Processing of whole-wood to fuel and raw material; Kokopuun kaesittely polttoaineeksi ja raaka-aineeksi

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Aho, V J [VTT Energy, Jyvaeskylae (Finland). Biofuels

1997-12-01

The forest industry`s need of wood has increased remarkably during this decade, and will probably continue to increase also during the next few years due to the realisation of the extension investments of the production. Mechanising of whole-tree and tree- section harvesting, development of the lorry transportation of whole-trees and tree-sections, and the improvement of the yield and the quality of pulp-chip fraction produced using integrated harvesting methods are important development targets for the production methods research. The objective of this project is to develop research equipment, by which it is possible to study the unit processes of wood processing, and to develop new wood processing concepts, by which whole-trees could be used for fuel and forest industrial raw material purposes optimally, by combining the unit processes. The research equipment will be of full scale so that it will enable the processing of whole-trees, whole-tree bundles, felling residues and stem-wood fragments. The research equipment consists of versatile measuring and data collection equipment, enabling the processing and analysis of research data. A compactor has been developed in the project, and the development of debarking and feeding units has been started. Additionally, a crushing equipment serving the needs of the research projects of VTT Energy`s research programme `Solid fuel processing technology` has been constructed in the project. The data collection system and the high- speed camera have been acquired to VTT Energy to be used for the measuring equipment

Maximization and handling of sod peat loading. Final report; Palaturpeen kuormituksen maksimointi ja kaesittely. Loppuraportti

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Erkkilae, A.; Nurmi, H.; Paappanen, T.; Frilander, P.

1996-11-01

The objective of this two year (1994-1995) project was to improve especially the efficiency of sod peat production, carried out using spreading wagon method, by increasing the sod peat load set for the field to value 20 kgDgm{sup 2} (original value 10-14 kgDgm{sup 2}), and by studying and developing a collection method for ridging and ridge processing, suitable for high-loads. The research was emphasized to laboratory tests, but some field test were also made. Laboratory test equipment, to be mounted to peat machine simulator, were constructed, and picking-up of sod peat was tested in laboratory. It was possible to increase the sod peat load most accurately to 20 kgDgm{sup 2} by using wave-like sod peat. The picking device of the ridger consisted of a grid, standing the sod up, moving on the field. Above this there is a rotating truncheon coil which transfers the sod along the grid to further processing. The share of the fines by weight, loosened from the field during picking up of the sod was 0.5 % of the sod-mass, and the losses were 11 % of the number of the sod. At the driving speed 2.9 km/h the suitable coil rotation speed was about 20 r/min, hence the rotation speed of the truncheons was twice as high as the driving speed. A picking device, which consisted of two vertical truncheon-coils rotating into opposite directions, was constructed for collection of sod in the ridge. The operation of the device appeared to be good. While picking-up the sod in the ridge on the average 1.3 % of fines was loosened from the field with respect to the sod-mass. 41 % of the fines mixed with the ridge was sieved. The losses were on the average 3.9 % of the sod-mass. The highest measured power demand was 12 kW as the driving speed was 3.0 km/h. Collection method developed within this project, requires more field tests before commercial use

Sewage sludge utilisation and disposal alternatives and their comparison; Puhdistamolietteiden hyoedyntaemis- ja loppusijoitusvaihtoehdot sekae niiden vertailu

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Paatero, P.

2001-07-01

Sludge production will presumably not decrease in future. At present agricultural use of sludge is unstable and landfilling will most probably be restricted in the following years. The objective of this thesis is to gather information on options for sludge treatment and utilisation and to compare these options in order to find the best possible solution for future alternatives of sludge utilisation. Finnish and international literature as well as Finnish and EU legislation have been reviewed. Furthermore the mentoring group of this thesis as well as other experts in Finland have been used as a source of information. Sludge contains not only plant nutrients and organic matter but also varying quantities of a number of more or less hazardous substances. The quality and quantity of sewage sludge are described and possible health and environmental risks caused by sewage sludge are pointed out. The legislation linked to sludge utilisation and its demands are also presented. The sludge processing methods reviewed are: thickening, lime stabilisation, aerobic digestion, anaerobic digestion, composting and mechanical and thermal drying. In addition, the positive and negative sides of the stabilisation processes are looked at in greater detail. Agricultural use, landscaping, forestry, landfill, incineration, sludge derived products and newer processing technologies are reviewed as sludge utilisation options. Their environmental impacts, positive and negative sides and practical feasibility are evaluated. Various treatment utilisation combinations are also compared. Furthermore a rough cost assessment is presented. The optimal utilisation alternative has to be chosen case by case. The best use of plant nutrients and valuable organic matter is obtained in agricultural use or in landscaping. In the present situation it is difficult to enhance the portion of agricultural use, and landscaping is restricted by a low demand on the market. Incineration is an expensive option and can therefore be considered mainly on larger plants. Before properly evaluating the suitability of newer technologies, more practical experience must be gathered. (orig.)

Measurements of laser-imprinting sensitivity to relative beam mistiming in planar plastic foils driven by multiple overlapping laser beams

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Smalyuk, V.A.; Goncharov, V.N.; Boehly, T.R.; Delettrez, J.A.; Li, D.Y.; Marozas, J.A.; Maximov, A.V.; Meyerhofer, D.D.; Regan, S.P.; Sangster, T.C.

2005-01-01

In a direct-drive, inertial confinement fusion implosion, a spherical target is irradiated by a large number of overlapped laser beams. Imprinting of laser modulations depends on the relative arrival time of laser beams and their angles of incidence. This dependence was measured in planar plastic targets using six overlapping beams on the OMEGA laser system [T. R. Boehly, D. L. Brown, R. S. Craxton, R. L. Keck, J. P. Knauer, J. H. Kelly, T. J. Kessler, S. A. Kumpan, S. J. Loucks, S. A. Letzring, F. J. Marshall, R. L. McCrory, S. F. B. Morse, W. Seka, J. M. Soures, and C. P. Verdon, Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)]. One of the beams (the imprint beam) had a special phase plate that produced two-dimensional modulations on the target, easily distinguishable from the features imprinted by the other five drive beams. The timing of the imprint beam was varied with respect to the drive beams to study imprinting sensitivity to beam mistiming. Shifting the imprint beam to arrive before the other beams significantly increased the imprint efficiency. The results are in very good agreement with the model predictions

LLE Review Quarterly Report July-September 2000

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

NONE

2000-12-01

This volume of the LLE Review, covering July-September 2000, begins with an article by T. R. Boehly, V. N. Goncharov, O. Gotchev, J. P. Knauer, D. D. Meyerhofer, D. Oron, S. P. Regan, Y. Srebro, W. Seka, D. Shvarts, S. Skupsky, and V.A. Smalyuk, who describe measurements of the effect of beam smoothing and pulse shape on imprinting. (Imprinting is defined as the imposition of pressure perturbations on the target by spatial variations in the laser intensity.) A principal result is the observation of reduced levels of imprint with the higher beam smoothing afforded by 1-THz smoothing by spectral dispersion (SSD). Additional highlights of research presented in this issue are: (1) P. W. McKenty, V. N. Goncharov, R. P. J. Town, S. Skupsky, R. Betti, and R. L. McCrory describe calculations of directly driven ignition capsule performance on the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The authors detail how the various contributors to implosion disruption (laser imprint, power imbalance, and target roughness) affect target performance and final gain. The conclusions are obtained by examining the simulated target evolution with the two-dimensional hydrodynamics computer code ORCHID. (2) D. D. Meyerhofer, J. A. Delettrez, R. Epstein, V. Yu. Glebov, V. N. Goncharov, R. L. Keck, R. L. McCrory, P. W. McKenty, F. J. Marshall, P. B. Radha, S. P. Regan, S. Roberts, W. Seka, S. Skupsky, V. A. Smalyuk, C. Sorce, C. Stoeckl, J. M. Soures, R. P. J. Town, B. Yaakobi, J. D. Zuegel, J. Frenje, C. K. L1,R. D. Petrasso, F. Seguin, K. Fletcher, S. Padalino, C. Freeman, N. Izumi, R. Lerche, T. W. Phillips, and T. C. Sangster describe the results of a series of direct-drive implosions of gas-fusion-fuel-filled plastic shells performed on the OMEGA laser system. The experiments include those performed with 1-THZ SSD and high-quality power balance. (3) V. Yu. Glebov, D. D. Meyerhofer, C. Stoeckl, and J. D. Zuegel describe the technique of measuring secondary neutron yield (DT neutron yield from D

Bundling of harvesting residues and whole-trees and the treatment of bundles; Hakkuutaehteiden ja kokopuiden niputus ja nippujen kaesittely

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kaipainen, H; Seppaenen, V; Rinne, S

1997-12-31

The conditions on which the bundling of the harvesting residues from spruce regeneration fellings would become profitable were studied. The calculations showed that one of the most important features was sufficient compaction of the bundle, so that the portion of the wood in the unit volume of the bundle has to be more than 40 %. The tests showed that the timber grab loader of farm tractor was insufficient for production of dense bundles. The feeding and compression device of the prototype bundler was constructed in the research and with this device the required density was obtained.The rate of compaction of the dry spruce felling residues was about 40 % and that of the fresh residues was more than 50 %. The comparison between the bundles showed that the calorific value of the fresh bundle per unit volume was nearly 30 % higher than that of the dry bundle. This means that the treatment of the bundles should be done of fresh felling residues. Drying of the bundles succeeded well, and the crushing and chipping tests showed that the processing of the bundles at the plant is possible. The treatability of the bundles was also excellent. By using the prototype, developed in the research, it was possible to produce a bundle of the fresh spruce harvesting residues, the diameter of which was about 50 cm and the length about 3 m, and the rate of compaction over 50 %. By these values the reduction target of the costs is obtainable

Bundling of harvesting residues and whole-trees and the treatment of bundles; Hakkuutaehteiden ja kokopuiden niputus ja nippujen kaesittely

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kaipainen, H.; Seppaenen, V.; Rinne, S.

1996-12-31

The conditions on which the bundling of the harvesting residues from spruce regeneration fellings would become profitable were studied. The calculations showed that one of the most important features was sufficient compaction of the bundle, so that the portion of the wood in the unit volume of the bundle has to be more than 40 %. The tests showed that the timber grab loader of farm tractor was insufficient for production of dense bundles. The feeding and compression device of the prototype bundler was constructed in the research and with this device the required density was obtained.The rate of compaction of the dry spruce felling residues was about 40 % and that of the fresh residues was more than 50 %. The comparison between the bundles showed that the calorific value of the fresh bundle per unit volume was nearly 30 % higher than that of the dry bundle. This means that the treatment of the bundles should be done of fresh felling residues. Drying of the bundles succeeded well, and the crushing and chipping tests showed that the processing of the bundles at the plant is possible. The treatability of the bundles was also excellent. By using the prototype, developed in the research, it was possible to produce a bundle of the fresh spruce harvesting residues, the diameter of which was about 50 cm and the length about 3 m, and the rate of compaction over 50 %. By these values the reduction target of the costs is obtainable

LLE Review Quarterly Report (October-December 2001). Volume 89

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Donaldson, William R. [Univ. of Rochester, NY (United States). Lab. for Laser Energetics

2001-12-01

This volume of the LLE Review, covering October-December 2001, features “Time-Integrated Light Images of OMEGA Implosions” by P. Morley and W. Seka (p. 1). E. Kowaluk initiated this project for aesthetic rather than scientific reasons when he began taking visible light photographs of imploding OMEGA targets. These beautiful images are used to communicate LLE’s mission to the general public. A closer examination of the images revealed a one-to-one correspondence between the bright spots in the image and each of the 60 laser beams. The intensity of the bright spots has been related to refraction and absorption in the plasma surrounding the imploding target. These photographs are now proving to be the basis of a new laser-plasma interaction diagnostic. Other articles in this volume are titled the following: Analytical Model of Nonlinear, Single-Mode, Classical Rayleigh-Taylor Instability at Arbitrary Atwood Numbers; A High-Pass Phase Plate Design for OMEGA and the NIF; Advanced Tritium Recovery System; Establishing Links Between Single Gold Nanoparticles Buried Inside SiO₂ Thin Film and 351-nm Pulsed-Laser-Damage Morphology; Resistive Switching Dynamics in Current-Biased Y-Ba-Cu-O Microbridges Excited by Nanosecond Electrical Pulses; and, Properties of Amorphous Carbon Films.

Development of a machine combination for harvesting of small wood first thinnings; Yhdistelmaekoneen kehittaeminen pienpuun korjuuseen sekae ensi- harvennukseen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nevalainen, P [Outokummun Metalli Oy, Outokumpu (Finland)

1997-12-01

The aim of the project is to build combined machine for the harvesting of the first thinning, which makes both harvesting and forwarding. Original purpose has been extended to concern also the harvesting head itself, which is connected to the base machine and which is able to perform cutting, delimbing and transportation. This method is only meant to be used to harvest energy wood. It should be developed the crown cutting method for this device. The basic idea of this harvesting head is usable, but technical solutions of functions should be reconstructed. The `guillotine-cutting` is usable. The diameter of cut stem should be 250-300 mm. In the future we will try to develop a device, which is able to make also delimbing if needed. This head is proper for first thinning harvesting. (orig.)

Systems Engineering Knowledge Asset (SEKA) Management for Higher Performing Engineering Teams: People, Process and Technology toward Effective Knowledge-Workers

Science.gov (United States)

Shelby, Kenneth R., Jr.

2013-01-01

Systems engineering teams' value-creation for enterprises is slower than possible due to inefficiencies in communication, learning, common knowledge collaboration and leadership conduct. This dissertation outlines the surrounding people, process and technology dimensions for higher performing engineering teams. It describes a true experiment…

Development of a machine combination for harvesting of small wood and first thinnings; Yhdistelmaekoneen kehittaeminen pienpuun korjuuseen sekae ensiharvennukseen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nevalainen, P; Kinnunen, K [Outokummun Metalli Oy, Outokumpu (Finland)

1997-12-31

The objective of the research was to develop a machine combination for harvesting of small wood, which carries out both the harvesting and forest haulage. The development was started in September 1995. The first prototype of the machine is ready. A Lokomo 910 forest tractor was acquired for the tests. The prototype has been mounted on the tractor, and the tests have been started in the beginning of March 1996. The reconstruction of the device will be made after the tests, as well as the description of different working praxis. Time consumption study and the analysis of it will be made after the equipment tests. The device consists of a grapple equipped with a guillotine cutting device mounted on the tractor. The actual felling is made stem by stem in the test phase. The stem can be forwarded directly into the load or it can be left aside, and new stems can be brought beside it and then all the stems can be taken together into load. The harvested stems can be processed easiest during the forwarding in the upward position, and they will be `felled` into the load space. Hence the space requirement is small so the damaging of the remaining trees can be minimized. The logging road is made driving backwards by felling the trees from the road to the sides of the road and by collecting the stems into load space while returning. The harvested stems will be transported undelimbed to the storage site there they can be processed with multi-function machine or chipped, after the thinning has been completed. The cutting device can be turned aside when using the loading grapple so the operation is similar to operation of an ordinary timber loader

Development of a machine combination for harvesting of small wood and first thinnings; Yhdistelmaekoneen kehittaeminen pienpuun korjuuseen sekae ensiharvennukseen

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nevalainen, P.; Kinnunen, K. [Outokummun Metalli Oy, Outokumpu (Finland)

1996-12-31

The objective of the research was to develop a machine combination for harvesting of small wood, which carries out both the harvesting and forest haulage. The development was started in September 1995. The first prototype of the machine is ready. A Lokomo 910 forest tractor was acquired for the tests. The prototype has been mounted on the tractor, and the tests have been started in the beginning of March 1996. The reconstruction of the device will be made after the tests, as well as the description of different working praxis. Time consumption study and the analysis of it will be made after the equipment tests. The device consists of a grapple equipped with a guillotine cutting device mounted on the tractor. The actual felling is made stem by stem in the test phase. The stem can be forwarded directly into the load or it can be left aside, and new stems can be brought beside it and then all the stems can be taken together into load. The harvested stems can be processed easiest during the forwarding in the upward position, and they will be `felled` into the load space. Hence the space requirement is small so the damaging of the remaining trees can be minimized. The logging road is made driving backwards by felling the trees from the road to the sides of the road and by collecting the stems into load space while returning. The harvested stems will be transported undelimbed to the storage site there they can be processed with multi-function machine or chipped, after the thinning has been completed. The cutting device can be turned aside when using the loading grapple so the operation is similar to operation of an ordinary timber loader

Gaseous emissions in pressurised fluidised-bed combustion. Analysis and summary of the pilot experiments; Kaasumaiset paeaestoet paineistetussa leijukerrospoltossa. Koetulosten kaesittely ja yhteenveto

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Korpela, T.; Hippinen, I.; Konkola, M. [Helsinki Univ. of Technology, Espoo (Finland)

1996-12-01

The influence of operating conditions on gaseous emissions in pressurised fluidised-bed combustion have been studied. The research objectives have been behaviour of sulphur absorbents and reduction of sulphur dioxide emissions, reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions, release of vapour-phase alkalimetals and carbon monoxide emissions. The sulphur capture capacities of calcium-based sorbents under PFBC conditions have been studied at a pressurised fluidised-bed reactor and at a pressurised thermogravimetric apparatus. The project has also connected results of the experimental PFBC at HUT/EVO. (author)

RE-UTILIZATION OF INORGANIC SOLID WASTE (LIME MUD AS FOREST ROAD STABILIZER FROM THE CHEMICAL RECOVERY PROCESS IN KRAFT PULP MILL

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Habip Eroğlu

2005-04-01

Full Text Available Waste handling is a concern in all pulp and paper mills. Best available techniques for reducing waste is to minimize the generation of solid waste and/or reuse these materials, wherever practicable. One of the most important solid wastes is lime mud which is generated from the kraft pulping in its chemical recovery process. This paper explores the composition of lime mud resulting from the chemical recovery unite of kraft pulp mill and investigation of this waste for re-using beneficially on sub grade and pavement of forest road as a alternative disposal method. Lime mud obtained from the re-causticising process in SEKA pulp mill that utilizes wheat straw and reed as the principal raw material was supplied with % 47 water content and its chemical and physical characterisations was performed according to standard methods. Dried waste to environmental condition was mixed with certain amount to composite cement for using on pavement and sandy clay, loamy clay and clay soils for enriching forest road sub grade properties. In order to investigate the lime mud addition on pavement and sub grade properties necessary physical tests were performed. As a consequence this study reveals that while waste of lime mud causes environmental and economical problem with conventional disposal techniques and/or abandoning to environment, this waste can be used as good stabilisation materials on forest road sub-grade and pavement without any environmental problem.

LLE Review Quarterly Report October - December 2011. Volume 129

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Shvydky, Alex [Univ. of Rochester, NY (United States). Lab. for Laser Energetics

2011-12-01

This volume of LLE Review, covering October–December 2011, features “Crossed-Beam Energy Transfer in Direct-Drive Implosions” by I. V. Igumenshchev, W. Seka, D. H. Edgell, D. T. Michel, D. H. Froula, R. S. Craxton, R. Follett, J. H. Kelly, T. Z. Kosc, J. F. Myatt, T. C. Sangster, A. Shvydky, S. Skupsky, and C. Stoeckl (LLE); V. N. Goncharov and A. V. Maximov (LLE and Department of Mechanical Engineering, U. of Rochester); L. Divol and P. Michel (LLNL); and R. L. McCrory and D. D. Meyerhofer (LLE and Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Physics, U. of Rochester). In this article (p. 1), direct-drive–implosion experiments on the OMEGA laser [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1995)] have shown discrepancies between simulations of the scattered (non-absorbed) light levels and measured ones that indicates the presence of a mechanism that reduces laser coupling efficiency by 10% to 20%. The authors attribute this degradation in laser coupling to crossed-beam energy transfer (CBET)— which is electromagnetically seeded—low-gain stimulated Brillouin scattering. CBET scatters energy from the central portion of the incoming light beam to outgoing light, reducing the laser absorption and hydrodynamic efficiency of implosions. One-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations including CBET show good agreement with all observables in implosion experiments on OMEGA. Three strategies to mitigate CBET and improve laser coupling are considered: the use of narrow beams, multicolor lasers, and higher-Z ablators. Experiments on OMEGA using narrow beams have demonstrated improvements in implosion performance.

Oil spill waste treatment after a ship accident from the point of view of the Kymenlaakso region; Oeljyvahinkojaetteiden kaesittely alusonnettomuuden jaelkeen Kymenlaakson alueen naekoekulmasta

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hupponen, M.; Tanskanen, A.-L.; Luoranen, M.; Horttanainen, M.

2007-07-01

The aim of the study was to ascertain the treatment methods, disposal possibilities and capacities from the point of view of the Kymenlaakso region for oily waste that is collected from the shoreline after a large oil ship accident in the Gulf of Finland. The aim was to establish where the waste could be handled and how the oil spill waste could be processed during intermediate storage to make cleaning and disposal more effective. The focus of the study was on both solid oily waste from the shoreline and oily sea water. The beginning of the study focuses on waste disposal responsibility, i.e. whose responsibility the oily waste from a ship accident is. The principles of the technically suitable treatment methods of oil spill waste and limitations of the methods in handling the waste are presented briefly in the study. The volume of waste and the treatment methods applied in previous oil ship accidents that have influenced Finland or happened in the world are also mentioned in the study. The study introduces companies in the Kymenlaakso region, Ekokem Oy Ab in Riihimaeki and mobile treatment plants' possibilities to treat oily waste. Companies that are able to treat oily seawater are also introduced in the study from the point of view of the Kymenlaakso region. The information was collected by telephone and email from the companies' employees in the year 2007. In the Kymenlaakso region, approximately 10 000 t of oily organic matter and crushable equipment used in cleaning can be burned mixed with normal solid fuel in the fluidized bed furnaces of regional power plants annually. Approximately 1 200 t of homogenized oily organic matter can be burned annually in the rotary kiln of a Leca factory. The region's burning capacity will increase when the municipal solid waste incineration plant that was under construction during the study is ready and the waste can be burned on its grate. Soils polluted with vaporizable compounds can be treated with soil vapour extraction if the compounds have not already evaporated at sea. Especially oily soils with low oil contents (oil content approximately below 1-2%) can be treated by stabilization with bitumen, windrow composting or washing with a mobile washing system. Mobile treatment plants can be transported to Kymenlaakso also from outside the region. Mobile thermal desorption plants have been designed for primary treatment of polluted soils, but also other waste with a small particle size (below 5-10 cm) can be treated simultaneously. The estimated capacity of the mobile desorption plant of Savaterra Oy is 100 000 t/a. Niska and Nyyssoenen Oy also has a mobile thermal desorption plant. The estimated capacity of the mobile washing system of Doranova Oy is 30 000-50 000 t/a for oily soils. The incineration plant of Ekokem Oy Ab in Riihimaeki was also taken into the study. The estimated capacity of the plant is 40 000 t/a especially for oily organic matters, equipment and animal remains. The rotary kilns of the hazardous waste treatment plant of Ekokem Oy Ab in Riihimaeki can treat approximately 80 000-100 000 t/a of oily soils i.e. solid waste with a particle size approximately below 10 cm, and 20 000 t/a of liquid oily waste. The end of the study also presents companies that are suitable for treating oily seawater and discusses the limitations of companies in handling such waste. The estimated capacity of those companies often becomes clear only when an accident occurs. All of the estimated capacities are influenced significantly by the composition of the waste. Finally, the study introduces a preliminary plan of action to process oil spill waste. The plan includes schemes for different waste fractions. The schemes present for example technically suitable treatment methods for different waste compositions and the companies that use those treatment methods. When an oil ship accident takes place, suitable companies must be contacted and capacities vacant at that time must be determined. The study also introduces elements that effect treatment costs and estimated future transportation costs. The results can be applied especially in the Kymenlaakso region. Information about the treatment methods and the limitations of the methods can be utilised at a national level. (orig.)

Round-year treatment of runoff from peat extraction areas. Final report of the TuKos project; Turvetuotannon valumavesien ympaerivuotinen kaesittely. TuKos-hankkeen loppuraportti

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Postila, H.; Heikkinen, K.; Saukkoriipi, J.; Karjalainen, S.M.; Kuoppala, M.; Haerkoenen, J.; Visuri, M.; Ihme, R.; Kloeve, B.

2011-12-15

The aim of the study was to develop new water pollution control methods for treating the runoff from peat extraction areas in ditched peatlands. The aim of the project was to discover important constructional and biogeochemical parameters to develop effective treatment wetlands to ditched peatlands. In addition, different sorption materials were tested to improve phosphorus retention of studied wetlands. Pumping and water distribution constructions were also studied for the round-year treatment of runoff from peat extraction areas. The study included six drained wetlands, which were examined for e.g. the hydraulic properties of peat, vegetation, peat thickness, the degree of humification of peat and the mineral soil content of peat. The wetlands were also monitored for their capability to remove e.g. nutrients, iron and suspended solids from the runoff and input and output water volume. In addition five other drained wetlands were examined for e.g. vegetation, the mineral soil contents of peat and monitored for their capability to remove e.g. nutrients. Dimensioning and planning instructions for constructed wetlands on ditched peatlands were then suggested based on the results. The efficiencies of different sorption materials were tested in laboratory by batch and column tests. Potential sorption materials were found during the laboratory work. Their suitability for the field use should however be tested in wetland scale. Also 21 round-year treatment wetlands from Northern and Western Finland were studied. Some of the studied wetlands purified runoff from peat extraction areas also in wintertime, some however leached e.g. dissolved organic matter (DOM), phosphorus, nitrogen and iron. (orig.)

Production of field biomass on the fields and mires and its utilization in energy production; Biomassan tuotanto pelloilla ja soilla sekae kaeyttoe energiantuotantoon

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mela, T.; Hoemmoe, L.; Suokangas, A. [Agricultural Research Centre, Helsinki (Finland)

1997-12-01

The research will be carried out as five sub-projects. The first sub-project `Breeding of reed canary grass and it`s nutrient balance` is concentrated in the development of new reed canary grass cultivars as well as new fertilization practices for non food production. In sub-project no. 2 `Cultivation of reed canary grass at the mire and the drying of peat production area` the evaporation potential of reed canary grass in connection with the drying of peat production area as well as the use of reed canary grass in purifying the runoff coming from the peat production areas was studied. In sub-project no. 3 `Development of a new efficient harvesting method and technology for straw biomass` various harvesting-transport chains based on different balers and choppers as well as economics of these chains were studied. The economics of the production-utilization chains were studied under the sub-project no. 4 `The economics of-reed canary grass and straw production- harvesting-transport-chains and their availability for bioenergy production`. The availability of reed canary grass and straw for energy production was studied by determining the amount of potential production area near the power plants capable of biomass combustion. In the sub-project no. 5 `Fuel and combustion properties of reed canary grass` the combustion quality of spring harvested reed canary grass turned out to be much better than the quality of autumn harvested grass. The full scale combustion experiments with efficiency and emission determinations were carried out at Kiuruvesi using the mixture of reed canary grass and wood chips (and bark) as a fuel

Production of biomass on the fields and mires, and utilisation of it for energy production; Biomassan tuotanto pelloilla ja soilla sekae kaeyttoe energiantuotantoon

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Mela, T.; Hoemmoe, L.; Partala, A. [Agricultural Research Center, Jokioinen (Finland)] [and others

1996-12-31

The research will be carried out as five sub-projects. The first sub-project `Production and breeding of reed canary grass` the biomass production of the reed canary grass will be studied. The breeding material consists of 101 populations collected from various parts of the country in summer 1993, breeder`s lines obtained from Svaloef-Weibull Ab from Sweden (13 populations), and 7 reed canary grass species. A breeding field for reed canary grass was founded in summer 1994. The field was supplemented in the summer 1995. The first selection of the breeding material was made in 1995. The volume of the seed harvest, the germination capacity and development were studied with harvesting time study. Five different plantations were made for the nutrient cycling and nutrient balance of the reed canary grass at Jokioinen in the summer 1995. Two liming and nitrogen-fertilization test areas were made in Northern Ostrobothnia in 1994. The evaporation potential of reed canary grass was studied in connection with drying of a peat production field was studied in the sub-project no. 2, `Cultivation of energy plants at the mire, and the drying of peat production area`, during the summer 1995, and the biomass production using greenhouse-plantations founded in 1994. The plantations evaporated from carex peat bases during the inspection season depending on fertilization 171-450 mm of water, and from the Sphagnum peat base 105-160 mm of water. Average daily evaporations from Carex peat bases were 2.6 - 6.8 mm and from Sphagnum peat bases 1.6 - 2.4 mm

Productivity of semi-domesticated reindeer in Finland

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Ilpo Kojola

1991-10-01

Full Text Available In spite of a twofold increase in the density of reindeer in Finland from 1974 to 1987, meat production per reindeer increased during this period. This was possible due to calf harvesting and supplemental feeding. Results from multiple regression models indicated that calf harvesting influenced both per unit area and per capita production more than supplemental feeding. Correlation between meat production and animal density decreased with increased supplemental feeding. Traditionally, southern and central herds of reindeer fed mainly on arboreal lichens in late winter; however, due to large-scale logging, woodlands rich of arboreal lichens had been greatly reduced. Economic carrying capacity of the winter range apparently has been exceeded in the south; a heavy crash in the number of reindeer is likely if supplemental feeding ceases. In northern herds, intensive calf harvesting enabled satisfactory yield without supplemental feeding. In northern herds, yield increased mainly per unit area (i.e. by increases in herd size; in the south yield per reindeer increased.Lithantuotantoon vaikuttavat tekijat Suomen poron-hoidossa.Abstract in Finnish / Tiivistelmd: Huolimatta Suomessa vuosien 1974 ja 1987 valilla tapahtuneesta porotiheyden kaksinkertaistumisesta, lihantuotto poroa kohti kasvoi jakson aikana. Tama johtui oletettavasti vasateurastuksesta ja lisaruokinnasta. Monimu-uttujaregressiomallien tulosten perusteella vasateurastuksella nayttaisi olevan lisaruokintaa suurempi vaikutus seka poroa etta pinta-alaa kohti laskettuun tuottoon. Ruokinnan tehostuessa pienentyi lihantuoton ja porotiheyden valinen riippuvuus. Etelaosan ja keskiosan porot syovat perinteisesti puussa kasvavia jakalia kevattalvella. Hakkuista johtuen luppometsien osuus on suuresti vahentynyt. Talvilaidunten ekonomien kantokyky on ilmeisesti ylitetty etela- ja keski-osassa; syva romahdus poromaarissa on todennakoista, jos ruokinta lopetettaisiin. Pohjoisosassa voima-perainen vasate

New black liquor combustion characteristics III; Mustalipeaen uudet poltto-ominaisuudet III

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Hupa, M.; Forssen, M.; Backman, R.; Enestam, S.; Lauren, T.; Skrifvars, B.J. [Aabo Akademi, Turku (Finland). Combustion Chemistry Research Group

1997-10-01

The main purposes in this work is to: 1. Compare black liquor combustion characterization results to recovery boiler experiences. 2. Study the mechanisms of sodium release in black liquor combustion In the first part results from black liquor combustion characterization tests developed by Aabo Akademi University will be compared to experiences at four Finnish kraft recovery boilers. When comparing the laboratory data to the compiled field data emphasis will be put on the behavior of the black liquor during burning, the release of sodium and potassium, the melting behavior of the deposits and the NO and SO{sub 2} emissions. The main purpose in the second part of the work is to study the release mechanisms of sodium from black liquor char during combustion. Sodium is mainly released from the char by the mechanism where the molten sodiumcarbonate reacts with the char carbon. The study is divided into four subtasks and is performed mainly by conducting experiments in laboratory scale devices: (1) Sodium release during char reactions is studied for different liquors by analyzing the amount of sodium remaining in char after different holding times in a hot inert atmosphere. (2) A DTA/TGA apparatus is used to study in isothermal conditions the char reactions on prepyrolyzed char. (3) The effect of the form of sodium on the sodium release during char reactions. Black liquors added with different sodium salts (Na{sub 2}CO{sub 3}, Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4}, Na{sub 2}S{sub 2}O{sub 2}, Na{sub 2}S sekae NaCl) are used in experiments as in subtask 1. (4) Sodium release during combustion (2-5 % O{sub 2}) of single black liquor particles

CO{sub 2} emissions trading. A study on the conditions and necessities for starting national emissions trading; CO{sub 2} -paeaestoekauppa. Selvitys kansallisen paeaestoekaupan kaeyttoeoenoton edellytyksistae sekae siinae huomioitavista seikoista

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Maeaettae, K.

2000-02-01

This study analyses the applicability of emissions trading as a means of steering climate policy. Attention is paid to limiting carbon dioxide emissions in particular at national level. The model used in the implementation of national CO{sub 2} emissions trading are the emissions trading schemes applied in the United States, especially the trading in sulphur dioxide allowances, included in their Acid Rain Programme. All schemes applied until now are studied in order to specify what kinds of hindrances there could be to the well-functioning of emissions trading and also to map out what kinds of institutional innovations have been developed in practice to improve emissions trading. This study excludes the joint implementation procedure and the clean development mechanism. In fact, international control related to climate policy has been left to minor attention in other respects, too. In addition to the subjects mentioned above, this study also describes the terminological and legal framework within which emissions trading is to be practised. In this connection, it has been considered necessary to deal with technical legislative details, since, as it has been stated in relation to emissions trading, 'the devil is likely to be in details'. Thus this study discusses, among others, issues pertaining to the construing of. the criterion for an emission quota, i.e. what is actually traded in emissions trading, how the emission quotas and rights can be used (e.g. the emission deposit and emission derivatives), what kinds of provisions should be laid down on eligibility to emissions trading or on who can participate in emissions trading, what should be the validity period of an emission right, what would be the most appropriate way to organise the administrative control of emissions trading, and what kinds of sanctions should be laid down for infringements related to emissions trading. This study has been carried out by examining mainly U.S. literature on this subject and by making avail of the interviews of representatives of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and of the material obtained from them. This study has been completed in spring 1998. (orig.)

Application of the MASSAHAKE-method for birch whole tree chips and for the production of raw material for mechanical pulp production; MASSAHAKE-menetelmaen soveltaminen koivulle sekae mekaanisen massan raaka-ainetuotantoon

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ahonen, M; Seppaenen, V; Nikala, L

1997-12-31

The objectives of this project for the year 1995 were: (1) To develop the grinding process in order to decrease the wood losses in grinder, (2) To find the connection between the initial values in the process and the quality of the pulp chips, (3) To find out the behaviour of chips from mixed tree species in the MASSAHAKE process, (4) To find out the amount of knots in the pulp chips from the MASSAHAKE-process and (5) To find out the critical factors in big fuel stock made of the fuel fraction from the MASSAHAKE-process. The research with grinder was made with five different types of grinder plates. One of the blade sets was used as a reference where all the other sets were compared. In the second task a relationship between three most important initial values and the quality of pulp chips was determined. These values were: the feeding capacity of the whole tree chips to the process, the sensitivity of the optical sorter and the pixel size of bark to be removed in optical sorter. Based on the research and analysis results a linear model describing the process was made. In the third task the behaviour of mixed tree chips in the process was examined and also some full scale pulping experiments were done. Comparing the knot content of the pulp chips both from MASSAHAKE-process and normal pulp chip process a significant difference was noticed. The pulp chips from MASSAHAKE-system contained only 1/3 of the knots in normal de-barking+chipping pulp chip line. With decreased knot content a 1-3 % increase in digester capacity could be reached. Finally in fuel fraction storing research a significant dry material loss was determined

Application of the MASSAHAKE-method for birch whole tree chips and for the production of raw material for mechanical pulp production; MASSAHAKE-menetelmaen soveltaminen koivulle sekae mekaanisen massan raaka-ainetuotantoon

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ahonen, M.; Seppaenen, V.; Nikala, L.

1996-12-31

The objectives of this project for the year 1995 were: (1) To develop the grinding process in order to decrease the wood losses in grinder, (2) To find the connection between the initial values in the process and the quality of the pulp chips, (3) To find out the behaviour of chips from mixed tree species in the MASSAHAKE process, (4) To find out the amount of knots in the pulp chips from the MASSAHAKE-process and (5) To find out the critical factors in big fuel stock made of the fuel fraction from the MASSAHAKE-process. The research with grinder was made with five different types of grinder plates. One of the blade sets was used as a reference where all the other sets were compared. In the second task a relationship between three most important initial values and the quality of pulp chips was determined. These values were: the feeding capacity of the whole tree chips to the process, the sensitivity of the optical sorter and the pixel size of bark to be removed in optical sorter. Based on the research and analysis results a linear model describing the process was made. In the third task the behaviour of mixed tree chips in the process was examined and also some full scale pulping experiments were done. Comparing the knot content of the pulp chips both from MASSAHAKE-process and normal pulp chip process a significant difference was noticed. The pulp chips from MASSAHAKE-system contained only 1/3 of the knots in normal de-barking+chipping pulp chip line. With decreased knot content a 1-3 % increase in digester capacity could be reached. Finally in fuel fraction storing research a significant dry material loss was determined

Upscaling ecotourism in Kisumu city and its environs: Local community perspective Authors

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Patrick Odhiambo HAYOMBE

2013-07-01

Full Text Available Kenya’s quest to be among the top ten long-haul tourist destinations globally require strategic focus as envisaged in Kenya’s Vision 2030. Ecotourism is emerging as an alternative development path that can enhance environmental conservation, promote preservation of cultural heritage as well as provide an alternative source of sustainable livelihood. Alternative livelihood in ecotourism provides a sustainable development path for Kisumu City and its environs. However, sustainability in ecotourism transformation is a concern; that is how to motivate the local community to participate in this venture? This study discerns these significant sustainability factors as perceived by the local community. The objective of the study was to discern the local community’s perception on significant sustainability factors for ecotourism transformation. And the research questions: What is the local community’s perception on significant sustainability factors for ecotourism transformation? This research design used both qualitative and quantitative research. The qualitative research design focused on site specific analysis of ecotourism sites of Dunga (Kisumu, Miyandhe (Bondo and Seka (Kendu Bay. The quantitative research entailed data collection administered through questionnaire in eco-tourism outlets represented by 10 Beach Management Units (BMU selected through purposive sampling. Principal Component Analysis was used to discern the significant sustainability factors for ecotourism transformation. A total of 28 items converted into variables were subjected against 326 respondents in the PCA analysis. The results indicated a total of seven (7 significant sustainability factors: First factor was willingness to participate in ecotourism ventures; second Factor was upscale ecotourism initiatives in the neighborhood; third factor was women and youth empowerment; fourth factor was youth and women employment in the neighborhood; fifth Factor: Natural Artifact

Food waste prevention - effects on greenhouse gas emissions and costs for waste producers and actions to reduce waste volume; Elintarvikejaetteen synnyn ehkaeisy. Vaikutukset kasvihuonekaasupaeaestoeihin ja jaetteen tuottajan kohtaamiin kustannuksiin sekae keinoja maeaeraen vaehentaemiseen

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Teerioja, N.; Anderson, R. [HSY, Helsinki (Finland); Heino, E.; Rasi, S. [MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Jokioinen (Finland)

2012-07-01

Wasted food causes a lot of environmental effects during its life cycle. These effects are unnecessary if the generated waste could have been avoided. In addition, the wasted food causes redundant costs for the waste producers. The objective of this study is to assess, on the basis of existing studies, how much it is possible to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and costs for waste producers in the HSY area by means of food waste prevention. The waste producers considered in this study are households, public sector, retail and other private sector. Additionally, concrete measures to prevent bio-waste are studied. The impacts of food waste prevention are assessed by defining the CO{sub 2}-eq- emissions per one food waste kilogram in three different life cycle phases: the early phase (from primary production to retail), the usage phase (from retail to the end user's waste bin) and waste treatment. The costs that waste producers face include purchase costs, usage phase costs (e.g. cooking and storing) and waste fees. Moreover, the total effects of food waste prevention are analyzed in a case study which includes two different cases in the year 2020: the base case and the prevention case. In the base case, the food waste volume is growing, among other things, concurrently with the population, while in the prevention case the food and bio-waste prevention is improved in such a way that the amount of food waste is 30% lower than in 2009. According to the results, one kg of food waste causes 2.9- 5.2 kg CO{sub 2}-eq- emissions during its life cycle depending on the sector. The variation results mainly from different waste compositions in the different sectors. The majority of the emissions are generated during the early phase of the life cycle. Correspondingly, one kg of food waste causes a cost of euro 3.60-8.90 for the waste producer depending on the sector. On average, two thirds of the costs result from purchases, but there is a great deal of variation between the waste producers. According to the results of the case study, there will be 68 000 tonnes less food waste generated in the prevention case than in the base case in 2020: 32 500 tonnes less in households, 8 500 in public sector, 18 000 in retail and 9 000 in other private sector. There will also be 300 000 tonnes less CO{sub 2}-eq- emissions in 2020 due to food waste prevention, which on average corresponds to an annual reduction of approximately 27 000 t CO{sub 2}-eq. In addition, the waste producers save almost euro 400 million in 2020, expressed in real value year 2010. In conclusion, food waste prevention decreases global warming and saves money for the waste producers. Achieving the target of the prevention case, however, requires concrete actions from the society and waste producers themselves. (orig.)

Review of psychological consequences of nuclear accidents and empirical study on peoples reactions to radiation protection activities in an imagined situation.; Katsaus ydinonnettomuuksien psykologisiin seurauksiin sekae empiirinen tutkimus saeteilysuojelutoimenpiteiden vaikutuksista kaeyttaeytymiseen kuvitteelisessa tilanteessa

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Haukkala, A; Eraenen, L [Helsinki Univ. (Finland). Dept. of Social Psychology

1994-10-01

The report consist of two parts: a review of studies on psychological consequences of nuclear and radiation accidents in population and an empirical study of peoples reactions to protection actions in an event of hypothetical accident. Review is based on research results from two nuclear reactor accidents (Three Mile Island 1979, Chernobyl 1986) and a radiation accident in Goiania, Brazil 1987. (53 refs, 2 figs.,7 tabs.).

Combustion control and model based optimization. Modeling of combustion process and development of supporting control systems for plant operation; Palamisprosessin saeaetoe ja mallipohjainen optimointi; Voimalaitoksen polttoprosessin mallitus ja saeaetoe sekae operoinnin tukiohjelmien kehitys ja testaus

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kortela, U.; Mononen, J.; Leppaekoski, K.; Hiltunen, J.; Jouppila, M.; Karppinen, R. [Oulu Univ. (Finland). Systems Engineering Lab.

1997-10-01

The aims of the project are to develop the combustion control strategies and to minimize the flue gas emissions. The common goal of the studies has been the reduction of flue gas emissions by using advanced control and optimization methods. The behaviour of different kind of boilers and fuels has been modelled using experimental data from fullscale plants, such as a 42 MW bubbling fluidized bed boiler, 23 MW bubbling fluidized bed boiler and a 300 MW circulating fluidized bed boiler. Many of the individual observations and modelled correlations between control variables and flue gas emissions have lead to operation instructions and/or re-organized control schemes which help to control total emissions. The most part of this knowledge can be formed to the standard IF- THEN - type rules which contain some uncertainty or fuzziness. Rule-based instruction system for the reduction of flue gas emissions is under work. (orig.)

Afrikaner Christianity and the concept of empire

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Erna Oliver

2010-03-01

Full Text Available Not many Protestant countries in the world have been as influenced by faith as South Africa. Although South Africa was never officially a Christian country, politics, economic development, social life and the culture of the �rainbow nation� was either moulded on, or influenced by, the Calvinistic Christianity that came to the country along with the European merchants. The privileged position of Christianity ended in 1994 when South Africa became a neutral state with guaranteed religious freedom for all. Although more than 80 per cent of the population claim that they are Christians, it seems as if the word is not meant any more as a religion with a value system and moral obligations, but only as a convenient label. The reason behind the contrast between theory and practice must be investigated. One possible reason could be found in the traditional Afrikaans-speaking churches� participation of, and contribution to, the �empire� concept. The responsibility of the individual to practise his or her faith was taken over by the power of the state and church.Bokriste bja Maafrikanere le kgopolo ya mmu�o wo maatlaGa se dinaga t�e nt�i t�a Protestante mo lefaseng t�e di huedit�wego ke tumelo go swana le ka fao naga ya Afrika-Borwa e huedit�wego ke tumelo ka gona. Le ge Afrika-Borwa e sa ka ya ba naga ya Sekriste semmu�o, dipolitiki, tlhabollo ya t�a ekonomi, bophelo bja leago le set�o sa �set�haba sa molalatladi�, se ka ba se bopegile godimo ga, goba se huedit�we ke Bokriste bja Secalvine bjo bo tlilego le bagwebi ba Yuropa. Maemo a go phagama ao a bego a filwe tumelo ya Sekriste a fedile ka ngwaga wa 1994 ge Afrika-Borwa e eba naga ya kemelathoko ya go fa bohle tokologo ya bodumedi. Le ge diphesente t�a go feta 80 t�a set�haba di ipit�a Bakriste, go bonala nke lent�u leo ga le sa �omi�wa go hlalo�a tumelo ye e nago le meetlo le maitshwaro a it�eng a setho, eup�a le no �omi�wa e le seka sa go

LLE Review 114 (January-March 2008)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Zuegel, J.D.

2008-01-01

This volume of the LLE Review, covering January-March 2008, features 'Cryogenic Targets: Current Status and Future Development', by D. R. Harding, D. H. Edgell, M. D. Wittman, L. M. Elasky, S. J. Verbridge, A. J. Weaver, L. D. Lund, W. Seka, W. T. Shmayda, R. T. Janezic, M. J. Shoup III, M. Moore, R. Junquist, and A. V. Okishev. In this article (p. 57), the authors report on the status of layering cryogenic DT and D 2 targets at LLE for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets. This critical effort achieves the important milestone of routinely providing cryogenic DT targets that meet the 1.0-(micro)m (rms) OMEGA ice-quality-surface specification. The best D 2 -ice layers produced so far (rms roughness of 1.1 (micro)m) are approaching the quality typically achieved in DT targets. Efforts to improve the consistency of this process are reported along with investigations supporting the National Ignition Campaign studying issues relevant to indirect-drive and direct-drive cryogenic targets. Additional highlights of recent research presented in this issue include the following: (1) an improved laser speckle smoothing scheme that augments the current NIF 1-D SSD system by using multiple-FM modulators (MultiFM 1-D SSD) (p. 73). With a judicious choice of modulator frequencies, MultiFM 1-D SSD smoothes resonances produced at the higher spatial frequencies and can attain similar or even faster smoothing rates compared to the baseline NIF 2-D SSD system. DRACO simulations have shown that MultiFM 1-D SSD beam smoothing is sufficient for the direct-drive-ignition targets and pulse shapes analyzed thus far, and may even allow reducing the bandwidth enough to eliminate the need for dual-tripler frequency conversion on the NIF. (2) describes a time-gated, monoenergetic proton radiography that provides unique measurements of implosion dynamics of spherical targets in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) (p. 81). Radiographs obtained at different implosion times, from

Seasonal changes in total body water; body composition and water turnover in reindeer

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Terje S. Larsen

1985-05-01

å bekostning av vanninnholdet. Omsetningen av vann var lav vinterstid (desember - april, varierende mellom 30.8 ± 5.2 og 43.6 ± 13.5 ml.d-1.kg-1, men økte nesten fire ganger i løpet av sommeren (juni - august til et maksimum på 117.7 ± 5.9 ml.d-1.kg-1 i august. Det ble funnet positive korrelasjoner mellom vannomsetning og forinntak og mellom vannomsetning og omgivelsestemperatur. Sistnevnte korrelasjon kan muligens skyldes en tilfeldig sammenheng mellom forinntak og omgivelsestemperatur.Vuodenaikaiset muutokset poron ruumiin kokonaisvesimååråsså, ruumiin koostumuksessa ja vesiaineenvaihdunnassa.Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Ruumiin kokonaisvesimaåråå ja vesiaineenvaihduntaa mitattiin eri vuodenaikoina 3 norjalaisella porolla kåyttåmållå apuna tritioitua vetta (Holleman et al. 1982. Ruumiin kokonaisvesimåarå (prosenttia ruumiinpainosta lisåantyi syksyllå ja talvella lokakuun 59.1±1.5%:sta 72.5±2.0%:i huhtikuussa. Kåyttåmållå Pacen ja Rathbunin (1945 ruumiin kokonaisrasvapitoisuude laskukaavaa (rasva % = 100 - vesi %/0.732 huomattiin tamån vesimåårån lisaåntymis johtuvan samanaikaisesta rasvapitoisuuden våhenemisesta. Rasvapitoisuus laski lokakuun maksimiarvosta 18.9±2.6% ruumiinpainosta huhtikuun minimiarvoon, joka oli 0.9±2.7% ruumiinpainosta. Kesållå rasvapitoisuus lisåantyi puolestaan vesipitoisuuden kustannuksella. Talvella jåkålåravinnolla (joulu-huhtikuussa veden kaytto vaihteli vålilla 30.8±5.2 ja 43.6±13.5 ml vrk-1kg-1 mutta se kohosi melkein nelinkertaisesti kesalla (keså-elokuussa maksimiarvoonsa 117.7+5.9 ml vrk-1 kg-1 elokuussa. Veden kåyton ja ravinnon oton seka veden kåyton jaympåriston lampotilan vålilla oli positiivinen korrelaatio. Viimeksi mainittu korrelaatio voi johtua våliaikaisesta riippuvuudesta ravinnonoton ja ympåriston låmpotilan vålillå.

Peran Tradisi Lisan Iko-Iko Berbasis Sastra Melayu dalam Penguatan Komunitas Etnis Bajo

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I Ketut Suardika

2016-12-01

�mencerminkan sastra Melayu, sehingga persebaran Etnis Bajo dengan sastra iko-iko ikut menyebarkan  Budaya Melayu ke Asia Tenggara, yang kelak menjaeli perekat  persatuan Nusantara  dan Asia Tenggara. Generasi muda Bajo seka­ rang  kurang tertarik  mewarisi iko-iko  yang memiliki  banyak  versi dan judul kisah, maka untuk. menjaga kelestariannya, perlu pendokumentasian dan transliterasi  untuk selanjutnya  eliterbitkan menjadi buku dan artikel ilmiah. Bajonese  is a malay culture  based community  which lives in group and spread  on many costal  and rural areas in Indonesia  and Southeast  Asia. They are known as sea people or Sea ethnic in West Malaysia  and Bajaunese in East Malaysia,  Brunei Darussalam and Philippine. Despite the naming difference; depending on where they live geographically, they have a common culture particularly  concerning  knowledge inheri­ tance  process,  values,  and skill  to preserve  the community    through  perpetuating oral  tradition  iko-iko, nauya, and pantun. Some studies found that the bajonese is originally from  Melaka strait and then scattered in various Malay archipelago  (Malaysia, Indonesia,  Brunai Darussalam  and Philippine   as a result of the arrival ofthe Portuguese imperialism in the year of the seizing ofMalacca 1511. As one the core communi­ ties in Melaka Kingdom, the Bajonese fought against the Portuguese Imperialism. Even after the kingdom were surrounded, they carried on fighting around the coastal areas. Settlement  patterns that are semi nomadic as traditional fishermen, resulting in a development of  original learning system. One of the teaching media used is iko-iko (heroism story. It is an endangered tradition as only elderly who are over 50 years old who can tell the stcries. Iko-iko literature tradition plays an important role to convey messages of moral and spirit of fighting which is narrated orally for generations. The story is about heroism which is sung during voyage and as

Fibre composition and enzyme activities in six muscles of the Swedish reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus

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K-H. Kiessling

1983-05-01

. sternocephalicus. Fiiberien identifioitiin kaytettiin kahta histokemiallista menetelmaa, ensimmainen perustui myosin ATPase aktiivisuuksiin preinkubaation jalkeen pH 4,3:ssa ja 4,6:ssa ja toinen oksidatiiviseen kapasiteettiin mitattuna NADH dehydrogenase aktiivisuutena. Nama kaksi menetelmaa antoivat hienoisen eron, mutta antaa aihetta yleiseen johtopaatokseen, etta niista kolmesta fiiberityypista (I, II A ja II B tyyppi II B fiiberit, jotka ovat nopeasti supistavia, glycolyyttisia, koostuvat suunnilleen 40 - 60 % (keskimaarin 50 % lihaksista. Tyyppi I fiiberit, jotka ovat hitaasti supistavia, oksidatiivisia, tekee 30 % lihaksen kokonaismaarasta niissa kahdessa niskalihaksessa, mutta vain 20 % tai vahemman muissa. Kolmas tyyppi, II A, joka on nopeasti supistava, oxidatiivinen, glycolyyttinen, tekee vain 20 % niskalihasten maarasta, mutta niin paljon kuin 40 % M. longissimus dorsi.sta. Oksidatiivinen kapasiteetti on lapeensa korkea. Tama patee myoskin kapasiteettiin oksidoida rasvahappoa, vaikkakin saavuttaa vain puolet aktiivisuudesta aikaisemmista loydoista Huippuvuorten poroissa (Kiessling ja Kiessling, 1983. Lactate dehydrogenase aktiivisuus on verrattain alhainen kaikissa lihaksissa. Korkea respiraatioketju aktiiviteetti ja rasvahappo oksidaatio seka alhainen lactate dehydrogenase aktiivisuudet eivat sovi laisinkaan hyvin yhteen korkea sisaltoisten tyyppi II B fiiberien kanssa lihaksissa. Tama korkea II B sisaltoinen on myoskin odottamaton huomioonottaen poron aktiivisuus kayttaytymisen. Aivan erilainen tehtava tyyppi II B fiibereille, traditionaaliseen verrattuna, on siksi keskusteltu.

Blood composition of the reindeer. I. Haematology

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Mauri Nieminen

1981-05-01

-51%, white blood cell count (6-10 x 109/l, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (3-21 mm/hour and serum iron (23-54 micromol/l of free-grazing adult hind were highest in summer and autumn and decreased during winter. The lowest means were measured for the starved hinds in early spring. High body weight and blood haematological values were measured for the hinds fed on silage and molasses in winter.Poron veri. I. HematologiaAbstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Puolivilli poro on marehtija, joka on hyvin sopeutunut pohjoisen ympariston suuriin vuodenaikaismuutoksiin. Koska poro on tarkea hyotyelain, jonka veren koostumuksesta tiedetaan ian, vuodenajan, vasonnan ja ravitsemustilan suhteen varsin vahin, tutkittiin tyossa 578 poron hematologiaa. Verinaytteet otettiin poron kaulalaskimosta 10 eri paliskunnassa vasamerkinnan yhteydessa kesalla ja syys- ja talvierotuksissa vuosina 1973-79. Vastasyntyneen vasan veren punasolumaara (8xl012/l hemoglobiinipitoisuus (108 g/1 punasolujen tilavuus osuus (35%, valkosolumaara (6x109/l ja seerumin rautapitoisuus (26 micromol/1 olivat alhaiset ja saavuttivat aikuiset tasonsa syksylla 5kk:n iassa(keskimaarin 11 x 1012/1, 182 g/1, 51%, 9x109/l, 44 micromol/1. Seeruminkokonaisbilirubiinipitoisuus pysyi suhteellisen vakiona ja Bi2-vitamiini korkeana syntyman jalkeen. Bilirubiinipitoisuus osoittaa suhteellisen vahaisti sikiokauden punasolujen hajoamista. Aikuisen vaatimen punasolun keskitilavuus (E-MVC oli 49 fl ja pyorean punasolun lapimitta 5.5 /xm ja paksuus 1.5 /j,m. Sirppisoluja ei havaittu. Punansolujen alkava hemolyysi vastasi 0.71% NaCl-liuosta ja taydellinen hemolyysi 0.37% NaCl-liuosta. Neutrofiilisten, eosiniofiilisten seka lymfosyyttien ja monosyyttien suhteelliset osuudet olivat 52, 5, 2, 42 ja 2%. Vaikka vasonta tapahtuu ilman nakyvaa verenvuotoa, kantavien vaadinten ruumiinpaino, punasolumaara, hemoglobiinipitoisuus, punasolujen tilavuusosuus ja seerumin rautapitoisuus laskivat imetyksen alkuvaiheessa ja syntynyt anemia johtui mahdollisesti

Structure and annual increase in a population of West Greenland caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus

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Henning Thing

1982-05-01

elainta kussakin. Useiden satojen elainten ryhmittymia nahdaan vain kesaaikana hyttyshairioiden yhteydessa. On selva vuosittaisrytmi keskiokokoisissa tokissa siten, etta niissa tapahtuu tasaista nousua keskitalvella 1,4 elainta tokkaa kohti saavuttaen huippupisteen vasomisajan jalkeen tuskin 25 elainta tokkaa kohti. Susien puute seka alueen huonojen loppuunkuluneiden ravintovarojen takia elaimilla kaikkina vuoden aikoina on hyvin pieni laumasuuruus muiden maiden peurakantaan verrattuna. Suunnilleen 50% kannasta on vuoneloja ja vuonelovaatimia (2 v +, kun taas 2-vuotiaita ja sita vanhempia uroksia on vain 10%. Uroksien osuus kannassa osoittaa selvaa vahennysta selektiivisen metsastyksen ja luonnollisen talvikuolleisuuden aiheuttamana. Kiima on heti elainten syysvaelluksen jalkeen sisamaan kesalaitumilta rannikkojen laheisia talvialueita kohti. Talvilaidunmaiden rajoitetuista ravintomahdollisuuksista huolimatta on vasominen runsaslukuista. Tama johtuu todennakoisesti erittain hyvista laidunmaista, joita loytyy alinomaa sisamaan alueella ennen vasomisaikaa ja koko kesakauden. Kesakuun vasomisessa kanta lisaantyy uusilla yksiloilla jopa 40%, mutta kahden ensimmaisen elinkuukauden jalkeen on vasojen lukumaara vahentynyt 17 - 18 %. Suuren taantumisen syyna on erikoisesti E. colibakteerien aiheuttama kulkutautimainen niveltulehdus. Vasojen kuolleisuus syyskuusta toukokuuhun on vain noin 2 - 3 %, siten etta vuoisittainen keskimaarainen lisays on n. 15%. Kun siihen otetaan muiden ikaluokkien keskimaaraisen kuolleisuuden ylaraja, tekee kannan lisays metsastyskauden alussa elokuussa ainoastaan 10%. Ensimmaisena elinvuotena on kuolleisuus samaa suuruutta (60% kuin useimmilla peurakannoilla muilla pohjoisilla alueilla (Kuv. 7. Kuitenkin Sisimiut-kannassa vasojen vahentyminen tapahtuu melkein yksinomaa kolmen ensimmaisen kuukauden kuluessa vasomisen jalkeen, kun taas vasakuolleisuus muissa peurakannoissa on tasaisemmin jakautunut kaikkien kahdentoista kuukauden osalle.