the weld was performed at rotation speed of 1500 RPM and welding speed of 50 mm/min.

Mortes e crimes cometidos com armas de fogo na cidade autônoma de Buenos Aires, 2002 Firearm-related deaths and crime in the autonomous city of Buenos Aires, 2002

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Hugo Spinelli

2006-06-01

Full Text Available A violência se constitui em um dos problemas mais graves da América Latina. O uso de pequenas e leves armas de fogo é considerada a principal responsável por este fato. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descobrir, a partir de dados do setor saúde, da justiça e da polícia, o número de mortes e crimes envolvendo armas de fogo ocorridos na cidade de Buenos Aires em 2002. Os dados sobre mortalidade e crimes foram obtidos dos Sistemas Nacionais de Estatísticas Vitais e Informação Criminal e os dados sobre apreensão de armas de fogo foram disponibilizados pela Polícia Federal. Utilizaram-se também dados de uma investigação anterior realizada por meio de entrevistas domiciliares a respeito de vitimização por armas de fogo. Durante o período ocorreram 1.304 mortes violentas, dos quais 23.7% corresponderam a mortes provocadas por armas de fogo. Dos 171 indiciamentos policiais por homicídio doloso, 60% haviam sido cometidos com armas de fogo. Das 2.108 pessoas entrevistadas, 6,7% haviam sido vítimas de um crime cometido com arma de fogo. Foram apreendidas 1.887 armas de fogo. A taxa de eventos violentos registrados foi maior nas delegacias da zona sudoeste da cidade, que se caracteriza por condições de vida mais precárias. O impacto da violência e sua relação com armas de fogo constitui-se em um tema relevante da agenda pública.Violence is one of the most serious challenges in Latin American societies. Possession and use of small arms and light weapons are considered to be among the main factors behind it. The aim of this paper is to describe deaths and crimes involving the use of a firearm in the City of Buenos Aires in 2002, focusing the health, justice and police sectors. Data on mortality and crimes were obtained from the National Systems for vital statistics and criminal information; data on firearm seizures were supplied by the Argentine Federal Police. Household interviews conducted for a previous research on firearm

Mortes e crimes cometidos com armas de fogo na Cidade Autônoma de Buenos Aires, 2002 Firearm-related deaths and crime in the autonomous city of Buenos Aires, 2002

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Spinelli Hugo

2006-01-01

Full Text Available Resumo A violência se constitui em um dos problemas mais graves da América Latina. O uso de pequenas e leves armas de fogo é considerado o principal responsável por esse fato. O objetivo do presente trabalhoé descobrir, a partir de dados do setor de saúde, justiça e polícia, o número de mortes e crimes envolvendo armas de fogo ocorridos na cidade de Buenos Aires, em 2002. Os dados sobre mortalidade e crimes foram obtidos dos Sistemas Nacionais de Estatísticas Vitais e Informação Criminal, e os dados sobre apreensão de armas de fogo foram disponibilizados pela Polícia Federal Argentina.Utilizaram-se também dados de uma investigação anterior, realizada por meio de entrevistas domiciliares a respeito de vitimização por armas de fogo. Durante o período, ocorreram 1.304 mortes violentas, das quais 23,7% foram provocadas por armas de fogo. Dos 171 indiciamentos policiais por homicídio doloso, 60% haviam sido cometidos com armas de fogo. Das 2.108 pessoas entrevistadas, 6,7% haviam sido vítimas de crimes cometidos com arma de fogo. Foram apreendidas 1.887 armas de fogo. A taxa de eventos violentos registrados foi maior nas delegacias da zona sudoeste da cidade, que se caracteriza por condições de vida mais precárias. O impacto da violência e sua relação com armas de fogo constituemse em um tema relevante da agenda pública.Abstract Violence is one of the most serious challenges in Latin American societies. Possession and use of small arms and light weapons are considered to be among the main factors behind it. The aim of this paper is to describe deaths and crimes involving the use of a firearm in the City of Buenos Aires in 2002, focusing the health, justice and police sectors. Data on mortality and crimes were obtained from the National Systems for vital statistics and criminal information; data on firearm seizures were supplied by the Argentine Federal Police. Household interviews conducted for a previous research on

New process for weld metal reliability

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hebel, A.G.

1985-01-01

The industry-wide nature of weld cracking alerts one to the possibility that there is a fundamental law being overlooked. And in overlooking this law, industry is unable to counteract it. That law mandates that restraint during welding causes internal stress; internal stress causes weld metal to crack. Component restraint during welding, according to the welding standard, is the major cause of weld metal failures. When the metal working industry accepts this fact and begins to counter the effects of restraint, the number of weld failures experienced fall dramatically. Bonal Technologies, inc., of Detroit, has developed the first consistently effective non-thermal process to relieve stress caused by restraint during welding. Bonal's patented Mets-Lax sub-resonant stress relief acts as a restraint neutralizer when used during welding. Meta-Lax weld conditioning produces a finer more uniform weld grain structure. A finer, more uniform grain structure is a clear metallurgical indication of improved mechanical weld properties. Other benefits like less internal stress, and less warpage are also achieved

Níveis de mercúrio em atum sólido enlatado comercializado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro Total mercury levels in canned tuna fish commercialized at the Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil

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Allegra YALLOUZ

2001-01-01

Full Text Available No presente trabalho, estudou-se o nível de mercúrio em atum sólido enlatado, comercializado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Foram analisadas 39 amostras, pertencente a 5 marcas e lotes distintos, utilizando-se a espectrometria de absorção atômica pela técnica de vapor-frio. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que 53% das amostras apresentaram um teor acima do máximo recomendado, sendo que somente uma entre as cinco marcas estudadas apresentou todas as amostras com níveis dentro dos limites tolerados. Tais resultados demonstram a necessidade de um maior controle da qualidade destes produtos.The present study investigated the mercury levels in canned tuna fish, commercialized in the Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil. Thirty nine samples from five different makers were analyzed by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. The results showed that 53% of the samples presented levels above the WHO (World Health Organization recommended value, and only one from the five suppliers presented all their samples below this level. Such results indicate that it urges a better quality control for this food.

Effects of alloying element on weld characterization of laser-arc hybrid welding of pure copper

Science.gov (United States)

Hao, Kangda; Gong, Mengcheng; Xie, Yong; Gao, Ming; Zeng, Xiaoyan

2018-06-01

Effects of alloying elements of Si and Sn on weld characterizations of laser-arc hybrid welded pure copper (Cu) with thickness of 2 mm was studied in detail by using different wires. The weld microstructure was analyzed, and the mechanical properties (micro-hardness and tensile property), conductivity and corrosion resistance were tested. The results showed that the alloying elements benefit the growth of column grains within weld fusion zone (FZ), increase the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the FZ and weld corrosion resistance, and decrease weld conductivity. The mechanisms were discussed according to the results.

Nondestructive testing: welding industry

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Raj, Baldev; Subramanian, C.V.

1992-01-01

This chapter highlights various conventional and advanced nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques that have been used for weld evaluation. Welding Codes and Standards of International and National organisations that have been followed in India for various weld evaluation purposes are also included. The chapter also emphasises the importance of NDT by way of a few case studies that have been carried out on important critical welded components. (author). 12 refs., 17 figs., 1 appendix

Finite element simulation of the welding process and structural behaviour of welded components

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Locci, J.M.; Rouvray, A. de; Barbe, B.; Poirier, J.

1977-01-01

In the field of inelastic analysis of nuclear metal structures, the computation of residual stresses in welds, and their effects on the strength of welded components is of major importance. This paper presents an experimentally checked finite element simulation with the general nonlinear program PAM NEP-D, of the electron beam welding of two thick hemispherical shells, and the behaviour of the welded sphere under various additional thermomechanical sollicitations. (Auth.)

Corrosion Behavior of Arc Weld and Friction Stir Weld in Al 6061-T6 Alloys

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yoon, Byoung Hyun; Kim, Heung Ju; Chang, Woong Seong; Kweon, Young Gak

2006-01-01

For the evaluation of corrosion resistance of Al 6061-T6 Alloy, Tafel method and immersion test was performed with Friction Stir Weld(FSW) and Gas Metal Arc Weld(GMAW). The Tafel and immersion test results indicated that GMA weld was severely attacked compared with those of friction stir weld. It may be mainly due to the galvanic corrosion mechanism act on the GMA weld

Metallurgical and fatigue assessments of welds in cast welded hydraulic turbine runners

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Trudel, A; Sabourin, M

2014-01-01

Decades of hydraulic turbine operation around the world have shown one undeniable fact; welded turbine runners can be prone to fatigue cracking, especially in the vicinity of welds. In this regard, three factors are essential to consider in runner fatigue assessments: (1) the runner's design, which can induce stress concentrations in the fillets, (2) the casting process, which inherently creates defects such as shrinkage cavities and (3) the welding process, which induces significant residual stresses as well as a heat affected zone in the cast pieces near the interface with the filler metal. This study focuses on the latter, the welding process, with emphasis on the influence of the heat affected zone on the runner's fatigue behavior. In a recently concluded study by a large research consortium in Montreal, the microstructure and fatigue crack propagation properties of a CA6NM runner weld heat affected zone were thoroughly investigated to find if this zone deteriorates the runner's resistance to fatigue cracking. The main results showed that this zone's intrinsic fatigue crack propagation resistance is only slightly lower than the unaffected base metal because of its somewhat finer martensitic microstructure leading to a less tortuous crack path. However, it was also confirmed that weld-induced residual stresses represent the dominant influencing factor regarding fatigue crack propagation, though post-weld heat treatments are usually very effective in reducing such residual stresses. This paper aims to further confirm, through a case study, that the weld-induced heat affected zone does not compromise the reliability of welded turbine runners when its fatigue crack propagation properties are considered in fatigue damage models

Numerical evaluation of multipass welding temperature field in API 5L X80 steel welded joints

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J Nóbrega

2016-10-01

Full Text Available Many are the metallurgical changes suffered by materials when subjected to welding thermal cycle, promoting a considerable influence on the welded structures thermo mechanical properties. In project phase, one alternative for evaluating the welding cycle variable, would be the employment of computational methods through simulation. So, this paper presents an evaluation of the temperature field in a multipass welding of API 5L X80 steel used for oil and gas transportation, using the ABAQUS ® software, based on Finite Elements Method (FEM. During the simulation complex phenomena are considerable including: Variation in physical and mechanical properties of materials as a function of temperature, welding speed and the different mechanisms of heat exchange with the environment (convection and radiation were used. These considerations allow a more robust mathematical modeling for the welding process. An analytical heat source proposed by Goldak, to model the heat input in order to characterize the multipass welding through the GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding process on root and the SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding process for the filling passes were used. So, it was possible to evaluate the effect of each welding pass on the welded joint temperature field, through the temperature peaks and cooling rates values during the welding process.

A CRIANÇA E A CIDADE: percepções e rememorações infantis sobre Pelotas (RS

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Karla Nazareth Simões de Almeida Tissot

2017-03-01

Full Text Available Esse artigo pretende abordar a percepção da cidade através do ponto de vista de duas crianças, o que lhes chama atenção na paisagem e como expressam o que enxergam, sentem, experimentam no espaço. No entanto, a metodologia inicial – observação participante e entrevista livre em campo – encontrou um obstáculo quando as crianças passaram a silenciar-se acerca da experiência. Desta maneira, uma nova estratégia foi traçada: aplicar técnicas de história oral temática juntamente com a navegação no Google Maps Street View (GMSV, ou seja, procuraram-se os lugares citados no mapa on-line para descobrir, a partir do diálogo lembrança-mapa, quais caminhos e lembranças eram evidenciados. Nessa nova configuração, como considerações parciais, destaco os novos desafios que foram traçados: como fazer entrevistas com crianças tão novas utilizando a história oral? De que forma a utilização do mapa seria útil? E de que maneira a criança pode ser um protagonista no processo de construção da imagem da cidade? Palavras-chave: Cidade; Infância; Percepção; Memória.   THE CHILD AND THE CITY: Children's perceptions and recollections of Pelotas (RS ABSTRACT This paper intends to address on the perception of the city through the perspective of two children, what catches their attention on the landscape and how they express what they see, feel and experience in that space. However, the initial methodology – participant observation and free interviews during fieldwork – found an obstacle when the children began to become silent throughout the experiment. Thus, a new strategy was drawn: to apply thematic Oral History techniques with Google Maps Street View (GMSV navigation, i.e. we looked for the places mentioned in the online map to find out, from the memory-map dialog, what pathways and memories were highlighted. In this new configuration, the highlights are the new challenges that were traced, as partial considerations: how

Galvanic corrosion of beryllium welds

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hill, M.A.; Butt, D.P.; Lillard, R.S.

1997-01-01

Beryllium is difficult to weld because it is highly susceptible to cracking. The most commonly used filler metal in beryllium welds is Al-12 wt.% Si. Beryllium has been successfully welded using Al-Si filler metal with more than 30 wt.% Al. This filler creates an aluminum-rich fusion zone with a low melting point that tends to backfill cracks. Drawbacks to adding a filler metal include a reduction in service temperature, a lowering of the tensile strength of the weld, and the possibility for galvanic corrosion to occur at the weld. To evaluate the degree of interaction between Be and Al-Si in an actual weld, sections from a mock beryllium weldment were exposed to 0.1 M Cl - solution. Results indicate that the galvanic couple between Be and the Al-Si weld material results in the cathodic protection of the weld and of the anodic dissolution of the bulk Be material. While the cathodic protection of Al is generally inefficient, the high anodic dissolution rate of the bulk Be during pitting corrosion combined with the insulating properties of the Be oxide afford some protection of the Al-Si weld material. Although dissolution of the Be precipitate in the weld material does occur, no corrosion of the Al-Si matrix was observed

Automatic welding of stainless steel tubing

Science.gov (United States)

Clautice, W. E.

1978-01-01

The use of automatic welding for making girth welds in stainless steel tubing was investigated as well as the reduction in fabrication costs resulting from the elimination of radiographic inspection. Test methodology, materials, and techniques are discussed, and data sheets for individual tests are included. Process variables studied include welding amperes, revolutions per minute, and shielding gas flow. Strip chart recordings, as a definitive method of insuring weld quality, are studied. Test results, determined by both radiographic and visual inspection, are presented and indicate that once optimum welding procedures for specific sizes of tubing are established, and the welding machine operations are certified, then the automatic tube welding process produces good quality welds repeatedly, with a high degree of reliability. Revised specifications for welding tubing using the automatic process and weld visual inspection requirements at the Kennedy Space Center are enumerated.

Goiás: a invenção da cidade "Patrimônio da Humanidade"

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Andréa Ferreira Delgado

2005-06-01

Full Text Available Neste artigo, investigo a instituição de Goiás como uma cidade histórica e turística, entrelaçando séries discursivas que conferem visibilidade e sentidos à cidade ao trabalhar as relações do espaço urbano, o tempo e a história: a delimitação da cidade como bem cultural por meio da incorporação na ordem do discurso do Patrimônio Nacional; a invenção das tradições locais promovida pela Organização Vilaboense de Artes e Tradições; a produção da cidade "Patrimônio da Humanidade" no Dossiê de Goiás e a escrita da memória de Cora Coralina, que configura significados para o passado inscrito na textura material da cidade.In this article, I investigate the institution of Goiás as a historical and touristic town, interweaving discoursives series that gives visibility and meanings to the town by working the relations of urban space, time and the history: the delimitation of the town as a cultural values through the incorporation of the National Patrimony discourse; the invention of local traditions promoted by Organização Vilaboense de Artes e Tradições; the production of the town "Patrimony of Humanity" in the Dossier of Goiás and the writing of Cora Coralina's memory that takes the form of the past inscribed in the texture of the town material.

Paisagem construída: fotografia e memória dos "melhoramentos urbanos" na cidade do Rio de Janeiro Constructed Landscape: photography and memory of the 'urban improvements' in the city of Rio de Janeiro

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Maria Inez Turazzi

2006-06-01

Full Text Available Este artigo apresenta algumas reflexões sobre os usos sociais da fotografia na documentação das transformações urbanas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Desde o século XIX, a imagem fotográfica foi utilizada como recurso privilegiado para a representação visual da cidade e a criação de memórias, individuais e coletivas, das grandes obras de engenharia promovidas pelo Estado. Nos primeiros anos do século XX, esse gênero de fotografia foi essencial para a difusão de uma nova imagem da então capital federal associada aos ideais de progresso e civilização. Construída entre 1904 e 1905, a Avenida Central representou uma das principais intervenções humanas na paisagem carioca, destacando-se neste empreendimento a figura de Paulo de Frontin, engenheiro que esteve à frente de diversas obras públicas do país, entre o final do século XIX e o início do século XX.This paper presents some issues on the social uses of photography in the documentation related to Rio de Janeiro urban transformation. Since the XIX century, the photographic image has been used as a special resource for visual representation of the city and for individual and collective memory of the larger engineering works promoted by the State.In the early years of the XX century, this kind of photography was essential for the diffusion of a new image of Rio de Janeiro embedded with the ideals of progress and civilization. Built during the years 1904 and 1905, the Central avenue ("Avenida Central" represented one of the most important human interventions in Rio de Janeiro.s landscape. Paulo de Frontin, an outstanding engineer, was in charge of this enterprise, as other main public works of the country he led between the end of the XIX century and the beginning of the XX.

Upgraded HFIR Fuel Element Welding System

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Sease, John D.

2010-01-01

The welding of aluminum-clad fuel plates into aluminum alloy 6061 side plate tubing is a unique design feature of the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) fuel assemblies as 101 full-penetration circumferential gas metal arc welds (GMAW) are required in the fabrication of each assembly. In a HFIR fuel assembly, 540 aluminum-clad fuel plates are assembled into two nested annular fuel elements 610 mm (24-inches) long. The welding process for the HFIR fuel elements was developed in the early 1960 s and about 450 HFIR fuel assemblies have been successfully welded using the GMAW process qualified in the 1960 s. In recent years because of the degradation of the electronic and mechanical components in the old HFIR welding system, reportable defects in plate attachment or adapter welds have been present in almost all completed fuel assemblies. In October 2008, a contract was awarded to AMET, Inc., of Rexburg, Idaho, to replace the old welding equipment with standard commercially available welding components to the maximum extent possible while maintaining the qualified HFIR welding process. The upgraded HFIR welding system represents a major improvement in the welding system used in welding HFIR fuel elements for the previous 40 years. In this upgrade, the new inner GMAW torch is a significant advancement over the original inner GMAW torch previously used. The innovative breakthrough in the new inner welding torch design is the way the direction of the cast in the 0.762 mm (0.030-inch) diameter aluminum weld wire is changed so that the weld wire emerging from the contact tip is straight in the plane perpendicular to the welding direction without creating any significant drag resistance in the feeding of the weld wire.

Ultrasonic inspection of austenitic welds

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Baikie, B.L.; Wagg, A.R.; Whittle, M.J.; Yapp, D.

1976-01-01

Optical and X-ray metallography combined with ultrasonic testing by compression waves was used for inspection of stainless steel weld metal produced by three different welding techniques. X-ray diffraction showed that each weld possessed a characteristic fibre textured structure which was shown by optical microscopy to be parallel to columnar grain boundaries. Metallographic evidence suggested that the development of fibre texture is due to the mechanism of competitive growth. From observations made as a result of optical metallographic examination the orientation of the fibre axis could be predicted if the weld geometry and welding procedure were known. Ultrasonic velocity and attenuation measurements as a continuous function of grain orientation, made on cylinders machined from weld samples, showed that attenuation was strongly orientation dependent. It was concluded that the sensitivity of ultrasonic inspection to small defects is unlikely to be as high for austenitic welds as for ferritic even when transmission is improved by modifying the welding procedure to improve the ultrasonic transmission. (U.K.)

Challenges to Resistance Welding

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Song, Quanfeng

This report originates from the compulsory defense during my Ph.D. study at the Technical University of Denmark. Resistance welding is an old and well-proven technology. Yet the emergence of more and more new materials, new designs, invention off new joining techniques, and more stringent...... requirement in quality have imposed challenges to the resistance welding. More some research and development have to be done to adapt the old technology to the manufacturing industry of the 21st century. In the 1st part of the report, the challenging factors to the resistance welding are reviewed. Numerical...... simulation of resistance welding has been under development for many years. Yet it is no easy to make simulation results reliable and accurate because of the complexity of resistance welding process. In the 2nd part of the report numerical modeling of resistance welding is reviewed, some critical factors...

Consumo e Descarte do Óleo Comestível em um Município do sul de Minas Gerais/ Consumption and Disposal of Edible Oil in a city of Southern Minas Gerais

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Patricia Calixto Novaes

2014-09-01

Full Text Available Objetivo: Estimar a quantidade de óleo residual comercializado na cidade, tendo como amostras os grandes revendedores do produto, e estimar a quantidade de óleo destinada por meio dos ecopontos de coleta de óleo no município. Métodos: Foi coletada, em cinco estabelecimentos de referência na cidade, a quantidade de óleo que foi comercializada no ano de 2013, juntamente com a quantidade de óleo destinada para reaproveitamento. Os dados foram confrontados e discutidos seguindo as diretrizes da legislação vigente. Resultados: Após a pesquisa nos estabelecimentos selecionados, verificou-se que foi comercializado no ano de 2013, um total de 425.301 quilos de óleo, o que corresponde a 600.429 litros. Segundo pesquisas levantadas nos quinze ecopontos da cidade, a quantidade de óleo residual de cozinha que foi reaproveitada corresponde a apenas 10,6%, de todo o óleo comercializado no ano de 2013, o que representa 45.055 quilos de óleo. Discussão: O percentual de óleo reaproveitado na cidade em estudo é muito pequeno, considerando a quantidade que é comercializada. A cidade apresenta uma legislação municipal para o correto descarte do resíduo, no entanto, a falta de conscientização da população e também a falta de fiscalização resultam no não cumprimento da lei, juntamente com o descarte inadequado do óleo de cozinha residual. Conclusão: provavelmente grande parte do óleo residual de cozinha ainda é descartada de forma inadequada. Objective: To estimate the amount of residual oil that is sold in the city, with the major retailers as samples of the product, and estimate the amount of oil intended through ecopoints oil collection in the city. Methods: We collected the amount of oil that was sold in 2013, from five establishments of reference in the city, along with the amount of oil that was to be reused. Data were compared and discussed following the guidelines of current legislation. Results: After the search in the

Weld pool and keyhole dynamic analysis based on visual system and neural network during laser keyhole welding

OpenAIRE

Luo, Masiyang

2014-01-01

In keyhole fiber laser welding processes, the weld pool behavior and keyhole dynamics are essential to determining welding quality. To observe and control the welding process, the accurate extraction of the weld pool boundary as well as the width is required. In addition, because of the cause-and-effect relationship between the welding defects and stability of the keyhole, which is primarily determined by keyhole geometry during the welding process, the stability of keyhole needs to be consid...

IMPROVEMENT OF WELDED CONNECTIONS WITH SIDE LAP WELDS BY REDISTRIBUTION OF ALL-WELD METAL ALONG LENGTHS AND CROSS-SECTIONS THEREOF USING MECHANIZED AND ROBOTIC WELDING SYSTEMS

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Pavlov Evgeniy Igorevich

2017-05-01

Full Text Available Experimental study of bearing capacity of samples of two series performed by semiautomatic welding in CO2 on the axis, and by robotic welding machine in mixture (CO2 + Ar, is presented. Welds of constant cross section, welds with extended leg on end sections, and welds in the form of two dowels on end sections were performed. Efficiency of pilot samples of the first series (with extended leg on end sections by way of a smooth transition defined by the ratio of weld metal volume to a crushing load reaches 28 % relative to samples with a leg constant as per length. Samples of the first series with an extended leg on end sections also showed efficiency increased to 17 %. According to the second series samples test results, the exceeding of bearing capacity of the samples performed with an extended leg on end sections by 24 % in comparison with the samples with a leg of constant cross section was determined. Samples of the second series performed in the form of two dowels on end sections demonstrated the exceeding of the relative bearing capacity by 42 % in comparison with the samples with a continuous leg of constant cross-section.

Welding Current Distribution in the Work-piece and Pool in Arc Welding

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A. M. Rybachuk

2015-01-01

Full Text Available In order to select the optimal configuration of controlling magnetic fields and build rational construction of magnetic systems, we need to know the distribution of welding current in the molten metal of the weld pool. So the objective of the work is to establish the calculated methods for determining current density in the weld pool during arc welding. The distribution of welding current in the pool depends on the field of the electrical resistance, which is determined by the deformed temperature field while arc moves with the welding speed. The previous works have shown experimentally and by simulation on the conductive paper that deformation of temperature field defines deformation of electric field. On the basis thereof, under certain boundary conditions the problem has been solved to give a general solution of differential equation, which relates the potential distribution to the temperature in the product during arc welding. This solution is obtained under the following boundary conditions: 1 metal is homogeneous; 2 input and output surfaces of heat flux and electric current coincide; 3 input and output surfaces of heat flux and electric current are insulated and equipotential; 4 other (lateral surfaces are adiabatic boundaries. Therefore, this paper pays basic attention to obtaining the analytical solution of a general differential equation, which relates distribution of potential to the temperature in the product. It considers the temperature field of the heat source, which moves at a welding speed with normal-circular distribution of the heat flow at a certain concentration factor. The distribution of current density is calculated on the assumption that the welding current is introduced through the same surface as the heat flux and the distribution of current density corresponds to the normally circular at a certain concentration factor. As a result, we get an expression that allows us to calculate the current density from the known

Visualization of Spot- welding Resistance

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Michal Černý

2016-01-01

Full Text Available This contribution devotes to monitoring of processes running during joining of steel sheets by incadescent so called point welding using non-destructive trial method – acoustic emission (AE. The joining process is detailed described within experimental measuring from the point of view of metallurgic effects runnig during weld creation (records obtained by means of AE method. It takes into consideration quality of joined steels within welding data of steel producer. Steel welding (determined by chemical composition during mechanical verification and firmness of welds consider results of measurement AE and fracture effect of point joints. The measurement also demonstrates conclusion about connection of metallurgic processes with material wave effects (AE measurement and their impact on firmness of joint at steel with guaranteed welding, difficult welding and at their potential combination.

Method for welding beryllium

Science.gov (United States)

Dixon, R.D.; Smith, F.M.; O`Leary, R.F.

1997-04-01

A method is provided for joining beryllium pieces which comprises: depositing aluminum alloy on at least one beryllium surface; contacting that beryllium surface with at least one other beryllium surface; and welding the aluminum alloy coated beryllium surfaces together. The aluminum alloy may be deposited on the beryllium using gas metal arc welding. The aluminum alloy coated beryllium surfaces may be subjected to elevated temperatures and pressures to reduce porosity before welding the pieces together. The aluminum alloy coated beryllium surfaces may be machined into a desired welding joint configuration before welding. The beryllium may be an alloy of beryllium or a beryllium compound. The aluminum alloy may comprise aluminum and silicon. 9 figs.

Method for welding beryllium

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dixon, R.D.; Smith, F.M.; O'Leary, R.F.

1997-01-01

A method is provided for joining beryllium pieces which comprises: depositing aluminum alloy on at least one beryllium surface; contacting that beryllium surface with at least one other beryllium surface; and welding the aluminum alloy coated beryllium surfaces together. The aluminum alloy may be deposited on the beryllium using gas metal arc welding. The aluminum alloy coated beryllium surfaces may be subjected to elevated temperatures and pressures to reduce porosity before welding the pieces together. The aluminum alloy coated beryllium surfaces may be machined into a desired welding joint configuration before welding. The beryllium may be an alloy of beryllium or a beryllium compound. The aluminum alloy may comprise aluminum and silicon. 9 figs

Characterization of duplex stainless steel weld metals obtained by hybrid plasma-gas metal arc welding

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Koray Yurtisik

2013-09-01

Full Text Available Despite its high efficiency, autogenous keyhole welding is not well-accepted for duplex stainless steels because it causes excessive ferrite in as-welded duplex microstructure, which leads to a degradation in toughness and corrosion properties of the material. Combining the deep penetration characteristics of plasma arc welding in keyhole mode and metal deposition capability of gas metal arc welding, hybrid plasma - gas metal arc welding process has considered for providing a proper duplex microstructure without compromising the welding efficiency. 11.1 mm-thick standard duplex stainless steel plates were joined in a single-pass using this novel technique. Same plates were also subjected to conventional gas metal arc and plasma arc welding processes, providing benchmarks for the investigation of the weldability of the material. In the first place, the hybrid welding process enabled us to achieve less heat input compared to gas metal arc welding. Consequently, the precipitation of secondary phases, which are known to be detrimental to the toughness and corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steels, was significantly suppressed in both fusion and heat affected zones. Secondly, contrary to other keyhole techniques, proper cooling time and weld metal chemistry were achieved during the process, facilitating sufficient reconstructive transformation of austenite in the ferrite phase.

Estatuto da cidade e juridificação da reforma urbana no Brasil

OpenAIRE

Ana Paula Soares Carvalho

2012-01-01

O início da década passada foi marcado por um importante evento relacionado ao tratamento das questões urbanas no Brasil. Em dez de julho de 2001, foi promulgada a Lei Federal n 10.257, conhecida como Estatuto da Cidade, que regulamenta o capítulo da política urbana da Constituição de 1988. O Estatuto da Cidade provê suporte legal consistente para aquelas municipalidades comprometidas com o enfrentamento dos problemas sociais e urbanos que afetam diariamente as condições de vida dos habitante...

Spot Welding Characterizations With Time Variable

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Abdul Hafid; Pinitoyo, A.; History; Paidjo, Andryansyah; Sagino, Sudarmin; Tamzil, M.

2001-01-01

For obtain spot welding used effective data, this research is made, so that time operational of machine increasing. Welding parameters are material classification, electrical current, and weld time. All of the factors are determined welding quality. If the plate more thick, the time must be longer when the current constant. Another factor as determined welding quality are surface condition of electrode, surface condition of weld material, and material classifications. In this research, the weld machine type IP32A2 VI (110 V), Rivoira trademark is characterized

ALÉM DAS RUAS: IMAGINAÇÃO E ESPAÇOS DA CIDADE PELO SKATE

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Guilherme Michelotto Böes

2016-03-01

Full Text Available As cidades metropolitanas estão inscritas nas novas formas de uso público urbano entre as práticas que desafiam as representações culturais e sociais, configurações dos espaços urbanos representados pela arquitetura das cidades que moldam os espaços. Essas modificações apontam a mudança histórica da representação entre os indivíduos sociais. Devemos identificar os desafios com que as codificações dos espaços culturais da cidade se encontram em suas novas propriedades de direito de uso e manifestação social, já que produzem narrativas que alteram a produção dos espaços na inscrição de identidade social. Práticas cotidianas possibilitam situações, essas com que deparamos na forma de organização social da cidade, tanto formalmente ou informalmente administrada, o local da estrutura dos sistemas de valores na referência ao espaço/tempo de ser utilizado. As ruas imaginadas, apropriadas pelos skatistas, como narrativa da prática cotidiana nos espaços públicos urbanos, que cada vez mais são abandonados em detrimento aos espaços privados. Desse modo, pode o skate trazer a discussão sobre o urbano, apontando que as identidades culturais nos espaços públicos estão longe da percepção ilícita de práticas culturais urbanas. Assim o skate pode então encontrar o diálogo entre a imaginação da experiência urbana contemporânea nas ruas das cidades.

Integrated sensors for robotic laser welding

NARCIS (Netherlands)

Iakovou, D.; Aarts, Ronald G.K.M.; Meijer, J.; Beyer, E.; Dausinger, F; Ostendorf, A; Otto, A.

2005-01-01

A welding head is under development with integrated sensory systems for robotic laser welding applications. Robotic laser welding requires sensory systems that are capable to accurately guide the welding head over a seam in three-dimensional space and provide information about the welding process as

Characterization of duplex stainless steel weld metals obtained by hybrid plasma-gas metal arc welding

OpenAIRE

Yurtisik,Koray; Tirkes,Suha; Dykhno,Igor; Gur,C. Hakan; Gurbuz,Riza

2013-01-01

Despite its high efficiency, autogenous keyhole welding is not well-accepted for duplex stainless steels because it causes excessive ferrite in as-welded duplex microstructure, which leads to a degradation in toughness and corrosion properties of the material. Combining the deep penetration characteristics of plasma arc welding in keyhole mode and metal deposition capability of gas metal arc welding, hybrid plasma - gas metal arc welding process has considered for providing a proper duplex mi...

A Study to Increase Weld Penetration in P91 Steel During TIG Welding by using Activating Fluxes

Science.gov (United States)

Singh, Akhilesh Kumar; Kumar, Mayank; Dey, Vidyut; Naresh Rai, Ram

2017-08-01

Activated Flux TIG (ATIG) welding is a unique joining process, invented at Paton Institute of electric welding in 1960. ATIG welding process is also known as flux zoned TIG (FZTIG). In this process, a thin layer of activating flux is applied along the line on the surface of the material where the welding is to be carries out. The ATIG process aids to increase the weld penetration in thick materials. Activating fluxes used in the literature show the use of oxides like TiO2, SiO2, Cr2O3, ZnO, CaO, Fe2O3, and MnO2 during welding of steels. In the present study, ATIG was carried out on P-91 steel. Though, Tungsten Inert Gas welding gives excellent quality welds, but the penetration obtained in such welding is still demanding. P91 steel which is ferritic steel is used in high temperature applications. As this steel is, generally, used in thick sections, fabrication of such structures with TIG welding is limited, due to its low depth of penetration. To increase the depth of penetration in P91while welding with ATIG, the role of various oxides were investigated. Apart from the oxides mentioned above, in the present study the role of B2O3, V2O5 and MgO, during ATIG welding of P91 was investigated. It was seen that, compared to TIG welding, there was phenomenal increase in weld penetration during ATIG welding. Amongst all the oxides used in this study, maximum penetration was achieved in case of B2O3. The measurements of weld penetration, bead width and heat affected zone of the weldings were carried out using an image analysis technique.

Residual stress improvement in multi-layer welded plates using water-shower cooling during welding process

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Yanagida, Nobuyoshi; Koide, Hiroo

2006-01-01

To reduce tensile residual stress in a welded region, we developed a new welding method that applies a water-shower behind the welding torch. When this method is applied to welding of austenitic stainless steel plates, cooling conditions mainly determine how much the residual stress can be reduced. To determine the conditions, we first used FEM to evaluate the effects of interpass temperature on the residual stress. And we found effective conditions for reducing tensile residual stress. To verify the validity of the conditions, specimens welded with or without water shower cooling were manufactured. Residual stresses of the specimens were experimentally measured. It was found that tensile residual stresses were generated on the surface of the welds and those were reduced in the case that the water-shower was applied. These measurement results agree well with the FEM analyses. It can therefore be concluded that the water-shower cooling during welding is appropriate for reducing tensile residual stress in austenitic stainless steel welding. (author)

Homicídios e desigualdades sociais na cidade de São Paulo: uma visão epidemiológica

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Marcos Drumond Júnior

1999-02-01

Full Text Available Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever e discutir a epidemiología dos homicídios na cidade de São Paulo, com ênfase nas suas desigualdades sociais, a partir dos dados e da experiência do Programa de Aprimoramento das Informações de Mortalidade do Município de São Paulo (PRO-AIM. Os resultados mostram que os homicídios têm apresentado importância, dimensão e tendência crescente na cidade de São Paulo, apontando uma grande desigualdade social em todas estas características analisadas, segundo diferentes informações contidas nas declarações de óbito. A distribuição espacial mostra que os índices são maiores em regiões da periferia e do centro velho da cidade. Os diferenciais foram também analisados no interior de um distrito de boas condições sociais. Discute-se algumas propostas de prevenção e controle dos homicídios com ênfase num projeto abrangente que contemple toda a complexidade de seus múltiplos determinantes e as dinâmicas específicas produtoras da violência em diferentes situações. Conclui-se que um projeto baseado na solidariedade social, na eqüidade e na democracia só poderá emergir da organização dos grupos sociais atingidos, aliados a militantes em defesa da vida, vindos das mais diversas áreas de atuação e que a epidemiologia tem um importante papel neste processo podendo contribuir para a monitorização da violência, para o conhecimento de realidades específicas e para a sensibilização e instrumentalização dos atores sociais engajados na transformação das condições geradoras da violência.This article aims at describing and discussing the epidemiology of homicide in São Paulo City with emphasis on its social inequalities. The study used data and the experience of the Program for the Improvement on Mortality Information of São Paulo City (PRO-AIM. The empirical results show that the importance, dimension and trend of the homicides are on the increase in São Paulo City, and

Weld metal microstructures of hardfacing deposits produced by self-shielded flux-cored arc welding

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Dumovic, M.; Monaghan, B.J.; Li, H.; Norrish, J.; Dunne, D.P.

2015-01-01

The molten pool weld produced during self-shielded flux-cored arc welding (SSFCAW) is protected from gas porosity arising from oxygen and nitrogen by reaction ('killing') of these gases by aluminium. However, residual Al can result in mixed micro-structures of δ-ferrite, martensite and bainite in hardfacing weld metals produced by SSFCAW and therefore, microstructural control can be an issue for hardfacing weld repair. The effect of the residual Al content on weld metal micro-structure has been examined using thermodynamic modeling and dilatometric analysis. It is concluded that the typical Al content of about 1 wt% promotes δ-ferrite formation at the expense of austenite and its martensitic/bainitic product phase(s), thereby compromising the wear resistance of the hardfacing deposit. This paper also demonstrates how the development of a Schaeffler-type diagram for predicting the weld metal micro-structure can provide guidance on weld filler metal design to produce the optimum microstructure for industrial hardfacing applications.

49 CFR 192.225 - Welding procedures.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Welding procedures. 192.225 Section 192.225... BY PIPELINE: MINIMUM FEDERAL SAFETY STANDARDS Welding of Steel in Pipelines § 192.225 Welding procedures. (a) Welding must be performed by a qualified welder in accordance with welding procedures...

Cultura, cidadania e patrimônio cultural: interfaces entre a escola, a cidade e as políticas culturais na cidade de Guararema, SP

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Francisco Carlos Franco

2015-06-01

Full Text Available http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-795X.2015v33n1p319 O presente texto aborda a questão do patrimônio material e imaterial e seu potencial educativo na formação cidadã de alunos da educação básica. Tem como objetivo refletir sobre as perspectivas de desenvolvimento de uma Educação Patrimonial em uma cidade educadora. Fundamenta essa discussão estudos que analisam a educação sob uma perspectiva crítica, em que esta supere a simples transmissão e contemplação dos bens patrimoniais destituídas de sentido, presentes em muitas propostas educativas em instituições de educação formal e não formal, de modo, ainda, que haja colaboração com a gestão do patrimônio cultural. Sendo assim, este texto contempla reflexões sobre a educação patrimonial como uma área emergente na educação e analisa uma experiência na região do alto Tietê, no município de Guararema. Os primeiros resultados apontam para considerações de que a Educação Patrimonial deve ser um diálogo permanente entre as vivências, experiências e percepções dos educandos e cidadãos ante os bens culturais e suas formas de ser e de agir cotidianos, com os conteúdos escolares e ações educativas desenvolvidas nas unidades escolares e instituições culturais, como forma de entender os processos constituintes de sua identidade cultural auxiliando na gestão do patrimônio cultural.   Culture, citizenship and cultural heritage: interfaces between the school, the city and cultural policies in the city of Guararema, SP  Abstract This paper addresses the issue of tangible and intangible heritage and its educational potential in formation of citizenship of basic education students. It aims to reflect on the perspectives for developing a heritage education in an educating city. This discussion is based in the Heritage Education in studies which examine education from a critical perspective , in that it exceeds the simple transmission and

GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) process development for girth welding of high strength pipelines

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rajan, Vaidyanath; Daniel, Joe; Quintana, Marie [The Lincoln Electric Company, Cleveland, OH (United States); Chen, Yaoshan [Center for Reliable Energy Systems (CRES), Dublin, OH (United States); Souza, Antonio [Lincoln Electric do Brasil, Guarulhos, SP (Brazil)

2009-07-01

This paper highlights some of the results and findings from the first phase of a consolidated program co-funded by US Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) and Pipeline Research Council Inc (PRCI) to develop pipe weld assessment and qualification methods and optimize X 100 pipe welding technologies. One objective of the program is to establish the range of viable welding options for X 100 line pipe, and define the essential variables to provide welding process control for reliable and consistent mechanical performance of the weldments. In this first phase, a series of narrow gap girth welds were made with pulsed gas metal arc welding (GMAW), instrumented with thermocouples in the heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal to obtain the associated thermal profiles, and instrumented to measure true energy input as opposed to conventional heat input. Results reveal that true heat input is 16%-22% higher than conventional heat input. The thermal profile measurements correlate very well with thermal model predictions using true energy input data, which indicates the viability of treating the latter as an essential variable. Ongoing microstructural and mechanical testing work will enable validation of an integrated thermal-microstructural model being developed for these applications. Outputs from this model will be used to correlate essential welding process variables with weld microstructure and hardness. This will ultimately enable development of a list of essential variables and the ranges needed to ensure mechanical properties are achieved in practice, recommendations for controlling and monitoring these essential variables and test methods suitable for classification of welding consumables. (author)

Creep deformation behavior of weld metal and heat affected zone on 316FR steel thick plate welded joint

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Hongo, Hiromichi; Yamazaki, Masayoshi; Watanabe, Takashi; Kinugawa, Junichi; Tanabe, Tatsuhiko; Monma, Yoshio; Nakazawa, Takanori

1999-01-01

Using hot-rolled 316FR stainless plate (50 mm thick) and 16Cr-8Ni-2Mo filler wire, a narrow-gap welded joint was prepared by GTAW (gas tungsten arc welding) process. In addition to conventional round bar specimens of base metals and weld metal, full-thickness joint specimens were prepared for creep test. Creep tests were conducted at 550degC in order to examine creep deformation and rupture behavior in the weld metal of the welded joint. Creep strain distribution on the surface of the joint specimen was measured by moire interferometry. In the welded joint, creep strength of the weld metal zone apart from the surface was larger than that in the vicinity of the surface due to repeating heat cycles during welding. Creep strain and creep rate within the HAZ adjacent to the weld metal zone were smaller than those within the base metal zone. Creep rate of the weld metal zone in the welded joint was smaller than that of the weld metal specimen due to the restraint of the hardened HAZ adjacent to the zone. The full-thickness welded joint specimens showed longer lives than weld metal specimens, though the lives of the latter was shorter than those of the base metal (undermatching). In the full-thickness welded joint specimen, crack started from the last pass layer of the weld metal zone and fracture occurred at the zone. From the results mentioned above, in order to evaluate the creep properties of the welded joint correctly, it is necessary to conduct the creep test using the full-thickness welded joint specimen which includes the weakest zones of the weld metal, the front and back sides of the plate. (author)

Underwater welding of steel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ibarra, S.; Olson, D.L.

1992-01-01

A fundamental basis to understand the behavior of wet underwater welding of steel is introduced. Both the pyrometallurgical and physical metallurgy concepts are discussed. Modifications of welding consumables and practice are suggested. This chapter promotes further contributions of meatllurgical research to improve and promote wet underwater welding. (orig.)

The investigation of typical welding defects for 5456 aluminum alloy friction stir welds

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chen Huabin; Yan Keng; Lin Tao; Chen Shanben; Jiang Chengyu; Zhao Yong

2006-01-01

The external factors on the friction stir welding defects are so abundant that the experiments of friction stir welding were conducted for 5456 aluminum alloy. With the changes of the tool tilt angle and material condition, defects can be generated. These defects can be conventional ones (lack of penetration or voids), or lazy S, which are unique to friction stir welding. However, the origin of the defects remains an area of uncertainty. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the formation of these defects. The typical welding defects of friction stir welding joint for 5456 aluminum alloy were analyzed and discussed, respectively, by using optical microscopy (OM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The microscopic examination of the nugget zone and fracture location of the weld confirms that the tilt angle can change the plastic material flow patterns in the stir zone and accordingly control the weld properties. In addition, the oxide layer from the initial butt surface during FSW is dispersed at the grain boundary. These A1 2 O 3 particles are actually the major cause of failure of the joint

A CRÔNICA POÉTICA DE UMA CIDADE: O RIO EM VERSO, CANÇÃO E PROSA

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Talita Carlos Tristão

2012-01-01

Full Text Available O diálogo entre a Música Popular Brasileira e Literatura, a partir de uma aproximação temática entre a canção “Subúrbio”, de Chico Buarque de Hollanda, e a crônica “Carioca”, de Fernando Sabino, mostra como ambos os autores compõem uma visão particular da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Enquanto Chico opta por valorizar o cotidiano da cidade por meio de suas contradições, dando voz aos silenciados (o subúrbio; Sabino ilustra a cidade do cartão-postal, imagem congelada de um ideal já bastante saudado pela Bossa Nova.

Laser welding engineering

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bhieh, N. M.; El Eesawi, M. E.; Hashkel, A. E.

2007-01-01

Laser welding was in its early life used mainly for unusual applications where no other welding process would be suitable that was twenty five years ago. Today, laser welding is a fully developed part of the metal working industry, routinely producing welds for common items such as cigarette lighters, which springs, motor/transformer lamination, hermetic seals, battery and pacemaker cans and hybrid circuit packages. Yet very few manufacturing engineering have seriously considers employing lasers in their own operations. Why? There are many reasons, but a main one must be not acquainted with the operation and capabilities of a laser system. Other reasons, such as a relatively high initial cost and a concern about using lasers in the manufacturing environment, also are frequently cited, and the complexity of the component and flexibility of the light delivery system. Laser welding could be used in place of many different standard processes, such as resistance (spot or seam), submerged arc, RF induction, high-frequency resistance, ultrasonic and electronic and electron-beam. while each of these techniques has established an independent function in the manufacturing world, the flexible laser welding approach will operate efficiently and economically in many different applications. Its flexibility will even permit the welding system to be used for other machining function, such as drilling, scribing, sealing and serializing. In this article, we will look at how laser welding works and what benefits it can offer to manufacturing engineers. Some industry observers state that there are already 2,000 laser machine tools being used for cutting, welding and drilling and that the number could reach 30,000 over the next 15 years as manufacturing engineers become more aware of the capabilities of lasers [1). While most laser applications are dedicated to one product or process that involves high-volume, long-run manufacturing, the flexibility of a laser to supply energy to hard

Effect of welding processes on the impression creep resistance of type 316 LN stainless steel weld joints

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Vasudevan, M.; Vasantharaja, P.; Sisira, P.; Divya, K.; Ganesh Sundara Raman, S.

2016-01-01

Type 316 LN stainless steel is the major structural material used in the construction of fast breeder reactors. Activated Tungsten Inert Gas (A-TIG) welding , a variant of the TIG welding process has been found to enhance the depth of penetration significantly during autogenous welding and also found to enhance the creep rupture life in stainless steels. The present study aims at comparing the effect of TIG and A-TIG welding processes on the impression creep resistance of type 316 LN stainless steel base metal, fusion zone and heat affected zone (HAZ) of weld joints. Optical and TEM have been used to correlate the microstructures with the observed creep rates of various zones of the weld joints. Finer microstructure and higher ferrite content was observed in the TIG weld joint fusion zone. Coarser grain structure was observed in the HAZ of the weld joints. Impression creep rate of A-TIG weld joint fusion zone was almost equal to that of the base metal and lower than that of the TIG weld joint fusion zone. A-TIG weld joint HAZ was found to have lower creep rate compared to that of conventional TIG weld joint HAZ due to higher grain size. HAZ of the both the weld joints exhibited lower creep rate than the base metal. (author)

Tensile Properties of Friction Stir Welded Joints of AA 2024-T6 Alloy at Different Welding Speeds

Science.gov (United States)

Avula, Dhananjayulu; Devuri, Venkateswarlu; Cheepu, Muralimohan; Dwivedi, Dheerendra Kumar

2018-03-01

The influence of welding speed on the friction stir welded joint properties of hardness, tensile properties, defects and microstructure characterization are studied in the present study. The friction stir welding was conducted on AA2014-T6 heat treated alloy with 5 mm thickness plate in butt joint configuration. The welding speed was varied from 8 mm/min to 120 mm/min at the fixed travel speed and load conditions. It is observed that the welding speeds at higher rate with wide range can be possible to weld this alloy at higher rates of tool revolution suggesting that the inherent capability of friction stir welding technique for aluminum 2014 alloys. The strength of the joints gradually increases with enhancing of welding speed. The micro structural observations exhibited the formation of equiaxed grains in the stir zone and slightly in the thermo-mechanically affected zone. In addition, the size of the grains decreases with increase in welding speed owing to the presence of low heat input. Hence the hardness of the joints slightly increased in the stir zones over the other zones of the weld nugget. The joint strength initially increases with the welding speed and starts to decreases after reaching to the maximum value. The relationship between the welding conditions and friction stir welded joint properties has been discussed.

Metals welding by using laser

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Al-Qaisy, R.A.W.

1991-01-01

In the present work, same welding ''conduction limited type'' under atmospheric conditions was performed using pulsed Ng:YAG laser to weld; low carbon steel (LCS), stainless steel (304) (SUS304), stainless steel (303) (SUS303), and brass. Microstructure of welded zone, heat affected zone (HAZ), and the laser energy on penetration depth and effective diameter were studied. Tensile test, micro-hardness, and surface roughness of welded and parent metals were also dealt with. Melting efficiency was worked out and an under vacuum seam welding of low carbon steel has been accomplished. Finally spot welding of aluminium tungsten, and platinium wires were employed using different layer energies. 34 tabs.; 82 figs.; 51 refs.; 1 app

Corrosion of carbon steel welds

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Daniel, B.

1988-09-01

This report assesses the factors which cause preferential attack to occur in carbon steel fusion welds. It was concluded that the main factors were: the inclusion content of the weld metal, the potential of the weld metal being less noble than that of the parent, and the presence of low-temperature transformation products in the heat-affected zone of the weld. These factors should be minimized or eliminated as appropriate so that the corrosion allowances determined for carbon steel waste drums is also adequate for the welds. An experimental/theoretical approach is recommended to evaluate the relative corrosion resistance of welds prepared from BS 4360 grade 43A steel to that of the parent material. (author)

Presença de ovos de Toxocara spp em praças públicas da cidade de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil Presence of Toxocara spp eggs in public squares of Uberlândia city, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Julia Maria Costa-Cruz

1994-02-01

Full Text Available O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a presença de ovos de Toxocara spp nos solos de praças públicas da cidade de Uberlândia, região do Triângulo Mineiro, no período de outubro de 1991 a janeiro de 1992. A cidade possui 89 praças distribuídas em 39 bairros. Para que se tivesse um perfil da ocorrência do parasita, foram colhidas amostras de terra e areia (quando existente de uma praça, determinada por sorteio, por bairro. As amostras de solo homogeneizadas de 5 pontos distintos das 39 praças foram colhidas em frascos plásticos e analisadas empregando-se os métodos de flutuação em solução saturada de cloreto de sódio e de solução saturada de sulfato de magnésio contendo 5% de iodeto de potássio. Para cada amostra foram realizados os dois métodos em duplicata. Os resultados mostraram estarem contaminados os solos de 9 praças (23,07%, das quais 6 localizavam-se próximas ao centro da cidade. A realização de mais de um método laboratorial permitiu a identificação do agente em maior porcentagem de locais.The objective of this study was to verify the presence of Toxocara spp eggs in the public squares ground in Uberlândia, region of Triângulo Mineiro, from October 1991 to January 1992. The city has 89 squares distributed in 39 boroughs. In order to have an outline of the parasite's occurrence, ground and sand (when existent samples were collected from one square per boroughors. The squares were determined by draw. The homogenized ground samples of distinct points of the 39 squares, were colected in plastic flasks and analysed by the methods of fluctuation in sodium chloride saturated solution and magnesium sulphate saturated solution which contained 5% of potassium iodate. Both methods were executed twice for each sample. The results showed that the ground of 9 squares (23.07% was contaminated, 6 of which were located near downtown. The execution of more than one laboratorial method permited the agent's identification

MFDC - technological improvement in resistance welding controls

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Somani, A.K.; Naga Bhaskar, V.; Chandramouli, J.; Rameshwara Rao, A. [Nuclear Fuel Complex, Dept. of Atomic Energy, Hyderabad (India)

2008-07-01

Among the various Resistance Welding operations carried out in the production line of a fuel bundle end plug welding is the most critical operation. Welding controllers play a very vital role in obtaining consistent weld quality by regulating and controlling the weld current. Conventional mains synchronized welding controllers are at best capable of controlling the weld current at a maximum speed of the mains frequency. In view of the very short welding durations involved in the various stages of a fuel bundle fabrication, a need was felt for superior welding controllers. Medium Frequency Welding Controllers offer a solution to these limitations in addition to offering other advantages. Medium Frequency power sources offer precise welding current control as they regulate and correct the welding current faster, typically twenty times faster when operated at 1000Hz. An MFDC was employed on one of the welding machines and its performance was studied. This paper discusses about the various advantages of MFDCs with other controllers employed at NFC to end plug welding operation. (author)

Microstructural examination of Zr-2.5%Nb alloy welds made by pulsed Nd:YAG laser and TIG welding technique

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bhatt, R.B.; Varma, P.V.S.; Panakkal, J.P.; Srivastava, D.; Dey, G.K.

2009-01-01

The paper describes the weld microstructure of Zr-2.5%Nb alloy material. Bead on plate welds were made using pulsed Nd:YAG laser and TIG welding technique at different parameters. These welds were characterized at macro and microstructural level. Weld pools of Pulsed Laser and TIG welds were not resolved by optical microscopy. SEM too did not reveal much. Orientation imaging microscopy could reveal the presence of fine martensite. It was observed that microstructure is very sensitive to welding parameters. Microhardness studies suggested formation of martensite in the weld pool. It was also observed that laser welds had very sharp weld pool boundary as compared to TIG welds. Variation in microhardness of the weldment is seen and is influenced by overlapping of weld spots causing thermal treatment of previously deposited spots. (author)

Recent Corrosion Research Trends in Weld Joints

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kim, Hwan Tae; Kil, Sang Cheol; Hwang, Woon Suk

2007-01-01

The increasing interest in the corrosion properties of weld joints in the corrosive environment is placing stringent demands on the manufacturing techniques and performance requirements, and the manufacture employs the high quality and efficiency welding process to produce welds. Welding plays an important role in the fabrication of chemical plants, nuclear power plant, ship construction, and this has led to an increasing attention to the corrosion resistant weld joints. This paper covers recent technical trends of welding technologies for corrosion resistance properties including the COMPENDEX DB analysis of welding materials, welding process, and welding fabrications

Machine for welding solar cell connections

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lorans, D.Y.

1977-08-09

A machine for welding a connection wire over a solar cell electrode is described which comprises a base, a welding mount for the solar cell which is supported on the base, means for holding the solar cell on the welding mount, welding electrodes, means to lower the welding electrodes over the solar cell and the connection wire superimposed thereon, means for applying electric current pulses to said welding electrodes. It is characterized by the fact that it further comprises means for imparting to said mount an alternating transverse movement in relation to said base before and during the welding operation.

Development of automatic laser welding system

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ohwaki, Katsura

2002-01-01

Laser are a new production tool for high speed and low distortion welding and applications to automatic welding lines are increasing. IHI has long experience of laser processing for the preservation of nuclear power plants, welding of airplane engines and so on. Moreover, YAG laser oscillators and various kinds of hardware have been developed for laser welding and automation. Combining these welding technologies and laser hardware technologies produce the automatic laser welding system. In this paper, the component technologies are described, including combined optics intended to improve welding stability, laser oscillators, monitoring system, seam tracking system and so on. (author)

Probing weld quality monitoring in friction stir welding through characterization of signals by fractal theory

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Das, Bipul; Bag, Swarup; Pal, Sukhomay [Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam (India)

2017-05-15

Providing solutions towards the improvisation of welding technologies is the recent trend in the Friction stir welding (FSW) process. We present a monitoring approach for ultimate tensile strength of the friction stir welded joints based on information extracted from process signals through implementing fractal theory. Higuchi and Katz algorithms were executed on current and tool rotational speed signals acquired during friction stir welding to estimate fractal dimensions. Estimated fractal dimensions when correlated with the ultimate tensile strength of the joints deliver an increasing trend with the increase in joint strength. It is observed that dynamicity of the system strengthens the weld joint, i.e., the greater the fractal dimension, the better will be the quality of the weld. Characterization of signals by fractal theory indicates that the single-valued indicator can be an alternative for effective monitoring of the friction stir welding process.

Probing weld quality monitoring in friction stir welding through characterization of signals by fractal theory

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Das, Bipul; Bag, Swarup; Pal, Sukhomay

2017-01-01

Providing solutions towards the improvisation of welding technologies is the recent trend in the Friction stir welding (FSW) process. We present a monitoring approach for ultimate tensile strength of the friction stir welded joints based on information extracted from process signals through implementing fractal theory. Higuchi and Katz algorithms were executed on current and tool rotational speed signals acquired during friction stir welding to estimate fractal dimensions. Estimated fractal dimensions when correlated with the ultimate tensile strength of the joints deliver an increasing trend with the increase in joint strength. It is observed that dynamicity of the system strengthens the weld joint, i.e., the greater the fractal dimension, the better will be the quality of the weld. Characterization of signals by fractal theory indicates that the single-valued indicator can be an alternative for effective monitoring of the friction stir welding process.

Advantages of MAG-STT Welding Process for Root Pass Welding in the Oil and Gas Industry

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Pandzic Adi

2016-02-01

Full Text Available This paper describesthe basics of modern MAG-STT welding process and its advantages for root pass welding of construction steels in oil and gas industry. MAG-STT welding process was compared with competitive arc welding processes (SMAW and TIG, which are also used for root pass welding on pipes and plates. After experimental tests, the obtained results are analyzed and presented in this paper

Discussion on Integration of Welding Coordinator in Welding Quality System of KEPIC(Korea Electric Power Industry code)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Joo, Hyun-Jae; Sohn, Myoung-Sung; Cho, Kyoung-Youn; Kim, Jong-Hae [Korea Electric Association, Seoul (Korea, Republic of)

2015-05-15

The welding quality system of KEPIC-MQW 'Welding Qualification' referencing ASME BPVC Sec.IX, Part QW requires welding procedures and performance qualification of welder or welding operator excluding welding coordinator. It means that there is potential possibility of any problem in process of welding on nuclear power plants or shop in absence of an welding coordinator who can resolve welding troubles. Therefore, the integration of welding coordinators in the welding quality system of KEPIC can improve welding quality and enhance safety of construction and management of power plants. The introduction of welding coordinator requirement would put economic problems on manufactures for new employment and subsequent management works (eg. training) and field problems making authorized nuclear inspectors to be confused on inspection work scopes. Those predictable problems are expected to be minimized or eliminated through public hearings and/or seminars with regulatory body, the owner, and manufacturers and, most significantly, cooperation with related KEPIC committees. The revision draft was reviewed and discussed with personnel in nuclear industry by holding three workshop and public hearings from 2011 to 2012 and by having a presentation in 2014 KEPIC-Week. Industrial consensus on need for integration of welding coordinators in welding quality system of KEPIC was performed by reasons that it would improve welding quality, guarantee welding reliability, advance expertise, and help export to abroad. However, economic problems on manufacturers for new employment and subsequent management works, for example training, are predicted. Therefore, introduction in stages for minimizing industrial impact regarding manufacturer's scale and permission of utilizing external welding coordinator for small scale manufacturers are required. A new draft version of KEPIC-MQW (if possible, appendices of MQW) including requirements and directives for solving these economic

Dubai. Cidade do Espectáculo

OpenAIRE

Luís Diogo Alves Paula de Sousa

2012-01-01

Assistimos nas duas últimas décadas e a uma velocidade estonteante, à transformação da pequena aldeia piscatória do Dubai num dos principais destinos turísticos de luxo do mundo.Detentora de múltiplos records do guiness, tais como o do edifício mais alto "Burj Khalifa", ou do hotel mais luxuoso do mundo "Burj al Arab", o Dubai tornou-se numa das cidades mais mediáticas da actualidade.Para isso, a arquitectura parece ter desempenhado um papel fundamental. Foi através da espectacularidade, exub...

Report Summarizing the Effort Required to Initiate Welding of Irradiated Materials within the Welding Cubicle

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Frederick, Greg [Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Palo Alto, CA (United States); Sutton, Benjamin J. [Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Palo Alto, CA (United States); Tatman, Jonathan K. [Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Palo Alto, CA (United States); Vance, Mark Christopher [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Smith, Allen W. [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Clark, Scarlett R. [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Feng, Zhili [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Miller, Roger G. [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Chen, Jian [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Tang, Wei [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Hu, Xunxiang [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Gibson, Brian T. [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

2017-06-01

The advanced welding facility within a hot cell at the Radiochemical Engineering Development Center of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), which has been jointly funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Nuclear Energy, Light Water Reactor Sustainability Program and the Electric Power Research Institute, Long Term Operations Program and the Welding and Repair Technology Center, is in the final phase of development. Research and development activities in this facility will involve direct testing of advanced welding technologies on irradiated materials in order to address the primary technical challenge of helium induced cracking that can arise when conventional fusion welding techniques are utilized on neutron irradiated stainless steels and nickel-base alloys. This report details the effort that has been required since the beginning of fiscal year 2017 to initiate welding research and development activities on irradiated materials within the hot cell cubicle, which houses welding sub-systems that include laser beam welding (LBW) and friction stir welding (FSW) and provides material containment within the hot cell.

Development of remote laser welding technology

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Kim, Soo-Sung; Kim, Woong-Ki; Lee, Jung-Won; Yang, Myung-Seung; Park, Hyun-Soo

1999-01-01

Various welding processes are now available for end cap closure of nuclear fuel element such as TIG(Tungsten Inert Gas) welding, magnetic resistance welding and laser welding. Even though the resistance and TIG welding process are widely used for manufacturing of the commercial fuel elements, it can not be recommended for the remote seal welding of fuel element at PIE facility due to its complexity of the electrode alignment, difficulty in the replacement of parts in the remote manner and its large heat input for thin sheath. Therefore, Nd:YAG laser system using the optical fiber transmission was selected for Zircaloy-4 end cap welding. Remote laser welding apparatus is developed using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser of 500 watt average power with optical fiber transmission. The laser weldability is satisfactory in respect of the microstructures and mechanical properties comparing with the TIG and resistance welding. The optimum operation processes of laser welding and the optical fiber transmission system for hot cell operation in remote manner have been developed. (author)

Analysis and Comparison of Friction Stir Welding and Laser Assisted Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloy.

Science.gov (United States)

Campanelli, Sabina Luisa; Casalino, Giuseppe; Casavola, Caterina; Moramarco, Vincenzo

2013-12-18

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid-state joining process; i.e. , no melting occurs. The welding process is promoted by the rotation and translation of an axis-symmetric non-consumable tool along the weld centerline. Thus, the FSW process is performed at much lower temperatures than conventional fusion welding, nevertheless it has some disadvantages. Laser Assisted Friction Stir Welding (LAFSW) is a combination in which the FSW is the dominant welding process and the laser pre-heats the weld. In this work FSW and LAFSW tests were conducted on 6 mm thick 5754H111 aluminum alloy plates in butt joint configuration. LAFSW is studied firstly to demonstrate the weldability of aluminum alloy using that technique. Secondly, process parameters, such as laser power and temperature gradient are investigated in order to evaluate changes in microstructure, micro-hardness, residual stress, and tensile properties. Once the possibility to achieve sound weld using LAFSW is demonstrated, it will be possible to explore the benefits for tool wear, higher welding speeds, and lower clamping force.

Databases in welding engineering - definition and starting phase of the integrated welding engineering information system

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Barthelmess, H.; Queren, W.; Stracke, M.

1989-01-01

The structure and function of the Information AAssociation for Welding Engineering, newly established by the Deutscher Verband fuer Schweisstechnik, are presented. Examined are: special literature for welding techniques - value and prospects; databases accessible to the public for information on welding techniques; concept for the Information Association for Welding Engineering; the four phases to establish databasis for facts and expert systems of the Information Association for Welding Engineering; the pilot project 'MVT-Data base' (hot crack data base for data of modified varestraint-transvarestraint tests). (orig./MM) [de

Fracture toughness of stainless steel welds

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Mills, W.J.

1985-11-01

The effects of temperature, composition and weld-process variations on the fracture toughness behavior for Types 308 and 16-8-2 stainless steel (SS) welds were examined using the multiple-specimen J/sub R/-curve procedure. Fracture characteristics were found to be dependent on temperature and weld process but not on filler material. Gas-tungsten-arc (GTA) welds exhibited the highest fracture toughness, a shielded metal-arc (SMA) weld exhibited an intermediate toughness and submerged-arc (SA) welds yielded the lowest toughness. Minimum-expected fracture properties were defined from lower-bound J/sub c/ and tearing modulus values generated here and in previous studies. Fractographic examination revealed that microvoid coalescence was the operative fracture mechanism for all welds. Second phase particles of manganese silicide were found to be detrimental to the ductile fracture behavior because they separated from the matrix during the initial stages of plastic straining. In SA welds, the high density of inclusions resulting from silicon pickup from the flux promoted premature dimple rupture. The weld produced by the SMA process contained substantially less manganese silicide, while GTA welds contained no silicide inclusions. Delta ferrite particles present in all welds were substantially more resistant to local failure than the silicide phase. In welds containing little or no manganese silicide, delta ferrite particles initiated microvoid coalescence but only after extensive plastic straining

STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF WELDING PROCESS ON DISTORTION WITH 304L STAINLESS STEEL WELD JOINTS

OpenAIRE

Dhananjay Kumar*, Dharamvir mangal

2017-01-01

The effect of welding process on the distortion with 304L stainless steel 12thk weld joints made by TIG (tungsten inert gas) and SMAW (Shielded metal arc welding) welding process involving different type joint configuration have been studied. The joint configurations employed were double V-groove edge preparation for double side SMAW welding and square – butt preparation for double side TIG welding. All weld joints passed by radiographic. Distortion measurements were carried out using height ...

CIDADE, ESPAÇO E TEMPO: REFLEXÕES SOBRE A MEMÓRIA E O PATRIMÔNIO URBANO

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Sandra Pesavento

2012-09-01

Full Text Available Este  artigo propõe-se a analisaralgumas categorias, com  o fito de elaborar uma reflexão sobre a memória e o patrimônio urbano: destacadamente, atém-se às categorias tempo e espaço.Propõe uma categoria de síntese: cronotopo.Toma Paul Ricoeur comoreferencial parapensar estas categorias. Passa então à reflexão sobre memória e identidade. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Cidade – Memória Social – Patrimônio CulturalABSTRACT: This article aimsto analyse someconcepts concerning memory and urban cultural heritage: namely, the categories oftime and space. The articles indicates a synthesis category: chronotopos. Paul Ricouer is the theoretical and philosophical reference to think about these categories. Afterwards, the article handles with the subject of memory and identity.KEY-WORKS: City – Social Memory – Cultural Heritage

Solid state impact welding of BMG and copper by vaporizing foil actuator welding

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Vivek, Anupam, E-mail: vivek.4@osu.edu [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2041 College Road, Columbus, OH 43210 (United States); Presley, Michael [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2041 College Road, Columbus, OH 43210 (United States); Flores, Katharine M. [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2041 College Road, Columbus, OH 43210 (United States); Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130 (United States); Hutchinson, Nicholas H.; Daehn, Glenn S. [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2041 College Road, Columbus, OH 43210 (United States)

2015-05-14

The objective of this study was to create impact welds between a Zr-based Bulk Metallic Glass (BMG) and copper at a laboratory scale and subsequently investigate the relationship between interfacial structure and mechanical properties. Vaporizing Foil Actuator (VFA) has recently been demonstrated as a versatile tool for metalworking applications: impact welding of dissimilar materials being one of them. Its implementation for welding is termed as VFA Welding or VFAW. With 8 kJ input energy into an aluminum foil actuator, a 0.5 mm thick Cu110 alloy sheet was launched toward a BMG target resulting in an impact at a velocity of nearly 600 m/s. For this experiment, the welded interface was straight with a few BMG fragments embedded in the copper sheet in some regions. Hardness tests across the interface showed increase in strength on the copper side. Instrumented peel test resulted in failure in the parent copper sheet. A slower impact velocity during a separate experiment resulted in a weld, which had wavy regions along the interface and in peel failure again happened in the parent copper sheet. Some through-thickness cracks were observed in the BMG plate and there was some spall damage in the copper flyers. TEM electron diffraction on a sample, cut out from the wavy weld interface region using a focused ion beam, showed that devitrification of the BMG was completely avoided in this welding process.

Fatigue life estimation considering welding residual stress and hot-spot stress of welded components

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Han, S. H.; Lee, T. K.; Shin, B. C.

2002-01-01

The fatigue life of welded joints is sensitive to welding residual stress and complexity of their geometric shapes. To predict the fatigue life more reasonably, the effects of welding residual stress and its relaxation have to be considered quantitatively which are equivalent to mean stress by external loads. The hot-spot stress concept should be also adopted which can be reduce the dependence of fatigue strengths for various welding details. Considering the factors mentioned above, a fatigue life prediction model using the modified Goodman's diagram was proposed. In this model, an equivalent stress was introduced which are composed of the mean stress based on the hot-spot stress concept and the relaxed welding residual stress. From the verification of the proposed model to real welding details, it is confirmed that this model can be applied to predict reasonably their fatigue lives

Method for enhanced control of welding processes

Science.gov (United States)

Sheaffer, Donald A.; Renzi, Ronald F.; Tung, David M.; Schroder, Kevin

2000-01-01

Method and system for producing high quality welds in welding processes, in general, and gas tungsten arc (GTA) welding, in particular by controlling weld penetration. Light emitted from a weld pool is collected from the backside of a workpiece by optical means during welding and transmitted to a digital video camera for further processing, after the emitted light is first passed through a short wavelength pass filter to remove infrared radiation. By filtering out the infrared component of the light emitted from the backside weld pool image, the present invention provides for the accurate determination of the weld pool boundary. Data from the digital camera is fed to an imaging board which focuses on a 100.times.100 pixel portion of the image. The board performs a thresholding operation and provides this information to a digital signal processor to compute the backside weld pool dimensions and area. This information is used by a control system, in a dynamic feedback mode, to automatically adjust appropriate parameters of a welding system, such as the welding current, to control weld penetration and thus, create a uniform weld bead and high quality weld.

Welding wire pressure sensor assembly

Science.gov (United States)

Morris, Timothy B. (Inventor); Milly, Peter F., Sr. (Inventor); White, J. Kevin (Inventor)

1994-01-01

The present invention relates to a device which is used to monitor the position of a filler wire relative to a base material being welded as the filler wire is added to a welding pool. The device is applicable to automated welding systems wherein nonconsumable electrode arc welding processes are utilized in conjunction with a filler wire which is added to a weld pool created by the electrode arc. The invention senses pressure deviations from a predetermined pressure between the filler wire and the base material, and provides electrical signals responsive to the deviations for actuating control mechanisms in an automatic welding apparatus so as to minimize the pressure deviation and to prevent disengagement of the contact between the filler wire and the base material.