Debris flow cartography using differential GNSS and Theodolite measurements

Science.gov (United States)

Khazaradze, Giorgi; Guinau, Marta; Calvet, Jaume; Furdada, Gloria; Victoriano, Ane; Génova, Mar; Suriñach, Emma

2016-04-01

The presented results form part of a CHARMA project, which pursues a broad objective of reducing damage caused by uncontrolled mass movements, such as rockfalls, snow avalanches and debris flows. Ultimate goal of the project is to contribute towards the establishment of new scientific knowledge and tools that can help in the design and creation of early warning systems. Here we present the specific results that deal with the application of differential GNSS and classical geodetic (e.g. theodolite) methods for mapping debris and torrential flows. Specifically, we investigate the Portainé stream located in the Pallars Sobirà region of Catalonia (Spain), in the eastern Pyrenees. In the last decade more than ten debris-flow type phenomena have affected the region, causing considerable economic losses. Since early 2014, we have conducted several field campaigns within the study area, where we have employed a multi-disciplinary approach, consisting of geomorphological, dendro-chronological and geodetic methods, in order to map the river bed and reconstruct the history of the extreme flooding and debris flow events. Geodetic studies included several approaches, using the classical and satellite based methods. The former consisted of angle and distance measurements between the Geodolite 502 total station and the reflecting prisms placed on top of the control points located within the riverbed. These type of measurements are precise, although present several disadvantages such as the lack of absolute coordinates that makes the geo-referencing difficult, as well as a relatively time-consuming process that involves two persons. For this reason, we have also measured the same control points using the differential GNSS system, in order to evaluate the feasibility of replacing the total station measurements with the GNSS. The latter measuring method is fast and can be conducted by one person. However, the fact that the study area is within the riverbed, often below the trees

Measurements of movements of the Perua dam using classic and modern electronic instruments; Erforschung der Verschiebung des Staudammes vom Wasserkraftwerk Peruca mit den klassischen und modernen elektronischen Instrumenten

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bilajbegovic, A [Zagreb Univ. (Croatia). Geodaetische Fakultaet

1997-12-31

With the aim of investigating the moving of the power plant Peruca dam body, measurements with the classical precise theodolite WILD T3 as well as the modern electronic instruments, KERN E2 and WILD T2000S, were carried out in order to choose the most suitable instrumentaria. All three instruments were used in measuring with the same number of horizontal angle rounds; by using the statistical tests, a significant accuracy dependency on the used instrument type was established. The most accurate results were obtained by electronic theodolite Wild T2000S (estimated variance factor {sigma}=0.61), then by KERN E2 {sigma}=1.23, and finally by T3 {sigma}=1.68. Likewise, the use of the deformation analysis, i.e. global and local tests, the highest number of significant movements was established by measuring with the WILD T2000S electronic theodolite. The interior accuracy of straight line measurement of the electronic theodolite E2 was investigated in dependence with the number of horizontal angle rounds. Unfortunately, the war in this country is the reason that the planned measurements with the GPS devices have so far not been carried out. (orig.)

Measurements of movements of the Perua dam using classic and modern electronic instruments; Erforschung der Verschiebung des Staudammes vom Wasserkraftwerk Peruca mit den klassischen und modernen elektronischen Instrumenten

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bilajbegovic, A. [Zagreb Univ. (Croatia). Geodaetische Fakultaet

1996-12-31

With the aim of investigating the moving of the power plant Peruca dam body, measurements with the classical precise theodolite WILD T3 as well as the modern electronic instruments, KERN E2 and WILD T2000S, were carried out in order to choose the most suitable instrumentaria. All three instruments were used in measuring with the same number of horizontal angle rounds; by using the statistical tests, a significant accuracy dependency on the used instrument type was established. The most accurate results were obtained by electronic theodolite Wild T2000S (estimated variance factor {sigma}=0.61), then by KERN E2 {sigma}=1.23, and finally by T3 {sigma}=1.68. Likewise, the use of the deformation analysis, i.e. global and local tests, the highest number of significant movements was established by measuring with the WILD T2000S electronic theodolite. The interior accuracy of straight line measurement of the electronic theodolite E2 was investigated in dependence with the number of horizontal angle rounds. Unfortunately, the war in this country is the reason that the planned measurements with the GPS devices have so far not been carried out. (orig.)

DI3 - A New Procedure for Absolute Directional Measurements

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

A Geese

2011-06-01

Full Text Available The standard observatory procedure for determining a geomagnetic field's declination and inclination absolutely is the DI-flux measurement. The instrument consists of a non-magnetic theodolite equipped with a single-axis fluxgate magnetometer. Additionally, a scalar magnetometer is needed to provide all three components of the field. Using only 12 measurement steps, all systematic errors can be accounted for, but if only one of the readings is wrong, the whole measurement has to be rejected. We use a three-component sensor on top of the theodolites telescope. By performing more measurement steps, we gain much better control of the whole procedure: As the magnetometer can be fully calibrated by rotating about two independent directions, every combined reading of magnetometer output and theodolite angles provides the absolute field vector. We predefined a set of angle positions that the observer has to try to achieve. To further simplify the measurement procedure, the observer is guided by a pocket pc, in which he has only to confirm the theodolite position. The magnetic field is then stored automatically, together with the horizontal and vertical angles. The DI3 measurement is periodically performed at the Niemegk Observatory, allowing for a direct comparison with the traditional measurements.

The Mark II Automatic Diflux

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jean L Rasson

2011-07-01

Full Text Available We report here on the new realization of an automatic fluxgate theodolite able to perform unattended absolute geomagnetic declination and inclination measurements: the AUTODIF MKII. The main changes of this version compared with the former one are presented as well as the better specifications we expect now. We also explain the absolute orientation procedure by means of a laser beam and a corner cube and the method for leveling the fluxgate sensor, which is different from a conventional DIflux theodolite.

Modelagem numérica da superfície na geração da planialtimetra segundo dados de quatro equipamentos topogríficos

OpenAIRE

Gomes, Luciano Nardini [UNESP; Cardoso, Lincoln Gehring [UNESP

2008-01-01

The aim of this present work was to compare planialtimetric charts obtained from different risings using two different theodolite types, a total station, and a precision level, used as control. Using a total station, an area was marked with clear variations of relief, following a grid, with a distance of 20 meters among stakes. After that, the stakes were read by the total station and two theodolites of different precisions. The geometric leveling was done by a precision level. The data were ...

A battery-operated pilot balloon time-signal generator

Science.gov (United States)

Ralph H. Moltzau

1966-01-01

Describes the design and construction of a 1-pound, battery-operated, time-signal transmitter, which is usable with portable radio or field telephone circuits for synchronizing multi-theodolite observation of pilot balloons.

Dimensional measuring techniques in the automotive and aircraft industry

Science.gov (United States)

Muench, K. H.; Baertlein, Hugh

1994-03-01

Optical tooling methods used in industry are rapidly being replaced by new electronic sensor techniques. The impact of new measuring technologies on the production process has caused major changes on the industrial shop floor as well as within industrial measurement systems. The paper deals with one particular industrial measuring system, the manual theodolite measuring system (TMS), within the aircraft and automobile industry. With TMS, setup, data capture, and data analysis are flexible enough to suit industry's demands regarding speed, accuracy, and mobility. Examples show the efficiency and the wide range of TMS applications. In cooperation with industry, the Video Theodolite System was developed. Its origin, functions, capabilities, and future plans are briefly described. With the VTS a major step has been realized in direction to vision systems for industrial applications.

The artificial satellite observation chronograph controlled by single chip microcomputer.

Science.gov (United States)

Pan, Guangrong; Tan, Jufan; Ding, Yuanjun

1991-06-01

The instrument specifications, hardware structure, software design, and other characteristics of the chronograph mounting on a theodolite used for artificial satellite observation are presented. The instrument is a real time control system with a single chip microcomputer.

Rock glacier velocities, Selwyn Mountains, Yukon and NWT, Canada, Version 1

Data.gov (United States)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration — An average of 6 markers were surveyed on each of 15 rock glaciers, once each in 1983 and 1995 using a level (1983) and a theodolite (1995). Measurement error was on...

CDF central detector installation. An efficient merge of digital photogrammetry and laser tracker metrology

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Greenwood, John A.; Wojcik, George J.

2003-01-01

Metrology for Run II at the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) required a very complex geodetic survey. The Collision Hall network, surveyed with a Laser Tracker and digital level, provides a constraining network for the positioning of the Central Detector (CD). A part-based Laser Tracker network, which surrounded the 2,000-ton CD, was used as control for assembly. Subassembly surveys of the Detector's major components were measured as independent networks using Laser Tracker, V-STARS/S (Video-Simultaneous Triangulation And Resection System/Single camera) digital photogrammetry system, and BETS (Brunson Electronic Theodolite System) theodolite triangulation system. Each subassembly survey was transformed into and constrained by the part-based network. For roll-in, the CD part-based network was transformed into the Collision Hall network coordinate system. The CD was positioned in the Collision Hall using two Laser Trackers in 'stakeout mode.' This paper discusses the survey, adjustment, transformation, and precision of the various networks. (author)

Southern right whales Eubalaena australis visit the coasts of ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

spamer

Counts and photographs of right whales Eubalaena australis taken on aerial surveys of the southern coast of. South Africa between ... of 0.08–2.89 km.h-1. Theodolite tracking of undisturbed groups of right whales from Cape Columbine produced ...... right whales on the coast of Argentina (Outer Coast) between 1971 and ...

Development and application of high-precision metrology for the ATLAS tile-calorimeter construction (pre-assembly experience and lessons)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Batusov, V.Yu.; Budagov, Yu.A.; Khubua, D.I.

2004-01-01

In view of the forthcoming ATLAS assembly in the pit the pre-assembly of the Hadron Tile Calorimeter BARRELS was undertaken at the laboratory hall. A complex of metrology methods (laser, photogrammetry, theodolite, mechanic, PREDICTION programme) developed at the principal stages and resulted in successful high-precision erection of the barrels has been described

Study of CCD Eyepiece on T-4 Theodolite.

Science.gov (United States)

1982-11-01

11. REVIEW OF TWO-COLOR REFRACTOMETRY OBJECTIVES .....................3 III, ACHIEVEMENTS IN TWO- COLOR REFRACTOMETRY DURING THIS CONTRA...indirectly influence the questions of star catalogs. The initial efforts under this contract were addressed toward Two- Color Refractometry . This is a...in the astroposition procedure. Future efforts on other projects will consist of the return to the Two-Color Refractometry to provide a parallel

Seismic Motion Stability, Measurement and Precision Control.

Science.gov (United States)

1979-12-01

azimuth reference used for precision alignment of test fixtures and components is a porro prism mounted within the inner labora- tory. The orientation of...14 6.2 Low Frequency Tilt Loop. .................... 15 6.3 Mechanical Resonances . ..................... 17 6.4 Seismometer Matching...this prism is ascertained, using autocollimating theodolites, either by directly "swinging" Polaris into the laboratory from outside through optical

All-Fiber Airborne Coherent Doppler Lidar to Measure Wind Profiles

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Liu Jiqiao

2016-01-01

Full Text Available An all-fiber airborne pulsed coherent Doppler lidar (CDL prototype at 1.54μm is developed to measure wind profiles in the lower troposphere layer. The all-fiber single frequency pulsed laser is operated with pulse energy of 300μJ, pulse width of 400ns and pulse repetition rate of 10kHz. To the best of our knowledge, it is the highest pulse energy of all-fiber eye-safe single frequency laser that is used in airborne coherent wind lidar. The telescope optical diameter of monostatic lidar is 100 mm. Velocity-Azimuth-Display (VAD scanning is implemented with 20 degrees elevation angle in 8 different azimuths. Real-time signal processing board is developed to acquire and process the heterodyne mixing signal with 10000 pulses spectra accumulated every second. Wind profiles are obtained every 20 seconds. Several experiments are implemented to evaluate the performance of the lidar. We have carried out airborne wind lidar experiments successfully, and the wind profiles are compared with aerological theodolite and ground based wind lidar. Wind speed standard error of less than 0.4m/s is shown between airborne wind lidar and balloon aerological theodolite.

EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS OF TAILING UNDERWATER SEDIMENTS AND LIQUID INDUSTRIAL WASTES IN STORAGE TANK ON THE BASIS OF ECHOLOCATION AND GPS-SYSTEMS AT JSC “BELARUSKALI”

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

V. I. Mikhailov

2016-01-01

Full Text Available The paper presents a new approach to calculate volume of tailing underwater sediments and liquid industrial wastes on the basis of innovative technologies. Two theodolites which are set at various points and a boat with a load for measuring water depth have been traditionally used for topographic survey of slime storage bottom. Horizontal directions have been simultaneously measured on the boat marker while using theodolites. Water depth has been determined while using  a 2-kg circular load which was descended into brine solution with the help of rope. In addition to rather large time and labour costs such technology has required synchronization in actions on three participants involved in the work: operators of two theodolites and boat team in every depth measuring point. Methodology has been proposed for more efficient solution of the problem. It presupposes the use of echolocation together with space localization systems (GPS-systems which can be set on a boat with the purpose to measure depth of a storage tank bed. An echolocation transducer has been installed under the boat bottom at the depth of 10 cm from the brine solution level in the slime storage.  An aerial of GPS-receiver has been fixed over the echo-sounder transducer. Horizontal positioning of bottom depth measuring points have been carried out in the local coordinate system. Formation of digital model for slime storage bottom has been executed after data input of the coordinate positioning that corresponded to corrected depths in the software package LISCAD Plus SEE. The formation has been made on the basis of a strict triangulation method.  Creation of the digital model makes it rather easy to calculate a volume between a storage bottom and a selected level (height of filling material. In this context it is possible to determine a volume and an area not only above but also lower of the datum surface. For this purpose it is recommended to use digital models which are developed

Measurement of electrostatically formed antennas using photogrammetry and theodolites

Science.gov (United States)

Goslee, J. W.; Hinson, W. F.; Kennefick, J. F.; Mihora, D. J.

1984-01-01

An antenna concept is presently being evaluated which has extremely low mass and high surface precision for potential depolyment from the Space Shuttle. This antenna concept derives its reflector surface quality from the application of electrostatic forces to tension and form a thin membrane into the desired concave reflector surface. The Shuttle-deployed antenna would have a diameter of 100 meters and an RMS surface smoothness of 10 to 1 mm for operation at 1 to 10 GHz. NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) has built, and is currently testing, a subscale (1/20 scale) membrane reflector model of such an antenna. Several surface measurement systems were evaluated as part of the experimental surface measuring efforts. The surface measurement systems are addressed as well as some of the preliminary measurement results.

Precision siting of a particle accelerator; Locacao de precisao de um acelerador de particulas

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cintra, Jorge Pimentel

1996-07-01

Precise location is a specific survey job that involves a high skilled work to avoid unrecoverable results at the project installation. As a function of the different process stages, different specifications can be applied, invoking different instruments: theodolite, measurement tape, distanciometer, invar wire. This paper, based on experience obtained at the installation of particle accelerator equipment, deals with general principles of precise location: tolerance definitions, increasing accuracy techniques, schedule of locations, sensitivity analysis, quality control methods. (author)

Precision siting of a particle accelerator

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cintra, Jorge Pimentel

1996-01-01

Precise location is a specific survey job that involves a high skilled work to avoid unrecoverable results at the project installation. As a function of the different process stages, different specifications can be applied, invoking different instruments: theodolite, measurement tape, distanciometer, invar wire. This paper, based on experience obtained at the installation of particle accelerator equipment, deals with general principles of precise location: tolerance definitions, increasing accuracy techniques, schedule of locations, sensitivity analysis, quality control methods. (author)

Engineering surveying theory and examination problems for students

CERN Document Server

Schofield, W

2013-01-01

Engineering Surveying: Theory and Examination Problems for Students, Volume 1, Third Edition discusses topics concerning engineering surveying techniques and instrumentations. The book is comprised of eight chapters that cover several concerns in engineering survey. Chapter 1 discusses the basic concepts of surveying. Chapter 2 deals with simple and precise leveling, while Chapter 3 covers earthworks. The book also talks about the theodolite and its applications, and then discusses optical distance measurement. Curves, underground and hydrographic surveying, and aspects of dimensional control

Hidrología y variación topográfica de un riachuelo subantártico en la ensenada MacKellar, Isla Rey Jorge, Antártida

OpenAIRE

Tavares Correa, Carlos

2015-01-01

The purpose of this study is to present preliminary results of the hydrologic and topographic monitoring of a small stream at the King George Island, Antarctica. Two methods were used in order to measure stream discharge: an area-velocity method using a flow meter and a Parshall flume. Also a topographical survey was made using a total-station theodolite. Great stream discharge fluctuations were identified at the seven stream sections between January 21st and February 13th, 2000. Comparison b...

Global analytic treatment of terrestrial photogrammetric networks

CERN Document Server

Mayoud, M

1980-01-01

In order to solve certain special CERN metrology problems, analytical terrestrial photogrammetry may have some advantages which are first discussed along with their drawbacks and limitations. In this application, it is necessary to carry out a rigorous and global adjustment of the observations and simultaneously process all the perspective ray bundles. The basic principles, the least squares solution and the stochastic analysis of the results are presented. However, for the CERN project, one wonders if the production of digital theodolites is going to reduce the advantages of the photogrammetric method. (12 refs).

Helical coil alignment in the advanced toroidal facility

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Taylor, D.J.; Cole, M.J.; Johnson, R.L.; Nelson, B.E.; Warwick, J.E.; Whitson, J.C.

1985-01-01

This paper presents a brief overview of the helical coil design concept, detailed descriptions of the method for installation and alignment, and discussions of segment installation and alignment equipment. Alignment is accomplished by optical methods using electronic theodolites connected to a microcomputer to form a coordinate measurement system. The coordinate measurement system is described in detail, along with target selection and fixturing for manipulation of the helical coil segments during installation. In addition, software is described including vendor-supplied software used in the coordinate measurement system and in-house-developed software used to calibrate segment and positioning fixture motion. 2 refs., 8 figs

Re-Evaluation of Geomagnetic Field Observation Data at Syowa Station, Antarctica

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

K Takahashi

2013-05-01

Full Text Available The Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition has conducted geomagnetic observations at Syowa Station, Antarctica, since 1966. Geomagnetic variation data measured with a fluxgate magnetometer are not absolute but are relative to a baseline and show drift. To enhance the importance of the geomagnetic data at Syowa Station, therefore, it is necessary to correct the continuous variation data by using absolute baseline values acquired by a magnetic theodolite and proton magnetometer. However, the database of baseline values contains outliers. We detected outliers in the database and then converted the geomagnetic variation data to absolute values by using the reliable baseline values.

Recent development of micro-triangulation for magnet fiducialisation

CERN Document Server

Vlachakis, Vasileios; Mainaud Durand, Helene; CERN. Geneva. ATS Department

2016-01-01

The micro-triangulation method is proposed as an alternative for magnet fiducialisation. The main objective is to measure horizontal and vertical angles to fiducial points and stretched wires, utilising theodolites equipped with cameras. This study aims to develop various methods, algorithms and software tools to enable the data acquisition and processing. In this paper, we present the first test measurement as an attempt to demonstrate the feasibility of the method and to evaluate the accuracy. The preliminary results are very promising, with accuracy always better than 20 μm for the wire position, and of about40 μm/m for the wire orientation, compared with a coordinate measuring machine.

Methodology For Determination Of Space Control For 3D Reconstruction In Statscan Digital X-Ray Radiology Using Static Frame Model

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Jacinta S. Kimuyu

2015-08-01

Full Text Available The methodology was designed to employ two positioning techniques in order to determine the three-dimensional control space of target points on static metal frame model to be used as space control data in 3D reconstructions in Statscan digital X-Ray imaging. These techniques were digital close-range photogrammetry and precise theodolite positioning method. The space coordinates for the target points were determined 3D using both techniques. Point positioning accuracy 0.5mm in root mean square error of X Y and Z space coordinates was achieved. The outcome of the comparison of the results obtained from both methods were of satisfactory accuracy hence further use of the control space data in Stastcan imaging and 3D reconstruction.

Optics Alignment of a Balloon-Borne Far-Infrared Interferometer BETTII

Science.gov (United States)

Dhabal, Arnab; Rinehart, Stephen A.; Rizzo, Maxime J.; Mundy, Lee; Sampler, Henry; Juanola Parramon, Roser; Veach, Todd; Fixsen, Dale; Vila Hernandez De Lorenzo, Jor; Silverberg, Robert F.

2017-01-01

The Balloon Experimental Twin Telescope for Infrared Interferometry (BETTII) is an 8-m baseline far-infrared (FIR: 30 90 micrometer) interferometer providing spatially resolved spectroscopy. The initial scientific focus of BETTII is on clustered star formation, but this capability likely has a much broader scientific application.One critical step in developing an interferometer, such as BETTII, is the optical alignment of the system. We discuss how we determine alignment sensitivities of different optical elements on the interferogram outputs. Accordingly, an alignment plan is executed that makes use of a laser tracker and theodolites for precise optical metrology of both the large external optics and the small optics inside the cryostat. We test our alignment on the ground by pointing BETTII to bright near-infrared sources and obtaining their images in the tracking detectors.

LAMPF transition-region mechanical fabrication

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bush, E.D. Jr.; Gallegos, J.D.F.; Harrison, R.; Hart, V.E.; Hunter, W.T.; Rislove, S.E.; Sims, J.R.; Van Dyke, W.J.

1984-07-01

The primary purpose of the new Transition Region (TR-II) is to optimize the phase matching of the H + and H - beams during simultaneous transport. TR-II incorporates several design improvements that include larger aperture, a straight beam track, greater beam-path length adjustments, and utility lines integrated with the support system. The close pack density of magnets and beam-line hardware required innovative solutions to magnet design and mounting, vacuum manifolding, and utility routing. Critical magnet placement was accomplished using a new three-dimensional alignment system that does real-time vector calculations on a computer with input from two digital theodolites. All assembly and a large fraction of the mechanical fabrication were done by LAMPF personnel. The TR-II has been operational since September 1983 and routinely transports production beams up to 900-μA current with no major problems

A digital video tracking system

Science.gov (United States)

Giles, M. K.

1980-01-01

The Real-Time Videotheodolite (RTV) was developed in connection with the requirement to replace film as a recording medium to obtain the real-time location of an object in the field-of-view (FOV) of a long focal length theodolite. Design philosophy called for a system capable of discriminatory judgment in identifying the object to be tracked with 60 independent observations per second, capable of locating the center of mass of the object projection on the image plane within about 2% of the FOV in rapidly changing background/foreground situations, and able to generate a predicted observation angle for the next observation. A description is given of a number of subsystems of the RTV, taking into account the processor configuration, the video processor, the projection processor, the tracker processor, the control processor, and the optics interface and imaging subsystem.

Data from theodolite measurements of creep rates on San Francisco Bay region faults, California, 1979-2012

Science.gov (United States)

McFarland, Forrest S.; Lienkaemper, James J.; Caskey, S. John

2009-01-01

Our purpose is to annually update our creep-data archive on San Francisco Bay region active faults for use by the scientific research community. Earlier data (1979-2001) were reported in Galehouse (2002) and were analyzed and described in detail in a summary report (Galehouse and Lienkaemper, 2003). A complete analysis of our earlier results obtained on the Hayward Fault was presented in Lienkaemper, Galehouse and Simpson (2001) and updated in Lienkaemper and others (2012). Lienkaemper and others (2014a) provide a new overview and analysis of fault creep along all sections of the northern San Andreas Fault system, from which they estimate by how much fault creep reduces the seismic hazard for each fault section.

Application for surveying technology for the alignment of large optical systems

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bauke, W.

1984-01-01

Precise alignment of optical elements in large optical systems is difficult if many elements are positioned such that direct alignment or boresighting becomes impossible. A practical approach is to identify discrete optical path segments and align these using standard surveying or optical-tooling instrumentation. One simply has to develop an alignment theory in which the alignment optical path duplicates or closely approximates the optical path of the operational device. The surveying instruments can then be used to simulate the optical input beams to the system segments to be aligned. Auxiliary targets and reflectors may be added, and the alignment procedure may be augmented by standard optical test instrumentation and techniques. Examples are given using theodolites, transits, and levels with autocollimating capability and micrometer adaptors to perform boresighting and autocollimation techniques on segments of the optical train of the Antares Laser Fusion System at Los Alamos National Laboratory

Blast forecasting guide for the Site 300 Meteorology Center

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Odell, B.N.; Pfeifer, H.E.; Arganbright, V.E.

1978-01-01

These step-by-step procedures enable an occasional operator to run the Site 300 Meteorological Center. The primary function of the Center is to determine the maximum weight of high explosives that can be fired at Site 300 under any given meteorological conditions. A secondary function is to supply weather data for other programs such as ARAC (Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability). Included in the primary function are radar and theodolite operations for balloon tracking; calculation of temperatures for various altitudes using Oakland weather obtained from a teletype; computer terminal operation to obtain wind directions, wind velocities, temperatures, and pressure at various altitudes; and methods to determine high-explosive weight limits for simple inversions and focus conditions using pressure-versus-altitude information obtained from the computer. General information is included such as names, telephone numbers, and addresses of maintenance personnel, additional sources of weather information, chart suppliers, balloons, spare parts, etc

Blast forecasting guide for the Site 300 Meteorology Center

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Odell, B.N.; Pfeifer, H.E.; Arganbright, V.E.

1978-06-01

These step-by-step procedures enable an occasional operator to run the Site 300 Meteorological Center. The primary function of the Center is to determine the maximum weight of high explosives that can be fired at Site 300 under any given meteorological conditions. A secondary function is to supply weather data for other programs such as ARAC (Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability). Included in the primary function are radar and theodolite operations for balloon tracking; calculation of temperatures for various altitudes using Oakland weather obtained from a teletype; computer terminal operation to obtain wind directions, wind velocities, temperatures, and pressure at various altitudes; and methods to determine high-explosive weight limits for simple inversions and focus conditions using pressure-versus-altitude information obtained from the computer. General information is included such as names, telephone numbers, and addresses of maintenance personnel, additional sources of weather information, chart suppliers, balloons, spare parts, etc.

Passive acoustic monitoring of toothed whales with implications for mitigation, management and biology

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Kyhn, Line Anker

these differences to successfully differentiate the species in Monte Carlo simulations, which means that it may also be possible to separate sympatric NBHF species with acoustic monitoring. Secondly, I was interested in examining the species differences in an evolutionary light to see if there were differences...... that describes the probability of detecting an acoustic cue at a given distance from the datalogger? In chapter II I describe one such possibility where we tracked harbour porpoises visually around dataloggers by means of a theodolite and following compared the visual and acoustic detections in a mark...... is in accordance with new molecular phylogenies. In chapter I use the information I have gathered on spectral source properties as well as on source levels and directionality and use this information to challenge the theories for the evolution of the NBHF click type. I conclude that the NBHF signals likely evolved...

Surveying and optical tooling technologies combined to align a skewed beamline at the LAMPF accelerator

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Bauke, W.; Clark, D.A.; Trujillo, P.B.

1985-01-01

Optical Tooling evolved from traditional surveying, and both technologies are sometimes used interchangeably in large industrial installations, since the instruments and their specialized adapters and supports complement each other well. A unique marriage of both technologies was accomplished in a novel application at LAMPF, the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility. LAMPF consists of a linear accelerator with multiple target systems, one of which had to be altered to accommodate a new beamline for a neutrino experiment. The new line was to be installed into a crowded beam tunnel and had to be skewed and tilted in compound angles to avoid existing equipment. In this paper we describe how Optical Tooling was used in conjunction with simple alignment and reference fixtures to set fiducials on the magnets and other mechanical components of the beamline, and how theodolites and sight levels were then adapted to align these components along the calculated skew planes. Design tolerances are compared with measured alignment results

Jean Gervaise 1921 -2007

CERN Multimedia

2007-01-01

Jean Gervaise, a pioneer of metrology at CERN, passed away on 10 April. A French geodesist, he was behind the creation and development of CERN's metrology group and was a consistently fervent advocate of innovation to meet the increasingly demanding alignment needs of the accelerators and detectors. Under his leadership, metrology at CERN acquired international renown. Jean Gervaise taking measurements with invar wire and a theodolite on a pillar at the PS. In spite of the disruptions caused by the second world war, Jean Gervaise was able to complete an engineering degree at the Ecole nationale des Sciences géographiques in Paris, which led to a first job in the prestigious Geodesy Department of the Institut géographique national (IGN). This 'queen of disciplines', as he called it, is the most scientific and most complex of the branches of cartography, offering opportunities for exciting and varied - sometimes highly adventurous - missions at home and abroad. The rich experience he acquired here helped to...

Optical tools and techniques for aligning solar payloads with the SPARCS control system. [Solar Pointing Aerobee Rocket Control System

Science.gov (United States)

Thomas, N. L.; Chisel, D. M.

1976-01-01

The success of a rocket-borne experiment depends not only on the pointing of the attitude control system, but on the alignment of the attitude control system to the payload. To ensure proper alignment, special optical tools and alignment techniques are required. Those that were used in the SPARCS program are described and discussed herein. These tools include theodolites, autocollimators, a 38-cm diameter solar simulator, a high-performance 1-m heliostat to provide a stable solar source during the integration of the rocket payload, a portable 75-cm sun tracker for use at the launch site, and an innovation called the Solar Alignment Prism. Using the real sun as the primary reference under field conditions, the Solar Alignment Prism facilitates the coalignment of the attitude sun sensor with the payload. The alignment techniques were developed to ensure the precise alignment of the solar payloads to the SPARCS attitude sensors during payload integration and to verify the required alignment under field conditions just prior to launch.

High-precision optical systems with inexpensive hardware: a unified alignment and structural design approach

Science.gov (United States)

Winrow, Edward G.; Chavez, Victor H.

2011-09-01

High-precision opto-mechanical structures have historically been plagued by high costs for both hardware and the associated alignment and assembly process. This problem is especially true for space applications where only a few production units are produced. A methodology for optical alignment and optical structure design is presented which shifts the mechanism of maintaining precision from tightly toleranced, machined flight hardware to reusable, modular tooling. Using the proposed methodology, optical alignment error sources are reduced by the direct alignment of optics through their surface retroreflections (pips) as seen through a theodolite. Optical alignment adjustments are actualized through motorized, sub-micron precision actuators in 5 degrees of freedom. Optical structure hardware costs are reduced through the use of simple shapes (tubes, plates) and repeated components. This approach produces significantly cheaper hardware and more efficient assembly without sacrificing alignment precision or optical structure stability. The design, alignment plan and assembly of a 4" aperture, carbon fiber composite, Schmidt-Cassegrain concept telescope is presented.

Hungarian repeat station survey, 2010

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Péter Kovács

2013-03-01

Full Text Available The last Hungarian repeat station survey was completed between October 2010 and February 2011. Declination, inclination and the total field were observed using one-axial DMI fluxgate magnetometer mounted on Zeiss20A theodolite and GSM 19 Overhauser magnetometer. The magnetic elements of the sites were reduced to the epoch of 2010.5 on the basis of the continuous recordings of Tihany Geophysical Observatory. In stations located far from the reference observatory, the observations were carried out in the morning and afternoon in order to decrease the effect of the distant temporal correction. To further increase the accuracy, on-site dIdD variometer has also been installed near the Aggtelek station, in the Baradla cave, during the survey of the easternmost sites. The paper presents the technical details and the results of our last campaign. The improvement of the accuracy of the temporal reduction by the use of the local variometer is also reported.

Precision and accuracy of the static GNSS system for surveying networks used in Civil Engineering

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Nixon Alexander Correa Muñoz

2018-01-01

Full Text Available A field check was implemented for calibrating surveying equipment. It was geo-referenced with a Total Station Theodolite and by implementing procedures concerning repeatability and reproducibility. We carried out GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System static positioning with double frequency equipment, sensitizing occupation times, day times, uncorrected coordinates subjected to a differential correction procedure and type of coordinates obtained. This facilitated an evaluation of precision and accuracy for the GNSS positioning with the static method, which gave a global RMSE (root mean square error of 1 cm for conditions with no multipath effect and 4 cm for field calibration points close to buildings. Additionally, optimal results for occupation times of 30 minutes were found, and the need to use planar Cartesian coordinates to ensure compatibility with the surveys using electronic measurement of distances, which allows the use of the static GNSS positioning for geo-referencing precise surveying networks, and can be used in different applications in Civil Engineering.

Alignment of the Stanford Linear Collider Arcs: Concepts and results

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Pitthan, R.; Bell, B.; Friedsam, H.; Pietryka, M.; Oren, W.; Ruland, R.

1987-02-01

The alignment of the Arcs for the Stanford Linear Collider at SLAC has posed problems in accelerator survey and alignment not encountered before. These problems come less from the tight tolerances of 0.1 mm, although reaching such a tight statistically defined accuracy in a controlled manner is difficult enough, but from the absence of a common reference plane for the Arcs. Traditional circular accelerators, including HERA and LEP, have been designed in one plane referenced to local gravity. For the SLC Arcs no such single plane exists. Methods and concepts developed to solve these and other problems, connected with the unique design of SLC, range from the first use of satellites for accelerator alignment, use of electronic laser theodolites for placement of components, computer control of the manual adjustment process, complete automation of the data flow incorporating the most advanced concepts of geodesy, strict separation of survey and alignment, to linear principal component analysis for the final statistical smoothing of the mechanical components

The distance from CERN to LNGS

CERN Document Server

Jones, M; Crespi, M; Colosimo, G; Mazzoni, A; Durand, S

2012-01-01

The calculation of the distance from CERN to Gran Sasso involves the combination of three independent sets of measurements: the calculation of the distance between pillars included in the geodetic reference network at CERN and the Lab Nationale Gran Sasso (LNGS); and the transfer on each site of coordinates, from the geodetic surface network, underground into the tunnel or experiment hall installations. The transfer of coordinates, from the surface, underground at the two sites was not done as part of the CNGS Project. Initial survey concerns for the project were directed towards the orientation of the beamline from CERN to LNGS to within ~100 m. Gyro-theodolite measurements underground were planned at CERN so a transfer would effectively only translate the target point. Given the precision estimated for previous transfers, it was decided not to undertake expensive and time-consuming measurements campaigns for a negligible gain in accuracy. Therefore only GPS measurements at the two sites were carried out. Th...

Alignment of the stanford linear collider Arcs

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Pitthan, R.; Bell, B.; Friedsam, H.

1987-01-01

The alignment of the Arcs for the Stanford Linear Collider at SLAC has posed problems in accelerator survey and alignment not encountered before. These problems come less from the tight tolerances of 0.1 mm, although reaching such a tight statistically defined accuracy in a controlled manner is difficult enough, but from the absence of a common reference plane for the Arcs. Traditional circular accelerators, including HERA and LEP, have been designed in one plane referenced to local gravity. For the SLC Arcs no such single plane exists. Methods and concepts developed to solve these and other problems, connected with the unique design of SLC, range from the first use of satellites for accelerator alignment, use of electronic laser theodolites for placement of components, computer control of the manual adjustment process, complete automation of the data flow incorporating the most advanced concepts of geodesy, strict separation of survey and alignment, to linear principal component analysis for the final statistical smoothing of the mechanical components

Astronomical Orientation Method Based on Lunar Observations Utilizing Super Wide Field of View

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PU Junyu

2018-04-01

Full Text Available In this paper,astronomical orientation is achieved by observing the moon utilizing camera with super wide field of view,and formulae are deduced in detail.An experiment based on real observations verified the stability of the method.In this experiment,after 15 minutes' tracking shoots,the internal precision could be superior to ±7.5" and the external precision could approximately reach ±20".This camera-based method for astronomical orientation can change the traditional mode (aiming by human eye based on theodolite,thus lowering the requirements for operator's skill to some extent.Furthermore,camera with super wide field of view can realize the function of continuous tracking shoots on the moon without complicated servo control devices.Considering the similar existence of gravity on the moon and the earth's phase change when observed from the moon,once the technology of self-leveling is developed,this method can be extended to orientation for lunar rover by shooting the earth.

An automatic DI-flux at the Livingston Island geomagnetic observatory, Antarctica: requirements and lessons learned

Science.gov (United States)

Marsal, Santiago; José Curto, Juan; Torta, Joan Miquel; Gonsette, Alexandre; Favà, Vicent; Rasson, Jean; Ibañez, Miquel; Cid, Òscar

2017-07-01

The DI-flux, consisting of a fluxgate magnetometer coupled with a theodolite, is used for the absolute manual measurement of the magnetic field angles in most ground-based observatories worldwide. Commercial solutions for an automated DI-flux have recently been developed by the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (RMI), and are practically restricted to the AutoDIF and its variant, the GyroDIF. In this article, we analyze the pros and cons of both instruments in terms of its suitability for installation at the partially manned geomagnetic observatory of Livingston Island (LIV), Antarctica. We conclude that the GyroDIF, even if it is less accurate and more power demanding, is more suitable than the AutoDIF for harsh conditions due to the simpler infrastructure that is necessary. Power constraints in the Spanish Antarctic Station Juan Carlos I (ASJI) during the unmanned season require an energy-efficient design of the thermally regulated box housing the instrument as well as thorough power management. Our experiences can benefit the geomagnetic community, which often faces similar challenges.

An automatic DI-flux at the Livingston Island geomagnetic observatory, Antarctica: requirements and lessons learned

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

S. Marsal

2017-07-01

Full Text Available The DI-flux, consisting of a fluxgate magnetometer coupled with a theodolite, is used for the absolute manual measurement of the magnetic field angles in most ground-based observatories worldwide. Commercial solutions for an automated DI-flux have recently been developed by the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (RMI, and are practically restricted to the AutoDIF and its variant, the GyroDIF. In this article, we analyze the pros and cons of both instruments in terms of its suitability for installation at the partially manned geomagnetic observatory of Livingston Island (LIV, Antarctica. We conclude that the GyroDIF, even if it is less accurate and more power demanding, is more suitable than the AutoDIF for harsh conditions due to the simpler infrastructure that is necessary. Power constraints in the Spanish Antarctic Station Juan Carlos I (ASJI during the unmanned season require an energy-efficient design of the thermally regulated box housing the instrument as well as thorough power management. Our experiences can benefit the geomagnetic community, which often faces similar challenges.

THE USE OF GEOTECHNOLOGY IN ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IN SALTO VENTOSO (FARROUPILHA/RS

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Paulo Roberto Teixeira

2012-03-01

Full Text Available This paper is the outcome of a survey on environmental impacts due to visitors in a tourist attraction, using geotechnology as a tool. The study was carried out at Salto Ventoso, Farroupilha, Rio Grande do Sul State (Brazil, a tourist attraction with major importance for the region. At the site, a private area, the attraction is a 60 meters (197 feet height cascade and its scenic landscape. Visitors can also hike through the trail that goes behind the waterfall. The trail was mapped using GPS (Global Positioning System and theodolite, and divided into twelve sections, which were evaluated on the issues of declivity, width, damage to natural resources and infrastructure, drainage problems, number of unofficial trails and amount of waste. The results showed that the site presents a series of environmental impacts resulting from both lack of planning and great amount of visitors. Some strategies for managing the site would be the installation of safety and signing infrastructure, as well as a work on environmental awareness of the visitors and their impacts on site.

A brief history of the evolution of surveying and its role in today´s world | Uma breve história da evolução do levantamento e seu papel no mundo de hoje

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Rafael Silva Anjos

2016-06-01

The land surveying appeared millennia ago as a measurement technique for large human constructions. Before all its historical process that science has gone through phases of improvement that has become quite popular nowadays. Since the first measurement instruments as the Egyptian Groma to the use of theodolites and total stations integrated with all kinds of instruments of spatial data acquisition (GNSS receivers, aerial photographs, multispectral satellites the surveying methods now form the basis for various types of research. Quite confused with other sciences, such as Geodesy, Topography makes a more limited planialtimetric survey. That is why their applications are given in areas such as civil engineering, architecture, agronomy to architecture. If we know the differentiation of these key concepts related to topography we can to understand the applicability of this science, helping researchers in various fields. It is in this context, that the present paper aims to address the main concepts related to topography and the main activities human using this technique, making a historical approach since the beginning of its use to the instruments most widely used in the survey.

Methods for acquiring data on terrain geomorphology, course geometry and kinematics of competitors' runs in alpine skiing: a historical review.

Science.gov (United States)

Erdmann, Włodzimierz S; Giovanis, Vassilis; Aschenbrenner, Piotr; Kiriakis, Vaios; Suchanowski, Andrzej

2017-01-01

This paper aims at the description and comparison of methods of topographic analysis of racing courses at all disciplines of alpine skiing sports for the purposes of obtaining: terrain geomorphology (snowless and with snow), course geometry, and competitors' runs. The review presents specific methods and instruments according to the order of their historical appearance as follows: (1) azimuth method with the use of a compass, tape and goniometer instruments; (2) optical method with geodetic theodolite, laser and photocells; (3) triangulation method with the aid of a tape and goniometer; (4) image method with the use of video cameras; (5) differential global positioning system and carrier phase global positioning system methods. Described methods were used at homologation procedure, at training sessions, during competitions of local level and during International Ski Federation World Championships or World Cups. Some methods were used together. In order to provide detailed data on course setting and skiers' running it is recommended to analyse course geometry and kinematics data of competitors' running for all important competitions.

Analysis of Double Meridian Distance for a Closed Traverse Area towards Developing a Contour Map and Land Title

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T. U. Ganiron Jr

2014-07-01

Full Text Available This research aimed to analyze double meridian distance for a closed traverse area in developing a land title for a propose gymnasium in Qassim University. Theodolite, leveling rod and steel tape plays an important role in measuring elevations, bearings and distances of the boundaries of a lot. Contour map is necessary to determine the traces of level surfaces of successive elevation. This will enable to identify the type of contour map and type of contour lines necessary for this project. Corel draw software is used to draw contour map and guide to interpret the significance of the variables. It is essential to check the error of closure for interior angles and for both latitude and departure before applying the Double Meridian Distance (DMD method to obtain the total area of the lot. Technical descriptions of the land such as distance, bearing, boundaries and area are necessary to visualize the shape & exact location of the land. Developing a land title will be obtained using the technical descriptions of the lot in preparation for the type of gymnasium necessary for Qassim University.

Object tracking with robotic total stations: Current technologies and improvements based on image data

Science.gov (United States)

Ehrhart, Matthias; Lienhart, Werner

2017-09-01

The importance of automated prism tracking is increasingly triggered by the rising automation of total station measurements in machine control, monitoring and one-person operation. In this article we summarize and explain the different techniques that are used to coarsely search a prism, to precisely aim at a prism, and to identify whether the correct prism is tracked. Along with the state-of-the-art review, we discuss and experimentally evaluate possible improvements based on the image data of an additional wide-angle camera which is available for many total stations today. In cases in which the total station's fine aiming module loses the prism, the tracked object may still be visible to the wide-angle camera because of its larger field of view. The theodolite angles towards the target can then be derived from its image coordinates which facilitates a fast reacquisition of the prism. In experimental measurements we demonstrate that our image-based approach for the coarse target search is 4 to 10-times faster than conventional approaches.

Magnetic observations at Geophysical Observatory Paratunka IKIR FEB RAS: tasks, possibilities and future prospects

Science.gov (United States)

Khomutov, Sergey Y.

2017-10-01

Continuous magnetic measurements at Geophysical Observatory "Paratunka" (PET) of IKIR FEB RAS are performed since 1967. In the new millennium analogue magnetometers were modernized to digital, the technologies of absolute observations were changed, the data processing was completely transferred to computers, and the status of INTERMAGNET observatory was obtained. Currently, the observatory uses the following magnetometers: (a) for absolute observations - DIflux LEMI-203 (theodolite 3T2KP) and Mag-01 (theodolite Wild-T1), Overhauser magnetometers POS-1 and GSM-19W; (b) for variation measurements - fluxgate magnetometers FGE-DTU, FRG-601 and MAGDAS (installed under international agreements of IKIR), vector magnetometers dIdD GSM-19FD and POS-4 with Overhauser sensors and coil systems, scalar magnetometer GSM-90 and induction magnetometer STELAB. During Spring-Autumn season dIdD also is installed at remote station "Karymshina" at distance of 15 km from Observatory. There is monitoring system for monitoring of conditions in which magnetic observations are performed, including the semi-professional weather stations Davis Vantage Pro2 and WS2000 and a network of digital temperature sensors DS19B20 located at various points in magnetic pavilions and outdoor. All measurements are synchronized with the UTC. The results of observations are collected by the IKIR data server from the recorders and loggers, including in real-time. Specialized software was developed (based on MATLAB and Octave packages), which allows automatic and semi-automatic processing of data, the comparison of the results from different magnetometers and presenting final data in formats, defined by international standards, including INTERMAGNET. Significant efforts of observatory staff are direct to archive (raw) magnetic data, a significant part of which has not been entirely processed, is not presented in international data centers and is still not available to the scientific community. Digital images of

Magnetic observations at Geophysical Observatory Paratunka IKIR FEB RAS: tasks, possibilities and future prospects

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Khomutov Sergey Y.

2017-01-01

Full Text Available Continuous magnetic measurements at Geophysical Observatory “Paratunka” (PET of IKIR FEB RAS are performed since 1967. In the new millennium analogue magnetometers were modernized to digital, the technologies of absolute observations were changed, the data processing was completely transferred to computers, and the status of INTERMAGNET observatory was obtained. Currently, the observatory uses the following magnetometers: (a for absolute observations – DIflux LEMI-203 (theodolite 3T2KP and Mag-01 (theodolite Wild-T1, Overhauser magnetometers POS-1 and GSM-19W; (b for variation measurements – fluxgate magnetometers FGE-DTU, FRG-601 and MAGDAS (installed under international agreements of IKIR, vector magnetometers dIdD GSM-19FD and POS-4 with Overhauser sensors and coil systems, scalar magnetometer GSM-90 and induction magnetometer STELAB. During Spring-Autumn season dIdD also is installed at remote station “Karymshina” at distance of 15 km from Observatory. There is monitoring system for monitoring of conditions in which magnetic observations are performed, including the semi-professional weather stations Davis Vantage Pro2 and WS2000 and a network of digital temperature sensors DS19B20 located at various points in magnetic pavilions and outdoor. All measurements are synchronized with the UTC. The results of observations are collected by the IKIR data server from the recorders and loggers, including in real-time. Specialized software was developed (based on MATLAB and Octave packages, which allows automatic and semi-automatic processing of data, the comparison of the results from different magnetometers and presenting final data in formats, defined by international standards, including INTERMAGNET. Significant efforts of observatory staff are direct to archive (raw magnetic data, a significant part of which has not been entirely processed, is not presented in international data centers and is still not available to the scientific

Digital Documentation of Ships in Cultural Heritage: a European Review

Science.gov (United States)

Colson, A.

2017-08-01

Ships of different shapes and times are lying in harbours, on land or in museums, all over the world. Our aim with this paper was to review work done on digital documentation of ships in Cultural Heritage based on different initiatives in Europe using Coordinate Measuring Machine (Newport Ship and Doel 1); Total Station Theodolite (Vasa and Mary-Rose) and Laser scanning (LaScanMar and Traditional boats of Ireland). Our results showed that some discrepancy exist between the projects, in terms of techniques and expertise at hand. Furthermore, few guidelines have been in practice but only for Archaeology and Ethnology. However, no standards are existing. Three focuses have emerged: documentation of single ship elements, monitoring of the long-term deformation processes and the documentation of collections of ships. We discussed the diversity of expert's background and the complexity of comparability between projects. In conclusion, guidelines are necessary to enable a common ground for all professions to work together, e.g. in Architecture. This path must be taken now for digital documentation of ships, if not information and knowledge will be lost on the way.

Newly devised infrared radiometer (ERI type IR ground scanner) and the surface temperature of the Mihara crater, O-shima

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Shimozuru, D [Earthquake Res. Inst., Univ. of Tokyo; Kagiyama, T

1976-10-01

The infrared radiometer, a remote sensing tool, can be successfully used to measure the surface temperature of a volcanic or geothermal area. Many of these devices are available commercially for industrial use but their application to volcano observations is limited due to a wide field of view which prohibits detailed examination of specific points. A commercial radiometer was mounted on a balloon theodolite with an electrically driven rotating base. A telescope was attached to the radiometer to permit monitoring of the field of view. Radiometer output can be recorded either on a magnetic tape data recorder or a strip chart recorder. The device is also useful for continuous monitoring of the temperature of a vent or fumarole. The observed temperatures are dependent upon the wave length of actual spatial temperature distribution, the field of view and the scanning speed. Detailed information of both a theoretical and an experimental nature is provided. The improved radiometer was utilized to observe surface temperature in the caldera of Miharayama, Oshima in March, 1976. It was found that the vent temperature was markedly lower than had previously been recorded, as was the average surface temperature.

Status report on the alignment activities at SLAC

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Le Cocq, Catherine; Fuss, Brian; Ruland, Robert

2003-01-01

This report mainly focuses on the Alignment Engineering Group, which deals with all aspects of activities involving surveying and alignment at SLAC (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center). These activities are field work, ongoing studies and mapping effort. The majority of fieldwork at SLAC is initiated by the various current physics experiments. As PEP-II switched into operational mode, another major project was fully ramping up: SPEAR. The Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) had been preparing the upgrade SPEAR3 (3 GeV, 200 mA). Currently the effort has been to remap the entire SPEAR2 ring including existing magnets but also to map and tie in the connected booster ring. Laser trackers, total stations, and digital levels were used and substantial post processing was necessary to tie everything together. In parallel with field works, several instrumentation studies are in progress on laser tracker and total station, leveling instrumentation and gyro theodolites. Further enhancements have been included in the core network analysis package used at SLAC (LEGO). To keep up with the new installation, SLAC is undergoing an update of its site map. Overall this is a very interesting and dynamic time at SLAC, which celebrated its 40th anniversary on October 2nd 2002. (Y. Tanaka)

Monitoring of the Nirano Mud Volcanoes Regional Natural Reserve (North Italy using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Terrestrial Laser Scanning

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Tommaso Santagata

2017-09-01

Full Text Available In the last years, measurement instruments and techniques for three-dimensional mapping as Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS and photogrammetry from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV are being increasingly used to monitor topographic changes on particular geological features such as volcanic areas. In addition, topographic instruments such as Total Station Theodolite (TST and GPS receivers can be used to obtain precise elevation and coordinate position data measuring fixed points both inside and outside the area interested by volcanic activity. In this study, the integration of these instruments has helped to obtain several types of data to monitor both the variations in heights of extrusive edifices within the mud volcano field of the Nirano Regional Natural Reserve (Northern Italy, as well as to study the mechanism of micro-fracturing and the evolution of mud flows and volcanic cones with very high accuracy by 3D point clouds surface analysis and digitization. The large amount of data detected were also analysed to derive morphological information about mud-cracks and surface roughness. This contribution is focused on methods and analysis performed using measurement instruments as TLS and UAV to study and monitoring the main volcanic complexes of the Nirano Natural Reserve as part of a research project, which also involves other studies addressing gases and acoustic measurements, mineralogical and paleontological analysis, organized by the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia in collaboration with the Municipality of Fiorano Modenese.

Optics of Balloon Experimental Twin Telescope for Infrared Interferometry (BETTII): Delay Lines and Alignment

Science.gov (United States)

Dhabal, Arnab; Rinehart, Stephen A.; Rizzo, Maxime J.; Mundy, Lee; Fixsen, Dale; Sampler, Henry; Mentzell, Eric; Veach, Todd; Silverberg, Robert F.; Furst, Stephen;

Archaeoastronomical Fieldwork in Peru

Science.gov (United States)

Zawaski, Mike J.; Malville, J.

2006-09-01

During June-July 2005, sets of 14 horizon photographs were obtained at 10 major monumental sites of the Inca as identified in Hemming and Ranney (1982) . The photographs were combined to yield complete 360o panoramas at each of the sites. To calibrate the panoramas a Wild T-2 theodolite was used to obtain 5 pairs of altitude/azimuth measurements of the Sun at each site. The standard deviation of multiple determinations of true north was typically 0.25'to 0.5'. As a check on the sun sights, a line-of-sight azimuth was also established with GPS measurements at each site. Agreement between these baselines and the sun sights are satisfactory. We find evidence of June solstice and/or Pleiades orientations at Llactapata, Sayhuite, and Ollantaytambo; cardinal orientation at Vilcashuman; June solstice established by horizon towers above Urubamba; and both zenith and anti-zenith solar alignments at the tower of Muyuc Marca of Sacsayhuman. Terracing, walls, and water features at Ollantaytambo suggest interest in both June and December solstices. The statistical significance of these orientations is evaluated. A permit was issued by the office of the Institute Cultura National in Cusco for field work at all of these sites. This work was undertook as partial fulfillment of the requirement for a MA degree in Earth Sciences at the University of Northern Colorado. Funding was provided by Sigma Xi and The University of Northern Colorado. Hemming, J. and E. Ranney. 1982. Monuments of the Inca, Boston: Little, Brown

Ash and Steam, Soufriere Hills Volcano, Monserrat

Science.gov (United States)

2002-01-01

International Space Station crew members are regularly alerted to dynamic events on the Earth's surface. On request from scientists on the ground, the ISS crew observed and recorded activity from the summit of Soufriere Hills on March 20, 2002. These two images provide a context view of the island (bottom) and a detailed view of the summit plume (top). When the images were taken, the eastern side of the summit region experienced continued lava growth, and reports posted on the Smithsonian Institution's Weekly Volcanic Activity Report indicate that 'large (50-70 m high), fast-growing, spines developed on the dome's summit. These spines periodically collapsed, producing pyroclastic flows down the volcano's east flank that sometimes reached the Tar River fan. Small ash clouds produced from these events reached roughly 1 km above the volcano and drifted westward over Plymouth and Richmond Hill. Ash predominately fell into the sea. Sulfur dioxide emission rates remained high. Theodolite measurements of the dome taken on March 20 yielded a dome height of 1,039 m.' Other photographs by astronauts of Montserrat have been posted on the Earth Observatory: digital photograph number ISS002-E-9309, taken on July 9, 2001; and a recolored and reprojected version of the same image. Digital photograph numbers ISS004-E-8972 and 8973 were taken 20 March, 2002 from Space Station Alpha and were provided by the Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory at Johnson Space Center. Additional images taken by astronauts and cosmonauts can be viewed at the NASA-JSC Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth.

Two-UAV Intersection Localization System Based on the Airborne Optoelectronic Platform.

Science.gov (United States)

Bai, Guanbing; Liu, Jinghong; Song, Yueming; Zuo, Yujia

2017-01-06

To address the limitation of the existing UAV (unmanned aerial vehicles) photoelectric localization method used for moving objects, this paper proposes an improved two-UAV intersection localization system based on airborne optoelectronic platforms by using the crossed-angle localization method of photoelectric theodolites for reference. This paper introduces the makeup and operating principle of intersection localization system, creates auxiliary coordinate systems, transforms the LOS (line of sight, from the UAV to the target) vectors into homogeneous coordinates, and establishes a two-UAV intersection localization model. In this paper, the influence of the positional relationship between UAVs and the target on localization accuracy has been studied in detail to obtain an ideal measuring position and the optimal localization position where the optimal intersection angle is 72.6318°. The result shows that, given the optimal position, the localization root mean square error (RMS) will be 25.0235 m when the target is 5 km away from UAV baselines. Finally, the influence of modified adaptive Kalman filtering on localization results is analyzed, and an appropriate filtering model is established to reduce the localization RMS error to 15.7983 m. Finally, An outfield experiment was carried out and obtained the optimal results: σ B = 1.63 × 10 - 4 ( ° ) , σ L = 1.35 × 10 - 4 ( ° ) , σ H = 15.8 ( m ) , σ s u m = 27.6 ( m ) , where σ B represents the longitude error, σ L represents the latitude error, σ H represents the altitude error, and σ s u m represents the error radius.

Seismic and geodetic signatures of fault slip at the Slumgullion Landslide Natural Laboratory

Science.gov (United States)

Gomberg, J.; Schulz, W.; Bodin, P.; Kean, J.

2011-01-01

We tested the hypothesis that the Slumgullion landslide is a useful natural laboratory for observing fault slip, specifically that slip along its basal surface and side-bounding strike-slip faults occurs with comparable richness of aseismic and seismic modes as along crustal- and plate-scale boundaries. Our study provides new constraints on models governing landslide motion. We monitored landslide deformation with temporary deployments of a 29-element prism array surveyed by a robotic theodolite and an 88-station seismic network that complemented permanent extensometers and environmental instrumentation. Aseismic deformation observations show that large blocks of the landslide move steadily at approximately centimeters per day, possibly punctuated by variations of a few millimeters, while localized transient slip episodes of blocks less than a few tens of meters across occur frequently. We recorded a rich variety of seismic signals, nearly all of which originated outside the monitoring network boundaries or from the side-bounding strike-slip faults. The landslide basal surface beneath our seismic network likely slipped almost completely aseismically. Our results provide independent corroboration of previous inferences that dilatant strengthening along sections of the side-bounding strike-slip faults controls the overall landslide motion, acting as seismically radiating brakes that limit acceleration of the aseismically slipping basal surface. Dilatant strengthening has also been invoked in recent models of transient slip and tremor sources along crustal- and plate-scale faults suggesting that the landslide may indeed be a useful natural laboratory for testing predictions of specific mechanisms that control fault slip at all scales.

The Photogrammetry Cube

Science.gov (United States)

2008-01-01

We can determine distances between objects and points of interest in 3-D space to a useful degree of accuracy from a set of camera images by using multiple camera views and reference targets in the camera s field of view (FOV). The core of the software processing is based on the previously developed foreign-object debris vision trajectory software (see KSC Research and Technology 2004 Annual Report, pp. 2 5). The current version of this photogrammetry software includes the ability to calculate distances between any specified point pairs, the ability to process any number of reference targets and any number of camera images, user-friendly editing features, including zoom in/out, translate, and load/unload, routines to help mark reference points with a Find function, while comparing them with the reference point database file, and a comprehensive output report in HTML format. In this system, scene reference targets are replaced by a photogrammetry cube whose exterior surface contains multiple predetermined precision 2-D targets. Precise measurement of the cube s 2-D targets during the fabrication phase eliminates the need for measuring 3-D coordinates of reference target positions in the camera's FOV, using for example a survey theodolite or a Faroarm. Placing the 2-D targets on the cube s surface required the development of precise machining methods. In response, 2-D targets were embedded into the surface of the cube and then painted black for high contrast. A 12-inch collapsible cube was developed for room-size scenes. A 3-inch, solid, stainless-steel photogrammetry cube was also fabricated for photogrammetry analysis of small objects.

Laser Tracker Calibration - Testing the Angle Measurement System -

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gassner, Georg; Ruland, Robert; /SLAC

2008-12-05

Physics experiments at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC) usually require high accuracy positioning, e. g. 100 {micro}m over a distance of 150 m or 25 {micro}m in a 10 x 10 x 3 meter volume. Laser tracker measurement systems have become one of the most important tools for achieving these accuracies when mapping components. The accuracy of these measurements is related to the manufacturing tolerances of various individual components, the resolutions of measurement systems, the overall precision of the assembly, and how well imperfections can be modeled. As with theodolites and total stations, one can remove the effects of most assembly and calibration errors by measuring targets in both direct and reverse positions and computing the mean to obtain the result. However, this approach does not compensate for errors originating from the encoder system. In order to improve and gain a better understanding of laser tracker angle measurement tolerances we extended our laboratory's capabilities with the addition of a horizontal angle calibration test stand. This setup is based on the use of a high precision rotary table providing an angular accuracy of better than 0.2 arcsec. Presently, our setup permits only tests of the horizontal angle measurement system. A test stand for vertical angle calibration is under construction. Distance measurements (LECOCQ & FUSS, 2000) are compared to an interferometer bench for distances of up to 32 m. Together both tests provide a better understanding of the instrument and how it should be operated. The observations also provide a reasonable estimate of covariance information of the measurements according to their actual performance for network adjustments.

Development and performance validation of a cryogenic linear stage for SPICA-SAFARI verification

Science.gov (United States)

Ferrari, Lorenza; Smit, H. P.; Eggens, M.; Keizer, G.; de Jonge, A. W.; Detrain, A.; de Jonge, C.; Laauwen, W. M.; Dieleman, P.

2014-07-01

In the context of the SAFARI instrument (SpicA FAR-infrared Instrument) SRON is developing a test environment to verify the SAFARI performance. The characterization of the detector focal plane will be performed with a backilluminated pinhole over a reimaged SAFARI focal plane by an XYZ scanning mechanism that consists of three linear stages stacked together. In order to reduce background radiation that can couple into the high sensitivity cryogenic detectors (goal NEP of 2•10-19 W/√Hz and saturation power of few femtoWatts) the scanner is mounted inside the cryostat in the 4K environment. The required readout accuracy is 3 μm and reproducibility of 1 μm along the total travel of 32 mm. The stage will be operated in "on the fly" mode to prevent vibrations of the scanner mechanism and will move with a constant speed varying from 60 μm/s to 400 μm/s. In order to meet the requirements of large stroke, low dissipation (low friction) and high accuracy a DC motor plus spindle stage solution has been chosen. In this paper we will present the stage design and stage characterization, describing also the measurements setup. The room temperature performance has been measured with a 3D measuring machine cross calibrated with a laser interferometer and a 2-axis tilt sensor. The low temperature verification has been performed in a wet 4K cryostat using a laser interferometer for measuring the linear displacements and a theodolite for measuring the angular displacements. The angular displacements can be calibrated with a precision of 4 arcsec and the position could be determined with high accuracy. The presence of friction caused higher values of torque than predicted and consequently higher dissipation. The thermal model of the stage has also been verified at 4K.

Parallels Between Antarctic Travel in 1950 and Planetary Travel in 2050 (to Accompany Notes on "The Norwegian British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1949-52")

Science.gov (United States)

Swithinbank, Charles

2012-01-01

Objectives (Slides 2, 12, 21-22) To explore as much as possible of 1 million km2 of unexplored territory. We were the first expedition to winter in Antarctica between 95 E and 57 W - nearly half the coastline of Antarctica. It was understood that we must be self-sufficient in every respect for 2 years. There could be no firm or detailed plans for inland exploration until we found where it was possible to make a landing. Geology (Slide 20) Our two geologists traveled far from the Advance Base during both field seasons. Carrying fuel supplies (dog food) for a month, man food (dehydrated) and rock specimens acquired along the way, they covered a vast area. The surveyor drove his own dogs with the geophysicist as assistant. While the geologists were hacking away at rocks, the survey team lugged a theodolite up peaks to extend a triangulation network. Glaciology (Slides 21-22) The glaciologists each had an assistant from the support staff, so they could either travel together or divided into two parties to cover more ground. At each camp they dug a pit to determine the rate of snow accumulation, drilled (by hand) to a depth of 10 m to measure ice temperatures, and in places set up and surveyed ice-movement markers to be resurveyed the following season. Geophysics (Slides 33, 34-36, 38) The principal object was to determine the thickness of ice by seismic sounding the only means known at the time. After experiments as far as the Advance Base in the 1950-51 summer, both Weasels were devoted to a seismic sounding traverse in 1951-52 as far inland as supplies would allow. The party reached 620 km inland and found ice thicknesses of 2,500 m.

NASA Tech Briefs, January 2003

Science.gov (United States)

2003-01-01

Topics covered include: Optoelectronic Tool Adds Scale Marks to Photographic Images; Compact Interconnection Networks Based on Quantum Dots; Laterally Coupled Quantum-Dot Distributed-Feedback Lasers; Bit-Serial Adder Based on Quantum Dots; Stabilized Fiber-Optic Distribution of Reference Frequency; Delay/Doppler-Mapping GPS-Reflection Remote-Sensing System; Ladar System Identifies Obstacles Partly Hidden by Grass; Survivable Failure Data Recorders for Spacecraft; Fiber-Optic Ammonia Sensors; Silicon Membrane Mirrors with Electrostatic Shape Actuators; Nanoscale Hot-Wire Probes for Boundary-Layer Flows; Theodolite with CCD Camera for Safe Measurement of Laser-Beam Pointing; Efficient Coupling of Lasers to Telescopes with Obscuration; Aligning Three Off-Axis Mirrors with Help of a DOE; Calibrating Laser Gas Measurements by Use of Natural CO2; Laser Ranging Simulation Program; Micro-Ball-Lens Optical Switch Driven by SMA Actuator; Evaluation of Charge Storage and Decay in Spacecraft Insulators; Alkaline Capacitors Based on Nitride Nanoparticles; Low-EC-Content Electrolytes for Low-Temperature Li-Ion Cells; Software for a GPS-Reflection Remote-Sensing System; Software for Building Models of 3D Objects via the Internet; "Virtual Cockpit Window" for a Windowless Aerospacecraft; CLARAty Functional-Layer Software; Java Library for Input and Output of Image Data and Metadata; Software for Estimating Costs of Testing Rocket Engines; Energy-Absorbing, Lightweight Wheels; Viscoelastic Vibration Dampers for Turbomachine Blades; Soft Landing of Spacecraft on Energy-Absorbing Self-Deployable Cushions; Pneumatically Actuated Miniature Peristaltic Vacuum Pumps; Miniature Gas-Turbine Power Generator; Pressure-Sensor Assembly Technique; Wafer-Level Membrane-Transfer Process for Fabricating MEMS; A Reactive-Ion Etch for Patterning Piezoelectric Thin Film; Wavelet-Based Real-Time Diagnosis of Complex Systems; Quantum Search in Hilbert Space; Analytic Method for Computing Instrument

Application of gyrotheodolite for alignment in large spacecraft installation process%陀螺经纬仪在大型航天产品精测中的应用

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

任春珍; 季宇; 孙刚

2011-01-01

The gyrotheodolite is a kind of orientation instrument commonly used for determining the azimuth angle relative to the local North. In the AIT process of Tiangong-Ⅰ target spacecraft, it is required to determine the attitude of two devices at operation platforms of different heights. On that condition, two theodolites may be blocked due to alignment between each other, thus it is unable to set up the relationship between the datum cube mirrors. To solve that problem, the geodetic coordinates are used as a transfer coordinate system to obtain the angle relationships. This new method for gyrotheodolite measurement is shown to be feasible with a satisfactory error analysis result, which can be used for similar precision measurements of large spacecraft.%陀螺经纬仪通常是做某一方向与当地大地北向的方位角关系测量用.文章针对“天宫一号”目标飞行器精测中遇到的问题,即高空不同平台间两台设备需要姿态关系测量的需求,通过对陀螺经纬仪测量原理的研究,借助大地坐标系作为中间传递坐标系,解决了经纬仪测量因互瞄被遮挡无法建立基准镜坐标系间关系的问题.测量误差分析结果验证了这种新方法的可行性,该方法可用于大型航天产品设备安装精度的测量.

The Orientations of the Giza Pyramids and Associated Structures

Science.gov (United States)

Nell, Erin; Ruggles, Clive

2014-08-01

Ever since Flinders Petrie undertook a theodolite survey on the Giza plateau in 1881 and drew attention to the extraordinary degree of precision with which the three colossal pyramids are oriented upon the four cardinal directions, there have been a great many suggestions as to how this was achieved and why it was of importance. Surprisingly, given the many astronomical hypotheses and speculations that have been offered in the intervening 130 years, there have been remarkably few attempts to reaffirm or improve on the basic survey data concerning the primary orientations. This paper presents the results of a week-long Total Station survey undertaken by the authors during December 2006 whose principal aim was to clarify the basic data concerning the orientation of each side of the three large pyramids and to determine, as accurately as possible, the orientations of as many as possible of the associated structures. The principal difference between this and all previous surveys is that it focuses upon measurements of sequences of points along multiple straight and relatively well preserved structural segments, with best-fit techniques being used to provide the best estimate of their orientation, as opposed to simple triangulation between directly identified or extrapolated corners. Our results suggest that there is only a very slight difference in orientation (c. 0.5 arc minutes) between the north-south axes of Khufu's and Khafre's pyramids, that the sides of Khafre's are more perfectly perpendicular than those of Khufu's, and that the east-west axis is closer to true cardinality in both cases. The broader context of associated structures suggests that the east-west orientation in relation to sunrise or (in one case) sunset may have been a, or even the, key factor in many cases.

Imaging Total Stations - Modular and Integrated Concepts

Science.gov (United States)

Hauth, Stefan; Schlüter, Martin

2010-05-01

Keywords: 3D-Metrology, Engineering Geodesy, Digital Image Processing Initialized in 2009, the Institute for Spatial Information and Surveying Technology i3mainz, Mainz University of Applied Sciences, forces research towards modular concepts for imaging total stations. On the one hand, this research is driven by the successful setup of high precision imaging motor theodolites in the near past, on the other hand it is pushed by the actual introduction of integrated imaging total stations to the positioning market by the manufacturers Topcon and Trimble. Modular concepts for imaging total stations are manufacturer independent to a large extent and consist of a particular combination of accessory hardware, software and algorithmic procedures. The hardware part consists mainly of an interchangeable eyepiece adapter offering opportunities for digital imaging and motorized focus control. An easy assembly and disassembly in the field is possible allowing the user to switch between the classical and the imaging use of a robotic total station. The software part primarily has to ensure hardware control, but several level of algorithmic support might be added and have to be distinguished. Algorithmic procedures allow to reach several levels of calibration concerning the geometry of the external digital camera and the total station. We deliver insight in our recent developments and quality characteristics. Both the modular and the integrated approach seem to have its individual strengths and weaknesses. Therefore we expect that both approaches might point at different target applications. Our aim is a better understanding of appropriate applications for robotic imaging total stations. First results are presented. Stefan Hauth, Martin Schlüter i3mainz - Institut für Raumbezogene Informations- und Messtechnik FH Mainz University of Applied Sciences Lucy-Hillebrand-Straße 2, 55128 Mainz, Germany

UST-ID robotics: Wireless communication and minimum conductor technology, and end-point tracking technology surveys

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Holliday, M.A.

1993-10-01

This report is a technology review of the current state-of-the-art in two technologies applicable to the Underground Storage Tank (UST) program at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation. The first review is of wireless and minimal conductor technologies for in-tank communications. The second review is of advanced concepts for independent tool-point tracking. This study addresses the need to provide wireless transmission media or minimum conductor technology for in-tank communications and robot control. At present, signals are conducted via contacting transmission media, i.e., cables. Replacing wires with radio frequencies or invisible light are commonplace in the communication industry. This technology will be evaluated for its applicability to the needs of robotics. Some of these options are radio signals, leaky coax, infrared, microwave, and optical fiber systems. Although optical fiber systems are contacting transmission media, they will be considered because of their ability to reduce the number of conductors. In this report we will identify, evaluate, and recommend the requirements for wireless and minimum conductor technology to replace the present cable system. The second section is a technology survey of concepts for independent end-point tracking (tracking the position of robot end effectors). The position of the end effector in current industrial robots is determined by computing that position from joint information, which is basically a problem of locating a point in three-dimensional space. Several approaches are presently being used in industrial robotics, including: stereo-triangulation with a theodolite network and electrocamera system, photogrammetry, and multiple-length measurement with laser interferometry and wires. The techniques that will be evaluated in this survey are advanced applications of the aforementioned approaches. These include laser tracking (3-D and 5-D), ultrasonic tracking, vision-guided servoing, and adaptive robotic visual tracking

Global Positioning System (GPS) survey of Augustine Volcano, Alaska, August 3-8, 2000: data processing, geodetic coordinates and comparison with prior geodetic surveys

Science.gov (United States)

Pauk, Benjamin A.; Power, John A.; Lisowski, Mike; Dzurisin, Daniel; Iwatsubo, Eugene Y.; Melbourne, Tim

2001-01-01

Between August 3 and 8,2000,the Alaska Volcano Observatory completed a Global Positioning System (GPS) survey at Augustine Volcano, Alaska. Augustine is a frequently active calcalkaline volcano located in the lower portion of Cook Inlet (fig. 1), with reported eruptions in 1812, 1882, 1909?, 1935, 1964, 1976, and 1986 (Miller et al., 1998). Geodetic measurements using electronic and optical surveying techniques (EDM and theodolite) were begun at Augustine Volcano in 1986. In 1988 and 1989, an island-wide trilateration network comprising 19 benchmarks was completed and measured in its entirety (Power and Iwatsubo, 1998). Partial GPS surveys of the Augustine Island geodetic network were completed in 1992 and 1995; however, neither of these surveys included all marks on the island.Additional GPS measurements of benchmarks A5 and A15 (fig. 2) were made during the summers of 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1996. The goals of the 2000 GPS survey were to:1) re-measure all existing benchmarks on Augustine Island using a homogeneous set of GPS equipment operated in a consistent manner, 2) add measurements at benchmarks on the western shore of Cook Inlet at distances of 15 to 25 km, 3) add measurements at an existing benchmark (BURR) on Augustine Island that was not previously surveyed, and 4) add additional marks in areas of the island thought to be actively deforming. The entire survey resulted in collection of GPS data at a total of 24 sites (fig. 1 and 2). In this report we describe the methods of GPS data collection and processing used at Augustine during the 2000 survey. We use this data to calculate coordinates and elevations for all 24 sites surveyed. Data from the 2000 survey is then compared toelectronic and optical measurements made in 1988 and 1989. This report also contains a general description of all marks surveyed in 2000 and photographs of all new marks established during the 2000 survey (Appendix A).

Topographic recording of the Slalom racing route in snow

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

V.F. Giovanis

2018-02-01

Full Text Available Purpose: The purpose of the present research was the study and evaluation of the theodolite’s (topographic speedometer use in tracing a path in slalom racing on snow conditions with 58 gates and also to record the optimal method of tracing a slalom route in relation to: a the "velocity" of the race track (degree of difficulty of slalom, b safety of tracing the slalom route. Methods: This research was based on methodology and measurements of a race track in giant slalom with 35 gates in the ski resort "3-5 Pigadia" of Naoussa - Greece. The topographic speedometer was fixed in place at the start of the route. From this point, measurements were taken, for the placement of all 58 gates throughout the route. The measurement was taken using the pole-prism, placed in each interior gate turn, at which the theodolite was aimed. With the help of topographic speedometer the following geometrical parameters have been registered: distance between the gates (Δs, altitude difference of points (Δh with an accuracy up to 1cm, terrain slope (θ, gate angular deviation (δ with an accuracy of up to 1 minute of the angle (°. This allows the creation of the top-view, side-view (profile and three-dimensional aspect of the track, under race conditions on snow and not on dry ground. Results: The correlation coefficient (r between the geometry factor (V.gs and average the above geometry parameters had the following respective values: V.gs -Ms = 0,15, V.gs -Mθ = - 0,52, V.gs -Mδ = - 0,29 for 58 gates on a level of statistical significance of p < 0,05. Conclusions: The first part comprised of 10 gates was the "fastest" (V.gs = 18 degrees of the total slalom route in Naoussa with 58 gates (V.gs = 14 degrees. With the above criteria, slaloms will be compared to each other and will be evaluated against age and safety.

Light and enlightenment: some musings

Science.gov (United States)

Patthoff, Donald D.

2012-03-01

In the beginning of the age of enlightenment (or reason), the language of philosophy, science, and theology stemmed equally from the same pens. Many of these early enlightenment authors also applied their thoughts and experiences to practical inventions and entrepreneurship; in the process, they noted and measured different characteristics of light and redirected the use of lenses beyond that of the heat lens which had been developing for over 2000 years. Within decades, microscopes, telescopes, theodolites, and many variations of the heat lens were well known. These advances rapidly changed and expanded the nature of science, subsequent technology, and many boundary notions; that is the way boundaries are defined not just in the sense of what is land and commercial property, but also what notions of boundary help shape and define society, including the unique role that professions play within society. The advent of lasers in the mid twenty century, though, introduced the ability to measure the effects and characteristic of single coherent wavelengths. This also introduced more ways to evaluate the relationship of specific wavelengths of light to other variables and interactions. At the most basic level, the almost revolutionary boundary developments of lasers seem to split down two paths of work: 1) a pursuit of more sophisticated heat lenses having better controls over light's destructive and cutting powers and, 2) more nuanced light-based instruments that not only enhanced the powers of observation, but also offered more minute measurement opportunities and subtle treatment capabilities. It is well worth deliberating, then, if "enlightenment" and "light" might share more than five letters in a row. And (if a common underlying foundation is revealed within these deliberations) , is it worth questioning any possible revelations that might arise, or that might bear relevance on today's research and developments in light based sciences, technology, clinical

Testing the effectiveness of an acoustic deterrent for gray whales along the Oregon coast

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Lagerquist, Barbara [Oregon State University Marine Mammal Institute; Winsor, Martha [Oregon State University Marine Mammal Institute; Mate, Bruce [Oregon State University Marine Mammal Institute

2012-12-31

This study was conducted to determine whether a low-powered sound source could be effective at deterring gray whales from areas that may prove harmful to them. With increased interest in the development of marine renewal energy along the Oregon coast the concern that such development may pose a collision or entanglement risk for gray whales. A successful acoustic deterrent could act as a mitigation tool to prevent harm to whales from such risks. In this study, an acoustic device was moored on the seafloor in the pathway of migrating gray whales off Yaquina Head on the central Oregon coast. Shore-based observers tracked whales with a theodolite (surveyor’s tool) to accurately locate whales as they passed the headland. Individual locations of different whales/whale groups as well as tracklines of the same whale/whale groups were obtained and compared between times with the acoustic device was transmitting and when it was off. Observations were conducted on 51 d between January 1 and April 15, 2012. A total of 143 individual whale locations were collected for a total of 243 whales, as well as 57 tracklines for a total of 142 whales. Inclement weather and equipment problems resulted in very small sample sizes, especially during experimental periods, when the device was transmitting. Because of this, the results of this study were inconclusive. We feel that another season of field testing is warranted to successfully test the effectiveness of the deterrent, but recommend increasing the zone of influence to 3 km to ensure the collection of adequate sample sizes. Steps have been taken to acquire the necessary federal research permit modification to authorize the increased zone of influence and to modify the acoustic device for the increased power. With these changes we are confident we will be able to determine whether the deterrent is effective at deflecting gray whales. A successful deterrent device may serve as a valuable mitigation tool to protect gray whales, and

LEGO: A Modular Approach to Accelerator Alignment Data Analysis

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

LeCocq, Catherine M

2003-05-14

The underlying unity of the numerous surveying computational methods is hidden by many practical differences in data acquisition. Traditional programming languages have added to the confusion by requiring programmers to describe the numeric data in very concrete and low-level structures (mostly arrays). In fact the algorithms behind all coordinate determination from surveying observations come down to basic methods of linear algebra. Lego uses the paradigm of object oriented programming (OOP) to more closely model the fundamental mathematical structures of all geodetic methods. Once the methods are in OOP form, the commonality across them becomes more obvious and a general architecture for a wide range of geodetic treatments becomes possible. This paper describes the fundamental concepts of this architecture and its advantages in terms of clarity (maintainability, testability and multi-author), portability and extensibility (observation types, resolution techniques and storage methods). The very first version of Lego was built in 1994 as a set of C routines to be used for the adjustment of theodolite data and tracker data. The routines were organized into six modules. Each module answered a specific task. The tasks had been identified as followed: general implementation, input, generic surveying formulas, statistical functions, matrix manipulation and specific resolution technique. This organization was the reason for the name Lego, but more seriously the purpose of this separation was to make Lego easily adaptable to any environment and easily expandable to new resolution techniques. At a second look, it was also a cry for being converted into a more modern language. Because C++ is primarily a superset of C, most C++ compilers have no problems compiling regular C code and may also handle a mixture of C and C++. This made the transformation of Lego very fast and painless. Up to now Lego is still using C functions for file access and dynamic memory allocation but is

A Comparison of Four Different Beach Profiling Techniques at St Leonards, Victoria - An Example of a Collaborative Stakeholder Research Project

Science.gov (United States)

Cox, N. L.; Miner, A. S.; Wynn, N.; Turner, D.

2015-12-01

Many beaches in Australia are under attack from shoreline erosion due rising sea levels and the action of waves. St Leonard's beach, a tourist town on the Victorian coastline, is of concern from this destructive erosion and the threat to the economic stability of the town. The major cause of erosion in this area is related to waves created from strong to gale force north to north-easterly winds. This in turn produces a northerly longshore current along with sediment suspension leading to a negative sediment budget. Ongoing and systematic monitoring of the shoreline movement is important to ensure the coast is understood and effectively managed now and into the future. Coastal land managers and agencies are required to find 'cost-effective' and 'fit-for-purpose' coastal monitoring methodologies which are affordable and efficient. This project forges a collaboration of stakeholders from academia, public sector land manager, local government and the private sector to compare four different methods of obtaining beach profiles. The four methods of obtaining beach profiles used for comparison are: 1. traditional survey method along transects using a total station theodolite, 2. traditional survey method along transects using a builder's grade laser level, 3. a small multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to produce a full 3D digital surface model of the study area, and 4. an experimental stationary device to produce a limited 3D model along a designated transect using terrestrial photogrammetric approach via a small GPS enabled camera. Assessment is made by comparing the method's precision, spatial coverage, expertise and equipment requirements/costs, preparation time, field acquisition time, number of people required in the field, post-acquisition processing time, and applicability for community use. Whilst is must be very clearly stated that all methods proved to be successful, the preliminary results of the "workflow and resourcing" assessment ranked the methods in

LEGO: A Modular Approach to Accelerator Alignment Data Analysis

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

LeCocq, Catherine M

2003-01-01

The underlying unity of the numerous surveying computational methods is hidden by many practical differences in data acquisition. Traditional programming languages have added to the confusion by requiring programmers to describe the numeric data in very concrete and low-level structures (mostly arrays). In fact the algorithms behind all coordinate determination from surveying observations come down to basic methods of linear algebra. Lego uses the paradigm of object oriented programming (OOP) to more closely model the fundamental mathematical structures of all geodetic methods. Once the methods are in OOP form, the commonality across them becomes more obvious and a general architecture for a wide range of geodetic treatments becomes possible. This paper describes the fundamental concepts of this architecture and its advantages in terms of clarity (maintainability, testability and multi-author), portability and extensibility (observation types, resolution techniques and storage methods). The very first version of Lego was built in 1994 as a set of C routines to be used for the adjustment of theodolite data and tracker data. The routines were organized into six modules. Each module answered a specific task. The tasks had been identified as followed: general implementation, input, generic surveying formulas, statistical functions, matrix manipulation and specific resolution technique. This organization was the reason for the name Lego, but more seriously the purpose of this separation was to make Lego easily adaptable to any environment and easily expandable to new resolution techniques. At a second look, it was also a cry for being converted into a more modern language. Because C++ is primarily a superset of C, most C++ compilers have no problems compiling regular C code and may also handle a mixture of C and C++. This made the transformation of Lego very fast and painless. Up to now Lego is still using C functions for file access and dynamic memory allocation but is

THE ROLE OF ASTRO-GEODETIC IN PRECISE GUIDANCE OF LONG TUNNELS

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

M. Mirghasempour

2015-12-01

Full Text Available One of prime aspects of surveying projects is guidance of paths of a long tunnel from different directions and finally ending all paths in a specific place. This kind of underground surveying, because of particular condition, has some different points in relation to the ground surveying, including Improper geometry in underground transverse, low precise measurement in direction and length due to condition such as refraction, distinct gravity between underground point and corresponding point on the ground (both value and direction of gravity and etc. To solve this problems, astro-geodetic that is part of geodesy science, can help surveying engineers. In this article, the role of astronomy is defined in two subjects: 1- Azimuth determination of directions from entrance and exit nets of tunnel and also calibration of gyro-theodolite to use them in Underground transvers: By astronomical methods, azimuth of directions can be determine with an accuracy of 0.5 arcsecond, whereas, nowadays, no gyroscope can measure the azimuth in this accuracy; For instance, accuracy of the most precise gyroscope (Gyromat 5000 is 1.2 cm over a distance of one kilometre (2.4 arcsecond. Furthermore, the calibration methods that will be mention in this article, have significance effects on underground transverse. 2- Height relation between entrance point and exit point is problematic and time consuming; For example, in a 3 km long tunnel ( in Arak- Khoram Abad freeway, to relate entrance point to exit point, it is necessary to perform levelling about 90 km. Other example of this boring and time consuming levelling is in Kerman tunnel. This tunnel is 36 km length, but to transfer the entrance point height to exit point, 150 km levelling is needed. According to this paper, The solution for this difficulty is application of astro-geodetic and determination of vertical deflection by digital zenith camera system TZK2-D. These two elements make possible to define geoid profile

Graeco-Roman Astro-Architecture: The Temples of Pompeii

Science.gov (United States)

Tiede, Vance R.

2014-01-01

Roman architect Marcus Vetruvius Pollio (ca. 75-15 BC) wrote, “[O]ne who professes himself as an architect should be…acquainted with astronomy and the theory of the heavens…. From astronomy we find the east, west, south, and north, as well as the theory of the heavens, the Equinox, Solstice and courses of the Stars.” (De Architectura Libri Decem I:i:3,10). In order to investigate the role of astronomy in temple orientation, the author conducted a preliminary GIS DEM/Satellite Imaging survey of 11 temples at Pompeii, Italy (N 40d 45', E 14d 29'). The GIS survey measured the true azimuth and horizon altitude of each temple’s major axis and was field checked by a Ground Truth survey with theodolite and GPS, 5-18 April 2013. The resulting 3D vector data was analyzed with Program STONEHENGE (Hawkins 1983, 328) to identify the local skyline declinations aligned with the temple major axes. Analysis suggests that the major axes of the temples of Apollo, Jupiter and Venus are equally as likely to have been oriented to Pompeii’s urban grid, itself oriented NW-SE on Mt. Vesuvius’ slope and hydraulic gradient to optimize urban sewer/street drainage (cf. Hodge 1992). However, the remaining nine temples appear to be oriented to astronomical targets on the local horizon associated with Graeco-Roman calendrics and mythology. TEMPLE/ DATE/ MAJOR AXIS ASTRO-TARGET (Skyline Declination in degrees) Public Lares/AD 50/ Cross-Quarter 7 Nov/3 Feb Sun Set, Last Gleam (-16.5) Vespsian/ AD 69-79/ Cross-Quarter 7 Nov/3 Feb Sun Set, LG (-16.2) Fortuna Augusta/ AD 1/ Winter Solstice Sun Set, LG (-22.9) Aesculapius/ 100 BC/ Perseus Rise (β Persei-Algol = +33.0) & Midsummer Moon Major Stand Still Set, LG (-28.1) Isis/ 100 BC/ Midwinter Moon Major Stand Still Rise, Tangent (+28.5) & Equinox Sun Set, Tangent (-0.3) Jupiter/ 150 BC/ Θ Scorpionis-Sargas Rise (-38.0) Apollo/ 550 (rebuilt 70 BC)/ α Columbae-Phact Rise (-37.1) Venus/ 150 BC (rebuilt 70 BC)/ α Columbae-Phact Rise (-37

NASA Tech Briefs, January 2012

Science.gov (United States)

2012-01-01

Contents of this issue are: (1) Energy-Based Tetrahedron Sensor for High-Temperature, High-Pressure Environments (2) Handheld Universal Diagnostic Sensor (3) Large-Area Vacuum Ultraviolet Sensors (4) Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor System for Monitoring Smart Composite Aerospace Structures (5) Health-Enabled Smart Sensor Fusion Technology (6) Extended-Range Passive RFID and Sensor Tags (7) Hybrid Collaborative Learning for Classification and Clustering in Sensor Networks (8) Self-Healing, Inflatable, Rigidizable Shelter (9) Improvements in Cold-Plate Fabrication (10) Technique for Radiometer and Antenna Array Calibration - TRAAC (11) Real-Time Cognitive Computing Architecture for Data Fusion in a Dynamic Environment (12) Programmable Digital Controller (13) Use of CCSDS Packets Over SpaceWire to Control Hardware (14) Key Decision Record Creation and Approval Module (15) Enhanced Graphics for Extended Scale Range (16) Debris Examination Using Ballistic and Radar Integrated Software (17) Data Distribution System (DDS) and Solar Dynamic Observatory Ground Station (SDOGS) (18) Integration Manager (19) Eclipse-Free-Time Assessment Tool for IRIS (20) Automated and Manual Rocket Crater Measurement Software (21) MATLAB Stability and Control Toolbox Trim and Static Stability Module (22) Patched Conic Trajectory Code (23) Ring Image Analyzer (24) SureTrak Probability of Impact Display (25) Implementation of a Non-Metallic Barrier in an Electric Motor (26) Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator Heat Exchangers for the Mars Science Laboratory Rover (27) Uniform Dust Distributor for Testing Radiative Emittance of Dust-Coated Surfaces (28) MicroProbe Small Unmanned Aerial System (29) Highly Stable and Active Catalyst for Sabatier Reactions (30) Better Proton-Conducting Polymers for Fuel-Cell Membranes (31) CCD Camera Lens Interface for Real-Time Theodolite Alignment (32) Peregrine 100-km Sounding Rocket Project (33) SOFIA Closed- and Open-Door Aerodynamic Analyses (34

Individual killer whale vocal variation during intra-group behavioral dynamics

Science.gov (United States)

Grebner, Dawn M.

The scientific goal of this dissertation was to carefully study the signal structure of killer whale communications and vocal complexity and link them to behavioral circumstances. The overall objective of this research sought to provide insight into killer whale call content and usage which may be conveying information to conspecifics in order to maintain group cohesion. Data were collected in the summers of 2006 and 2007 in Johnstone Strait, British Columbia. For both individuals and small groups, vocalizations were isolated using a triangular hydrophone array and the behavioral movement patterns were captured by a theodolite and video camera positioned on a cliff overlooking the hyrophone locations. This dissertation is divided into four analysis chapters. In Chapter 3, discriminant analysis was used to validate the four N04 call subtypes which were originally parsed due to variations in slope segments. The first two functions of the discriminant analysis explained 97% of the variability. Most of the variability for the N04 call was found in the front convex and the terminal portions of the call, while very little variability was found in the center region of the call. This research revealed that individual killer whales produced multiple subtypes of the N04 call. No correlations of behaviors to acoustic parameters obtained were found. The aim of the Chapter 4 was to determine if killer whale calling behavior varied prior to and after the animals had joined. Pulsed call rates were found to be greater pre- compared to post-joining events. Two-way vocal exchanges were more common occurring 74% of the time during pre-joining events. In Chapter 5, initiated and first response to calls varied between age/sex class groups when mothers were separated from an offspring. Solo mothers and calves initiated pulsed calls more often than they responded. Most of the no vocal responses were due to mothers who were foraging. Finally, observations of the frequency split in N04

Solar energy potential atlas for planning energy system off-grid electrification in the Republic of Djibouti

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Pillot, Benjamin; Muselli, Marc; Poggi, Philippe; Haurant, Pierrick; Hared, Idriss

2013-01-01

accuracy of this solar atlas, we then disaggregated irradiation maps with a 3 arcsec (∼90 m at the equator) Digital Elevation Model (DEM), by taking into consideration terrain-related shading effects and elevation gradient. As current software solutions do not allow downscaling of preprocessed maps, we performed this work by computing our own global model, combination of horizon, elevation correction and irradiance splitting models. The horizon model we developed was assessed and compared with other existing models by using a theodolite in mountainous areas of Corsica. Finally, according to the final computed atlas, during the year 2010, mean irradiation all over the country was around 2100 kW h/m 2 and about 82% of the country received over 2000 kW h/m 2 . Furthermore, the solar radiation reaching Djibouti corresponded to 20,000 times the total yearly energy consumption of the country in 2005. The retrieved irradiation maps can be used to evaluate relevance of the solar resource over rural areas of the country, and implemented within energy models in order to size stand-alone solar systems

Análise cinemática tridimensional do movimento de eqüinos em esteira rolante Three-dimensional cinematic analysis of the horse movement in treadmill

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

F.G. Christovão

2007-08-01

Full Text Available Adaptou-se uma metodologia utilizada no estudo do movimento humano para analisar o movimento de eqüinos em esteira rolante de alto desempenho, construindo-se um sistema de calibração utilizando-se um teodolito eletrônico de alta precisão e calibradores que demarcavam o espaço ocupado pelo animal. Dessa forma, foram obtidas as coordenadas espaciais dos marcadores presentes nos calibradores, compondo o arquivo de calibração. Duas câmeras de vídeo (60Hz foram posicionadas em vista lateral esquerda, distantes 5m da manta de rolagem da esteira a 1,8m de altura. As imagens foram enquadradas utilizando-se um monitor de vídeo. Para a validação do método, um membro da equipe movimentou, no espaço calibrado, uma haste rígida com marcadores fixados nas suas extremidades, distantes um do outro 43,8cm. Para a análise das imagens, utilizou-se o programa Dvideow, desenvolvido pelo Laboratório de Instrumentação para Biomecânica - UNICAMP. Após a reconstrução tridimensional das imagens utilizou-se um programa matemático para o cálculo do valor médio da distância entre os marcadores. Obteve-se, após a mensuração em 100 quadros, o valor médio de 43,7cm com coeficiente de variação de 0,8%. Estes resultados mostram que a metodologia desenvolvida é precisa e adequada para o estudo da locomoção de eqüinos.A methodology used for the study of human movement was adapted to analyze the movement of equines in a high performance treadmill. An electronic high precision theodolite was used to construct a calibration system to demarcate the volume occupied by the animal. It was taken the three dimensions coordinates of each marker present in the calibrator, composing the calibration archive. Two video cameras (60 Hz were located approximately 5m from the left lateral side of the treadmill at 1.8m height. The images had been fit using a video monitor. For the validation of the method, a member of the team moved into the calibrated space, a

Hydrological regime as key to the morpho-texture and activity of braided streams

Science.gov (United States)

Storz-Peretz, Y.; Laronne, J. B.

2012-04-01

Braided streams are a common fluvial pattern in different climates. However, studies of gravel braided streams have mainly been conducted in humid braided systems or in flume simulations thereof, leaving arid braided streams scarcely investigated. Dryland rivers have bare catchments, rapid flow recession and unarmoured channel beds which are responsible for very high bedload discharges, thereby increasing the likelihood for braiding. Our main objective is to characterize the morpho-texture of the main morphological elements - mid-channel bars, chutes and anabranches (braid-cells) in the dryland braided system and compare them to their humid counterparts. Selected areas of the dryland braided Wadis Ze'elim, Rahaf and Roded in the SE hyper-arid Israel were measured, as were La-Bleone river in the French pre-alps along with the Saisera and Cimoliana rivers in NE Italy representing humid braided systems. Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) of morphological units produced point clouds from which high resolution accurate Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) were extracted. Active braid cells in humid environments were also surveyed by electronic theodolite. Roughness and upper tail Grain Size Distribution (GSD) quantiles were derived from the scanned point clouds or from Wolman sampling. Results indicate that dryland anabranches tend to be finer-grained and less armoured than the bars, contrary to the humid braided systems, where the main or larger anabranches are coarser-grained and more armoured than the bars. Chutes are commonly similar or coarser-grained than the bars they dissect, in accordance with their steeper gradients due to the considerable relief of the bar-anabranch. The morpho-texture displayed in the steep braided Saisera River, located in the Italian Dolomites having the highest annual precipitation, has similarity to that of the dryland braided channels. In drylands coarse gravel is deposited mainly as bars due to the high flux of bedload, whereas the rapid flow

A New Sensor for Surface Process Quantification in the Geosciences - Image-Assisted Tacheometers

Science.gov (United States)

Vicovac, Tanja; Reiterer, Alexander; Rieke-Zapp, Dirk

2010-05-01

-millimeter to millimeter measurements of the same area in the field is demanding. To measure for example current day erosion rates point probing techniques require a rock anchor as reference point disturbing the vicinity of the sampling area and such measurements are only valid for a very limited part of the object. A precise method for quantification of areas larger than 1 m² with sub-millimeter accuracy is "badly needed", but not available off the shelf. The method should be non-contacting as well as non-disturbing and suitable for field use even in remote areas. Image assisted measurement techniques combine the pointing precision of a theodolite with the ability of mass point measurement from stereo imagery. A high-precision contactless detection of chances of surfaces is possible. In comparison with laser scanners, image-assisted tacheometer measure objects with higher accuracy; compared to photogrammetric systems, they can be easier used for on-line measurement processes (e.g. object monitoring) - this will especially be the case if the measurements can be performed with a high degree of automation. Acknowledgments: The presented research has been supported by the Austrian Science Foundation (FWF) Project i-MeaS and by the European Sciences Foundation (ESF) project SedyMONT.

Prototype study of characterization of the impact that produces the diffuser of an industrial discharge into the sea water; Estudio prototipo de caracterizacion del impacto que produce el difusor de una descarga industrial sobre el medio marino

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ortiz Gallarza, S. M.; Gil Zurita, A.; Garcia Hernandez, R.; Vergara Mendez, S.; Garcia Leal, M. L. [Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico)

2000-09-01

To establish maximum permissible limits of pollutants discharged into the sea from industrial wastewater, the authorities involved in the environmental protection and regulation had established particular characteristic for their discharges in each enterprise. In addition to taking care of the conservation of those limits, the effect of these substances on the environment needs to be evaluated. Along this line, integral multidisciplinary studies of impact characterization on the marine environment induced by the industry have been carried out. One of the industrial enterprises that discharges into the northwestern coastline of the Gulf of Mexico through a submarine diffuser, requested the execution of the first study of this kind. This prototype study included physical, chemical, biological and geological determinations in a network of 49 sampling sites along six transects positioned from a boat, and with theodolites from the coast; covering five depth levels (surface, 4, 8, 12 and 16 m) during rainy, dry and northern winds seasons. Heavy metals in the water, sediments, and organisms and in combined samples of the industrial discharge were determined. Continuous measurements of marine currents, salinity and temperature in the nozzles of the diffuser were performed by means of two S4 Inter Ocean current meters. Helicopters flights were made to observe the displacement variations of the pollutants plume under various climatic conditions. LANDSAT TM satellite images were acquired to obtain information on diverse regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and to verify observations on the behavior of the discharge plume. Besides the conventional methods of plotting and information processing, tri-dimensional visualization was applied with the purpose of interpreting seasonal and diffusion patterns. Because of the excellent results obtained with this methodology, this study is made available to specialists as a prototype for determining the coastal marine environmental

Frost heaving of planted tree seedlings in the boreal forest of northern Sweden

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Goulet, France

2000-01-01

maximum frost heaving of the seedlings. In the third field experiment snow cover also showed to be an important factor in regard to frost heaving of tree seedlings. In a snow-free treatment combined with soil scarification, an uplift of 14.6 cm was measured during a winter season. In contrast no vertical displacement was observed under a simulated snow cover. The strong influence of snow on the extent of frost heaving indicates that further investigation should be focused on the interaction between maximum frost heaving and snow depth. In the laboratory freezing chamber experiment it was demonstrated that soil from spodic B horizon is less susceptible to frost heaving than soil from E horizon. Needle ice did not grow at all on soil samples from E horizon during a 3-day test, neither on fresh, nor on oven dried samples. On fresh samples of soil from Bs horizon, needle ices reached a maximum height of 9.7 cm in average. The use of theodolite and wooden dowels to estimate the extent of frost heaving in this study allowed to follow the process during the frost heaving period. A vertical uplift in millimetres could be recorded. A development of reliable measuring methods which allow a continuous estimation of the extent of frost heaving damage during the whole process, would undoubtedly represent an important step towards a better understanding of frost heaving of tree seedlings

Frost heaving of planted tree seedlings in the boreal forest of northern Sweden

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Goulet, France

2000-07-01

maximum frost heaving of the seedlings. In the third field experiment snow cover also showed to be an important factor in regard to frost heaving of tree seedlings. In a snow-free treatment combined with soil scarification, an uplift of 14.6 cm was measured during a winter season. In contrast no vertical displacement was observed under a simulated snow cover. The strong influence of snow on the extent of frost heaving indicates that further investigation should be focused on the interaction between maximum frost heaving and snow depth. In the laboratory freezing chamber experiment it was demonstrated that soil from spodic B horizon is less susceptible to frost heaving than soil from E horizon. Needle ice did not grow at all on soil samples from E horizon during a 3-day test, neither on fresh, nor on oven dried samples. On fresh samples of soil from Bs horizon, needle ices reached a maximum height of 9.7 cm in average. The use of theodolite and wooden dowels to estimate the extent of frost heaving in this study allowed to follow the process during the frost heaving period. A vertical uplift in millimetres could be recorded. A development of reliable measuring methods which allow a continuous estimation of the extent of frost heaving damage during the whole process, would undoubtedly represent an important step towards a better understanding of frost heaving of tree seedlings.

A COMPARISON OF LASER SCANNING AND STRUCTURE FROM MOTION AS APPLIED TO THE GREAT BARN AT HARMONDSWORTH, UK

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

D. P. Andrews

2013-07-01

circumstances. A repeat visit following the clearance of artefacts and with the benefit of access equipment was required to obtain complete coverage, especially for the top surfaces of the timber frame elements. Initial results from the laser scanning were extremely promising, with some historical events (e.g. a major fire at one end of the structure dramatically shown in the intensity data. Comprehensive photographic coverage of the exterior of the barn including the roof was obtained using a Nikon D3X mounted on both a 6m telescopic pole and a conventional tripod. A repeat visit was required to address some exposure problems in shadow areas. A unified control network for both sets of data was obtained through the use of a total station theodolite (TST with reflectorless electromagnetic distance measurement (REDM, incorporating a closed traverse as well as the acquisition of scanner and photogrammetric targets. The control network therefore permits the direct comparison of the results from both survey methods (allowing for systematic errors. A point cloud generated from the photography, using Agisoft Photoscan structure from motion software, was compared with the registered laser scan points with a view to determining any systematic differences, although these were to a large extent ameliorated by the use of the dense control network. The resultant data also has potential downstream use within English Heritage for improving our understanding of Building Information Modelling (BIM as applied to heritage structures rather than new build, and thereby contributing to the formulation of elements of a BIM strategy for English Heritage. There are also a number of hand-measured survey drawings of the barn in existence. A quantitative as well as a qualitative comparison was made with drawings generated from the laser scan data. In general the later drawings were more metrically accurate but exhibited less understanding of the construction techniques employed. A discussion of the